Title: In re Andrea F.

State: illinois

Issuer: Illinois Supreme Court

Document:

Docket No. 93595-Agenda 6-November 2002.
In re ANDREA F., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois et al., 
	 							Appellants, v. T.F., Appellee).
Opinion filed December 18, 2003.
	
	JUSTICE RARICK delivered the opinion of the court:
	The State and the Department of Children and Family Services
(DCFS) appeal from a judgment of the appellate court reversing the circuit
court's termination of T.F.'s parental rights. The circuit court of
Winnebago County adjudicated T.F. an unfit parent, terminated his
parental rights to his daughter, Andrea, and appointed DCFS guardian of
Andrea with the power to consent to adoption. The appellate court
reversed, finding that the circuit court failed to comply with section 1-5(3)
of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Act) (705 ILCS 405/1-5(3) (West
1996)) because it did not admonish T.F. that if he should fail to cooperate
with the DCFS, comply with the terms of the service plans, and correct
the conditions that required to Andrea to be in its care, he risked
termination of his parental rights. The appellate court remanded the cause
to the circuit court for a new dispositional hearing pursuant to section
2-22 of the Act. 327 Ill. App. 3d 1072. This court granted leave to
appeal. 177 Ill. 2d R. 315. For the following reasons, we reverse the
judgement of the appellate court and affirm the judgment of the circuit
court.
	On November 6, 1995, the State filed separate petitions of abuse
and neglect with respect to Andrea and S.H., T.F.'s daughter and
stepdaughter, respectively. In the first petition, the State alleged in count
I that T.F. had sexually abused Andrea, and alleged in count II that T.F.
had neglected Andrea, in that he had placed her at risk of harm by
sexually abusing S.H. In the second petition, the State alleged in count I
that T.F. had sexually abused S.H., and alleged in count II that T.F. had
neglected S.H., in that he had placed her at risk of harm by sexually
abusing Andrea.
	At his first appearance on December 1, 1995, the circuit court
admonished T.F. that if either allegation were found to be true, or if the
court found that the parents were unable to adequately care for, protect,
train, or discipline the children, the children could be declared wards of the
court, removed from the custody of one or both parents, and placed under
the guardianship of DCFS. The trial court also admonished T.F as to his
rights under sections 1-5(1) and 1-5(2) of the Act. T.F. was not
specifically advised that his parental rights could be terminated if he should
fail to cooperate with DCFS, comply with the terms of the service plans,
or correct the conditions that caused Andrea to be in DCFS's care.
	The adjudication hearing began on May 2, 1996, and continued
through July 2, 1996, at which time the trial court found that the allegations
of each petition had been proved by a preponderance of the evidence.
Following a dispositional hearing on July 30, 1996, the trial court declared
Andrea and S.H. to be wards of the court. C.J., Andrea's mother, was
given custody and guardianship of Andrea, and both parents were ordered
to cooperate with DCFS and participate in any counseling DCFS
recommended. Again, T.F. was not specifically told that his parental rights
could be terminated if he should fail to cooperate with DCFS. T.F.
appealed.
	The appellate court found that while there was sufficient evidence to
support the finding that T.F. had sexually abused S.H., there was
insufficient evidence to support the finding that T.F. had sexually abused
Andrea. Thus, in Andrea's case, the appellate court affirmed the judgment
on count II (neglect based on an injurious environment resulting from
sexual abuse of S.H.), but reversed the judgment on count I (sexual abuse
of Andrea). In S.H.'s case, the appellate court reversed the judgment on
count II (neglect based on an injurious environment resulting from sexual
abuse of Andrea) but affirmed the judgment on count I (sexual abuse of
S.H.). In re A.F., No. 2-96-1050 (1997) (unpublished order under
Supreme Court Rule 23).
	T.F. subsequently filed a motion to modify the order of disposition.
Following a hearing on May 11, 1998,(1) the trial court entered a modified
order of adjudication finding that Andrea was neglected, in conformity
with the decision of the appellate court. The order of disposition was not
modified. In July 1998, DCFS was given custody and guardianship of
Andrea.
	On August 11, 2000, the State filed a petition to terminate the
parental rights of T.F. and C.J. with respect to Andrea and to appoint
DCFS as guardian of Andrea with the power to consent to adoption. The
petition alleged that T.F. and C.J. were unfit parents in that: one, they had
failed to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern or responsibility
as to Andrea's welfare; two, they had substantially neglected Andrea in
a continuous or repeated manner; and three, they had failed to make
reasonable efforts to correct the conditions that were the basis of the
removal or to make reasonable progress toward the return of Andrea to
them within nine months after an adjudication of neglect or abuse.
