Title: Attorney Grievance v. Malone

State: maryland

Issuer: Maryland Supreme Court

Document:

Attorney Grievance Commission of Maryland v. Edward Allen Malone, Misc. Docket AG 
No. 47, September Term, 2020. Opinion by Biran, J. 
 
ATTORNEY DISCIPLINE – MISCONDUCT – APPLICATION OF THE FIFTH 
AMENDMENT PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION – LIMITED 
REMAND – Respondent, Edward Allen Malone, was charged with violating Maryland 
Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct (“MLRPC”) 8.1(a) and (b) (bar admission and 
disciplinary matters) and 8.4(a), (b), (c), and (d) (misconduct). In pretrial discovery, Mr. 
Malone asserted the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination in response to 
two of Bar Counsel’s requests for production of documents, as well as in response to all 
questions Bar Counsel asked Mr. Malone at his deposition. Bar Counsel filed a motion in 
limine to preclude Mr. Malone from testifying at the evidentiary hearing on Bar Counsel’s 
charges, and the hearing judge granted the motion. The hearing judge found that Mr. 
Malone violated the MLRPC, as alleged by Bar Counsel.  
 
The Court of Appeals held that a civil litigant who invokes the Fifth Amendment privilege 
against self-incrimination in discovery is not forever precluded from waiving the privilege 
and testifying at trial or submitting substantive responses to discovery requests. When 
faced with a party’s application to waive the privilege after previously invoking it (or an 
objection by an opposing party to a subsequent proposed waiver), the trial court should, in 
general, take a liberal view toward the request to waive the privilege. However, the trial 
court must be alert to the danger that the litigant might have invoked the privilege primarily 
to abuse, manipulate, or gain an unfair strategic advantage over opposing parties. A trial 
court’s response to a request to withdraw the privilege necessarily depends on the precise 
facts and circumstances of each case.  
 
In this case, the hearing judge acted within his discretion by precluding Mr. Malone from 
testifying as to the alleged violations of the MLRPC. However, the balance of interests 
favored allowing Mr. Malone to testify concerning mitigating factors at the evidentiary 
hearing.  
 
The Court of Appeals concluded that Mr. Malone violated Rules 8.1(a), 8.1(b), 8.4(a), 
8.4(b), 8.4(c), and 8.4(d). The Court ordered a limited remand to the circuit court to allow 
Mr. Malone to testify concerning mitigating factors. The Court deferred determination of 
the applicable aggravating and mitigating factors and the appropriate sanction for Mr. 
Malone’s violations of the MLRPC, pending the proceedings on remand and further 
proceedings in the Court of Appeals. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 
 
OF MARYLAND 
 
Misc. Docket AG No. 47 
 
September Term, 2020 
 
 
ATTORNEY GRIEVANCE COMMISSION 
OF MARYLAND 
 
v. 
 
EDWARD ALLEN MALONE 
 
 
Getty, C.J. 
McDonald 
Watts 
Hotten 
Booth 
Biran 
Gould, 
 
 
 
JJ. 
 
 
Opinion by Biran, J. 
 
 
Filed: January 31, 2022
Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County 
Case No. C-02-CV-20-002203 
Argued: October 6, 2021 
Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal 
Materials Act 
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic. 
 
 
 
 
 
Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk 
2022-01-31 
14:38-05:00
 
 
On November 20, 2020, Petitioner, the Attorney Grievance Commission of 
Maryland, acting through Bar Counsel, filed a Petition for Disciplinary or Remedial Action 
(the “Petition”) alleging that Edward Allen Malone, Respondent, violated the following 
Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct (“MLRPC”), as then enumerated1: 
8.1(a) and (b) (bar admission and disciplinary matters), and 8.4(a), (b), (c), and (d) 
(misconduct).  
In pretrial discovery, Mr. Malone invoked the Fifth Amendment privilege against 
self-incrimination in response to two of Bar Counsel’s requests for production of 
documents, as well as in response to every question Bar Counsel asked at Mr. Malone’s 
deposition. Although Bar Counsel’s position was that Mr. Malone invoked the Fifth 
Amendment improperly, Bar Counsel did not file a motion to compel discovery. Instead, 
Bar Counsel filed a motion in limine seeking to preclude Mr. Malone from testifying at the 
upcoming evidentiary hearing on the alleged MLRPC violations.  
At a hearing on Bar Counsel’s motion in limine, Mr. Malone argued that a litigant 
should be allowed to “assert the privilege pretrial” but later “change [one’s] mind and then 
testify” at trial. Mr. Malone also told the hearing judge that he probably would not testify 
as part of his “case in chief” at the upcoming evidentiary hearing, but that, if he were found 
“guilty” at the hearing, he would want to “address the Court” concerning the “sentence” to 
 
1 Effective July 1, 2016, the Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct 
(“MLRPC”) were renamed the Maryland Attorneys’ Rules of Professional Conduct 
(“MARPC”) and recodified without substantive changes in Title 19 of the Maryland Rules. 
The Petition for Disciplinary or Remedial Action in this case only charges violations of the 
MLRPC.  
 
2 
be imposed. At the conclusion of the hearing on the motion in limine, the hearing judge 
found that Mr. Malone invoked the privilege against self-incrimination in bad faith at his 
deposition. The hearing judge granted Bar Counsel’s motion in limine and precluded Mr. 
Malone from testifying at the evidentiary hearing.  
Following the evidentiary hearing, the hearing judge found that Mr. Malone violated 
the MLRPC, as alleged by Bar Counsel. The hearing judge also concluded that Bar Counsel 
proved the existence of several aggravating factors, and that Mr. Malone failed to establish 
the existence of any mitigating factors.  
Mr. Malone subsequently filed exceptions to the hearing judge’s findings of fact 
and conclusions of law in this Court. He contends that the hearing judge improperly 
sanctioned him for his assertion of the Fifth Amendment privilege against 
self-incrimination during discovery. Mr. Malone requests that we remand the case to the 
circuit court for an entirely new evidentiary hearing or, alternatively, that we suspend him 
from the practice of law for three months. 
As discussed below, the hearing judge properly found that Mr. Malone violated 
Rules 8.1(a) and (b) and Rules 8.4(a), (b), (c), and (d). However, a limited remand is 
warranted to allow Mr. Malone to testify as to mitigation. Following that testimony, the 
hearing judge shall issue a supplemental opinion addressing mitigating factors and, if 
necessary, aggravating factors. We shall defer determination of the applicable aggravating 
and mitigating factors and the appropriate sanction for Mr. Malone’s violations of the 
MLRPC, pending the proceedings on remand and further proceedings in this Court. 
 
 
 
3 
I 
 
Background 
The Allegations of Professional Misconduct 
 
Bar Counsel alleged in the Petition that Mr. Malone – a member of the Maryland 
Bar since 1999 – knowingly and intentionally provided false information to the Texas 
Board of Law Examiners (the “Texas Board” or the “Board”) on several occasions during 
a multi-year quest to obtain admission to the Texas Bar. Bar Counsel alleged that Mr. 
Malone, on multiple occasions, knowingly failed to disclose to the Texas Board: (1) that 
he was admitted to practice law in the State of Virginia, in the United States District Court 
for the District of Maryland, and in other federal courts; and (2) that the Virginia State Bar 
and the United States District Court for the District of Maryland previously had sanctioned 
him. In addition, Bar Counsel alleged that, after the Texas Board opened an investigation 
and asked Mr. Malone to explain his failure to disclose his Virginia licensure and 
disciplinary history, Mr. Malone knowingly and intentionally made a false statement to the 
Texas Board when he claimed that he “failed to disclose [his] Virginia license and 
discipline to the board because [he] did not read the questions carefully enough” and that 
he “did not believe [he] was required to share [his] experience practicing law in Virginia.” 
Bar Counsel alleged that Mr. Malone violated MLRPC 8.1(a), 8.1(b), 8.4(a), 8.4(b), 8.4(c), 
and 8.4(d). 
On December 1, 2020, following Bar Counsel’s filing of the Petition, this Court 
designated the Honorable Alison L. Asti of the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County to 
conduct an evidentiary hearing in accordance with Maryland Rule 19-727. Judge Asti 
 
4 
issued a Scheduling and Pre-Trial Order providing, among other things, that all discovery 
was to be completed by April 14, 2021, that all motions in limine were to be filed by April 
30, 2021, and that the evidentiary hearing on Petitioner’s charges would begin on May 5, 
2021.  
Mr. Malone’s Answer to the Petition 
 
On February 3, 2021, Mr. Malone – who was not represented by counsel during the 
proceedings before the hearing judge in this case – filed an answer to the Petition, styled 
“Response to Petition for Disciplinary or Remedial Action.” Mr. Malone admitted the 
majority of the factual allegations contained in the Petition, including: (1) that he 
knowingly and intentionally failed to disclose his admission to the Virginia State Bar, as 
well as his Virginia disciplinary history, to the Texas Board; and (2) that he made a 
knowing and intentional misrepresentation to the Texas Board when purporting to explain 
why he failed to disclose his Virginia license and discipline to the Board. However, Mr. 
Malone denied the allegations that he knowingly concealed his admission to, and his 
disciplinary history in, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.  
Bar Counsel’s Effort to Depose Mr. Malone 
On February 25, 2021, the Assistant Bar Counsel responsible for Mr. Malone’s case 
(“Bar Counsel”) advised Mr. Malone by email of her intention to take his deposition 
remotely and provided him with potential dates for the deposition. Mr. Malone replied to 
Bar Counsel the following day, asking that he be allowed to “avert a deposition, as the facts 
of [Bar Counsel’s] case are essentially undisputed.” On March 1, 2021, Bar Counsel 
advised Mr. Malone by email that she was moving forward with his deposition, and asked 
 
5 
that he provide his availability for the dates previously proposed. Mr. Malone subsequently 
replied: “The 5th Amendment as made applicable through the 14th, protects a person 
against testifying against himself. I therefore invoke my rights, and I respectfully request 
you to call off your deposition.” Bar Counsel subsequently advised Mr. Malone that he 
could invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege in response to specific questions at the 
deposition and again requested that he provide available dates. In response, Mr. Malone 
emailed Bar Counsel: “I also invoke Rule 2-403[2] and object to the taking of the deposition 
itself on grounds that it serves no other purpose than to annoy, embarrass, and oppress me. 
Put simply. I am not sitting for a deposition. And if that means the Maryland Court of 
Appeals will revoke my law license, then so be it.”  
On March 2, 2021, Bar Counsel served Mr. Malone with a Notice of Deposition. 
On March 4, 2021, Mr. Malone filed a Motion for Protective Order to Quash the Notice of 
Deposition under Rule 2-403 in which he asserted, among other things, that “there is 
essentially no material issue of fact in dispute” and that “forcing a Respondent who has 
already confessed to undergo further examination is abusive and oppressive.” Bar Counsel 
filed a response on March 5, 2021. By Order dated March 9, 2021, Judge Asti denied Mr. 
Malone’s motion for a protective order. On March 12, 2021, Mr. Malone filed a reply3 
 
2 Maryland Rule 2-403(a) provides, in part: “On motion of a party, a person from 
whom discovery is sought, or a person named or depicted in an item sought to be 
discovered, and for good cause shown, the court may enter any order that justice requires 
to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden 
or expense[.]” 
3 The record suggests that Mr. Malone mailed his reply to the circuit court for filing 
before receiving Judge Asti’s Order denying his motion for a protective order. 
 
6 
again stating that no material facts were in dispute, and asserting that Bar Counsel had all 
the facts it needed to proceed against him at the evidentiary hearing. In response to Bar 
Counsel’s suggestion that Mr. Malone invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege on a 
question-by-question basis during the deposition, Mr. Malone stated that “the plain 
language of the 5th amendment says that a person shall not be compelled to testify against 
himself, period!” 
Mr. Malone’s Invocations of the Fifth Amendment 
a. Responses to Document Requests 
On March 16, 2021, Mr. Malone served “Supplemental Answers to Petitioner’s First 
Set of Documents Requests” on Bar Counsel. In response to requests for “[a]ll 
correspondence … between you and any individual identified in your Answers to 
Interrogatories” and for “[a]ll written correspondence or other documents you filed with 
and/or received from the Texas Board of Law Examiners,” Mr. Malone objected on the 
basis of, among other things, the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. 
Mr. Malone did not invoke the Fifth Amendment in response to Bar Counsel’s other seven 
requests for production of documents. 
b. The Deposition 
On March 29, 2021, Mr. Malone appeared for his remote deposition. Mr. Malone 
invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination in response to every 
question he was asked, including:  
• “[C]an you just state and spell your name for the record, please.” 
 
7 
• “[D]id you receive the documents that I sent you that I’ll be referring to 
today?” 
• “[A]re you able to see what I am sharing on the screen?” 
• “What, if any, factors are you contending should be considered in 
mitigation of any potential sanction imposed in this matter?” 
• “[Y]ou received Petitioner’s interrogatories and Petitioner’s request for 
production of documents that were served upon you; is that right?” 
• “[A]re you disputing that you received a reprimand from Virginia?” 
• “[A]re you disputing that you received a private reprimand from the 
United States District Court for the District of Maryland in 2012?” 
• “[A]re you disputing that you knowingly and intentionally made 
misrepresentations on your Texas Bar application for admission to the 
Texas Bar?” 
• “[C]an you explain the basis of … what your Fifth Amendment right is 
when you’ve admitted much of these matters already in your answer to 
the Petition for Disciplinary and Remedial Action in this case?” 
In response to the question, “is it your intention today to assert your Fifth Amendment right 
to any and all questions I ask you,” Mr. Malone replied, “Yes, ma’am.” 
After asking questions for approximately 10 minutes, Bar Counsel stated: “Well, at 
this time, I’m going to end the deposition, but I’m going [to] hold it open so that the Court 
has an opportunity to weigh in on what’s clearly a discovery dispute in this case. So I think 
this concludes the deposition for today.” 
Bar Counsel’s Motion in Limine 
Although Bar Counsel held the deposition open, Bar Counsel did not file a motion 
to compel Mr. Malone to answer the questions he refused to answer on the basis of the 
Fifth Amendment. Nor did Bar Counsel move to compel Mr. Malone to provide responsive 
 
8 
documents he withheld on the basis of the Fifth Amendment. Rather, on April 1, 2021, Bar 
Counsel filed a motion in limine arguing that Mr. Malone should be precluded from 
testifying at the upcoming evidentiary hearing. Mr. Malone filed an opposition to the 
motion in limine on April 5, 2021. 
The Hearing on the Motion in Limine 
On April 26, 2021, the Honorable Robert J. Thompson of the Circuit Court for Anne 
Arundel County4 held a hearing on Bar Counsel’s motion in limine. At the hearing, Bar 
Counsel argued that, under the factors this Court set forth in Taliaferro v. State, 295 Md. 
376 (1983),5 the hearing judge should preclude Mr. Malone from offering his own 
testimony at the evidentiary hearing “based on his complete failure to answer any questions 
at his deposition in this matter, in addition to failing to answer two of Petitioner’s requests 
for document production.” Bar Counsel acknowledged that the respondent in an attorney 
grievance matter may invoke his or her rights under the Fifth Amendment, but argued that, 
in this case, Mr. Malone “has asserted his privilege in a wholesale manner” and, therefore, 
“not in good faith.” Bar Counsel further argued that Mr. Malone’s “failure to answer any 
 
4 On March 31, 2021, Mr. Malone filed a motion to recuse Judge Asti. By Order 
dated April 7, 2021, Judge Asti granted the motion. On the same date, this Court designated 
Judge Thompson to hear and determine this matter. 
 
