Title: Robards v. State

State: florida

Issuer: Florida Supreme Court

Document:

Supreme Court of Florida 
 
 
____________ 
 
No. SC15-1364 
____________ 
 
RICHARD TODD ROBARDS, 
Appellant, 
 
vs. 
 
STATE OF FLORIDA, 
Appellee. 
 
[April 6, 2017] 
 
PER CURIAM. 
 
Richard Todd Robards, also known as Damien Robards, appeals an order of 
the circuit court denying his motion to vacate judgment of two first-degree murder 
convictions and sentences of death filed under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 
3.851.  Because the order concerns postconviction relief from sentences of death, 
we have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const.  For the reasons explained 
below, we affirm the postconviction court’s order to the extent that it denies 
Robards relief based upon his claim of ineffective assistance of guilt phase 
counsel, but grant Robards a new penalty phase proceeding pursuant to Hurst v. 
 
 
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State (Hurst), 202 So. 3d 40 (Fla. 2016), petition for cert. filed, No. 16-998 (U.S. 
Feb. 13, 2017). 
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
Trial and Direct Appeal Proceedings 
 
Robards was found guilty of two counts of first-degree murder for the 2006 
deaths of Frank and Linda Deluca.  Robards, the couple’s personal trainer, 
murdered them during the course of a robbery in which he stole personal 
belongings of the Delucas, including a safe containing more than $88,000.  The 
Delucas died of multiple sharp force wounds, and their home was set on fire after 
they were murdered.  The facts of the offenses are set forth in detail in this Court’s 
opinion affirming Robards’ convictions and sentences on direct appeal.  See 
Robards v. State, 112 So. 3d 1256 (Fla. 2013). 
The guilt phase of the trial took place from May 18 to May 21, 2010.  The 
guilt phase was followed by a brief penalty phase on May 25, 2010, during which 
the State presented testimony from Linda Deluca’s sister, and the defense 
presented character evidence about Robards’ personal and professional life using 
testimony from family members, friends, fellow inmates, and former clients.  Id. at 
1263.  The jury recommended the death penalty for each murder by a vote of seven 
 
 
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to five.  After three Spencer1 hearings, during which mental health mitigation was 
offered, the trial court sentenced Robards to death.  The facts revealed during the 
Spencer hearings were explained at length on direct appeal, and the sentencing 
proceeded as follows: 
In its sentencing order, the court found that four aggravating 
circumstances were proven by the State beyond a reasonable doubt 
and assigned each one of them great weight: (1) Robards was 
convicted of a prior capital felony (based on the contemporaneous 
murder of the second victim); (2) Robards committed each murder for 
pecuniary gain; (3) Robards committed each murder while engaged in 
a commission of a robbery (merged with pecuniary gain); and (4) each 
murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel (HAC). 
Although the jury did not receive evidence of mental health 
mitigation, the trial court weighed the evidence that was presented at 
the Spencer hearing and considered as statutory mitigation the 
following: (1) whether Robards suffered from an extreme mental or 
emotional disturbance; and (2) whether Robards suffered from an 
impaired capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to 
conform his conduct to the requirements of law.  The court rejected 
both of these statutory mitigating circumstances and explained its 
rationale in its sentencing order.  The trial court did weigh Robards’ 
mental health as a nonstatutory mitigating circumstance. 
The trial court considered a total of twelve nonstatutory 
mitigating circumstances.  The trial court rejected Robards’ argument 
that Florida’s budgetary crisis was a reason for not imposing the death 
penalty and his argument that the closeness of the jury’s vote was a 
reason for not imposing the death penalty.  Of the remaining ten 
mitigating circumstances, the trial court gave each one some weight: 
(1) family history; (2) no plan to murder; (3) good general conduct 
while in custody; (4) capacity to form positive relationships; (5) 
remorse and potential for rehabilitation; (6) traumatic injury based on 
PET scan and PET scan brain image comparison; (7) effect of steroids 
on brain injury and effect of steroids generally; (8) use of prescribed 
                                          
 
 
1.  Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla. 1993). 
 
