Title: WORSHAM v. NIX & SCROGGS

State: oklahoma

Issuer: Oklahoma Supreme Court

Document:

WORSHAM v. NIX & SCROGGS  WORSHAM v. NIX & SCROGGS 2006 OK 67 145 P.3d 1055 Case Number: 100750, Con. w/No. 101167 Decided: 09/19/2006 THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA RAE WORSHAM, individually, and as Administratrix of the Estate of Michael Worsham, and THE ESTATE OF MICHAEL WORSHAM, Plaintiffs/Appellants/Counter-Appellees, v. JEFF NIX and SCOTT SCROGGS, d/b/a NIX & SCROGGS LAW FIRM, Defendants/Appellees/Counter-Appellants. APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TULSA COUNTY, STATE OF OKLAHOMA HONORABLE MICHAEL GASSETT, TRIAL JUDGE ¶0 Plaintiffs, Rae Worsham, individually and as administratrix of the estate of Michael Worsham (decedent) (Rae is decedent's widow), and decedent's estate sued Defendants, Jeff Nix and Scott Scroggs, d/b/a Nix & Scroggs Law Firm (Defendants) for breach of contract, legal malpractice and fraud. In a prior appeal the Court of Civil Appeals (COCA), Division II in Worsham v. Nix (Worsham I), THE TRIAL COURT'S JUDGMENT IS REVERSED IN PART AND AFFIRMED IN PART; THE CAUSE IS REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS NOT INCONSISTENT WITH TODAY'S PRONOUNCEMENT. Bill V. Wilkinson, WILKINSON LAW FIRM, Tulsa, Oklahoma for Plaintiffs/Appellants/Counter-Appellees. Joseph R. Farris, Paula J. Quillin and Jody R. Nathan, FELDMAN FRANDEN WOODARD & FARRIS, Tulsa, Oklahoma for Defendants/Appellees/Counter-Appellants. LAVENDER, J. ¶1 Plaintiffs, Rae Worsham, individually and as administratrix of the estate of Michael Worsham (decedent) (Rae is decedent's widow), and decedent's estate sued Defendants, Jeff Nix and Scott Scroggs, d/b/a Nix & Scroggs Law Firm (Defendants) for breach of contract, legal malpractice/professional negligence and fraud. This appeal by Plaintiffs is from a judgment in favor of Defendants and requires determination of four main issues. One, in view of the prior opinion by the Court of Civil Appeals (COCA), Division II in Worsham v. Nix (Worsham I), ¶2 We hold the wrongful death claim is foreclosed by the law of the case doctrine and the trial court did not err in so ruling. We also hold the trial court did not err by excluding the testimony of Plaintiffs' factual proximate cause expert, without which Plaintiffs failed to show any damages for pre-suicide emotional distress suffered by either decedent or Rae Worsham individually were proximately caused by any wrongful conduct of Defendants. However, we hold the trial court erred in precluding as a matter of law Rae's individual claim, based on fraud, to recover damages for emotional distress allegedly suffered by her upon learning of apparent fraudulent conduct of Defendant Scroggs concerning the legal representation. We also hold an amount recovered through a settlement with PSO in separate litigation brought by Plaintiffs for decedent's wrongful death and other claims is not admissible at trial upon remand to reduce the amount of damages recoverable by Rae Worsham individually in regard to the just mentioned fraud claim should she adequately show entitlement thereto. The trial court judgment is affirmed in part and reversed in part, the reversal only in so far as the judgment precluded the last mentioned fraud claim of Rae Worsham in her individual capacity. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY ¶3 Decedent was an employee of PSO. Apparently, in the early 1990s, co-workers began taunting and teasing him about being a bomber. The precipitating event was decedent being accused of making an anonymous telephone bomb threat to PSO and other employees learned of the accusation. No conclusive determination was made as to the perpetrator of the bomb threat and decedent remained in PSO's employ. After the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 the taunting and teasing appears to have escalated and included likening him to Timothy McVeigh, i.e., a perpetrator of the Oklahoma City bombing. ¶4 According to Plaintiffs, the situation at work resulted in decedent having serious mental and emotional problems and, in effect, that his mental and emotional stability steadily declined as a result of the situation. Officials with PSO were notified by decedent of the situation and both decedent and Rae complained to one or more PSO officials about the problem, but the taunting and teasing from co-workers continued. At the May 17, 2004 non-jury trial eventually held in this matter, Rae testified to having no knowledge of anyone at PSO doing any investigation as to the alleged workplace harassment and, even after the aforementioned complaints, her view was that no one at PSO did anything to stop it. ¶5 In January 1998 the Worshams retained Scroggs for legal representation. Although Rae testified at trial that she had some contact with Nix during the representation, it was mainly to pass along messages to Scroggs. Nix was not directly involved in representing the Worshams either before or after decedent's suicide. ¶6 In essence, Plaintiffs claimed Defendants were retained by decedent and Rae to assist in stopping what they viewed as harassment decedent was experiencing from PSO co-workers, harassment claimed to be in violation of PSO written policy. Rae basically testified at trial that the purpose of the representation did not include the recovery of money. In effect, she testified Scroggs promised to contact PSO concerning the alleged workplace harassment, to threaten PSO with suit if it did not cease and if that did not work, to file some type of suit against PSO in an attempt to stop it. At trial Scroggs denied he was hired by the Worshams to stop the alleged harassment; instead, his understanding was he was hired to file a lawsuit to recover monetary damages for defamation. ¶7 Scroggs was retained by a January 