Title: State v. Byers

State: north-carolina

Issuer: North Carolina Supreme Court

Document:

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA 
No. 69A06-4  
Filed 25 September 2020 
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 
v. 
TERRAINE SANCHEZ BYERS 
 
Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-30(2) from the decision of a divided panel of 
the Court of Appeals, 263 N.C. App. 231, 822 S.E.2d 746 (2018), reversing an order 
entered on 3 August 2017 by Judge W. Robert Bell in Superior Court, Mecklenburg 
County. Heard in the Supreme Court on 19 November 2019. 
 
Joshua H. Stein, Attorney General, by Joseph L. Hyde, Assistant Attorney 
General, for the State-appellant. 
 
Glenn Gerding, Appellate Defender, by Wyatt Orsbon, Assistant Appellate 
Defender, for defendant-appellee. 
 
 
MORGAN, Justice.  
 
This matter mandates our consideration of the requirements which a pro se 
defendant who seeks postconviction testing of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence 
derived from biological material must fulfill in order to qualify for appointed counsel 
to assist such a defendant in an effort to obtain this type of scientific evaluation as 
provided in section 15A-269 of the General Statutes of North Carolina. While this 
Court has previously addressed the burden that a defendant must satisfy in order to 
obtain DNA testing after being found guilty of criminal activity, this case presents to 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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us an issue of first impression with regard to the standard which a defendant must 
meet for the appointment of an attorney by a trial court under N.C.G.S. § 15A-269 to 
aid in the defendant’s efforts to obtain the postconviction DNA testing. In 
undertaking the inquiry here, we conclude that defendant Terraine Sanchez Byers 
has failed to fulfill the requirements which the identified statute has established. 
Accordingly, this Court reverses the decision rendered below by the Court of Appeals. 
I.  The Trial Phase 
Defendant was convicted of first-degree murder and first-degree burglary on 
3 March 2004. These convictions arose from the 22 November 2001 stabbing death of 
Shanvell Burke, a person with whom defendant had a romantic relationship before 
Burke ended it. On that autumnal night in Charlotte, North Carolina, Burke was in 
her apartment watching television with an individual named Reginald Williams. 
Williams testified at trial that he and Burke heard a loud crash at the back door of 
the apartment. When Burke went to see what had caused the sound, Williams heard 
her yell “Terraine, stop.” This development prompted Williams to leave the 
apartment immediately and to find someone to contact law enforcement for 
assistance. Williams explained in his testimony that he fled from Burke’s residence 
because she had allowed him to hear a recorded telephone message that defendant 
had left for Burke in which defendant said that “when he found out who [was dating 
Burke], he was gonna kill them.” Williams also related at trial that Burke had told 
him that “she was afraid [defendant] was going to do something to hurt her bad.”   
STATE V. BYERS 
 
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Evidence presented at trial tended to show that local law enforcement officers were 
already familiar with Burke’s home because after she had terminated her romantic 
relationship with defendant, Burke had called upon law enforcement for help on 
multiple occasions due to her fear of defendant. On one such occasion, Burke reported 
that defendant had struck her in the face and on her head while stating that he was 
going to kill her, and then defendant brandished a knife toward Burke’s aunt, who 
was also present. Another emergency call by Burke to law enforcement involved her 
account that defendant had thrown bricks at Burke’s apartment window. 
In response to the emergency call to law enforcement in light of the 
circumstances which were occurring on 22 November 2001, the Charlotte-
Mecklenburg Police Department arrived at Burke’s apartment to discover defendant 
leaving the apartment through a broken window of the door. Defendant, who was 
described by officers as nervous and profusely sweating, told the officers that Burke 
was inside her home and had been injured. Defendant attempted to flee, but officers 
quickly apprehended and arrested him. Defendant had a deep laceration on his left 
hand. 
Upon entering Burke’s apartment, officers discovered her body lying in a pool 
of blood. Burke was already deceased due to the infliction of eleven stab wounds 
which she had suffered. A knife handle with a broken blade was recovered by 
investigating officers. One of the officers who responded to the 22 November 2001 
emergency call identified Burke based upon his response to an emergency call at her 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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residence eleven days earlier. On a prior date, Burke had reported to the officer that 
defendant had returned to Burke’s apartment to harass her immediately after being 
released from custody on a domestic violence charge. Several days later, the same 
officer responded to another call at Burke’s apartment at which time Burke again 
reported harassment by defendant, who Burke said she feared was going to physically 
assault her.  
 
