Title: Kansas v. Bernhardt

State: kansas

Issuer: Kansas Supreme Court

Document:

1 
 
 
 
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS 
 
No. 111,639 
 
STATE OF KANSAS, 
Appellee, 
 
v. 
 
ANSON R. BERNHARDT, 
Appellant. 
 
 
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT 
 
1. 
 
The use of pattern jury instructions (PIK) published by the Kansas Judicial 
Council is not mandatory but is strongly recommended. If the particular facts in a given 
case require modification of the pattern instruction or addition of language not included 
in PIK, the district court should not hesitate to make such modification or addition. 
Absent such need, PIK instructions should be used. 
 
2. 
On the facts of this case, the district judge did not err by adding language to the 
PIK instruction defining "premeditation." 
 
3. 
It is not error to give two separate lesser included offense instructions on 
alternative theories of intentional and reckless second-degree murder. 
 
2 
 
 
 
4. 
On the evidence in this case, an instruction on the lesser included offense of 
voluntary manslaughter was not factually appropriate. 
 
5.  
 
Amendments to K.S.A. 21-6620 in 2013 changed the procedure for imposing a 
hard 50 sentence for premeditated first-degree murder. Retroactive application of the 
amendments does not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause of the United States Constitution. 
 
6.  
Under K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6620(e)(5), a hard 50 sentence may be imposed if a 
jury finds beyond a reasonable doubt that one or more aggravating circumstances exist 
and that they are not outweighed by one or more mitigating circumstances. On the facts 
of this case, there was sufficient evidence for a rational factfinder to find beyond a 
reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the murder in an especially heinous, 
atrocious, or cruel manner and that the existence of this aggravating circumstance was not 
outweighed by any of the mitigating circumstances.  
 
Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; WILLIAM SIOUX WOOLLEY, judge. Opinion filed May 27, 
2016. Judgment of the district court is affirmed.   
 
Michelle A. Davis, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the brief 
for appellant.  
 
Lesley A. Isherwood, assistant district attorney, argued the cause, and Marc Bennett, district 
attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with her on the brief for appellee.   
 
3 
 
 
 
The opinion of the court was delivered by 
 
BEIER, J.:  Defendant Anson R. Bernhardt appeals his conviction for premeditated 
first-degree murder. 
 
Bernhardt raises three instructional issues, arguing the district judge erred by (1) 
adding language to a pattern jury instruction defining premeditation; (2) giving two 
separate jury instructions on intentional second-degree murder and reckless second-
degree murder instead of a single instruction covering both theories; and (3) failing to 
instruct on voluntary manslaughter. He also claims the cumulative effect of these errors 
deprived him a fair trial. Bernhardt further contends the district judge erred by applying 
the 2013 amendments to Kansas' hard 50 sentencing scheme retroactively, and he 
challenges the aggravating circumstances ultimately relied upon to support imposition of 
his hard 50 sentence. 
 
We hold that there was no error and affirm Bernhardt's conviction and sentence. 
 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
 
We review the evidence in the record before us at greater length than we otherwise 
might because of the nature of the challenges Bernhardt advances on appeal. 
 
On the afternoon of September 29, 2012, Bernhardt picked up his live-in girlfriend 
Amber Kostner from work. About 7 that evening, the two went to a party, picking up 
their friend Josie Breeden on the way. Bernhardt left the party about 10:30 to take 
Breeden home, then returned to the party for a short time. When he and Kostner left, she 
was not ready to go home; so they went to a bar and stayed there for 15 to 20 minutes.  
 
4 
 
 
 
The next morning, Officer Keith Luongo responded to a report that there was a 
body in a ditch across the road from Campus High School in Haysville. The body would 
later be identified as Kostner's. 
 
The Sedgwick County Sheriff's Department took Bernhardt into custody for 
questioning, and he spoke to a detective in a taped interview that would later be 
introduced at trial. In the interview, Bernhardt initially said that he had not seen Kostner 
since she left the bar they had gone to after the party. He claimed that Kostner walked out 
of the bar during an argument. But, as Bernhardt explained the events in more detail, he 
contradicted his earlier statement. He then said that he and Kostner had gone home 
together from the bar and that she had later left.  
 
While he and Kostner were en route home, Bernhardt said Kostner was saying 
things like:  "For God sake Anson I'm a grown ass woman" and "I wanna have another 
drink, I'll have another drink." Bernhardt said that, once the couple arrived home, he told 
Kostner they could not keep arguing because his mother would kick them out of the 
house. It was at that point that Kostner told Bernhardt to "fuck off" and left. Bernhardt 
said it was not unusual for Kostner to leave after they had a fight.  
 
Bernhardt then told the detective that he became worried the next morning when 
he woke up and Kostner had not returned. Bernhardt called several of Kostner's friends 
and relatives, as well as hospitals and the jail, but no one had seen or heard from her. 
Bernhardt also recounted what he had done the rest of the day, which included spending 
time on the Internet playing games, helping a friend work on a car, and then spending the 
afternoon at Breeden's house. That evening, Bernhardt went to a couple of bars. He was 
at the second bar when officers asked him to come in for questioning.  
 
5 
 
 
 
Investigators then had Bernhardt repeat his story, asking for additional details at 
various points. One of the investigators asked Bernhardt why Kostner's car might have 
been by Campus High School. Bernhardt initially denied knowing why the car would 
have been there, but the investigators' repeated requests that he explain led eventually to 
his confession: 
 
"Investigator:  What happened? 
 
"Bernhardt:  I beat the crap out of her and dumped her body.  
 
. . . . 
 
"Investigator:  Well you say you beat the crap out of her. How?  
 
"Bernhardt:  I—was kicking her. 
 
"Investigator:  Where at? 
 
"Bernhardt:  Everywhere. . . . I pretty much kicked her everywhere. And I threw her in 
the backseat and I drove her to 55th and Meridian and dumped her off."  
 
Bernhardt then elaborated, beginning with events in the car after he and Kostner 
left the bar:  "She was yelling at me, she reached over and smacked me and I was driving 
and—I pulled over and pulled her over to—out of the driver's side by her hair and then 
she hit the ground and I started kicking her." He also told the officers that Kostner 
"screamed for a second when I pulled her hair. Pulled her out of the car. And then she—
she wasn't really saying anything after that."    
 
Bernhardt said that after he finished kicking Kostner he put her in the backseat and 
started driving; but, before he reached his ultimate destination, he stopped and put her in 
6 
 
 
 
the trunk because of "[t]he sound of her breathing." He said that "[i]t was—it wasn't like 
smooth breathing. It was kinda garbled, like—probably blood or something." He "didn't 
wanna hear her." 
 
When Bernhardt reached 55th and Meridian, "[he] pulled over . . . [a]nd [he] 
pulled her out of the trunk and [he] kinda threw her but she kinda rolled a little bit." Then 
he left. Bernhardt told the officers that Kostner "was still breathing when [he] threw her 
on the side of the road," and he did not know she had died until the interview. When 
asked why he would leave Kostner on the side of the road if she was still breathing, 
Bernhardt said he "was probably scared or something." When asked if he left Kostner by 
the side of the road because he thought she was going to die, Bernhardt answered:  
"Maybe. I don't know."  
 
Bernhardt said initially that he did not know how many times he kicked Kostner. 
But, when pressed, he said:  "20? 30? I don't know." He also said that he "probably" 
kicked Kostner in the head, "[p]retty much from her waist up."  
 
When asked if he had considered calling an ambulance for Kostner or otherwise 
getting her help, Bernhardt said:  "I thought about it later and I thought about going and 
getting her and taking her to the hospital, taking her to the emergency room." When 
asked why he had not done so, Bernhardt said he did not know.  
 
Bernhardt's statements led to the charge of first-degree premeditated murder.   
 