29, 1998 written "Contingency Fee Contract" listing decedent as the client, but signed by both decedent and Rae as clients. The contract also indicated decedent had a cause of action arising out of "defamation at PSO" and that the "CLIENTS desire[d] to employ [Scroggs] to prosecute the same to a final settlement or judgment and collection thereof; and ... [Scroggs] consent[ed] to accept such employment ...." The contract required a non-refundable retainer of $650 and $75 in court costs to be paid and also contained percentage contingency fee terms. Although plainly an argument could be made the "Contingency Fee Contract" is inconsistent with the view Defendants were retained solely to stop the alleged workplace harassment and not, at least in part, to recover monetary damages, for purposes of our disposition of the issues here we assume as true Rae's recitation of the representation's purpose, i.e., legal assistance in stopping workplace harassment. Also, we recognize that retention to sue for money damages is not inconsistent with the clients desiring assistance and the attorney agreeing to assist in trying to stop taunting and teasing by co-workers through attorney contact with the employer in an effort to resolve the situation. ¶8 Scroggs testified at trial he did contact an unnamed person at PSO he believes was in the human resources (HR) department about his representation of decedent and that, in effect, left his name and telephone number for someone in the HR department (apparently the HR manager) to call him back. He did not recall anyone from PSO returning his call. Plaintiffs dispute that even this minimal contact was made by Scroggs. In any event, assuming the contact was made by Scroggs, apparently nothing substantial came from it. ¶9 However, in State ex rel. Oklahoma Bar Ass'n v. Scroggs (Scroggs I), ¶10 A petition was prepared by Scroggs (and/or his office staff) whereby decedent was to sue PSO for defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Decedent verified the petition in March 1998. The petition requested compensatory and punitive damages, as well as "all other appropriate relief, at law or in equity, including costs and a reasonable attorney's fee." (emphasis added). Although equitable relief was generally requested, no specific relief in the form of a temporary restraining order (TRO), preliminary or permanent injunction prohibiting workplace harassment was requested. ¶11 The petition was never filed. In Scroggs I this Court suspended Scroggs from the practice of law for one year for misconduct involving and including (but not limited to) his representation of the Worshams. Scroggs I in part involved issue(s) surrounding the petition's non-filing. In effect, Scroggs blamed the petition's non-filing on a former law clerk. Scroggs claimed he instructed the clerk to file it in Tulsa County, but the clerk denied receiving the petition or being instructed to file it. Id., ¶12 In late May 1998, i.e., about four months after Scroggs was hired, decedent committed suicide. Prior to the suicide Scroggs advised the Worshams he had filed suit against PSO, when, in fact, no suit had been filed. After the suicide, not being aware Scroggs had not filed suit against PSO, Rae retained him to file a wrongful death case against PSO. No wrongful death case was filed by Defendants against PSO and Scroggs misrepresented to Rae that a wrongful death suit had been filed or the initial suit had been amended to include a wrongful death claim. In the Scroggs I disciplinary proceeding he attempted to blame another law clerk for the non-filing of a new or amended petition against PSO. Id., ¶13 Eventually, Rae, individually, as estate administratrix and as parent and next friend of the Worshams' two sons, sued PSO (and another corporation affiliated with PSO) for decedent's wrongful death, for emotional distress suffered by decedent prior to his suicide and, apparently, for emotional distress suffered by Rae prior to the suicide, such pre-suicide emotional distress allegedly caused by the situation at work involving decedent's co-workers. The case against PSO settled for $90,000. ¶14 Plaintiffs also sued Defendants in a separate suit, the February 2000 amended petition of which brought claims for legal malpractice, fraud and breach of contract. Actual and punitive damages were sought and it became clear at some point Plaintiffs sought to hold Defendants liable for wrongful death, i.e., responsible for the suicide. A previous trial judge granted summary judgment to Defendants. ¶15 Worsham I involved the appeal of that summary judgment. There, the COCA reversed as to each theory of liability (i.e., legal malpractice, fraud and breach of contract), but affirmed as to Defendants' non-liability for the suicide/wrongful death. Worsham I also ruled that if it could be shown that legal malpractice/professional negligence caused foreseeable emotional distress to either decedent or Rae and that the emotional distress caused physical injury, damages may be recoverable for such distress. Id., ¶16 On remand Plaintiffs sought to reassert a wrongful death claim against Defendants. Refund of the $650 retainer paid and $75 in court costs advanced were sought. In addition, Plaintiffs (through the estate) sought monetary recovery for the emotional distress allegedly suffered by decedent prior to his suicide by the workplace harassment. Rae individually sought to recover damages for her pre-suicide emotional distress purportedly caused to her by the harassment at work decedent had experienced. Boiled down, Plaintiffs' theory was that Defendants were hired to assist in stopping the alleged harassment, they fell below the reasonable attorney standard of care in failing to provide such assistance and if they would have exercised an appropriate professional attorney