5 Taliaferro concerned a trial court’s exclusion of a purported alibi witness’s 
testimony due to the defendant’s belated disclosure of the witness. This Court stated that 
the decision to exclude such evidence “turns on the facts of the particular case,” and noted 
several relevant factors to consider, including: “whether the disclosure violation was 
technical or substantial, the timing of the ultimate disclosure, the reason, if any, for the 
violation, the degree of prejudice to the parties respectively offering and opposing the 
evidence, whether any resulting prejudice might be cured by a postponement and, if so, the 
overall desirability of a continuance.” 295 Md. at 390-91. 
 
9 
questions at his deposition has prejudiced Petitioner’s ability to prepare for trial in this 
matter, to prepare for cross-examination, in particular to … explore his defenses that he’s 
asserted in this case and the positions that he’s asserted, in addition to exploring what 
mitigation he intends to put on so that Petitioner could have taken additional discovery on 
those matters.” Bar Counsel claimed that the prejudice could not be cured by a 
postponement of the evidentiary hearing “because there doesn’t appear to be any indication 
that Mr. Malone intends to cooperate with the Petitioner or act in good faith in this case.” 
Bar Counsel indicated that she was not asking the hearing judge to “draw any sort of 
negative [inference] from” Mr. Malone’s having asserted the Fifth Amendment. Rather, 
Bar Counsel stated,  
Petitioner is just asking that he not be allowed to use his Fifth Amendment 
as both a shield in refusing to answer any questions at a deposition, but also 
a sword in introducing new information at trial, if he be allowed to testify on 
things that he … refused to answer questions about during his deposition.  
  
In response, Mr. Malone told the hearing judge: 
Well, Your Honor, I probably won’t be testifying in any type of case in chief 
that I would be making.  
 
I would like for the Court to allow me in case I am found to be, I’ll use the 
word for lack of a better word, guilty, to at least address the Court in, what 
I’ll call for lack of a better word, sentence.  
 
Now, as far as being allowed to testify, I still would argue that the Fifth 
Amendment privilege belongs to the suspect, and so it could be waived or 
asserted…. I haven’t seen anything in the U.S. Constitution that says, well, 
if you assert the privilege pretrial then you waive your right to change your 
mind and then testify. So in that respect I don’t think … bar counsel is correct 
in being able to do this to me. 
 
 
10 
Replying to Mr. Malone’s argument, Bar Counsel alluded to the Court of Special 
Appeals’ decision in Kramer v. Levitt, 79 Md. App. 575, 588 (1989), which Bar Counsel 
argued stands for the proposition that a civil litigant “who asserts their privilege against 
self-incrimination during the discovery stage … then can be prohibited from testifying on 
those same matters.” Bar Counsel argued that such a rule makes sense because “if a party 
is free to shield themselves with a privilege during discovery but then has the full benefits 
of their testimony at trial, it … completely guts the purpose of discovery in these cases.” 
The hearing judge then considered the Taliaferro factors and Kramer v. Levitt, and 
granted Bar Counsel’s motion in limine. The hearing judge found that Mr. Malone had 
invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege in bad faith: 
If … you had been asked a specific question about an alleged or purported 
ethical violation and you had refused to answer that question, that would be 
one thing, and it might be appropriate … in that case to invoke the Fifth 
Amendment privilege, but you showed bad faith when you wouldn’t respond 
to whether a document was being properly shown to you by Zoom or spelling 
your name, that kind of thing. 
 
Considering the prejudice to the parties, the hearing judge noted that “Mr. Malone 
has told me insofar as prejudice to him that he probably won’t be testifying any way. So I 
think that that minimizes the impact of any prejudice on him that there may be.” As for the 
prejudice to Bar Counsel if Mr. Malone were permitted to testify, the hearing judge stated: 
[W]hen you don’t have discovery it’s almost impossible to prepare for trial, 
it’s almost impossible to prepare for cross-examination, it’s almost 
impossible to prepare for impeachment of witnesses…. [Y]ou’re not on 
notice of what defenses a party may have.  
 
… I think bar counsel is right, and it also is echoed in the words of … Kramer 
versus Levitt, that it’s not fair to be able to use … the Fifth Amendment 
privilege as both a shield and a sword. 
 
11 
Finally, the hearing judge explained that “[t]rial is next week and it’s not going to 
be postponed, because the rule requires that the trial be held within so many days of 
receiving the assignment, and I think we might have a few extra days left in the order, but 
not enough to postpone the case or allow for a second opportunity at deposition.” 
By Order dated April 27, 2021, the hearing judge formally granted Bar Counsel’s 
motion in limine and ordered that Mr. Malone would be precluded from testifying at the 
evidentiary hearing. 
The Evidentiary Hearing 
 
The evidentiary hearing on the charges alleged in the Petition went forward on May 
5, 2021. In his opening statement, Mr. Malone stated: “The evidence in this case will show 
that myself, Respondent, engaged in a continuous course of conduct to procure a Texas 
law license by fraud” but that, beginning in June 2016, he “corrected that or attempted to 
correct that situation by seeking readmission into Virginia, by reapplying to Texas and by 
no longer being deceitful.” Mr. Malone explained that he was now “attempting to restore 
his life and get it back on track, so to speak, and that despite bar counsel’s characterization 
of Respondent as a dishonest person, the evidence will show that Respondent engaged in 
an awful scandal but that otherwise there isn’t a record of Respondent deceiving people, 
defrauding people or engaging in obstruction of justice or anything disruptive to the judicial 
system.”  
Bar Counsel introduced more than 20 exhibits relating to Mr. Malone’s alleged 
misconduct in Texas. Bar Counsel did not call any witnesses. Mr. Malone introduced 14 
exhibits as well as the testimony of a former client, Taylor Bastiand Woodyard. Ms. 
 
12 
Woodyard testified that Mr. Malone represented her very effectively, and that she referred 
him to family members and business associates who needed legal advice and 
representation. According to Ms. Woodyard, the people to whom she referred Mr. Malone 
provided her with “nothing but positive feedback about [Mr. Malone’s] … integrity, … 
[his] knowledge of the law, [his] compassion and the way that [he] walk[s] them through 
… each of their options as to what to do. They were very – and still are very impressed 
with [Mr. Malone] and stated [he is] a credit to the law – the legal system.” 
The exhibits Mr. Malone introduced included, among other things, a list of Virginia 
Continuing Legal Education classes he had taken in 2016 as a “pre-condition to 
readmission to the Virginia state bar,” a letter from the Texas Board “announcing a passing 
score for the February 2020 bar exam,” and several news articles detailing his indictment 
in Texas for holding himself out as a lawyer by reciting the Declaration of Independence 
at a Fourth of July event at which attorneys traditionally read the Declaration.  
In his closing argument, Mr. Malone again admitted that he had knowingly omitted 
his Virginia licensure and disciplinary history from his Texas Bar application. Mr. Malone 
also engaged in an extended colloquy with the hearing judge about various events in Texas 
that did not directly bear on Bar Counsel’s charges but seemingly touched upon potential 
mitigating factors. For example, Mr. Malone told the hearing judge about some of the 
circumstances concerning his prior Virginia suspension. In addition, he provided more 
information about his indictment in Texas for holding himself out as an attorney, and 
argued that this criminal charge shows that he has already “been punished” and “suffered 
consequences” for his professional misconduct.  
 
13 
At several points during his discussion with the hearing judge, Mr. Malone indicated 
awareness that he should not be “testifying,” and curtailed his remarks concerning the 
points he was trying to make. However, Mr. Malone did provide an explanation in his 
closing argument concerning his failure to disclose his admission to, and his private 
reprimand from, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. As to why 
he initially failed to disclose his admission to the federal district court in Maryland, Mr. 
Malone stated that he was admitted in “about eight, nine courts. Now that doesn’t excuse 
it but the reason it could have been was I don’t feel like writing all this stuff down, 
admission date, admission year and all that stuff, each court[.]” Regarding the private 
reprimand from the Maryland federal court, Mr. Malone stated: “My argument is that I lied 
about Virginia and then what they’re trying to do is pin the second one on me. And it wasn’t 
a conscious lie. I knew what I was doing with Virginia and I said, okay, I’m not going to 
list that state. That was intentional…. This other one, I did not have that in mind. It was a 
private reprimand. I forgot about it. I did.” 
At that point, Bar Counsel objected that Mr. Malone was “using closing argument 
to testify in this case.” The hearing judge replied that Bar Counsel’s objection “is noted,” 
but did not rule on it. Mr. Malone then continued: “Okay. Well, the evidence is … that all 
courts were listed. And so if that was intent to deceive, why would I have listed that court? 
If I wanted to hide it, I would have just not listed it and they would have never known about 
it. And it’s harder to find out about federal discipline than state. They wouldn’t have even 
known that I was admitted in that court. So pinning that second deception on me was not 
right. I think the Texas Board of Law Examiners was wrong in doing it. And I would hope 
 
14 
that this Court does not adopt their factual finding in that regard.” (Paragraph break 
omitted.) 
The Parties’ Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law 
On May 21, 2021, Bar Counsel filed Petitioner’s Proposed Findings of Fact and 
Conclusions of Law. On May 27, 2021, Mr. Malone filed his Proposed Findings of Fact 
and Conclusions of Law. In his submission, Mr. Malone again acknowledged his 
“dishonesty in procuring admission in Texas.” However, he asked the hearing judge to 
conclude that he “could not have possibly violated Rule 8.1” because his misconduct 
involved attempts to gain admission to the Texas Bar, not the Maryland Bar. Mr. Malone 
conceded that he violated Rule 8.4(c), in that “Respondent, by his own admission 
intentionally concealed negative information about himself to the Texas Board … in 
seeking admission to practice law in Texas.” Mr. Malone did not ask the hearing judge to 
find that he knowingly omitted only his Virginia licensure and disciplinary history from 
his Texas Bar applications, and that his failure to disclose his admission to, and his 
disciplinary history in, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, was 
inadvertent. 
In his submission, Mr. Malone did not expressly refer to “mitigation” or any of the 
mitigating factors this Court has recognized in attorney grievance cases. However, Mr. 
Malone asked the hearing judge to find facts that seemingly bore on the mitigating factors 
 
15 
of good character or reputation, interim rehabilitation, and imposition of other penalties or 
sanctions.6   
II 
The Hearing Judge’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law 
On June 4, 2021, the hearing judge filed with this Court an opinion containing his 
findings of fact and conclusions of law, as well as findings concerning aggravating and 
mitigating circumstances. The hearing judge concluded that Mr. Malone violated MLRPC 
8.1(a) and (b) and 8.4(a), (b), (c), and (d). The hearing judge also found that Bar Counsel 
established the existence of several aggravating factors, and that Mr. Malone failed to 
establish the existence of any mitigating factors. 
A. The Hearing Judge’s Findings of Fact  
We summarize here the hearing judge’s findings of fact. 
Background 
 
Mr. Malone was admitted to the Bar of Maryland and the Bar of the Commonwealth 
of Virginia in 1999. He has also been admitted to practice in several United States District 
Courts, including: the Eastern District of Virginia in 2001, the Western District of Virginia 
in 2005, the District of Maryland in 2003, the District of Columbia in 2003, the Central 
 
6 For example, Mr. Malone asked the hearing judge to find that “Mr. Malone has 
already paid a price for his misbehavior. He has faced the economic hardship of having his 
Texas license canceled as well as the public embarrassment and humiliation of having his 
license canceled and being indicted for simply reading the Declaration of Independence.” 
 
16 
District of Illinois in 2004, the Northern District of Illinois in 2013, the Eastern District of 
Texas in 2015, and the Western District of Texas in 2015. 
Virginia Disciplinary History 
 
On February 28, 2011, the Virginia State Bar issued Mr. Malone a public reprimand 
for violating Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct 1.3 (diligence), 1.16(d) (declining or 
terminating the representation), and 8.1(c) (failure to respond to bar counsel). Mr. Malone’s 
discipline stemmed from two client complaints. The first complaint was filed by Derrick 
Clayton in December 2006. After Mr. Clayton retained Mr. Malone and paid him $1,000 
to represent him in a family law matter, Mr. Malone only spoke with Mr. Clayton one time 
about the status of the case and failed to respond to Mr. Clayton’s numerous requests for 
information. The second complaint was filed by Keya Woods in June 2007. Ms. Woods 
retained Mr. Malone to represent her husband in his appeal of a criminal conviction. 
Although Mr. Malone timely filed a notice of appeal, he failed to timely file the trial 
transcripts. The court ultimately dismissed the appeal.  
The Virginia State Bar served Mr. Malone with a summons and subpoena duces 
tecum compelling his appearance before the Fourth District Committee and demanding 
that he produce both client files for inspection. After Mr. Malone failed to appear, the 
Virginia State Bar Disciplinary Board administratively suspended him from the practice of 
law for his non-compliance. In or around June 2009, Mr. Malone took steps to have the 
suspension lifted but still failed to provide responses to the complaints.  
The Fourth District Committee held a hearing to determine whether Mr. Malone’s 
conduct violated the Rules of Professional Conduct. As noted above, Mr. Malone was 
 
17 
issued a public reprimand. The terms of the reprimand required Mr. Malone to complete 
six Continuing Legal Education hours within six months of the reprimand. Mr. Malone 
knowingly and intentionally failed to inform Maryland Bar Counsel of his public 
reprimand as required under Maryland Rule 19-737(a).7  
Mr. Malone failed to pay the disciplinary costs in connection with his reprimand, 
resulting in an administrative suspension on April 28, 2011. His failure to pay annual dues 
for two successive years resulted in his Virginia law license being forfeited on or about 
March 20, 2013. By order dated May 26, 2016, the Virginia State Bar Disciplinary Board 
terminated Mr. Malone’s 2011 suspension for non-payment of costs. 
Federal Court Disciplinary History 
 
On December 12, 2012, Chief Judge Deborah K. Chasanow of the United States 
District Court for the District of Maryland issued Mr. Malone a private reprimand, stating: 
The Disciplinary & Admissions Committee of the Court has reviewed your 
response to the Court’s Order to Show Cause dated November 7, 2012. By 
Order entered on September 26, 2012, you were found in contempt by 
Bankruptcy Court Judge James F. Schneider in the case [] In re T.D. Bistro, 
Inc., Case No. 11-19367 JS, for failure to appear in a court proceeding 
without proper justification. Your response at the contempt hearing and to 
this Court’s show cause order was to claim financial hardship. 
 