During the investigation of Burke’s death, fingernail scrapings from 
defendant’s hands, a bloodstain from a cushion on Burke’s couch, a swab from the 
handle and a swab from the blade of the broken knife found inside Burke’s apartment 
on the night of 22 November 2001, and various other bloodstains throughout the 
apartment were analyzed by the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department Crime 
Laboratory. The DNA obtained from these sources matched either defendant, Burke, 
or both of them. Additionally, one of Burke’s neighbors testified that she saw 
defendant near Burke’s apartment about 8:00 p.m. on the night that Burke was 
killed.  
Defendant stipulated during trial that the blood found on the shirt that he was 
wearing at the time of his arrest was Burke’s. Defendant offered no evidence at trial. 
Upon being found guilty by a jury of the offenses of first-degree murder and first-
degree burglary, defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole for the 
murder conviction and a term of 77–102 months in prison for the burglary conviction, 
which would be served consecutive to the life imprisonment for murder. Upon 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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defendant’s appeal, the Court of Appeals upheld the judgments entered upon 
defendant’s convictions and denied defendant’s post-trial pro se motion for 
appropriate relief. See State v. Byers (Byers I), 175 N.C. App. 280, 623 S.E.2d 357, 
disc. rev. denied, 360 N.C. 485, 631 S.E.2d 135 (2006). 
II.  Defendant’s Request for Postconviction DNA Testing 
On 31 July 2017, defendant filed a pro se motion in the trial court for 
postconviction DNA testing pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-269 in which he asserted 
that: (1) defendant was on the other side of town waiting for a bus at the time that 
the attack on Burke occurred; (2) one of the State’s witnesses at trial testified that 
she saw defendant getting on the 9:00 p.m. city bus on the night that Burke was 
killed; (3) a private investigator swore in an affidavit that defendant could not have 
arrived at Burke’s apartment prior to the 22 November 2001 emergency call; 
(4) defendant had gone to Burke’s apartment on the night of her death, and when he 
arrived, defendant noticed that the back door was “smashed in”; (5) defendant went 
inside Burke’s apartment to investigate; and (6) defendant was then attacked by a 
man in a plaid jacket who escaped from the apartment before police officers arrived. 
In his motion, defendant stated that his struggle with the man in the plaid jacket 
would explain the presence of defendant’s DNA throughout Burke’s apartment and 
asserted that DNA testing of defendant’s and Burke’s previously untested clothing 
could reveal the identity of the actual perpetrator, noting that the State’s DNA expert 
witness had reported, but not testified to, the presence of human blood in various 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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locations in Burke’s apartment that did not match the blood of either defendant or 
Burke. Defendant requested that the items of clothing be preserved and that an 
inventory of the evidence be prepared. Defendant also asked for the appointment of 
counsel to assist defendant in his postconviction DNA-testing process pursuant to 
N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(c).  
Section 15A-269 of the General Statutes of North Carolina provides, in 
pertinent part, the following: 
(a) A defendant may make a motion before the trial court 
that entered the judgment of conviction against the 
defendant for performance of DNA testing . . . if the 
biological evidence meets all of the following conditions: 
 
(1) Is material to the defendant’s defense. 
 
(2) Is related to the investigation or prosecution that 
resulted in the judgment. 
 
(3) Meets either of the following conditions: 
 
a. It was not DNA tested previously. 
 
b. It was tested previously, but the requested 
DNA test would provide results that are 
significantly more accurate and probative of 
the identity of the perpetrator or accomplice 
or 
have 
a 
reasonable 
probability 
of 
contradicting prior test results. 
 
