Title: Boles v. White

State: maine

Issuer: Maine Supreme Court

Document:

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT 
Reporter of Decisions 
Decision: 
2021 ME  49 
Docket: 
Cum-20-319 
Argued:  
July 13, 2021 
Decided: 
October 7, 2021 
 
Panel: 
GORMAN, JABAR, HUMPHREY, HORTON, and CONNORS, JJ.* 
 
 
CECELIA BOLES 
 
v. 
 
KAREN M. WHITE et al. 
 
 
HUMPHREY, J. 
[¶1]  Cecelia Boles was a guest of tenants who rented a two-story house 
owned by Karen and Ronald White.  Boles appeals from a summary judgment 
entered by the Superior Court (Cumberland County, Stewart, J.) in favor of the 
Whites on Boles’s complaint alleging premises liability.  Boles argues that the 
court erred when it concluded that the tenants were in exclusive control of the 
premises, that the Whites did not expressly agree to maintain the premises in 
good repair, and that there was no alternative basis for finding the Whites liable 
for Boles’s injury.  We affirm the judgment in all respects.   
 
*  Justice Mead sat at oral argument but did not participate in the development of the opinion. 
 
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I.  BACKGROUND 
[¶2]  The following facts are drawn from the parties’ supported 
statements of material facts, viewed in the light most favorable to Boles.  
See MSR Recycling, LLC v. Weeks & Hutchins, LLC, 2019 ME 125, ¶ 6, 214 A.3d 1. 
[¶3]  Cecelia Boles was injured on September 18, 2016, at the house 
rented by her daughter and son-in-law (the Lytles) when she descended the 
staircase between the first and second floor and fell off the landing at the 
bottom of the staircase.1  The height of the landing step measured eleven inches, 
which was greater than the heights of the rest of the stairs of the staircase2 and 
did not comply with the applicable building codes.  The Lytles had recently 
entered into a written agreement to rent the house from the Whites.  The lease 
included the following paragraphs that are relevant to this appeal:  
10. 
Access:  Renters shall allow homeowner to access the 
property for purposes of repair and inspection.  Renters shall keep 
the owners informed of any issues that arise with the property 
and/or appliances. 
 
12. 
The renter is responsible for mowing the lawn and watering 
the plants.  The renter is responsible for all snow removal, either 
snow blowing with the machine available; or arranging plowing.  
 
1  Boles had arrived at the premises the prior afternoon to babysit her grandchildren and had 
never visited the premises before.  Boles awoke the next morning at approximately 5:00 a.m. and 
ascended the staircase for the first time to look for her son-in-law.  Thereafter, while descending the 
stairs, Boles fell as she stepped off the landing onto the first floor.   
2  The record does not reflect how much higher the landing step was than the other steps. 
 
3 
 
The renter is responsible for salting or sanding walkways if 
necessary to prevent personal injuries from slipping on ice. 
 
 
[¶4]  On June 24, 2019, Boles brought suit against the Whites on the 
theory of premises liability for injuries she sustained as a result of the fall.  On 
June 26, 2020, the Whites moved for summary judgment on all counts of the 
complaint, contending that Boles could not establish that the Whites owed 
Boles a duty of care.  The court granted the Whites’ motion, concluding that 
there was no genuine dispute that the Lytles were in exclusive control of the 
premises, that the lease did not contain an express agreement requiring the 
Whites to maintain the premises in good repair, and that the Whites did not 
otherwise have a duty to maintain the premises.   
 
[¶5]  Boles timely filed this appeal.  See 14 M.R.S. § 1851 (2021); M.R. 
App. P. 2A, 2B(c)(1).   
II.  DISCUSSION 
[¶6]  “We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, considering the 
evidence in the light most favorable to the nonprevailing party to determine 
whether the parties’ statements of material facts and the record evidence to 
which the statements refer demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of 
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”  
Kurtz & Perry, P.A. v. Emerson, 2010 ME 107, ¶ 15, 8 A.3d 677 (quotation marks 
 