The Disciplinary and Admissions Committee has found your explanation 
unacceptable. As an out-of-state attorney, you should not undertake 
representation of a client in this State if you are not prepared to appear at 
local proceedings. 
 
The Court therefore, at the recommendation of the Disciplinary and 
Admissions Committee, hereby issues a private reprimand to you based on 
 
7 At the time Mr. Malone received his public reprimand in Virginia, the Maryland 
Rule that required him to disclose the reprimand to Bar Counsel was Rule 16-773(a). 
Maryland Rule 19-737 was adopted in 2016, replacing prior Rule 16-773. 
 
18 
your conduct. Despite the informal nature of this letter, it shall be treated as 
an order of this Court closing this case. 
 
Mr. Malone knowingly and intentionally failed to inform Bar Counsel of this private 
reprimand as required by Maryland Rule 19-737(a).8 
Texas Bar Application and Admission 
 
 
On June 5, 2013, Mr. Malone filed an Application for Admission without 
Examination to the Texas Bar with the Texas Board. Question 3 of the application required 
Mr. Malone to “[l]ist all state, federal, and/or foreign jurisdictions where you have been 
licensed or admitted to practice law.” Mr. Malone disclosed his admission to the Maryland 
Bar. Mr. Malone knowingly and intentionally failed to disclose his admission to the 
Virginia State Bar, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, and 
various other federal district courts. The hearing judge found that, at or around the time 
Mr. Malone applied for admission to the Texas Bar in June 2013, he was actively 
representing clients before various federal district courts. Between May 2011 and February 
2013, Mr. Malone represented a client before the United States Bankruptcy Court in the 
District of Maryland. This was the case in which Mr. Malone was held in contempt and 
that led to the issuance of the private reprimand in December 2012. In addition, between 
February 2013 and September 2013, Mr. Malone represented a client in a separate matter 
before the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. Between June 2013 
and June 2014, Mr. Malone represented a client before the United States District Court for 
the Northern District of Illinois. 
 
8 See footnote 7 above. 
 
19 
Question 13 of the application asked, “[h]ave you ever been held in contempt or 
sanctioned by a court?” Mr. Malone answered “no.” Mr. Malone knowingly and 
intentionally misrepresented his disciplinary history by failing to disclose that he had been 
held in contempt by the United States Bankruptcy Court in the District of Maryland and 
sanctioned by the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.  
Question 17(c) of the application asked, in relevant part, “[h]ave you ever been … 
suspended from practice, disciplined, disqualified … or has your license ever been 
qualified or conditioned in any way …?” Mr. Malone answered “no.” Mr. Malone 
knowingly and intentionally misrepresented his disciplinary and licensing history by 
failing to disclose the Virginia discipline and administrative suspensions and the reprimand 
issued by the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.  
The application included an affidavit, signed by Mr. Malone on June 3, 2013, 
swearing that he “responded to all inquiries on [the application] fully and frankly, and all 
the information contained in [the] application … is true and correct.” Mr. Malone’s 
affidavit was knowingly and intentionally false. 
To qualify for admission without examination, Mr. Malone was required to submit 
his federal tax returns from 2006-2012. He failed to do so, asserting that his tax returns 
were “none of the Board’s business.” Rather than submit the required documentation, on 
November 18, 2013, Mr. Malone elected to apply for admission to the Texas Bar by taking 
the February 2014 Texas Bar Examination. Mr. Malone took the exam but did not pass. 
 
On May 9, 2014, Mr. Malone filed a sworn Re-Application for Admission to the 
Bar of Texas. Again, Mr. Malone failed to disclose his admission to the Virginia Bar or the 
 
20 
various United States District Courts, including the District of Maryland, and failed to 
disclose his disciplinary history. Rule X(e) of the Rules Governing Admission to the Bar 
of Texas states, in part, that “[t]he Applicant has a continuing duty to ensure the accuracy 
and completeness of the Applicant’s responses on the Application and to update those 
responses until the Applicant is certified to the Supreme Court for licensure.”9  
 
On December 5, 2014, Mr. Malone filed a second sworn Re-Application for 
Admission to the Bar of Texas. Again, Mr. Malone failed to disclose his admission to the 
Virginia Bar or the various United States District Courts, and failed to disclose his 
disciplinary history. 
 
Mr. Malone again took the Texas Bar Exam in July 2014 but did not pass. Mr. 
Malone passed the February 2015 Texas Bar Exam and was admitted to the Texas Bar on 
April 30, 2015. 
 
On February 10, 2016, the Texas Board opened an investigation after receiving 
notice of Mr. Malone’s disciplinary history in Virginia from the District Attorney of Sabine 
and San Augustine Counties, Texas. On February 10, 2016, the Texas Board advised Mr. 
Malone that it was investigating whether he obtained his Texas law license fraudulently or 
by a willful failure to comply with the Rules Governing Admission to the Bar of Texas. 
Rule XVII(b) provides: 
All law licenses are issued on the condition that the Applicant has faithfully 
complied with these Rules. If at any time it appears that an Applicant has 
 
9 The Rules Governing Admission to the Bar of Texas ended the use of Roman 
Numerals in December 2019. Rule X(e) is now Rule 10(e). Rule XVII(b), discussed below, 
is now Rule 17(b). The language of these rules did not change when the numbering 
changed. 
 
21 
obtained a license fraudulently or by willful failure to comply with these 
Rules, after notice and hearing, the Board may recommend to the Supreme 
Court that the license be withdrawn and canceled, and the name of the license 
holder stricken from the roll of attorneys.  
 
The Texas Board asked Mr. Malone to explain why he failed to disclose his Virginia 
licensure and disciplinary history. Mr. Malone responded by letter dated February 25, 
2016, as follows: 
I failed to disclose my Virginia license and discipline to the board because I 
did not read the questions carefully enough. In applying for a Texas law 
license under the admission by motion program, I planned on using Maryland 
as the reciprocal state. As such, I did not believe I was required to share my 
experience practicing law in Virginia. 
 
This statement by Mr. Malone to the Board was a knowing and intentional 
misrepresentation. 
On May 13, 2016, Mr. Malone appeared before the Texas Board for a hearing and 
admitted that his statements to the Board in his February letter were false. He admitted to 
carefully reading the application questions, that he knew of his requirement to disclose his 
Virginia license and disciplinary history, and that he intentionally answered questions 3 
and 17(c) falsely.  
 
By Order and Opinion dated May 24, 2016, the Texas Board concluded that Mr. 
Malone obtained “his license to practice law in Texas fraudulently or by willful failure to 
comply with the Rules.” The Texas Board found that Mr. Malone’s knowing and 
intentional misrepresentations on his bar applications “were material, were relied upon by 
the Board, and benefitted Mr. Malone in that he was licensed to practice law in Texas 
without any opportunity for the Board to make an informed determination regarding Mr. 
 
22 
Malone’s moral character.” The Texas Board further found a “clear and rational 
connection” between Mr. Malone fraudulently obtaining his Texas law license and “the 
likelihood he would injure a client, obstruct the administration of justice, or violate the 
Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct.” The Texas Board recommended to the 
Supreme Court of Texas that Mr. Malone’s license be withdrawn and canceled.  
The Supreme Court of Texas withdrew and canceled Mr. Malone’s Texas law 
license by Order dated June 7, 2016. The Order required Mr. Malone to immediately notify 
his Texas clients and all Texas tribunals in which he had a pending matter of the Order and 
submit an affidavit stating he had done so. In response to the Supreme Court’s Order, Mr. 
Malone submitted an affidavit asserting that “[the Supreme] Court has no authority to 
compel me to do a thing… Requiring me to submit memos to judges and then file an 
affidavit with this Court constitutes involuntary servitude.” 
On June 15, 2016, Mr. Malone filed a Re-Application for Admission to the Texas 
Bar. He answered affirmatively to the question whether he has been charged with fraud, or 
alleged to have committed fraud, in a legal proceeding. Mr. Malone stated: “My 
misrepresentation only became an issue when a District Attorney … came forward and 
complained to the Board after I begin to expose and challenge his unconstitutional 
practices.” The Texas Board granted Mr. Malone’s request that he not be required to retake 
the Texas bar exam. 
During Mr. Malone’s character and fitness investigation, the Texas Board asked him 
to provide a complete list of all federal jurisdictions in which he was licensed. Based on 
that list, the Board sent inquiries to multiple jurisdictions. The Board was advised by the 
 
23 
United States District Court for the District of Maryland that Mr. Malone had been issued 
a private reprimand on December 12, 2012. As of 2016, Mr. Malone had failed to disclose 
this private reprimand to the Board. Following the character and fitness investigation, the 
Board notified Mr. Malone that a hearing would be held to determine whether 
Mr. Malone’s incomplete and false disclosures in connection with multiple 
applications for admission to the Bar of Texas indicates he lacks the good 
moral character required for admission; whether Mr. Malone’s Virginia State 
Bar disciplinary history indicates he lacks the good moral character required 
for admission; whether Mr. Malone’s history of obtaining his Texas law 
license by fraud or willful failure to comply with the Rules Governing 
Admission to the Bar of Texas and the subsequent cancellation of that license 
indicates he lacks the good moral character required for admission; and 
whether Mr. Malone’s correspondence with the Supreme Court of Texas and 
the Board of Law Examiners indicates he lacks trustworthiness in carrying 
out responsibilities directly related to the judicial process.  
At the July 7, 2017 hearing before the Board, Mr. Malone testified that he failed to 
disclose his admission and disciplinary history in the United States District Court for the 
District of Maryland because he did not “remember” he was admitted to that court. The 
Board found Mr. Malone’s testimony not credible, noting that Mr. Malone was disciplined 
in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland in December 2012 and 
applied for admission to the Texas Bar only six months later in June 2013. The Board 
further found that Mr. Malone’s “failure to provide credible testimony or a legitimate 
explanation regarding the reason for his failure to disclose his disciplinary history with the 
United States District Court for the District of Maryland, is indicative of dishonesty and a 
lack of trustworthiness.” 
By Order dated July 21, 2017, the Board concluded that Mr. Malone did not possess 
the present good moral character required for admission to practice law in Texas. The Order 
 
24 
required, among other things, that Mr. Malone provide copies of the Order to any 
jurisdiction in which he is admitted to practice law. 
On August 17, 2017, Mr. Malone filed a Petition for Review in the District Court 
for Travis County, Texas, requesting the court to review and overturn the Board’s decision 
denying him admission to the Texas Bar. In the Petition, Mr. Malone alleged that the Board 
denied him admission “because it wanted to punish him for ‘pulling one over’ on them and 
failing to be humble in re-applying for a license.” He also accused the Board of acting out 
of spite and trying to destroy him. In April 2020, Mr. Malone filed a Notice of Nonsuit in 
the District Court for Travis County, asking the court to dismiss his claims against the 
Board. On April 22, 2020, the Travis County District Court dismissed Mr. Malone’s claims 
against the Board.  
Mr. Malone reapplied for admission in Texas. At the time of the evidentiary hearing, 
his application was pending satisfaction of the requirement of present good moral character 
and fitness for admission to the Texas Bar. 
B. The Hearing Judge’s Conclusions of Law 
 
Based on his findings of fact, the hearing judge concluded by clear and convincing 
evidence that Mr. Malone violated MLRPC 8.1(a) and (b), and 8.4(a), (b), (c), and (d).  
Rule 8.1 – Bar Admissions and Disciplinary Matters 
 
Rule 8.1 provides: 
 
An applicant for admission to the bar, or a lawyer in connection with a bar 
admission application or in connection with a disciplinary matter, shall not: 
 
(a) knowingly make a false statement of material fact; or 
 
 
25 
(b) fail to disclose a fact necessary to correct a misapprehension known by 
the person to have arisen in the matter, or knowingly fail to respond to a 
lawful demand for information from an admissions or disciplinary authority, 
except that this rule does not require disclosure of information otherwise 
protected by Rule 1.6. 
 
The hearing judge concluded: 
The Respondent violated Rule 8.1(a) when he answered “no” to Questions 
13 and 17(c) of the Texas Bar application…. The Respondent knowingly and 
intentionally misrepresented his disciplinary history by failing to disclose 
that he had been held in contempt by the bankruptcy court, sanctioned by the 
United States District Court for the District of Maryland, and reprimanded 
and administratively suspended in Virginia. 
 
The Respondent also intentionally failed to disclose his admissions to the 
Virginia Bar and various U.S. District Courts to conceal his disciplinary 
history from the Board. By only disclosing his admission to Maryland in 
response to a question requiring the Respondent to list all jurisdictions in 
which he is licensed, the Respondent violated Rule 8.1(a). 
 
Additionally, the bar application included an affidavit, signed by the 
Respondent swearing that he “responded to all inquiries on [the application] 
fully and frankly, and all the information contained in [the] application is true 
and correct.” The Respondent’s affidavit was knowingly and intentionally 
false. During the Board’s subsequent investigation of the Respondent, he 
continued to make misrepresentations, falsely stating that his disclosure 
failures were the result of not reading the bar applications questions carefully 
enough. The Respondent’s numerous deliberate falsehoods to the Board to 
fraudulently gain admission to the Texas Bar violate Rule 8.1(a).  
 
