Title: State v. Jones

State: north-carolina

Issuer: North Carolina Supreme Court

Document:

443 S.E.2d 48 (1994)
336 N.C. 229
STATE of North Carolina
v.
William Quentin JONES.
No. 395A91.

Supreme Court of North Carolina.
May 6, 1994.
*52 Michael F. Easley, Atty. Gen. by Isaac T. Avery, III, Sp. Deputy Atty. Gen., and Linda M. Fox, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.
Malcolm Ray Hunter, Jr., Appellate Defender by Gordon Widenhouse, Asst. Appellate Defender, for defendant-appellant.
WEBB, Justice.
The defendant's first assignment of error deals with the refusal of the court to let him ask certain questions of prospective jurors. During the selection of the jury, one of the prospective jurors indicated that he did not feel that a life sentence actually meant life and that if sentenced to life the defendant would be paroled "within fifteen years." The court then instructed the jury pursuant to State v. Conner, 241 N.C. 468, 85 S.E.2d 584 (1955), that they should consider a life sentence to mean that defendant would be imprisoned for life and they should not take the possibility of parole into account in reaching a verdict. The juror indicated he would have trouble following this instruction and he was excused for cause. Another prospective juror then said he would have trouble following this instruction and he was excused for cause.
At this point, the defendant's attorney requested that he be allowed to ask the other prospective jurors whether they could follow the Conner instructions as given to them by the court. The court would not allow this interrogation. This was error.
When the juror raised the question of parole, the court properly told him he should not consider it. This does not mean, however, that because the jury cannot or should not consider parole, a party cannot ask the jury whether it will follow the court's instructions in this regard after a prospective juror has raised the question. The defendant has a right to inquire as to whether a prospective juror will follow the court's instruction. State v. Clark, 319 N.C. 215, 353 S.E.2d 205 (1987). The defendant was not attempting to stake the jury out as to their potential verdict. State v. Phillips, 300 N.C. 678, 268 S.E.2d 452 (1980).
The question then becomes whether the error in not allowing this question was prejudicial. We hold that it was not. We note that after one prospective juror had been excused because he said he would have difficulty *53 following the court's instruction, that a second juror spoke out and said he was in the same situation. This juror was then excused. This should have been a signal to the other prospective jurors who were in the box that if they were of the same mind they should so indicate. None of them did. It is not likely they would have done so if the question had been put to them directly. We can conclude from this that allowing the defendant to ask this question would not have produced an answer favorable to the defendant.
The defendant next assigns as error the refusal of the court to submit to the jury as a mitigating circumstance the fact that the defendant had been sentenced to a total of sixty years in prison on the armed robbery and assault charges to which he had pled guilty. The court also excluded from the hearing evidence as to these sentences and the defendant contends this was error. The defendant says this fact was a part of his background and record and should have been submitted to the jury as a mitigating circumstance.
We are bound by State v. Price, 331 N.C. 620, 418 S.E.2d 169 (1992), vacated and remanded on other grounds, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S. Ct. 955, 122 L. Ed. 2d 113 (1993), to overrule this assignment of error. In that case, we held that a prison sentence a defendant may be serving for some other crime is not an aspect of the defendant's character or of a circumstance of the offense which may be considered a mitigating circumstance at a sentencing hearing after the defendant has been convicted of first degree murder. It was not error for the court not to submit as a mitigating circumstance the fact that defendant was serving sentences for other crimes.
The defendant also argues under this assignment of error that he should have been permitted to introduce evidence of the sentences he had received in order to rebut the evidence that the crimes had been committed. Evidence of prison sentences being served would not have been evidence the crimes had not been committed and the fact that defendant was serving a prison sentence did not make the defendant less culpable for the murder. Evidence of the prison sentences being served by the defendant was irrelevant. This assignment of error is overruled.
The defendant argues under his next assignment of error that he was unduly restricted in questions he was allowed to ask prospective jurors on voir dire. The following colloquy occurred during the questioning of the jury by the defendant:
The defendant contends it was error not to let the prospective juror answer the question to which the objection was sustained.
Assuming it was error to sustain the State's objection to this question, we hold it was not prejudicial to the defendant. The defendant had explained to the jury that he would offer certain evidence, including his age, as a mitigating circumstance. The court then sustained an objection as to the form of the question dealing with the age of the *54 defendant. The defendant was then allowed to ask a question as to how the prospective juror would consider evidence of mitigating circumstances. In the context that this question was propounded, the juror is bound to have known the circumstance to which the defendant referred was the age of the defendant. The defendant was not prejudiced.