4  
omitted); see also M.R. Civ. P. 56(c).  “A material fact is one that can affect the 
outcome of the case, and there is a ‘genuine issue’ when there is sufficient 
evidence for a fact-finder to choose between competing versions of the fact.”  
Stewart-Dore v. Webber Hosp. Ass’n, 2011 ME 26, ¶ 8, 13 A.3d 773.   
[¶7]  A landlord is not liable for injuries caused by a dangerous condition 
on property that is under a tenant’s exclusive control except when the landlord 
“(a) fails to disclose the existence of a latent defect which he knows or should 
have known existed but which is not known to the tenant nor discoverable by 
him in the exercise of reasonable care; (b) gratuitously undertakes to make 
repairs and does so negligently; or (c) expressly agrees to maintain the 
premises in good repair.”  Nichols v. Marsden, 483 A.2d 341, 343 (Me. 1984) 
(citations omitted).  This rule and its exceptions apply to injuries sustained by 
a tenant’s guest or others on the premises with the tenant’s consent.  
See Stewart v. Aldrich, 2002 ME 16, ¶¶ 2, 6, 10-14, 788 A.2d 603 (applying 
Nichols and its exceptions where the injured plaintiff was a guest of the 
landlord’s tenant).  Finally, unambiguous contract language must be 
interpreted according to its plain meaning, and that interpretation is a question 
of law.  T-M Oil Co. v. Pasquale, 388 A.2d 82, 85 (Me. 1978). 
 
5 
 
A. 
Exclusive Control 
 
[¶8]  Boles argues that the court erred in concluding that the premises 
was under the exclusive control of the Lytles because the Whites reserved the 
right to access the premises “for purposes of repair and inspection” in 
paragraph ten of the lease.  Under Nichols, a landlord must first establish the 
landlord’s “absence of control in order to avoid liability for a dangerous 
condition on the premises.”  Stewart, 2002 ME 16, ¶ 12, 788 A.2d 603 
(quotation marks omitted).  “Although we have not explicitly defined the term 
‘control,’ the cases applying Nichols illustrate that [it] means a power over the 
premises that the landlord reserves pursuant to the terms of the lease or the 
tenancy, whether express or implied, and does not include the incidental 
control that comes from being able to threaten tenants with nonrenewal of a 
lease or with eviction.”  Id. ¶ 13.  More specifically, “landlords may retain control 
over non-common areas when they reserve certain rights or responsibilities 
over the premises by the terms of the lease or tenancy.”  Id. 
 
[¶9]  Applying these principles, we vacated a summary judgment in favor 
of the defendant landlords after concluding that there was a genuine dispute of 
fact concerning the degree of control retained by the landlords because they 
reserved the right to enter the premises to plow snow from the parking lot and 
 
6  
did in fact plow snow “whenever necessary.”  Hankard v. Beal, 543 A.2d 1376, 
1377-78 (Me. 1988).  Similarly, we vacated a summary judgment in favor of the 
defendant landlord after concluding that there was a genuine dispute of fact 
concerning the degree of control retained by the landlord over the basement 
stairs because, although the stairs could be accessed only through the plaintiff’s 
apartment, there was evidence that the lease did not include the basement or 
its stairs, that the plaintiffs accessed the stairs only at the landlord’s behest, and 
that the landlord occasionally used the stairs to service the furnace in the 
basement.  Rodrigue v. Rodrigue, 1997 ME 99, ¶¶ 4, 12-13 n.2, 694 A.2d 924; see 
also Chiu v. City of Portland, 2002 ME 8, ¶¶ 12-15, 788 A.2d 183 (reasoning that 
there was a genuine dispute as to whether the tenants had exclusive control 
over an exterior window because the landlord had previously repaired an 
adjacent exterior window, could have repaired the window without entering 
the residence, had been asked by the tenant to fix the windows at issue, and 
“did not disavow his obligation to repair” them). 
[¶10]  The question before us is whether, as a matter of law, the 
reservation of access in paragraph ten of the lease for purposes of “inspection 
and repair,” without more, creates a genuine dispute as to whether the Lytles 
had exclusive control over the premises, including the interior staircase.  We 
 
7 
 
conclude that it does not create such a dispute.  The Whites’ general reservation 
of access for purposes of repair and inspection is distinct from the landlords’ 
degree of control disputed in Hankard, Rodrigue, and Chiu.  In those cases, there 
was at least some evidence of shared control in each case between the landlord 
and tenants—those landlords had actually exercised some form of control, 
whether reserved or not, over the portion of the premises at issue during the 
tenancy.  See Hankard, 543 A.2d at 1377-78 (landlords reserved the right to 
plow and did plow snow on parking lot over which control was disputed); 
Rodrigue, 1997 ME 99, ¶ 12 n.2, 694 A.2d 924 (landlord did not clearly include 
in the lease the stairs over which control was disputed and used those same 
stairs during the lessee’s tenancy); Chiu, 2002 ME 8, ¶ 14, 788 A.2d 183 
(landlord previously repaired windows over which control was disputed).3 
[¶11]  Our conclusion is consistent with decisions in other jurisdictions 
that have deemed a landlord’s mere reservation of the right to enter and repair 
the premises insufficient evidence of that landlord’s control for purposes of 
liability.  See e.g., Lucier v. Impact Rec., Ltd., 864 A.2d 635, 640 (R.I. 2005) (“The 
 
3  Even viewing the landlords’ reservation of access in Hankard in isolation, paragraph ten remains 
distinguishable because the reservation in Hankard was not a general reservation of the right to enter 
for inspection and repair; rather, it was a reservation of the right to enter for the specific purpose of 
plowing snow.  Hankard, 543 A.2d at 1377-78.    
 
