Title: Williams v. State

State: maryland

Issuer: Maryland Supreme Court

Document:

Nicholas Jabbar Williams v. State of Maryland, No. 37, September Term, 2021 
 
ALLEGED LEGAL OR FACTUAL INCONSISTENCIES IN VERDICTS – NO-
IMPEACHMENT RULE – MARYLAND RULE 5-606(b) – SUFFICIENCY OF THE 
EVIDENCE – Court of Appeals held that guilty verdict as to second-degree murder was 
not legally inconsistent with not-guilty verdicts as to first-degree assault and use of firearm 
in commission of crime of violence (second-degree murder) because neither offense of 
which defendant was acquitted is lesser-included offense of second-degree murder.  In 
determining whether verdicts were legally inconsistent, Court considered jury instructions 
given by trial court and elements of offenses.  Court declined to overrule McNeal v. State, 
426 Md. 455, 461-62, 44 A.3d 982, 986 (2012), in which it concluded that factually 
inconsistent verdicts are permissible in criminal jury trials. 
 
In addition, Court of Appeals held that trial court did not err in granting motion to strike 
information obtained from jurors after verdict concerning jury’s deliberations, including 
affidavit from one juror, and did not abuse its discretion in denying motion for new trial.  
Court concluded that jurors’ statements were barred from receipt by trial court under no-
impeachment rule and Maryland Rule 5-606(b), which provide that trial court may not 
inquire into validity of jury’s verdict based on information about jury’s deliberations 
obtained from jurors after verdict has been taken. 
 
Court of Appeals also held that evidence was sufficient to support convictions for second-
degree murder and possession of regulated firearm while under age of twenty-one.
 
 
 
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 
 
OF MARYLAND 
 
No. 37 
 
September Term, 2021 
______________________________________ 
 
NICHOLAS JABBAR WILLIAMS 
 
v. 
 
STATE OF MARYLAND 
______________________________________ 
 
Getty, C.J. 
*McDonald 
Watts 
Hotten 
Booth 
Biran 
Wilner, Alan M. (Senior Judge, 
Specially Assigned), 
 
JJ. 
______________________________________ 
 
Opinion by Watts, J. 
McDonald and Booth, JJ., concur. 
______________________________________ 
 
Filed: March 25, 2022 
 
*McDonald, J., now a Senior Judge, participated 
in the hearing and conference of this case while 
an active member of this Court.  After being 
recalled pursuant to Md. Const., Art. IV, § 3A, 
he also participated in the decision and adoption 
of this opinion.
Circuit Court for Charles County 
Case No. C-08-CR-18-000005 
Argued: February 7, 2022 
Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal 
Materials Act 
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic. 
 
 
 
 
 
Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk 
2022-03-25 
15:13-04:00
 
 
Maryland case law establishes that verdicts can be inconsistent in two ways—
legally and factually.  In a criminal case, verdicts are legally inconsistent where a defendant 
is convicted of an offense but acquitted of another offense that has the same elements as 
the offense of which the defendant was convicted.  See McNeal v. State, 426 Md. 455, 458, 
44 A.3d 982, 984 (2012).  In other words, verdicts are legally inconsistent “where a 
defendant is acquitted of a ‘lesser included’ crime embraced within a conviction for a 
greater offense.”  Id. at 458 n.1, 44 A.3d at 984 n.1.  Legally inconsistent verdicts are 
impermissible in criminal trials.   See id. at 458, 470, 44 A.3d at 984, 991.  In a criminal 
jury trial, where a trial court has properly instructed a jury as to the offenses at issue and 
the jury nonetheless reaches legally inconsistent verdicts, the jury has, presumptively, 
failed to follow the jury instructions given by the court.  See id. at 458, 44 A.3d at 984. 
In a criminal case, verdicts are factually inconsistent where proof of the charged 
offenses involves establishing the same facts and the offenses have different legal elements, 
and a trier of fact acquits the defendant of one offense but convicts of the other.  See id. at 
458, 44 A.3d at 984.  For instance, a guilty verdict as to possession of a regulated firearm 
by a disqualified person might be factually inconsistent with a not-guilty verdict as to 
wearing, carrying, or transporting a handgun, if there were a single set of facts in which 
the defendant possessed or carried a handgun after being convicted of a disqualifying 
crime.  See id. at 472-73, 44 A.3d at 992-93.  Factually inconsistent verdicts are 
impermissible in criminal bench trials, but they are permitted in criminal jury trials.  See 
id. at 462, 470, 44 A.3d at 986, 991.  This is because, in a criminal jury trial, factually 
inconsistent verdicts “may be the product of lenity, mistake, or a compromise to reach 
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unanimity, and [] continual correction of such matters would undermine the historic role 
of the jury as the arbiter of questions put to it.”  Id. at 470, 44 A.3d at 991 (cleaned up). 
In this case, we must determine whether a jury’s guilty verdict as to second-degree 
murder is legally inconsistent with not-guilty verdicts as to first-degree assault and use of 
a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence.  We must also determine whether the 
trial court abused its discretion in denying a motion for a new trial based on the jury having 
allegedly returned inconsistent verdicts.  Finally, we must determine whether the evidence 
is sufficient to support convictions for second-degree murder and possession of a regulated 
firearm while under the age of twenty-one. 
In the Circuit Court for Charles County, the State, Respondent, charged Nicholas 
Jabbar Williams, Petitioner, with first-degree premeditated murder of Cameron Marcel 
Townsend, use of a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence (murder), first-degree 
assault of Townsend, use of a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence (first-degree 
assault), possession of a regulated firearm while under the age of twenty-one, and wearing, 
carrying, or transporting a handgun in a vehicle.  The jury found Williams guilty of second-
degree murder and possession of a regulated firearm while under the age of twenty-one 
and not guilty of first-degree assault and use of firearm in the commission of a crime of 
violence (second-degree murder).1  Williams’s counsel objected on the ground that the 
guilty verdict as to second-degree murder was legally inconsistent with the not-guilty 
verdict as to first-degree assault.  Williams’s counsel requested that the circuit court have 
 
1The jury found Williams not guilty of first-degree murder and guilty of wearing, 
carrying, or transporting a firearm in a vehicle. 
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the jury “redeliberate” with respect to second-degree murder.  The circuit court denied the 
request and accepted the jury’s verdicts.  
Williams filed a motion for a new trial, contending that statements made by jurors 
after the jury had been dismissed indicated that the jury misinterpreted the jury instructions 
on second-degree murder and other matters.  Williams attached to the motion an affidavit 
signed by one of the jurors in this case, containing allegations concerning the jury’s 
deliberations.  The State moved to strike the statements in the motion for a new trial that 
were attributed to jurors.  The circuit court granted the motion to strike, sealed the 
affidavit,2 and denied the motion for a new trial.  
Williams appealed, and, without affirming or reversing, the Court of Special 
Appeals ordered a limited remand to the circuit court with instruction to determine whether 
a firearms examiner’s report was admissible under Rochkind v. Stevenson, 471 Md. 1, 236 
A.3d 630 (2020).  See Williams v. State, 251 Md. App. 523, 574, 546, 254 A.3d 556, 586, 
570 (2021).  Although the Court of Special Appeals did not affirm the convictions, the 
Court rejected Williams’s contentions as to the issues before us.  See id. at 538, 572, 567, 
254 A.3d at 565, 585, 582.  Williams filed a petition for a writ of certiorari, which we 
granted.  See Williams v. State, 476 Md. 262, 261 A.3d 239 (2021). 
Before us, Williams contends that the guilty verdict as to second-degree murder and 
the not-guilty verdicts as to first-degree assault and use of firearm in the commission of a 
crime of violence (second-degree murder) are inconsistent because in finding him not 
 
2Williams filed, and we granted, an unopposed motion to correct the record on 
appeal by adding the affidavit to the record under seal. 
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guilty of first-degree assault and use of firearm in the commission of second-degree 
murder, the jury necessarily determined that he did not shoot Townsend.  Williams asserts 
that in returning a verdict of guilty as to second-degree murder and a verdict of not guilty 
as to first-degree assault and use of firearm in the commission of a crime of violence, the 
jury failed to follow the circuit court’s jury instructions on second-degree murder, the 
presumption of innocence, the burden of proof, and the requirement to decide this case 
based only on the evidence.  Williams argues that it is permissible for the Court to consider 
information that he obtained from jurors after the verdict, including the affidavit 
accompanying the motion for a new trial, because the information demonstrates that the 
State failed to prove him guilty of second-degree murder.  Finally, Williams asserts that 
the evidence is insufficient to support the convictions for second-degree murder and 
possession of a regulated firearm while under the age of twenty-one.  
Below, in Part I, we hold that the verdicts are not legally inconsistent because the 
instructions given to the jury were correct and neither of the offenses at issue of which 
Williams was acquitted—first-degree assault and use of a firearm in the commission of a 
crime of violence—is a lesser-included offense of second-degree murder.  In Part II, we 
hold that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for a new trial 
in light of the “no-impeachment rule”—i.e., the longstanding principle that impeachment 
of a jury verdict with information about the jury’s deliberations obtained from jurors after 
- 5 - 
 
the verdict had been returned is not permitted.  In Part III, we hold that the evidence was 
sufficient to support the challenged convictions.3 
BACKGROUND 
Evidence and Bill of Particulars 
The Court of Special Appeals summarized the evidence as follows: 
Detective [John] Long testified that Williams owned and drove a 
black Hyundai Accent, pictures of which the State moved into evidence.  
[Justin] Skinner testified that on December 14, 2017, Williams drove 
Townsend, [Devin] Hall, and Skinner to a shoe store in Washington, D.C., 
for Townsend to sell shoes.  Townsend was also making drug sales 
throughout the day.  Townsend had a handgun, which Skinner touched at 
some point while in the car, and which “could have been ... under a seat or 
in the center console ....”  After stopping at a gas station, Williams dropped 
Hall and Skinner off around 8:00 p.m. and continued alone with Townsend.  
Skinner did not see any bullet holes in the seats or door of Williams’ car 
when he was dropped off. 
One resident of Holly Avenue testified that he heard gunshots around 
8:30 p.m. and looked out his window to see a man next to a black car.  He 
described the man as standing over another person—who first responders 
later identified as Townsend—on the ground.  According to the witness, the 
man leaned down, almost touching Townsend, and asked him if he was 
alright.  The man jumped into the car and sped away.  Another neighbor heard 
“five or six gunshots” around that time. 
First responders attempted to aid Townsend but, failing to detect a 
pulse, declared him deceased at 8:37 p.m.  The assistant medical examiner 
who conducted an autopsy testified that Townsend was hit with seven bullets; 
she recovered six bullets from Townsend’s body.  She testified that four of 
the gunshot wounds were “rapidly fatal.”  One bullet hit the base of his spinal 
column, which would have been immobilizing.  The wound paths were 
generally from left to right, front to back, and slightly downwards.  Four 
bullets entered Townsend’s left arm before penetrating his torso. 
Detectives testified about physical evidence recovered from 
Williams’ car, bedroom, and the scene of the shooting.  Investigators 
recovered three nine-millimeter cartridge cases from the scene and one from 
Williams’ car.  The firearms examiner testified that the cartridges were all 
 
