Title: JERNIGAN v. JERNIGAN

State: oklahoma

Issuer: Oklahoma Supreme Court

Document:

JERNIGAN v. JERNIGAN  JERNIGAN v. JERNIGAN 2006 OK 22 138 P.3d 539 Case Number: 101594 Decided: 04/18/2006 THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA ROBERT MARK JERNIGAN, Personal Representative of the Estate of Rose Marie Jernigan, Plaintiff/Appellant, v. JANA H. JERNIGAN, Defendant/Appellee. ON CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS, DIV. IV ¶0 In a replevin action brought by personal representative against a third party for the return of personalty deemed to belong to a decedent's estate, the District Court, Oklahoma County, Brian H. Upp, trial judge, sitting in probate, gave summary judgment and an attorney's fee to the estate heir's donee. The Court of Civil Appeals reversed the trial court's decision. On certiorari granted upon the representative's petition, THE COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS' OPINION IS VACATED; THE SUMMARY JUDGMENT TOGETHER WITH AN ATTORNEY'S FEE AWARD ARE AFFIRMED William H. Sullivan, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Appellant Tsinena Bruno, MILLER DOLLARHIDE, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Appellee ¶1 The certiorari quest presents for our decision four questions: (l) Did the Court of Civil Appeals err when it undertook sua sponte to review the remediability of this replevin action in the probate division of the district court? (2) Where as here one in legal possession of decedent's personalty made a gift to a third party who was without knowledge of any defect in title, did the trial court err in allowing a replevin action against that third party for recovery of the property to proceed in probate? (3) Is the executed agreement among the heirs who divided decedent's personalty subject to forensic rescission in this cause based on mutual mistake of fact? (4) Did the trial court err in awarding an attorney's fee to the successful party in replevin? ¶2 We answer the first question in the affirmative and the second through fourth questions in the negative. I THE ANATOMY OF LITIGATION ¶3 Rose Marie Jernigan died on 5 January 1996, leaving three sons, Robert Mark Jernigan, Stephen A. Jernigan and James B. Jernigan, and one daughter, Janet J. Bradley. Decedent's husband had predeceased her by nearly five weeks. The majority of their property had been placed in the Jernigan Family Limited Partnership. Decedent's estate consists solely of personalty. Rather than bring a probate the heirs agreed to distribute that personalty among themselves. Eight years later, on 30 January 2004, Robert Mark Jernigan (personal representative or plaintiff) initiated a proceeding to probate the estate of Rose Marie Jernigan. Her will was admitted to probate and he was appointed personal representative. ¶4 Shortly before the probate was filed Jana H. Jernigan, wife of James B. Jernigan (wife or donee), had commenced divorce proceedings against James B. Jernigan (husband or donor), one of the decedent's sons. In the divorce case the wife claimed as her separate property several items of jewelry, which included that which she had received as a gift from her husband during the marriage. Some of that jewelry had belonged to the decedent mother and was in a bag which he brought home with him in 1996 after the heirs had divided the decedent's personalty. ¶5 The personal representative brought in probate a replevin action against the divorcing wife for the return of the decedent's jewelry then in her possession. He alleged that (a) the decedent's 1981 will left to her daughter and two granddaughters all of her jewelry; (b) on the date of her death the jewelry was placed in the possession of her son, James B. Jernigan, for safekeeping; (c) the wife had wrongfully taken possession of the jewelry, which she was claiming as her separate asset in the then-pending divorce proceedings, and (d) the wife was wrongfully detaining the jewelry from the estate. ¶6 The wife moved for summary judgment. She argued the representative's replevin targets no estate assets. This is so because all the decedent's property was either owned by the Jernigan Family Limited Partnership or was voluntarily divided among the Jernigan heirs following the decedent's death. She contended the representative and the decedent's daughter should be estopped from laying claim to the jewelry because no one had asserted an adverse interest in that asset since its distribution eight years earlier.2 ¶7 The personal representative claimed that whether the jewelry in contest is an asset of the estate or belongs to the wife - a question for the trier of fact - presents the only issue in the case. He noted that the replevin petition lists 32 items of jewelry claimed as assets of the estate. According to the representative, it was not until the wife filed her jewelry list in the divorce case that he became aware she was claiming the items bequeathed by will to the decedent's daughter and granddaughters. He argued the wife's defense - based on estoppel theory - is meritless since the will was not discovered until January of 2004.3 ¶9 The trial court gave summary judgment to the wife for all the jewelry (which she claimed as her separate property in the divorce case) with the exception of two bracelets that the decedent had bequeathed to her two granddaughters. According to the trial court (a) no facts were in dispute about the heirs' 1996 voluntary division and distribution of decedent's personalty and (b) the heirs' property division and its distribution constitute an enforceable executed family settlement agreement. All other issues before the court were deemed moot. The trial court later awarded an attorney's fee of $29,179.77 to the wife as the successful replevin party. ¶10 The representative brought two appeals - from the summary judgment and from the attorney's fee award. He argues in the petition in error that the heirs' 1996 agreement is amenable to rescission for mutual mistake of fact. This is so because the heirs, when entering into the agreement, did not know about the decedent's will until shortly before the probate was filed. He argues that in probate the court's responsibility is to protect the sanctity of the decedent's will, which provides that a gold charm bracelet is to be given to each of her two granddaughters and the balance of the jewelry to her daughter. The representative contends there has been no opportunity in the trial court for testimony relating to the agreement and that the trial court's summary judgment's legal basis consists of no more than the parties' pleadings and their written assertions. The Court of Civil Appeals' Reversal ¶11 The Court of Civil Appeals (COCA) reversed both the summary judgment and the attorney's fee award. COCA raised sua sponte the remediability of a replevin suit before the probate division of the district court and concluded that the district court (when sitting in probate) is without "jurisdiction" to entertain a replevin action. The cause was remanded for the trial court's determination of whether an attorney's fee is the wife's due based on the personal representative's bad faith in bringing the replevin suit as part of the probate proceeding. ¶12 The wife seeks relief by certiorari, but both parties contend here COCA erred in holding that the trial court was "without jurisdiction" to entertain the replevin action. They argue the "jurisdictional issue" was presented in prejudgment stages to, and correctly decided by, the trial court when it ruled the district court's probate division had "concurrent jurisdiction" to entertain the replevin claim. They urge this court to vacate COCA's opinion upon review of the errors COCA refused to consider on appeal. II THE STANDARD OF REVIEW FOR APPEALABLE PRODUCTS OF SUMMARY PROCESS ¶13 Summary process - a special pretrial procedural track pursued with the aid of acceptable probative substitutes III THE REMEDIABILITY OF REPLEVIN FILED IN A PROBATE PROCEEDING PRESENTS A MATTER OF INTERNAL ALLOCATION OF DISTRICT-COURT CASELOAD RATHER THAN A JURISDICTIONAL ISSUE AND CANNOT HENCE BE RAISED SUA SPONTE ¶15 The wife claims that when in prejudgment stages12 she urged that the trial court, sitting in probate, had no jurisdiction to entertain the replevin action, she was unaware that recent amendments to 58 O.S.2001 §113 had expanded the probate's remedial range. She explains that because the trial court had earlier decided the district court sitting in probate has "concurrent jurisdiction" to determine ownership of property, she did not re-interpose that issue in her summary judgment brief or on appeal.14 COCA viewed replevin's remediability in probate as a jurisdictional problem and interjected the issue sua sponte to raise an insuperable barrier to the probate division's power over the replevin brought against the wife. ¶16 While an appellate court is duty-bound to inquire sua sponte into its own jurisdiction over any pending matter,15 replevin's remediability in probate presents merely a matter of internal allocation of caseload rather than one of jurisdiction. The district court's subject-matter jurisdiction is derived from the State's constitution.16 Under its provisions, the district court - in all of is divisions - constitutes an omnicompetent, single-level, first-instance tribunal17 with "unlimited original jurisdiction of all justiciable matters. . . ."18 That broad, constitutionally-conferred jurisdictional sweep is indivisible, even though the court's day-to-day exercise of authority stands carved into several separate divisional compartments.19 ¶18 The correct method for challenging the remediability of a claim filed in probate is not by motion to dismiss or by a plea to the jurisdiction, but rather by motion to transfer the cause to another division. IV NO EQUITABLE CLAIM FOR RESCISSION OF THE FAMILY AGREEMENT WAS EVER PRESENTED TO THE TRIAL COURT A. The Family Settlement Agreement Invested the Matrimonial Donor With Sufficient Indicia of Ownership To Pass Title To The Defendant/Matrimonial Donee. ¶20 Upon the voluntary settlement of decedent's estate in 1996, wife's husband took possession of several items of personalty. According to the wife's affidavit, admitted as evidentiary material in summary process, (a) her husband received from the agreed distribution some art work, furniture, a bag of jewelry, loose gemstones