 
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steroids, interactions with other prescribed drugs, and withdrawal; 
(9) mental health issues; and (10) history of steady employment.  All 
of the trial court’s findings were as to each murder. 
 
Id. at 1264-66. 
 
On direct appeal, Robards raised four issues: (1) whether penalty phase 
counsel provided ineffective assistance; (2) whether a seven-to-five vote 
recommending death was unconstitutional; (3) whether the trial judge departed 
from judicial neutrality in suggesting that the State pursue the prior capital felony 
aggravating circumstance; and (4) whether improper comments by the prosecutor 
during closing argument warranted a new trial.  Ultimately, this Court rejected all 
claims raised and affirmed Robards’ convictions and sentences of death.  See 
Robards, 112 So. 3d at 1273. 
Postconviction Proceedings 
Robards filed a timely motion for postconviction relief raising six claims: 
(1) trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to or attempt to suppress 
testimony, evidence, or prosecutorial argument regarding his offer to “make a 
deal” with Detective Anthony Monte and any statements related to that offer; 
(2) trial counsel failed to diligently, timely, and reasonably investigate mitigation 
evidence; (3) trial counsel’s failure to object to prejudicial remarks during the 
prosecutor’s closing argument constituted ineffective assistance of counsel; (4) the 
combination of the procedural and substantive errors during the guilt and penalty 
 
 
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phases deprived Robards of a fair trial; (5) section 945.10, Florida Statutes (2006), 
which prohibits a defendant from knowing the identity of the execution team 
members, is unconstitutional; and (6) Robards may be incompetent at the time of 
execution.  Following a Huff2 hearing, the circuit court granted an evidentiary 
hearing on claims one and two.  During the evidentiary hearing, the court heard 
testimony from guilt phase counsel, Larry Hoffman; penalty phase counsel, 
Richard Watts; two medical experts who testified during the Spencer hearings, 
Dr. Joseph Wu and Dr. Robert Berland; former assistant public defender, Ronald 
Eide; and two of Robards’ acquaintances.    
Following the evidentiary hearing, the circuit court denied Robards’ motion 
for postconviction relief in its entirety.  Robards appeals the denial of his motion 
raising three issues: (1) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to or 
attempt to suppress the testimony, evidence, or prosecutorial argument regarding 
Robards’ offer to make a deal; (2) trial counsel failed to diligently, timely, and 
reasonably investigate the mitigation evidence and make an adequate penalty phase 
presentation to the jury; and (3) cumulative error deprived Robards of a fair trial.  
Additionally, Robards claims that he is entitled to relief based on the United States 
Supreme Court’s decision in Hurst v. Florida, 136 S. Ct. 616 (2016), as well as this 
Court’s decisions in Hurst and related cases. 
                                          
 
2.  Huff v. State, 622 So. 2d 982 (Fla. 1993). 
 
 
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We affirm the denial of relief as to Robards’ ineffective assistance of guilt 
phase counsel claim, but because we conclude that Robards is entitled to a new 
penalty phase proceeding under Hurst, we decline to address his claims regarding 
the ineffective assistance of penalty phase counsel and cumulative error. 
ANALYSIS 
Ineffective Assistance of Guilt Phase Counsel 
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant 
must demonstrate that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of 
reasonableness, and the defendant was prejudiced by counsel’s deficiency such that 
there is a reasonable probability the result of the proceeding would have been 
different absent the error.  Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984).  
Both prongs of the Strickland test present mixed questions of law and fact.  Thus, 
we employ a mixed standard of review, deferring to the trial court’s factual 
findings that are supported by competent, substantial evidence, and reviewing the 
trial court’s legal conclusions de novo.  See Sochor v. State, 883 So. 2d 766, 771-
72 (Fla. 2004). 
“Judicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential.”  
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.  Further, “[a] fair assessment of attorney performance 
requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to 
reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the 
 