3As a result of our holdings, the Court of Special Appeals’s order of a limited 
remand—the correctness of which is not before us—remains in effect. 
- 6 - 
 
fired from one gun.  Forensic analysts who processed the car recovered a 
nine-millimeter bullet from the rear passenger-side door.  According to the 
firearms examiner, the bullets were also fired from one gun.  Analysts 
observed bullet holes in the front and rear passenger seats.  Using a trajectory 
rod, they determined that the bullet lodged in the door was fired from the 
direction of the front left of the car and passed through the front and rear 
passenger seats.  Photos of the trajectory rod analysis were entered as 
evidence.  Investigators discovered a substance that was likely blood on the 
driver-side floormat.  They also discovered a substance that was likely blood 
on the heel of one of Williams’ shoes.  The substance was invisible to the 
naked eye.  Townsend could not be excluded as a significant contributor to 
the DNA profiles recovered from the substances. 
Williams returned home on the evening of December 14 before 9:00 
p.m. and did not park in front of his home.  Detectives ultimately found his 
car on December 16 after Williams moved the car to a spot in front of his 
home that morning.  Williams’ mother told detectives that it was unusual for 
him not to park in front of his home or at a nearby lot.  The day after the 
shooting, Williams stayed home all day and cleaned his bathroom with 
bleach.  The bleach odor was so strong that Williams’ mother asked him to 
turn on the bathroom exhaust fan.  Williams’ mother told detectives that it 
was unusual for Williams to stay home all day and unusual for him to clean 
the bathroom with bleach.  Skinner eventually learned of Townsend’s death 
when he spoke to Williams over the phone on December 15.  Williams told 
Skinner that he had dropped Townsend off at a liquor store in Waldorf at 
7:00 p.m.  Skinner found this strange because the group was still driving 
together at that time.  Williams also told Townsend’s mother and brother that 
he dropped Townsend off at a liquor store in Waldorf. 
 
Williams, 251 Md. App. at 567-69, 254 A.3d at 582-83 (ellipses in original).  Before trial, 
in a motion concerning a bill of particulars, the State described its theory of the case, which 
included the allegation that Williams fatally shot Townsend.4 
 
4A bill of particulars is “[a] formal, detailed statement of the claims or charges 
brought by a plaintiff or a prosecutor, usu[ally] filed in response to the defendant’s request 
for a more specific complaint.”  Bill of Particulars, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 
2019).  Williams filed a demand for a bill of particulars and the State filed a response, 
contending that it was not required to provide a bill of particulars.  Later, however, the 
State filed a “Motion to Amend the Bill of Particulars” even though it had not provided 
one.  In the motion, the State included the factual allegation that Williams “shot [] 
 
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Jury Instructions, Verdicts, Motion for a New Trial, and Motion to Strike 
The circuit court instructed the jury on second-degree murder, first-degree assault, 
and use of a firearm in the commission of a felony5 as follows: 
Homicide second-degree murder.  Second-degree murder is the killing 
of another person with either the intent to kill, or the intent to inflict such 
serious bodily harm that death would be the likely result.  Second-degree 
murder[] does not require premeditation or deliberation. 
In order to convict the defendant of second-degree murder, the State 
must prove, 1) that the defendant caused the death of [] Townsend, and 2) 
that the defendant engaged in the deadly conduct either with the intent to kill, 
or with the intent to inflict such serious bodily harm that death would be the 
likely result. 
First-degree assault.  The defendant is charged with the crime of first-
degree assault.  In order to convict the defendant of first-degree assault, the 
State must prove all of the elements of second-degree assault, and also must 
prove that the defendant used a firearm to commit the assault. 
 
* * * 
 
Definition of assault.  Assault is causing offensive physical contact to 
another person.  In order to convict the defendant of assault, the State must 
prove[,] 1) that the defendant caused physical harm to [] Townsend, 2) that 
the conduct . . . I’m sorry, that the contact was the result of an intentional or 
reckless act of the defendant and was not accidental, and 3) that the contact 
was not legally justified. 
 
* * * 
 
Weapons, use of a handgun or firearm in the commission of a felony 
 
Townsend seven times in his upper body causing his death.”  Williams filed exceptions to 
the motion, arguing that the State had still not provided a sufficient bill of particulars.  On 
March 15, 2018, the circuit court conducted a hearing, granted the State’s motion, and 
denied Williams’s exceptions. 
5The circuit court instructed the jury on use of a firearm in the commission of a 
felony rather than use of a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence. That is of no 
consequence because second-degree murder and first-degree assault are both crimes of 
violence and felonies.  See Md. Code Ann., Pub. Safety (2003, 2011 Repl. Vol.) § 5-
101(c)(3), (11); Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law (2002, 2012 Repl. Vol.) §§ 2-204(b), 3-202(c). 
  
- 8 - 
 
or crime of violence.  The defendant is charged with the crime of use of a 
firearm in the commission of a felony.  The felonies in this case are first-
degree murder and first-degree assault. 
In order to convict the defendant, the State must prove, 1) that the 
defendant committed the felonies, and 2) that the defendant used a firearm in 
the commission of the felonies.  
 
* * * 
 
Use of a firearm includes brandishing, displaying, striking with, 
firing, or attempting to fire a firearm in the furtherance of the felonies. 
A person uses a firearm when he uses it to create fear of harm.  The 
defendant need not injury [sic] anyone with the firearm.  Mere possession of 
a firearm at or near the crime scene is not sufficient. 
 
(Ellipsis in original). 
After deliberating, the jury returned verdicts of guilty as to second-degree murder, 
possession of a regulated firearm while under the age of twenty-one,6 and wearing, 
carrying, or transporting a handgun in a vehicle.  The jury found Williams not guilty of 
first-degree murder, use of a firearm in the commission of crime of violence (second-
degree murder), and first-degree assault.  The courtroom clerk polled the jurors without 
incident. 
Immediately afterward, Williams’s counsel requested a bench conference and 
objected.  Williams’s counsel contended that the guilty verdict as to second-degree murder 
 
6The verdict sheet and the courtroom clerk’s questions of the foreperson of the jury 
included the term “being a minor in possession of a firearm[.]”  The State charged Williams 
with violating Md. Code Ann., Pub. Safety (2003, 2011 Repl. Vol.) (“PS”) § 5-133(d), 
under which, with limited exceptions, “a person who is under the age of 21 years may not 
possess a regulated firearm.”  PS § 5-133(d)(1).  At trial, Williams’s mother testified as to 
his date of birth, which indicated that Williams was twenty when Townsend was fatally 
shot on December 14, 2017.  Although Williams was not a minor at the time, he was under 
twenty-one and thus prohibited from possessing a regulated firearm under PS § 5-
133(d)(1). 
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was legally inconsistent with the not-guilty verdict as to first-degree assault because the 
latter is a lesser-included offense of the former.  In explaining the basis for the objection, 
Williams’s counsel stated that “maybe it is just a logically, just bizarre verdict, and they 
have some other reason they acquitted him.”  The State indicated that Williams’s counsel 
had suggested that the verdicts are factually inconsistent.  Williams’s counsel countered 
that he had never “uttered the phrase, factually inconsistent.”  Williams’s counsel requested 
that the circuit court have the jury resume deliberations and that it instruct the jury to find 
Williams not guilty of second-degree murder if the jury did not believe that he used a 
firearm to commit assault.  The State took the position that the verdicts were not legally 
inconsistent because neither first-degree assault nor use of a firearm in the commission of 
a crime of violence is a lesser-included offense of second-degree murder.  
The circuit court denied Williams’s counsel’s request to have the jury resume 
deliberations.  Next, Williams’s counsel requested that the circuit court declare a mistrial 
as to “Count 3[.]”7  Williams’s counsel argued that, in the bill of particulars, the State 
alleged that Williams engaged in only one act involving a firearm.  Williams’s counsel 
contended that the not-guilty verdict as to first-degree assault precluded the jury from 
finding Williams guilty of second-degree murder.  The circuit court ruled that the verdicts 
would remain as rendered.  Williams’s counsel asked the circuit court to note an objection 
 