The Respondent violated Rule 8.1(b) when he failed to supplement his June 
2013 bar application and subsequent re-applications with his admissions and 
disciplinary history, thereby failing to correct the misapprehension that he 
had fully disclosed his disciplinary history in all licensed jurisdictions. By 
failing to disclose his Virginia and U.S. District Court for the District of 
Maryland admissions, and falsely answering questions regarding his 
disciplinary history, the Respondent created the misapprehension. The 
Respondent continually failed to correct this misapprehension. He failed to 
provide the Board with a list of all federal jurisdictions in which he was 
licensed until September 2016, when the Board explicitly asked for such 
information during its character and fitness investigation of the Respondent’s 
reapplication after his Texas license was cancelled. The Respondent’s 
 
26 
knowing and intentional concealment of material information from the Board 
violated Rule 8.1(b). 
 
Rule 8.4 – Misconduct 
 
 
Rule 8.4 provides, in part: 
 
It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to: (a) violate or attempt to violate 
the Rules of Professional Conduct, knowingly assist or induce another to do 
so, or do so through the acts of another; (b) commit a criminal act that reflects 
adversely on the lawyer’s honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a lawyer in 
other respects; (c) engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or 
misrepresentation; [or] (d) engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the 
administration of justice[.] 
The hearing judge concluded that Mr. Malone violated Rule 8.4(a) by violating 
other rules of professional conduct.  
The hearing judge concluded that Mr. Malone violated Rule 8.4(b) when he 
knowingly and intentionally provided false responses on his sworn Texas bar applications, 
and when he declared under oath in his affidavit that the information he provided was true 
and correct, thereby committing perjury under Texas law.10 The hearing judge explained: 
Although the Respondent was not charged with or convicted of perjury in 
Texas, the Respondent committed perjury in violation of Rule 8.4(b) when 
he declared under oath in the affidavit that the information contained in his 
bar application was true and correct and that he had responded to all 
 
10 The Texas perjury statute, Tex. Pen. Code § 37.02 (2021), states: 
(a) A person commits an offense if, with intent to deceive and with 
knowledge of the statement’s meaning: 
(1) he makes a false statement under oath or swears to the truth of a 
false statement previously made and the statement is required or 
authorized by law to be made under oath; or 
(2) he makes a false unsworn declaration under Chapter 132, Civil 
Practice and Remedies Code. 
(b) An offense under this section is a Class A misdemeanor. 
 
27 
questions fully and frankly. The Respondent’s affidavit was knowingly and 
intentionally false. The Respondent’s conduct clearly reflects adversely on 
his honesty and trustworthiness, in violation of Rule 8.4(b). 
 
The hearing judge concluded that Mr. Malone also violated Rule 8.4(c):  
 
The Respondent’s deliberate failure to disclose his admission to the Virginia 
State Bar and various Federal District courts and his disciplinary history in 
Virginia and the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland on his 
various Texas bar applications violated Rule 8.4(c). The Respondent made 
numerous knowing and intentional misrepresentations to the Texas Board, 
including answering no to questions on the bar application asking if he had 
ever been held in contempt or sanctioned by a court or if he had ever been 
disciplined or had his law license qualified or conditioned. The Respondent 
continued his course of dishonest conduct when he repeatedly failed to 
disclose his various admissions or disciplinary history on subsequent bar 
applications. 
 
… 
 
The Respondent’s willfully dishonest conduct continued from his 
misrepresentations on his June 2013 bar application to his false testimony 
regarding his reason for failing to disclose his disciplinary history in the U.S. 
District Court for the District of Maryland during his July 2017 Board 
hearing. The Respondent’s sustained course of dishonesty in his efforts to 
become and remain a Texas attorney violated Rule 8.4(c). Finally, each 
violation of Rule 8.1(a) constitutes a violation of 8.4(c).  
 
The hearing judge also concluded that Mr. Malone violated Rule 8.4(d): 
 
The Respondent engaged in a pattern of dishonest and deceitful conduct in 
his efforts to be admitted to the Bar in Texas. The Respondent deliberately 
concealed material information from the Texas Board to obtain admission. 
The Respondent’s conduct was not limited to a single instance of dishonesty 
but continued over several years, leading to the withdrawal of his Texas law 
license and denial of reapplication to the Texas Bar. The Respondent’s 
conduct reflects negatively on [the] public’s perception of the legal 
profession, in violation of Rule 8.4(d). 
 
 
28 
C. The Hearing Judge’s Findings as to Aggravating and Mitigating Factors 
Aggravating Factors 
 
We have enumerated the aggravating factors that, if found, are relevant to the 
appropriate sanction: 
(1) prior attorney discipline; (2) a dishonest or selfish motive; (3) a pattern 
of misconduct; (4) multiple violations of the MLRPC; (5) bad faith 
obstruction of the attorney discipline proceeding by intentionally failing to 
comply with the Maryland Rules or orders of this Court or the hearing judge; 
(6) submission of false evidence, false statements, or other deceptive 
practices during the attorney discipline proceeding; (7) a refusal to 
acknowledge the misconduct’s wrongful nature; (8) the victim’s 
vulnerability; (9) substantial experience in the practice of law; (10) 
indifference to making restitution or rectifying the misconduct’s 
consequences; (11) illegal conduct, including that involving the use of 
controlled substances; and (12) likelihood of repetition of the misconduct. 
 
Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Sperling, 459 Md. 194, 275 (2018) (citation omitted). Bar 
Counsel has the burden of proving the existence of aggravating factors by clear and 
convincing evidence. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Edwards, 462 Md. 642, 708 (2019). 
The hearing judge found the existence of five aggravating factors: (1) prior 
disciplinary offenses; (2) a dishonest or selfish motive; (3) a pattern of misconduct; (4) bad 
faith obstruction of the disciplinary proceeding; and (5) substantial experience in the 
practice of law.  
The hearing judge concluded that Mr. Malone received prior discipline, i.e., the 
public reprimand by the Virginia State Bar on February 11, 2012, and the private reprimand 
by the United States District Court for the District of Maryland on December 12, 2012.   
 
29 
The hearing judge concluded that Mr. Malone “demonstrated a dishonest and selfish 
motive and committed a pattern of misconduct in his years long pursuit for admission to 
the Texas Bar, engaging in a sustained course of dishonesty and deceit.”  
The hearing judge concluded that Mr. Malone engaged in bad faith obstruction of 
the disciplinary process, based on Mr. Malone’s invocation of the Fifth Amendment 
privilege against self-incrimination at his deposition in response to every question he was 
asked, including questions asking him: (1) to spell his name for the record; (2) whether he 
received the documents that Bar Counsel had emailed him prior to the deposition; and 
(3) whether he was able to see what Bar Counsel was sharing on her screen.   
Finally, the hearing judge found that Mr. Malone was admitted to the Maryland Bar 
in 1999 and, therefore, has substantial experience in the practice of law.  
Mitigating Factors 
We have previously listed relevant mitigating factors as including 
absence of a prior disciplinary record; absence of a dishonest or selfish 
motive; personal or emotional problems; timely good faith efforts to make 
restitution or to rectify consequences of misconduct; full and free disclosure 
to disciplinary board or cooperative attitude toward proceedings; 
inexperience in the practice of law; character or reputation; physical or 
mental disability or impairment; delay in disciplinary proceedings; interim 
rehabilitation; imposition of other penalties or sanctions; remorse; and 
finally, remoteness of prior offenses. 
 
Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Hodes, 441 Md. 136, 209 (2014) (citation omitted). An 
attorney must prove the existence of mitigating circumstances by a preponderance of the 
evidence. Edwards, 462 Md. at 708. 
 
30 
The hearing judge concluded that Mr. Malone failed to prove any mitigating 
circumstances by a preponderance of the evidence.  
III 
 
Standard of Review 
“This Court has original and complete jurisdiction in an attorney disciplinary 
proceeding and conducts an independent review of the record. The hearing judge’s findings 
of fact are left undisturbed unless those findings are clearly erroneous. We review the 
hearing judge’s conclusions of law without deference.” Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. 
Hoerauf, 469 Md. 179, 207-08 (2020) (cleaned up).  
IV 
Discussion 
 
Either party may file “exceptions to the findings and conclusions of the hearing 
judge[.]” Md. Rule 19-728(b). Bar Counsel has not filed any exceptions. In his exceptions, 
Mr. Malone claims that the hearing judge erred by: “(1) punishing Respondent when he 
invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination; (2) failing to undertake an 
analysis of mitigating factors; (3) failing to recognize the existence of various mitigating 
factors; and (4) failing to properly analyze the existence of aggravating factors.”11  
We disagree with Mr. Malone’s claim that the hearing judge “punished” him for 
invoking the privilege against self-incrimination. We also determine that the hearing judge 
 
11 Mr. Malone contends that the hearing judge erred in his application of the 
aggravating factors of dishonest or selfish motive and pattern of misconduct. According to 
Mr. Malone, “[w]hen analyzing those factors on page 24 [of his opinion]…, the trial court 
 
 
31 
properly concluded that Mr. Malone violated the MLRPC, as alleged by Bar Counsel. 
However, we conclude that the hearing judge’s order precluding Mr. Malone from 
testifying at the evidentiary hearing was in error to the extent it prevented Mr. Malone from 
testifying as to mitigating factors. We conclude that a limited remand is necessary to permit 
Mr. Malone to testify concerning mitigation, and to allow the hearing judge to make any 
appropriate supplemental findings concerning mitigating factors and aggravating factors.  
A. The Hearing Judge’s Ruling Precluding Mr. Malone From Testifying at the 
Evidentiary Hearing 
 
The Fifth Amendment provides: “No person ... shall be compelled in any criminal 
case to be a witness against himself.” U.S. CONST. amend. V. In order to be subject to a 
valid assertion of the Fifth Amendment privilege, an individual’s statement must be 
compelled, testimonial, and self-incriminating. See Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391, 
408 (1976). “This right against self-incrimination is based on the ‘conviction that too high 
 
simply details how [Mr. Malone] invoked the Fifth Amendment. The trial court never says 
why invoking the Fifth Amendment was ‘dishonest or selfish’ or why it represents a 
‘pattern of misconduct.’ This was clear error and the idea that the assertion of one’s 
Constitutional rights is somehow dishonest, selfish, or misconduct is, to say the least, 
deeply troubling.”  
 
It appears that Mr. Malone has misunderstood this part of the hearing judge’s 
opinion. The hearing judge analyzed the aggravating factors of dishonest or selfish motive 
and pattern of misconduct on page 23 (and the top of page 24) of his opinion, without 
mentioning Mr. Malone’s assertion of the Fifth Amendment. The confusion seemingly 
stems from the headings the hearing judge used in the aggravating factors section of his 
opinion. The hearing judge analyzed the aggravating factors of dishonest or selfish motive 
and pattern of misconduct under a heading tied to the aggravating factor of prior discipline. 
The hearing judge discussed the aggravating factor of bad faith obstruction of the 
disciplinary proceeding, in part, under a heading tied to the factors of dishonest or selfish 
motive and pattern of misconduct. 
 
32 
a price may be paid even for the unhampered enforcement of the criminal law and that, in 
its attainment, other social objects of a free society should not be sacrificed.’” In re Ariel 
G., 383 Md. 240, 245 (2004) (quoting Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 486 
(1951)). To further these goals, “the Fifth Amendment allows an individual to refuse, 
without threat of punishment, to respond to questions the answers to which not only would 
support a criminal conviction, but also those that would ‘furnish a link in the chain of 
evidence needed to prosecute the claimant for a ... crime.’” Id. (quoting Hoffman, 341 U.S. 
at 486). To “invoke the right against self-incrimination, ‘it need only be evident from the 
implications of the question, in the setting in which it is asked, that a responsive answer 
... might be dangerous because injurious disclosure could result.’” Id. at 246 (quoting 
Hoffman, 341 U.S. at 486-87). 
Mr. Malone contends that the hearing judge erroneously relied on Maryland State 
Bar Association, Inc. v. Sugarman, 273 Md. 306 (1974), and “punished” him for asserting 
his Fifth Amendment privilege at the deposition and in response to Bar Counsel’s requests 
for production of documents. Mr. Malone asks us to overrule Sugarman or to limit 
Sugarman to its facts. We reject Mr. Malone’s characterization of the hearing judge’s 
ruling, as well as his contention that Sugarman was incorrectly decided or that we should 
limit its scope.  
In Sugarman, this Court held that testimony compelled under a federal witness 
immunity statute, 18 U.S.C. § 6002, may form the evidentiary basis for disciplinary action 
against an attorney. 273 Md. at 318-19. Sugarman, an attorney, testified as a witness under 
a grant of federal immunity in a criminal case against Dale Anderson in United States 
 
33 
District Court. Id. at 308. At Anderson’s trial, Sugarman admitted to having engaged in a 
scheme to avoid income taxes for a client, which included providing fraudulent invoices to 
the client for services Sugarman had not actually rendered. See id. at 308-09. After 
Sugarman’s immunized testimony from the criminal trial was admitted at his disciplinary 
hearing, the disciplinary panel recommended disbarment. See id. Sugarman argued before 
this Court that the use of his compelled testimony at his disciplinary hearing violated the 
Fifth Amendment. See id. at 309-10. This Court disagreed, holding that, while the Fifth 
Amendment ensures that compelled testimony “can in no way lead to the infliction of 
criminal penalties,” id. at 310 (quoting Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441, 461 
(1972)), the admission of Sugarman’s immunized statements at the disciplinary hearing 
did not violate the Fifth Amendment because disbarment is not a criminal penalty. See id. 
at 315-16 (explaining that “disciplinary proceedings for professional misconduct are not 
criminal proceedings” and relying on the “traditional view of disbarment” as “not intended 
as punishment to the individual, but as protection to the public from such individuals”). 
In his written opinion following the evidentiary hearing in this case, the hearing 
judge cited Sugarman in a footnote after stating that he had precluded Mr. Malone from 
testifying at the hearing. Mr. Malone interprets this citation of Sugarman as indicating that 
the hearing judge failed to recognize that the Fifth Amendment applies to disciplinary 
cases. From that premise, Mr. Malone argues that the hearing judge “punished” him for his 
invocation of his privilege against self-incrimination by precluding his testimony. 
Mr. Malone has misinterpreted the hearing judge’s reference to Sugarman. At the 
hearing on the motion in limine, both Bar Counsel and the hearing judge made plain that 
 