The defendant, under this assignment of error, also argues that it was error not to let him inquire of the prospective jurors in regard to their attitudes and knowledge of parole eligibility for a person sentenced to life in prison. We have held that such an inquiry is not permitted. State v. McNeil, 324 N.C. 33, 375 S.E.2d 909 (1989), vacated on other grounds, 494 U.S. 1050, 110 S. Ct. 1516, 108 L. Ed. 2d 756 (1990); State v. Robbins, 319 N.C. 465, 356 S.E.2d 279, cert. denied, 484 U.S. 918, 108 S. Ct. 269, 98 L. Ed. 2d 226 (1987). It was not error to refuse to let the defendant make this inquiry. This assignment of error is overruled.
The defendant next assigns error to the showing of a videotape of the incident. There was a camera mounted on the rear wall of the convenience store which was focused on the cashier's area and front door. The tape from the video camera included both audio and visual tracks, so that the words and sounds of the store were recorded as well as the actions occurring therein. The tape ran for approximately eleven minutes and showed the robbery and shooting of the two men.
At the sentencing hearing, the videotape was shown a total of four times. It was shown twice to illustrate the testimony of two witnesses. It was also admitted as substantive evidence and shown in its entirety without comment. The jury requested during its deliberation to see the tape for the fourth time and it was shown to them without objection.
The defendant contends that because he pled guilty, the showing of the tape was not needed to prove the elements of murder and the tape did not make the existence of any fact that was of consequence to the determination of the action more probable. He says this made the tape irrelevant under N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 401. The defendant says further that if the tape is somehow relevant it should have been excluded under N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 403, because its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. The defendant says the videotape is poignant and sensational. It should not have been admitted when it was not proof of any contested issue and its only effect was to prejudice the jury.
State v. Arnold, 284 N.C. 41, 47-48, 199 S.E.2d 423, 427 (1973).
In this case, the State was relying on two aggravating circumstances, that the capital felony was committed for pecuniary gain and that the murder to which the defendant pled guilty was part of a course of conduct in which the defendant engaged and which included the commission by the defendant of other crimes of violence against another person or persons. The videotape showed the defendant remove the cash register from the convenience store. This was competent evidence that the murder was committed for pecuniary gain. The videotape showed the defendant shoot two people, including the deceased. This was evidence that the murder was part of a course of conduct which included a crime of violence against another person.
The defendant next assigns error to the admission of testimony by an officer as to a statement the defendant made to him. The defendant concedes that he assigned this as error on his first appeal and this Court found no error in the admission of this testimony. State v. Jones, 327 N.C. 439, 449, 396 S.E.2d 309, 314. He asks us to reconsider our decision in light of two federal cases, one of them *55 from the United States Supreme Court, which have been decided after our first opinion in this case. Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 111 S. Ct. 1246, 113 L. Ed. 2d 302 (1991); Williams v. Withrow, 944 F.2d 284 (6th Cir.1991), aff'd in part and rev'd in part on other grounds, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S. Ct. 1745, 123 L. Ed. 2d 407 (1993).
The defendant does not show how these two opinions affect our decision in the previous appeal. We decline to reconsider our decision in the previous opinion.
Under his next assignment of error, the defendant returns to the jury selection. The defendant assigns as error the trial court's decision to remove three prospective jurors for cause when those jurors expressed reservations about the death penalty. The defendant asserts neither the prosecution nor the trial court adequately informed the jurors of the law relative to capital punishment, nor did either sufficiently question the jurors to determine their ability to follow the law.
During voir dire questioning of prospective jurors, the court excused several jurors for cause based on their inability to follow the law. The defendant contends three of these jurors were improperly excused. The three prospective jurors were: Mr. Sabhilchi, Mrs. Stokes, and Mrs. Krishen. Mr. Sabhilchi was originally from India and was raised in the Hindu religion. In the course of questioning, he expressed a belief that life imprisonment was a harsher penalty than the death penalty. Throughout extended questioning about the impact of his beliefs and life experience on his decision-making in this case, Mr. Sabhilchi promised to do his best, but continually expressed reservations about his ability to apply the law as given. The questioning culminated in the following exchanges:
[MR. SABHILCHI:] Yes, sir, Your Honor, because of my religious belief growing up that suggests I might not come to the right conclusion at the end.
After this exchange, the court excused Mr. Sabhilchi for cause.