At trial, the State's primary evidence against Bernhardt was the video of his 
interview. The State also put on several witnesses who corroborated many of the details 
Bernhardt had given about what he and Kostner had been doing the night of her murder 
and what he did the next morning. Dr. Scott Kipper, Sedgwick County's deputy coroner 
7 
 
 
 
and medical examiner, testified about the results of Kostner's autopsy. In his opinion, 
Kostner had suffered at least six distinct blows to the front of her head, and "[t]he cause 
of death was multiple blunt force injuries, and the manner was homicide." Kipper also 
opined that it was possible that Kostner would have survived, had she received 
"immediate medical attention."  
 
After both the State and defense rested, the district court judge and counsel 
discussed jury instructions. The State requested additions to the Pattern Instructions for 
Kansas (PIK) language on premeditation, arguing it was necessary for the jury to 
understand that Bernhardt did not have to have thought about killing Kostner before their 
physical altercation began. 
 
The unadorned PIK language read:  
 
 
"'Premeditation' means to have thought over the matter beforehand, in other 
words, to have formed the design or intent to kill before the act. Although there is no 
specific time period required for premeditation, the concept of premeditation requires 
more than the instantaneous, intentional act of taking another's life."  
 
The State requested that the district judge add the following three paragraphs: 
 
 
"Premeditation does not have to be present before a fight, quarrel, or struggle 
begins. Premeditation is the time of reflection or deliberation. Premeditation does not 
necessarily mean that an act is planned, contrived, or schemed beforehand.  
 
 
"Premeditation can be inferred from other circumstances including:  (1) the 
nature of the weapon used, (2) the lack of provocation, (3) the defendant's conduct before 
and after the killing, (4) threats and declarations of the defendant before and during the 
occurrence, or (5) dealing of lethal blows after the deceased was felled and rendered 
helpless. 
8 
 
 
 
 
 
"Premeditation can occur during the middle of a violent episode, struggle, or 
fight." 
 
 
Bernhardt's lawyer objected to these paragraphs, arguing they were "outside of 
what PIK 4 calls for, and I don't believe it's appropriate." The judge acknowledged a 
preference for using PIK language alone but granted the State's request because the 
additional language accurately stated the law. He further observed that, based on the facts 
of the case, "there is more than a slight possibility of confusion by the jury about when 
premeditation can or cannot occur and what evidence can be used to prove 
premeditation." 
 
After the district judge granted the State's request, Bernhardt asked for a different, 
additional paragraph. That brief paragraph was inserted between the PIK language and 
the three paragraphs that had been sought by the State; it read:  "Premeditation is the 
process of thinking about a proposed killing before engaging in homicidal conduct." The 
State did not object to this further addition to the instruction. 
 
The discussion then turned to which lesser included offenses instructions should 
be given. The State requested an intentional second-degree murder instruction but 
opposed a reckless second-degree murder instruction. The district judge concluded that 
the jury should be instructed on both theories. The prosecutor then advocated for putting 
the reckless second-degree murder description in an instruction separate from that for 
intentional second-degree murder, saying:  "The law is clear that the jury should first 
consider second-degree intentional and if they cannot reach a unanimous decision then 
consider second-degree reckless." Bernhardt's lawyer opposed separating the theories into 
two instructions, because he believed that was the PIK design. The judge ultimately 
agreed with the State and gave two separate instructions.  
9 
 
 
 
 
The judge discussed Bernhardt's request for a voluntary manslaughter instruction. 
Bernhardt argued that "there [was] some factual basis to support a heat of passion, intense 
emotional excitement" because Bernhardt "was struck by [Kostner] and he just—he 
stopped the car and he pulled her out and he reacted." The district judge denied the 
request for the voluntary manslaughter instruction, noting "the provocation, whether it be 
a sudden quarrel or some other form of provocation, must be sufficient to cause an 
ordinary man to lose control of his actions and reason." 
 
Thus, after the first-degree murder instruction, which included the language on 
premeditation, the jury was given the following general lesser included offense 
instruction:  
 
"The offense of murder in the first degree with which defendant is charged 
includes the lesser offenses of murder in the second degree (intentionally) and murder in 
the second degree (recklessly). 
 
"You may find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, murder in the 
second degree (intentionally), murder in the second degree (recklessly) or not guilty. 
 
"When there is a reasonable doubt as to which of two or more offenses defendant 
is guilty, he may be convicted of the lesser offense only."  
 
The separate instructions for intentional second-degree murder and reckless second-
degree murder followed. On one page, the instruction read: 
 
"If you do not agree that the defendant is guilty of murder in the first degree, you 
should then consider the lesser included offense of murder in the second degree 
(intentionally). 
10 
 
 
 
"To establish this change, each of the following claims must be proved: 
 
"1. 
The defendant intentionally killed Amber Lynn Kostner. 
 
"2. 
This act occurred on or about the 30th day of September, 2012, in 
Sedgwick County, Kansas. 
 
"The State must prove that the defendant committed this crime of murder in the 
second degree intentionally. A defendant acts intentionally when it is the defendant's 
desire or conscious objective to do the act complained about by the State."  
 
The next page read: 
 
 
"If you do not agree that the defendant is guilty of murder in the second degree 
(intentionally), you should then consider the lesser included offense of murder in the 
second degree (recklessly). 
 
 
"To establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved: 
 
 
"1.  
The defendant killed Amber Lynn Kostner unintentionally but recklessly 
under circumstances that show extreme indifference to the value of human life. 
 
 
"2. 
This act occurred on or about the 30th day of September, 2012, in 
Sedgwick County, Kansas. 
 
 
"The State must prove that the defendant committed this crime of murder in the 
second degree recklessly. A defendant acts recklessly when the defendant consciously 
disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that a result of the defendant's actions will 
follow. This act by the defendant disregarding the risk must be a gross deviation from the 
standard of care a reasonable person would use in the same situation."  
 
11 
 
 
 
The verdict form gave the jury four options—guilty of first-degree murder, guilty 
of intentional second-degree murder, guilty of reckless second-degree murder, and not 
guilty—in that order. The jury took the first option.  
 
Approximately a month before Bernhardt was convicted on July 11, 2013, the 
United States Supreme Court issued its decision in Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 
____, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013). In that opinion, the Court held that facts 
relied upon to increase a mandatory minimum sentence constitute elements of an offense 
that must be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt to avoid a violation of the Sixth 
Amendment right to jury trial. Under Kansas law in effect at the time Kostner was 
murdered, the usual mandatory minimum sentence for premeditated first-degree murder 
was life without the possibility of parole for 25 years, i.e., a hard 25. The hard 25 could 
be increased to a hard 50 if the sentencing judge found the existence of one or more 
aggravating factors by a preponderance of the evidence. 
 
On September 6, 2013, before Bernhardt's sentencing hearing, the legislature 
amended K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-6620 to alter the procedure for imposing a hard 50 
sentence and bring it in line with the holding of Alleyne. The amended statute requires a 
jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that at least one aggravating circumstance exists 
and that any aggravating circumstances are not outweighed by any mitigating 
circumstances, before a hard 50 can be imposed.  
 
The district judge in this case ruled that the amended statute could be applied to 
Bernhardt without violating the Ex Post Facto Clause of the United States Constitution. 
Bernhardt then waived his right to have a jury make any findings of aggravating and 
mitigating circumstances and instead tried the issue to the judge.  
 
12 
 
 
 
At the bench trial on the appropriateness of a hard 50, the State relied on the 
evidence from trial to establish the aggravating circumstances. Bernhardt testified on his 
own behalf about his alcoholism. Bernhardt's mother also testified, telling the judge about 
Bernhardt's alcohol problem and his problems with his ex-wife. She said Bernhardt's ex-
wife caused him to "tr[y] to slice his wrist" and that, shortly before Kostner's death, he 
"looked like . . . he was having a nervous breakdown" after talking to his ex-wife. After 
the defense presented additional evidence of mitigating circumstances, the district judge 
listed the aggravating factors the State had alleged:   
 
"(1) [T]he defendant committed the crime in order to avoid or prevent a lawful arrest or 
prosecution; . . . (2) . . . the defendant committed the crime in an especially heinous, 
atrocious or cruel manner; and . . . (3) . . . the victim was killed while engaging in, or 
because of the victim's performance or prospective performance of, the victim's duties as 
a witness in a criminal proceeding."  
 
