Title: Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases

State: florida

Issuer: Florida Supreme Court

Document:

Supreme Court of Florida
____________
No. SC02-657
____________
STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES--
SUBMISSION 2002-1.
[July 3, 2003]
PER CURIAM.
The Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions (Criminal)
petitions this Court to amend the Florida Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal
Cases.  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 2(a), Fla. Const. 
The proposals were published in The Florida Bar News on April 15 and
October 1, 2001, and no comments were received.  A portion of the proposed
amendments was republished in the November 1, 2002 edition of The Florida Bar
News.  Again, no comments were received.      
-2-
The proposed amendments are as follows:
Proposal 1: Revised instructions on RICO offenses. 
Proposal 2: Revised burglary instruction. 
Proposal 3: Revised theft instruction. 
Proposal 4: Revised sexual battery instructions. 
Proposal 5: New instruction for battery on an employee of a correctional facility.
Proposal 6: Revised instruction on submitting case to jury.  
We hereby authorize the publication and use of the new and revised
instructions, with minor changes, as set forth in the appendix attached to this
opinion.  In doing so, we express no opinion on the correctness of these
instructions and remind all interested parties that this authorization forecloses
neither requesting additional or alternative instructions nor contesting the legal
correctness of these instructions. We further caution all interested parties that the
notes and comments associated with the instructions reflect only the opinion of the
committee and are not necessarily indicative of the views of this Court as to their
correctness or applicability. The instructions as set forth in the appendix shall be
effective when this opinion becomes final.  New language is indicated by
underlining, and deletions are indicated by struck-through type.
It is so ordered.
-3-
ANSTEAD, C.J., and WELLS, PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, CANTERO, and
BELL, JJ., concur.
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.
Original Proceeding - Standard Jury Instructions - Criminal Cases
The Honorable Philip J. Padovano, Chair, Supreme Court Committee on Standard
Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases, Tallahassee, Florida,
for Petitioner
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Proposal 1. Revised instructions on RICO offenses
26.2 RICO — USE OR INVESTMENT OF PROCEEDS FROM
PATTERN OF RACKETEERING ACTIVITY
§ 895.03(1), Fla.Stat.
To prove the crime of Unlawful Use or Investment of Proceeds from a
Pattern of Racketeering Activity, the State must prove the following four
elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
At least two of the following incidents occurred. (rRead incidents
alleged in information).
Modify 1 and 2 if only two incidents alleged
2.
Of those incidents which did occur, at least two of them had the
same or similar [intents] [results] [accomplices] [victims]
-5-
[methods of commission] or were interrelated by distinguishing
characteristics and were not isolated incidents.
3.
(Defendant) with criminal intent received proceeds which were
derived directly or indirectly from such incidents.
4.
(Defendant) [used] [invested] some of these proceeds [or proceeds
derived from the investment or use thereof] either directly or
indirectly [in acquiring some right, title, equity or interest in real
property] [in establishing or operating an enterprise].
Define the crimes alleged as incidents.
Instruct as to the five-year limitation period (§ 895.02(4), Fla.Stat.) if
appropriate. See § 895.02(4), Fla.Stat.
Define the crimes alleged as incidents
-6-
Definitions Give in every case
“Receiving proceeds with criminal intent” means that the defendant,
at the time [he] [she] received the proceeds, either knew the source of the
proceeds or had [his] [her] suspicions aroused but deliberately failed to
make further inquiry as to the source of the proceeds.
Give as applicable § 895.02(9), Fla.Stat.
“Real property” means land and whatever is erected on it. It includes
but is not limited to any lease or mortgage or other interest in that property.
Give as applicable § 895.02(3), Fla.Stat.
“Enterprise” means any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership,
corporation, business trust, union chartered under the laws of Florida, or
other legal entity, or any unchartered union, association, or group of indivi-
duals associated in fact although not a legal entity, and includes lawful as
well as unlawful enterprises and governmental as well as other entities.
An “enterprise” is an ongoing organization, formal or informal, that
functions both as a continuing unit and has a common purpose of engaging
-7-
in a course of conduct.
As to whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521
So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988), and State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So.2d 760.
Lesser Included Offenses
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense.
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 1989 and amended in 2003. The definition of
the term “enterprise” in this instruction is from the supreme court’s opinion in
Gross v. State, 765 So.2d 39 (Fla. 2000). As to the issue of whether an individual
can be an enterprise, see State v. Nishi, 521 So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and
State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983).
-8-
26.3 RICO — USE OR INVESTMENT OF PROCEEDS FROM
COLLECTION OF UNLAWFUL DEBT
§ 895.03(1), Fla.Stat.
To prove the crime of Unlawful Use or Investment of Proceeds from
Collection of Unlawful Debt, the State must prove the following two
elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) with criminal intent received proceeds which were
derived directly or indirectly through the collection of an
unlawful debt.
2.
(Defendant) [used] [invested] some of these proceeds [or proceeds
derived from the investment or use thereof] either directly or
indirectly [in acquiring some right, title, equity, or interest in real
property] [in establishing or operating an enterprise].
Definitions Give in every case
-9-
“Receiving proceeds with criminal intent” means that the defendant,
at the time [he] [she] received the proceeds, either knew the source of the
proceeds or had [his] [her] suspicions aroused but deliberately failed to
make further inquiry as to the source of the proceeds.
§ 895.02(2), Fla.Stat.
“Unlawful debt” means any money or other thing of value constituting
principal or interest of a debt that is legally unenforceable in Florida in
whole or in part because the debt was incurred or contracted in violation of
the following law: (recite applicable section and define crime).
Give as applicable § 895.02(9), Fla.Stat.
“Real property” means land and whatever is erected on it. It includes
but is not limited to any lease or mortgage or other interest in that property.