Mrs. Stokes was also questioned at length regarding her view of the death penalty and her ability to weigh the decision according to the law and instructions. After the State's motion that she be excused, the defendant requested the opportunity to question her prior to a ruling on the motion. This request was granted and Mrs. Stokes was extensively questioned and guided through the decision-making process by the defendant. Finally, the court asked:
Following this answer, the court allowed the State to resume its examination of this juror. At the close of the State's questioning, the court again asked:
This time, Mrs. Stokes responded, "[y]es." The defendant was given the opportunity to rehabilitate the juror and elected to ask no further questions. The court then excused Mrs. Stokes for cause.
Mrs. Krishen, the last of the three jurors who the defendant contends was improperly excused, was also questioned extensively by the State. She was originally from Vietnam and professed to follow Buddhism. After expressing doubts about the prospect of having to decide on the death penalty, the following exchange occurred:
The court then excused the juror for cause.
The defendant cites specific question and answer sequences from each juror's examination. When viewed out of context of the whole examination, these answers appear to indicate the juror could follow the law. This is not the correct manner of evaluation.
The question posed by the court to each of the jurors was taken directly from Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 424, 105 S. Ct. 844, 852, 83 L. Ed. 2d 841, 852 (1985). The answers received were consistent with the prior answers given by the prospective jurors and did not indicate any ambiguity or ambivalence on the part of the jurors. There is no indication the defendant was given an opportunity to rehabilitate Mr. Sabhilchi, but there is also no indication that any manner of further questioning would have reached a different result. See State v. Reese, 319 N.C. 110, 120-121, 353 S.E.2d 352, 358 (1987). In regards to Mrs. Stokes and Mrs. Krishen, the defendant was afforded the opportunity to question them and did so in the case of Mrs. Stokes. In all three instances, the answers given by the prospective jurors clearly indicated their inability to carry out their duties as jurors and it was not error to excuse them. This assignment of error is overruled.
The defendant next assigns error to the court's failure to submit the statutory mitigating circumstance that he had no significant history of prior criminal activity. The defendant did not request that this circumstance be submitted to the jury but we held in State v. Lloyd, 321 N.C. 301, 364 S.E.2d 316 (1988), death penalty vacated, 488 U.S. 807, 109 S. Ct. 38, 102 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1988), that it must be submitted if his record as a whole would reasonably support a finding by the jury that the defendant had no significant history of prior criminal activity.
The defendant introduced evidence that he was using illegal drugs for several weeks before the murder. He had broken into the Fast Fare on Person Street "six or seven times" and stolen various articles. He had broken into a pawn shop and stolen several guns. He sold some of the guns and used *57 one of them to kill the victim in this case. Members of the defendant's family testified that he had shoplifted and "hustled" as a child. The court could conclude based on this evidence that the jury could not have reasonably found the defendant had no significant history of prior criminal activity. See State v. Stokes, 308 N.C. 634, 304 S.E.2d 184 (1983). This assignment of error is overruled.
The defendant in his next assignment of error asserts the trial court committed reversible error in instructing the jury that it could refuse to consider mitigating evidence if it deemed the evidence to have no mitigating value. The defendant contends the jury apparently determined there was no mitigating value in a number of the twenty-five submitted nonstatutory mitigating circumstances upon which they were instructed. Further, the defendant asserts that a number of these circumstances were supported by uncontroverted evidence. Finally, the defendant contends the instruction requires the jury to conclude unanimously the evidence had mitigating value.
The challenged instruction, given after each of the nonstatutory mitigating circumstances, stated:
The court must submit to the jury the nonstatutory mitigating circumstances which the defendant requests if they are "supported by the evidence, and ... are such that the jury could reasonably deem them to have mitigating value[.]" State v. Pinch, 306 N.C. 1, 26, 292 S.E.2d 203, 223 (1982) (quoting State v. Johnson, 298 N.C. 47, 72-74, 257 S.E.2d 597, 616-17 (1979)). State v. Fullwood, 323 N.C. 371, 373 S.E.2d 518 (1988), vacated on other grounds, 494 U.S. 1022, 110 S. Ct. 1464, 108 L. Ed. 2d 602 (1990). The instruction as given fulfills the requirement. It is not for the court to determine whether there is or is not mitigating value in the evidence, that remains the province of the jury.