 
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conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.”  Id.  The defendant carries the 
burden to “overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged 
action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’ ”  Id. (quoting Michel v. 
Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955)).  Moreover, a court “need not make a specific 
ruling on the performance component of the test when it is clear that the prejudice 
component is not satisfied.”  Maxwell v. Wainwright, 490 So. 2d 927, 932 (Fla. 
1986). 
Robards argues that guilt phase trial counsel rendered deficient performance 
for failing to object to or attempt to suppress testimony, evidence, and 
prosecutorial argument regarding Robards’ offer to make a deal with Detective 
Monte.  The record reflects that Robards made a phone call from the Pinellas 
County Jail to Detective Monte on August 15, 2006, and left him the following 
voicemail message, which was introduced into evidence during the State’s case-in-
chief: 
Detective Monte, this is Damien Robards.  I’m down here at the 
Pinellas County Jail.  It’s about two o’clock.  Listen, if you can come 
here and talk to me, and you guys are ready to make a deal, come in 
and talk to me, all right?  Thanks. 
 
During trial, Detective Monte testified that he went to see Robards in response to 
the voicemail message and that Robards said he wanted to make a deal.  However, 
when Detective Monte informed Robards that he was not in a position to offer him 
 
 
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a deal, Robards spoke no further of it.  At the time of the call, Robards was 
incarcerated for possession of marijuana, yet Detective Monte testified he believed 
that Robards’ comments related to the homicide case involving the Delucas.  The 
State referenced this statement during opening and closing arguments. 
Robards argues that the voicemail message and conversation with Detective 
Monte constitute inadmissible plea negotiations under section 90.410, Florida 
Statutes (2014),3 and Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.172(i).4  Robards 
asserts that guilt phase counsel’s performance was deficient because he failed to 
object to the State’s introduction of inadmissible plea negotiations.  Consequently, 
we examine whether the communications between Robards and Detective Monte 
amounted to plea negotiations and, if so, whether counsel’s failure to object was 
deficient. 
                                          
 
3.  Section 90.410, Florida Statutes, declares: 
Evidence of a plea of guilty, later withdrawn; a plea of nolo 
contendere; or an offer to plead guilty or nolo contendere to the crime 
charged or any other crime is inadmissible in any civil or criminal 
proceeding.  Evidence of statements made in connection with any of 
the pleas or offers is inadmissible, except when such statements are 
offered in a prosecution under chapter 837. 
 
4.  Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.172(i) provides, “Except as 
otherwise provided in this rule, evidence of an offer or a plea of guilty or nolo 
contendere, later withdrawn, or of statements made in connection therewith, is not 
admissible in any civil or criminal proceeding against the person who made the 
plea or offer.” 
 
 
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“Where a party admission is not clearly part of an attempt to negotiate a plea 
bargain, this Court has adopted a two-tier analysis for determining whether a 
statement falls within the exclusion under rule 3.172(i).”  Schoenwetter v. State, 46 
So. 3d 535, 546-47 (Fla. 2010) (citing Calabro v. State, 995 So. 2d 307, 313-14 
(Fla. 2008)).  A court must first determine “whether the accused exhibited an 
actual subjective expectation to negotiate a plea at the time of the discussion.”  Id. 
(quoting Richardson v. State, 706 So. 2d 1349, 1353 (Fla. 1998)).  Second, the 
court must discern “whether the accused’s expectation was reasonable given the 
totality of the circumstances.”  Id. (quoting Richardson, 706 So. 2d at 1353) 
(internal quotation marks omitted).  Unsolicited, unilateral statements do not create 
a reasonable expectation of involvement in plea negotiations.  See Bottoson v. 
State, 443 So. 2d 962, 965 (Fla. 1983). 
Robards contends that his statement exhibited a subjective expectation to 
negotiate a plea deal because the conversation ended after Detective Monte 
informed Robards that he did not have the power to make a deal.  Robards further 
asserts that his expectation was reasonable because he had previously spoken with 
Detective Monte about the murder of the Delucas.  Furthermore, Robards argues 
he was prejudiced because it is a fundamental duty of counsel to preserve 
conceivable errors for appeal. 
 