8  
lease provisions,” including the landlord’s right to enter the premises to 
determine whether it was in good condition, “did not give [the landlord] control 
over the property, but rather were merely to protect [the landlord’s] 
investment and reversionary interest in the property.”); Settles v. Redstone Dev. 
Corp., 797 A.2d 692, 696 (D.C. 2002) (“A landlord has retained sufficient control 
to create a duty to repair if he has the power or authority to manage, 
superintend, direct or oversee,” but “the landlord’s explicit reservation of the 
authority to enter the premises and to make repairs is insufficient to constitute 
retention of control.”) (quotation marks omitted);  Dubay v. Cambridge Hous. 
Auth., 225 N.E.2d 374, 375 (Mass. 1967) (“The reservation of the right to enter 
the tenant’s premises to make repairs . . . did not put the lessor in control of the 
premises.”) (quotation marks omitted); Webb v. Danforth, 505 S.E.2d 860, 861 
(Ga. Ct. App. 1998) (“A landlord’s retention of the right to enter, inspect and 
repair is not inconsistent with a full surrender of possession to the tenant.”). 
[¶12]  Given the “bedrock principle” that a lease “is equivalent to a 
conveyance for almost all purposes,” Stewart, 2002 ME 16, ¶ 14, 788 A.2d 603, 
and in the absence of evidence showing that the Whites had, in fact, retained or 
exercised any degree of control over any portion of the premises after renting 
 
9 
 
it to the Lytles, we conclude that the Lytles were in exclusive control of the 
premises. 
B. 
Express Agreement to Maintain Premises 
[¶13]  Boles argues that paragraphs ten and twelve, the latter of which 
enumerates the maintenance responsibilities of the Lytles as tenants, create a 
genuine dispute as to whether the Whites expressly agreed to maintain the 
premises in good repair.  Even if a tenant is in exclusive control of the premises, 
the third exception under Nichols provides that the landlord may still be liable 
for injuries sustained on the premises if the landlord “expressly agree[d] to 
maintain the premises in good repair.”  Nichols, 483 A.2d at 343.   
[¶14]  Boles contends that paragraph ten triggers this third exception 
because it constitutes “a written assurance” by the Whites to repair the 
property.  In Nichols, we vacated a summary judgment in favor of the defendant 
landlords because there was a genuine dispute of fact as to whether the 
landlords expressly promised to maintain the premises after one of the 
landlords testified that, prior to signing the lease, she orally informed the 
tenants that minor repairs would be the tenants’ responsibility while major 
repairs would be handled by the landlords themselves.  Id. at 344. 
 
10  
[¶15]  Conversely, in Saunders v. Picard, we affirmed a summary 
judgment in favor of the defendant landlord, holding that “evidence that [the 
landlord] fixed the furnace, the water system, and the chimney, without more, 
will not support an inference that [the landlord] had expressly agreed to 
maintain the premises in good repair.”  683 A.2d 501, 502 (Me. 1996) 
(emphasis added).  Further, with particular reference to the case before us, the 
rule imposing landlord liability when the landlord contracts to keep the 
premises in repair “has no application where the landlord . . . merely reserves 
the privilege to enter and make repairs if he sees fit to do so.”  Restatement 
(Second) of Prop.: Landlord & Tenant § 17.5 cmt. b(1) (Am. Law Inst. 1977); 
see also Givens v. Union Inv. Corp., 359 A.2d 40, 42 (R.I. 1976) (“The general rule 
. . . is that the inclusion in a lease of a provision reserving to the lessor the 
privilege to enter and to make repairs is commonly held not to obligate the 
lessor to make repairs.”) (quotation marks and alteration omitted).       
[¶16]  Thus, although the plain language of paragraph ten of the lease 
reserves a right of access to the Whites, as landlords, in the event that repairs 
are needed, it does not expressly require them to undertake any repairs nor 
does it, unlike the landlord’s disputed oral commitment to make repairs in 
Nichols, provide any assurance that they will. 
 