The defense argued that three mitigating circumstances were present:   
 
"[U]nder K.S.A. 21-6625, subparagraph (a), number (1) 'The defendant has no significant 
history of prior criminal activity'; number (2), 'The crime was committed while the 
defendant was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbances'; and 
number (6) 'The capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality of the defendant's 
conduct or to conform the defendant's conduct to the requirements of the law was 
substantially impaired.'"  
 
Before ruling, the district judge made some general comments about the evidence: 
 
 
"The only specific comments the Court will make with regard to evidence is, 
there is the evidence that he kicked her in the head until she was unconscious. He kicked 
her after she was unconscious. He transferred her to the trunk because of the noise that 
she was making. He drove ten to 15 minutes to leave her in a ditch while she was still 
13 
 
 
 
alive and then he drove ten to 15 minutes back home. And according to the transcript, he 
thought about taking her to the hospital but he didn't."  
 
After considering the evidence and arguments of counsel, the district judge then 
found  
 
"beyond a reasonable doubt that the following aggravating circumstances have been 
established by the evidence and are not outweighed by mitigating circumstances found to 
exist:  
 
 
"Number (1), that  the defendant committed the crime in order to avoid or 
prevent a lawful arrest or prosecution; number (2), that the defendant committed the 
crime in an especially heinous, atrocious or cruel manner. Those are the only aggravating 
circumstances the Court is finding. 
 
 
"The defendant shall be sentenced accordingly."  
 
Bernhardt's counsel asked the district judge to "note" a "contemporaneous 
objection to the Court's finding," which the district judge agreed to do. The prosecutor 
then asked if the district judge needed to state on the record whether he had found that 
any mitigating circumstances existed. The district judge declined to do so.   
 
At a subsequent sentencing hearing, the State again made a request about putting 
findings on mitigating circumstances on the record, and the district judge noted that 
Bernhardt had a criminal history of "more than one page, but the majority of it are driving 
offenses, or similar-type offenses; misdemeanors." The judge therefore concluded that 
Bernhardt did not have a significant criminal history. The district judge rejected 
mitigators on the crime being "committed while the defendant was under the influence of 
extreme mental or emotional distress" and on "[t]he capacity of the defendant to 
appreciate the criminality of the defendant's conduct or to conform the defendant's 
14 
 
 
 
conduct to the requirements of the law" being substantially impaired. The district judge 
then imposed a hard 50 for Bernhardt's murder of Kostner.  
 
PREMEDITATION INSTRUCTION 
 
Bernhardt first takes aim on appeal at the premeditation jury instruction. His 
counsel fully preserved this issue for our review by objecting in district court. See State v. 
Brownlee, 302 Kan. 491, 512, 354 P.3d 525 (2015); K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 22-3414(3). 
 
For jury instruction issues such as this, we employ a multistep analysis: 
 
"'(1) First, the appellate court should consider the reviewability of the issue from both 
jurisdiction and preservation viewpoints, exercising an unlimited standard of review; (2) 
next, the court should use an unlimited review to determine whether the instruction was 
legally appropriate; (3) then, the court should determine whether there was sufficient 
evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant or the requesting party, that 
would have supported the instruction; and (4) finally, if the district court erred, the 
appellate court must determine whether the error was harmless, utilizing the test and 
degree of certainty set forth in State v. Ward, 292 Kan. 541, 256 P.3d 801 (2011), cert. 
denied 132 S. Ct. 1594 (2012).'" State v. Woods, 301 Kan. 852, 876, 348 P.3d 583 (2015). 
 
As we apply this framework, we also consider "the instructions as a whole without 
isolating any one instruction" and we review "the instruction to see whether it properly 
and fairly stated the law as applied to the facts of the case and could not have reasonably 
misled the jury. State v. Horton, 300 Kan. 477, 491, 331 P.3d 752 (2014) (citing State v. 
Appleby, 289 Kan. 1017, 1059, 221 P.3d 525 [2009]).  
 
Although not entirely clear from Bernhardt's brief, it appears that he specifically 
questions whether the instruction as given was legally appropriate.  
15 
 
 
 
 
Bernhardt first contends that PIK language helps to ensure due process through 
uniformity and that the PIK instruction fully and clearly conveyed the law on 
premeditation. This argument is undercut by Bernhardt's own request that the district 
judge add to the PIK language, although we acknowledge that his counsel may have been 
trying to fashion a silk purse out of a sow's ear after the judge had agreed to add the three 
paragraphs sought by the State.   
 
"Failure to use the exact language of a PIK instruction is not fatal and does not 
automatically require reversal. Prejudice must still be shown." State v. Mitchell, 269 Kan. 
349, Syl. ¶ 5, 7 P.3d 1135 (2000).  
 
 
"The use of PIK instructions is not mandatory but is strongly recommended. The 
pattern instructions have been developed by a knowledgeable committee to bring 
accuracy, clarity, and uniformity to jury instructions. They should be the starting point in 
the preparation of any set of jury instructions. If the particular facts in a given case 
require modification of the applicable pattern instruction or the addition of some 
instruction not included in PIK, the district court should not hesitate to make such 
modification or addition. However, absent such need, PIK instructions and 
recommendations should be followed." State v. Dixon, 289 Kan. 46, Syl. ¶ 10, 209 P.3d 
675 (2009).  
 
In this case, where Bernhardt admitted that he and Kostner had been arguing 
before he pulled her out of the car and started kicking her, the judge believed there was a 
possibility of jury confusion on when premeditation can or cannot occur and on the type 
of evidence that may be relied upon to demonstrate it. We see no error on the basis of the 
district judge's deviation from PIK to include that language in this case.  
 
16 
 
 
 
Bernhardt also has argued that the additions improperly focused on how quickly 
premeditation can form. He relies on our decision in State v. Gunby, 282 Kan. 39, 144 
P.3d 647 (2006), and two Arizona cases, State v. Thompson, 204 Ariz. 471, 65 P.3d 420 
(2003), and State v. Guerra, 161 Ariz. 289, 778 P.2d 1185 (1989), for the general 
proposition that premeditation cannot be formed in an instant. This is true, and it is error 
to tell a jury the opposite.  
 
In Gunby, the prosecutor made several "troubling" statements during closing: 
 
"(1) '[P]remeditation can occur after the chain of events,' (2) '[A]t some point after he 
started hitting and strangling her . . . [the defendant] made the conscious decision, "I want 
to kill you" . . . [and] that's when he premeditate[d],' (3) A defendant 'cannot intentionally 
strangle somebody to death without there being premeditation,' and (4) It is 'impossible to 
intentionally strangle somebody to death without knowing, thinking and wanting that 
person to die [and] that is all that is required for premeditation . . . that is the 
premeditation.'" 282 Kan. at 64.  
 
We noted that "these remarks defined premeditation somewhere between the level of 
forethought outlined in the PIK instruction we have endorsed . . . and the 'instantaneous' 
timing we have disapproved." 282 Kan. at 64. After comparing the statements in Gunby 
to the facts in two other cases in which we had affirmed jury findings of premeditation in 
strangulation cases, the court held that it regarded "the prosecutor's statements in this case 
as barely outside the broad latitude permitted him in discussing the evidence in this case" 
and said that "whatever error they may have injected into the trial was harmless." 282 
Kan. at 65; see also State v. Scott, 271 Kan. 103, 108, 21 P.3d 516 (2001) (continued 
application of pressure over a period of time sufficient for a jury to find victim's death 
premeditated); State v. Jones, 279 Kan. 395, 402, 109 P.3d 1158 (2005) (affirming Scott's 
holding that jury can find defendant's state of mind changed from intent to premeditation 
at any time during violent episode that causes victim's death).  
17 
 
 
 
 
In Guerra, the Arizona Supreme Court stated that "a jury may be misled by an 
instruction placing undue emphasis on the rapidity with which premeditation can occur." 
161 Ariz. at 294. But the Guerra court ultimately approved of a jury instruction stating:  
 
"Premeditation means that the defendant's intention or knowledge existed before 
the killing long enough to permit reflection. 
 
