Title: In re M.M.

State: kansas

Issuer: Kansas Supreme Court

Document:

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS 
 
 
No. 121,936 
 
In the Matter of the Wrongful Conviction of 
M.M. 
 
 
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT 
 
1. 
 
In Kansas, a juvenile adjudication is not a conviction.  
 
2. 
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004 does not allow a claimant to recover for a wrongful 
juvenile adjudication because K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004(c)(1)(A) requires a claimant 
show he or she was "convicted of a felony crime."  
 
 
Appeal from Clay District Court; JOHN F. BOSCH, judge. Opinion filed March 12, 2021. 
Affirmed. 
 
Benjamin J. Stueve, of Stinson LLP, of Kansas City, Missouri, argued the cause, and John C. 
Aisenbrey, of the same firm, was with him on the briefs for appellant.  
 
Dwight R. Carswell, assistant solicitor general, argued the cause, and Brant M. Laue, deputy 
solicitor general, Toby Crouse, solicitor general, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with him on 
the brief for appellee. 
 
The opinion of the court was delivered by  
 
STEGALL, J.:  M.M. was wrongfully found guilty of aggravated indecent liberties 
as a juvenile. M.M. sought to recover compensation under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004 
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for his wrongful 226-day confinement to a juvenile corrections facility. The Clay County 
District Court, however, dismissed M.M.'s claim, holding that K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-
5004 does not afford compensation to juveniles wrongfully found guilty during a juvenile 
adjudication. We affirm the district court's decision to dismiss M.M.'s claim because 
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004 does not allow compensation for wrongful juvenile 
adjudications.  
 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
 
 
A Clay County district magistrate judge found M.M. guilty of aggravated indecent 
liberties after a bench trial. Following this adjudication, the magistrate judge sentenced 
M.M. to two years' confinement at a juvenile corrections facility and six months' 
aftercare. M.M. was also required to register as a sex offender until reaching the age of 
18. M.M. appealed the magistrate's orders a week later under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 38-
2382(a) asking for a jury trial. See K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 38-2382(a) ("An appeal from a 
district magistrate judge who is not regularly admitted to practice law in Kansas shall be 
to a district judge. The appeal shall be by trial de novo unless the parties agree to a de 
novo review on the record of the proceedings.").  
 
About seven months later, M.M. was tried by a jury in the District Court of Clay 
County. There, the jury found M.M. not guilty of aggravated indecent liberties with a 
child and M.M. was immediately released back to the custody of his mother. At this time, 
M.M. had been confined in the juvenile corrections facility for 226 days.  
 
Years later, M.M. filed a Petition for Certificate of Innocence under K.S.A. 2019 
Supp. 60-5004. M.M. sought a certificate of innocence, statutory damages for his 
wrongful conviction and imprisonment, and reasonable attorney fees and costs. In 
response, the State moved to dismiss arguing M.M. failed to state a claim upon which 
relief can be granted. The State argued that M.M.'s claim did not satisfy the elements of 
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K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004 because "[M.M.] was not 'convicted of a felony crime'; he 
was not exonerated by 'dismissal or on retrial'; he was not 'imprisoned'; and, he was not 
imprisoned for at least one year, in any event." See K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004(c)(1)(A)-
(D) (listing requirements claimant must establish by a preponderance of evidence). 
 
The district court granted the State's motion to dismiss after hearing oral 
arguments. M.M. appealed the district court's decision to this court under K.S.A. 2019 
Supp. 60-5004(l) ("The decision of the district court may be appealed directly to the 
supreme court pursuant to the code of civil procedure."). We affirm the district court's 
dismissal because the statute's plain language unambiguously bars claimants from 
recovering for wrongful juvenile adjudications.  
 
ANALYSIS 
 
"'Whether a district court erred by granting a motion to dismiss for failure to state 
a claim is a question of law subject to unlimited review.'" Williams v. C-U-Out Bail 
Bonds, 310 Kan. 775, 784, 450 P.3d 330 (2019) (quoting Cohen v. Battaglia, 296 Kan. 
542, Syl. ¶ 1, 293 P.3d 752 [2013]). To the extent that our review requires us to interpret 
the meaning of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004, our review is also unlimited. Nauheim v. 
City of Topeka, 309 Kan. 145, 149, 432 P.3d 647 (2019) ("Statutory interpretation 
presents a question of law subject to de novo review.").  
 