 
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During the postconviction evidentiary hearing, guilt phase counsel Hoffman 
testified regarding the voicemail recording, saying he thought it was related to the 
drug case for which Robards was incarcerated at the time.  Hoffman attested that 
he did not object to the evidence or argument about the voicemail because he did 
not believe the statement was objectionable.  In lieu of objecting, he decided to 
attack the evidence on cross-examination of Detective Monte by attempting to 
show that the detective had no idea which case Robards was referring to during the 
call. 
The postconviction court found that any subjective expectation by Robards 
about entering into a plea negotiation was not reasonable considering the totality of 
the circumstances.  First, the call was made while Robards was under arrest for a 
drug incident; and second, the message was an unsolicited voicemail from a 
monitored jail line offering to make a deal to an unspecified crime.  The court thus 
determined that the communication was simply an unsolicited, unilateral offer 
from which Robards could have had no reasonable expectation of negotiating a 
plea. 
Because the voicemail and resulting conversation did not amount to a plea 
negotiation, the postconviction court observed that the statement could be offered 
against Robards as a party admission.  See § 90.803(18)(a), Fla. Stat. (2014).  
Therefore, the court found counsel’s conclusion that the statement was not 
 
 
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objectionable to be legally correct.  Given the totality of the circumstances, and 
especially the fact that Robards had not even been arrested in connection with the 
murders, we conclude that Robards’ expectation about entering into a plea 
negotiation was not reasonable.  Furthermore, we agree that Hoffman’s decision 
not to object did not constitute deficient performance because the statement was 
admissible.  See Hitchcock v. State, 991 So. 2d 337, 361 (Fla. 2008) (“Counsel 
cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to make a meritless objection.”). 
 
Further, even if counsel should have objected to the introduction of the 
voicemail or attempted to suppress the evidence, we conclude that Robards cannot 
demonstrate prejudice under Strickland.  The presence or absence of the voicemail 
is minimal considering the overwhelming evidence linking Robards to the 
Delucas’ murders.  Therefore, there is no reasonable probability that the outcome 
of the guilt phase would have been different had counsel’s objection been 
sustained or had counsel obtained a trial court ruling suppressing the voicemail.  
We set forth the compelling evidence of Robards’ guilt on direct appeal, stating: 
Among the more substantial evidence is that Robards’ fingerprints 
were found at the crime scene on a piece of newspaper dated within 
one day of the murders.  What is more, Frank Deluca tried to fight his 
attacker, and Robards’ DNA was found underneath his fingernails.  
The only other DNA that was identified during the fingernail analysis 
of Frank Deluca was that of the other murder victim, Frank Deluca’s 
wife.  Additionally, Robards talked about the Delucas’ safe for weeks 
before the murders, told many people that he had access to it, and 
tried to recruit help from Shane Harper to steal it.  Then, after Robards 
murdered the Delucas, he made Robert Kenney an unwitting partner 
 
 
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in removing the safe from the Delucas’ home.  In light of such 
compelling evidence of guilt, Robards is not entitled to relief. 
 