Give as applicable § 895.02(3), Fla.Stat.
“Enterprise” means any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership,
corporation, business trust, union chartered under the laws of Florida, or
-10-
other legal entity, or any unchartered union, association, or group of
individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity, and includes lawful
as well as unlawful enterprises and governmental as well as other entities.
An “enterprise” is an ongoing organization, formal or informal, that
both functions as a continuing unit and has a common purpose of engaging
in a course of conduct.
As to whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521
So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So.2d 760.
Lesser Included Offenses
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense.
Comment
-11-
This instruction was adopted in 1989 and amended in 2003. The definition of
the term “enterprise” in this instruction is from the supreme court’s opinion in
Gross v. State, 765 So.2d 39 (Fla. 2000). As to the issue of whether an individual
can be an enterprise, see State v. Nishi, 521 So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and
State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983).
-12-
26.4 RICO — ACQUISITION OR MAINTENANCE THROUGH
PATTERN OF RACKETEERING ACTIVITY
§ 895.03(2), Fla.Stat.
To prove the crime of unlawfully [acquiring] [maintaining] an interest
in or control of [an enterprise] [real property], the State must prove the
following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) engaged in at least two of the following incidents. 
(rRead incident alleged in information).
Modify 1 and 2 if only two incidents alleged
2.
Of those incidents in which (defendant) was engaged, at least two
of them had the same or similar [intents] [results] [accomplices]
[victims] [methods of commission] or were interrelated by
distinguishing characteristics and were not isolated incidents.
3.
As a result of such incidents (defendant) [acquired] [maintained],
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directly or indirectly, interest in or control of [an enterprise]
[real property].
Define the crimes alleged as incidents.
Instruct as to the five-year limitation period (§ 895.02(4), Fla.Stat.) if
appropriate. See § 895.02(4), Fla.Stat.
Define the crimes alleged as incidents
Definitions Give as applicable § 895.02(3), Fla.Stat.
“Enterprise” means any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership,
corporation, business trust, union chartered under the laws of Florida, or
other legal entity, or any unchartered union, association, or group of
individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity, and includes lawful
as well as unlawful enterprises and governmental as well as other entities.
An “enterprise” is an ongoing organization, formal or informal, that
both functions as a continuing unit and has a common purpose of engaging
-14-
in a course of conduct.
As to whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521
So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So.2d 760.
Give as applicable § 895.02(9), Fla.Stat.
“Real property” means land and whatever is erected on it. It includes
but is not limited to any lease or mortgage or other interest in that property.
Lesser Included Offenses
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense.
Comment
-15-
This instruction was adopted in 1989 and amended in 2003. The definition of
the term “enterprise” in this instruction is from the supreme court’s opinion in
Gross v. State, 765 So.2d 39 (Fla. 2000). As to the issue of whether an individual
can be an enterprise, see State v. Nishi, 521 So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and
State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983).
-16-
26.5 RICO — ACQUISITION OR MAINTENANCE THROUGH
COLLECTION OF UNLAWFUL DEBT
§ 895.03(2), Fla.Stat.
To prove the crime of unlawfully [acquiring] [maintaining] an interest
in or control of [an enterprise] [real property], the State must prove the
following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) [acquired] [maintained], directly or indirectly,
interest in or control of [an enterprise] [real property].
2.
[He] [She] did so through the knowing collection of an unlawful
debt.
Definitions Give in every case
“Unlawful debt” means any money or other thing of value constituting
principal or interest of a debt that is legally unenforceable in Florida in
whole or in part because the debt was incurred or contracted in violation of
-17-
the following law: (recite applicable section and define crime).
Give as applicable § 895.02(3), Fla.Stat.
“Enterprise” means any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership,
corporation, business trust, union chartered under the laws of Florida, or
other legal entity, or any unchartered union, association, or group of
individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity, and includes lawful
as well as unlawful enterprises and governmental as well as other entities.
An “enterprise” is an ongoing organization, formal or informal, that
both functions as a continuing unit and has a common purpose of engaging
in a course of conduct.
As to whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521
So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So.2d 760.
Give as applicable § 895.02(9), Fla.Stat.
“Real property” means land and whatever is erected on it. It includes
-18-
but is not limited to any lease or mortgage or other interest in that property.
-19-
Lesser Included Offenses
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense.
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 1989 and amended in 2003. The definition of
the term “enterprise” in this instruction is from the supreme court’s opinion in
Gross v. State, 765 So.2d 39 (Fla. 2000). As to the issue of whether an individual
can be an enterprise, see State v. Nishi, 521 So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and
State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983).
-20-
26.6 RICO — CONDUCT OF OR PARTICIPATION IN AN
ENTERPRISE THROUGH COLLECTION OF
UNLAWFUL DEBT
§ 895.03(3), Fla.Stat.
To prove the crime of unlawfully [conducting] [participating in] in an
enterprise, the State must prove the following two elements beyond a
reasonable doubt:
Defendant may or may not be “enterprise.” See note below
1.
(Defendant) was [employed by] [associated with] an enterprise.
2.
(Defendant) [conducted] [participated in], directly or indirectly, in
such enterprise through the knowing collection of an unlawful
debt.
Definitions
§ 895.02(2), Fla.Stat.
-21-
“Unlawful debt” means any money or other thing of value constituting
principal or interest of a debt that is legally unenforceable in Florida in
whole or in part because the debt was incurred or contracted in violation of
the following law: (recite applicable section and define crime).
§ 895.02(3), Fla.Stat.
“Enterprise” means any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership,
corporation, business trust, union chartered under the laws of Florida, or
other legal entity, or any unchartered union, association, or group of
individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity, and includes lawful
as well as unlawful enterprises and governmental as well as other entities.