7In requesting a mistrial, it appears that Williams’s counsel inadvertently used the 
term “Count 3[.]”  The indictment reflects that Count 3 was first-degree assault, an offense 
for which the jury had returned a verdict of not guilty.  In saying the term “Count 3,” it 
appears that Williams’s counsel was referring to the third question on the verdict sheet, 
which pertained to second-degree murder. 
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to the hearkening and recordation of the verdicts that he alleged to be inconsistent.  
The jury verdicts were hearkened without incident.  When dismissing the jury, the 
circuit court advised the jurors that the attorneys might want to talk to them, and that it was 
up to the jurors whether to do so.  The circuit court took a recess.  
After the recess, Williams’s counsel asked the circuit court to release Williams 
pending sentencing and stated that he had spoken with five of the jurors.  Williams’s 
counsel advised that the jurors he spoke with purportedly stated that they did not believe 
that Williams was responsible for the shooting.  The circuit court declined to change the 
status of Williams’s bond.  
Williams’s counsel filed a motion for a new trial, contending that the circuit court 
erred in permitting legally inconsistent verdicts and in not instructing the jury to resume 
deliberations and reach consistent verdicts.  Williams’s counsel advised that, after he spoke 
with jurors on the last day of the trial, one of the jurors contacted a member of the defense 
team and indicated that the juror wanted to speak further.  Williams’s counsel stated that a 
member of the defense team met and spoke with the juror.  Williams’s counsel attached to 
the motion for a new trial an affidavit dated July 10, 2019, made by the juror who reached 
out to his office after trial, that contained allegations concerning the jury’s deliberations.  
Williams’s counsel asserted that information provided by jurors after trial, including the 
one juror’s affidavit, indicated that the jury misinterpreted the jury instructions on second-
degree murder and other matters. 
The State filed an opposition to the motion for a new trial in which the State moved 
to strike any reference to statements allegedly made by jurors.  The State observed that, 
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under case law and Maryland Rule 5-606, it is impermissible to use information obtained 
from a juror about the jury’s deliberations to impeach a verdict.  
On August 23, 2019, the circuit court conducted a hearing on the motion for a new 
trial and the motion to strike.  After hearing arguments on the motion to strike, the circuit 
court granted the motion, sealed the affidavit, and stated that it would disregard the 
comments that Williams’s counsel made on the last day of trial about statements alleged to 
have been made by some of the jurors.  After hearing arguments on the motion for a new 
trial, the circuit court took the matter under advisement.  On September 12, 2019, after 
brief remarks from counsel, the circuit court ruled orally from the bench, denying the 
motion for a new trial.  On the same date, the circuit court issued an order to that effect.  
On September 30, 2019, Williams filed a notice of appeal.  
Opinion of the Court of Special Appeals 
In an opinion dated July 7, 2021, the Court of Special Appeals held that the guilty 
verdict as to second-degree murder is not legally inconsistent with the not-guilty verdict as 
to first-degree assault because the latter is not a lesser-included offense of the former.  See 
Williams, 251 Md. App. at 541, 254 A.3d at 567.  The Court of Special Appeals concluded 
that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for a new trial 
because the substance of the motion and attached affidavit was prohibited under Maryland 
Rule 5-606(b).  See id. at 573, 254 A.3d at 586.  The Court of Special Appeals determined 
that the evidence was sufficient to support the convictions for second-degree murder and 
possession of a regulated firearm while under the age of twenty-one.  See id. at 567, 254 
A.3d at 582. 
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Petitions for Writs of Certiorari 
On August 25, 2021, through counsel, Williams petitioned for a writ of certiorari, 
raising the following three issues: 
I. Did the Court of Special Appeals err in finding the verdict was not 
impermissibly inconsistent? 
 
II. In what circumstances does the no-impeachment rule set forth in 
Maryland Rule 5-606(b) yield to a defendant’s constitutional rights and a 
jury’s true verdict? 
 
III. Did the Court of Special Appeals err in holding there was sufficient 
evidence to convict [] Williams of second-degree murder and possession of 
a firearm by a person younger than twenty-one?  
 
We granted the petition.8  See Williams, 476 Md. 262, 261 A.3d 239. 
DISCUSSION 
I. Allegedly Inconsistent Verdicts 
The Parties’ Contentions 
Williams contends that the guilty verdict as to second-degree murder is legally 
inconsistent with the not-guilty verdicts as to first-degree assault and use of a firearm in 
the commission of a crime of violence because the jury could not have reached the verdicts 
without failing to follow the jury instructions given by the circuit court.  Williams states 
that he does not dispute that the jury instructions on the offenses at issue were correct or 
that, in the abstract, separate from the allegations made by the State in the charging 
 
8On July 29, 2021, on his own behalf, Williams petitioned for a writ of certiorari.  
On August 3, 2021, through counsel, Williams filed a line explaining that he filed the 
petition before having legal representation and that he intended to file a superseding 
petition.  The initial petition was denied. 
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documents, the offenses do not satisfy the required evidence test.  Williams argues, 
however, that, even if the offenses do not satisfy the required evidence test, verdicts as to 
the offenses are legally inconsistent where the verdicts indicate that the jury failed to follow 
jury instructions.  Williams asserts that, in this case, the jury failed to follow the jury 
instructions on second-degree murder, the presumption of innocence, the burden of proof, 
and the requirement to decide this case based only on the evidence.  Williams maintains 
that this is shown by the circumstance that the jury found him guilty of second-degree 
murder even though, as indicated by the not-guilty verdicts, the jury determined that the 
State had not proven beyond a reasonable doubt that he fatally shot Townsend.  Williams 
contends that, even if the verdicts are not legally inconsistent, they cannot stand because 
they are “logically inconsistent.”  
The State responds that the guilty verdict as to second-degree murder is not legally 
inconsistent with the not-guilty verdict as to first-degree assault because, under the required 
evidence test, the latter is not a lesser-included offense of the former.9  The State argues 
 
9The State contends that Williams failed to preserve for appellate review the issue 
of whether the guilty verdict as to second-degree murder is legally inconsistent with the 
not-guilty verdict as to use of a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence because 
he did not raise the issue in the circuit court.  The State acknowledges, though, that the 
outcome under the required evidence test would be the same if the not-guilty verdict for 
use of a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence were considered.  In our view, 
the State is correct that Williams did not preserve a challenge as to legal inconsistency of 
the verdicts based on the not-guilty verdict as to the use of a firearm in the commission of 
a crime of violence.  But, because Williams raised in the circuit court the core issue of the 
legal inconsistency of his acquittal of an offense that was committed through use of a 
firearm—namely, whether the guilty verdict as to second-degree murder is legally 
inconsistent with the not-guilty verdict as to first-degree assault, an offense that was alleged 
to have been committed with the use of a firearm, we will treat the issue as preserved.  The 
State is also correct, though, that the outcome of the analysis is the same. 
- 14 - 
 
that Williams essentially asks us to deviate from our case law by considering the facts of 
the case—as opposed to comparing the elements of the offenses at issue—in determining 
whether the verdicts are legally inconsistent.  In addition, the State asserts that Williams in 
effect requests that we overrule McNeal by holding that neither factually nor logically 
inconsistent verdicts can stand in criminal jury trials.  The State maintains that we should 
decline the invitation.  
Standard of Review 
An appellate court reviews without deference a trial court’s conclusion as to whether 
a guilty verdict and a not-guilty verdict are legally inconsistent.  See Givens v. State, 449 
Md. 433, 447, 144 A.3d 717, 725 (2016). 
Case Law on Inconsistent Verdicts 
In Price v. State, 405 Md. 10, 12, 29, 949 A.2d 619, 620, 630 (2008), we overruled 
the “Maryland common law principle that inconsistent jury verdicts are normally 
permissible in criminal jury trials” and held that “inconsistent verdicts shall no longer be 
allowed” in such trials.  In Price, we did not specifically indicate whether the new 
prohibition would apply to legally inconsistent verdicts, factually inconsistent verdicts, or 
both.  That said, the circumstances of Price clearly involved legally inconsistent verdicts 
rather than factually inconsistent ones, as the jury found the defendant guilty of possession 
of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense and not guilty of all drug 
trafficking offenses charged.  See id. at 15, 949 A.2d at 622; see also McNeal, 426 Md. at 
463, 44 A.3d at 987. 
In McNeal, id. at 461-62, 44 A.3d at 986, we clarified that the prohibition announced 
- 15 - 
 
in Price applies only to legally inconsistent verdicts, not jury verdicts “that are merely 
inconsistent factually, illogical, or ‘curious.’”  Unlike Price, McNeal involved a factual 
inconsistency rather than a legal inconsistency, as the jury found the defendant guilty of 
possession of a regulated firearm by a disqualified person and not guilty of wearing, 
carrying, or transporting a handgun.  See McNeal, 426 Md. at 472, 44 A.3d at 992.  We 
determined that the verdicts were not legally inconsistent because each offense has a unique 
element—i.e., neither is a lesser-included offense of the other.  See id. at 472, 44 A.3d at 
992-93.  We explained that, in a criminal case tried by a jury, although a court can 
determine whether verdicts are legally inconsistent, there may be various explanations for 
factually inconsistent verdicts, including lenity, mistake, or compromise.  See id. at 472-
73, 44 A.3d at 992-93.  We explained that evaluating the jury’s considerations in reaching 
its verdict would involve pure speculation or necessitate an inquiry into the jury’s 
deliberations.  See id. at 473, 44 A.2d at 993.  We unequivocally stated that a court should 
not “inquire into the details of the deliberations” and that we would “not risk disturbing a 
verdict for the wrong reasons.”  Id. at 472-73, 44 A.3d at 992-93 (citation omitted). 
We explained that practical considerations concerning how a trial court might 
correct factually inconsistent verdicts weighed against applying the holding in Price to such 
verdicts.  See McNeal, 426 Md. at 471, 44 A.3d at 992.  The process for correcting legally 
inconsistent verdicts after timely objection involves the trial court sending the jury back 
for further deliberations to potentially reach a different verdict as to at least one of the 
offenses and, if applied to factually inconsistent verdicts, would risk invading the province 
of the jury with regard to factual determinations.  See id. at 471, 44 A.3d at 992.  We 
- 16 - 
 
explained that prohibiting factually inconsistent verdicts in criminal jury trials would create 
practical problems because, if a jury reached factually inconsistent verdicts and the trial 
court instructed the jury to resume deliberating and reach verdicts that were not factually 
inconsistent, the instruction could “be construed by the jurors as a suggested outcome, or 
that their original conclusions are deemed incorrect.”  Id. at 471-72, 44 A.3d at 992.  We 
stated that, by allowing factually inconsistent verdicts in criminal jury trials, “we 
reaffirm[ed] the historic role of the jury as the sole fact-finding body in” such trials.  Id. at 
472, 44 A.3d at 992. 
In State v. Stewart, 464 Md. 296, 301-02, 211 A.3d 371, 374 (2019) (per curiam), 
in addressing the issue of inconsistent verdicts, we held that a conviction for robbery should 
not have been reversed on the ground that it was inconsistent with an acquittal of second-
degree assault of the intent-to-frighten type.10  Although a five-judge majority of this Court 
reached this conclusion, they did so for different reasons.  See id. at 301-02, 211 A.3d at 
374 (per curiam).  Three judges opined that reversal of the conviction was unwarranted 
because the verdicts did not indicate that the jury failed to follow the jury instructions on 
the offenses at issue, which were correct and generated by the evidence.  See id. at 307-08, 
211 A.3d at 378 (McDonald, J., writing separately).  That opinion took the position that, in 
determining whether verdicts are inconsistent, the key issue is whether the verdicts indicate 
 