"The time for reflection need not be prolonged and there need be no appreciable 
space of time between the intention to kill unlawfully and the act of killing. 
 
"It may be as instantaneous as the successive thoughts of the human mind, 
however it must be longer than the time required to form the intent or knowledge that 
such conduct will cause death. 
 
"An act is not done with premeditation if it is the instant effect of a sudden 
quarrel or heat of passion." (Emphasis added.) 161 Ariz. at 293-94. 
 
The court concluded that the instruction before it, read as a whole, properly instructed the 
jury on premeditation. 161 Ariz. at 294.  
 
 
In Thompson, the Arizona Supreme Court reiterated its concern about undue 
emphasis on the passage of time in a premeditation jury instruction. 204 Ariz. at 476. But 
the issues actually decided by the court were whether a moment of reflection was 
necessary for premeditation to occur and whether the State was required to prove such 
reflection through direct evidence. 204 Ariz. at 478. Thompson plows no new analytical 
ground for Bernhardt.   
 
We conclude that the prosecutor's statements in Gunby and instructions in the 
Arizona cases were substantively—and significantly—different from the three paragraphs 
18 
 
 
 
on premeditation at issue here. The Gunby prosecutor said that strangulation was not 
possible without premeditation. Bernhardt's jury instruction did not make such a 
categorical statement or direct the jury to find premeditation because of his continuous 
infliction of blows. Instead, the instruction stated premeditation "does not have to be 
present before a fight, quarrel, or struggle" and is not necessarily "planned, contrived or 
schemed beforehand." Again, these are correct statements of Kansas law. See Scott, 271 
Kan. at 108, 111. Bernhardt's instruction also did not focus explicitly on how quickly 
premeditation can form, the flaw in the Arizona cases. Cf. State v. Moncla, 262 Kan. 58, 
Syl. ¶ 6, 936 P.2d 727 (1997) (jury instruction "that premeditation may arise in an 
instant" inappropriate because diminishes importance of the element of premeditation).  
 
We are persuaded that the three challenged paragraphs did not communicate that 
premeditation could be instantaneous, only that it could form during or after an initial 
altercation. This means that, read as a whole, the premeditation instruction "properly and 
fairly stated the law as applied to the facts of the case." Horton, 300 Kan. at 491. The 
instruction correctly informed the jury that Bernhardt did not have to premeditate 
Kostner's murder before pulling her out of the car and beginning to kick her.  
 
The district judge did not err in modifying the PIK instruction as requested by the 
State. Accordingly, we need not reach the question of whether any error was harmless. 
 
INTENTIONAL SECOND-DEGREE MURDER AND  
RECKLESS SECOND-DEGREE MURDER INSTRUCTIONS  
 
Bernhardt next complains that the district judge erred in giving separate lesser 
included offense instructions for intentional second-degree murder and reckless second-
degree murder. 
 
19 
 
 
 
This court reviews lesser included offense instructions using the same general 
framework outlined in the previous section. More specifically, when considering the legal 
appropriateness of a lesser included offense, "an appellate court asks whether the lesser 
crime is 'legally an included offense of the charged crime.'" Armstrong, 299 Kan. at 432. 
 
Bernhardt preserved this issue for appellate review. After the district judge in this 
case decided to instruct on both intentional and reckless second-degree murder, his 
discussion with counsel turned to whether separate instructions should be given for each 
theory. Bernhardt argued that both second-degree murder theories should be given in the 
same instruction, separated by "or." The State argued that because reckless second-degree 
murder is a lesser included offense of intentional second-degree murder, the court should 
give two separate instructions. The State ultimately prevailed.  
 
Under K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5109(b), a lesser included crime is: 
 
"(1) A lesser degree of the same crime, except that there are no lesser degrees of murder 
in the first degree under subsection (a)(2) [felony murder] of K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5402, 
and amendments thereto; 
 
"(2) a crime where all elements of the lesser crime are identical to some of the elements 
of the crime charged; 
 
"(3) an attempt to commit the crime charged; or 
 
"(4) an attempt to commit a crime defined under paragraph (1) or (2)."  
 
We have recognized five degrees of homicide, in descending order:  capital 
murder, first-degree murder, second-degree murder, voluntary manslaughter, and 
involuntary manslaughter. State v. Cheever, 295 Kan. 229, 258-59, 284 P.3d 1007 (2012) 
20 
 
 
 
(adding capital murder to homicide hierarchy), vacated on other grounds and remanded 
571 U.S. ___, 134 S. Ct. 596, 187 L. Ed. 2d 519 (2013). Based on this hierarchy, 
intentional and reckless second-degree murder are both lesser included offenses of first-
degree murder under K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-5109(b)(1). See State v. Killings, 301 Kan. 
214, 222, 225, 340 P.3d 1186 (2015). It was therefore legally appropriate to instruct the 
jury on both theories of second-degree murder.  
 
Bernhardt argues that, although it was legally appropriate to give a second-degree 
murder instruction, it was not appropriate to divide intentional and reckless into separate 
instructions. Doing so meant that the jury would not consider reckless second-degree 
murder unless it could not agree on intentional second-degree murder, which incorrectly 
treated reckless as a lesser included offense of intentional. The State counters that 
Bernhardt seeks "a departure from the long-standing rule that homicide offenses are to be 
considered in order of severity."  
 
 
Strictly speaking, Bernhardt is correct that reckless second-degree murder is not a 
lesser included offense of intentional second-degree murder. Because they have different 
mens rea requirements, reckless second-degree murder does not qualify as a lesser 
offense under K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5109(b)(2) (all elements of lesser crime identical to 
some elements of greater). But intentional second-degree murder and reckless second-
degree murder are assigned different severity levels, see K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5403(b) 
(intentional severity level 1, person felony; reckless severity level 2, person felony), with 
reckless designated the less serious crime. And, as the State correctly notes, we have 
clearly stated that "in the interests of promoting an orderly method of considering the 
possible verdicts, 'a trial court should instruct on lesser included offenses in the order of 
severity beginning with the offense with the most severe penalty.' [State v.] Trujillo, 225 
Kan. [320,] 324, [590 P.2d 1027 (1979)]." State v. Adams, 292 Kan. 60, 77, 253 P.3d 5 
(2011).  
21 
 
 
 
 
Moreover, contrary to Bernhardt's insistence before the district judge, PIK's 
second-degree murder section does not clearly call for a district judge to use a single 
instruction for both intentional and reckless second-degree murder. PIK Crim. 4th 54.140 
provides in relevant part:  
 
"To establish this charge [of second-degree murder], each of the following claims 
must be proved: 
 
"1. The defendant intentionally killed insert name of victim. 
 
"OR 
 
"1. The defendant killed insert name of victim unintentionally but recklessly 
under circumstances that show extreme indifference to the value of human life. 
 
"2. This act occurred on or about the ___ day of _______, ______, in _________ 
County, Kansas."  
 
Because both the intentional and reckless theories are labeled with the number "1," PIK 
conveys that each theory is meant to be considered separately. Whether that separate 
consideration is prompted by a single instruction on one page or two successive 
instructions on two pages matters not, as long as the reckless crime, the one with the 
lesser severity rating, comes second.   
 
We conclude the district judge did not err by giving separate instructions on 
intentional and reckless second-degree murder. We need not engage in a harmlessness 
analysis.  
 
22 
 
 
 
VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER INSTRUCTION 
 
In his third and final jury instruction issue, Bernhardt argues the district judge 
erred by failing to instruct on voluntary manslaughter. The four-step framework applied 
in the previous sections also applies here. See Brownlee, 302 Kan. at 511. 
 