An “enterprise” is an ongoing organization, formal or informal, that
both functions as a continuing unit and has a common purpose of engaging
in a course of conduct.
As to whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521
So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So.2d 760.
-22-
Lesser Included Offenses
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense.
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 1989 and amended in 2003. The definition of
the term “enterprise” in this instruction is from the supreme court’s opinion in
Gross v. State, 765 So.2d 39 (Fla. 2000). As to the issue of whether an individual
can be an enterprise, see State v. Nishi, 521 So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and
State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983).
-23-
26.7 RICO — CONDUCT OF OR PARTICIPATION IN AN
ENTERPRISE
THROUGH A PATTERN OF RACKETEERING ACTIVITY
§ 895.03(3), Fla.Stat.
To prove the crime of unlawfully [conducting] [participating in] in an
enterprise, the State must prove the following two three elements beyond a
reasonable doubt.
Defendant may or may not be “enterprise.” See note below
1.
(Defendant) was [employed by] [associated with] an enterprise.
2.
(Defendant) [conducted] [participated in], directly or indirectly, in
such enterprise by engaging in at least two of the following
incidents. (rRead incidents alleged in information).
3.
Of those incidents in which (defendant) was engaged at least two
of them had the same or similar [intents] [results] [accomplices]
-24-
[victims] [methods of commission] or were interrelated by
distinguishing characteristics and were not isolated incidents.
Define the crimes alleged as incidents.
Instruct as to the five-year limitation period (§ 895.02(4), Fla.Stat.) if
appropriate. See § 895.02(4), Fla.Stat.
Define the crimes alleged as incidents
Definitions; Ggive as applicable § 895.02(3), Fla.Stat.
“Enterprise” means any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership,
corporation, business trust, union chartered under the laws of Florida, or
other legal entity, or any unchartered union, association, or group of
individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity, and includes lawful
as well as unlawful enterprises and governmental as well as other entities.
An “enterprise” is an ongoing organization, formal or informal, that
both functions as a continuing unit and has a common purpose of engaging
-25-
in a course of conduct.
As to whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521
So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So.2d 760.
_____________________
Lesser Included Offenses
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense.
_____________________
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 1989 and amended in 2003. The definition of
the term “enterprise” in this instruction is from the supreme court’s opinion in
Gross v. State, 765 So.2d 39 (Fla. 2000). As to the issue of whether an individual
-26-
can be an enterprise, see State v. Nishi, 521 So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and
State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983).
-27-
26.8 CONSPIRACY TO ENGAGE IN PATTERN OF
RACKETEERING ACTIVITY
§ 895.03(4), Fla.Stat.
A “conspiracy” is a combination or agreement of two or more persons
to join together to attempt to accomplish an offense which would be in
violation of the law. It is a kind of “partnership in criminal purposes” in
which each member becomes the agent of every other member.
The evidence in the case need not show that the alleged members of
the conspiracy entered into any express or formal agreement or that they
directly discussed between themselves the details of the scheme and its
purpose or the precise ways in which the purpose was to be accomplished.
Neither must it be proved that all of the persons charged to have been
members of the conspiracy were such nor that the alleged conspirators
actually succeeded in accomplishing their unlawful objectives nor that any
alleged member of the conspiracy did any act in furtherance of the
conspiracy.
-28-
What the evidence in the case must show beyond a reasonable doubt
before you may find the defendant guilty of conspiring to violate the RICO
Act is:
1.
Two or more persons, in some way or manner, came to a mutual
understanding to try to accomplish a common and unlawful plan,
namely to engage in a “pattern of racketeering activity” as
charged in the Information; and
2.
The defendant knowingly and willfully became a member of such
conspiracy; and
3.
At the time the defendant joined such conspiracy, [he] [she] did
so with the specific intent either to personally engage in at least
two incidents of racketeering, as alleged in the Information, or
[he] [she] specifically intended to otherwise participate in the
affairs of the “enterprise” with the knowledge and intent that
other members of the conspiracy would engage in at least two
-29-
incidents of racketeering, as alleged in the Information, as part
of a “pattern of racketeering activity.”
A person may become a member of a conspiracy without full
knowledge of all of the details of the unlawful scheme or the names and
identities of all of the other alleged conspirators. So, if a defendant has an
understanding of the unlawful nature of a plan and knowingly and willfully
joins in that plan on one occasion, that is sufficient to convict [him] [her] for
conspiracy, even though [he] [she] did not participate before and even
though [he] [she] played only a minor part.
Of course, mere presence at the scene of a transaction or event or the
mere fact that certain persons may have associated with each other and may
have assembled together and discussed common aims and interests does not
necessarily establish proof of the existence of a conspiracy. Also, a person
who has no knowledge of a conspiracy but who happens to act in a way
which advances some purpose of a conspiracy does not thereby become a
conspirator.
-30-
Defense; give if applicable; § 777.04(5)(c), Fla.Stat.
It is a defense to the charge of conspiracy to engage in a pattern of
racketeering activity that (defendant), after knowingly entering into such a
conspiracy with one or more persons, thereafter persuaded such persons not
to engage in such activity or otherwise prevented commission of the offense.
In this regard you are instructed that a mere endeavor to dissuade one from
engaging in such activity is insufficient.
An endeavor to dissuade a coconspirator is insufficient to constitute the
statutory defense of withdrawal. State v. Bauman, 425 So.2d 32, 34 (Fla. 4th
DCA 1982).
Definitions
“Pattern of racketeering activity” means engaging in at least two
incidents of racketeering conduct that have the same or similar intents,
results, accomplices, victims, or methods of commission or that otherwise
are interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated
incidents.