10In Stewart, the Court of Special Appeals reversed the defendant’s conviction for 
robbery, holding that it was legally inconsistent with the acquittal as to assault because the 
assault was a lesser-included offense of robbery.  See Stewart, 464 Md. at 300, 211 A.3d 
at 373 (per curiam).  A majority of this Court agreed to reverse the Court of Special 
Appeals’s judgment and affirm the defendant’s conviction for robbery.  See id. at 301, 211 
A.3d at 374 (per curiam). 
- 17 - 
 
on their face that the jury failed to follow proper jury instructions on the offenses at issue, 
not whether the verdicts are legally inconsistent or factually inconsistent.  See id. at 304-
05, 211 A.3d at 376 (McDonald, J., writing separately).   
The other two judges in the majority who concluded that reversal of the conviction 
was unwarranted and two additional judges who would have affirmed the judgment of the 
Court of Special Appeals were in agreement that, consistent with our holding in McNeal, 
the Court’s analysis should distinguish between legally inconsistent verdicts and factually 
inconsistent verdicts.  See Stewart, 464 Md. at 308-09, 211 A.3d at 378-79 (Watts, J., 
writing separately); id. at 335-36, 211 A.3d at 394-95 (Greene, J., concurring and 
dissenting); id. at 34243, 211 A.3d at 398-99 (Hotten, J., dissenting).  The two judges who 
were in the majority as to the outcome of the case concluded that reversal of the conviction 
was unwarranted because the verdicts were not legally inconsistent and determined that 
second-degree assault of the intent-to-frighten type is not a lesser-included offense of 
robbery and that the jury instructions on both offenses were correct.  See id. at 308, 310, 
211 A.3d at 378-79 (Watts, J., writing separately).  Their opinion took the position that, in 
determining whether verdicts are legally inconsistent, a court must confirm whether the 
jury instructions on the offenses at issue were correct and ascertain whether the offense of 
which the jury found the defendant not guilty is a lesser-included offense of the one of 
which the jury found the defendant guilty.  See id. at 310, 211 A.3d at 379 (Watts, J., 
writing separately). 
The two judges who were not in the majority as to the outcome agreed that it was 
necessary to determine whether the verdicts were legally inconsistent by ascertaining 
- 18 - 
 
whether one of the charged offenses was a lesser-included offense of another, but would 
have concluded that the second-degree assault offense at issue was a lesser-included 
offense of robbery and thus the verdicts were legally inconsistent.  See id. at 335-36, 342, 
211 A.3d at 394-95, 398 (Greene, J., concurring and dissenting); see id. at 342-43, 211 
A.3d at 398-99 (Hotten, J., dissenting).  Writing separately, one of the judges, the 
Honorable Clayton Greene, Jr., explained: 
The majority view of this Court is to affirm our pronouncement in 
Price and McNeal that legally inconsistent verdicts will not be tolerated in 
Maryland.  In addition, a majority of the Court agrees that a two-step inquiry 
is required for determining whether a verdict is legally inconsistent.  This 
process is outlined, accurately in my view, in Judge Watts’s opinion in this 
case, having been first explicated in Price and McNeal and maintained by 
their progeny.  In sum, a reviewing court must first confirm that the trial 
judge correctly instructed the jury regarding the two crimes’ elements.  Then, 
the judge must ascertain whether a crime for which the defendant was found 
not guilty is a lesser included offense of the crime for which the jury found 
the defendant guilty.    
 
Stewart, 464 Md. at 335, 211 A.3d at 394 (Greene, J., concurring and dissenting) (citations 
omitted).  Writing separately, the second judge, the Honorable Michele D. Hotten, stated: 
“I agree with the two-step inquiry required for the determination of legally inconsistent 
verdicts, as provided in Judge Watts’s opinion.  I do not believe we should depart from 
tenets of stare decisis by reconsidering the approach to determining inconsistent verdicts, 
as the plurality contends.”  Id. at 342, 211 A.3d at 398 (Hotten, J., dissenting) (footnote 
omitted).11  Thus, in Stewart, while a majority of the Court agreed on the outcome of 
 
11As such, both judges endorsed maintaining the distinction between legally and 
factually inconsistent verdicts.  And, both judges applied the required elements test and 
concluded that second-degree assault is a lesser-included offense of robbery and that, 
 
- 19 - 
 
reversal of the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals for different reasons, a four-
member majority of the Court agreed that the distinction between legally and factually 
inconsistent verdicts should remain, that legally inconsistent verdicts are not permissible, 
and that such verdicts occur where an offense of which the defendant is found not guilty is 
a lesser-included offense of an offense of which the defendant is found guilty.  As such, 
Stewart did not undermine or abrogate the analysis set forth by this Court in McNeal. 
Analysis 
Here, we conclude that the guilty verdict as to second-degree murder is not legally 
inconsistent with the not-guilty verdicts as to first-degree assault and use of a firearm in 
the commission of a crime of violence because the jury instructions on the offenses at issue 
were correct and neither of the offenses at issue of which Williams was acquitted is a lesser-
included offense of second-degree murder.  In reaching this conclusion, consistent with our 
case law, we consider the instructions given to the jury on the offenses at issue and the 
elements of the offenses.  This approach is compelled by the analysis endorsed by the 
majority of the Court in Stewart and by McNeal, in which, when determining whether 
verdicts were legally inconsistent, we considered the jury instructions as to the offenses at 
issue and the elements of the offenses, not the facts of a particular case.  See Stewart, 464 
Md. at 301-02, 211 A.3d at 374-75 (per curiam); McNeal, 426 Md. at 472, 44 A.3d at 992-
 
therefore, the verdicts were legally inconsistent.  In other words, four members of the Court 
concluded that the distinction between legally and factually inconsistent verdicts in 
criminal jury trials firmly recognized in McNeal should be upheld.  There was no deadlock 
or split between the four judges as to upholding the distinction set forth in McNeal, and, as 
discussed below, there is no basis under the principle of stare decisis on which to overrule 
McNeal. 
- 20 - 
 
93.  In other words, we do not, as Williams has suggested, examine whether information 
in the charging documents, bill of particulars, or evidence adduced at trial, i.e., the facts of 
the case, demonstrate that the jury has reached legally inconsistent verdicts.  It is logical 
that we do not address the facts of a case in ascertaining whether verdicts are legally 
inconsistent, 
given 
that 
the 
question 
necessarily 
involves 
a 
legal 
determination.  Undoubtedly, the facts of a case would be relevant to the review of an 
alleged factual inconsistency.  But, as we held in McNeal, factually inconsistent verdicts 
are permissible in criminal jury trials.  See id. at 461-62, 44 A.3d at 986.  We will not 
intrude upon the province of the jury in an attempt to reconcile factual inconsistencies.   
Although Williams does not explicitly ask us to overrule Stewart or McNeal and 
instead contends that factually and legally inconsistent verdicts are equally offensive, there 
would be no way for us to adopt his position—that the State’s theory of the case leads to 
the conclusion that the verdicts are inconsistent—without abandoning the analysis that we 
applied in Stewart and McNeal and abrogating our holdings in the cases.  The crux of 
Williams’s argument is that the indictment, the bill of particulars, and the evidence 
presented at trial indicate that he fatally shot Townsend, as opposed to killing him by any 
other method, and therefore the not-guilty and guilty verdicts are inconsistent.  This 
allegation inextricably pertains to the facts of the case.  But, evaluating whether the jury 
reached inconsistent verdicts based on the facts of the case would be contrary to the 
approach in Stewart and McNeal. 
We are not persuaded by Williams’s attempt to circumvent the analysis used in 
Stewart and McNeal by arguing that verdicts are legally inconsistent where the facts or 
- 21 - 
 
circumstances of the case indicate that the jury failed to follow jury instructions.  
Williams’s contention appears to be at least based in part on the discussion in one of the 
opinions in Stewart that where verdicts are legally inconsistent there is an indication that 
the jury failed to follow jury instructions.  See Stewart, 464 Md. at 301, 211 A.3d at 374 
(per curiam); id. at 305-08, 211 A.3d at 376-78 (McDonald, J., writing separately).  
Quoting Stewart, id. at 305, 211 A.3d at 376 (McDonald, J., writing separately), Williams 
states that “[t]he real concern with a seemingly inconsistent verdict is not what label we 
can attach to it, but whether the jury disregarded the trial court’s instructions on the law in 
reaching a guilty verdict on a particular count.”12  Relying on this, Williams argues that, 
regardless of whether the inconsistency is factual or legal, inconsistent verdicts are not 
permitted because they may be the result of a jury not following instructions.  Read as a 
whole, Stewart and McNeal make clear that legally inconsistent verdicts are impermissible 
 
12Williams’s argument seems to be that, in his view, there is an indication that the 
jury did not follow jury instructions such as the instruction on the burden of proof and the 
presumption of innocence, and that this is a basis for determining that the verdicts are 
inconsistent.   However, the language from the opinion in Stewart that Williams quotes 
does not support his contention.  See Stewart, 464 Md. at 305, 211 A.3d at 376 (McDonald, 
J., writing separately).  The opinion stated that the jury instructions to be considered in 
determining whether verdicts are inconsistent are the jury “instructions on the law 
governing the charged offenses.”  Id. 464 Md. at 305, 211 A.3d at 376 (McDonald, J., 
writing separately) (footnote omitted).  Additionally, the opinion began its analysis of the 
circumstances of the case by observing that there was “no dispute that the jury instructions 
were generated by the evidence at trial and accurately described the elements of the 
offenses with which [] Stewart was charged.”  Id. at 307, 211 A.3d at 378 (McDonald, J., 
writing separately). 
 