Bernhardt asked for and was denied a voluntary manslaughter instruction, so the 
issue is fully preserved for our review. Voluntary manslaughter is a lesser included 
offense of first-degree premeditated murder and therefore was legally appropriate. See 
Brownlee, 302 Kan. at 512. 
 
The next step in the analysis is whether a voluntary manslaughter instruction was 
factually appropriate.  
 
"In order to require the instruction, there must have been evidence that would reasonably 
justify a conviction of the lesser included crime. [State v. Story,] 300 Kan. [702,] 710       
[, 334 P.3d 297 (2014)]. This court does not speculate about hypothetical scenarios. 300 
Kan. at 710 (quoting [State v.] Wade, 295 Kan. [916,] 925, [287 P.3d 237 (2012)]). 
 
"'The key elements of voluntary manslaughter under K.S.A. 21-
3403 are an intentional killing and legally sufficient provocation. 
[Citation omitted.] When reviewing whether provocation was legally 
sufficient, an objective test is used. [Citation omitted.] "Heat of passion" 
has been defined as "any intense or vehement emotional excitement of 
the kind prompting violent and aggressive action, such as rage, anger, 
hatred, furious resentment, fright, or terror," based "on impulse without 
reflection." [Citation omitted.] The provocation '"must be sufficient to 
cause an ordinary man to lose control of his actions and his reason."' 
[Citations omitted.] 
 
23 
 
 
 
. . . . 
 
"'[I]n order to reduce a homicide from murder to voluntary 
manslaughter, there must be an adequate provocation that deprives a 
reasonable person of self-control and causes that person to act out of 
passion rather than reason. Mere words or gestures, however offensive, 
do not constitute legally sufficient provocation for a finding of voluntary 
manslaughter.' [State v.] Hayes, 299 Kan. [861,] 864-66[, 327 P.3d 414 
(2014)]. 
 
"A sudden quarrel can be one form of heat of passion. State v. Johnson, 290 Kan. 
1038, 1048, 236 P.3d 517 (2010). '[A]n unforeseen angry altercation, dispute, taunt, or 
accusation could fall within th[e] definition [of heat of passion] as sufficient provocation.' 
290 Kan. at 1048. '"The hallmark of heat of passion is taking action upon impulse without 
reflection."' State v. Hilt, 299 Kan. 176, 194, 322 P.3d 367 (2014) (quoting Wade, 295 
Kan. at 925)." Brownlee, 302 Kan. at 512-13. 
 
Bernhardt argues that Kostner's slapping him during their argument was 
objectively sufficient provocation to warrant a voluntary manslaughter instruction.  
 
In State v. Johnson, 290 Kan. 1038, 236 P.3d 517 (2010), this court provided 
definitions for "heat of passion," "sudden," and "quarrel." 
 
"'Heat of passion' is defined as: 
 
'Rage, terror, or furious hatred suddenly aroused by some 
immediate provocation, usually another person's words or actions. At 
common law, the heat of passion could serve as a mitigating 
circumstance that would reduce a murder charge to manslaughter. Also 
termed sudden heat of passion; sudden heat; sudden passion; hot blood; 
sudden heat and passion; furor brevis.' Black's Law Dictionary 791 (9th 
ed.). 
24 
 
 
 
 
"'Sudden' is commonly defined as: '1. Happening without warning; unforeseen. 2. 
Characterized by hastiness; abrupt; rash. 3. Characterized by rapidity; quick; swift.' The 
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1286 (1969). 
 
"'Quarrel' is defined as: 'An altercation or angry dispute; an exchange of 
recriminations, taunts, threats, or accusations between two persons.' Black's Law 
Dictionary 1363 (9th ed.); 'An angry dispute; an altercation.' The American Heritage 
Dictionary of the English Language 1069 (1969)." 290 Kan. at 1047-48. 
 
The evidence in this case—even from Bernhardt's own mouth—showed that he 
and Kostner began arguing while they were at the bar, and the argument continued during 
their car ride home. During that ride, Kostner slapped Bernhardt, and, at that point, he 
stopped, pulled her out of the car, and kicked her repeatedly. He then threw Kostner into 
the backseat of the car and began driving. After hearing Kostner's "garbled" breathing, 
Bernhardt stopped the car again, put Kostner in the trunk, and continued driving until he 
stopped a third time and abandoned Kostner in a roadside ditch. He believed Kostner was 
still alive at the time.  
 
This evidence makes Bernhardt's position on this issue problematic for several 
reasons. The initial argument between Bernhardt and Kostner was insufficient to qualify 
as provocation supporting a voluntary manslaughter instruction. Cf. State v. Hayes, 299 
Kan. 861, Syl. ¶ 4, 327 P.3d 414 (2014) ("Mere words or gestures, however offensive, do 
not constitute legally sufficient provocation for a finding of voluntary manslaughter.") In 
addition, according to Bernhardt's statement, this type of argument was not unusual for 
the two, which tends to negate the "sudden" aspect of sudden quarrel; the argument did 
not happen "without warning" and was foreseeable. Although Kostner did slap Bernhardt, 
the slap occurred during their ongoing argument and "mere evidence of an altercation 
between parties does not alone support finding sufficient provocation." See State v. 
25 
 
 
 
Northcutt, 290 Kan. 224, 234, 224 P.3d 564 (2010). As the State notes in its brief, 
Bernhardt "did not indicate that he somehow snapped, experienced a break from reality, 
felt insulted, denigrated, or suffered a personal affront." See Brownlee, 302 Kan. at 513. 
Even if the slap were an objectively reasonable cause for Bernhardt to act impulsively, 
his later, coldly callous behavior was not impulsive. After kicking her repeatedly, he 
placed her first in the backseat and then, when what he imagined to be blood in her 
airway made a sound that disturbed him, in the trunk. Rather than take her to hospital, 
which he considered, he dumped her on the side of a road where he left her to die. Had 
Bernhardt stopped short of even this final step, Kostner might have survived his brutality.  
 
On these facts, a voluntary manslaughter instruction was not factually appropriate. 
It was not error for the district judge to refuse Bernhardt's request for one. Again, we 
need not decide whether any error was harmless.  
 
CUMULATIVE ERROR 
 
Bernhardt asserts the cumulative effect of the district judge's trial errors warrants 
reversal of his conviction. Because we have not identified any trial errors, the cumulative 
error doctrine does not apply. See State v. Reed, 302 Kan. 390, 404, 352 P.3d 1043 
(2015). 
 
RETROACTIVE APPLICATION OF THE AMENDED HARD 50 STATUTE 
 
We have previously declined to address the retroactive application of the amended 
hard 50 statute because the issue has not been ripe. See, e.g., State v. Roeder, 300 Kan. 
901, Syl. ¶ 13, 336 P.3d 831 (2014) (issue not ripe until prosecutor chooses to pursue 
hard 50 on remand). The issue is ripe in this case, but the circumstances are different 
from those in cases in which we have vacated the sentences of defendants who were 
26 
 
 
 
sentenced under the previous statute. See, e.g., 300 Kan. at 940. Here, Bernhardt 
committed his crime before the legislature amended the statute but was sentenced after 
the amendments' effective date. Holding application of the amended statute to Bernhardt 
would not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause, the district judge employed the statute to 
arrive at Bernhardt's sentence. Bernhardt now relies on the clause in his appellate 
challenge.   
 
This court reviews questions of both statutory and constitutional law de novo. 
State v. Garcia, 285 Kan. 1, 7, 169 P.3d 1069 (2007).  
 
As mentioned above, the United States Supreme Court decided Alleyne v. United 
States, 570 U.S. ____, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 2158, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013), in June 2013, 
holding that facts used to increase a mandatory minimum sentence are elements of the 
offense that must be submitted to a jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt to avoid a 
violation of the Sixth Amendment right to jury trial. The Kansas statutory scheme in 
place at that time permitted the sentencing judge in a first-degree murder case to find by a 
preponderance of the evidence one or more aggravating factors necessary to increase the 
mandatory minimum hard 25 sentence to a hard 50. In the wake of Alleyne, we held this 
statutory procedure violated the Sixth Amendment. See State v. Soto, 299 Kan. 102, 119, 
322 P.3d 334 (2014).  
 