	Immediately prior to the hearing on the petition, C.J. surrendered her
parental rights to Andrea. Following the hearing, the trial court found that
the State had demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence that T.F.
had failed to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern or
responsibility for Andrea, and had failed to make reasonable efforts to
correct the conditions that led to Andrea's removal and failed to make
reasonable efforts toward her return. The trial court found the evidence
insufficient to prove that T.F. had substantially neglected Andrea in a
repeated or continuous manner. Following a best interests hearing on
September 6, 2001, the trial court terminated T.F.'s parental rights and
authorized the DCFS to consent to her adoption. T.F. appealed.
	The appellate court reversed, holding that the circuit court's failure
to admonish T.F. that his failure to cooperate with DCFS, comply with the
service plans, or correct the conditions that caused Andrea to be in
DCFS's care could result in the termination of his parental rights violated
section 1-5(3) of the Act and deprived T.F. of a fair determination of his
parental rights. The appellate court acknowledged that under the version
of section 1-5(3) in effect at the time of the initial adjudication of neglect
and abuse, and at the time of the order of disposition, there was no
specific requirement that courts admonish parents regarding the
termination of their parental rights. The court concluded, however, that the
rights set forth in section 1-5(3) would be "meaningless if the parents
[were] unaware of them." 327 Ill. App. 3d at 1076. Noting that parents
have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and control of their
children, the appellate court concluded that "the legislature intended that
the trial courts inform the parents of all of their rights to the proceedings,
including what they must do to retain their parental rights to their children"
(327 Ill. App. 3d at 1077), and that while "the primary concern expressed
by the Act is the best interest of the child *** the due process right of the
parent outweighs our desire for conclusiveness" (327 Ill. App. 3d at
1079).
	T.F. also argued that the adjudication of unfitness was contrary to the
manifest weight of the evidence and that the trial court violated his fifth
amendment right not to incriminate himself because the findings of unfitness
were improperly based on his refusal to admit that he had sexually abused
S.H. The appellate court declined to address these arguments, other than
to note that on remand DCFS could not compel therapy treatment that
would require T.F. to incriminate himself and that the trial court could not
base its decision to terminate parental rights on T.F.'s refusal to admit to
a crime. 327 Ill. App. 3d at 1080.
	Prior to addressing the merits of the appellant's argument, we must
consider whether this appeal should be dismissed as moot. At oral
argument, counsel for the State disclosed that several days earlier, T.F.
had executed a surrender of his parental rights.
	The existence of an actual controversy is an essential requisite to
appellate jurisdiction, and courts of review will generally not decide
abstract, hypothetical, or moot questions. Steinbrecher v. Steinbrecher,
197 Ill. 2d 514, 523 (2001). An appeal is considered moot where it
presents no actual controversy or where the issues have ceased to exist.
Richardson v. Rock Island County Officers Electoral Board, 179 Ill. 2d 252, 256 (1997), quoting First National Bank of Waukegan v.
Kusper, 98 Ill. 2d 226, 233 (1983), quoting People v. Redlich, 402 Ill. 270, 278-79 (1949). The test for mootness is whether the issues involved
in the trial court no longer exist because intervening events have rendered
it impossible for the reviewing court to grant effectual relief to the
complaining party. In re A Minor, 127 Ill. 2d 247, 255 (1989). A
reviewing court can take judicial notice of events which, while not
appearing in the record, disclose that an actual controversy no longer
exists, rendering the issue before the court moot. Dixon v. Chicago &
North Western Transportation Co., 151 Ill. 2d 108, 116-17 (1992).
Where the issue or issues before the court have become moot, the appeal
will generally be dismissed.
	Notwithstanding these general rules, a reviewing court may
nevertheless review an otherwise moot issue pursuant to the public interest
exception to the mootness doctrine. Richardson, 179 Ill. 2d  at 256. The
criteria for application of the public interest exception are: (1) the public
nature of the question; (2) the desirability of an authoritative determination
for the purpose of guiding public officers; and (3) the likelihood that the
question will recur. In re A Minor, 127 Ill. 2d  at 257.
	The issue in this case clearly falls within the public interest exception.