 
 
  
- 22 - 
 
and that such verdicts occur where a jury reaches irreconcilable verdicts that demonstrate 
it failed to follow jury instructions on the offenses at issue where the trial court’s 
instructions as to the offenses are correct and the offenses have the same elements.  See 
Stewart, 464 Md. at 310, 211 A.3d at 379 (Watts, J., writing separately); McNeal, 426 Md. 
at 458, 44 A.3d at 984.  Neither Stewart nor McNeal supports Williams’s position that we 
must examine the facts of a case to determine whether a jury’s verdict in a criminal case is 
impermissibly inconsistent. 
In addition, in his endeavor to have us examine the facts of his case as part of the 
analysis, Williams relies on the following sentence from an opinion in Stewart: “An 
analysis of the circumstances of this case reveals that Stewart’s conduct satisfied the 
elements of robbery, but not those of second-degree assault of the intent-to-frighten type.”  
Stewart, 464 Md. at 330, 211 A.3d at 391 (Watts, J., writing separately).  This sentence in 
Stewart, however, came immediately after an analysis that illustrated that it is possible to 
commit robbery without committing second-degree assault of the intent-to-frighten type, 
as was the case in Stewart.  See id. at 328-30, 211 A.3d at 390-91 (Watts, J., writing 
separately).  Williams overlooks that the opinion in Stewart explained in detail the holding 
in McNeal that factually inconsistent verdicts are permissible in criminal jury trials and 
that the opinion expressly concluded that, to determine whether a guilty verdict and not-
guilty verdict are legally inconsistent, a court must apply the test explained above, which 
involves a review of the instructions as to the offenses and the elements of the offenses.  
See Stewart, 464 Md. at 310, 317, 211 A.3d at 379, 383-84 (Watts, J., writing separately).  
Nothing in the opinion from which the statement comes supports the contention that 
- 23 - 
 
resolution of the issue of whether verdicts are legally inconsistent may depend on the facts 
of a particular case. 
         On brief, the State brings up, that, in Hemming v. State, 469 Md. 219, 230, 263-64 & 
n.18, 229 A.3d 825, 831, 851 & n.18 (2020), a case in which this Court held that a 
“bifurcated hybrid trial procedure split between two factfinders” was not permitted, in 
explaining that such a procedure could lead to inconsistent verdicts, the Court suggested in 
a footnote that it no longer recognized a distinction between legally and factually 
inconsistent verdicts and points out that from its perspective the suggestion appeared to be 
“an error” as opposed to  a change in law.  It is correct that in a footnote in Hemming, we 
remarked that such a distinction had been rejected and referred to Stewart as “holding that 
the permissibility of an inconsistent jury verdict depends on ‘whether the jury verdict on 
its face indicates that the jury failed to follow the trial court’s proper instructions on the 
law governing the charged offenses[.]’”  Hemming, 469 Md. at 264 n.18, 229 A.3d at 851 
n.18 (quoting Stewart, 464 Md. at 305, 211 A.3d at 376 (McDonald, J., writing 
separately)).  The footnote appears to refer to the opinion of the three judges in Stewart 
whose approach to determining inconsistent verdicts would focus mainly on a review of 
the jury instructions on the offenses.  The footnote did not address the circumstance that, 
in Stewart, four members of the Court explicitly endorsed upholding the approach set forth 
in McNeal as to distinguishing between legally and factually inconsistent verdicts and the 
holding in McNeal that legally inconsistent verdicts are not permissible while factually 
inconsistent verdicts in criminal jury trials are permissible.  It is clear that in Stewart, this 
Court did not overrule McNeal or the use of the required evidence test in determining the 
- 24 - 
 
existence of legally inconsistent verdicts.  In addition, later, after Hemming, in State v. 
Sayles, 472 Md. 207, 244, 244 A.3d 1139, 1160-61 (2021), this Court reaffirmed the 
holding in McNeal and the distinction between legally and factually inconsistent verdicts. 
Having explained that, under Stewart and McNeal, a determination as to whether 
verdicts are legally inconsistent involves an examination of the jury instructions given on 
the offenses and the elements of the offenses at issue, we turn to the alleged inconsistency 
in this case.  It is undisputed that the jury instructions accurately conveyed the elements of 
all three of the relevant offenses.  In determining whether there is a legal inconsistency, the 
next step is to compare the elements of the offenses and resolve the question of whether, 
under the required evidence test, the offense of first-degree assault, where the modality of 
the commission of the offense is the use of a firearm, or use of a firearm in the commission 
of a crime of violence is a lesser-included offense of second-degree murder.  The answer 
is no. 
“Under the required evidence test—also known as the same evidence test, 
Blockburger test, or elements test—Crime A is a lesser-included offense of Crime B where 
all of the elements of Crime A are included in Crime B, so that only Crime B contains a 
distinct element.”  State v. Wilson, 471 Md. 136, 178, 240 A.3d 1140, 1164 (2020) (citation 
omitted).  The offenses of first-degree assault (involving the use of a firearm) and use of a 
firearm in the commission of a crime of violence have an element—specifically, the use of 
a firearm—that second-degree murder lacks.  This analysis demonstrates that the not-guilty 
verdicts were not as to a lesser-included offense of second-degree murder and that there is 
no legal inconsistency in the verdicts. 
- 25 - 
 
We cannot embrace Williams’s contention that, even if not legally inconsistent with 
the acquittals, the verdict for second-degree murder cannot stand because it is “logically 
inconsistent” with the acquittals.  The term “logically inconsistent” appears to be a 
euphemism that Williams uses to avoid use of the term “factually inconsistent.”  As we 
explained in McNeal, the terms “logically inconsistent” and “factually inconsistent” are 
virtually synonymous.  See McNeal, 426 Md. at 458-59 & n.2, 462, 44 A.3d at 984 & n.2, 
986. As such, Williams’s contention that the verdicts are logically inconsistent is nothing 
more than an argument that the verdicts are factually inconsistent, which under our holding 
in McNeal is a permissible outcome in criminal jury trials. 
To the extent that Williams implicitly seeks to have us overrule McNeal, we decline 
the request and reaffirm our conclusion that factually inconsistent verdicts are permissible 
in criminal jury trials.  “Under the doctrine of stare decisis, an appellate court may overrule 
a case that either was clearly wrong and contrary to established principles or has been 
superseded by significant changes in the law or facts.”  Scott v. State, 454 Md. 146, 183, 
164 A.3d 177, 198 (2017), cert. denied sub nom. Scott v. Maryland, 138 S. Ct. 652 (2018) 
(cleaned up).  Neither of these circumstances exists as to McNeal.  Far from being clearly 
wrong or having been superseded, our holding in McNeal remains good law.  In three 
separate opinions—which were issued just three years ago— four judges of the Court in 
Stewart were in favor of upholding the approach in McNeal distinguishing between legally 
and factually inconsistent verdicts.  As recognized in McNeal, prohibiting factually 
inconsistent verdicts in criminal jury trials would result in trial courts invading the province 
of the jury by inquiring into deliberations and would prevent juries from reaching factually 
- 26 - 
 
inconsistent verdicts as a result of lenity or compromise.  See McNeal, 426 Md. at 471-73, 
44 A.3d at 992-93.   
Tellingly, on brief, Williams cites only one case in which a court in another 
jurisdiction has prohibited factually inconsistent verdicts in criminal jury trials—the fifty-
two-year-old Alaska case of DeSacia v. State, 469 P.2d 369, 377 (Alaska 1970).  In 
McNeal, citing DeSacia, we observed that “Alaska, as it turns out, is the sole state to take 
a position rejecting both factually and legally inconsistent verdicts.”  McNeal, 426 Md. at 
468-69, 44 A.3d at 990.  It would appear that our observation in McNeal is still accurate 
today, given that Williams does not identify, and we are not aware of, a case from another 
State that prohibits factually inconsistent verdicts in criminal jury trials.   
It is accurate that the verdicts in this case are factually inconsistent—but, for the 
reasons that we set forth in McNeal, that circumstance does not warrant reversal and instead 
reflects the role of the jury as the sole arbiter of factual disputes in a criminal jury trial.  
See id. at 470, 44 A.3d at 991.  The verdicts may represent nothing more than compromise 
or leniency.  We are aware that Williams has contended that information provided by some 
of the jurors indicated that the jury misinterpreted the jury instructions on second-degree 
murder and other matters—i.e., that the reason for the factual inconsistency was a failure 
to follow the instructions.  As explained below in Part II, however, using as part of our 
review information obtained from jurors about the jury’s deliberations after it reaches a 
verdict would violate the long-standing “no-impeachment rule,” which prevents inquiring 
into a jury’s verdict by consideration of information concerning deliberations obtained 
from jurors after the verdict.  In compliance with the no-impeachment rule and McNeal, 
- 27 - 
 
we will not invade the province of the jury by inquiring into its deliberations to ascertain 
the reason for a factual inconsistency that is permissible under our case law.13  See McNeal, 
426 Md. at 473, 44 A.3d at 993. 
Finally, Williams is mistaken in contending that the rule of lenity weighs in favor 
of vacating the conviction for second-degree murder.  Under the rule of lenity, a court may 
merge a conviction for a statutory offense with another conviction for sentencing purposes 
where there is no indication that the General Assembly intended for a defendant to receive 
a separate sentence for each offense.  See State v. Johnson, 442 Md. 211, 218, 112 A.3d 
383, 387 (2015).  As such, the rule of lenity is a potential ground on which an appellate 
court may vacate a sentence, not a possible basis for an appellate court to reverse or vacate 
a conviction—let alone to determine that verdicts are legally inconsistent. 
For the reasons set forth herein, we conclude that the verdicts in this case are not 
legally inconsistent and decline to depart from our holding in McNeal that factually 
inconsistent verdicts are permissible in criminal jury trials. 
 