-31-
§ 895.02(3), Fla.Stat.
“Enterprise” means any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership,
corporation, business trust, union chartered under the laws of Florida, or
other legal entity, or any unchartered union, association, or group of
individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity, and includes lawful
as well as unlawful enterprises and governmental as well as other entities.
An “enterprise” is an ongoing organization, formal or informal, that
both functions as a continuing unit and has a common purpose of engaging
in a course of conduct.
As to whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521
So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So.2d 760.
Lesser Included Offenses
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense.
-32-
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 1989 and amended in 2003. The definition of
the term “enterprise” in this instruction is from the supreme court’s opinion in
Gross v. State, 765 So.2d 39 (Fla. 2000). As to the issue of whether an individual
can be an enterprise, see State v. Nishi, 521 So.2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and
State v. Bowen, 413 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983).
-33-
Proposal 2. A revised burglary instruction
13.1 BURGLARY
§ 810.02, Fla.Stat.
Give this statement of the elements if the charge is unlawful entry:
To prove the crime of Burglary, the State must prove the following
three elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) [entered] [remained in] a [structure] [conveyance]
owned by or in the possession of (person alleged).
2.
(Defendant) did not have the permission or consent of (person
alleged), or anyone authorized to act for [him] [her], to [enter]
[remain in] the [structure] [conveyance] at the that time.
3.
At the time of [entering] [remaining in] the
[structure][conveyance] (defendant) had a fully-formed conscious
-34-
intent to commit the offense of (crime alleged) in that
[structure][conveyance].
Give this statement of the elements if the charge is unlawfully remaining:
To prove the charge of burglary, the state must prove the following
two elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) had permission or consent to enter a [structure]
[conveyance] owned by or in the possession of (person alleged).
2.
(Defendant) after entering the [structure] [conveyance] remained
therein
Give a, b, or c as applicable
a.
surreptitiously and with the fully-formed conscious intent
to commit the offense of (crime alleged).
b.
after permission to remain had been withdrawn and with
-35-
the fully-formed conscious intent to commit the offense of
(crime alleged).
c.
with the fully formed-conscious intent to commit or
attempt to commit the offense of (forcible felony alleged).
Define the crime or forcible felony alleged.
Define the offense that was the object of the burglary.
Give whichever bracketed language applies
A person may be guilty of this offense [if he or she originally entered
the premises at a time when they were open to the public, but remained
there after he or she knew that the premises were closed to the public],
[or]
[if he or she entered into or remained in areas of the premises which he or
she knew or should have known were not open to the public],
-36-
if he or she had the intent to commit the crime described in the charge.
§ 810.07, Fla.Stat.
Proof of the entering of a [structure] [conveyance] stealthily and
without the consent of the owner or occupant may justify a finding that the
entering was with the intent to commit a crime if, from all the surrounding
facts and circumstances, you are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that
the intent existed.
The entry necessary need not be the whole body of the defendant. It is
sufficient if the defendant extends any part of the body far enough into the
[structure] [conveyance] to commit (crime alleged).
Proof of intent
The intent with which an act is done is an operation of the mind and,
therefore, is not always capable of direct and positive proof. It may be
established by circumstantial evidence like any other fact in a case.
-37-
Even though an unlawful [entering] [remaining in] a [structure]
[conveyance] is proved, if the evidence does not establish that it was done
with the intent to commit (crime alleged), the defendant must be found not
guilty.
Proof of possession of stolen property
Proof of unexplained possession by an accused of property recently
stolen by means of a burglary may justify a conviction of burglary with
intent to steal that property if the circumstances of the burglary and of the
possession of the stolen property, when considered in the light of all
evidence in the case, convince you beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant committed the burglary.
Definitions; give as applicable
§ 810.011(1), Fla.Stat.
“Structure” means any building of any kind, either temporary or
permanent, that has a roof over it, and the enclosed space of ground and
outbuildings immediately surrounding that structure.
-38-
§ 810.011(3), Fla.Stat.
“Conveyance” means any motor vehicle, ship, vessel, railroad car,
trailer, aircraft, or sleeping car; and to enter a conveyance includes taking
apart any portion of the conveyance.
Enhanced penalty; give if applicable
The punishment provided by law for the crime of burglary is greater if
the burglary was committed under certain aggravating circumstances.
Therefore, if you find the defendant guilty of burglary, you must then
consider whether the State has further proved those circumstances.
With an assault
If you find that in the course of committing the burglary the
defendant made an assault upon any person, you should find [him]
[her] guilty of burglary during which an assault has been committed.
An assault is an intentional and unlawful threat either by word or act
to do violence to another at a time when the defendant appeared to
have the ability to carry out the threat and [his] [her] act created a
-39-
well-founded fear in the other person that the violence was about to
take place.
While armed
If you find that in the course of committing the burglary the
defendant was armed or armed [himself] [herself] within the structure
with explosives or a dangerous weapon, you should find [him] [her]
guilty of burglary while armed.
Structure is a dwelling
If you find that while the defendant made no assault and was
unarmed, the structure entered was a dwelling, you should find [him]
[her] guilty of burglary of a dwelling.
Human being in structure or conveyance
If you find that while the defendant made no assault and was
unarmed, there was a human being in the [structure] [conveyance] at
the time [he] [she] [entered] [remained in] the [structure] [conveyance],
-40-
you should find [him] [her] guilty of burglary of a [structure]
[conveyance] with a human being in the [structure] [conveyance].
With no aggravating circumstances
If you find that the defendant committed the burglary without any
aggravating circumstances, you should find [him] [her] guilty only of
burglary.
§ 810.011(4), Fla.Stat.
An act is committed “in the course of committing” if it occurs in the
attempt to commit the offense or in flight after the attempt or commission.