34 
Mr. Malone did have the right under the Fifth Amendment to refuse to answer any 
questions at his deposition, or to produce records, that might tend to incriminate him.  
Of course, we agree: it is well settled that, unless the privilege previously has been 
waived, an attorney charged with disciplinary offenses has the right under the Fifth 
Amendment to refuse to answer a question – during discovery or at the evidentiary hearing 
on the charges – if a truthful answer to such a question might tend to incriminate the 
attorney. See, e.g., Spevack v. Klein, 385 U.S. 511 (1967); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. 
Unnamed Attorney, 298 Md. 36, 43-44 (1983). In Spevack, the Supreme Court held that an 
attorney may not be disbarred on the basis of his invocation of the privilege against self-
incrimination. 385 U.S. at 514-15. In that case, the disciplinary body and the disbarring 
court in New York assumed that the attorney legitimately could invoke the privilege with 
respect to records sought by subpoena. The court ran afoul of the Fifth Amendment by 
disbarring the attorney based on that assertion of the privilege. See id. at 517-18.  
As discussed above, Sugarman addressed a different point: how the disciplinary 
body may use testimony that was compelled in a different forum. This Court held that 
immunized statements – which could not be admitted at an attorney’s criminal trial – may 
be used as evidence in a disciplinary proceeding against the attorney.  
Nobody has compelled Mr. Malone to make any statement, nor did the hearing judge 
sanction Mr. Malone for what the hearing judge believed to be a legitimate invocation of 
the privilege against self-incrimination. For this reason, Mr. Malone’s reliance on Spevack 
 
35 
is misplaced, as is his criticism of the hearing judge’s reference to Sugarman.12 Contrary 
to Mr. Malone’s contention, Spevack and Sugarman comfortably co-exist.  
Nevertheless, Mr. Malone’s exception to the hearing judge’s exclusion of his 
testimony at the evidentiary hearing raises two important questions. First, when a 
discovering party believes that a person has improperly invoked the Fifth Amendment to 
avoid answering a question in a deposition or to respond to a written discovery request, 
what relief may the party seek? Second, how should a trial judge in a civil case proceed 
when a party, who invoked the Fifth Amendment regarding a particular subject during 
pretrial discovery, subsequently indicates a desire to testify at trial on the same subject? 
We consider these questions in turn. 
1. The Proper Procedure to Complain About an Improper Assertion of the Fifth 
Amendment Privilege in Civil Discovery 
 
Under Maryland Rule 19-727(a), the hearing of a disciplinary or remedial action 
generally “is governed by the rules of evidence and procedure applicable to a non-jury trial 
in a civil action in a circuit court.” When a party in a civil action believes that a person has 
improperly invoked the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination to avoid 
answering a question in a deposition or to provide documents or other information in 
 
12 Notably, the hearing judge did not rely on Sugarman in excluding Mr. Malone’s 
testimony at the hearing on the motion in limine.   
 
36 
response to a discovery request, the Maryland Rules provide the discovering party with 
tools to obtain relief.  
With respect to a deposition, Maryland Rule 2-415(i) provides: “When a deponent 
refuses to answer a question, the proponent of the question shall complete the examination 
to the extent practicable before filing a motion for an order compelling discovery.” After 
completing the deposition, the proponent of the question(s) that were not answered may 
file a motion under Maryland Rule 2-432(b) for an order compelling the deponent to 
answer the questions. Similarly, if a party fails to answer an interrogatory submitted under 
Rule 2-421 or fails to comply with a request for production or inspection under Rule 2-422, 
the discovering party may seek an order compelling discovery under Rule 2-432(b).13 
 
13 Rule 2-432(b) provides, in pertinent part: 
 
(1) When Available. A discovering party, upon reasonable notice to other 
parties and all persons affected, may move for an order compelling discovery 
if 
…. 
(B) a deponent fails to answer a question asked in an oral or written 
deposition,  
… 
(D) a party fails to answer an interrogatory submitted under Rule 2-421, 
[or] 
(E) a party fails to comply with a request for production or inspection 
under Rule 2-422[.] 
…. 
(2) Contents of Motion. A motion for an order compelling discovery shall 
set forth: the question, interrogatory, or request; and the answer or objection; 
and the reasons why discovery should be compelled[.]  
 
37 
At a hearing on the discovering party’s motion to compel, the hearing judge should 
determine whether the invocation of the Fifth Amendment was proper, on a question-by-
question basis. See, e.g., United States v. Argomaniz, 925 F.2d 1349, 1355 (11th Cir. 
1991). If the court concludes that the invocations were justified, the court should deny the 
motion to compel discovery. To the extent the court determines that the person who 
invoked the privilege cannot possibly incriminate himself or herself by answering 
particular questions or interrogatories, or by producing documents in response to 
particular discovery requests, the court should grant the motion to compel and order the 
person to provide the requested discovery.14 
If the court enters an order compelling discovery, and the person subject to the order 
fails to comply with that order – either by continuing to invoke the Fifth Amendment 
privilege in response to the questions the court ordered the person to answer, or otherwise 
withholding the requested discovery – Rule 2-433(c) provides that “the court, upon motion 
of a party and reasonable notice to other parties and all persons affected, may enter such 
orders in regard to the failure as are just, including one or more of the orders set forth in 
section (a) of this Rule.” Rule 2-433(a), in turn, allows the court to “enter such orders in 
regard to the failure as are just,” including one or more of the following sanctions: “(1) An 
order that the matters sought to be discovered, or any other designated facts shall be taken 
 
14 In some instances, the hearing judge may find it necessary and appropriate to 
conduct an ex parte, in camera examination of the person who has invoked the privilege 
to determine whether the particular invocation(s) were appropriate, without potentially 
disclosing privileged information to others. See, e.g., In re Kefalidis, 714 N.E.2d 243, 249 
(Ind. Ct. App. 1999); United States v. Argomaniz, 925 F.2d 1349, 1355 (11th Cir. 1991). 
 
38 
to be established for the purpose of the action in accordance with the claim of the party 
obtaining the order; (2) An order refusing to allow the failing party to support or oppose 
designated claims or defenses, or prohibiting that party from introducing designated 
matters in evidence; or (3) An order striking out pleadings or parts thereof, or staying 
further proceeding until the discovery is provided, or dismissing the action or any part 
thereof, or entering a judgment by default that includes a determination as to liability and 
all relief sought by the moving party against the failing party if the court is satisfied that it 
has personal jurisdiction over that party.” (Paragraph breaks omitted).  
Different provisions apply where a party fails to appear for a deposition after proper 
notice, or fails to serve a response to interrogatories under Rule 2-421 or to a request for 
production or inspection under Rule 2-422, after proper service. In such a situation, 
although the discovering party may proceed with a motion to compel discovery under Rule 
2-432(b), it also has another option. That is, under Rule 2-432(a), the discovering party in 
one of those instances may move for sanctions under Rule 2-433(a) without first moving 
for, and obtaining, an order compelling discovery under Rule 2-432(b).15  
 
15 Rule 2-432(a) provides:  
Immediate Sanctions for Certain Failures of Discovery. A discovering 
party may move for sanctions under Rule 2-433(a), without first obtaining an 
order compelling discovery under section (b) of this Rule, if a party … fails 
to appear before the officer who is to take that person’s deposition, after 
proper notice, or if a party fails to serve a response to interrogatories under 
Rule 2-421 or to a request for production or inspection under Rule 2-422, 
after proper service. Any such failure may not be excused on the ground that 
the discovery sought is objectionable unless a protective order has been 
obtained under Rule 2-403. 
 
39 
To summarize these provisions, in a case where a party properly summoned for a 
deposition fails to appear for the deposition, or where a party fails to serve any response to 
interrogatories or a request for production of documents, the discovering party may 
immediately move for sanctions under Rules 2-432(a) and 2-433(a). However, where a 
deponent appears for the deposition but fails to answer one or more questions (on the basis 
of a privilege or for any other reason), or where a party serves a response to interrogatories 
or a request for production of documents but fails to answer one or more interrogatories or 
document requests, the discovering party must first file a motion to compel discovery and 
obtain an order compelling discovery under Rule 2-432(b) before a court may issue an 
order imposing a sanction under Rule 2-433(a). See North River Ins. Co. v. Mayor and City 
Council of Baltimore, 343 Md. 34, 78-79 (1996); Union Memorial Hosp. v. Dorsey, 125 
Md. App. 275, 288-90 (1999).  
In this case, Bar Counsel ended Mr. Malone’s deposition after approximately 10 
minutes of questioning, during which Mr. Malone informed Bar Counsel that he would 
assert the Fifth Amendment privilege in response to every question he was asked. Although 
Bar Counsel stated on the record that she would “hold [the deposition] open so that the 
Court has an opportunity to weigh in on what’s clearly a discovery dispute in this case,” 
Bar Counsel did not file a motion to compel Mr. Malone to answer the questions that Bar 
Counsel believed he had improperly refused to answer. Nor did Bar Counsel move to 
compel Mr. Malone to provide responses to the two requests for production of documents 
as to which he had asserted the Fifth Amendment privilege. Rather, Bar Counsel filed a 
motion in limine seeking to preclude Mr. Malone from testifying at the evidentiary hearing. 
 
40 
In that motion, Bar Counsel asserted, among other things, that Mr. Malone’s refusal to 
answer questions during his deposition precluded Bar Counsel from conducting additional 
discovery concerning mitigation that Mr. Malone intended to present at the evidentiary 
hearing. 
It is not proper for a deponent to make a blanket assertion of the privilege against 
self-incrimination. See Moser v. Heffington, 465 Md. 381, 404 (2019) (explaining that “a 
blanket assertion of the privilege is not sufficient, that the privilege cannot be claimed in 
advance of the questions, and that it must be asserted by a witness with respect to particular 
questions”) (citing In re Morganroth, 718 F.2d 161, 167 (6th Cir. 1983)). Where a deponent 
makes such a blanket assertion of the Fifth Amendment, it is incumbent upon the 
discovering party to complete the deposition to the extent practicable, in keeping with Rule 
2-415(i). This entails at least asking the deponent questions sufficient to identify each topic 
or area of inquiry that the discovering party wants to cover at the deposition. Taking this 
approach allows the discovering party – if they believe the assertion of the privilege is 
improper – to make a record that can effectively be reviewed by a judge considering a 
motion to compel discovery. The reviewing court then can determine on a question-by-
question basis whether the deponent properly invoked the Fifth Amendment. See United 
States v. Melchor Moreno, 536 F.2d 1042, 1049 (5th Cir. 1976) (“A court must make a 
particularized inquiry, deciding, in connection with each specific area that the questioning 
party wishes to explore, whether or not the privilege is well-founded.”); see also 
Argomaniz, 925 F.2d at 1355; Quinn v. Petto, 84 F.R.D. 104, 105-06 (M.D. Pa. 1979); Guy 
v. Abdulla, 58 F.R.D. 1, 2 (N.D. Ohio 1973). For those questions where the assertion of the 
 
41 
privilege was improper – i.e., where the reviewing court determines that the deponent could 
not potentially incriminate himself or herself with truthful answers – the court can compel 
the deponent to return to the deposition table and answer them.    
We cannot discern from the record whether Bar Counsel intended to ask Mr. Malone 
about certain additional topics, but refrained from doing so after he said that he would 
assert the Fifth Amendment in response to every question. However, it is clear that Bar 
Counsel should have filed a motion to compel under Rule 2-432(b), rather than what was, 
in substance, an immediate motion for sanctions under Rules 2-432(a) and 2-433(a). See 
North River Ins. Co., 343 Md. at 78-79; Union Memorial Hosp., 125 Md. App. at 288-91.16  
At oral argument, Bar Counsel attempted to justify the failure to file a motion to 
compel discovery on Mr. Malone’s blanket assertion of the Fifth Amendment privilege, 
which Bar Counsel characterized as a “constructive failure to appear” for the deposition, 
thus rendering a potential motion to compel discovery “unproductive.” According to Bar 
Counsel, the blanket assertion of the privilege brought this matter within the ambit of Rule 
2-432(a), and permitted the imposition of immediate discovery sanctions. We disagree.  
First, Bar Counsel did not seek the exclusion of Mr. Malone’s testimony based 
solely on his failure to answer questions at his deposition. Rather, Bar Counsel also based 
the motion on Mr. Malone’s invocation of the Fifth Amendment in response to two requests 
for production of documents. Mr. Malone did not invoke the privilege against 
 
16 Bar Counsel captioned the filing as a motion in limine. However, the nature of a 
filing is determined by its substance, rather than its caption. See, e.g., Miller v. Mathias, 
428 Md. 419, 442 n.15 (2012). Bar Counsel’s motion, in substance, was a motion for 
immediate sanctions under Rules 2-432(a) and 2-433(a). 
 
42 
self-incrimination with respect to seven of Bar Counsel’s nine requests for production of 
documents. Thus, to the extent Bar Counsel contends that Mr. Malone was totally 
uncooperative in the discovery process and that this uncooperativeness justified foregoing 
a motion to compel, Bar Counsel proceeds on a flawed premise. 
Second, Mr. Malone did not fail to appear for his deposition. When a deponent 
asserts the Fifth Amendment privilege in blanket fashion at a deposition, that assertion does 
not convert the deponent’s appearance for the deposition into a failure to appear. Rather, 
the deponent has appeared for the deposition, but failed to answer any questions based on 
a claim of privilege. Under those circumstances, the discovering party’s remedy is no 
different than if the deponent answers some questions but invokes the privilege as to other 
questions. If the discovering party believes that the invocation of the privilege as to one or 
more questions, or even all questions, is improper, the discovering party may move to 
compel the deponent to answer the questions. It is not the discovering party’s prerogative 
to determine whether it would be productive or unproductive to move to compel before 
seeking sanctions in such a situation. Because, in such an instance, the deponent has not 
“fail[ed] to appear before the officer who is to take that person’s deposition,” Md. Rule 
2-432(a), the discovering party must first move for and obtain an order compelling 
discovery – and the deponent must then fail to comply with the order – before the 
discovering party may move for sanctions. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. McCarthy, 
473 Md. 462, 483 (2021) (a discovering party may move for sanctions “in two scenarios – 
where there is an order compelling discovery or where there is a complete failure to appear 
for a deposition or to respond to interrogatories or a request for production or inspection”).    
 