standard of care in a timely manner the harassment would have ended prior to decedent's suicide. As to these emotional distress damages, it appears Plaintiffs viewed both the breach of contract and fraud claims as alternate bases for their recovery. Punitive damages were sought under the negligence and fraud claims. ¶17 In addition to the pre-suicide emotional distress damages set out above, our review of the record shows that on remand Rae sought to recover individually for the emotional distress she allegedly suffered upon learning about four months after the suicide that Scroggs had not filed any suit against PSO in regard to the workplace harassment, as he represented to both her and decedent he had and that he had misrepresented the extent, if any, of his contact with PSO. This claim to recovery of emotional distress damages, as we understand it, is fraud based and seeks to include within its ambit recovery for emotional distress allegedly suffered upon learning of the misrepresentation-type conduct of Scroggs concerning telling Rae he had filed a wrongful death case against PSO when he had not, although no compensatory relief is sought for the actual failure to file the wrongful death suit. ¶18 The matter was scheduled for and came on for a jury trial on May 17, 2004. Prior to trial both Plaintiffs and Defendants filed motions in limine and, as pertinent here, rulings were made on two such motions on the day of trial. ¶19 Plaintiffs' motion in limine sought to exclude evidence concerning the PSO suit settlement, mainly arguing its non-admissibility based on the collateral source doctrine or rule. ¶20 One, in that damages for pre-suicide emotional distress were still potentially recoverable after decedent's suicide for both decedent and Rae from PSO, suit was actually filed against PSO to recover such damages and, according to Defendants' position, such damages were actually recovered by the settlement of the PSO case, Plaintiffs could not prove the damage element of any claim against Defendants for these pre-suicide emotional distress damages. Defendants' position in such regard relied on the case-within-a-case doctrine generally applicable in legal malpractice cases, i.e., that a legal malpractice plaintiff must prove the attorney's negligence caused the underlying case for which he/she was hired to be lost and that damages are normally proved in a legal malpractice case by introducing evidence establishing the value of the claim lost by the attorney's misconduct or neglect. Nicholas v. Morgan, ¶21 Two, as to the fraud claim asserted by Rae individually for emotional distress allegedly suffered by her upon learning in or about September 1998 (i.e., about four months after the suicide) that no suit had been filed by Scroggs before or after the suicide, the transcript of the May 17, 2004 proceeding seems to show the trial court became convinced the claim was waived by representations of Plaintiffs' counsel either orally or in one or more written submissions in the trial court. Plaintiffs' counsel orally, but specifically, denied any such waiver. No waiver finding is actually made in the trial court's May 2004 Journal Entry of Judgment which merely determined that all of Plaintiffs' alleged emotional distress damages were recovered in the PSO lawsuit and could not again be recovered against Defendants based on any theory espoused. The Journal Entry of Judgment, in effect, further sets out it is in part based on "representations in court" of counsel. We assume by the use of the word alleged and reliance in part on "representations in court" of counsel to support its ruling, the trial judge intended to impliedly incorporate in the Journal Entry of Judgment the apparent oral waiver ruling. ¶22 On the day of trial the parties agreed to waive jury trial without prejudice to reassert a request therefore should this matter be reversed in whole or in part on appeal and they agreed to try the matter in an abbreviated fashion by a non-jury trial. Two witnesses actually testified at the trial, Rae and Scroggs, both presented by Plaintiffs. Offers of proof were made by Plaintiffs as to the testimony of Dr. Smith and as to the emotional distress suffered by both decedent and Rae pre-suicide and by Rae upon learning in September 1998 of Scroggs' alleged fraudulent conduct in relation to the legal representation for which he was hired. The trial court excluded Dr. Smith's testimony and the emotional distress evidence sought to be elicited from Rae and two other witnesses (a therapist and a psychologist) concerning the emotional distress allegedly suffered by either decedent and/or Rae and allegedly caused by Defendants' wrongful conduct. Plaintiffs rested their case. ¶23 Defendants then rested their case without calling any witnesses and they moved for judgment. The trial court granted judgment to Defendants based on the earlier ruling that all alleged damages for emotional distress, legal malpractice and fraud were previously recovered via the PSO litigation and, therefore, Plaintiffs could not recover such damages again from Defendants. As to refund of the $650 retainer the trial court weighed the evidence that had been presented on that issue and ruled, in effect, that Defendants performed sufficient legal services to earn that as a fee and that Plaintiffs failed to meet their burden to show entitlement to a refund of that amount. As to the $75 in court costs paid to Defendants the trial court ruled that a check for that $75 had earlier been tendered and returned to Rae, a check which at the time of trial she had not cashed. As to the wrongful death claim, although not specifically mentioned in the trial court's May 2004 judgment, the trial judge had earlier ruled the claim was foreclosed by the law of the case doctrine in light of the opinion in