§ 790.001(5), Fla.Stat.
“Explosive” means any chemical compound or mixture that has the
property of yielding readily to combustion or oxidation upon application of
heat, flame, or shock, including but not limited to dynamite, nitroglycerin,
trinitrotoluene, or ammonium nitrate when combined with other ingredients
to form an explosive mixture, blasting caps, and detonators.
-41-
If necessary see exceptions set out in § 791.01 and Chapter 552, Fla.Stat.
A “dangerous weapon” is any weapon that, taking into account the
manner in which it is used, is likely to produce death or great bodily harm.
“Dwelling” means a building [or conveyance] of any kind, including
any attached porch, whether such building [or conveyance] is temporary or
permanent, mobile or immobile, which has a roof over it and is designed to
be occupied by people lodging therein at night, together with the enclosed
space of ground and outbuildings immediately surrounding it.
Therefore, if you find the defendant guilty of burglary, it will be
necessary for you to state in your verdict whether the defendant (insert
aggravating circumstances charged).
Lesser Included Offenses
-42-
BURGLARY WITH ASSAULT OR BATTERY OR WHILE ARMED —
810.02(2)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
Burglary
810.02(4)
13.1
Aggravated battery
784.045
8.4
Battery
784.03
8.3
Aggravated assault
784.021
8.2
Assault
784.011
8.1
Attempt
777.04(1)
5.1
Burglary
810.02(3)
13.1
Trespass
810.08
13.3
BURGLARY OF DWELLING; BURGLARY OF STRUCTURE OR
CONVEYANCE WITH HUMAN BEING INSIDE — 810.02(3)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
Burglary
810.02(4)
13.1
Attempt
777.04(1)
5.1
Burglary
810.02(3)
13.1
Trespass
810.08(2)(a)
13.3
Trespass
810.08(2)(b)
13.3
BURGLARY — 810.02(4)
-43-
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
None
Attempt
777.04(1)
5.1
Trespass
810.08(2)(a)
13.3
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 1981 and amended in 1985, and 1997, and
2003. The current instruction should be given for offenses committed after July 1,
2001. See § 810.02, Fla.Stat. (2001).
-44-
Proposal 3.
A revised theft instruction
14.1 THEFT
§ 812.014, Fla.Stat.
To prove the crime of Theft, the State must prove the following two
elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) knowingly and unlawfully [obtained] [used]
[endeavored to obtain] [endeavored to use] the (property alleged)
of (victim).
2.
[He] [She] did so with intent to, either temporarily or
permanently,
[deprive (victim) of [his] [her] right to the property or any
benefit from it.]
-45-
[appropriate the property of (victim) to [his] [her] own use
or to the use of any person not entitled to it.]
Degrees; give if property is of monetary value up to extent of charge
If you find the defendant guilty of theft, you must determine by your
verdict whether:
a.
[The value of the property taken was $100,000 or more.]
b.
[The property taken was cargo valued at $50,000 or more that
has entered the stream of commerce from the shipper’s loading
platform to the consignee’s receiving dock.]
c.
[The property taken was cargo valued at less than $50,000 that
has entered the stream of commerce from the shipper’s loading
platform to the consignee’s receiving dock.]
d.
[The property taken was emergency medical equipment valued
-46-
at $300 or more that was taken from a licenced facility or from
an emergency medical aircraft or vehicle.]
eb.
[The value of the property taken was $20,000 or more but less
than $100,000.]
fc.
[The value of the property taken was $300 or more but less than
$20,000.]
gd.
[The value of the property taken was less than $300.]
Give if applicable
he.
[The property was [a will, codicil, or other testamentary
instrument.] [a firearm.] [a motor vehicle.] [a commercially
farmed animal.] [an aquaculture species raised at a permitted
aquaculture facility.] [a fire extinguisher.] [2000 or more pieces
of fruit.] [taken from a posted construction site.]]
-47-
Inferences; give if applicable. § 812.022(1), Fla.Stat.
Proof that a person presented false identification not current in
respect to name, address, place of employment or other material aspect in
connection with the leasing of personal property, or failed to return leased
property within 72 hours of the termination of the leasing agreement, unless
satisfactorily explained, gives rise to an inference that the property was
obtained or is now used with unlawful intent to commit theft.
Inferences; give if applicable § 812.022(2), Fla.Stat.
Proof of possession of recently stolen property, unless satisfactorily
explained, give rise to an inference that the person in possession of the
property knew or should have known that the property had been stolen.
Definitions; give if applicable.
§ 812.012(1), Fla.Stat.
“Cargo” means partial or entire shipments, containers, or cartons of
property which are contained in or on a trailer, motortruck, aircraft, vessel,
warehouse, freight station, freight consolidation facility, or air navigation
-48-
facility.
§ 812.014(2)(b)3, Fla.Stat.
“Emergency medical equipment” means mechanical or electronic
apparatus used to provide emergency service and care or to treat medical
emergencies.
§ 395.002(10), Fla. Stat.
“Emergency service and care” means medical screening, examination,
and evaluation by a physician, or other medically appropriate personnel
under the supervision of a physician, to determine if an emergency medical
condition exists, and if it does, the care, treatment or surgery by a physician
necessary to relieve or eliminate the emergency medical condition, within
the service capability of the facility.
§ 395.002(17), Fla.Stat.
“Licensed facility” means a hospital, ambulatory surgical center, or
mobile surgical facility licensed by the Florida Agency for Health Care
-49-
Administration.  See Chapter 395, Fla.Stat.
§ 812.014(2)(b)3, Fla.Stat.
“Emergency medical aircraft or vehicle” means any aircraft,
ambulance or other vehicle used as an emergency medical service vehicle
that has been issued a permit in accordance with Florida law.