(b) The court shall grant the motion for DNA testing . . . 
upon its determination that: 
 
(1) The conditions set forth in subdivisions (1), (2), 
and (3) of subsection (a) of this section have been 
met; 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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(2) If the DNA testing being requested had been 
conducted on the evidence, there exists a reasonable 
probability that the verdict would have been more 
favorable to the defendant; and 
 
(3) The defendant has signed a sworn affidavit of 
innocence. 
 
. . . . 
 
(c) . . . [T]he court shall appoint counsel for the person who 
brings a motion under this section if that person is 
indigent. If the petitioner has filed pro se, the court shall 
appoint counsel for the petitioner . . . upon a showing that 
the DNA testing may be material to the petitioner’s claim 
of wrongful conviction. 
 
N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a), (b), (c) (2019).   
On 3 August 2017, the Superior Court, Mecklenburg County, entered an order 
denying defendant’s motion for postconviction DNA testing on the grounds that “the 
evidence of his guilt is overwhelming” and that defendant has “failed to show how 
conducting additional DNA testing is material to his defense.” Defendant appealed 
the trial court’s order denying his motion to the Court of Appeals. 
III.  The Court of Appeals Decision 
 In the Court of Appeals, defendant argued that the trial court erred by denying 
his motion (1) before “obtaining and reviewing the statutorily required inventory of 
evidence” sought to be tested and (2) before appointing counsel to assist defendant 
upon showing in his motion that he was indigent and “the testing may be material to 
his defense.” State v. Byers (Byers II), 263 N.C. App. 231, 234, 822 S.E.2d 746, 748 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
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(2018). The majority of the Court of Appeals panel reversed the trial court’s order 
denying defendant’s motion. Id. at 243, 822 S.E.2d at 753. Although the lower 
appellate court saw no error in the trial court’s determination of defendant’s motion 
prior to ordering the requested inventory of evidence, the majority concluded that 
defendant sufficiently pleaded the materiality of his requested postconviction DNA 
testing so as to be entitled to the appointment of counsel in order to assist him in 
obtaining the testing. Id.  
With regard to the issue of materiality, the majority noted that “[t]he level of 
materiality required under subsection (a)(1) to support a motion for post-conviction 
DNA testing has been frequently litigated and has been a high bar for pro se 
litigants.” Id. at 240, 822 S.E.2d at 751 (citing, inter alia, State v. Lane, 370 N.C. 508, 
809 S.E.2d 568 (2018)). In Lane, this Court stated that in order to obtain 
postconviction DNA testing, DNA evidence is considered to be material when 
there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence 
been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding 
would have been different. The determination of 
materiality must be made in the context of the entire 
record and hinges upon whether the evidence would have 
affected the jury’s deliberations.  
 
Lane, 370 N.C. at 519, 809 S.E.2d at 575. In applying our guidance in Lane to the 
instant case, the Court of Appeals majority acknowledged the substantial evidence of 
defendant’s guilt but further opined that “[t]he weight of the evidence indicating guilt 
must be weighed against the probative value of the possible DNA evidence. Our 
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Supreme Court has found DNA [evidence] to be ‘highly probative of the identity of 
the victim’s killer.’ ” Byers, 263 N.C. App. at 242, 822 S.E.2d at 753 (quoting State v. 
Daughtry, 340 N.C. 488, 512, 459 S.E.2d 747, 759 (1995)). In the present case, the 
lower appellate court’s majority then observed the following: 
In enacting N.C.G.S. § 15A-269, our General Assembly 
created a potential method of relief for wrongly 
incarcerated individuals. To interpret the materiality 
standard in such a way as to make that relief unattainable 
would defeat that legislative purpose. See Burgess v. Your 
House of Raleigh, 326 N.C. 205, 216, 388 S.E.2d 134, 
140 (1990) (“[A] statute must be construed, if possible, so 
as to give effect to every provision, it being presumed that 
the Legislature did not intend any of the statute’s 
provisions to be surplusage.”). A recent dissent in an 
opinion in [the Court of Appeals] highlighted the position 
in which our previous interpretation of materiality has 
placed pro se defendants, stating “we are requiring 
indigent defendants to meet this illusory burden of 
materiality, with no guidance or examples of what actually 
constitutes materiality. Under our case law, therefore, it 
would be difficult for even an experienced criminal defense 
attorney to plead these petitions correctly.” State v. 
Sayre, . . . 803 S.E.2d 699 (2017) (unpublished) (Murphy, 
J., dissenting)[,] aff’d per curiam, [371] N.C. [468], 
818 S.E.2d 282 (2018). We hold Defendant in the present 
case has satisfied this difficult burden. 
 