13We are not persuaded by Williams’s argument that affirming the conviction for 
second-degree murder would be inconsistent with what he identifies as the principle that a 
defendant cannot be convicted based on facts that differ from those alleged in an indictment 
or a bill of particulars.  Without going into the case law that Williams says underpins his 
assertion, we note that this is not a case in which the State made allegations in an indictment 
or bill of particulars and at trial presented different evidence.  Rather, Williams’s argument 
is based on the premise that the reason for the factual inconsistency in the verdicts in this 
case was a determination by the jury that the State failed to prove that he shot Townsend.  
As we have explained, factually inconsistent verdicts may arise for many reasons including 
compromise, juror negotiations, a desire for leniency, or even potentially a mistake.  
Although we may not know the reason for a factual inconsistency, our case law makes 
clear that we will not intrude upon a jury’s deliberations by requiring that a trial court 
instruct a jury to resume deliberating to reach a different verdict absent the existence of 
legally inconsistent verdicts. 
- 28 - 
 
II. The No-Impeachment Rule 
The Parties’ Contentions 
Williams contends that the circuit court erred in refusing to consider post-verdict 
statements made by jurors concerning the jury’s deliberations, including the affidavit of a 
juror, and abused its discretion in denying the motion for a new trial.  Williams argues that, 
under the Sixth Amendment, it is improper for the State to invoke the rule that a jury may 
not impeach its verdict, i.e., the no-impeachment rule, to circumvent a determination that 
the State failed to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.  Williams maintains that this case 
would represent the first instance in Maryland in which a trial court was allowed to permit 
the State to invoke the no-impeachment rule to disregard information from a jury indicating 
that it failed to determine guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.  
The State responds that Williams effectively asks us to abrogate Maryland Rule 5-
606(b), which contains an explicit prohibition against the use of statements from jurors 
about the jury’s deliberations to impeach verdicts, and that we should decline the request.  
The State points out that there are very limited exceptions to the no-impeachment rule, 
which requires that the substance of jury deliberations remain confidential, such as 
evidence of juror bias or external pressure on a juror, and that William’s allegations do not 
satisfy any of the exceptions.  The State argues that adopting Williams’s position that the 
no-impeachment rule should not apply where a jury returns factual or logically inconsistent 
verdicts would incentivize defendants who are found guilty to pursue jurors for information 
and seek hearings to undo verdicts.  The State maintains that this would result in disturbing 
the finality of verdicts and undermine the jury system in criminal cases.  The State points 
- 29 - 
 
out that courts in Maryland and other jurisdictions have consistently applied the no-
impeachment rule in declining to review convictions based on information obtained from 
jurors about the jury’s deliberations after a verdict. 
Standard of Review 
Generally, an appellate court reviews for abuse of discretion a trial court’s denial of 
a motion for a new trial.  See Grandison v. State, 425 Md. 34, 75, 38 A.3d 352, 376 (2012), 
cert. denied sub nom. Grandison v. Maryland, 568 U.S. 1093 (2013).  However, an 
appellate court reviews without deference a trial court’s interpretation of case law and the 
Maryland Rules.  See Gray v. State, 388 Md. 366, 375, 879 A.2d 1064, 1068 (2005). 
Case Law on the No-Impeachment Rule and Maryland Rule 5-606(b) 
“It has long been the rule in Maryland, without any deviation, that a juror may not 
impeach his or her verdict.”  Stokes v. State, 379 Md. 618, 637, 843 A.2d 64, 75 (2004) 
(citations omitted).  See also Colvin-el v. State, 332 Md. 144, 184, 630 A.2d 725, 745 
(1993), cert. denied sub nom. Colvin-El v. Maryland, 512 U.S. 1227 (1994) (“The well-
settled Maryland rule is that jurors cannot be heard to impeach their verdict.”  (Citations 
omitted)).  “[O]ne reason for the rule is to protect the secrecy of jury deliberations. . . . 
[W]hile privacy is not a constitutional end in itself, it is the means of ensuring the integrity 
of the jury trial itself.”  Stokes, 379 Md. at 638, 843 A.2d at 75-76 (citations omitted).  This 
is because allowing a juror to impeach a verdict “would disclose the secrets of the jury 
room and afford an opportunity for fraud and perjury.”  Id. at 637, 843 A.2d at 75 (citation 
omitted).  Other purposes of the no-impeachment rule include avoiding “harassment of 
jurors by disgruntled losing parties; removal of an element of finality from judicial 
- 30 - 
 
decisions; and through allowing jurors to swear to alleged examples of reprehensible 
conduct, a decrease in public confidence in the judicial process.”  Id. at 637, 843 A.2d at 
75 (citation omitted). 
As the Honorable Charles E. Moylan, Jr. has explained, it has been documented that 
the prohibition against impeaching a jury’s verdict with statements obtained from jurors 
began as “Lord Mansfield’s Rule,” a common law principle dating back to a 1785 case in 
which a jury allegedly decided a matter by flipping a coin.  See Cooch v. S & D River 
Island, LLC, 216 Md. App. 275, 282-83, 85 A.3d 888, 892, cert. denied, 438 Md. 143, 91 
A.3d 613 (2014).  Lord Mansfield, the person for whom the rule was named, declined to 
consider a juror affidavit and explained that the only permissible information concerning 
the basis for the jury’s decision would be from a source outside of the jury.  See id. at 282-
83, 85 A.3d at 892. 
The first appellate case in Maryland to recognize the common law principle 
underlying the no-impeachment rule was Browne v. Browne, 22 Md. 103 (1864).  See 
Cooch, 216 Md. App. at 283, 85 A.3d at 892-93.  In Browne, 22 Md. at 113, evidence in 
the form of affidavits from four jurors, alleging that while deliberating a juror became ill 
which led to the juror agreeing to the verdict, was excluded.  In addition, three other jurors 
testified that they agreed to the verdict in an effort to assist the juror who was ill.  See id.  
In Browne, the Court determined that such juror impeachment should not be permitted and 
stated that “[t]o allow a verdict of a jury solemnly rendered, to be afterwards impeached 
upon such testimony, would, we think, be setting a dangerous precedent, tending in most 
cases to the defeat of justice.”  Id.  The Court explained: “Although in some of the States 
- 31 - 
 
a different practice has been allowed, we think the law in Maryland is well settled, that the 
testimony of jurors cannot be heard to impeach their verdict, whether the conduct objected 
to in the jury be misbehaviour or mistake.”  Id. (cleaned up). 
Maryland Rule 5-606(b) codifies the no-impeachment rule.14  See Dorsey v. State, 
185 Md. App. 82, 101, 968 A.2d 654, 665 (2009).  The Rule “prevents a juror from 
impeaching the verdict” and “prohibits inquiry into the juror’s mental processes or 
statements made during deliberations.”  Stokes, 379 Md. at 641, 637, 843 A.2d at 78, 75 
(citation omitted).  Maryland Rule 5-606(b) provides in pertinent part: 
(1) In any inquiry into the validity of a verdict, a sworn juror may not testify 
as to (A) any matter or statement occurring during the course of the jury’s 
deliberations, (B) the effect of anything upon that or any other sworn juror’s 
mind or emotions as influencing the sworn juror to assent or dissent from the 
verdict, or (C) the sworn juror’s mental processes in connection with the 
verdict. 
 
(2) A sworn juror’s affidavit or evidence of any statement by the juror 
concerning a matter about which the juror would be precluded from testifying 
may not be received for these purposes. 
 
The language of Maryland Rule 5-606(b) does not contain any exception to the prohibition 
on permitting a juror to testify as to matters that occurred during the course of a jury’s 
deliberations.  
Maryland appellate courts have without fail applied the no-impeachment rule or 
Maryland Rule 5-606(b) in declining to reverse convictions based on statements by jurors 
about a jury’s deliberations after the jury reached a verdict.  In Genies v. State, 426 Md. 
148, 160-61, 43 A.3d 1007, 1013-14 (2012), we held that a trial court did not abuse its 
 
14 In the federal system, the principle is set forth in Federal Rule of Evidence 606(b).  
- 32 - 
 
discretion in denying without a hearing a motion for a new trial based on the defendant’s 
allegation that, after the trial concluded, one of the jurors “reported to the Jury 
Commissioner’s Office that she had changed her vote during jury deliberations because 
she had ‘felt threatened’ by another juror who stated ‘If you don’t change your vote, I will 
make sure we all stay here for weeks[.]’”  We concluded that the allegations concerning 
the jury’s deliberations could not be heard under Maryland Rule 5-606(b) and applied the 
principle “that under no circumstances would it be admissible to impeach the juror’s own 
verdict at the hearing of the motion for a new trial.”  Id. at 161, 43 A.3d at 1014 (cleaned 
up).  
 Similarly, in Dorsey, 185 Md. App. at 111, 95, 968 A.2d at 671, 661, the Court of 
Special Appeals held that a trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in denying a motion 
for a new trial based on the defendant’s allegation that multiple jurors indicated that, during 
the jury’s deliberations, there was discussion of the circumstance that the defendant did not 
testify.  The Court of Special Appeals concluded that “[a]sking the jurors directly about 
their deliberations, or asking a third party to provide hearsay testimony about the jury 
deliberations, would have constituted an inquiry into the validity of the verdict” in violation 
of Maryland Rule 5-606(b).  Id. at 110, 968 A.2d at 670. 
In contrast, both Maryland appellate courts have discussed, but not applied, the no-
impeachment rule in cases where it was possible to establish, without using statements 
obtained from a juror about a jury’s deliberations, that the jury may have been unduly 
influenced.  Such cases are consistent with the principles underlying the no-impeachment 
rule because they do not stand for the proposition that it is permissible to inquire into the 
- 33 - 
 
validity of a verdict based on information obtained from a juror about a jury’s deliberations 
after the verdict.  In particular, in Wernsing v. Gen. Motors Corp., 298 Md. 406, 410-13, 
470 A.2d 802, 804-05 (1984), we held that, although affidavits by jurors after trial could 
not properly be used to establish that the jury used a dictionary during its deliberations, 
testimony by a bailiff and notes from the jury during trial could.  We observed that the 
bailiff’s testimony “present[ed] a different situation” than scenarios where the no-
impeachment rule applies.  Id. at 413, 470 A.2d at 805 (cleaned up).  We determined that 
the jury notes were also “competent proof” because, “[a]s documents generated during the 
jury’s deliberations, they do not suffer the taint of possible post-verdict importuning.”  Id. 
at 413, 470 A.2d at 805 (cleaned up).  
 Similarly, in Smith v. Pearre, 96 Md. App. 376, 390, 625 A.2d 349, 356, cert. 
denied, 332 Md. 454, 632 A.2d 151 (1993), the Court of Special Appeals determined that 
it was permissible for a trial court to consider a juror’s admission after the trial that, before 
the trial concluded, the juror watched a television program relevant to the issues in the case.  
The Court of Special Appeals explained that the juror’s admission was not barred under 
the no-impeachment rule because it involved “extraneous material that occurred outside 
the sanctity of the jury room.”  Smith, 96 Md. App. at 390, 625 A.2d at 356 (citation 
omitted). 
No-Impeachment Rule and United States Supreme Court Case Law 
In Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado, 580 U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 855, 869 (2017), the 
Supreme Court held “that where a juror makes a clear statement that indicates he or she 
relied on racial stereotypes or animus to convict a criminal defendant, the Sixth 
- 34 - 
 
