Title: Thomas v. Hughes

State: kansas

Issuer: Kansas Supreme Court

Document:

177 Kan. 347 (1955)
279 P.2d 286
BERT THOMAS, Appellant,
v.
HARRY HUGHES, a sole proprietor doing business as HUGHES SALES & SERVICE, Appellee.
No. 39,565

Supreme Court of Kansas.
Opinion filed January 22, 1955.
Tom Harley, Jr., of Wichita, argued the cause, and Tom Harley, of Wichita, and R.C. Woodward and H.P. Woodward, both of El Dorado, were with him on the briefs for the appellant.
Hugh P. Quinn, of Wichita, argued the cause, and Getto McDonald, William Tinker, Arthur W. Skaer and William Porter, all of Wichita, and O.J. Connell, Jr., of El Dorado, were with him on the briefs for the appellee.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
PRICE, J.:
This is an action to recover for personal injuries sustained in an automobile collision.
The appeal is from an order sustaining a demurrer to the amended petition.
The sole question is whether, under the facts and circumstances disclosed by the allegations of the amended petition (hereafter referred to as the petition), plaintiff was a "guest" within the purview of G.S. 1949, 8-122b, which reads:
Plaintiff concedes the petition does not charge gross and wanton negligence, but contends that as he was not a guest at the time and place in question, his allegations of ordinary negligence are sufficient to state a cause of action.
Defendant concedes the petition states a cause of action for ordinary negligence, but contends that as plaintiff was a guest, such allegations of ordinary negligence are insufficient to state a cause of action.
And so, the question is squarely presented  was plaintiff a guest, or was he not?
If he was, the demurrer was properly sustained; if he was not, it should have been overruled.
In the interest of accuracy, rather than attempt to summarize the allegations of the petition, pertinent portions thereof will be set out in full. They read:
These are followed by allegations of specific acts of negligence and concerning injuries and damages sustained by plaintiff, with which, for our purposes, we are not concerned.
Since the enactment of our "guest statute" in 1931 many cases involving its interpretation and application have reached this court, as is shown by the annotations to be found following the statute number in G.S. 1949 and G.S. 1953 Supp. The same is true of other jurisdictions having similar statutes, as evidenced by 60 C.J.S., Motor Vehicles, § 399 (1) c, p. 983; 5 Am. Jur., Automobiles, § 239, p. 634 (see also p. 104, et seq., of 1954 Cumulative Supplement to same volume), and extensive annotations found at 82 A.L.R. 1365; 95 A.L.R. 1180, and 10 A.L.R.2d 1351.
In support of their respective contentions the parties cite and rely upon various principles laid down in a number of our former decisions, among them being Stout v. Gallemore, 138 Kan. 385, 26 P.2d 573; Elliott v. Behner, 146 Kan. 827, 73 P.2d 1116; LeClair v. Hubert, 152 Kan. 706, 107 P.2d 703; Pilcher v. Erny, 155 Kan. 257, 124 P.2d 461; Vogrin v. Bigger, 159 Kan. 271, 154 P.2d 111; *351 Srajer v. Schwartzman, 164 Kan. 241, 188 P.2d 971; Sparks v. Getz, 170 Kan. 287, 225 P.2d 106, and In re Estate of Wright, 170 Kan. 600, 228 P.2d 911.
Each has its own factual background and was decided on the basis of those facts. In none of them, however, do we find a situation even remotely similar to that in the present case.
From our analysis of the facts alleged we are of the opinion that plaintiff was not a "guest" and that the guest statute has no application.
The situation presented is one of common everyday experience. It is a matter of common knowledge that when one purchases a new automobile certain periodic mechanical "check-ups" by the seller are a part of the transaction of purchase, just as is alleged here. Plaintiff took the car which he, as general manager, had purchased for his employer, to the seller for a service check-up, pursuant to the oral agreement for the same when the car was purchased. The seller's mechanic, after making certain minor adjustments, then proceeded to do the natural thing  he wanted to "try it out." Plaintiff being present, the mechanic asked him to "go along" so that he could see for himself how the car was working after being serviced. Plaintiff got in the car and, with the mechanic driving, the two started out on the "road test."