In response to Alleyne but before our decision in Soto, in September 2013, the 
legislature amended the hard 50 statute. The amended statute originally stated that "[t]he 
provisions of this subsection shall apply only to the crime of murder in the first degree 
based upon the finding of premeditated murder committed prior to the effective date of 
this act." K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-6620(c). The statute was subsequently amended to insert 
the effective date and change the subsection lettering. See K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-6620(e) 
("The provisions of this subsection shall apply only to the crime of murder in the first 
27 
 
 
 
degree based upon the finding of premeditated murder committed prior to September 6, 
2013.").  
 
In general,  
 
"'a statute operates only prospectively unless there is clear language indicating the 
legislature intended otherwise. State v. Martin, 270 Kan. 603, 608-09, 17 P.3d 344 
(2001); State v. Sisk, 266 Kan. 41, 44, 966 P.2d 671 (1998). An exception to this rule has 
been employed when the statutory change is merely procedural or remedial in nature and 
does not prejudicially affect the substantive rights of the parties. Martin, 270 Kan. at 608-
09; State v. Ford, 262 Kan. 206, 208, 936 P.2d 255 (1997).' Wells, 297 Kan. [741,] 761 
[, 305 P.3d 568 (2013)]." State v. Waller, 299 Kan. 707, 718, 328 P.3d 1111 (2014). 
 
Here, the amended statute explicitly provided that the new procedure should be 
considered procedural and applied retroactively: 
 
"The amendments to subsection (e) by chapter 1 of the 2013 Session Laws of 
Kansas (Special Session): 
 
"(1) Establish a procedural rule for sentencing proceedings, and 
as such shall be construed and applied retroactively to all crimes 
committed prior to the effective date of this act, except as provided 
further in this subsection." K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-6620(f). 
 
"Article I, § 10, of the United States Constitution states simply that '[n]o State 
shall . . . pass any . . . ex post facto [l]aw.'" State v. Todd, 299 Kan. 263, 276, 323 P.3d 
829, cert. denied 135 S. Ct. 460 (2014). There is no comparable provision in the Kansas 
Constitution. 299 Kan. at 276. 
 
28 
 
 
 
Relying on United States Supreme Court precedent, we have interpreted 
 
"the prohibition on ex post facto laws to require two elements to be present: '(1) The law 
must be retrospective, applying to events occurring before its enactment, and (2) it must 
alter the definition of criminal conduct or increase the penalty by which a crime is 
punishable.' Anderson v. Bruce, 274 Kan. 37, 43, 50 P.3d 1 (2002)." State v. Prine, 297 
Kan. 460, 469-70, 303 P.3d 662 (2013). 
 
We have further stated: 
 
"Although we have sometimes described the requirement of alteration in definition or 
increase in punishment in shorthand as mere '"disadvantage'" to a criminal defendant, see 
State v. Chamberlain, 280 Kan. 241, 247, 120 P.3d 319 (2005) (quoting Stansbury v. 
Hannigan, 265 Kan. 404, 412, 960 P.2d 227, cert. denied 525 U.S. 1060 [1998]), we 
have emphasized that the crucial 'question in evaluating an ex post facto claim is whether 
the [new] law changes the legal consequences of acts completed before its effective date.' 
Prine, 297 Kan. at 470 (citing Weaver [v. Graham], 450 U.S. [24,] 31[, 101 S. Ct. 960, 67 
L. Ed. 2d 17 (1981)]; State v. Armbrust, 274 Kan. 1089, 1093, 59 P.3d 1000 [2002])." 
Todd, 299 Kan. at 278. 
 
A merely procedural law does not "change[] the legal consequences of acts 
completed before its effective date" and therefore does not violate the Ex Post Facto 
Clause when applied retroactively. See 299 Kan. at 278 (citing Collins v. Youngblood, 
497 U.S. 37, 49-50, 110 S. Ct. 2715, 111 L. Ed. 2d 30 [1990]); see also Dobbert v. 
Florida, 432 U.S. 282, 293, 97 S. Ct. 2290, 53 L. Ed. 2d 344 (1977) ("Even though it 
may work to the disadvantage of a defendant, a procedural change is not ex post facto."). 
However, the legislature cannot simply declare a statutory amendment "procedural," 
thereby insulating later application of the changed law from ex post facto scrutiny. See 
Todd, 299 Kan. at 275 (citing Collins, 497 U.S. at 46). 
 
29 
 
 
 
Bernhardt argues that because the previous hard 50 statute was unconstitutional, 
the newly-amended statute "cannot be applied retroactively because it aggravates the 
crime of premeditated murder and it creates a greater punishment than the law allowed at 
the time of the commission of the crime." In his view, there was no hard 50 in effect 
when he committed his crime. Thus the amended statute, in essence, created a new, 
harsher punishment that cannot be applied to his long-ago-completed crime.   
 
Bernhardt's argument ignores that it was not the hard 50 sentence, or the 
aggravating and mitigating factors used to determine its application, that the district judge 
held—and this court would later hold—unconstitutional; rather, it was the procedure for 
imposing the hard 50. The United States Supreme Court acknowledged the procedural 
nature of these types of statutes in Alleyne itself, when it said that the "force of stare 
decisis is at its nadir in cases concerning procedural rules that implicate fundamental 
constitutional protections." (Emphasis added.) Alleyne, 133 S. Ct. 2151 n.5.   
 
We also note that the United States Supreme Court has rejected an argument 
similar to Bernhardt's in Dobbert, 432 U.S. 282. When defendant Ernest John Dobbert, 
Jr., committed the acts that led to his convictions for first- and second-degree murder, 
Florida's death penalty statutes required a person convicted of a capital crime to be 
sentenced to death unless a majority of the jury recommended mercy. Before Dobbert's 
sentencing, the statutory scheme was ruled unconstitutional under Furman v. Georgia, 
408 U.S. 238, 92 S. Ct. 2726, 33 L. Ed. 2d 346 (1972), and the state legislature amended 
the statutory procedure for imposing a death sentence. Dobbert was then sentenced under 
the amended statutory scheme. Based on the previous ruling on constitutionality, Dobbert 
challenged his death sentence under the Ex Post Facto Clause, arguing that there was no 
valid death penalty in effect at the time he committed the murders. The Supreme Court 
determined that this "highly technical" and "sophistic" argument  
 
30 
 
 
 
mocks the substance of the Ex Post Facto Clause. Whether or not the old statute would in 
the future, withstand constitutional attack, it clearly indicated Florida's view of the 
severity of murder and of the degree of punishment which the legislature wished to 
impose upon murderers. The statute was intended to provide maximum deterrence, and 
its existence on the statute books provided fair warning as to the degree of culpability 
which the State ascribed to the act of murder." Dobbert, 432 U.S. at 297. 
 
Likewise, Bernhardt had fair warning at the time he murdered Kostner that he 
could be sentenced to a hard 50 term if he was ultimately convicted of premeditated first-
degree murder. And, because the new statute did not alter the definition of criminal 
conduct or increase the penalty by which a crime is punishable, it cannot be said that "'the 
[new] law changes the legal consequences of acts completed before its effective date.'" 
Todd, 299 Kan. at 278 (quoting Prine, 297 Kan. at 470).  
 
The district judge correctly determined that the amendments to K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 
21-6620 could be applied to Bernhardt without violation of the Ex Post Facto Clause.  
 
AGGRAVATING AND MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES 
 
Bernhardt's final argument on appeal is that the district judge erred in his findings 
on the existence of aggravating and mitigating circumstances. 
 