43 
Despite Bar Counsel’s failure to file a motion to compel discovery, we do not sustain 
Mr. Malone’s exception based on this error. Mr. Malone did not object to Bar Counsel’s 
motion in limine on the ground that Bar Counsel improperly sought an immediate sanction 
for his failure to answer questions at his deposition and to provide answers to two requests 
for production of documents. Rather, Mr. Malone argued that sanctioning him for his 
assertion of the privilege against self-incrimination would violate his rights under the Fifth 
Amendment. In addition, Mr. Malone has not argued in his exceptions here that the hearing 
judge erred by sanctioning him without first compelling him to provide discovery. In these 
circumstances, Mr. Malone has waived or forfeited any complaint about Bar Counsel 
seeking and obtaining a discovery sanction without first moving for and obtaining an order 
compelling discovery. See McCarthy, 473 Md. at 481 (finding waiver or forfeiture of 
argument that Bar Counsel improperly moved for sanctions without first obtaining an order 
compelling discovery, where respondent failed to file a response or opposition to the 
motion for sanctions at any time before the hearing judge granted the motion for sanctions, 
and where respondent did not raise with the hearing judge the necessity of a motion to 
compel until he filed a motion for reconsideration on the day of the disciplinary hearing).17  
 
17 We trust that, in future cases where respondents invoke the Fifth Amendment 
privilege in discovery, if Bar Counsel believes the invocation was inappropriate, Bar 
Counsel will move to compel discovery, rather than seeking immediate sanctions while the 
discovery period is ongoing. To be sure, the pretrial schedule in attorney grievance cases 
provides a tight timetable for the parties to complete discovery. Thus, we expect that the 
discovering parties in attorney grievance cases who find it necessary to file a motion to 
compel discovery will often contemporaneously move to shorten the time to respond to the 
motion to compel, and that hearing judges will look favorably on such motions to shorten 
time. In addition, or alternatively, the discovering party (or the parties jointly) may apply 
 
 
44 
Nevertheless, as we discuss in the next section of this opinion, Bar Counsel’s failure 
to move to compel discovery is relevant in assessing whether Bar Counsel would have been 
prejudiced, had the hearing judge denied the motion in limine and allowed Mr. Malone to 
testify at the evidentiary hearing.  
2. A Trial Court’s Consideration of a Request to Testify at Trial After a Prior 
Invocation of the Fifth Amendment Privilege Against Self-Incrimination During 
Discovery 
 
In moving to preclude Mr. Malone from testifying at the evidentiary hearing, Bar 
Counsel relied on the Court of Special Appeals’ 1989 decision in Kramer v. Levitt, 79 Md. 
App. at 575. The hearing judge, in turn, relied on Kramer v. Levitt in granting Bar 
Counsel’s motion, noting that the Court of Special Appeals in that case reasoned that “it’s 
not fair to be able to use … the Fifth Amendment privilege as both a shield and a sword.” 
We have not previously analyzed Kramer v. Levitt. 
Kramer sued Levitt for allegedly misappropriating funds that belonged to him. In 
pretrial discovery, Levitt invoked the Fifth Amendment in response to Kramer’s requests 
for admissions, interrogatories, and requests for production of documents. 79 Md. App. at 
579. Kramer moved to compel this discovery; the circuit court denied that motion. Id. At 
trial, Kramer’s counsel asked for permission to read the requests for admission to the jury 
 
to this Court for an order extending the time to complete the hearing on Bar Counsel’s 
charges when necessary to allow the parties to complete discovery after the hearing judge 
has ruled on a motion to compel discovery. See Md. Rule 19-727(d) (“Unless extended by 
the Court of Appeals, the hearing shall be completed within 120 days after service on the 
attorney of the order entered under Rule 19-722” designating a circuit court judge to hear 
the action.) (emphasis added). The hearing judge, in turn, may amend the scheduling order 
for good cause. See Md. Rule 19-722(a). 
 
45 
as having been admitted by Levitt. Id. He argued that, because Levitt neither admitted nor 
denied the matters raised in the requests for admission, Maryland Rule 2-424(b) required 
that those matters be deemed admitted and conclusively established.18 Id. at 579-80. The 
trial court agreed with Kramer, stating:  
The assertion of the privilege against self-incrimination is available. And 
obviously [the motions court] did not compel [Levitt] to respond after having 
asserted that right. That gives [Levitt] the protection afforded by the 
Consitutional [sic]. But it does not protect him from the rules of civil 
procedure which provide that where an admission is requested and it’s 
neither admitted nor denied it shall be taken as admitted. He has received his 
constitutional protection, yet by having failed to respond they shall be 
deemed as admitted. 
 
Id. at 580. The trial court further ruled that, while he was not precluding Levitt from “from 
taking the stand if he wishes to … testify,” he would “not permit him to testify contrary to 
the admissions that he’s already made.” Id.  
 
On appeal, the Court of Special Appeals held that the trial court erred by deeming 
the requests for admission admitted. Id. at 582. First, the court explained that Rule 2-424(b) 
“clearly states that in responding to a request for admissions, a party must specify an 
objection, admit or deny the matter. [Levitt] did in fact comply with this directive. 
Specifically, [Levitt] objected to the requests for admissions and asserted his Fifth 
Amendment privilege as the reason for his objection.” Id. at 584 (emphasis added). Second, 
the court reasoned that “the Fifth Amendment protection against compelled self-
 
18 Rule 2-424(b) provides, in pertinent part: “Each matter of which an admission is 
requested shall be deemed admitted unless, within 30 days after service of the request or 
within 15 days after the date on which that party’s initial pleading or motion is required, 
whichever is later, the party to whom the request is directed serves a response signed by 
the party or the party’s attorney.” 
 
46 
incrimination would be meaningless and hollow if the objective sought through the asking 
of the question could be achieved as well by a refusal to answer as by the answer itself.” 
Id. at 584-85 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). For these reasons, the court 
held, Levitt’s objection and refusal to respond to the requests based on the Fifth 
Amendment “could not be considered evidence of the truth of the matters stated therein.” 
Id. at 585. 
 
However, the intermediate appellate court agreed with the trial court’s “ruling that 
[Levitt] should be precluded from testifying at trial as to the matters raised in [Kramer’s] 
request for admissions.” Id. at 587. The court observed that “if a party is free to shield 
himself with the privilege during discovery, while having the full benefit of his testimony 
at trial, the whole process of discovery could be seriously hampered.” Id. (quoting 8 
Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 2018 
(1970, 1988 Supp.)). The Court of Special Appeals thus opined “that when a defendant in 
a civil action pleads his privilege against self-incrimination in response to discovery 
requests, he is prohibited from testifying at trial on matters pertaining to these requests.” 
Id. at 588. However, the court continued, “he is not precluded … from producing 
independent witnesses to prove any defenses raised if he complies with the appropriate 
discovery rules.” Id.  
 
Notably, after invoking his Fifth Amendment privilege in response to discovery 
requests, Kramer did not subsequently indicate his intent to waive the privilege prior to the 
conclusion of discovery. A decade after deciding Kramer v. Levitt, the Court of Special 
Appeals faced that situation in Faith v. Keefer, 127 Md. App. 706 (1999). 
 
47 
 
Keefer was the driver in a car accident in which his passenger, Rebecca Faith, was 
killed. Ms. Faith’s husband and ex-husband brought a wrongful death and survival action 
against Keefer in the Circuit Court for Washington County. See Faith, 127 Md. at 713. 
Under the court’s scheduling order, the parties were to complete discovery by May 15, 
1998. Id. at 716. Plaintiffs’ counsel served written discovery requests on Keefer’s counsel 
on July 21, 1997. Id. Although Keefer did not serve any responses to those discovery 
requests for almost 10 months, plaintiffs did not file a motion to compel discovery or for 
sanctions under Rule 2-432. Id. at 718.   
Plaintiffs’ counsel took Keefer’s deposition on February 16, 1998. Id. at 716. At the 
start of the deposition, Keefer’s counsel noted that he had previously informed plaintiffs’ 
counsel that Keefer intended to invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege in response to all 
questions concerning the accident, due to pending criminal charges against Keefer. Id. 
Keefer’s counsel further stated that, upon the conclusion of the criminal matter, Keefer 
would be available to answer any questions concerning the collision: 
I was advised by Mr. Beasley [the attorney representing Keefer in his 
criminal case] that the criminal trial is scheduled for April of this year, and 
prior to the criminal trial going forward he was not going to permit Mr. 
Keefer to answer any questions which might violate his Fifth Amendment 
right of self[-]incrimination because of the pending criminal trial. 
 
Last week I spoke to [plaintiffs’ counsel] and advised him that today’s 
deposition might be very short and fruitless because of Mr. Beasley’s 
concerns, and asked if we could postpone it. [Plaintiffs’ counsel] ... said that 
he would prefer to move forward. 
 
I note that the scheduling order in this matter indicates that discovery cutoff 
is not until mid-May. Mr. Beasley has advised me that after Mr. Keefer’s 
criminal trial in April [1998] he will permit Mr. Keefer to answer any 
 
48 
questions that [plaintiffs] may have with regard to the accident of January 
17, 1997. 
 
I explained this to [plaintiffs’ counsel], and it was his indication that he 
preferred to go forward with today’s deposition.... 
 
Id. at 716-17. As his attorney had previewed, Keefer answered only a few questions at the 
deposition and invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege in response to all questions about 
the accident. Id. at 717. 
 
In April 1998, Keefer pled guilty to homicide by motor vehicle while intoxicated in 
relation to the accident in which Ms. Faith was killed. Id. In correspondence dated May 
19, 1998, Keefer’s attorney informed plaintiffs’ counsel that Keefer was now available 
for deposition: 
Prior to the start of Mr. Keefer’s deposition, I advised you that [Keefer’s 
criminal attorney would not permit him to answer certain questions] ... based 
on the [p]endency of his criminal trial which was scheduled for April of this 
year. As you know, Mr. Keefer pled guilty in that matter and was sentenced. 
Pursuant to the agreement placed on the record, Mr. Keefer is now available 
to answer any questions by way of deposition and I expect to have his 
signature on the enclosed Answers to Interrogatories in the next several days. 
 
Id. at 717-18. Plaintiffs chose not to re-depose Keefer. Id. at 718. In his answers to 
plaintiffs’ interrogatories, Keefer provided details concerning the evening of the collision, 
including that Ms. Faith had purchased alcohol that the two consumed in the hours prior 
to the accident, and that after leaving a bar together at 1:00 a.m., Ms. Faith had insisted 
that Keefer drive them back to the rooming house where they both were living, despite 
knowing that Keefer was intoxicated. The accident occurred as they were driving to the 
rooming house. Id. at 718-19. 
 
49 
 
On June 5, 1998, Keefer filed a motion for summary judgment based on Ms. Faith’s 
assumption of risk, to which he attached his answers to plaintiffs’ interrogatories. Id. at 
719. On June 23, 1998, plaintiffs filed a motion in limine to preclude Keefer from 
testifying at trial about the collision. Plaintiffs explained that Keefer had invoked his Fifth 
Amendment right against self-incrimination when questioned about the collision at his 
deposition in February of 1998, and contended that, as a result, Keefer was precluded from 
testifying about the accident at trial. See id. at 720.  
The trial court denied plaintiffs’ motion in limine: 
While at the time of the deposition, criminal charges were pending, the court 
took the plea in the criminal charges in this case in April of this year, … 
discovery apparently ended in mid-May, so there was time to take another 
deposition…. [Plaintiffs], however, elected not to take advantage of that 
opportunity because [they] felt, … under the law, that ... once he’s invoked 
his Fifth Amendment rights he cannot come forth and testify later…. This is 
moot anyway because even though it’s after [the] discovery … deadline, 
[Keefer] did file answers to interrogatories which were attached to the motion 
for summary judgment. And, of course, in those answers, it discussed the 
incident and events leading up to it, including the intoxication and the 
deceased’s actions in allegedly getting [Keefer] to operate the motor vehicle 
when the unfortunate accident occurred. Even though the answers to the 
interrogatories were filed after the discovery deadline, you know, absent any 
showing of prejudice to [plaintiffs] because of lateness, I feel [Keefer] could 
testify about the [content] of the interrogatories. 
 
Id. at 720-21. The trial court granted summary judgment to Keefer, and plaintiffs appealed.  
On appeal, plaintiffs argued that the trial court erred by denying their motion in 
limine to preclude Keefer from testifying at trial. Relying on Kramer v. Levitt, plaintiffs 
contended “that once Keefer invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege at the deposition, he 
was forever precluded from testifying” about the events that took place on the evening of 
the accident. Id. at 722. Thus, according to plaintiffs, it was error to grant summary 
 
50 
judgment based on Keefer’s answers to the interrogatories: “Keefer used his Fifth 
Amendment privilege as a shield to hinder [plaintiffs’] preparation for trial and then as a 
sword to obtain judgment in his favor.” Id. at 723. Plaintiffs also argued that Keefer’s 
answers should have been excluded because they were not filed within the time provided 
by the discovery deadline or within the time provided by Maryland Rule 2-421. Id. at 722.  
The Court of Special Appeals rejected both of plaintiffs’ arguments. First, although 
the court reiterated that “if a party is free to shield himself with the privilege during 
discovery, while having the full benefit of his testimony at trial, the whole process of 
discovery could be seriously hampered,” id. at 724 (quoting Kramer, 79 Md. App. at 587), 
the court explained that  
Kramer did not countenance, as [plaintiffs] urge, that whenever a party 
invokes his Fifth Amendment privilege, he or she is forever precluded from 
giving testimony in any form about the previously undisclosed matter. The 
concern in Kramer was about someone who had invoked the privilege, 
thereby thwarting discovery of relevant facts, and who then sought to rely on 
those undisclosed facts at trial. Those concerns are not present here. Unlike 
the defendant in Kramer, [Keefer] did not assert his privilege in order to 
conceal facts until trial. Instead, he sought a relatively brief delay in 
discovery, until resolution of his pending criminal charges. Keefer advised 
[plaintiffs] of his intent to assert the privilege for a limited period of time, 
and offered to resume his deposition when the criminal charges were 
resolved. Once the criminal charges were resolved, which was in advance of 
trial, [Keefer] furnished the Answers. Significantly, [plaintiffs] do not 
complain that, during the period when [Keefer] relied on his Fifth 
Amendment privilege, important evidence or discovery opportunities were 
forever lost. 
 