Amendment requires that the no-impeachment rule give way[.]”  Under such a 
circumstance, the trial court is permitted to “consider the evidence of the juror’s statement 
and any resulting denial of the jury trial guarantee.”  Id.   
As the wording of the Supreme Court’s holding suggests, Peña-Rodriguez involved 
an instance of racial animus by a juror.  After a jury reached guilty verdicts, two jurors 
averred in affidavits that a third juror stated that he believed that the defendant was guilty 
because of his race and that the juror did not believe the defendant’s alibi witness because 
of what the juror perceived to be the witness’s immigration status.  See id. at 861-62.  The 
defendant made a motion for a new trial, which the trial court denied on the ground that, 
under Colorado Rule of Evidence 606(b), a jury’s deliberations are protected from inquiry.  
See id. at 862.  The Supreme Court noted that, like Federal Rule of Evidence 606(b), the 
Colorado Rule “generally prohibits a juror from testifying as to any statement made during 
deliberations in a proceeding inquiring into the validity of the verdict.”  Id.15 
The Supreme Court observed that its holding “remove[d] that bar” and would allow 
the trial court to consider the affidavits.  Peña-Rodriguez, 137 S. Ct. at 870.  The Supreme 
Court explained that, “[w]hen jurors disclose an instance of racial bias as serious as the one 
involved in [Peña-Rodriguez], the law must not wholly disregard its occurrence.”  Id.  The 
Supreme Court pointed out that the alleged statements by the offending juror “were 
 
15In addition to the general prohibition on a juror testifying as to statements made 
during deliberations, both Federal Rule of Evidence 606(b) and Colorado Rule of Evidence 
606(b) contain limited exceptions that permit a juror to testify about extraneous prejudicial 
information, outside influences improperly before the jury, and mistakes in entering a 
verdict on a verdict form.  Maryland Rule 5-606(b) does not contain similar language. 
- 35 - 
 
egregious and unmistakable in their reliance on racial bias.”  Id.  
The Supreme Court recognized that the version of the no-impeachment rule codified 
by Federal Rule of Evidence 606(b) “has substantial merit” because it “gives stability and 
finality to verdicts” and “promotes full and vigorous discussion by providing jurors with 
considerable assurance that after being discharged they will not be summoned to recount 
their deliberations, and they will not otherwise be harassed or annoyed by litigants seeking 
to challenge the verdict.”  Id. at 864-65.  The Supreme Court explained that its observation 
in Warger v. Shauers, 574 U.S. 40, 51 n.3 (2014), “that there may be extreme cases where 
the jury trial right requires an exception to the no-impeachment rule must be interpreted in 
context as a guarded, cautious statement.”  Peña-Rodriguez, 137 S. Ct. at 866-67.  The 
Supreme Court stated that “[t]his caution is warranted to avoid formulating an exception 
that might undermine the jury dynamics and finality interests the no-impeachment rule 
seeks to protect.”  Id. at 867. 
The Supreme Court concluded that cases of racial bias warranted an exception to 
the no-impeachment rule because “racial bias implicates unique historical, constitutional, 
and institutional concerns” and is “a familiar and recurring evil that, if left unaddressed, 
would risk systemic injury to the administration of justice.”  Id. at 868-69.  The Supreme 
Court pointed out that “[r]acial bias is distinct in a pragmatic sense as well” because “[t]he 
stigma that attends racial bias may make it difficult for a juror to report inappropriate 
statements during the course of juror deliberations.”  Id.  The Supreme Court explained 
that “address[ing] the most grave and serious statements of racial bias is not an effort to 
perfect the jury but to ensure that our legal system remains capable of coming ever closer 
- 36 - 
 
to the promise of equal treatment under the law that is so central to a functioning 
democracy.”  Id. at 868.   
Analysis 
Here, we conclude that the circuit court correctly granted the motion to strike 
statements by jurors referenced in the motion for a new trial and that the circuit court did 
not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for a new trial.  The information obtained 
from jurors after the verdict that Williams’s counsel proffered on the last day of the trial 
and the averments in the affidavit accompanying the motion for a new trial purported to be 
statements by jurors about discussions that occurred during the jury’s deliberations and the 
jurors’ thought processes during deliberations.  None of the information attributed to the 
jurors involved allegations of racial bias or discrimination or the existence of external 
influences on the jury.  The information proffered by Williams’s counsel on the last day of 
trial as well as the information in the affidavit accompanying the motion for new trial 
indicated that the jurors who William’s counsel spoke with after the verdict revealed, at 
that time, that they were not convinced that Williams shot Townsend.  This type of post 
hoc information from jurors was clearly barred from being received by the circuit court 
under both the no-impeachment rule and the plain language of Maryland Rule 5-606(b)(1) 
and (2), which establish that it is improper in an inquiry into the validity of a jury’s verdict 
to consider statements or testimony by a juror about the jury’s deliberations obtained after 
a jury has reached a verdict.  See Stokes, 379 Md. at 637, 843 A.2d at 75. 
In Genies and Dorsey, we and the Court of Special Appeals, respectively, held that, 
in light of the no-impeachment rule and Maryland Rule 5-606(b), a trial court did not err 
- 37 - 
 
or abuse its discretion in denying a motion for new trial based on post-verdict statements 
by jurors allegedly concerning matters that occurred during the jury’s deliberations.  See 
Genies, 426 Md. at 160-61, 43 A.3d at 1013-14; Dorsey, 185 Md. App. at 111, 95, 968 
A.2d at 671, 661.  It is important to note that the statements by jurors in Genies and Dorsey 
included allegations about events such as a juror’s purported use of a threat to pressure 
another juror to vote differently in Genies and a supposed discussion of the circumstance 
that the defendant did not testify in Dorsey.  See Genies, 426 Md. at 160, 43 A.3d at 1013-
14; Dorsey, 185 Md. App. at 95, 968 A.2d at 661.  Just as the statements by jurors about 
these matters were barred in Genies and Dorsey, so too are the statements attributed to the 
jurors in this case.  The circumstance that Williams has alleged that information from the 
jurors in this case indicates that the jury misinterpreted jury instructions, including the 
instruction on second-degree murder, does not change the analysis.  Indeed, similar to the 
allegation in this case that the jury misinterpreted jury instructions, Dorsey concerned an 
assertion that the jury “disobeyed explicit jury instructions[.]”  Dorsey, 185 Md. App. at 
87, 968 A.2d at 657.  The statements attributed to the jurors in this case are of no greater 
significance than the statements by jurors that were prohibited under the no-impeachment 
rule and Maryland Rule 5-606(b) in Genies and Dorsey and, even if they were, that alone 
would not be a reason to create an exception to the no-impeachment rule.   
Although Williams does not expressly ask us to overrule Genies or Dorsey or to 
abrogate the no-impeachment rule or Maryland Rule 5-606(b), that is what would occur if 
we were to adopt his position.  Williams in effect seeks an exception to the no-impeachment 
rule and Maryland Rule 5-606(b) that would apply where a defendant seeks to establish 
- 38 - 
 
that a jury reached factually or logically inconsistent verdicts because the jury potentially 
misunderstood a jury instruction.  Such an exception would be unwarranted because 
factually or logically inconsistent verdicts are permissible in criminal jury trials and our 
case law does not establish such an exception to the no-impeachment rule. 
To date, Maryland appellate courts have not deviated from the no-impeachment 
rule—i.e., neither this Court nor the Court of Special Appeals has recognized an exception 
to the no-impeachment rule under Maryland law.  See Stokes, 379 Md. at 637, 843 A.2d at 
75.  In Browne, 22 Md. at 114 (which Williams quotes), we indicated in dicta that a case 
could arise in which it would be necessary for us to allow a juror to impeach a verdict to 
avoid “violating the plainest principles of justice[,]” but this has not yet occurred as 
demonstrated by Genies and Dorsey.  (Cleaned up).  As shown by Wernsing and Smith, 
the no-impeachment rule is not implicated where possible undue influence on a jury can 
be established by evidence other than information obtained after the verdict from jurors 
about the jury’s deliberations.  See Wernsing, 298 Md. at 410-13, 470 A.2d at 804-05; 
Smith, 96 Md. App. at 390, 625 A.2d at 356.   
Williams contends that, just as an exception to the no-impeachment rule under the 
Sixth Amendment was warranted in Peña-Rodriguez because of racial bias, an exception 
is warranted in this case because information about the jury’s deliberations obtained from 
jurors after the verdict indicates that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt 
that Williams fatally shot Townsend.  In Peña-Rodriguez, 137 S. Ct. at 868-69, the 
Supreme Court indicated that an exception to the no-impeachment rule is warranted where 
there is clear evidence of racial bias because such a circumstance gives rise to specific 
- 39 - 
 
concerns under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and is distinct from 
other juror-related improprieties. We are not convinced by the arguments Williams makes 
in an attempt to broaden the scope of the Supreme Court’s holding in Peña-Rodriguez.  
 Citing different Supreme Court case law, Williams argues that because the Supreme 
Court has held that in a criminal case the Sixth Amendment requires a finding of guilt 
based on proof beyond a reasonable doubt, an application of the no-impeachment rule in 
this case serves to “relieve the State of its constitutionally mandated burden of proving 
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Citing Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 280 (1993); 
In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970)).  But, the Supreme Court cases that Williams 
relies on do not involve application of the no-impeachment rule or any exception to the 
rule.16  In addition, Williams’s reasoning appears to again be based on the faulty premises 
that factually inconsistent verdicts in criminal jury trials are impermissible and that in this 
case the existence of factually inconsistent verdicts could mean only that the jury was not 
satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that Williams fatally shot Townsend.  
Citing cases from other jurisdictions, Williams asserts that various courts have 
found exceptions to the no-impeachment rule “in instances of religious bias, ethnic bias, 
racial bias, the inducement of a juror to agree to a verdict, jurors visiting a crime scene, 
 