When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a hard 50 
aggravating circumstance, this court "consider[s] whether, after review of all the evidence 
in a light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational factfinder could have found the 
existence of the aggravating circumstance beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. DeAnda, 
299 Kan. 594, 603, 324 P.3d 1115 (2014). When a district judge has declined to find a 
mitigating circumstance, "the standard of review is whether, after a review of all the 
evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the defendant, a rational factfinder could 
31 
 
 
 
have found by a preponderance of the evidence the existence of the mitigating 
circumstance." State v. Livingston, 272 Kan. 853, 858, 35 P.3d 918 (2001).  
 
The district judge found two aggravating circumstances:  First, Bernhardt 
committed the crime in order to avoid or prevent a lawful arrest or prosecution, and 
second, Bernhardt committed the crime in an especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel 
manner. See K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6624(e), (f). The judge also found one mitigating 
circumstance:  Bernhardt did not have any significant criminal history. See K.S.A. 2015 
Supp. 21-6625(a)(1). 
 
Bernhardt challenges the district judge's finding that the crime was committed "to 
avoid or prevent a lawful arrest or prosecution." K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6624(e). He also 
challenges the district judge's failure to find two mitigating circumstances:  "The crime 
was committed while the defendant was under the influence of extreme mental or 
emotional disturbances," and "[t]he capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality 
of the defendant's conduct or to conform the defendant's conduct to the requirements of 
law was substantially impaired." K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6625(a)(2), (6). 
 
Even if we were to assume the district judge committed all of these alleged errors 
in his findings, there was still abundant evidence to allow a rational factfinder to find 
beyond a reasonable doubt that Bernhardt murdered Kostner "in an especially heinous, 
atrocious or cruel manner" and that the existence of this aggravating circumstance was 
not outweighed by any of the mitigating circumstances at issue here. See K.S.A. 2015 
Supp. 21-6620(e)(5); 21-6624(f). Bernhardt's heinous, atrocious, and cruel actions, 
previously detailed, need not be described again. And he does not contend that the 
presence of the additional mitigating factors would have outweighed the aggravator.  
 
32 
 
 
 
Regardless of whether there was error in findings on one aggravator and two 
mitigators, there is no reasonable possibility such an error affected the outcome of the 
sentencing phase of Bernhardt's trial. See State v. Ward, 292 Kan. 541, 565, 256 P.3d 801 
(2011), cert. denied 132 S. Ct. 1594 (2012). 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
We have carefully examined each of defendant's claims on appeal and determined 
that they do not merit reversal of his conviction or vacation of his sentence. The judgment 
of the district court is affirmed. 
 
* * * 
 
JOHNSON, J., dissenting:  I disagree with the majority on two of the instruction 
issues. First, the district court's additions to the Pattern Instructions of Kansas (PIK) 
defining "premeditation" were contradictory and misleading. Second, an instruction on 
the lesser included offense of voluntary manslaughter was factually appropriate in this 
case and it was error for the trial court to refuse the defendant's request to give it. 
Moreover, I would not find the errors to be harmless, especially under the appellant's 
cumulative error claim.  
 
Premeditation  
 
My premeditation complaint in this case will principally focus on the language 
employed to define the term for the jury. But that does not mean that I have abandoned 
my previously expressed view of this court's temporal treatment of premeditation, to-wit: 
 
 
"First, notwithstanding its majority view status in this State, I continue to reject 
the notion that a person can premeditate a murder while committing the murder. In my 
33 
 
 
 
view, concurrent premeditation is an oxymoronic concept that obliterates the 
distinguishing feature of first-degree premeditated murder. See State v. Appleby, 289 
Kan. 1017, 1074-75, 221 P.3d 525 (2009) (Johnson, J., concurring in part and dissenting 
in part) (premeditation contemplates that the matter be thought over before 
commencement of homicidal conduct); State v. Warledo, 286 Kan. 927, 956, 190 P.3d 
937 (2008) (Johnson, J., concurring) (premeditation requires having thought the matter 
over beforehand; 'beforehand' must mean prior to commencing the death-causing act)." 
State v. Marks, 297 Kan. 131, 151, 298 P.3d 1102 (2013) (Johnson, J., dissenting). 
 
Here, the homicidal act entailed Bernhardt pulling Kostner from the car and onto 
the ground, kicking her from the waist to her head some 20 to 30 times, inflicting 6 
distinct blows to the front of her head, and causing her death from multiple blunt force 
injuries. The majority's stated iteration of premeditation in this case is that it can "form 
during or after an initial altercation." (Emphasis added.) Slip op. at 18. In other words, 
the majority would permit the State to prove the premeditation element of the first-degree 
murder charge by proving either that:  (1) Bernhardt thought about killing Kostner while 
he was kicking her; or (2) Bernhardt thought about killing Kostner after he had delivered 
the last kick. I submit that the notion that premeditation encompasses both concurrent-
meditation (thinking about it while doing it) and post-meditation (thinking about it after it 
is done) does not comport with Black's Law Dictionary's definition of premeditation, 
which retains the temporal integrity of the term, to-wit:  "Conscious consideration and 
planning that precedes an act (such as committing a crime); the pondering of an action 
before carrying it out." (Emphasis added.) Black's Law Dictionary 1371 (10th ed. 2014).   
 
Nevertheless, the district court's modified instruction was so contradictory and 
misleading that a lay juror could not have clearly understood premeditation to mean 
either what the majority says it means or what I discern it should mean. To recap, the 
modified instruction stated as follows, with the first paragraph being the standard PIK 
instruction:   
34 
 
 
 
 
"'Premeditation' means to have thought over the matter beforehand, in other 
words, to have formed the design or intent to kill before the act. Although there is no 
specific time period required for premeditation, the concept of premeditation requires 
more than the instantaneous, intentional act of taking another's life. 
 
"Premeditation is the process of thinking about a proposed killing before 
engaging in homicidal conduct. 
 
"Premeditation does not have to be present before a fight, quarrel, or struggle 
begins. Premeditation is the time of reflection or deliberation. Premeditation does not 
necessarily mean that an act is planned, contrived, or schemed beforehand.  
 
"Premeditation can be inferred from other circumstances including:  (1) the 
nature of the weapon used, (2) the lack of provocation, (3) the defendant's conduct before 
and after the killing, (4) threats and declarations of the defendant before and during the 
occurrence, or (5) dealing of lethal blows after the deceased was felled and rendered 
helpless. 
 
"Premeditation can occur during the middle of a violent episode, struggle, or 
fight." 
 
Certainly, the last sentence suggested to the jury that Bernhardt's premeditation 
could have occurred during the middle of the violent episode, which, according to 
Bernhardt's estimate, would have been somewhere around the 10th to 15th kick. But the 
PIK portion of the instruction clarified that to be a premeditated murder, the killer must 
"have formed the design or intent to kill before the act." (Emphasis added.) Then, the 
second paragraph defined the "act" referred to in the first paragraph as being the 
"homicidal conduct" and required the jury to find that Bernhardt had engaged in "the 
process of thinking about a proposed killing before engaging in homicidal conduct." 
(Emphasis added.) 
35 
 
 
 
 
Because the coroner told the jury that the cause of death was multiple blunt force 
injuries, a rational juror would have understood that the "homicidal conduct" referred to 
in the instructions meant the multiple kicks Bernhardt inflicted upon Kostner. 
Consequently, the first part of the instruction told that rational juror that Bernhardt had to 
form the intent to kill Kostner before he started kicking her. But the last sentence of the 
instruction contradicted that directive by telling the rational juror that Bernhardt could 
have formed the intent to kill Kostner in the middle of the homicidal conduct of kicking 
her. To that rational juror, then, the first and last parts of the instruction present an 
irreconcilable contradiction.  
 