Robards, 112 So. 2d at 1271.  Thus, even if counsel’s performance had been 
deficient, Robards was not prejudiced.  Accordingly, we affirm the postconviction 
court’s denial of relief as to this claim. 
Hurst Relief 
In Hurst v. Florida, the United States Supreme Court held that Florida’s 
capital sentencing scheme is unconstitutional because “[t]he Sixth Amendment 
requires a jury, not a judge, to find each fact necessary to impose a sentence of 
death.  A jury’s mere recommendation is not enough.”  136 S. Ct. at 619.  On 
remand, we held that “in addition to unanimously finding the existence of any 
aggravating factor, the jury must also unanimously find that the aggravating factors 
are sufficient for the imposition of death and unanimously find that the aggravating 
factors outweigh the mitigation before a sentence of death may be considered by 
the judge.”  Hurst, 202 So. 3d at 54.  Moreover, we concluded that “in order for a 
death sentence to be imposed, the jury’s recommendation for death must be 
unanimous.”  Id.  Further, we determined that Hurst error is capable of harmless 
error review.  Id. at 68.  In Mosley v. State, 41 Fla. L. Weekly S629 (Fla. Dec. 22, 
2016), we held that Hurst applies retroactively to defendants whose sentences 
became final after the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in Ring v. 
 
 
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Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002).  Robards’ convictions and sentences became final 
after Ring, thus Hurst is applicable to him. 
On direct appeal, Robards challenged the constitutionality of the jury’s bare 
majority recommendation of death, but based on existing precedent at the time, we 
concluded that the claim was without merit.  See Robards, 112 So. 3d at 1267.  In 
his postconviction appeal, Robards again claims he is entitled to relief from his 
death sentences based upon the seven-to-five jury recommendation of death.  
Therefore, as Hurst requires, we consider whether the error during Robards’ 
penalty phase proceeding was harmless. 
“[I]n the context of a Hurst error, the burden is on the State, as the 
beneficiary of the error, to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury’s failure 
to unanimously find all the facts necessary for imposition of the death penalty did 
not contribute to [the] death sentence.”  Hurst, 202 So. 3d at 68.  As applied to the 
right to a jury trial with regard to the facts necessary to impose the death penalty, it 
must be clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have 
unanimously found that there were sufficient aggravating factors and that the 
aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating circumstances. 
We conclude that the State cannot establish that the error in Robards’ case 
was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.  The jury in this case did not make any of 
the requisite factual findings, and the vote to impose a sentence of death was seven 
 
 
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to five, the bare minimum to recommend death prior to Hurst.  The jury was 
instructed to consider four aggravating circumstances and two nonstatutory 
mitigating circumstances.  Although the prior violent felony aggravating 
circumstance was found unanimously by virtue of Robards’ conviction for the 
first-degree murder of the second victim, and while the jury may have found this 
aggravator to be sufficient to qualify Robards for the death penalty, it is impossible 
to determine whether the jury unanimously found it to be sufficient.  Similarly, 
there is no way of knowing if the jury found any of the other aggravating 
circumstances unanimously, or if the jury unanimously found such aggravators to 
be sufficient to qualify for the death penalty.  Further, we cannot determine 
whether the jury unanimously concluded that there were sufficient aggravating 
factors to outweigh the mitigating circumstances.  Given the seven-to-five 
recommendation for death, it is impossible for us to conclude that the Hurst error 
in this case was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 
CONCLUSION 
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the denial of postconviction relief as to 
Robards’ claim alleging that counsel was ineffective during the guilt phase of the 
trial.  However, we must vacate Robards’ sentences of death and remand for a new 
penalty phase proceeding under Hurst. 
It is so ordered. 
 
 
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LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, and QUINCE, JJ., concur. 
PARIENTE, J., concurs with an opinion. 
POLSTON, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion, in which 
CANADY and LAWSON, JJ., concur. 
 
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND 
IF FILED, DETERMINED. 
 
PARIENTE, J., concurring. 
 
I agree that Robards is entitled to Hurst relief and should, therefore, receive 
a new penalty phase.  I write to emphasize the woeful inadequacy of Robards’ 
penalty phase counsel who failed to present the jury with evidence of substantial 
mental health mitigation, which reinforces the necessity for a new penalty phase in 
this case.  As I explained in my concurring opinion in Robards’ direct appeal, “the 
record before this Court raise[d] questions about” whether Robards’ penalty phase 
counsel was ineffective in presenting mental health mitigation, but “further factual 
development [was] necessary in order for this claim to be fairly and properly 
adjudicated.”  Robards, 112 So. 3d at 1274 (Pariente, J., concurring).  The 
postconviction proceedings below have now revealed the breadth of mitigation 
evidence that penalty phase counsel failed to reasonably investigate.  
Consequently, the jury in Robards’ case—which recommended his two death 
sentences by narrow votes of seven to five—was not presented with the full picture 
of Robards’ life when it made its recommendations.  See id. at 1263. 
 