Our reading of this instruction does not indicate a requirement of unanimity by the jury on any of the nonstatutory circumstances. In the past, the instruction above has often included the word "unanimously" and we have consistently held this to be error. See, e.g., State v. Holden, 321 N.C. 125, 362 S.E.2d 513 (1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1061, 108 S. Ct. 2835, 100 L. Ed. 2d 935 (1988). However, the corrected instruction without the word "unanimously" has consistently been found not to be error. See State v. McKoy, 327 N.C. 31, 394 S.E.2d 426 (1990); State v. Hill, 331 N.C. 387, 417 S.E.2d 765 (1992), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S. Ct. 1293, 122 L. Ed. 2d 684 (1993).
The defendant raises the issue of whether there is double jeopardy inasmuch as some of the mitigating circumstances not found in this sentencing hearing were found in the original hearing. This hearing constitutes a de novo hearing granted at the defendant's request and therefore, the hearing begins with a clean slate. The defendant cannot then claim he is being subjected to a second jury trial.
We do not believe that Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 102 S. Ct. 869, 71 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1982), requires, as argued by the defendant, a different result. In Eddings, the defendant was granted a new sentencing hearing because the trial judge who determined the punishment said he would not consider certain mitigating evidence. In this case, the jury was allowed to consider the mitigating evidence and determine if it had value. This distinguishes this case from Eddings. This assignment of error is overruled.
The defendant next assigns as error the trial court's failure to instruct the jury as to parole eligibility in light of the fact the issue had been raised during the jury selection and again during the prosecution's closing arguments.
*58 As the defendant acknowledges, we have held that parole eligibility is not a proper issue for consideration by a jury in a capital case. State v. Syriani, 333 N.C. 350, 428 S.E.2d 118, cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S. Ct. 392, 126 L. Ed. 2d 341 (1993); State v. Roper, 328 N.C. 337, 402 S.E.2d 600, cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 280, 116 L. Ed. 2d 232 (1991). The defendant offers no new arguments to change this position. We find no merit in this assignment of error.
The defendant next assigns error to the court's refusal to submit to the jury, as requested by the defendant, the nonstatutory mitigating circumstance that "[t]he defendant has been confined for a considerable amount of time prior to his sentencing." A mitigating circumstance involves some aspect of the defendant's character or record or some extenuating aspect of the crime charged which, while it does not prevent the defendant from being found guilty, it does make him less deserving of the death penalty. State v. Williams, 305 N.C. 656, 686, 292 S.E.2d 243, 261, cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1056, 103 S. Ct. 474, 74 L. Ed. 2d 622 (1982). The fact that the defendant had spent a considerable amount of time in jail does not relate to his character, record, or any aspect of the crime. It should not have been submitted as a mitigating circumstance.
The defendant's next assignment of error challenges the instruction given by the court regarding the consideration of mitigating circumstances. The defendant asserts that the instructions permit only those jurors who found mitigating value in a specific circumstance to consider that specific circumstance when weighing the aggravating and mitigating circumstances.
The challenged instruction states:
After additional instructions, the charge continued:
Reference to "circumstances found by one or more of you" indicates to all jurors that they should consider each of the circumstances found to exist. The instruction also directs the jurors to consider "the totality of the mitigating circumstances" and requires the jury to be "satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt" that the aggravating circumstances found, "when considered with mitigating circumstances found by one or more of you," are sufficiently substantial to call for the death penalty. These phrases all serve to signal reasonable jurors that they must consider and reconsider all of the evidence in mitigation and all of the circumstances found to have mitigating value before making their final decision. We find the language of this instruction permits and even encourages jurors to take into consideration all mitigating circumstances found to exist under Issue Two. This assignment of error is overruled.
The defendant contends the trial court committed reversible error both in overruling the defendant's objections to numerous improper arguments made by the prosecution and in failing to intervene to correct grossly improper arguments ex mero motu.
The defendant first cites to the following portion of the prosecution's argument:
The defendant also points to a subsequent passage in which the prosecutor said:
These two passages, according to the defendant, are examples of the dominant theme of the prosecution which was that the jury needed to kill the defendant to protect themselves and their loved ones.