It is alleged that the trip was made for the joint benefit and advantage of defendant (seller) and plaintiff, in that it was made so that defendant might demonstrate to plaintiff, and plaintiff would have the opportunity to see for himself, that defendant had fully complied with his contract and obligation to make the check-up and necessary adjustments to the car, as provided for by the original contract of sale.
Defendant argues there is an entire lack of consideration (payment) passing to defendant for the ride (transportation), inasmuch as the sale of the car had already been completed, and therefore no direct or tangible benefit was received by defendant as the result of his mechanic inviting plaintiff to go on the road test.
In the Srajer case, supra, it was held that within the meaning of the guest statute "payment" for the transportation sufficient to preclude classification of the passenger as a "guest" need not be a payment in money, but it must constitute a benefit or advantage to the owner or operator which is a substantial consideration, motivating, and not merely incidental in character.
*352 In the Pilcher case, supra, this court quoted with approval from an Arkansas case to the effect that in determining who is a guest one important element is identity of the persons advantaged by the transportation, and if the transportation tends to the promotion of mutual interests of both passenger and driver, or if it is primarily for the attainment of some objective or purpose of the driver, the passenger is not a guest within the statute.
In the Vogrin case, supra, it was held that where the chief motivating reason for plaintiff being in defendant's automobile was not the payment of any consideration therefor, but merely on account of a desire of defendant to be accommodating and to extend to plaintiff the hospitality of the vehicle, plaintiff was a guest within the meaning of the statute.
Of the numerous decisions from other jurisdictions cited by the parties, the facts in the case of Gage v. Chapin Motors, Inc., 115 Conn. 546, 162 A. 17, are most nearly like those in the one at bar. In that case the automobile owned by plaintiff developed a "shimmy" in its steering mechanism. He took it to defendant's garage to be repaired. Defendant undertook to repair it and one of its mechanics worked on the car for more than an hour. After completing the repairs, and while defendant still retained possession and control of the car, the mechanic requested plaintiff, who had remained at the garage while the work was being done, to accompany him on a "road test." The mechanic drove and an accident soon occurred, resulting in injuries to plaintiff for which he brought suit. Among other defenses, the defendant relied on the guest statute of Connecticut, which is similar to ours. The first paragraph of the syllabus reads:
We think substantially the same may be said of the situation here presented. By no stretch of the imagination may it be said that plaintiff was a "guest" within the common acceptation of the term. He was not being offered the "hospitality" of the vehicle or of the defendant or its mechanic. The "transportation" was for the mutual *353 benefit of the parties, growing out of and incidental to the contractual relationship alleged. Its purpose clearly was to assure defendant that it had in fact performed its part of the engagement, and, further, to establish that fact in the mind of plaintiff, who had paid for such service when the car was purchased. Insofar as the facts here are concerned, we think it immaterial whether plaintiff was to pay any additional sum for the service check-up involved. Surely other considerations closely related to and affecting the "good will" of defendant's business were promoted. And, under the facts, we think it also immaterial that the mechanic probably would have made the road test anyway, in the absence of plaintiff.
Much more on the subject could be said, but limits of time and space forbid. The interested reader will find an extensive collection of cases, involving numerous situations in which "guest statutes" have been applied, or held not to apply, in the A.L.R. annotations heretofore referred to.
Our view of the matter is that the statute should not be extended beyond situations which it was enacted to remedy. A reasonable interpretation of the facts presented by the allegations of this petition leads us to the conclusion that plaintiff was not a guest. That being the case, the petition, which stated a cause of action for ordinary negligence, was sufficient to withstand the demurrer.
The ruling of the trial court is therefore reversed with directions to overrule the demurrer.
ROBB, J., not participating.