Id. at 242–43, 822 S.E.2d at 753 (first alteration in original) (second emphasis added). 
With this reasoning, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s order and 
remanded for the entry of an order appointing counsel to assist defendant in the 
proceeding in which defendant would attempt to establish the level of materiality 
required to obtain DNA testing. Id. at 243, 822 S.E.2d at 753.  
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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In the view of the dissenting judge on the Court of Appeals panel, defendant 
did not sufficiently establish that he was entitled to the appointment of counsel to 
assist him in obtaining postconviction DNA testing. Id. at 243, 822 S.E.2d at 753 
(Arrowood, J., dissenting). The dissenting judge noted that under the pertinent 
statute, the movant “has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence 
every fact essential to support the motion for postconviction DNA testing, which 
includes the facts necessary to establish materiality,” Id. at 244, 822 S.E.2d at 754 
(quoting Lane, 370 N.C. at 518, 809 S.E.2d at 574), and then concluded that  
in light of the overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt 
and dearth of evidence pointing to a second perpetrator, 
defendant did not meet his burden to prove by a 
preponderance of the evidence every fact necessary to 
establish materiality, and the trial evidence was sufficient 
to dictate the trial court’s ultimate conclusion on 
materiality, as in Lane.  
 
Id. at 248, 822 S.E.2d at 756. Accordingly, the dissenting judge would have held that 
“the trial court did not err by denying defendant’s motion for DNA testing because 
the allegations in his motion were not sufficient to establish that he was entitled to 
the appointment of counsel.” Id. at 243, 822 S.E.2d at 753. In light of this position, 
the dissenting judge deemed it unnecessary to address the issue of the trial court’s 
ruling before having obtained and reviewed the inventory of evidence. Id. at 248, 
822 S.E.2d at 756.  
On 15 January 2019, the State filed a notice of appeal on the basis of the Court 
of Appeals dissent, along with a motion for a temporary stay and a petition for writ 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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of supersedeas. We allowed the petition for writ of supersedeas on 16 January 2019. 
The appeal was heard in the Supreme Court on 19 November 2019. 
IV.  Analysis 
The primary question presented in this appeal dictates that we set forth the 
threshold level which a pro se defendant must reach through a sufficient allegation 
of facts so as to establish materiality as required by N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(c) in order to 
be appointed counsel to assist the defendant upon defendant’s showing in the pro se 
motion that the postconviction DNA testing may be material to defendant’s claim of 
wrongful conviction.  
The materiality of evidence in a criminal case was addressed by the Supreme 
Court of the United States in the opinion which it rendered in Brady v. Maryland, 
373 U.S. 83 (1963). In identifying “where the evidence is material either to guilt or to 
punishment,” the nation’s highest tribunal determined that evidence is material if it 
is “evidence . . . which, if made available [to an accused], would tend to exculpate him 
or reduce the penalty.” Id. at 87–88. Citing Brady, in Lane we expressly (1) recognized 
“the similarities in the Brady materiality standard and the standard contained in 
N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(b)(2)”; (2) noted that in the context of a defendant’s request for 
postconviction DNA testing, “this Court has explained that ‘material’ means ‘there is 
a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the 
result of the proceeding would have been different’ ”; and (3) reaffirmed that “[t]he 
determination of materiality must be made ‘in the context of the entire record’ and 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
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hinges upon whether the evidence would have affected the jury’s deliberations.” Lane, 
370 N.C. at 519, 809 S.E.2d at 575 (citations omitted). This Court has construed the 
term “reasonable probability” to mean “a probability sufficient to undermine 
confidence in the outcome.” State v. Allen, 360 N.C. 297, 316, 626 S.E.2d 271, 286 
(2006) (quoting Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 534 (2003)); see also United States v. 
Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985). We have applied this interpretation of the standard 
of reasonable probability in cases that invoked the evaluation of the materiality of 
evidence under Brady. See Lane, 370 N.C. at 519, 809 S.E.2d at 575; State v. Tirado, 
358 N.C. 551, 599 S.E.2d 515 (2004); State v. Kilpatrick, 343 N.C. 466, 471 S.E.2d 624 
(1996). The moving party has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the 
evidence every fact essential to support the motion for postconviction DNA testing, 
which includes the facts necessary to establish materiality. Lane, 370 N.C. at 518, 
809 S.E.2d at 574. 
Pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a), one of the three necessary criteria that 
must be satisfied in a defendant’s motion before a trial court for postconviction DNA 
testing is that the biological evidence is material to the defendant’s defense. Another 
requirement of the statute is that the biological evidence was not “DNA tested” 
previously, or that it was tested previously “but the requested DNA test would 
provide results that are significantly more accurate and probative of the identity of 
the perpetrator or accomplice or have a reasonable probability of contradicting prior 
test results.” N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a)(3). In defendant’s pro se motion for postconviction 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
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DNA testing in the present case, defendant averred that his clothing was not 
subjected to DNA testing and that a couch cushion and the upper handrail of a 
stairway were subjected to DNA testing “but retesting the items outside of law 
enforcement agencies will have a reasonable probability of contradicting prior test 
results.” Defendant also averred the following: 
The ability to conduct the requested DNA testing is 
material to the Defendant’s defense on actual innocence 
and to show another commit [sic] the crime for which he is 
wrongly convicted. Also, it shows the victim’s blood was 
never on the defendant which would be consistent with him 
not being the perpetrator. See Defendant’s MAR Argument 
and exhibits. THE DNA IS NEEDED AND NECESSARY 
TO PROVE THAT THE D.A. FABRICATED THE BLOOD 
ON THE DEFENDANT’S CLOTHES. 
 