Reading the entire text of the argument casts a different light on both passages. The first passage is preceded and followed by a verbal recreation of the defendant's actions in sequence with the actions of others in and around the Fast Fare at the time of the incident. The description rebutted the defendant's main contention in mitigation which was that he was physically and mentally impaired due to substance abuse at the time of the robbery and shooting. The argument sought to illustrate the cold, calculated thought processes and actions displayed by the defendant. The argument placed the defendant at the telephone outside the Fast Fare while a police officer was inside and moved him into the store shortly before closing time in anticipation of collecting the maximum sum of money possible. The second passage described why the aggravating circumstance of pecuniary gain was deserving of the death penalty. The cited section was preceded by a section recounting the defendant's own statement as to his motivation in robbing the store. The point of the cited passage being that pecuniary gain placed the value of money above consideration of human life and therefore justified the implementation of the death penalty. It is not improper for the prosecution to argue vigorously for the death penalty. State v. Johnson, 298 N.C. 355, 367, 259 S.E.2d 752, 760 (1979). Counsel is given wide latitude to argue the pertinent law and the facts and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from the facts. State v. Britt, 291 N.C. 528, 231 S.E.2d 644 (1977). We find no error in the arguments and hold that assignment of error to the court's actions regarding this portion of the argument is overruled.
The defendant also argues that the prosecution went outside the evidence during its arguments and improperly commented on evidence not presented by the defendant. First, the defendant cited to the prosecutor's argument that the defendant did not present a psychiatrist or psychologist to testify in regards to the defendant's mental impairment. The defendant objected to this comment during the argument, but the objection was overruled. The State asserts the argument was proper inasmuch as the defendant had the burden of proving the mitigating circumstances. Since the defendant offered no expert testimony in support of those circumstances involving his mental health and condition, we agree that commenting on this void and drawing inferences from the absence was not error.
The defendant further contends the prosecutor went beyond the scope of the evidence in commenting on a nonstatutory mitigating circumstance when she said:
The defendant stops quoting at that point but the State contends the rest of Ms. Hill's argument must be considered. That argument continues:
The prosecutor's statement suggesting the existence of further letters not made available to the jury is borne out by the questioning by the defendant of Lonnie Gerard Smith. At the conclusion of the direct examination of Lonnie Smith, the following exchange occurred:
There is no further reference to these letters in the transcript.
Reading the whole argument made by the prosecutor and in light of the evidence elicited by the defendant as to the existence and availability of letters not introduced by the defendant, we find no error in this argument. The testimony of Lonnie Smith indicates the contents of these letters could have been beneficial to the defendant's case. It is therefore a logical inference from the evidence of their existence and the apparent beneficial content that the defendant's decision not to introduce them could be due to contents which were detrimental to the defendant.
The defendant lastly claims the prosecution's argument belittled the nonstatutory mitigating circumstance that the defendant pled guilty without any prior promises or concessions thus insuring the prompt and certain application of correctional measures to him. The challenged argument stated:
Ultimately, the jury did not find this mitigating circumstance. We agree with the State that in the face of overwhelming evidence, the plea of guilty would seem to have little mitigating value and the argument serves only to point out the evidence in an effort to focus the jury on the logical inference. We find no error in this argument.
The defendant cites to a short passage taken from one of the prosecutor's arguments in which the prosecutor made reference to the jury as being "the voice of the community." The defendant cites several cases in contending that this argument is grossly improper and merits a new sentencing hearing. See State v. Scott, 314 N.C. 309, 333 S.E.2d 296 (1985); Prado v. State, 626 S.W.2d 775, 776 (Tex.Cr.App.1982); See, e.g., Hutchins v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 17, 255 S.E.2d 459 (1979); State v. Agner, 30 Ohio App.2d 96, 59 O.O.2d 208, 283 N.E.2d 443 (1972).
We believe the defendant misreads Scott. In Scott, we cited cases from Texas and Louisiana in holding that the jury acts "as the voice and conscience of the community" and that the members of the jury are seated as "representatives of the community." Scott, 314 N.C. at 311, 333 S.E.2d  at 297-98. We find no error in the use of the description of the jury as "the voice of the community."
The defendant suggests the argument by the prosecution lessened the responsibility of the jury in the decision-making process. The defendant cites to the following passage:
Our reading of this portion of the argument indicates the prosecutor does not alter the burden on the jury, but instead emphasizes the responsibility and duty of each juror and of the jury as a whole. We find nothing in this argument which constitutes error.
The defendant's final contention regarding the prosecution's arguments centers on the jury's consideration of mercy or sympathy in reaching its decision. The defendant contends the prosecutor sought to *62 discourage the jury from considering compassion for the difficulties the defendant had faced throughout his life. Such an argument violates the principles expressed in Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 96 S. Ct. 2978, 49 L. Ed. 2d 944 (1976), and prevents the jury from fairly considering the evidence offered in mitigation.