Worsham I. ¶24 We hold the trial court did not err in ruling the wrongful death claim was foreclosed by the law of the case doctrine. We also hold no reversible error occurred by the exclusion of Dr. Smith's testimony, without which Plaintiffs failed in their burden to show any damages for pre-suicide emotional distress suffered by either decedent or Rae were proximately caused by any wrongful conduct of Defendants. As to Rae's individual claim to recover for emotional distress allegedly suffered upon her learning in September 1998 of Scroggs' claimed fraudulent conduct concerning the representation, we hold the claim to damages therefor was not waived and the matter must be remanded for further proceedings in regard thereto. We finally hold that the amount recovered through the settlement with PSO is not admissible at trial upon remand to reduce the amount of damages recoverable by Rae Worsham individually in regard to this fraud claim should she adequately show entitlement thereto. THE WRONGFUL DEATH CLAIM IS PRECLUDED BY THE LAW OF THE CASE DOCTRINE ¶25 In Worsham I one of the issues before the COCA was "whether Defendants [could] be held liable for [decedent's] suicide." 2004 OK CIV APP 2, ¶ 1, 83 P.3d at 882. Worsham I, in effect, dealt with two potential exceptions to the general rule that suicide is considered an intervening force breaking the chain of causation from a defendant's wrongful conduct to the death and therefore a defendant will not normally be civilly liable for the death. Id., 2004 OK CIV APP 2, ¶¶ 11-24, 83 P.3d at 884-887. ¶26 The two potential exceptions are 1) where the suicide is a foreseeable event to the defendant [id., 2004 OK CIV APP 2, ¶¶ 13-20, 83 P.3d at 884-886] and 2) when the wrongful conduct of a defendant actually brings about delirium or insanity in the decedent for which a defendant would be liable and the decedent, while delirious or insane commits suicide, if the delirium or insanity a) prevents him from realizing the nature of the suicidal act and the certainty or risk involved therein or b) causes an irresistible or uncontrollable urge to commit suicide. Id., 2004 OK CIV APP 2, ¶¶ 21-24, 83 P.3d at 886-887. Worsham I decided the suicide itself was not a foreseeable event by Defendants - or really by Scroggs - [id., 2004 OK CIV APP 2, ¶ 20, 83 P.3d at 886] and that it was not Scroggs' conduct that brought about any delirium or insanity decedent might have been suffering from when he committed suicide. Id., 2004 OK CIV APP 2, ¶ 23, 83 P.3d at 887. Thus, Worsham I held Defendants could not be held liable for the suicide, i.e., they were not subject to liability in a wrongful death action. Id., 2004 OK CIV APP 2, ¶ 24, 83 P.3d at 887. ¶27 This Court has stated: The settled-law-of-the-case doctrine bars relitigation of issues that have been settled by a previous appellate opinion in the same case. Generally, all issues resolved by an appellate decision either expressly or impliedly become the law of the case and are not subject to review in a subsequent appeal. Shoemaker v. Estate of Freeman ¶28 In their two appellate briefs to this Court (March 14 and May 18, 2005), Plaintiffs do not respond to the law of the case ruling of the trial court nor does either brief cite any authority supportive of the proposition an exception to application of the doctrine is warranted in regard to the wrongful death claim disposed of in Worsham I. In light of the failures to respond to the law of the case ruling or to cite any authority supporting an exception to application of the doctrine, we believe we would be warranted in determining that Plaintiffs have waived any attack as to the trial court's ruling as to the reassertion on remand of the wrongful death claim, i.e., that the claim was foreclosed in view of the decision in Worsham I and the law of the case doctrine. See DLB Energy Corp. v. Oklahoma Corp. Comm'n, ¶29 However, we realize that both of Plaintiffs' appellate briefs, in essence, attempt to persuade us the Worsham I decision was mistaken in its ruling on the wrongful death claim. An exception to application of the law of the case doctrine is recognized by our jurisprudence when the prior decision is palpably erroneous and this Court is convinced failure to reverse the earlier decision will result in a gross or manifest injustice. Tibbetts v. Sight 'N Sound Appliance Centers, Inc., ¶30 Assuming Plaintiffs have not waived challenge to the trial court's law of the case ruling on the wrongful death claim, our review of Worsham I, the record presented in this matter and the appellate briefs submitted do not show the decision in Worsham I as to the wrongful death claim is palpably erroneous. Further, nothing has been presented for our review that convinces us a gross or manifest injustice will result by allowing Worsham I's decision foreclosing the wrongful death claim to stand. The wrongful death claim is, thus, foreclosed by the law of the case doctrine and the trial court did not err in so ruling. THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ERR BY EXCLUDING THE TESTIMONY OF PLAINTIFFS' EXPERT AS TO THE ISSUE OF FACTUAL PROXIMATE CAUSE, WITHOUT WHICH PLAINTIFFS FAILED TO SHOW ANY DAMAGES FOR PRE-SUICIDE EMOTIONAL DISTRESS SUFFERED BY EITHER DECEDENT OR RAE WERE PROXIMATELY CAUSED BY ANY WRONGFUL CONDUCT OF DEFENDANTS ¶31 In Manley v. Brown, The plaintiff in a legal negligence action must prove (1) the existence of an attorney-client relationship, (2) breach of a lawyer's duty to the client, (3) facts constituting the alleged negligence, (4) a causal nexus between the lawyer's negligence and the resulting injury (or damage) and (5) but for the lawyer's conduct, the client would have succeeded in the [underlying] action. Manley ¶32 A finding of proximate cause must be based on something more substantial than