§ 812.012(32), Fla.Stat.
“Obtains or uses” means any manner of:
(a)
Taking or exercising control over property.
(b)
Making any unauthorized use, disposition, or transfer of
property.
(c)
Obtaining property by fraud, willful misrepresentation of a
future act, or false promise.
-50-
(d)
(1)
Conduct previously known as stealing; larceny;
purloining; abstracting; embezzlement;
misapplication; misappropriation; conversion; or
obtaining money or property by false pretenses,
fraud, deception; or
(2)
Other conduct similar in nature.
“Endeavor” means to attempt or try.
§ 812.012(43), Fla.Stat.
“Property” means anything of value, and includes:
real property, including things growing on, affixed to and found
in land;
tangible or intangible personal property, including rights,
privileges, interests and claims; and
-51-
services.
It is error to inform the jury of a prior conviction.  Therefore, do not read
the allegation of prior conviction ro send the information or indictment into the
jury room.  The historical fact of a previous conviction shall be determined by the
judge, and shall thereby fix the degree of the crime.  State of Florida v. Harris,
356 So.2d 315 (Fla. 1978).
§ 812.012(65), Fla.Stat.
“Services” means anything of value resulting from a person’s physical or
mental labor or skill, or from the use, possession, or presence of property, and
includes:
repairs or improvements to property;
professional services;
private, public or government communication, transportation,
power, water or sanitation services;
-52-
lodging accommodations; and
admissions to places of exhibition or entertainment.
§ 812.012(109), Fla.Stat.
“Value” means:
The market value of the property at the time and place of the
offense, or if that value cannot be satisfactorily ascertained, the cost of
replacement of the property within a reasonable time after the offense.
In the case of a written instrument that does not have a readily
ascertainable market value, such as a check, draft, or promissory note,
the value is the amount due or collectible.
In the case of any other instrument that creates, releases,
discharges or otherwise affects any valuable legal right, privilege, or
obligation, the value is the greatest amount of economic loss that the
-53-
owner of the instrument might reasonably suffer by virtue of the loss of
the instrument.
The value of a trade secret that does not have a readily
ascertainable market value is any reasonable value representing the
damage to the owner suffered by reason of losing an advantage over
those who do not know of or use the trade secret.
If the exact value of the property cannot be ascertained, you should
attempt to determine a minimum value. If you cannot determine the
minimum value, you must find the value is less than $300.
Amounts of value of separate properties, involved in thefts
committed pursuant to one scheme or course of conduct, whether the
thefts are from the same person or several persons, may be totaled in
determining the grade of the offense.
-54-
Lesser Included Offenses
GRAND THEFT — FIRST DEGREE (PROPERTY VALUED AT
$100,000 OR MORE) — 812.014(2)(a)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
Grand theft — second
degree
812.014(2)(b)
Grand theft — third
degree
812.014(2)(c)
(1), (2), (3)
Petit theft — first degree
812.014(2)(e)
Petit theft — second
degree
812.014(3)(a)
Trade secrets
812.081
GRAND THEFT — SECOND DEGREE (PROPERTY VALUED AT
$20,000 OR MORE BUT LESS THAN $100,000) — 812.014(2)(b)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
-55-
Grand theft — third
degree
812.014(2)(c)
(1), (2), (3)
Petit theft — first degree
812.014(2)(e)
Petit theft — second
degree
812.014(3)(a)
Trade secrets
812.081
GRAND THEFT — THIRD DEGREE — 812.014(2)(c)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
Petit theft — first degree
812.014(2)(e)
Petit theft — second
degree
812.014(3)(a)
Trade secrets
812.081
Trespass to conveyance
812.014(2)(c)
(6)
GRAND THEFT — THIRD DEGREE — 812.014(2)(d)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
None
-56-
Petit theft — second
degree
812.014(3)(a)
PETIT THEFT — FIRST DEGREE — 812.014(2)(e)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
None
Petit theft — second
degree
812.014(3)(a)
PETIT THEFT — 812.014(3)(b)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
None
None
PETIT THEFT — SECOND DEGREE — 812.014(3)(a)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
None
None
-57-
FELONY PETIT THEFT — 812.014(3)(c)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
None
Petit theft — first
degree
812.014(2)(e)
Petit theft
812.014(3)(b)
Petit theft — second
degree
812.014(3)(a)
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 1981 and amended in 1989, and 1992, and
2003.
It is error to inform the jury of a prior conviction. Therefore, if the information
or indictment contains an allegation of one or more  prior convictions, do not read that
allegation and do not send the information or indictment into the jury room. If the
-58-
defendant is convicted of the current charge, the historical fact of a previous
conviction shall be determined separately. State v. Harris, 356 So.2d 315 (Fla. 1978).
-59-
Proposal 4.
Revised sexual battery instructions
11.2 SEXUAL BATTERY — VICTIM 12 YEARS
OF AGE OR OLDER — GREAT FORCE
§ 794.011(3), Fla.Stat.
To prove the crime of Sexual Battery upon a Person 12 Years of Age or
Older with the Use of a Deadly Weapon or Physical Force, the State must
prove the following four elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Victim) was 12 years of age or older.
2.
a.
[(Defendant) committed an act [upon] [with] (victim) in which
the sexual organ of the [(defendant)] [(victim)] penetrated or
had union with the [anus] [vagina] [mouth] of the [(victim)]
[(defendant)].]
b.
[(Defendant) committed an act upon (victim) in which the
-60-
[anus] [vagina] of (victim) was penetrated by an object.]
3.
(Defendant) in the process
a.
[used or threatened to use a deadly weapon].
b.
[used actual physical force likely to cause serious personal
injury].
4.
The act was done without the consent of (victim).