and other items of personalty; (b) over the next eight years he transferred to her from the received bag several items of jewelry and eventually gave her as a gift its entire contents; (c) the wife and her daughter wore the jewelry in the presence of the other Jernigan family members, including the decedent's daughter. In support of summary process the wife tendered the husband's answer to an interrogatory in the divorce case which indicated that several items of personalty had been divided following the decedent's death, in addition to the "distribution ... of jewelry." ¶22 We accordingly hold there are no triable fact issues in the replevin against the wife. The representative, a stranger to the gift transaction, is estopped to assert an interest in or title to the property conveyed under apparent color of ownership. B. The Subsequent Discovery Of A Will Whose Provisions Are Inconsistent With The 1996 Oral Agreement Does Not Affect The Validity Of The Family Settlement Agreement ¶23 The representative argued on appeal that the family agreement is subject to rescission because it was based on mutual mistake of fact - the heirs' absence of knowledge that the mother left a will. He claimed that at the time the agreement was reached "there was no knowledge of the decedent's last will and testament." He urged that in matters of probate and the administration of estates the court is duty-bound to protect the sanctity of the decedent's will. According to the representative, the trial court erred in ignoring the decedent's will and in basing its summary judgment upon an agreement reached by the heirs, who labored under a mistake of fact. He claims there has been no opportunity for eliciting testimony about the facts relating to this matter and that the trial court's judgment is based merely on pleadings and the parties' assertions. ¶24 A family settlement agreement is generally executed between or among parties (with an interest in the decedent's property) for the purpose of distributing the decedent's property in a manner different from that prescribed by law or by testamentary instrument. The Equitable Rescission Of The Heirs' Agreement Based On Their Mutual Mistake Of Fact Is An Issue Interposed For The First Time On Appeal ¶25 The wife's summary judgment brief urged the trial court to follow strictly the parties' family settlement agreement executed eight years earlier, by the terms of which the decedent's personalty was divided. Although the wife interposed the agreement in summary process to show her chain of title, the representative failed to counter by tendering to the trial judge the defense of equitable rescission based on mutual mistake of fact either in summary proceedings or by new trial motion. He now seeks to avoid the effect of that agreement by an argument interposed for the first time in appellate stages of the controversy. ¶26 The trial court never had an opportunity in this case to consider whether the representative is entitled to relief by rescission of the settlement contract. Matters not first presented to the trial court are generally excluded from consideration by an appellate forum.29 Nothing tendered here warrants a deviation from the general rule that bars from review issues raised for the first time by appeal. We must hence accept the factum of an oral family agreement whose existence is undenied and whose validity stands unchallenged in all the trial court stages.30 Counsel-Fee Award ¶28 The personal representative appealed from the counsel-fee award to the wife claiming that it was based on the flawed "dismissal of the replevin action," meaning that the summary judgment for the wife was legally erroneous. Because we affirm today the nisi prius decision for the wife, the counsel-fee award must also stand. V SUMMARY ¶29 The remediability of replevin suit brought below as a part of the probate proceeding presents a matter of internal allocation of district-court business rather than a jurisdictional issue. It was hence clearly beyond COCA's sua sponte reach on its consideration of the representative's appeal. ¶30 No claim for rescission of the family settlement agreement was ever interposed in the trial court. The factum and validity of that agreement was established by the wife's evidentiary materials. The agreement invested her then-husband, the matrimonial donor, with sufficient indicia of ownership of the jewelry to pass title to the wife qua matrimonial donee who was not shown to have had notice of any infirmities. ¶31 The later discovery of decedent's will does not affect the validity of the heirs' prior agreement. The personal representative pressed no legal challenge to the agreement at nisi prius. His appellate plea for equitable rescission, first made on appeal, cannot hence be addressed on review. The issue should have been timely tendered to the trial court. ¶32 On certiorari granted upon the personal representative's petition, the Court of Civil Appeals' opinion is vacated; the summary judgment together with an attorney's fee award are affirmed. ¶33 WINCHESTER, V.C.J., LAVENDER, HARGRAVE, OPALA, EDMONDSON, TAYLOR and COLBERT, JJ., concur; ¶34 WATT, C.J., and KAUGER, J., concur in result. FOOT