mere speculation and conjecture. See Gillham v. Lake Country Raceway, While absolute certainty is not required, mere possibility of causation is insufficient. When the matter is one of pure speculation or conjecture or the probabilities evenly balanced, it is the duty of the court to direct a verdict for defendant because a party will not be permitted to recover from another whose acts, however wrongful, are not the proximate cause of the injury suffered. Id. ¶33 Plaintiffs' position in the trial court was, in effect, that to show factual proximate cause it was unnecessary to prove that it was more probable than not that decedent would have been entitled to some type of court order prohibiting the perceived workplace harassment had such a case been filed on decedent's behalf by Defendants. In other words, Plaintiffs, through the testimony of Dr. Smith sought to sidestep or bypass having to carry the burden to prove that decedent would have been entitled to some type of TRO, preliminary/temporary injunction and/or permanent injunction to stop the perceived harassment from co-workers to make out a case for the recovery of damages for the emotional distress of either decedent or Rae allegedly suffered pre-suicide and arising from the continuation of the harassment. In a brief entitled Plaintiffs' Supplemental Trial Brief Responding to Defendants' Supplemental Brief Regarding Contract Damages, Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress, and the Effect of Plaintiff's [sic] Settlement of the PSO Civil Suit, filed in the trial court on May 12, 2004 (Original Record - pp. 679-689) at pp.5-6 thereof Plaintiffs made their position clear by stating the following: Plaintiffs' proof is that the mere filing of the civil suit to stop the harassment would have been sufficient to accomplish this purpose. Plaintiffs do not contend that it would have been necessary to completely adjudicate the civil case and, consequently, the Plaintiffs do not rest their claims on the outcome of that civil case (had one been filed). ¶34 We have no doubt that normally in a legal malpractice case based upon the former client's assertion that the purpose of the representation was to assist in stopping alleged workplace harassment, i.e., assistance in obtaining some form of prohibitory or injunctive-type relief for the client, to recover damages for the lawyer's acts or omissions in breach of the lawyer's duty to the client, it must be shown through the presentation of expert witness testimony that it was more probable than not that some form of injunctive-type relief would have been obtained in a court proceeding, but for the attorney's failings. See Colucci v. Rosen, Goldberg, Slavet, Levenson & Wekstein, P.C., 25 Mass.App.Ct. 107, 515 N.E.2d 891 , 895-896 (expert testimony necessary to show causation element in legal malpractice case in form of showing that clients probably would have been entitled to TRO under certain statutory criteria to prohibit labor picketing of restaurant where the pertinent malpractice alleged was abandonment by lawyers of attempt to obtain TRO unless clients paid an additional $1,000). ¶35 Plaintiffs' challenge to the ruling excluding Dr. Smith's testimony is, in essence, that the trial court mistakenly and rigidly applied the four factors listed in Christian v. Gray, 1. Can the theory or technique be, or has it been, tested; 2. Has the theory or technique been subjected to peer review and publication; 3. Is there a 'known or potential rate of error . . . and the existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique's operation;' and 4. Is there widespread acceptance of the theory or technique within the relevant scientific community. Id. ¶36 In Gray, of course, we made it clear that the Daubert factors were intended to be flexible and were not intended to be a rigid standard applicable to every case. In Gray is found the following: In Kumho Tire Co., [Ltd. v. Carmichael, The Daubert factors 'may' bear on a judge's gatekeeping determinations, however. The four Daubert factors 'may or may not be pertinent'; it will all depend 'on the nature of the issue, the expert's particular expertise, and the subject of his testimony.' Determining which factors are indicative of reliability in a particular case cannot be accomplished solely by a [sic] categorical a priori characterizations about the particular field in question. The Court explained: 'Engineering testimony rests upon scientific foundations, the reliability of which will be at issue in some cases. . . . In other cases, the relevant reliability concerns may focus upon personal knowledge or experience.' In all cases, a court must exercise its gatekeeping obligation so that the expert, whether relying on 'professional studies or personal experience,' will, when testifying, employ 'the same level of intellectual rigor' that the expert would use outside the courtroom when working in the relevant discipline. Federal Judicial Center, Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, 19 (2d ed.2000), quoting, Kumho, supra. A trial court must thus make a determination of the appropriate factors of reliability for the particular controversy before it based upon the nature of that controversy. Gray The [United States Supreme Court] has stated that a trial court must make a determination of the reliability of an expert's evidence when it is sufficiently challenged. And where such testimony's factual basis, data, principles, methods, or their application are called sufficiently into question, . . . the trial judge must determine whether the testimony has 'a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of [the relevant] discipline.' Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael Gray ¶37 Thus, Gray makes clear that in all cases where the reliability of an expert's testimony is sufficiently challenged, the trial court, in its gatekeeping role, must make a determination as to whether such evidence has sufficient indicia of reliability to be admitted for jury consideration, although the four Daubert factors may or may not be pertinent depending upon the nature of the issue at hand, the expert's particular expertise, and the subject of his testimony. We made it clear, however, that a trial court has a responsibility to insure that an expert's opinion on causation is something more than ipse dixit, i.e., "a bare assertion resting on the authority of an individual." See Gray, ¶38 In the instant case, at the evidentiary hearing held immediately before the scheduled trial, Dr. Smith was questioned concerning and testified to the bases underlying his ultimate opinion or conclusion. Although the trial court did attempt to gauge the reliability of Dr. Smith's testimony using, in part, the four factors listed in Daubert, review of the transcript of the hearing convinces us the trial court did not too rigidly apply the four Daubert factors and that ultimately the testimony was excluded as speculative and unreliable, and not based upon sufficient intellectual rigor that would have been used outside the courtroom in the human resources field. ¶39 A clear abuse of discretion standard applies as to appellate review of the admissibility of expert testimony. Gray, A trial judge's decision to exclude evidence will not be overturned absent a clear abuse of discretion. 'Abuse of discretion' is the applicable standard of review regardless whether the excluded testimony is outcome-determinative. It is incumbent upon a trial judge in his/her role as the 'gatekeeper' of the evidentiary process to screen evidence, i.e., to determine its relevance and reliability. Cities Service Co. ¶40 Dr. Smith has a PhD in consumer resource studies from Oklahoma State University (OSU), a master's degree from OSU in psychology and a bachelor's degree in sociology and communications from East Central State University. He worked for ONEOK for about twenty (27) years in the HR field and at the time of trial was employed by OSU, Okmulgee as a vice-president of student affairs and employment and/or enrollment management. To reach his opinion in the matter, in addition to his experience in the HR field, Dr. Smith reviewed portions of the suit that had been brought against PSO, the deposition of Rae Worsham and the deposition of a psychologist, who apparently treated decedent prior to his suicide. He spoke with no witnesses. ¶41 In effect, Dr. Smith's ultimate opinion was that there is a universal standard or procedure that HR departments follow in companies large enough to have a HR department when they are threatened with suit by an attorney or when suit is filed against such companies where the claim involves workplace harassment or hostile work environment. His view is that the universal standard is implemented primarily for the protection of the company, which might be determined negligent if the universal standard is not followed after being notified of claimed harassment. He opined that PSO would have followed the universal standard had Scroggs threatened it with suit or actually filed suit. ¶42 Boiled down, Dr. Smith described the universal standard or procedure as containing three steps that would be taken in the following order: 1) insulate or isolate the employee to guard the company against a claim of retaliation by putting him/her on some type of leave status or placing the employee in a different department away from the situation, 2) investigate the matter and 3) turn the results of the investigation over to legal counsel for the company. This universal standard was the way Dr. Smith was taught and it was the way the ONEOK HR department handled workplace harassment situations with the legal counsel they had. Dr. Smith also indicated the universal standard was discussed when he attended meetings, training and continuing education sessions attended by other HR professionals and he never heard any HR professional disagree that the first order of business was to insulate or isolate an employee as described above. In fact, he testified that about six or seven years prior to the trial while he was attending a meeting of the Tulsa Area Human Resources Association, some unnamed person or persons from PSO (presumably someone employed by the PSO HR department) gave feedback that PSO handled the situation like every other company did, although he admitted the discussion was fairly general and, as we understand his testimony, that no one from PSO directly told him that PSO follows the universal standard he described. Dr. Smith also testified to a belief there is a standard that companies the size of PSO would follow when an employee complains of harassment, even without a lawsuit being filed. The standard would be to insulate the employee as described above, investigate the situation and then come to an intra-company disposition of the matter. ¶43 Our review of the testimony of Dr. Smith convinces us the trial court did not abuse his discretion by excluding the testimony as unreliable. Dr. Smith admitted he did not know what official with PSO would make the decision to isolate or insulate an employee as he described once a lawsuit was filed. Although, in effect, he thought it would be the vice-president of HR, he admitted that PSO HR personnel might only play an advisory role in the process. He did not know how many times PSO had been sued for harassment or how it actually handled such cases. Dr. Smith also understood from his review of materials (apparently from either the instant case or the PSO litigation) that an investigation had actually been done by PSO as to the harassment situation, an understanding at odds with Rae's testimony that she was aware of no