 
The most fundamental rule of statutory interpretation is that the intent of the 
Legislature governs if that intent can be ascertained. In re Joint Application of Westar 
Energy & Kansas Gas and Electric Co., 311 Kan. 320, 328, 460 P.3d 821 (2020). In 
ascertaining this intent, we begin with the plain language of the statute, giving common 
words their ordinary meaning. 311 Kan. at 328. When a statute is plain and unambiguous, 
an appellate court should not speculate about the legislative intent behind that clear 
language, and it should refrain from reading something into the statute that is not readily 
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found in its words. Ullery v. Othick, 304 Kan. 405, 409, 372 P.3d 1135 (2016). We will 
only review legislative history or use canons of construction if the statute's language or 
text is ambiguous. In re Westar Energy, 311 Kan. at 328. 
 
First, we reject M.M.'s argument that we must deviate from these touchstone rules 
of statutory interpretation. M.M. asks us to disregard the Legislature's intent as expressed 
through the plain language of the statute and instead construe K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004 
as broadly as possible because it is a remedial statute. M.M. relies on our decision in 
State v. Trudell, 243 Kan. 29, 755 P.2d 511 (1988), for support. 
 
Our holding in Trudell, however, is narrow. There, we held that "a tort statute may 
be construed liberally in order to give effect to its remedial purpose." (Emphasis added.) 
243 Kan. 29, Syl. ¶ 2. Unlike tort law—derived from common law—K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 
60-5004 was promulgated by the Kansas Legislature. See State v. Quested, 302 Kan. 262, 
294-95, 352 P.3d 553 (2015) (Johnson, J., dissenting) ("The common law is defined as 
'[t]he body of law derived from judicial decisions, rather than from statutes or 
constitutions; Caselaw.' Black's Law Dictionary 334 [10th ed. 2014]."). As a result, we 
are bound to interpret and apply the provisions of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004 as the 
Legislature intended—not to extend the statute's application when the court sees fit. See 
Sierra Club v. Mosier, 305 Kan. 1090, Syl. ¶ 8, 391 P.3d 667 (2017) ("Under the 
separation of powers doctrine, determination of appropriate policy must be left to the 
legislative and executive branches of Kansas government, and courts are limited to the 
exercise of judicial power in interpreting and applying the law."). 
 
We reject M.M.'s claim that K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004 applies to juvenile 
adjudications because the plain language of the statute unambiguously states otherwise. 
When interpreting the provisions of a statute, we generally presume that the Legislature 
acts with full knowledge of the statutory subject matter, including prior and existing law 
and judicial decisions interpreting the same. Ed DeWitte Ins. Agency v. Financial Assocs. 
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Midwest, 308 Kan. 1065, 1071, 427 P.3d 25 (2018). Under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-
5004(c)(1)(A), a wrongfully convicted claimant is eligible to receive damages by proving 
"[t]he claimant was convicted of a felony crime and subsequently imprisoned." See also 
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004(c)(1) (requiring claimants to prove K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-
5004[c][1][A]-[D] by a preponderance of evidence).  
 
Our caselaw clearly states that "a juvenile adjudication is not a 'criminal 
conviction.'" State v. LaMunyon, 259 Kan. 54, 59, 911 P.2d 151 (1996) (citing State v. 
Fountaine, 196 Kan. 638, 414 P.2d 75 [1966]); see also In re D.E.R., 290 Kan. 306, 311, 
225 P.3d 1187 (2010) (rejecting the argument that this court equated juvenile 
adjudications and criminal convictions in In re L.M., 286 Kan. 460, 186 P.3d 164 
[2008]); State v. Boyer, 289 Kan. 108, 116, 209 P.3d 705 (2009) (holding that reference 
to convictions under K.S.A. 21-4704[j] does not encompass juvenile adjudications). We 
presume the Legislature was aware of this well settled caselaw when it chose to use the 
word "convicted" in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-5004(c)(1)(A). Thus, K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-
5004 unambiguously prohibits recovery for wrongful juvenile adjudications. We affirm 
the district court's decision granting the State's motion to dismiss.  
 
Affirmed.  
 
SALLY D. POKORNY, District Judge, assigned.1 
 
1REPORTER'S NOTE:  District Judge Pokorny was appointed to hear case No. 
121,936 under the authority vested in the Supreme Court by art. 3, § 6(f) of the Kansas 
Constitution to fill the vacancy on the court by the retirement of Justice Carol A. Beier.