The question of whether circuit courts were required under former section
1-5(3) of the Act to admonish parents that they risked termination of their
parental rights if they failed to cooperate with DCFS is one of public
importance. Further, the circumstances are likely to recur because, as the
State points out, the appellate court's decision threatens to disturb a great
number of dispositions under the Act where the initial court appearance,
adjudicatory hearing, or dispositional hearing occurred prior to January 1,
1998. For this reason, authoritative guidance from this court is required.
	This determination does not conflict with our pervious holdings in In
re Adoption of Walgreen, 186 Ill. 2d 362 (1999), In re India B., 202 Ill. 2d 522 (2002), and In re J.B., 204 Ill. 2d 383 (2003).
	In Walgreen, Charles and Kathleen Walgreen filed a petition to
adopt two of their grandchildren, arguing that the children's biological
mother, Loren, was unfit. DCFS was granted leave to intervene. The trial
court denied the Walgreens' petition based on its finding that several
provisions of the Adoption Act were unconstitutional. Subsequent to the
Walgreens' direct appeal to this court, Loren consented to the adoption.
Loren and the Walgreens agreed to dismissal of the appeal on mootness
grounds, but DCFS argued that this court should address the issues raised
in the case in order to provide guidance for future cases. We declined to
do so, stating that a court should not resolve questions merely for the sake
of setting precedent to govern potential cases. With respect to the public
interest exception, we concluded that the exception did not apply. We
acknowledged that the question of whether the challenged statutory
provisions were constitutional was one of public importance, but found no
need for authoritative determination for the future guidance of public
officers because various panels of the appellate court had considered
similar constitutional challenges to the provision in question and had
consistently found them to be constitutional. Walgreen, 186 Ill. 2d  at 364-66.
	In the present case, by contrast, it was the appellate court, rather
than a circuit court, which held in a written opinion that the pre-January 1,
1998, version of section 1-5(3) required trial courts to admonish parents
that they had to cooperate with DCFS and comply with the service plans
or risk termination of their parental rights. This is an incorrect statement of
the law which, if allowed to stand, will, as the State has argued, disturb a
great number of dispositions under the Act where the initial court
appearance, adjudicatory hearing, or dispositional hearing occurred prior
to January 1, 1998.
	In In re India B., the circuit court entered a default judgement
terminating the parental rights of Denise S. and appointing DCFS as
guardian with the power to consent to adoption. Her motion to vacate the
default order was denied and the children were subsequently adopted.
Denise S. appealed, arguing that she was denied due process and the right
to counsel when the circuit court barred her from presenting either a
defense or further pleadings as a sanction for failing to appear at her
parental fitness hearing. The appellate court affirmed (In re India B., No.
1-99-3433 (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23)), and we
granted leave to appeal. In response to the State's motion to dismiss the
appeal as moot, Denise S. argued that the public interest exception
applied because there was conflicting appellate authority on the
appropriate application of Supreme Court Rule 219(c) sanctions in cases
involving termination of parental rights. Without undertaking an
examination of her argument on appeal, we noted that each appellate case
she cited was decided on its own peculiar facts, and that the cases were
not irreconcilably conflicting. In re India B., 202 Ill. 2d  at 543.
	In re India B. is clearly distinguishable from the present case. The
only grounds for invoking the public interest exception advanced by the
appellant was that there was conflicting appellate authority. This court
determined that the appellate cases cited by the appellant were not in
conflict. Thus, appellant failed to show that there was a need for an
authoritative determination by this court for future guidance. In the present
case, the State's argument for invoking the public interest exception is not
based on the need to resolve conflicting precedent.
	Finally, in In re J.B., Wanda B. appealed the circuit court's finding
that she was unfit and its termination of her parental rights. During the
pendency of her appeal, the children were adopted. In her appeal to this
court, she argued that section 1(D)(q) of the Adoption Act was
unconstitutional. In response to the State's motion to dismiss the appeal
as moot, Wanda B. argued that the public interest exception applied.
Finding that we were presented with the same scenario as in In re India
B., we reached the same conclusion-the public interest exception did not
apply. In re J.B., 204 Ill. 2d  at 387-89.
	As with Walgreen and India B., we find that In re J.B. is
distinguishable and does not preclude us from invoking the public interest
exception to the mootness doctrine. We now turn to an analysis of the
merits of the appellant's arguments.