Definitions
Give in all cases
“Consent” means intelligent, knowing, and voluntary consent and does
not include coerced submission. Consent does not mean the failure by the
alleged victim to offer physical resistance to the offender.
Give if applicable
-61-
Evidence of the victim's mental incapacity or defect, if any, may be
considered in determining whether there was an intelligent, knowing, and
voluntary consent.
“Mentally incapacitated” means that a person is rendered temporarily
incapable of appraising or controlling his or her conduct due to the influence
of a narcotic, anesthetic, or intoxicating substance administered to that person
without his or her consent, or due to any other act committed upon that person
without his or her consent.
“Mentally defective” means that a person suffers from a mental disease
or defect that renders that person temporarily or permanently incapable of
appraising the nature of his or her conduct.
“Union” means contact.
Give if 3a alleged
A weapon is a “deadly weapon” if it is used or threatened to be used in
-62-
a way likely to produce death or great bodily harm.
Give if 3b alleged
“Serious personal injury” means great bodily harm or pain, permanent
disability, or permanent disfigurement.
Give if applicable
However, any act done for bona fide medical purposes is not a sexual
battery.
In the event that multiple perpetrators is charged and proven, give instruction
on enhancement, § 794.023, Fla.Stat.
The option of the word “[with] (victim)” in 2a is provided to reflect the
manner in which the crime was committed. See Coleman v. State, 484 So.2d 624
(Fla. 1st DCA 1986), at pages 627, 628.
-63-
Lesser Included Offenses
SEXUAL BATTERY — VICTIM OVER 12 — WEAPON OR FORCE —
794.011(3)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
Sexual battery
794.011(5)
11.4
Battery
784.03
8.3
Sexual battery
794.011(2)(b)
11.1
Attempt
777.04(1)
5.1
Aggravated battery
784.045(1)(a)
8.4
Aggravated assault
784.021(1)(a)
8.2
Assault
784.011
8.1
Sexual battery
794.011(4)
11.3
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 1981 and was amended in 1987, and 1995, and
2003.
-64-
In the event that multiple perpetrators is charged and proven, give instruction on
enhancement, § 794.023, Fla.Stat.
The option of the word “[with] (victim)” in 2a is provided to reflect the manner
in which the crime was committed. See Coleman v. State, 484 So.2d 624 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1986), at pages 627, 628.
-65-
11.3 SEXUAL BATTERY — VICTIM 12 YEARS OF AGE
OR OLDER — CIRCUMSTANCES SPECIFIED
§ 794.011(4), Fla.Stat.
To prove the crime of Sexual Battery upon a Person 12 Years of Age or
Older under specified circumstances, the State must prove the following four
elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Victim) was 12 years of age or older.
2.
a.
[(Defendant) committed an act [upon] [with] (victim) in which
the sexual organ of the [(defendant)] [(victim)] penetrated or
had union with the [anus] [vagina] [mouth] of the [(victim)]
[(defendant)].]
b.
[(Defendant) committed an act upon (victim) in which the
[anus] [vagina] of (victim) was penetrated by an object.]
-66-
3.
a.
[(Victim) was physically helpless to resist.]
b.
[(Defendant) coerced (victim) to submit by threatening to use
force or violence likely to cause serious personal injury and
(victim) reasonably believed the (defendant) had the present
ability to execute the threat.]
c.
[(Defendant) coerced (victim) to submit by threat of retaliation
against (victim) or any other person and (victim) reasonably
believed that (defendant) had the ability to execute the threat
in the future.]
d.
[(Defendant), without prior knowledge or consent of (victim),
administered 
or 
had 
knowledge 
of 
someone 
else
administering to (victim) a narcotic, anesthetic, or other
intoxicating 
substance 
that 
mentally 
or 
physically
incapacitated (victim).]
-67-
e.
[(Victim) was mentally defective and (defendant) had reason
to believe this or had actual knowledge of that fact.]
f.
[(Victim) was physically incapacitated.]
4.
The act was committed without the consent of (victim).
Definitions
Give in all cases
“Consent” means intelligent, knowing, and voluntary consent and does
not include coerced submission. Consent does not mean the failure by the
alleged victim to offer physical resistance to the offender.
Give if applicable
Evidence of the victim's mental incapacity or defect, if any, may be
considered in determining whether there was an intelligent, knowing, and
voluntary consent.
-68-
“Mentally incapacitated” means that a person is rendered temporarily
incapable of appraising or controlling his or her conduct due to the influence
of a narcotic, anesthetic, or intoxicating substance administered to that person
without his or her consent, or due to any other act committed upon that person
without his or her consent.
“Mentally defective” means that a person suffers from a mental disease
or defect that renders that person temporarily or permanently incapable of
appraising the nature of his or her conduct.
“Union” means contact.
Give if 3a alleged
“Physically helpless” means that a person is unconscious, asleep, or for
any other reason physically unable to communicate unwillingness to act.
Give if 3b alleged
“Serious personal injury” means great bodily harm or pain, permanent
-69-
disability, or permanent disfigurement.
Give if 3f alleged
“Physically incapacitated” means that a person is bodily impaired or
handicapped and substantially limited in his or her ability to resist or flee an
act.
Give if applicable
However, any act done for bona fide medical purposes is not a sexual
battery.
In the event that multiple perpetratorsis charged and proven, give instruction
on enhancement, § 794.023, Fla.Stat.
The option of the word “[with] (victim)” in 2a is provided to reflect the
manner in which the crime was committed. See Coleman v. State, 484 So.2d 624
(Fla. 1st DCA 1986), at pages 627, 628.