The section of the argument to which the defendant objects states:
The defendant then points this Court to the concluding argument of the State which stated:
The defendant notes that many of the nonstatutory mitigating circumstances requested by the defendant asked the jury to consider the mitigating value of his background and character. In weighing those aspects of the defendant, the jurors are necessarily being *63 asked to use their compassion and mercy. The defendant cites to California v. Brown, 479 U.S. 538, 548, 107 S. Ct. 837, 843, 93 L. Ed. 2d 934, 944 (1987) (Brennan, J., dissenting), as the authority for this argument.
The majority in Brown held that singling out the word "sympathy" without considering the whole of the surrounding statement was not appropriate. Brown, 479 U.S.  at 542-43, 107 S. Ct.  at 839-840, 93 L. Ed. 2d  at 940-41. In Brown, the issue was an instruction which, like the argument cited above, listed numerous irrelevant factors which should not enter into the deliberation process. Extraneous, non-evidence based sympathy is one such factor. Hearing the argument of the prosecution coupled with the court's instruction we do not believe a reasonable juror could understand the argument to call for the jury to disregard mitigating evidence simply because it appeals to a person's sympathies. The argument attempts to and serves to reinforce the responsibility of the jury to reach its decision based on the evidence and the law. We find no error.
The defendant contends in his next assignment of error that the jury was erroneously charged as to how to consider nonstatutory mitigating circumstances. The court charged the jury that if it found one or more mitigating circumstances it must consider the aggravating circumstances in connection with any mitigating circumstances found by one or more of them. The court then charged, "[w]hen making this comparison, each juror may consider any mitigating circumstance or circumstances that juror determines to exist by a preponderance of the evidence."
The defendant says this charge, by the use of the word "may," told the jury that they need not consider mitigating circumstances and this was error. We do not read the instruction as does the defendant. The jury was instructed unequivocally that they must consider the aggravating circumstances in connection with the mitigating circumstances. The next sentence in which the word "may" is used, tells the jury which mitigating circumstances they may consider, which are those found by a preponderance of the evidence. We find no error in this instruction. See State v. Lee, 335 N.C. 244, 439 S.E.2d 547 (1994).
The defendant next assigns error to the part of the charge that defined a mitigating circumstance. The defendant requested the following instruction:
The court declined the defendant's request and gave the following charge:
The defendant says the charge given by the court failed to give him the full benefit of relevant mitigating evidence. He says that to have mitigating value evidence need not lessen the seriousness of the crime but may reduce the moral culpability of the defendant. If this is so, the charge was certainly not in error for the court charged specifically on this point. The defendant also says the evidence need not make a killing less deserving of extreme punishment than other first degree murders, but need only suggest some particular basis for a particular defendant to receive a sentence less than death. We can see very little difference between these two statements. It was not error for the court to charge as it did on this point. Finally, the defendant argues that mitigation need not extenuate or reduce the moral culpability of the crime but need only "lessen[ ] the seriousness of the murder[.]" State v. McDougall, 308 N.C. 1, 25, 301 S.E.2d 308, 323, cert. denied, 464 U.S. 865, 104 S. Ct. 197, 78 *64 L. Ed. 2d 173 (1983). This is not a correct statement of the law. A defendant may be less culpable than some other murderer but this does not make a murder any less serious. We find no error in this challenged part of the charge.
The defendant brings forward five issues which have recently and/or consistently been decided contrary to his position and requests we re-examine our position.
The first preservation issue involves the use of peremptory challenges by the State to remove prospective jurors who expressed reservations about the death penalty. This issue was decided contrary to the defendant's contention in State v. Allen, 323 N.C. 208, 372 S.E.2d 855 (1988), vacated on other grounds, 494 U.S. 1021, 110 S. Ct. 1463, 108 L. Ed. 2d 601 (1990), judgment reinstated, 331 N.C. 746, 417 S.E.2d 227 (1992), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S. Ct. 1402, 122 L. Ed. 2d 775 (1993); State v. Bacon, 326 N.C. 404, 390 S.E.2d 327 (1990). We find no error.
The defendant asserts the trial court improperly instructed the jury that if they answered Issue Four "yes," it would be their duty to recommend the death sentence. This issue was heard and decided contrary to the defendant's position in State v. McDougall, 308 N.C. 1, 301 S.E.2d 308. See also State v. Maynard, 311 N.C. 1, 316 S.E.2d 197, cert. denied, 469 U.S. 963, 105 S. Ct. 363, 83 L. Ed. 2d 299 (1984). We find no error.