	The question of whether the trial court was required by section
1-5(3) to admonish T.F. that he risked losing his parental rights if he
should fail to cooperate with DCFS is one of statutory interpretation. The
primary goal in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the
intent of the legislature. In re C.W., 199 Ill. 2d 198, 211 (2002).
Legislative intent is best ascertained by examining the language of the
statute itself. Yang v. City of Chicago, 195 Ill. 2d 96, 103 (2001).
Where the language is clear and unambiguous, there is no need to resort
to aids of statutory construction, and courts must give effect to the statute
as written, without reading into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions that
the legislature did not express. In re D.L., 191 Ill. 2d 1, 9 (2000), quoting
Garza v. Navistar International Transportation Corp., 172 Ill. 2d 373, 378 (1996), quoting Solich v. George & Anna Portes Cancer
Prevention Center of Chicago, Inc., 158 Ill. 2d 76, 83 (1994).
	 Prior to January 1, 1998, section 1-5 of the Act provided in
pertinent part:
			"Rights of parties to proceedings.
			* * *
			(3) *** At the first appearance before the court by the minor
[and] his parents *** the court shall explain the nature of the
proceedings and inform the parties of their rights under the first
2 paragraphs of this Section." 705 ILCS 405/1-5(3) (West
1996).
	The clear and unambiguous language of the version of section 1-5(3)
in effect at the relevant times required courts to inform the parties of their
rights under the first two paragraphs of that section. Paragraph 1 provided
that the minor and his parents had the right to be present, to be heard, to
present evidence, to cross-examine witnesses, to examine court files and
records, and to be represented by counsel. 705 ILCS 405/1-5(1) (West
1996). Subsection (2) provided that any current or previously appointed
foster parent or representative of an agency or institution interested in the
minor had the right to notice, to be heard, and, in certain circumstances,
to intervene. 705 ILCS 405/1-5(2) (West 1996). Nothing in either
subsection (1) or (2) provided that parents had the right to be admonished
that they risked having their parental rights terminated if they failed to
cooperate with DCFS. Thus, prior to January 1, 1998, section 1-5(3) did
not require trial courts to admonish parents that they risked having their
parental rights terminated if they failed to cooperate with DCFS.
	Section 1-5(3) was amended, effective January 1, 1998, to require
trial courts to admonish parents that they "must cooperate with [DCFS],
comply with the terms of the service plans, and correct the conditions that
require[d] the child to be in care, or risk termination of their parental
rights" (705 ILCS 405/1-5(3), 2-21(1), 2-22(6) (West 1998)). This
admonishment is required on three occasions: at the first appearance if the
child is alleged to be abused, neglected, or dependent; following the
adjudication hearing if the child is adjudicated to be abused, neglected or
dependent; and following the dispositional hearing if the child is declared
a ward of the court. 705 ILCS 405/1-5(3) (West 1998). In the present
case, all three events took place prior to January 1, 1998, the effective
date of the amendment. Thus, the amended version of section 1-5(3) did
not apply to T.F.
	Because section 1-5(3) did not, prior to January 1, 1998, require
trial courts to admonish parents that they risked termination of their
parental rights if they failed to cooperate with DCFS or comply with the
terms of the service plans, the trial court in the present case did not violate
section 1-5(3) by failing to give such an admonishment to T.F.
	In support of its position, the appellate court noted that the amended
version of section 1-5(3) was in effect at the time of the hearing on the
motion to modify the order of disposition. This is not, however, one of the
three points at which the amended statute requires the admonishment.
Moreover, the trial court did not modify the order of disposition, but
rather modified its order of adjudication to find that Andrea was
neglected, in accordance with the appellate court's order. In so doing, the
trial court heard no new evidence and made no new findings, and the
original finding of neglect remained undisturbed. Under such
circumstances, the trial court was not required by the amended version
section 1-5(3) to admonish T.F. at the May 11, 1998, hearing on the
motion to modify.
	As noted above, the appellate court acknowledged that under the
version of section 1-5(3) in effect at the time of the dispositional order,
there was no specific requirement that trial courts admonish parents
concerning termination of their rights. After noting that the dispositional
hearing serves a crucial role in allowing the trial court to balance the
parents' fundamental liberty interest in raising their children with the state's
obligation to protect the best interests of the child, however, the appellate
court concluded that the legislature intended that trial courts must inform
patents of all of their rights to the proceedings, including what they must
do to retain their rights to their children. 327 Ill. App. 3d at 1077. Thus,
the court ruled that, as a matter of due process, section 1-5(3)'s
requirement that T.F. be informed of the nature of the proceedings
included the right to be admonished that he risked termination of his
parental rights if he failed to cooperate with DCFS or to comply with the
terms of its service plans. 327 Ill. App. 3d at 1079. In support of its
position, the court relied upon In re Moore, 87 Ill. App. 3d 1117 (1980),
and In re Smith, 77 Ill. App. 3d 1048 (1979).