(Emphasis in original.) Pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(b), the trial court shall grant 
the motion for postconviction DNA testing upon its determination (1) that all of the 
conditions of N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a) have been met1; (2) that if the DNA testing being 
requested had been conducted on the evidence, there exists a reasonable probability 
that the verdict would have been more favorable to the defendant; and (3) that the 
defendant has signed a sworn affidavit of innocence.  
 
In applying the pertinent statutory law and case law to the present case, we 
conclude that defendant has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence every 
                                            
1 The existence of the only unmentioned condition of N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a)—that the 
biological evidence is related to the investigation or prosecution that resulted in the 
judgment—is not in dispute. 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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fact essential to support his motion for postconviction DNA testing, has failed to 
establish that the biological evidence is material to his defense, has failed to meet the 
condition that the requested DNA test would provide results that are significantly 
more accurate and probative of the identity of the perpetrator or accomplice or have 
a reasonable probability of contradicting prior test results regarding previous DNA 
testing of some items, and has failed to demonstrate that there exists a reasonable 
probability that the verdict would have been more favorable to him if the DNA testing 
being requested had been conducted on the evidence. 
 
As this Court said in Lane, a defendant has the burden as the moving party 
under N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a) to prove by a preponderance of the evidence every fact 
essential to support the motion for postconviction DNA testing, including the facts 
necessary to establish materiality. In the current case, defendant has fallen short of 
these requirements. Instead of offering proof of facts which he contends satisfactorily 
show that he has satisfied the standard for postconviction DNA testing, defendant 
merely offers conclusory and vague statements without evidentiary foundation, 
which culminate in an unsupported accusation that the State falsified evidence in 
order to convict him. This circumstance serves to further reveal the lack of evidence 
which defendant has identified as being material to his defense in order to comport 
with N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a) and the cited case law. 
 