11 
 
[¶17]  Boles also argues, based on the maxim expressio unius est exclusio 
alterius, that all repair obligations not enumerated in paragraph twelve of the 
lease fell to the Whites.  This maxim reflects a “well-settled” rule of construction 
useful for the interpretation of ambiguous language in statutes and other 
documents “that [the] express mention of one concept implies the exclusion of 
others not listed.”  Musk v. Nelson, 647 A.2d 1198, 1201-02 (Me. 1994) (applying 
the maxim to interpret a statute); see also Stone v. U.S. Envelope Co., 119 Me. 
394, 396-97, 111 A. 536 (1920) (applying the maxim to interpret corporate 
bylaws that lacked express provisions on the disputed issue).  
[¶18]  However, the maxim has no application to language that is 
unambiguous, see, e.g., Young v. Greater Portland Transit Dist., 535 A.2d 417, 
418 n.2 (Me. 1987) (declining to apply the expressio unius maxim to an 
unambiguous statute), and paragraph twelve of the lease is not ambiguous in 
any respect material to the Whites’ obligations.  Indeed, any application of the 
maxim to interpret paragraph twelve, assuming its applicability, would mean 
only that any repairs not listed in paragraph twelve are excluded from the 
tenants’ responsibilities—not that the Whites would be required to perform 
them.   
 
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[¶19]  We conclude that neither paragraph ten nor paragraph twelve of 
the lease contains an express agreement that the Whites will maintain the 
premises in good repair.4   
C. 
Alternative Basis for Liability 
[¶20]  In her opposition to the motion for summary judgment and now 
on appeal, Boles cites Patten v. Bartlett, 111 Me. 409, 89 A. 375 (1914), to argue 
that a landlord may be liable if he “rents a premises containing an unreasonably 
dangerous condition therein,” and “fail[s] to remedy the danger before 
accepting tenants.”  The Superior Court did not address this argument, and 
although Patten remains good law, we find that it has no application to the facts 
of this case and is easily distinguished.   
[¶21]  In Patten, the plaintiff’s horse was killed after it fell into an 
unmarked pit, which was concealed by ice and snow and which the defendant 
landlord had promised to repair before the tenant took occupancy.  111 Me. at 
410-14, 89 A. 375.  Here, unlike in Patten, the Whites did not promise to repair 
the step, nor is the step the type of concealed “nuisance” that was contemplated 
 
4  Although Boles characterizes Karen White’s deposition testimony about the Whites’ interest in 
conditions identified in their house inspection as evidence that the Whites had agreed to maintain 
the premises in good repair upon renting it to the Lytles, the Whites’ prior repairs and intentions to 
improve the house do not establish the existence of an agreement with the Lytles.   
 
13 
 
in Patten.  See id. at 415, 89 A. 375.  This latter distinction is consistent with the 
legal principle that a landlord is liable for injuries caused by a latent defect 
when that defect is “hidden from knowledge as well as from sight and one 
which could not be discovered by ordinary and reasonable care.”  Cole v. Lord, 
160 Me. 223, 228, 202 A.2d 560 (1964) (quotation marks omitted); see also 
Nichols, 483 A.2d at 343.5   
[¶22]  Moreover, “no duty is owed to tenants to make the structural 
design or plan any more safe than it was at the time of letting.”  Thompson v. 
Frankus, 151 Me. 54, 56, 115 A.2d 718 (1955) (citing Rosenberg v. Chapman 
Nat’l Bank, 126 Me. 403, 405, 139 A. 82 (1927)); see also Miller v. Hooper, 
119 Me. 527, 529, 112 A. 256 (1921) (“An owner may build a tenement house 
with stairways which because of steepness or for other obvious structural 
reasons are inconvenient or even unsafe.  The tenant cannot exact any change.  
If such stairways need to be repaired or rebuilt, the owner is not required to 
make them safer or more convenient.”). 
 
5  The first Nichols exception imposes liability upon a landlord when the landlord “fails to disclose 
the existence of a latent defect which he knows or should have known existed but which is not known 
to the tenant nor discoverable by him in the exercise of reasonable care.”  Nichols v. Marsden, 483 
A.2d 341, 343 (Me. 1984).  Although Boles’s argument alleges liability under Patten, the concealed 
nature of the defect in Patten mirrors the latent defect exception, which, in addition to requiring that 
the latent defect be one that the landlord should have known of, also requires that the defect be one 
that is undiscoverable by the tenant.  Id.  We also note that the parties’ statements of material facts 
do not contain an assertion that the Whites failed to warn the Lytles of any alleged defect.  
 
14  
The entry is: 
 
Judgment affirmed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Christian J. Lewis, Esq., and Sean V. Walton, Esq. (Orally), Hardy Wolf & 
Downing, P.A., Lewiston, for appellant Cecelia Boles 
 
John B. Schulte, Esq. (Orally), and L. John Topchik, Esq., Law Offices of John B. 
Schulte, Portland, for Karen M. White and Ronald C. White Jr. 
 
 
Cumberland County Superior Court docket number CV-2019-238 
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