	In Smith, L.S. consented to having her child, A.S., placed in the
temporary custody of DCFS until an adjudicatory hearing could be held.
The trial court admonished L.S. that she was entitled to have an attorney
at that hearing. L.S. acknowledged that she had such a right, but chose not
to exercise it. Following the adjudicatory hearing, the trial court found
A.S. to be neglected and placed him in the temporary custody of DCFS,
pending the dispositional hearing. Following that hearing, the trial court
removed A.S. from the custody of his parents and placed him in the
permanent custody of DCFS. In re Smith, 77 Ill. App. 3d at 1049-52.
	L.S. appealed, arguing inter alia, that the trial court failed to advise
her of her rights and the nature of the proceedings, as required by
subsection (3) of section 1-20 of the Juvenile Court Act (Ill. Rev. Stat.
1977, ch. 37, par. 701-20(3)), which provided that at their first
appearance, parents were to be informed of the nature of the proceedings
and their rights under subsections (1) and (2) of section 1-20. The
appellate court held that while there was little authority as to what would
constitute adequate admonitions under section 1-20, the statutory
language clearly imposed a mandatory duty on the trial court to inform the
parties of the nature of the proceedings and that, at a minimum, this
included a duty to admonish parents that the child may become a ward of
the court and that they may lose custody of their child. Applying this
principle to the case before it, the court concluded that the trial court erred
in failing to admonish L.S at her first appearance that she could lose
custody of her son. The court noted that there was no showing in the
record that L.S. had agreed to DCFS's taking permanent custody of her
son, or that she was even aware that such action was possible. In fact, the
court further noted, a DCFS social worker had told L.S. at the
adjudicatory hearing that DCFS wanted to return her son to her the
following summer. Thus, the court concluded that in the absence of any
admonitions as to the nature of the dispositional proceedings or that she
could lose permanent custody of her son, L.S. was unprepared to
challenge the State when it sought permanent custody at the dispositional
hearing. In re Smith, 77 Ill. App. 3d at 1053-54.
	In Moore, the trial court found E.M. to be neglected and, following
a dispositional hearing, awarded custody to E.M.'s grandmother. J.B.,
E.M.'s mother, appealed, arguing that she was denied due process where
the trial court failed to explain to her the nature of the adjudicatory
proceedings, and that such failure violated section 1-20 of the Juvenile
Court Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 37, par. 701-20). The appellate court
held that because the record did not affirmatively demonstrate that J.B.
was aware of the nature of the adjudicatory proceedings, her rights under
section 1-20 were denied. Citing Smith, the court in Moore held that a
new adjudicatory hearing is required when it is not apparent that the
parent was aware of his or her rights or that the proceedings could result
in the loss of custody of the child. In re Moore, 87 Ill. App. 3d at 1120-22.
	Neither Smith nor Moore support the appellate court's position. In
Smith, L.S. was not represented by counsel and had been led to believe
that her loss of custody was temporary. Because she was not admonished
as to the nature of the dispositional proceedings, she was unable to
knowingly and intelligently exercise her various procedural rights. In
Moore, the court held that a new adjudicatory hearing was required
because it was not apparent from the record that J.B. was aware of her
rights or that she could lose custody of her child. These cases stand only
for the proposition that in proceedings under the Act, parents must be
made aware that they could lose custody of their children and that their
children could become wards of the court. They do not support the
proposition for which the appellate court cited to them: that parents must
be specifically admonished that they must cooperate with DCFS and
comply with the terms of the service plans.
	In any event, we find that in this case T.F. was not denied due
process by the court's failure to give the admonishment in question.
	A parent has a fundamental due process right to the care, custody
and control of his or her children, but that right is subject to termination.