investigation conducted by PSO into the workplace harassment situation. That Dr. Smith himself testified to his understanding that an investigation had been done by PSO also seems to severely undercut his view that the first order of business is to insulate or isolate the involved employee from the claimed offending co-workers, rather than the first order of business being an investigatory stage for the company to make determinations concerning the credibility of the employee's claims and to make an initial assessment on how best to respond to the situation and claims. ¶44 Dr Smith could point to no articles giving statistics or data as to how companies the size of PSO actually handle employment harassment cases. Nor had he read any studies in relation to the universal standard he espoused. He also testified his opinion as to the universal standard need not be based on any statistics or studies because that standard is the responsible approach and the universal approach. Further, although Dr. Smith attended meetings, seminars and continuing education where the universal standard he espoused was discussed, we do not view his testimony as indicating that he actually had any personal knowledge or experience, in a hands on way, of how other large companies handled harassment situations upon being threatened with suit or upon the filing of suit. In other words, his purported knowledge essentially came from the aforesaid meetings, etc., and his experience with ONEOK over the twenty-seven (27) years he was employed with that company. ¶45 Also, the evidence here further shows that the situation concerning decedent had already been brought to the attention of PSO officials by both decedent and Rae, but the situation, according to Plaintiffs, did not improve, a result seemingly at odds with Dr. Smith's belief of a standard followed by companies the size of PSO when the employee himself/herself complains of harassment, even without a lawsuit being filed. As also previously noted, the prior opinions in Scroggs I and Worsham I indicate that PSO had been informed by decedent he had retained counsel in regard to the matter and that a suit had been or was about to be filed regarding the workplace situation. Still apparently, the perceived workplace harassment continued, even though for some period of time decedent was placed on a paid leave of absence. ¶46 We simply cannot say on the record presented to us in this matter that the trial court abused his discretion in excluding, as unreliable, the testimony of Dr. Smith or that the decision was based either on an erroneous conclusion of law or has no rational basis in the evidence presented on the question. The record here is clear that Dr. Smith does not know who within the hierarchy of PSO makes the final decision as to how to handle threats of suit or actual suit. He also admitted that the HR department of PSO might simply play an advisory role in such a situation. He also impliedly recognized that the legal department might become involved. His testimony also seemed to be based on his view that the universal standard he discussed was somewhat of an aspirational standard in the HR field that he viewed as the responsible approach companies should follow. ¶47 Without the testimony of Dr. Smith we can find no evidence presented at the non-jury trial of this matter that any act or omission of Defendants can be said to have proximately caused any pre-suicide emotional distress suffered by either decedent or Rae. Plainly, no evidence was there presented or sought to be presented to show that it was more probable than not that decedent would have been entitled to some type of court-ordered injunctive relief to show that Defendants failures were the "but for" cause of any emotional distress so suffered prior to decedent's suicide. To say that the mere threat of suit or the mere filing of suit would have accomplished the desired result, the testimony sought to be presented through the testimony of Dr. Smith, because large companies seek to protect themselves from claims that they have been negligent is, in our view, devoid of sufficient indicia of a reliable methodological basis and too slender a reed to replace what would normally have to be shown in a case such as this, to wit: that the employee would have been entitled to some type of court-ordered injunctive relief prohibiting the alleged harassment. ¶48 When the question for review is whether there is a complete absence of evidence to support the causation element of an action, the issue is reviewed de novo and, of course, if there is an entire absence of evidence as to factual proximate causation, a defendant is entitled to a verdict or judgment in his or her favor. See Gray, THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY FORECLOSING RAE WORSHAM'S INDIVIDUAL CLAIM, BASED ON FRAUD, TO RECOVER EMOTIONAL DISTRESS DAMAGES ALLEGEDLY SUFFERED BY HER UPON LEARNING OF APPARENT FRAUDULENT CONDUCT OF DEFENDANT SCROGGS CONCERNING THE LEGAL REPRESENTATION ¶49 The trial court also precluded evidence sought to be submitted by Plaintiffs that arguably would have supported the recovery of damages for emotional distress allegedly suffered by Rae in her individual capacity upon learning in or about September 1998 that Scroggs had allegedly engaged in a course of misrepresentation-type conduct concerning the legal representation for which he was hired. As we understand the record, the trial court ruled that Plaintiffs' counsel waived this claim by representations either orally or in one or more written submissions in the trial court. ¶50 In our view, the waiver appears partially to have been perceived by the trial court through communicatory discord between the parties and the trial court involving Plaintiffs' counsel's representation that no damages were requested in