Id. at 724-25 (emphasis in original). The Court of Special Appeals noted that, in analyzing 
similar situations, courts in other jurisdiction had considered whether the litigant’s prior 
invocation of the privilege was “strategic,” id. at 725 (quoting FTC v. Sharp, 782 F. Supp. 
 
51 
1445, 1452 (D. Nev. 1991)), and whether the opposing party was prejudiced by the prior 
invocation of the privilege, id. at 725-26 (citing Sharp, 782 F. Supp. at 1452, and FTC v. 
Kitco of Nevada, Inc., 612 F. Supp. 1282, 1290 (D. Minn. 1985)). In the case before it, the 
intermediate appellate court concluded that Keefer’s invocation of the privilege had not 
“seriously hampered” discovery, id. at 727-28 (quoting Kramer, 79 Md. App. at 587), as 
Keefer had offered to resume his deposition after his criminal case was resolved and 
because any resulting “delay would have been brief, as the criminal trial was set for April 
1998.” Id. at 726-28. For these reasons, the Court of Special Appeals held that Keefer’s 
“invocation at his deposition of his Fifth Amendment right did not strip the court of its 
discretion to consider the content of his Answers in connection with the summary judgment 
motion.” Id. at 725.   
 
Second, the Court of Special Appeals held that the trial court had not abused its 
discretion by considering Keefer’s late answers to interrogatories. See id. at 728. In this 
regard, the court found significant that plaintiffs had never moved for sanctions or to 
compel discovery under Rule 2-432(a) or (b). Id. at 730. The court also relied on the trial 
court’s finding that plaintiffs were not prejudiced by Keefer’s delay in providing his 
answers. Id. at 731-32. 
 
Other courts, similar to the Court of Special Appeals in Faith v. Keefer, have held 
that the invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination during 
discovery does not necessarily preclude a civil litigant from subsequently waiving the 
privilege and responding to discovery requests or testifying at trial. See, e.g., Sharp, 782 F. 
Supp. at 1452-53 (permitting defendant to testify at trial, where his invocation of the 
 
52 
privilege at his deposition was not “strategic,” and where the FTC had not “been unfairly 
prejudiced” by the inability to obtain discovery from the defendant); Kitco, 612 F. Supp. 
at 1290-91 (permitting defendant to testify because the FTC “was not solely dependent 
upon the testimony of [the defendant] for pertinent information”); SEC v. Graystone Nash, 
Inc., 25 F.3d 187, 192 (3d Cir. 1994) (“Because the privilege is constitutionally based, the 
detriment to the party asserting it should be no more than is necessary to prevent unfair and 
unnecessary prejudice to the other side.”).  
We agree with the Court of Special Appeals in Faith v. Keefer and the courts in 
other jurisdictions which have viewed this situation as requiring the trial court to balance 
competing interests. As the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has 
explained:  
[B]ecause all parties – those who invoke the Fifth Amendment and those who 
oppose them – should be afforded every reasonable opportunity to litigate a 
civil case fully and because exercise of Fifth Amendment rights should not 
be made unnecessarily costly, courts, upon an appropriate motion, should 
seek out those ways that further the goal of permitting as much testimony as 
possible to be presented in the civil litigation, despite the assertion of the 
privilege. Thus, if there is a timely request made to the court, the court should 
explore all possible measures in order to select that means which strikes a 
fair balance and accommodates both parties. In doing this, it should give due 
consideration to the nature of the proceeding, how and when the privilege 
was invoked, and the potential for harm or prejudice to opposing parties. 
 
United States v. Certain Real Property and Premises Known as 4003-4005 5th Ave., 
Brooklyn, NY, 55 F.3d 78, 83-84 (2d Cir. 1995) (cleaned up). Thus, in those instances 
where a litigant in a civil proceeding who has invoked the Fifth Amendment in pretrial 
discovery subsequently asks to withdraw the invocation and testify at trial, the trial court 
“should, in general, take a liberal view towards such applications, for withdrawal of the 
 
53 
privilege allows adjudication based on consideration of all the material facts to occur.” Id. 
at 84; see also In re 650 Fifth Avenue and Related Properties, 934 F.3d 147, 169-70 (2d 
Cir. 2019) (same). The court “should be especially inclined to permit withdrawal of the 
privilege if there are no grounds for believing that opposing parties suffered undue 
prejudice from a litigant’s later-regretted decision to invoke the Fifth Amendment.” 
4003-4005 5th Ave., 55 F.3d at 84.   
When considering whether opposing parties would be prejudiced by the withdrawal 
of the privilege, a trial court should “pay particular attention to how and when the privilege 
was originally invoked. Since an assertion of the Fifth Amendment is an effective way to 
hinder discovery and provides a convenient method for obstructing a proceeding, trial 
courts must be especially alert to the danger that the litigant might have invoked the 
privilege primarily to abuse, manipulate or gain an unfair strategic advantage over 
opposing parties.” Id.; see also Graystone Nash, 25 F.3d at 190 (discussing “the potential 
for exploitation” through abusive assertions of the Fifth Amendment in civil actions). In 
such cases, “particularly if the litigant’s request to waive comes only at the ‘eleventh hour’ 
and appears to be part of a manipulative, ‘cat-and-mouse approach’ to the litigation, a trial 
court may be fully entitled, for example, to bar a litigant from testifying later about matters 
previously hidden from discovery through an invocation of the privilege.” 4003-4005 5th 
Ave., 55 F.3d at 84-85; see also In re Edmond, 934 F.2d 1304, 1308 (4th Cir. 1991) (“By 
selectively asserting his Fifth Amendment privilege, Edmond attempted to insure that his 
unquestioned, unverified affidavit would be the only version. But the Fifth Amendment 
 
54 
privilege cannot be invoked as a shield to oppose depositions while discarding it for the 
limited purpose of making statements to support a summary judgment motion.”).19 
We agree with the Second Circuit that, “[i]n the end, exactly how a trial court should 
respond to a request to withdraw the privilege – or indeed, more generally, how it should 
react to any motion precipitated by a litigant’s assertion of the Fifth Amendment in a civil 
proceeding – necessarily depends on the precise facts and circumstances of each case.” 
4003-4005 5th Ave., 55 F.3d at 85. It is “not the province of appellate courts to try to set 
down a hard and fast rule when, typically, the trial court is in a better position to know 
what means will accomplish the end of accommodating all interests.” Id. (cleaned up); see 
also Graystone Nash, 25 F.3d at 192-94 (emphasizing “the circumstances of the particular 
litigation,” and, therefore, that an “appropriate remedy is within the discretion of the trial 
court”); Robert Heidt, The Conjurer’s Circle-The Fifth Amendment Privilege in Civil 
Cases, 91 Yale L.J. 1062, 1131-32 (1982) (“When previously invoking defendants … 
indicate before trial their willingness to waive and respond to discovery, the decision 
 
19 When a trial court provides relief to a party that would be unfairly prejudiced by 
allowing testimony at trial on a matter as to which the opposing party invoked the Fifth 
Amendment in discovery, the trial court is not punishing the opposing party for having 
asserted the privilege. Rather, the trial court is ensuring that the party that was unable to 
obtain pretrial discovery on a particular matter is not unfairly prejudiced. If, after discovery 
has concluded, a party learns that a prior invoker of the Fifth Amendment intends to waive 
the privilege and testify at trial, the party may file a motion in limine and request a ruling 
that protects it from unfair prejudice that would result from the anticipated eleventh-hour 
waiver. The requested relief may include the preclusion of testimony by the witness 
regarding the topics as to which the witness invoked the privilege during discovery. 
However, as discussed below, if the moving party – like Bar Counsel here – declined to 
move to compel discovery before the discovery period ended and contends in the motion 
in limine that the assertion of the privilege was improper, a trial court should take the failure 
to move to compel into account when balancing the parties’ competing interests. 
 
55 
whether to allow them to testify at trial should turn on the degree of prejudice caused the 
plaintiff by their earlier invokings. The court should consider the length of time between 
the invokings and the invokers’ change of heart, and between their change of heart and 
trial; the extent to which the invokings enabled them to learn about the plaintiff’s evidence 
before responding; and the extra costs incurred by the plaintiff.”). 
Applying these principles to the case before us, we conclude that the hearing judge 
acted within his discretion to the extent he precluded Mr. Malone from testifying at the 
hearing concerning his alleged violations of the MLRPC. Thus, we decline Mr. Malone’s 
request that we order a remand to the hearing judge for a new evidentiary hearing to 
determine the validity of Bar Counsel’s charges of professional misconduct. Key to our 
determination on this point is Mr. Malone’s representation at the hearing on the motion in 
limine that he “probably [would not] be testifying in any type of case in chief that [he] 
would be making.” In combination with (1) Mr. Malone’s prior repeated statements to the 
court that there were no material factual disputes between the parties and (2) the hearing 
judge’s finding that Mr. Malone invoked the privilege in bad faith,20 Mr. Malone’s 
 
20 Three of the questions Bar Counsel asked at Mr. Malone’s deposition bore 
directly on the alleged MLRPC violations: 
• “[A]re you disputing that you received a reprimand from Virginia?” 
• “[A]re you disputing that you received a private reprimand from the 
United States District Court for the District of Maryland in 2012?” 
• “[A]re you disputing that you knowingly and intentionally made 
misrepresentations on your Texas Bar application for admission to the 
Texas Bar?” 
 
 
56 
representation that he “probably” would not offer testimony in his “case in chief” – i.e., 
that he would not be providing testimony aimed at defending himself against Bar Counsel’s 
charges of professional misconduct – provided a sufficient basis for the hearing judge to 
preclude Mr. Malone from so testifying. The hearing judge reasonably could conclude that 
Mr. Malone’s representation “that he probably won’t be testifying … minimize[d] the 
impact of any prejudice on him that there may be” from an order precluding him from 
testifying concerning the alleged Rules violations.21 
 
Given that, in his answer to the Petition, Mr. Malone already had substantively 
addressed each of these points, it is clear that Mr. Malone asserted the Fifth Amendment 
at his deposition in bad faith as to these questions. 
21 In his answer to the Petition, Mr. Malone disputed the allegations that he 
knowingly and intentionally failed to disclose his admission to, and his private reprimand 
from, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, to the Texas Board. As 
discussed above, although Mr. Malone was precluded from testifying at the evidentiary 
hearing, during his closing argument at the hearing he essentially testified about his failure 
to disclose his admission to, and private reprimand from, the Maryland federal court. He 
claimed that these omissions (unlike the omission of his Virginia licensure and disciplinary 
history) were inadvertent. However, in his proposed findings of fact and conclusions of 
law, Mr. Malone did not ask the hearing judge to find that he knowingly omitted only his 
Virginia licensure and disciplinary history from his Texas Bar applications, and that his 
failure to disclose his admission to, and his disciplinary history in, the United States District 
Court for the District of Maryland, was inadvertent. 
After allowing Mr. Malone effectively to testify (without cross-examination by Bar 
Counsel) about his failure to disclose his admission to the Maryland federal district court 
and the private reprimand, the hearing judge concluded that Mr. Malone knowingly and 
intentionally failed to disclose those matters. Mr. Malone has not specifically excepted to 
the hearing judge’s factual findings on these points. Nor has he excepted to the hearing 
judge’s conclusion that he violated Rules 8.1(a) and 8.1(b) to the extent the hearing judge 
based those conclusions on his failure to disclose his admission to, and his private 
reprimand from, the federal court in Maryland. 
 
 
57 
However, after careful review of the transcript of the hearing on the motion in 
limine, we conclude that the hearing judge should not have precluded Mr. Malone from 
testifying concerning mitigating factors. To be sure, Mr. Malone was less than clear at the 
hearing concerning his wish to testify about mitigating factors. He did not use the word 
“mitigation” or the phrase “mitigating factors” in his colloquy with the hearing judge. 
Rather, after explaining that he probably would not be testifying in his “case in chief,” Mr. 
Malone stated: “I would like for the Court to allow me in case I am found to be, I’ll use the 
word for lack of a better word, guilty, to at least address the Court in, what I’ll call for lack 
of a better word, sentence.”  
This request arguably could be interpreted as indicating a desire to address this 
Court concerning the appropriate sanction if the hearing judge were to conclude that Mr. 
Malone had committed one or more of the alleged MLRPC violations. However, the 
hearing judge had no role in determining whether Mr. Malone would be permitted to 
address this Court concerning an appropriate sanction. Thus, we believe the more logical 
interpretation of Mr. Malone’s request is that he was asking the hearing judge for 
permission to testify concerning factors that he believed should mitigate the severity of the 
sanction that otherwise would be imposed if he were found to have violated the MLRPC. 
That was a request that the hearing judge had the authority to consider and rule on. And, 
 
In light of these circumstances, we see no need to order as part of the remand in this 
case that Mr. Malone be permitted to testify as to his reasons for not disclosing his 
admission to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland and/or the private 
reprimand he received from that Court. 
 