The defendant contends the trial court committed prejudicial error by failing to grant his motion for individual voir dire and sequestration of the jury. "Motions for individual voir dire and jury sequestration are directed to the discretion of the trial judge." State v. Reese, 319 N.C. 110, 119, 353 S.E.2d 352, 357. In light of the defendant's failure to cite any specific incident in the transcript which would indicate an abuse of discretion, we overrule this assignment of error.
The defendant contends the North Carolina death penalty statute is unconstitutional, is imposed in a discriminatory manner, is vague and overbroad, and unconstitutionally involves subjective discretion. We have consistently upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty statute. See State v. Roper, 328 N.C. 337, 370, 402 S.E.2d 600, 619. We overrule this assignment of error.
The defendant asserts the trial court committed reversible error in instructing the jury on the issue of sympathy and mercy. The defendant objects to the portion of the instruction which stated: "You are to perform this duty fairly and objectively and without bias, prejudice, passion, or any other arbitrary factor." The defendant did not object to this instruction at trial and the issue is therefore subject to "plain error" review. State v. Black, 328 N.C. 191, 400 S.E.2d 398 (1991). In order to require the State to demonstrate harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant must show any error achieves constitutional status. State v. Robinson, 330 N.C. 1, 31, 409 S.E.2d 288, 305 (1991). The cited section of the instructions does not direct the jury not to consider sympathy or mercy, but rather reminds the jurors that irrelevant, outside, arbitrary factors should not enter into their deliberations. The jury was properly instructed on the definition of mitigating circumstances and on the application of those circumstances to the decision-making process. We find no error in the instruction as given.
In reviewing the sentence, as we are required to do by N.C.G.S. § 15A-2000(d), State v. Williams, 308 N.C. 47, 301 S.E.2d 335, cert. denied, 464 U.S. 865, 104 S. Ct. 202, 78 L. Ed. 2d 177, reh'g denied, 464 U.S. 1004, 104 S. Ct. 518, 78 L. Ed. 2d 704 (1983); State v. Brown, 320 N.C. 179, 358 S.E.2d 1, cert. denied, 484 U.S. 970, 108 S. Ct. 467, 98 L. Ed. 2d 406 (1987), we hold that the aggravating circumstances were supported by the record and that the sentence was not imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor.
Our final task is to determine whether the sentence was excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in other first *65 degree murder cases. We hold that the sentence was not excessive or disproportionate.
In determining proportionality, we are impressed with the cold blooded and deliberate way in which the murder was committed. The defendant entered the premises and opened fire without warning, killing one patron and wounding another. Apparently, he intended to so intimidate the people in the store that they would not interfere with his plan to rob the store.
The jury found as aggravating circumstances that the murder was committed for pecuniary gain and the murder was part of a course of conduct which included the commission of other crimes of violence against other persons.
The defendant cites several robbery murder cases in which the juries have recommended a sentence of life in prison. State v. Massey, 316 N.C. 558, 342 S.E.2d 811 (1986); State v. Miller, 315 N.C. 773, 340 S.E.2d 290 (1986); State v. Wilson, 313 N.C. 516, 330 S.E.2d 450 (1985); State v. Bauguss, 310 N.C. 259, 311 S.E.2d 248, cert. denied, 469 U.S. 838, 105 S. Ct. 136, 83 L. Ed. 2d 76 (1984); State v. Whisenant, 308 N.C. 791, 303 S.E.2d 784 (1983); State v. Fox, 305 N.C. 280, 287 S.E.2d 887 (1982); State v. Hunt, 305 N.C. 238, 287 S.E.2d 818 (1982); State v. Easterling, 300 N.C. 594, 268 S.E.2d 800 (1980); State v. Avery, 299 N.C. 126, 261 S.E.2d 803 (1980); State v. Atkinson, 298 N.C. 673, 259 S.E.2d 858 (1979). He contends that the murder committed in this case is no more egregious than any of the murders committed in those cases. We believe all those cases are distinguishable. In Massey, Wilson, Bauguss, Easterling, Avery, and Atkinson the defendants were convicted of felony murder. This means the juries did not have to find the defendants intentionally killed the victims. In this case, the defendant pled guilty to a charge of first degree murder which would include an intentional killing with premeditation and deliberation.