 
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What we now know as a result of the postconviction proceedings is that at 
the time Robards’ penalty phase began, penalty phase counsel had access to 
Robards’ medical and psychiatric records, competency records, and the results of 
an initial Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan showing brain abnormalities.  
Additionally, penalty phase counsel was aware of records regarding motorcycle 
accidents in which Robards had sustained injuries.  Penalty phase counsel also 
knew from the appointed mitigation specialist that there was evidence Robards 
suffered sexual and physical abuse during his childhood.  Despite this knowledge 
of substantial mitigation, penalty phase counsel did not further investigate 
Robards’ background and proceeded to the penalty phase.   
Penalty phase counsel acknowledged in his testimony during the evidentiary 
hearing that the full extent of mental health mitigation was not known until 
“months after” the penalty phase jury recommended that Robards be sentenced to 
death.  In this regard, penalty phase counsel did not have a full picture of Robards’ 
background before he decided against presenting mental health mitigation to the 
penalty phase jury.  Consequently, the penalty phase jury was similarly denied the 
full picture of the mitigating circumstances in Robards’ life that may have affected 
its weighing of the aggravation and mitigation when deciding whether Robards 
was deserving of the ultimate punishment.   
 
 
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Instead, the mental health mitigation was developed during three hearings 
held before the trial judge over a period of months after the penalty phase jury 
made its recommendations.  The investigation of Robards’ mental health 
mitigation during these months revealed that Robards suffered from traumatic 
brain injury and toxic brain exposure.  Moreover, testimony by a PET specialist 
revealed that Robards began using steroids at age fifteen and used them 
continuously for decades.  A psychopharmacologist testified that Robards may 
have been suffering from steroid withdrawal during the time of the murders, and 
evidence was presented demonstrating Robards’ paranoia, violent behavior, 
delusions, and psychotic disturbances.  Robards’ sister’s testimony during one of 
the hearings also revealed that Robards’ brothers physically and emotionally 
tormented him growing up, and that Robards was sexually abused in a neighbor’s 
home as a child.   
 
Thus, as penalty phase counsel acknowledged during the postconviction 
proceedings, the picture of Robards’ childhood that the penalty phase jury was 
presented with was incomplete.  The penalty phase jury was not afforded the 
opportunity to evaluate this testimony against other testimony that depicted 
Robards as a happy child.  “The jury vote in this case was seven to five in favor of 
a death recommendation.  The swaying of the vote of only one juror would have 
made a critical difference here.”  Phillips v. State, 608 So. 2d 778, 783 (Fla. 1992).  
 
 
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For all these reasons, it is clear that a new penalty phase is mandated not only on 
the basis of the harmful Hurst error in this case, but also as a result of the 
ineffective assistance of Robards’ penalty phase counsel. 
POLSTON, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part. 
 
I concur with the majority’s decision except its vacating of the death 
sentence pursuant to Hurst. 
CANADY and LAWSON, JJ., concur. 
 
An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Pinellas County,  
Joseph Anthony Bulone, Judge - Case No. 522006CF018453XXXXNO 
 
James Vincent Viggiano, Jr., Capital Collateral Regional Counsel, and Raheela 
Ahmed, Maria Christine Perinetti, and Donna Ellen Venable, Assistant Capital 
Collateral Regional Counsel, Middle Region, Temple Terrace, Florida, 
 
 
for Appellant 
 
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida; and Stephen D. Ake, 
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, Florida, 
 
 
for Appellee