The specific issue which this Court is charged to resolve regarding defendant’s 
qualification for the appointment of counsel in the instant case to assist his efforts, 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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upon defendant’s pro se motion filed in the trial court, to obtain postconviction DNA 
testing, is governed by subsection (c) of N.C.G.S. § 15A-269 and is also premised upon 
defendant’s ability to demonstrate the materiality of the DNA testing, as the 
language of N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(c) establishes that there must be “a showing that the 
DNA testing may be material to the petitioner’s claim of wrongful conviction.” In 
defendant’s capacity as the petitioning party who makes the pro se motion before the 
trial court under N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a) for the performance of postconviction DNA 
testing upon a requirement to meet one of several mandated conditions that the 
testing is material to the defendant’s defense, he has the burden to show under 
N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(c) that the DNA testing may be material to defendant’s claim of 
wrongful conviction in order for the trial court to grant defendant’s request for the 
appointment of counsel to assist defendant in the postconviction DNA testing process. 
 
In this case of first impression, we discern that the Legislature’s use of the 
phrase “is material to the defendant’s defense” in N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a) and its 
employment of the terminology in § 15A-269(c) “may be material to the petitioner’s 
claim of wrongful conviction”—each with regard to the depiction of the postconviction 
DNA testing at issue—would appear to relax the standard to be met by a defendant 
in order to qualify for the appointment of counsel to assist in the attainment of 
postconviction DNA testing under subsection (c), as compared to an apparent 
heightened standard for a defendant to meet in order to achieve postconviction DNA 
testing under subsection (a). To this end, we recognize the soundness of the approach 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
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of the Court of Appeals majority in this case as shown in its observation: “In enacting 
N.C.G.S. § 15A-269, our General Assembly created a potential method of relief for 
wrongly incarcerated individuals. To interpret the materiality standard in such a way 
as to make that relief unattainable would defeat that legislative purpose.” Byers, 263 
N.C. App. at 242, 822 S.E.2d at 753. However, the majority of the court below went 
on to deem this well-founded beginning point of analysis regarding legislative intent 
to compel it to determine, in light of its description of a defendant’s statutory 
requirement of proof under N.C.G.S. § 15A-269 as “this illusory burden of 
materiality,” to “hold Defendant in the present case has satisfied this difficult 
burden.” Id. at 243, 822 S.E. 2d at 753. Contrary to the manner in which the Court of 
Appeals majority has chosen to couch the statutory burden established in N.C.G.S. § 
15A-269 which a defendant must satisfy in order to show the materiality of 
postconviction DNA testing, we do not subscribe to such a conclusion that disharmony 
exists in this matter between the legislative intent undergirding N.C.G.S. § 15A-269 
and this Court’s consistent interpretation of the term “material” for application in 
N.C.G.S. § § 15A-269(a) and (c). 
 
It is important to note, in light of the higher standard that a defendant must 
satisfy to show that postconviction DNA testing “is material to the defendant’s 
defense” under N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a) in order to obtain testing as compared to the 
lower standard that a defendant must satisfy to show that postconviction DNA 
testing “may be material to the petitioner’s claim of wrongful conviction” under 
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N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(c) in order to obtain court-appointed counsel, that the term 
“material” maintains the same definition in subsections (a) and (c) that this Court 
has attributed to it in our cited case decisions. The major consequentiality inherent 
in the term “material” itself is neither heightened in N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a) nor 
relaxed in N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(c) by virtue of an alteration in the term’s legal 
meaning; rather, it is the modifying word “is” preceding the term “material” in 
subsection (a) and the modifying word “may” prior to the term “material” in 
subsection (c) which create the difference in the levels of proof to be met by a 
defendant. 
 