In re M.H., 196 Ill. 2d 356, 362-63 (2001). Because a parental rights
termination proceeding implicates a fundamental liberty interest, the
procedures employed in this type of proceeding must comply with the
requirements of procedural due process. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 749, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599, 604, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1392 (1982); In re
M.H., 196 Ill. 2d  at 363. In Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18, 96 S. Ct. 893 (1976), the Supreme Court identified three
factors to be considered in determining what due process requires in
proceedings implicating fundamental liberty interests: (1) the private
interest implicated by the official action; (2) the risk of an erroneous
deprivation of that interest through the proceedings used, and the probable
value, if any, of additional or substitute safeguards; and (3) the
government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and
administrative burdens that the additional or substitute safeguards would
entail. Mathews, 424 U.S.  at 335, 47 L. Ed. 2d  at 33, 96 S. Ct.  at 903.
These same factors are considered in resolving what procedural
safeguards are required by the due process clause of the Illinois
constitution. See People v. Gerke, 123 Ill. 2d 85, 90 (1998). Although
the issue in Mathews was whether the due process clause of the fifth
amendment required an evidentiary hearing prior to the termination of a
recipients Social Security disability payments, both the Supreme Court
and this court have applied the Mathews factors to cases involving the
termination of parental rights. Lassiter v. Department of Social Services,
452 U.S. 18, 31, 68 L. Ed. 2d 640, 652, 101 S. Ct. 2153, 2161-62
(1981); In re M.H., 196 Ill. 2d  at 363-64.
	Applying the Mathews factors to the facts of the present case, we
conclude that T.F. was not denied due process by the trial court's failure
to specifically admonish him that he risked termination of his parental rights
if he failed to cooperate with DCFS or comply with the terms of the
service plans. This court has previously held a parent's right to the care,
custody and control of his or her child is a fundamental right that courts
will not terminate lightly. In re Paul, 101 Ill. 2d 345, 351-52 (1984). We
find that the risk that T.F. was erroneously deprived of that interest as a
result of the failure to give the admonishment in question is minimal
because the record amply demonstrates that T.F. was aware of the need
to cooperate with DCFS and that his parental rights could be terminated.
	The record reveals that T.F. was admonished at his first appearance
that his children could be declared wards of the court and removed from
his custody. At the conclusion of the adjudicatory hearing, that trial court
expressed its concern about "termination proceedings." Following the
dispositional hearing, the court ordered T.F. to cooperate with DCFS and
to participate in any and all counseling services DCFS recommended. At
a hearing on February 25, 1997, T.F.'s attorney argued that it would be
unfair "to terminate his rights" because he refused to admit in sex offender
counseling that he had sexually abused his children. Thus, the record in the
present case clearly demonstrates that T.F. was well aware of his need to
cooperate with DCFS and that termination of his parental rights was a
possibility.
	Appellants also argue that, assuming this cause is remanded to the
trial court, the appellate court erred in holding that T.F. could not be
required to admit in sexual abuse counseling that he sexually abused S.H.
because the applicable statute of limitations for any such criminal offense
has expired. They further argue that the finding of unfitness was not
contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. Given our disposition of
appellants' principal argument, we need not address these arguments.
	We hold that, prior to January 1, 1998, section 1-5(3) did not
require the trial courts to admonish parents that they risked having their
parental rights terminated if they failed to cooperate with DCFS or comply
with the terms of the service plans. For the foregoing reasons, we vacate
the judgment of the appellate court and affirm the judgment of the circuit
court.
Appellate court judgment vacated;
circuit court judgment affirmed.
	The majority purports to hold that "prior to January 1, 1998, section
1-5(3) did not require the trial courts to admonish parents that they risked
having their parental rights terminated if they failed to cooperate with
DCFS or comply with the terms of the service plans." Slip op. at 13.
However, this is not, in fact, what the majority decides. The majority
merely determines that, under the circumstances presented in the case at
bar, T.F.'s due process rights were not violated by the trial court's failure
to admonish him of the need to cooperate with DCFS. The majority fails
to provide any analysis on the broader issue which it claims to be
addressing under the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine.
Because the majority does not reach the issue which is its only justification
for assuming jurisdiction over this appeal, the public interest exception is
not satisfied. For this reason, I respectfully dissent.
	In the case at bar, the circuit court granted the State's petition to
terminate the parental rights of Andrea's father, T.F., after finding that T.F.
was unfit because he: (1) failed to maintain a reasonable degree of interest,
concern or responsibility for Andrea, and (2) failed to make reasonable
efforts to correct conditions which led to Andrea's removal or to make
reasonable progress toward Andrea's return within the nine months
following adjudication. The appellate court reversed the termination order,
holding that the circuit court violated section 1-5(3) of the Juvenile Court
Act and T.F.'s due process rights because the court failed to admonish
T.F. at the time of T.F.'s first appearance before the court, at the time of
Andrea's adjudication, and at the time of the dispositional hearing that his
parental rights could be terminated if he should fail to cooperate with
DCFS, comply with DCFS service plans, or correct conditions that
caused Andrea to be removed from T.F.'s custody. We granted the
State's petition for leave to appeal to decide whether the failure to give the
particular admonishments at issue here was a statutory violation which
implicated constitutional rights.
	Before 1998, section 1-5(3) of the Act required courts to "explain
the nature of the proceedings and inform the parties of their rights under
the first two paragraphs of this Section." 705 ILCS 405/1-5(3) (West
1996). The rights afforded by these paragraphs included the right to be
present, the right to be heard, the right to present evidence, the right to
cross-examine witnesses, the right to examine court files and records, and
the right to be represented by counsel. 705 ILCS 405/1-5(1) (West
1996). Section 1-5(3) was amended by Public Act 90-28, effective
January 1, 1998. It requires the circuit court to admonish parents at the
time of their first appearance, upon adjudication, and following the
dispositional hearing, that they "must cooperate with [DCFS], comply with
the terms of the service plans, and correct the conditions that require the
child to be in care, or risk termination of their parental rights" 705 ILCS
405/1-5(3), 2-21(1), 2-22(6) (West 1998).
	In the case at bar, all of the relevant hearings-first appearance,
adjudication and disposition-took place prior to January 1, 1998. The
appellate court agreed that the pre-amended version did not explicitly
require the admonishments at issue here, but held that the statute
implicitly required the court to give these admonishments as part of its
duty to inform parents of their rights regarding the "nature of the
proceedings" and because the failure to so admonish parents would be a
violation of the parents' due process rights.
	The appeal in this matter has been rendered moot by the fact that
T.F. has subsequently executed a surrender of his parental rights. The
majority, however, finds that the public interest exception to the mootness
doctrine should be applied to consider "whether circuit courts were
required under former section 1-5(3) of the Act to admonish parents that
they risked termination of their parental rights if they failed to cooperate
with DCFS." Slip op. at 5. The public interest exception applies, the
majority claims, because the State has asserted that "the appellate court's
decision threatens to disturb a great number of dispositions under the Act
where the initial court appearance, adjudicatory hearing, or dispositional
hearing occurred prior to January 1, 1998." Slip op. at 5.
	The issue of public importance, to justify the invocation of the public
interest exception, therefore, is the correctness of the appellate court's
determination that "as a matter of due process, section 1-5(3)'s
requirement that [parents] be informed of the nature of the proceedings
included the right to be admonished that [they] risked termination of [their]
parental rights if [they] failed to cooperate with DCFS or to comply with
the terms of [the] service plan." Slip op. at 9. However, this is not the
issue which the majority answers.
	The majority cites Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18, 96 S. Ct. 893 (1976), for the factors to be considered when
determining what process is due in proceedings implicating fundamental
liberty interests. While purporting to apply these factors to the present
case, the majority, in essence, engages in harmless error review, holding:
		"We find that the risk that T.F. was erroneously deprived of [the
fundamental interest in the care, custody and control of his child]
as a result of the failure to give the admonishment in question is
minimal because the record amply demonstrates that T.F. was
aware of the need to cooperate with DCFS and that his
parental rights could be terminated." (Emphasis added.) Slip
op. at 12.
	Thus, the majority answers a question which is quite narrow, i.e.,
whether T.F.'s due process rights were violated. The issue of public
importance, and the one which purportedly threatens to disturb a great
number of other dispositions, is much broader: whether the requirement
in former section 1-5(3) that circuit courts inform parents of the nature
of the proceedings includes, as a matter of due process, the requirement
that circuit courts admonish parents that they risked the termination of their
parental rights if they failed to cooperate with DCFS.
	As it stands, the majority does not resolve the issue which threatens
to disturb the "great number of dispositions under the Act where the initial
court appearance, adjudicatory hearing, or dispositional hearing occurred
prior to January 1, 1998." Employing the majority's analysis, each case
will have to be examined to determine whether the record demonstrates
that the parent knew of his or her rights. Moreover, the majority's opinion
provides no guidance on the question of whether due process requires the
admonishments in question in those instances where the record fails to
affirmatively demonstrate that the parent was aware of the need to
cooperate with DCFS. Thus, the public interest rationale for reviewing this
appeal as an exception to the mootness doctrine is completely lost.
	If the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine is to apply
in this case, this court should and must decide whether, under former
section 1-5(3), parents had to be admonished at the initial hearing, at
adjudication, and at disposition, that they were required to cooperate with
DCFS and comply with the service plans or risk termination of their
parental rights and whether the failure to so admonish parents was a due
process violation which requires that orders terminating their parental
rights be reversed. Although the majority purports to answer this question,
the analysis reveals that the question is still open. For this reason, I
respectfully dissent.
	JUSTICE FREEMAN joins in this dissent.
	I respectfully dissent. This appeal is moot and should be dismissed.
Not only does this court lack jurisdiction to decide this case because there
is no actual controversy, it fails to meet the rigid requirements of the public
policy exception to the mootness doctrine. This court's function is to
decide controverted issues between real parties. Richardson v. Rock
Island County Officers Electoral Board, 179 Ill. 2d 252, 256 (1997).
It is not a function of this court to issue advisory opinions that have no
effect whatsoever on the rights of the parties or the outcome of the case
before the court.
	This court's jurisdiction is restricted to cases that present an actual
controversy. Steinbrecher v. Steinbrecher, 197 Ill. 2d 514, 523 (2001).
The existence of a real controversy is not a mere technicality; rather, it is
a prerequisite to the exercise of this court's jurisdiction. In re Adoption
of Walgreen, 186 Ill. 2d 362, 365 (1999). Today's opinion fails to follow
the standards for applying the mootness exception as announced in In re
J.B., 204 Ill. 2d 382 (2003), In re Tekela, 202 Ill. 2d 282 (2002), In re
India B., 202 Ill. 2d 522 (2002), and Walgreen, 186 Ill. 2d 362.
	The public policy exception to the mootness doctrine only exists
when the question involved (1) is of a substantial public nature, (2) an
authoritative determination for future guidance is needed, and (3) the
circumstances are likely to recur. Walgreen, 186 Ill. 2d  at 365;
Richardson, 179 Ill. 2d  at 256. This exception is to be narrowly
construed. J.B., 204 Ill. 2d  at 391; India B., 202 Ill. 2d  at 543;
Walgreen, 186 Ill. 2d  at 365.
	The question of whether circuit courts were required under the
former section 1-5(3) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS
405/1-5(3) (West 1996)) to admonish parents that they risked
termination of their parental rights if they failed to cooperate with DCFS
simply does not meet the rigid requirements of the public interest exception
to the mootness doctrine.
	The majority concludes that, although the case is moot because T.F.
voluntarily surrendered his parental rights several days before oral
argument, authoritative guidance from this court is required because the
State alleged during oral argument that "the appellate court's decision
threatens to disturb a great number of dispositions under the Act where
the initial court appearance, adjudicatory hearing, or dispositional hearing
occurred prior to January 1, 1998." Slip op. at 5. There is, however, no
factual basis in the record to support the conclusion that a great number
of dispositions, or, for that matter, any pre-1998 dispositions, are
threatened to be disturbed.
	This issue has not arisen in the past and it is almost certain not to
recur in the future. This court's authoritative guidance is not needed for
future cases because all post-1998 initial appearances, adjudications, and
dispositions are governed by the January 1, 1998, amendments to the Act,
requiring trial courts to admonish parents that they "must cooperate with
[DCFS], comply with the terms of the service plans, and correct the
conditions that require the child to be in care, or risk termination of their
parental rights" (705 ILCS 405/1-5(3), 2-21(1), 2-22(6) (West 1998)).
Moreover, the need for authoritative guidance is further diminished
because there are no conflicting precedents. Walgreen, 186 Ill. 2d  at
365-66.
	I also share the Chief Justice's concern that the majority fails to
address the very issue it uses to justify invoking the public interest
exception to the mootness doctrine. Slip op. at 13 (McMorrow, C.J.,
dissenting, joined by Freeman, J.). Instead, the majority employs a
harmless error analysis, while purporting to apply a due process analysis.
Since T.F. voluntary surrendered his parental rights, this due process issue
no longer exists, making it impossible for this court to grant either party
effectual relief.
	Accordingly, this appeal should be dismissed as moot.
	 
	 
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 	1The appellate court incorrectly states that this took place on October 11, 1998.