-70-
_____________
Lesser Included Offenses
SEXUAL BATTERY — VICTIM OVER 12 — SPECIAL
CIRCUMSTANCES — 794.011(4)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
Sexual battery
794.011(5)
11.4
Battery
784.03
8.3
Attempt
777.04(1)
5.1
Aggravated assault
784.021(1)(a)
8.2
Assault
784.011
8.1
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 1981 and was amended in 1987, 1992, and
1995, and 2003.
-71-
In the event that multiple perpetrators is charged and proven, give instruction on
enhancement, § 794.023, Fla.Stat.
The option of the word “[with] (victim)” in 2a is provided to reflect the manner
in which the crime was committed. See Coleman v. State, 484 So.2d 624 (Fla. 1st
DCA 1986), at pages 627, 628.
-72-
11.4 SEXUAL BATTERY —
PERSON 12 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER
§ 794.011(5), Fla.Stat.
To prove the crime of Sexual Battery upon a Person 12 Years of Age or
Older, the State must prove the following three elements beyond a reasonable
doubt:
1.
(Victim) was 12 years of age or older.
Give 2a or 2b as applicable
2.
a.
[(Defendant) committed an act [upon] [with] (victim) in which
the sexual organ of the [(defendant)] [(victim)] penetrated or
had union with the [anus] [vagina] [mouth] of the [(victim)]
[(defendant)].]
b.
[(Defendant) committed an act upon (victim) in which the
[anus] [vagina] of (victim) was penetrated by an object.]
-73-
3.
The act was committed without the consent of (victim).
Definitions
Give in all cases
“Consent” means intelligent, knowing, and voluntary consent and does
not include coerced submission.  Consent does not mean the failure by the
alleged victim to offer physical resistance to the offender.
Give if applicable
Evidence of the victim’s mental incapacity or defect, if any, may be
considered in determining whether there was an intelligent, knowing, and
voluntary consent.
“Mentally incapacitated” means that a person is rendered temporarily
incapable of appraising or controlling his or her conduct due to the influence
of a narcotic, anesthetic, or intoxicating substance administered to that person
without his or her consent, or due to any other act committed upon that person
without his or her consent.
-74-
“Mentally defective” means that a person suffers from a mental disease
or defect that renders that person temporarily or permanently incapable of
appraising the nature of his or her conduct.
Give if applicable
“Union” means contact.
However, any act done for bona fide medical purposes is not a sexual
battery.
In the event that multiple perpetrators is charged and proven, give instruction
on enhancement, § 794.023, Fla.Stat.
The option of the word “[with] (victim)” in 2a is provided to reflect the
manner in which the crime was committed. See Coleman v. State, 484 So.2d 624
(Fla. 1st DCA 1986), at pages 627, 628.
Lesser Included Offenses
-75-
SEXUAL BATTERY — VICTIM OVER 12 — WITHOUT FORCE —
794.011(5)
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
Battery
784.03
8.3
Attempt
777.04(1)
5.1
Assault
784.011
8.1
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 1981 and was amended in 1987, and 1995 and
2003.
In the event that multiple perpetrators is charged and proven, give instruction on
enhancement, § 794.023, Fla.Stat.
The option of the word “[with] (victim)” in 2a is provided to reflect the manner
in which the crime was committed. See Coleman v. State, 484 So.2d 624 (Fla. 1st
-76-
DCA 1986), at pages 627, 628.
Proposal 5.
A new instruction for battery on an employee of a
correctional facility
8.20 BATTERY ON FACILITY EMPLOYEE
§ 784.078, Fla.Stat.
To prove the crime of Battery on a Facility Employee, the State must
prove the following five elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) was detained in a facility.
2.
(Defendant) intentionally touched or struck or attempted to touch
or strike (victim) against [his] [her] will by throwing, tossing, or
expelling blood, saliva, masticated food, seminal fluid, urine, or
feces at (victim).
-77-
3.
(Defendant) intended to harass, annoy, threaten, or alarm (victim).
4.
(Victim) was a facility employee.
5.
(Defendant) knew (victim) or had reason to know that (victim) was
a facility employee.
A “facility” is any state correctional institution, private correctional
facility, county, municipal, or regional jail or other detention facility of local
government, or any secure facility operated and maintained by the Department
of Corrections or the Department of Juvenile Justice.
An “employee” is any person [employed by or performing contractual
services for a public or private entity operating a facility] [or] [employed by or
performing contractual services for the corporation operating the prison
enhancement programs or the correctional work programs] [or] [who is a
parole examiner with the Florida Parole Commission].
-78-
Lesser Included Offenses
BATTERY ON FACILITY EMPLOYEE — 784.078
CATEGORY ONE
CATEGORY TWO
FLA. STAT.
INS.
NO.
None
Battery
784.031(1)(a)
8.3
Assault
784.011
8.1
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 2003.
-79-
Proposal 6. A revised instruction on submitting the case to the jury.
3.13 SUBMITTING CASE TO JURY
In just a few moments you will be taken to the jury room by the bailiff.
The first thing you should do is elect a foreman. foreperson The foreman who
will presides over your deliberations, like a chairman chairperson of a meeting.
It is the foreman’s foreperson’s job to sign and date the verdict form when all
of you have agreed on a verdict in this case. and to The foreman will bring the
verdict back to the courtroom when you return. Either a man or a woman may
be foreman of a jury.
Your verdict finding the defendant either guilty or not guilty must be
unanimous. The verdict must be the verdict of each juror, as well as of the jury
as a whole.
In closing, let me remind you that it is important that you follow the law
spelled out in these instructions in deciding your verdict. There are no other
-80-
laws that apply to this case. Even if you do not like the laws that must be
applied, you must use them. For two centuries we have lived by the constitution
and the law.  No juror has the right to violate rules we all share.
Comment
This instruction was adopted in 1981 and was amended in 2000 and 2003.