the instant suit for Scroggs' actual failure to file the wrongful death case against PSO prior to Defendants' termination in September 1998. Also, Plaintiffs' counsel's lack of precision in detailing this damage claim and a failure to describe or detail it at an oral argument proceeding on May 5, 2004 in part concerning the PSO settlement motion in limine matter, more than likely had a hand in leading the trial court to view the claim as waived. Our review of the record convinces us that no representation of counsel, either in written form or orally, constituted a knowing waiver of the claim. Plainly, the claim was raised well in advance of the trial and at the trial through offer of proof. We are also convinced from review of the record that Defendants were provided with adequate notice concerning the claim. Thus, the trial court erred by viewing the claim as waived. We, therefore, must briefly discuss the claim's viability and the effect thereon of the PSO settlement. ¶51 In Mashunkashey v. Mashunkashey, 1941 OK 113, 113 P.2d 190 the Court stated: [M]ental pain and suffering alone will ordinarily constitute but an element of damages. The latter is seldom a sufficient basis upon which to predicate an action. Usually it is compensable only when made an element of damages in an action based upon a wrong which in itself is actionable. But mental pain and suffering may constitute the basis of an independent action in cases of wilful wrong of the character where mental suffering is recognized as the ordinary, natural and proximate result of such wrong. Id. ¶52 In the instant case, in view of the fairly unique and unusual circumstances involved here, where Defendants are not claimed to have been initially hired to recover any pecuniary (i.e., monetary) relief for decedent or Rae Worsham, but to assist in preventing a claimed ongoing wrong that was resulting in mental pain and anguish, and then Scroggs is alleged to have engaged in a course of fraudulent conduct to cover up his failures in regard to the representation for which Defendants were asserted to have been hired, a trier of fact may be warranted in viewing the situation as one where the ordinary, natural and proximate result of Defendants' claimed wrongdoing would be one where Rae Worsham would suffer compensable emotional distress upon learning of the fraudulent conduct. Further, as we view this claim it seeks recovery for Rae's emotional distress additional to, separate from and different than that claimed against PSO for the wrongful death of decedent or for the pre-suicide emotional distress of either Rae or decedent resulting from the workplace harassment. The claim is based on the purported wilful conduct of Scroggs which is separate from any claim that might have been involved in the PSO litigation or settlement thereof. Therefore, the amount recovered from PSO would not, in our view, be admissible at trial to somehow reduce the amount of damages recoverable by Rae in regard to this fraud claim. ¶53 Although the PSO settlement recovery in regard to the above fraud claim of Rae in her individual capacity does not appear to fit neatly into our previous cases concerning the collateral source doctrine or rule, we believe that, at a minimum, by analogy the PSO settlement may not be used at trial to reduce the damages recoverable for such claim, should Rae adequately show entitlement thereto. The collateral source doctrine in its basic form was set out by this Court in Denco Bus Lines, Inc. v. Hargis, 1951 OK 11, 229 P.2d 560 as follows: Upon commission of a tort it is the duty of the wrongdoer to answer for the damages wrought by his wrongful act, and that is measured by the whole loss so caused and the receipt of compensation by the injured party from a collateral source wholly independent of the wrongdoer does not operate to lessen the damages recoverable from the person causing the injury. Id. SUMMARY ¶54 In view of Worsham I, the law of the case doctrine foreclosed the claim sought to be reasserted against Defendants upon remand for the wrongful death/suicide of decedent. In that the trial court did not err in precluding, as unreliable, the testimony of Plaintiffs' expert on the issue of factual proximate causation and Plaintiffs failed to show that had a case been filed to stop the perceived harassment decedent was purportedly experiencing at work from co-workers, it was more probable than not that said case would have successfully resulted in some type of injunctive relief ordering the harassment to cease, Plaintiffs failed to make out a case to recover for pre-suicide emotional distress allegedly suffered by either decedent or Rae Worsham. Thus, the trial court's judgment in favor of Defendants as to non-liability as to such damages is not subject to reversal and is affirmed in such regard. However, the trial court erred in ruling as a matter of law that Rae Worsham individually is precluded from recovering damages for the emotional distress purportedly suffered by her upon her learning of apparent fraudulent conduct on the part of Defendant Scroggs concerning the legal representation for which he was hired. Finally, the amount recovered through the settlement with PSO is not admissible at trial upon remand to reduce the amount of damages recoverable by Rae Worsham individually in regard to this fraud claim should she adequately show entitlement thereto. ¶55 Accordingly, for the reasons specified in this opinion, the judgment of the trial court is REVERSED IN PART AND AFFIRMED IN PART AND THIS CAUSE IS REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS NOT INCONSISTENT WITH TODAY'S PRONOUNCEMENT. ¶56 WATT, C.J., WINCHESTER, V.C.J., LAVENDER, KAUGER, EDMONDSON and TAYLOR, JJ., CONCUR. ¶57 OPALA, J., concurs in result. ¶58 HARGRAVE, J., dissents. ¶59 COLBERT, J., disqualified. FOOT