In utilizing this Court’s construction of the term “material” in our Lane, 
Tirado, and Kilpatrick decisions—all of which addressed the evaluation of materiality 
of evidence under the rubric of the approach to the subject by the Supreme Court of 
the United States as enunciated in Brady—we conclude that defendant has not made 
the prescribed “showing that the DNA testing may be material to the petitioner’s 
claim of wrongful conviction” as required for the appointment of counsel by the trial 
court under N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(c). Here, in his effort to obtain the appointment of 
counsel by the trial court, defendant has not sufficiently shown that the 
postconviction DNA testing may tend to exculpate him because there is not a 
reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result 
of the proceeding may have been different, in the context of the entire record and 
hinging upon whether the evidence may have affected the jury’s deliberations, as to 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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petitioner’s claim of wrongful conviction. We therefore agree with the analysis 
employed by the dissenting view in the Court of Appeals in the current case which 
led to its conclusion that “no reasonable probability exists under the facts of this case 
that a jury would fail to convict defendant and . . . the trial court did not err by 
concluding defendant failed to establish materiality.” Byers, 263 N.C. App. at 248, 
822 S.E.2d at 756. This scrutiny was rooted in the dissent’s observations, which we 
find persuasive, that 
. . . in light of the overwhelming evidence of defendant’s 
guilt and dearth of evidence pointing to a second 
perpetrator, defendant did not meet his burden to prove by 
a preponderance of the evidence every fact necessary to 
establish materiality, and the trial evidence was sufficient 
to dictate the trial court’s ultimate conclusion on 
materiality, as in Lane.  
 
Id. 
 
 
Indeed, while this Court has defined the term “material” found in N.C.G.S. § 
15A-269(a) to mean that there is a reasonable probability that had the evidence been 
disclosed to the defense the result of the proceeding would have been different, and 
is a definition which we find to be appropriate to adopt for the term “material” in 
N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(c) in order to promote applicability and consistency within the 
statute, it is the weighty volume of evidence offered against defendant at trial that 
exacerbates the lack of evidence offered by defendant both at his trial and after his 
trial which reinforces the inadequacy of defendant’s effort to show that postconviction 
DNA testing is material to his defense; that there is a reasonable probability that had 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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the evidence been disclosed to the defense the result of defendant’s trial would have 
been different; and that DNA testing may be material to the petitioner’s claim of 
wrongful conviction so as to qualify defendant here for the appointment of counsel. 
At trial, the State introduced evidence which tended to show, inter alia, that (1) on 
the night that Burke died after suffering multiple stab wounds, Williams heard 
Burke yell “Terraine, stop” after Williams and Burke heard a loud crash at the back 
door of her apartment as they watched television at the residence, after which Burke 
went to the area of the noise to determine the cause of it; (2) defendant Terraine Byers 
and Burke had been involved with each other in a romantic relationship which Burke 
had ended; (3) Burke had allowed Williams to hear a recorded telephone message 
that defendant had left for Burke in which defendant threatened to kill the man 
defendant believed was currently dating Burke; (4) Burke had told Williams that she 
was afraid that defendant “was going to do something to hurt her bad”; (5) one of 
Burke’s neighbors had seen defendant near Burke’s apartment on the night that 
Burke was killed; (6) upon arriving at Burke’s apartment after receiving the 
emergency call, officers saw defendant, who was nervous and profusely sweating, 
leaving the apartment through a broken window of the back door; (7)  defendant told 
the officers that Burke was inside the apartment and was injured; (8) defendant 
attempted to flee, but he was arrested; (9) defendant had a deep laceration on his left 
hand; (10) upon entering the apartment, officers found Burke lying in a pool of blood; 
(11) after terminating her romantic relationship with defendant, Burke had called 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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upon law enforcement for help on multiple occasions due to her fear of defendant; (12) 
an occasion transpired on which defendant struck Burke in the face and on the head 
while stating that he would kill her and then brandished a knife toward Burke’s aunt; 
(13) there were several incidents of domestic violence involving defendant and his 
interaction with Burke; (14) a mixture of DNA from Burke and defendant was 
determined to exist from defendant’s fingernail scrapings; (15) DNA which matched 
defendant was determined to exist in a bloodstain on an upper handrail of a stairway 
and in a bloodstain on a couch cushion in Burke’s apartment; and (16) DNA which 
matched Burke was determined to exist in bloodstains obtained from a knife and its 
blade which had been located inside Burke’s apartment. Additionally, defendant 
stipulated that the blood which covered the shirt that he was wearing at the time of 
his arrest was Burke’s blood. Juxtaposed against the wealth and strength of the 
evidence introduced by the State was the dearth of evidence from defendant, who did 
not present any evidence at trial.  
The total absence of any production of evidentiary proof by defendant at his 
trial or in his subsequent motion for postconviction DNA testing under 
N.C.G.S. § 15A-269 readily leads to the conclusion that defendant has not satisfied 
his burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence every fact essential to 
support his motion for postconviction DNA testing, which includes the facts necessary 
to establish that the biological evidence is material to his defense as required by 
subsection (a) of the statute. This deficiency likewise prompts the resulting 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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determination that there is not a reasonable probability that postconviction DNA 
testing of the biological evidence that was not tested previously, or the biological 
evidence that was tested previously, will provide results that are significantly more 
accurate and probative of the identity of the perpetrator or accomplice or have a 
reasonable probability of contradicting prior test results, as also contemplated by 
N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a). Similarly, as mentioned in N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(b), there does 
not exist a reasonable probability that the verdict would have been more favorable to 
defendant if the DNA testing being requested had been conducted on the evidence or, 
as addressed by us in cases such as Lane, Tirado, and Kilpatrick, had the evidence 
been disclosed to the defense. These inadequacies are inextricably intertwined with 
the parallel insufficient showing by defendant, even under the less stringent standard 
embodied in N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(c), that the postconviction DNA testing may be 
material to defendant’s claim of wrongful conviction with regard to his ability to 
obtain the appointment of counsel by the trial court to assist defendant with his pro 
se request to achieve postconviction DNA testing. 
 