In Miller, the defendant was convicted of first degree murder when a person with whom he was acting in concert killed a man. In this case, the defendant did the killing. Fox and Hunt involved two brutal murders, but in neither case was the aggravating circumstance found, as it was in this case, that the defendant was engaged in a course of conduct which included the commission of crimes of violence against other persons. In Whisenant, the defendant was convicted of two murders which occurred after he had entered the home of an elderly man. The facts, as revealed in the opinion in that case, do not approach the deliberate and cold blooded murder that occurred in this case.
The defendant also relies on State v. Stokes, 319 N.C. 1, 352 S.E.2d 653 (1987) and State v. Young, 312 N.C. 669, 325 S.E.2d 181 (1985), two cases in which the juries recommended death sentences which we found disproportionate. In Stokes, the defendant was convicted of felony murder which distinguishes it from this case. In Young, the aggravating circumstance was not found that the defendant's course of conduct included the crimes of violence against other persons. This Court in Young used the absence of this aggravating circumstance to distinguish that case from cases in which the death penalty was imposed. Id. at 691, 325 S.E.2d  at 194.
There are cases similar to this case in which the death penalty has been imposed. In State v. Lawson, 310 N.C. 632, 314 S.E.2d 493 (1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1120, 105 S. Ct. 2368, 86 L. Ed. 2d 267 (1985), the defendant shot two people, killing one of them, when they surprised him after he had broken into a home. One of the aggravating circumstances found by the jury was that the murder was part of a course of conduct which involved a crime of violence against another person. We said in that case that of the fourteen cases then in the pool in which the death penalty had been affirmed, this aggravating circumstance had been found in seven of them. Id. at 648, 314 S.E.2d  at 503. In State v. Williams, 305 N.C. 656, 292 S.E.2d 243 (1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1189, 103 S. Ct. 839, 74 L. Ed. 2d 1031 (1983), we affirmed the imposition of a death sentence when a person was killed in a robbery and the jury found the course of conduct aggravating circumstance. In State v. Gardner, 311 N.C. 489, 319 S.E.2d 591 (1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1230, 105 S. Ct. 1232, 84 L. Ed. 2d 369 (1985) and State v. Oliver, 309 N.C. 326, 307 S.E.2d 304 (1983), death sentences *66 were affirmed for killings during robberies.
We are confident that death penalties are being consistently imposed in this state for murders such as the one involved in this case. The defendant's sentence was not disproportionate.
NO ERROR.
EXUM, Chief Justice, concurring.
I concur with the result reached by the majority in this case, but I disagree with the majority's handling of defendant's first assignment of error.
When the second juror was excused for cause after stating that he would have difficulty following the court's instructions concerning the meaning of a life sentence, defense counsel conducted a voir dire of another juror. Following this voir dire, the defense had to decide which of six prospective jurors then remaining in the courtroom and earlier passed by the state it would accept. There was a discussion off the record between defense counsel and defendant. The following colloquy then occurred:
As I read the foregoing colloquy, the trial court declined to permit defense counsel to question the six jurors remaining in the courtroom regarding whether they could follow the court's instructions concerning the meaning of a life sentence apparently on the ground that none of these jurors had expressed concern on this point. The trial court did, however, after much discussion, rule that it would permit defense counsel to ask these jurors whether they knew of any reason they could not follow the trial court's instructions on the law. Apparently believing, as the majority surmises, that further questioning on the point would not produce revelations helpful to him, defendant declined to make this inquiry, electing instead to excuse peremptorily three of the six jurors and to accept three.
Having not pursued this line of inquiry even to the extent permitted by the court, I think defendant has waived any right to complain about the trial court's refusal to permit him to ask the more specific question relating to the trial court's earlier instruction on the meaning of a life sentence.
Neither do I believe the trial court's handling of this issue amounted to error. Defendant did not seek to inquire of the remaining prospective jurors concerning their ability to follow the trial court's instructions on the meaning of a life sentence immediately upon the excusal of the second juror for cause. Had he done so, the issue having been raised before these jurors and being fresh in their minds, I would agree with the majority that refusal on the part of the trial court to permit the inquiry would have been error. Defendant though, proceeded to question another prospective juror at some length concerning her general views and attitudes toward the death penalty. It was not until after this questioning occurred that defendant asked to reopen the parole eligibility issue with the remaining prospective jurors who had not indicated a problem with it. The trial court ruled that it would not permit reopening of the parole eligibility issue at that time but that it would permit defendant to ask generally whether the remaining jurors could follow the court's instructions on the law. Under these circumstances I think it was within the trial court's discretion to handle the matter as it did, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion.