Title: Ross v. Missouri

State: missouri

Issuer: Missouri Supreme Court

Document:

SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI 
en banc 
 
 
RICKY CHEYENNE ROSS, 
 
  ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ) 
 
 
 
Appellant, 
 
  ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ) 
v. 
 
 
 
 
 
  ) 
No. SC90807 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ) 
STATE OF MISSOURI, 
 
 
  ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ) 
 
 
 
Respondent.  
  ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF GREENE COUNTY 
The Honorable Michael J. Cordonnier, Judge 
 
Opinion issued April 26, 2011 
 
Ricky C. Ross filed a Rule 24.035 motion challenging the constitutional validity of 
Missouri’s second-degree statutory rape statute, section 566.034,1 under which he was 
convicted and sentenced.  Because Mr. Ross failed to challenge the validity of the statute 
before pleading guilty to second-degree statutory rape, he waived his constitutional 
claim.  Accordingly, the judgment of the motion court overruling his motion for post-
conviction relief is affirmed. 
Factual and Procedural Background 
 
Mr. Ross was charged by information as a prior and persistent offender with one 
count of second-degree statutory rape, section 566.034.  On the day his case was set for 
                                             
 
1 Unless otherwise noted, all statutory references are to RSMo 2000. 
trial, Mr. Ross appeared in court and announced that he wished to plead guilty to spare 
the victim and her family from having to go through trial.  During his plea, Mr. Ross 
admitted that when he was 33 years old he had sexual intercourse with the victim, 
knowing she was 16 years of age.  He also admitted that he previously pleaded guilty in 
1999 to second-degree assault and in 1998 to second-degree statutory rape.  The trial 
court accepted Mr. Ross’ guilty plea, finding it was made freely, voluntarily, and 
intelligently and that there was a factual basis to support it.  The court further found a 
factual basis to support sentencing Mr. Ross as a prior and persistent offender because he 
previously pleaded guilty to two felonies.  The court sentenced Mr. Ross to 10 years 
imprisonment in the department of corrections. 
 
Thereafter, Mr. Ross sought post-conviction relief pursuant to Rule 24.035.2  In 
his amended Rule 24.035 motion, Mr. Ross claimed, inter alia, that section 566.034, the 
second-degree statutory rape statute under which he was convicted, was unconstitutional 
because it was adopted in violation of article III, section 23 of the Missouri Constitution, 
which prohibits bills from containing multiple subjects.3  After an evidentiary hearing, 
the motion court overruled Mr. Ross’ motion on March 1, 2010.  Mr. Ross appeals. 
In his sole point on appeal, Mr. Ross argues the motion court erred in denying his 
claim that section 566.034 was unconstitutional because S.B. 693 violated the single 
                                             
 
2 Mr. Ross’ pro se motion was filed December 22, 2008, and his counsel filed the 
amended motion April 27, 2009.  An evidentiary hearing was held December 22, 2009. 
3 The other claims raised in Mr. Ross’ amended Rule 24.035 motion are not at issue in 
this appeal. 
 
 
subject provision of article III, section 23 of the Missouri Constitution.  Specifically, Mr. 
Ross states that the version of section 566.034 under which he was convicted was passed 
by the General Assembly in 1994 as part of S.B. 693.  He claims that S.B. 693 violated 
the single subject provision of the constitution because the subject of the bill was sexual 
offenses, yet the bill enacted multiple statutory provisions that did not relate to sexual 
offenses.  He further claims the statutory provisions unrelated to sexual offenses enacted 
by S.B. 693 cannot be severed from the bill and, therefore, all of the provisions enacted 
by the bill are invalid.   
Because Mr. Ross’ appeal challenges the validity of section 566.034, this Court 
has exclusive appellate jurisdiction.  MO. CONST. art. V, sec. 3.  Although the Court does 
not reach Mr. Ross’ constitutional claim, it retains exclusive appellate jurisdiction.  See 
Williams v. Kimes, 949 S.W.2d 899, 899 (Mo. banc 1997). 
Standard of Review 
This Court reviews the motion court’s denial of post-conviction relief under Rule 
24.035 to determine if the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law are “clearly 
erroneous.”  Roberts v. State, 276 S.W.3d 833, 835 (Mo. banc 2009).  The motion court’s 
findings and conclusions are clearly erroneous only if, after reviewing the entire record, 
the Court is left with a definite and firm impression that a mistake was made.  Id. 
Challenges to the constitutional validity of a statute are waived if not raised at the 
first opportunity.  Feldhaus v. State, 311 S.W.3d 802, 804 (Mo. banc 2010); see also 
State v. Cella, 32 S.W.3d 114, 117 (Mo. banc 2000).  This Court avoids deciding a 
 
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constitutional question if the case can be fully resolved without reaching it.  Winfrey v. 
State, 242 S.W.3d 723, 725 n.2 (Mo. banc 2008). 
Discussion 
 
The Court need not reach the merits of Mr. Ross’ challenge to the validity of 
section 566.034 because he waived that claim by failing to raise it before pleading guilty 
to second-degree statutory rape.  In Feldhaus v. State, this Court recently held that a 
criminal defendant waives his right to challenge the constitutional validity of a statute 
under which he is sentenced by failing to raise the challenge before pleading guilty.  311 
S.W.3d at 805.  The Court stated that generally a guilty plea “‘voluntarily and 
understandably made waives all non-jurisdictional defects and defenses,’” which includes 
claims that a statute is unconstitutional.  Id. (internal citations omitted).  The Court noted 
that exceptions to the waiver rule, not relevant to that case, exist when “‘it can be 
determined on the face of the record that the court had no power to enter the 
conviction,’” such as double jeopardy claims.  Id. (emphasis in original).   
In Feldhaus, the defendant was charged as a chronic offender with one count of 
driving while intoxicated and one count of driving under the influence.  Id. at 803.  The 
defendant pleaded guilty to both counts and was sentenced as a chronic offender.  Id. at 
803-04.  Thereafter, the defendant filed a Rule 24.035 motion claiming the chronic 
offender statute was unconstitutional under the void-for-vagueness doctrine.  Id. at 804.  
The Court held the defendant waived his constitutional claim by raising it for the first 
time in his post-conviction relief motion.  Id. at 805.   The Court found that the defendant 
was required to raise his claim at the earliest opportunity and prior to pleading guilty.  Id. 
 
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In the present case, Mr. Ross did not challenge the validity of section 566.034 
until after he pleaded guilty.  He raised his constitutional claim for the first time in his 
amended Rule 24.035 motion.  Because the issue was not raised at the earliest possible 
opportunity, Mr. Ross waived his constitutional claim.  Id.  Accordingly, the Court will 
not address the merits of Mr. Ross’ challenge to the validity of section 566.034.                
Conclusion 
 
Because Mr. Ross failed to challenge the validity of section 566.034 before 
pleading guilty, he waived his constitutional claim.  The motion court did not clearly err 
in overruling his motion for post-conviction relief.  Accordingly, the judgment of the 
motion court is affirmed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
_________________________________  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   PATRICIA BRECKENRIDGE, JUDGE 
 
 
All concur.