As stated by the Supreme Court of the United States in Brady and as applied 
by this Court to the instant case, while evidence is material when, if made available 
to an accused, it would tend to exculpate the defendant or to reduce the penalty, 
defendant here is not in such a position. In considering whether the evidence for 
which defendant fails to demonstrate materiality would have affected the jury’s 
deliberations and in assessing the context of the entire record pursuant to the 
STATE V. BYERS 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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direction provided by the Supreme Court of the United States in Bagley and which 
we embraced in Allen, we do not discern that there is a probability sufficient to 
undermine confidence in the outcome upon our determination that the trial court did 
not err in finding that the evidence of defendant’s guilt “is overwhelming” and in 
concluding that defendant has “failed to show how conducting additional DNA testing 
is material to his defense.” Similarly, defendant has failed to show in his pro se motion 
for postconviction DNA testing that such testing may be material to his claim of 
wrongful conviction in order to qualify for the appointment of counsel by the court. 
 
In Lane, we concluded, despite the defendant’s contentions that the requested 
postconviction DNA testing was material to his defense, that the overwhelming 
evidence of defendant’s guilt presented at trial and the dearth of evidence at trial 
pointing to a second perpetrator, along with the unlikely prospect that DNA testing 
of the biological evidence at issue would establish that a third party was involved in 
the crimes charged, together created an insurmountable hurdle to the success of the 
defendant’s materiality argument. 370 N.C. at 520, 809 S.E.2d at 576. We adopt this 
analysis, as we find it to be directly applicable to the facts and circumstances of the 
present case in determining defendant’s failure to satisfy the reduced burden of proof 
to qualify for the appointment of counsel to assist defendant’s efforts to obtain 
postconviction DNA testing upon a showing that the DNA testing may be material to 
defendant’s claim of wrongful conviction. Defendant here fails to meet the required 
condition of N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(a) in his petition that postconviction DNA testing of 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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the biological evidence is material to his defense, and he also fails to satisfy his lesser 
burden to show under N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(c) that DNA testing may be material to his 
claim of wrongful conviction. Therefore, pursuant to the operation of the statute, 
defendant does not satisfy the necessary conditions to obtain the appointment of 
counsel under N.C.G.S. § 15A-269(c). 
V.  Conclusion 
Based upon the foregoing reasons, we reverse the decision of the Court of 
Appeals and reinstate the order of the trial court. 
REVERSED. 
Justice ERVIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.