Similarly, the instruction's third paragraph might make sense to a nonlinear 
thinking juror, but for others, it would be mind-spinning, unintelligible gibberish. The 
paragraph begins by telling the jury that the defendant did not have to premeditate the 
killing before beginning a fight, quarrel, or struggle. Then, it explains that the defendant 
had to have time to reflect or deliberate on the killing. Perhaps those professing to be 
astute at multi-tasking would not be confused by the concept of taking time for reflection 
or deliberation while one is engaged in a fight, quarrel, or struggle. But even the multi-
taskers would be scratching their heads about the notion that, after the defendant engaged 
in the "time of reflection or deliberation" on the killing, that does not necessarily mean 
that the killing was "planned, contrived, or schemed beforehand." How does one reflect 
or deliberate about killing the victim without planning, contriving, or scheming to kill the 
victim? If the defendant was not planning, contriving, or scheming to kill the victim, he 
or she was not premeditating the murder.  
 
In my view, this is an example of what happens when various case quotes are 
taken out of context and thrown together as a jury instruction. The result is that the 
instruction fails the majority's test, which requires that the instruction "could not have 
36 
 
 
 
reasonably misled the jury." Slip op. at 14 (citing State v. Horton, 300 Kan. 477, 491, 331 
P.3d 752 [2014]). Moreover, that misdirection denied Bernhardt a fair trial. See Marks, 
297 Kan. at 156 (Johnson, J., dissenting) (fair trial requires jury be properly led to 
understand the concept of premeditation). 
 
Before moving on to the next issue, I pause to observe that there seems to be 
nothing in the modified instruction which would have informed the jury that Bernhardt 
could have formed his intent to kill Kostner after the homicidal act of kicking was 
completed, as the majority suggests. The instruction paragraph referencing defendant's 
conduct after the killing simply informs the jury that what a killer does afterward might 
imply that the killer had thought the matter over before the killing. To the extent the 
majority suggests that letting the victim die without rendering aid, after inflicting the 
mortal wound, is tantamount to premeditating the killing, I do not understand that to be 
the law. Even under this court's interpretation of premeditation as being possible up to a 
nanosecond before an instantaneous killing, premeditation should no longer be a 
possibility after the point in time when the killing would be deemed instantaneous.  
 
Voluntary Manslaughter  
 
As I understand the majority's rationale for finding that a voluntary manslaughter 
instruction was not factually appropriate, it first determined that there was not a sudden 
quarrel because Bernhardt and Kostner started a verbal argument at the bar that continued 
on the ride home; an argument using mere words or gestures is insufficient provocation to 
support voluntary manslaughter; and the two often argued in that manner, making it 
foreseeable rather than sudden. Then, when "Kostner did slap Bernhardt," it merely 
evidenced that there was "an altercation between [the] parties," which was insufficient 
provocation standing alone. Slip op. at 24. I have a different view of both the facts and 
the legal principles. 
37 
 
 
 
 
The majority's characterization of Kostner's verbal attack as an oft-occurring, 
normal "argument" and calling her physical attack on Bernhardt a "slap" casts those facts 
in a light most favorable to the State. We have clearly stated that the opposite should be 
true. See State v. Plummer, 295 Kan. 156, 162, 283 P.3d 202 (2012) ("Of course, where 
the defendant has requested the lesser included offense instruction, the evidence should 
be viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant."). At trial, Bernhardt described a 
more provocative scenario:  "She was yelling at me, she reached over and smacked me 
and I was driving and—I pulled over and pulled her over to—out of the driver's side by 
her hair and then she hit the ground and I started kicking her." 
 
In addition, the majority conveniently ignores Bernhardt's immediate reaction to 
being yelled at and smacked while driving his vehicle, preferring instead to talk about his 
calculated—"not impulsive"—actions after the violent episode had ended. Slip op. at 25. 
His first reaction to being yelled at and smacked was to pull over his vehicle, grab his 
assailant by the hair, pull her past the steering wheel and out the driver's door onto the 
ground, where he commenced to kick her repeatedly "[p]retty much from her waist up," 
apparently in such a rage that he could not recall how many times he kicked her or 
whether he actually kicked her in the head. His response to being pressed on the number 
of times he kicked Kostner was:  "20? 30? I don't know." One would certainly expect a 
person, who had coldly and callously formed the design or intent to kill a person by 
kicking them to death, to be more deliberate and calculating in the quality and placement 
of his kicks. Flailing wildly at the victim's body innumerable times, without regard for or 
memory of the location on the victim's body where the kicks landed, strikes me as a 
particularly incredible design for a premeditated killer to form.  
 
From a legal standpoint, one could read the majority opinion as suggesting that it 
was necessary for Bernhardt to show there was a sudden quarrel to justify the voluntary 
38 
 
 
 
manslaughter instruction. But, as we have previously clarified, a sudden quarrel is but 
"'"one form of provocation for 'heat of passion' and is not separate and apart from 'heat of 
passion.'"' State v. Johnson, 290 Kan. 1038, 1047, 236 P.3d 517 (2010) (quoting State v. 
Coop, 223 Kan. 302, 307, 573 P.2d 1017 [1978])." State v. Story, 300 Kan. 702, 711, 334 
P.3d 297 (2014). We have defined heat of passion "to include '"'any intense or vehement 
emotional excitement of the kind prompting violent and aggressive action.'" [Citations 
omitted.]' State v. Wade, 295 Kan. 916, 925, 287 P.3d 237 (2012); see State v. Story, 300 
Kan. 702, 711, 334 P.3d 297 (2014) (discussing definition of 'heat of passion'); State v. 
Coop, 223 Kan. 302, Syl. ¶ 1, 573 P.2d 1017 (1978) (heat of passion '"includes an 
emotional state of mind characterized by anger, rage, hatred, furious resentment, or 
terror"')." State v. Brownlee, 302 Kan. 491, 530, 354 P.3d 525 (2015), (Luckert, J., 
dissenting). 
 
The majority was apparently impressed with the State's argument that Bernhardt 
did not specifically testify "'that he somehow snapped, experienced a break from reality, 
felt insulted, denigrated, or suffered a personal affront.'" Slip op. at 25. But in a manner, 
Bernhardt's testimony indicated those very things. He snapped and immediately pulled to 
the side of the road, rather than continuing to their residence. He had a sufficient break 
from reality that he couldn't remember exactly what happened—how many kicks he 
delivered or whether any landed on Kostner's head. He was in such an emotional state of 
mind that he kicked Kostner—his girlfriend—many, many times, continuing even after 
she stopped saying anything. If those facts are not indicative of anger, rage, hatred, and/or 
furious resentment, I am unsure what would qualify. 
 
In my view, "[t]he crime of premeditated murder should be reserved for killings 
that are calmly planned or designed prior to the commencement of the murderous act, i.e., 
murder in cold blood, rather than applied to crimes of passion, regardless of the amount 
of time that may be consumed by the killer's rage." Marks, 297 Kan. at 153 (Johnson, J., 
39 
 
 
 
dissenting). In the legislature's view, a lesser included offense instruction is required 
"where there is some evidence which would reasonably justify a conviction of some 
lesser included crime." K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 22-3414(3).  Here, there was evidence to 
reasonably justify a conviction for a heat of passion killing that was as credible, or more 
so, than the evidence of premeditation. Consequently, under our criminal justice system, 
the jury—not the judge—should have been permitted to decide which crime Bernhardt 
committed.  
 
As the majority notes, Bernhardt asserted a claim that the cumulative effect of trial 
errors denied him a fair trial. I agree with that contention. The judge erred by giving the 
jury a misleading and contradictory instruction on premeditation and by refusing to give 
the requested instruction on heat-of-passion voluntary manslaughter as a lesser included 
offense. Given my inability to reasonably predict what the jury might have done with 
appropriate instructions on the law, I cannot say that the State has proved the instruction 
errors to be harmless. I would reverse and remand for a new trial with proper instructions. 
 
* * * 
 
 
LUCKERT, J., dissenting:  I join Justice Johnson's conclusions that (1) the district 
court's modified premeditation instruction was so contradictory and misleading that a lay 
juror could not have clearly understood premeditation; (2) an instruction on the lesser 
included offense of voluntary manslaughter was factually appropriate in this case, and it 
was error for the trial court to refuse the defendant's request to give it; and (3) cumulative 
error requires reversal of Anson R. Bernhardt's conviction for premeditated first-degree 
murder.