58 
of course, the hearing judge was empowered to make findings of fact and issue conclusions 
of law concerning mitigating factors.  
Understanding Mr. Malone’s comments at the hearing on the motion in limine as 
expressing a desire to withdraw his invocation of the Fifth Amendment as to the topic of 
mitigation, we cannot affirm the hearing judge’s exclusion of testimony concerning 
mitigation on the ground that Mr. Malone disclaimed an intention to provide such 
testimony. Thus, we shall consider the hearing judge’s other grounds for excluding Mr. 
Malone’s testimony, as applied to mitigation: (1) Mr. Malone invoked the privilege in bad 
faith; (2) Mr. Malone’s invocation of the privilege prevented Bar Counsel from obtaining 
pretrial discovery concerning mitigation, thereby unfairly prejudicing Bar Counsel; and 
(3) the evidentiary hearing could not be postponed without running afoul of this Court’s 
order setting a deadline for completion of the hearing. 
We cannot conclude that Mr. Malone improperly invoked the Fifth Amendment 
privilege in response to Bar Counsel’s one, very broad question concerning mitigation: 
“What, if any, factors are you contending should be considered in mitigation of any 
potential sanction imposed in this matter?” Because Bar Counsel did not file a motion to 
compel Mr. Malone to answer that question, the hearing judge did not analyze or make a 
finding as to whether a truthful answer to that question might tend to incriminate Mr. 
Malone. We are not able to make such a finding.22  
 
22 We can imagine a scenario in which a respondent would anticipate arguing that a 
drug or alcohol problem should be considered in mitigation of a potential sanction, but due 
to a pending criminal investigation, the attorney might be concerned about acknowledging 
 
 
59 
Nor can we say that Mr. Malone’s invocation of the privilege in response to the 
question about mitigation was “part of a manipulative, ‘cat-and-mouse approach’ to the 
litigation.” 4003-4005 5th Ave., 55 F.3d at 84-85. The hearing judge made no finding along 
those lines, and the record does not suggest that Mr. Malone refused to answer the question 
about mitigating factors to gain a tactical advantage against Bar Counsel. To be sure, Mr. 
Malone misguidedly engaged in a battle of wills with Bar Counsel, starting with the email 
exchange about whether the deposition would go forward, continuing with Mr. Malone’s 
motion for a protective order, and culminating in his blanket assertion of the privilege at 
the deposition. However, our review of the record does not leave us with the impression 
that the reason Mr. Malone refused to answer the question about mitigation at his 
deposition was so he could surprise Bar Counsel with that information for the first time at 
the evidentiary hearing, thereby making it difficult for Bar Counsel to rebut his showing as 
to mitigation. 
With respect to prejudice, at the hearing on the motion in limine, Bar Counsel argued 
that Mr. Malone’s “failure to answer any questions at his deposition has prejudiced 
Petitioner’s ability to prepare for trial in this matter, to prepare for cross-examination, in 
 
such a problem at the time of a deposition. We do not suggest that this scenario applied to 
Mr. Malone. We only observe that, given the many mitigating factors that a respondent 
theoretically could seek to establish at an evidentiary hearing, it is impossible to conclude 
on the record before the hearing judge that Mr. Malone’s assertion of the privilege as to 
Bar Counsel’s question concerning mitigation was improper.  
Had Bar Counsel asked Mr. Malone specific questions about particular mitigating 
factors, perhaps the hearing judge and we would have been able to conclude, at least with 
respect to some of those factors, that Mr. Malone could not legitimately invoke the Fifth 
Amendment. However, Bar Counsel did not proceed in that manner. 
 
60 
particular to … to explor[e] what mitigation he intends to put on so that Petitioner could 
have taken additional discovery on those matters.” We agree that Bar Counsel could be 
prejudiced by having to cross-examine Mr. Malone at the evidentiary hearing on the topic 
of mitigating circumstances – and potentially put on rebuttal evidence in response to Mr. 
Malone’s testimony – without having had the benefit of deposing him concerning his 
claimed mitigation during the discovery period. However, had Bar Counsel promptly 
moved to compel Mr. Malone to answer the question about mitigating factors, the hearing 
judge could have held a hearing on that motion before the discovery period ended. At such 
a hearing, the hearing judge would have explored whether Mr. Malone could legitimately 
assert the Fifth Amendment privilege in response to Bar Counsel’s question about 
mitigation. Because Bar Counsel chose not to file a motion to compel discovery, we do not 
know how the hearing judge would have resolved the discovery dispute. Bar Counsel 
properly bears the brunt of that uncertainty. Having chosen not to move to compel Mr. 
Malone to answer the question about mitigating factors – despite believing that the 
assertion of the privilege was improper – Bar Counsel’s claim at the hearing on the motion 
in limine that Bar Counsel was prejudiced in preparing for Mr. Malone’s hearing testimony 
on mitigation lacked merit. See Faith, 127 Md. App. at 730 (holding that the trial court did 
not abuse its discretion by considering Keefer’s answers to interrogatories where plaintiffs 
had not moved for relief under Rule 2-432(a) or (b)). 
The hearing judge also based his ruling on Bar Counsel’s motion in limine on his 
determination that “[t]rial is next week and it’s not going to be postponed, because the rule 
requires that the trial be held within so many days of receiving the assignment, and I think 
 
61 
we might have a few extra days left in the order, but not enough to postpone the case or 
allow for a second opportunity at deposition.” Had Bar Counsel moved to compel 
discovery immediately after Mr. Malone’s deposition and also filed a motion to shorten 
time for Mr. Malone to respond, conceivably the hearing judge could have held a hearing 
on such a motion to compel prior to April 14, 2021, the date that discovery was to be 
concluded. If necessary, the parties could have moved this Court for a brief extension of 
time for the evidentiary hearing to be completed in order to allow Mr. Malone to resume 
his deposition and provide Bar Counsel with additional responsive documents (either 
because the hearing judge concluded that the assertion of the privilege was improper or 
because Mr. Malone opted to waive the privilege and provide discovery as a condition to 
testifying at the evidentiary hearing). Thus, in the circumstances of this case, we do not 
find the imminence of the evidentiary hearing to be a factor supporting the preclusion of 
Mr. Malone’s testimony. 
In sum, we adopt the reasoning of Faith v. Keefer and the federal appellate courts 
cited above and hold that a civil litigant who invokes the Fifth Amendment privilege 
against self-incrimination in discovery is not forever precluded from waiving the privilege 
and testifying at trial or submitting substantive responses to discovery requests. A trial 
court should respond to a request to withdraw the privilege – if contested by a party – by 
considering the totality of the circumstances surrounding the prior invocation and the 
prejudice that the objecting party will suffer if the request is granted. 
Here, the balance of interests favored allowing Mr. Malone to testify concerning 
mitigating factors at the evidentiary hearing. We therefore sustain Mr. Malone’s exceptions 
 
62 
to the extent he complains about the hearing judge’s order precluding him from testifying 
as to mitigation. As discussed below, our sustaining of this exception requires a limited 
remand of this case to the hearing judge to allow Mr. Malone to testify concerning any 
mitigating factors that he believes are present in this case. 
B. Mr. Malone’s Violations of the MLRPC23  
Based on his findings of fact, the hearing judge concluded by clear and convincing 
evidence that Mr. Malone violated Rules 8.1(a) and (b) and 8.4(a), (b), (c), and (d). Mr. 
Malone has not specifically excepted to any of the hearing judge’s conclusions of law 
regarding Mr. Malone’s alleged violations of the MLRPC. We agree with the hearing 
judge’s determinations.24  
 
23 In Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Tatung, 476 Md. 45 (2021), this Court 
examined MARPC 19-308.5(b) (formerly MLRPC 8.5(b)), which states, in pertinent part: 
“In any exercise of the disciplinary authority of this State, the rule of professional conduct 
to be applied shall be … the rules of the jurisdiction in which the attorney’s conduct 
occurred[.]” At no time in these proceedings has Mr. Malone raised an objection to the 
charges being brought under Maryland’s rules of professional conduct, as opposed to 
Texas’s rules. Thus, Mr. Malone has waived any potential claim for relief based on Rule 
8.5(b) and Tatung. See Tatung, 476 Md. at 90 (stating that, where a Rule 8.5(b) issue “is 
not properly raised, it will be deemed to be waived”). 
24 Mr. Malone has excepted to two of the hearing judge’s factual findings. First, Mr. 
Malone takes issue with the hearing judge’s finding that Mr. Malone decided in 2013 to 
convert his Texas application to general admission by examination because he believed 
that his tax returns were “none of the Board’s business.” Mr. Malone states that he “in fact 
told the Texas Board that he decided to take the Texas law exam in order to learn Texas 
law” and that the hearing judge “took a 2017 statement by Respondent that his tax returns 
were ‘none of the board’s business’ out of context.” Second, Mr. Malone contends that the 
hearing judge erred in finding that Mr. Malone told the Texas Board that he did not 
“remember” being admitted to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, 
 
 
63 
MLRPC Rule 8.1 – Bar Admissions and Disciplinary Matters25 
We agree with the hearing judge’s conclusion that Mr. Malone violated Rule 8.1(a) 
when he answered “no” to Questions 13 and 17(c) on his Texas Bar application. The 
hearing judge concluded that, in so doing, Mr. Malone knowingly and intentionally 
misrepresented his disciplinary history by failing to disclose that he had been held in 
contempt by the bankruptcy court, sanctioned by the United States District Court for the 
District of Maryland, and reprimanded and administratively suspended in Virginia. The 
hearing judge also concluded that Mr. Malone violated Rule 8.1(a) by intentionally failing 
to disclose his admissions to the Virginia Bar and various United States District Courts to 
conceal his disciplinary history from the Texas Board. In addition, the hearing judge 
concluded, Mr. Malone’s affidavit swearing that he “responded to all inquiries on [the 
application] fully and frankly, and [that] all the information contained in [the] application 
is true and correct,” was also knowingly and intentionally false. The hearing judge further 
 
when in fact, he testified before the Board that it was the federal district court’s private 
reprimand that he did not remember.  
We shall assume for present purposes that Mr. Malone’s exceptions to these two 
factual findings are well taken. However, sustaining these exceptions does not materially 
affect the analysis whether Mr. Malone violated the MLRPC, as alleged by Bar Counsel.  
25 As noted above, in his proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law that he 
submitted to the hearing judge, Mr. Malone argued that, to the extent MLRPC 8.1 covers 
conduct relating to bar admission, it only applies to efforts to obtain admission to the 
Maryland Bar. Therefore, Mr. Malone argued, he could not have violated Rule 8.1 by 
providing false information to the Texas Board or by failing to correct a misapprehension 
that he had created in the Texas Board through his inaccurate applications for admission. 
Mr. Malone has not included this argument in the exceptions he filed in this Court. Thus, 
he has waived this argument, and we will not consider it. 
 
64 
found that, during the Board’s subsequent investigation of Mr. Malone, he continued to 
make misrepresentations, falsely stating that his disclosure failures were the result of not 
reading the bar applications questions carefully enough. Based on the record before the 
hearing judge, we determine that the hearing judge’s conclusions regarding Rule 8.1(a) are 
supported by clear and convincing evidence. 
The hearing judge concluded that Mr. Malone violated Rule 8.1(b) when he 
knowingly and intentionally failed to supplement his June 2013 bar application and 
subsequent re-applications with his admissions and disciplinary history, thereby failing to 
correct the misapprehension that he had fully disclosed his disciplinary history in all 
licensed jurisdictions. The hearing judge further found that Mr. Malone failed to provide 
the Board with a list of all federal jurisdictions in which he was licensed until September 
2016, when the Board explicitly asked for such information during his character and fitness 
investigation of his reapplication after his Texas license was canceled. We agree with the 
hearing judge that this conduct violated Rule 8.1(b). 
MLRPC Rule 8.4 – Misconduct 
 
 
The hearing judge correctly concluded that Mr. Malone violated Rule 8.4(a) by 
violating other Rules of Professional Conduct.  
We also agree with the hearing judge’s conclusion that Mr. Malone violated Rule 
8.4(b) when he knowingly and intentionally provided false responses on his sworn Texas 
bar applications and when he declared under oath in his affidavit that the information he 
provided was true and correct, thereby committing perjury under Texas law. By definition, 
 
65 
this conduct also constituted a violation of Rule 8.4(c), which prohibits attorneys from 
engaging in intentional acts of dishonesty.26  
We also agree with the hearing judge’s conclusion that Mr. Malone violated Rule 
8.4(d). His pattern of dishonest and deceitful conduct in his efforts to be admitted to the 
Bar in Texas reflects negatively on the public’s perception of the legal profession. 
C. A Limited Remand Is Necessary. 
Under Maryland Rule 19-740(c)(1)(G), we direct a remand to the hearing judge for 
further proceedings. Specifically, we direct that the hearing judge shall reopen the 
evidentiary hearing for the sole purposes of: (1) allowing Mr. Malone to testify fully 
concerning mitigating factors; (2) allowing Bar Counsel to call witnesses and introduce 
exhibits in rebuttal of Mr. Malone’s testimony with respect to mitigation; (3) allowing the 
parties to make arguments to the hearing judge concerning mitigating and aggravating 
factors; and (4) allowing the hearing judge to issue supplemental findings of fact and 
conclusions of law as to mitigating factors and, if necessary, aggravating factors. 
The reopened evidentiary hearing shall be completed no later than 60 days following 
the issuance of the mandate from this Court. Mr. Malone shall notify the hearing judge 
 
26 We do not rely on the hearing judge’s finding that Mr. Malone testified falsely at 
the July 2017 hearing before the Texas Board in concluding that Mr. Malone violated the 
MLRPC, as charged by Bar Counsel. That false testimony occurred after the recodification 
of the rules of professional conduct. Bar Counsel has not charged any violations of the 
MARPC. 
 
66 
and Bar Counsel no later than 14 days following the issuance of the mandate whether he 
wishes to testify regarding mitigating factors.27  
Following the conclusion of the reopened evidentiary hearing, at the hearing judge’s 
discretion, the hearing judge may direct Bar Counsel and Mr. Malone to submit 
supplemental proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding mitigating 
factors and, to the extent the parties believe appropriate, aggravating factors. No later than 
45 days following the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, the hearing judge shall issue 
a supplemental opinion making findings of fact and proposing conclusions of law 
concerning mitigating factors. As part of his supplemental opinion, to the extent the 
hearing judge believes necessary, the hearing judge also may revise his prior findings of 
fact and conclusions of law concerning aggravating factors.28 The parties shall file any 
exceptions to the hearing judge’s supplemental opinion in this Court no later than 45 days 
after the issuance of that opinion. Following the filing of exceptions, the Clerk of this 
Court shall schedule oral argument. We shall defer ruling on aggravating factors and 
mitigating factors and determining the appropriate sanction for Mr. Malone’s violations 
of the MLRPC until we have heard the parties’ oral arguments. 
 
27 If Mr. Malone files a line in the circuit court stating that he does not wish to 
provide additional testimony regarding mitigating factors, the hearing judge shall enter an 
Order reinstating his prior findings of fact and conclusions of law as to aggravating and 
mitigating factors. 
28 We express no opinion concerning the hearing judge’s prior opinion finding the 
existence of several aggravating factors and not finding the presence of any mitigating 
factors. 
 
67 
V 
Conclusion 
For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that Mr. Malone violated MLRPC 
8.1(a) and (b) (bar admission and disciplinary matters) and 8.4(a), (b), (c), and (d) 
(misconduct). Because Mr. Malone should have been permitted to testify fully at the 
evidentiary hearing concerning mitigation – notwithstanding his earlier invocation of the 
Fifth Amendment in response to Bar Counsel’s deposition question about mitigation – we 
order a limited remand to the circuit court to allow Mr. Malone to provide such testimony. 
Following such testimony, the hearing judge shall issue supplemental findings of fact and 
conclusions of law concerning mitigating factors and, if necessary, aggravating factors. 
IT IS SO ORDERED.