16In Sullivan, 508 U.S. at 276, 281-82, the Supreme Court held that the giving of a 
constitutionally deficient reasonable doubt jury instruction is not harmless error.  In 
Winship, 397 U.S. at 359, 368, the Supreme Court concluded that “proof beyond a 
reasonable doubt is among the essentials of due process and fair treatment required during 
the adjudicatory stage when a juvenile is charged with an act which would constitute a 
crime if committed by an adult.”  (Cleaned up). 
- 40 - 
 
and jurors voting to convict because someone needed to go to prison.”  (Cleaned up).17  
However, these cases are neither applicable nor instructive.  The cases are distinguishable 
because, like Peña-Rodriguez, they involve racial bias by a juror, another form of juror 
prejudice, or a jury being exposed to external influences, or they do not involve an 
exception to the no-impeachment rule at all.  In Tobias v. Smith, 468 F. Supp. 1287, 1289 
(W.D.N.Y. 1979), allegations of prejudice arose after trial—before sentencing, a juror 
supplied an affidavit indicating that it was obvious that the jury, which was composed 
entirely of people of a different race than the defendant, was prejudiced against the 
defendant.  The United States District Court for the Western District of New York stated 
that “[t]here can be no quarrel with the proposition that the race of a defendant is an 
improper consideration for a jury, just as ethnic origin and religion are.”  Id. at 1291 
(citation omitted).  The Court discussed the no-impeachment rule and Federal Rule of 
Evidence 606(b) and stated that “[a] jury member may testify or submit an affidavit as to 
the existence of any extraneous prejudicial influence, but not as to whether or not that 
influence operated upon him or another juror.”  Id. at 1289.  The Court stated that “[t]here 
should be no injection of race into jury deliberations and jurors who manifest racial 
prejudice have no place in the jury room.”  Id. at 1291.  The Court concluded that a hearing 
should be held on the question of jury prejudice, at which the parties would have an 
opportunity to question the jurors.  See id. 
 
17Williams cites Tobias v. Smith, 468 F. Supp. 1287 (W.D.N.Y. 1979), State v. 
Levitt, 176 A.2d 465 (N.J. 1961), United States v. Villar, 586 F.3d 76 (1st Cir. 2009), 
Watkins v. State, 229 S.E.2d 465 (Ga. 1976), Cochran v. State, 26 Tenn. 544 (1847), and 
State v. Blake, 853 S.E.2d 838 (N.C. Ct. App. 2020). 
- 41 - 
 
In State v. Levitt, 176 A.2d 465, 467 (N.J. 1961), where a trial court received 
information that jurors commented on their perception of the defendant’s religious 
affiliation during deliberations, the trial court granted a new trial, finding that the 
defendant’s religion and the religion of his character witnesses had been injected into the 
jury deliberations.  Before the Supreme Court of New Jersey, the State did not challenge 
the use of a juror’s affidavit.  See id.  The Court concluded that, “[w]here there are 
sufficient allegations that the jury’s verdict was discolored by improper influences,” “it 
makes no difference whether the improper influences occurred inside or outside the jury 
room.”  Id. (citations omitted).  The Court affirmed the grant of a new trial and held that, 
although “the trial [court] cannot examine the thought processes of jurors in reaching their 
verdict, [it] can receive jurors’ evidence as to the existence of conditions or the occurrence 
of events to determine whether they showed an adverse prejudice bearing on the verdict.”  
Id. at 467-69 (citations omitted). 
In United States v. Villar, 586 F.3d 76, 87 (1st Cir. 2009), the First Circuit held that 
a trial court had “the discretion to inquire into the validity of [a] verdict by hearing juror 
testimony to determine whether ethnically biased statements were made during jury 
deliberations[.]”  The First Circuit stated:  
Although we conclude that the district court erred when it concluded 
that it had no discretion to hold an inquiry into possible bias in jury 
deliberations, we emphasize that not every stray or isolated off-base 
statement made during deliberations requires a hearing at which jury 
testimony is taken.  As courts and commentators have highlighted, the need 
to protect a frank and candid jury deliberation process is a strong policy 
consideration.  Still, at the other extreme, there are certain rare and 
exceptional cases involving racial or ethnic prejudice that require hearing 
jury testimony to determine whether a defendant received a fair trial under 
- 42 - 
 
the Sixth Amendment. 
 
Id. at 87-88.  And Watkins v. State, 229 S.E.2d 465, 469-70 (Ga. 1976) involved juror 
misconduct which exposed jurors to information concerning the case that had not been 
admitted into evidence —namely, an unauthorized visit by two jurors to the crime scene in 
which they gauged the time it took to drive from the scene to the defendant’s house.  
In Cochran v. State, 26 Tenn. 544, 546-47 (1847), a case that is over 150 years old, 
the Supreme Court of Tennessee granted a new trial based in part on a juror’s allegation 
that he was induced by other jurors to agree to a guilty verdict even though he believed the 
defendant to be innocent because the jurors advised that the defendant would not be sent 
to prison.  In Cochran, the Supreme Court of Tennessee did not mention the no-
impeachment rule or the concept that the deliberations should remain secret.  
Williams alleges that in State v. Blake, 853 S.E.2d 838, 842, 844 (N.C. Ct. App. 
2020), the Court of Appeals of North Carolina found an exception to the no-impeachment 
rule where jurors voted “to convict because someone needed to go to prison.”  (Cleaned 
up).  Yet, in Blake, id. at 848, the Court held that there was structural error where jurors 
acknowledged to the trial court before judgment in the case was entered that they were 
unsure that the defendant had committed the crime.  In Blake, at the time that the jury 
returned its verdict in open court, after the jury announced the verdict, the trial court met 
with the jury in an unrecorded conference and received information from the jury. In 
remanding the case for a new trial, citing North Carolina Rule of Evidence 606(b) 
(Competency of juror as witness), the Court specifically stated that “the circumstances of 
this case do not involve an ‘inquiry into the validity of the verdict’ raised after the trial by 
- 43 - 
 
the Defendant.”  Id. at 846.  The Court explained that “[t]here were no affidavits from 
jurors or attempts by the defendant to obtain any information from jurors after the trial.”  
Id.  The circumstances of this case are far removed from those of Blake. 
Equally unpersuasive is Williams’s assertion that an exception to the no-
impeachment rule is applicable in this case because, in Peña-Rodriguez, the Supreme Court 
discussed cases that did not involve racial bias in which, according to Williams, the Court 
“never purported to limit exceptions [to] the no-impeachment rule to instances of racial 
bias.”  See Peña-Rodriguez, 137 S. Ct. at 863-66.  In Peña-Rodriguez, id. at 866, the 
Supreme Court discussed Warger, 574 U.S. at 42-43, a civil case in which the Court 
rejected a plaintiff’s contention that an exception to the no-impeachment rule was 
warranted because, during the jury’s deliberations, a juror allegedly made statements 
indicating that the juror had a pro-defendant bias and, after the verdict in favor of the 
defendant, the plaintiff moved for a new trial, contending that the juror had lied during voir 
dire about her impartiality and ability to award damages.  Nowhere in Peña-Rodriguez did 
the Supreme Court state or imply that it overruled any prior case, let alone announce a new 
standard to be applied in other cases involving the no-impeachment rule, regardless of 
whether the cases present similar circumstances.   
For all of the reasons discussed above, the circuit court did not err in granting the 
motion to strike or abuse its discretion in denying the motion for a new trial. 
III. Sufficiency of the Evidence 
Williams contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the convictions for 
second-degree murder and possession of a regulated firearm while under the age of twenty-
- 44 - 
 
one.  Williams argues that we should not view the evidence in the light most favorable to 
the State because the not-guilty verdicts indicate that the State did not prove that Williams 
fatally shot Townsend.  Williams asserts that, even if we apply the usual standard of review, 
the evidence is insufficient because it merely gave rise to speculation about his guilt.  
The State responds that Williams’s request that we not view the evidence in the light 
most favorable to the State is unsupported by authority.  The State contends that, viewed 
in the light most favorable to it, strong circumstantial evidence established Williams’s guilt 
beyond a reasonable doubt.  
The standard of review of the sufficiency of the evidence is well established.  As we 
have consistently stated, “[i]n determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient, we 
examine the record solely to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found 
the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”  Wilson, 471 Md. at 159, 
240 A.3d at 1153 (citation omitted).  “In examining the record, we view the State’s 
evidence, including all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, in the light most 
favorable to the State.”  Id. at 159, 240 A.3d at 1153 (citation omitted).  In this case, we 
decline Williams’s request that we depart from this longstanding standard of review. 
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we conclude that the 
evidence is sufficient to support the challenged convictions.  In reaching the same 
conclusion, the Court of Special Appeals thoroughly discussed the reasonable inferences 
that the evidence gave rise to, stating: 
The evidence supports the inference that Townsend was shot in Williams’ 
car: detectives recovered bullets and cartridge cases from the car, forensic 
analysts found bullet holes in the car’s interior, and a witness saw Townsend 
- 45 - 
 
lying on the ground next to a car of matching description.  The evidence 
supports the inference that Williams shot Townsend: Williams had been in 
the driver’s seat to Townsend’s left, Townsend’s bullet wounds were from 
left to right, the trajectory of the bullet lodged in the rear door traced back to 
the area of the car’s front left, and Williams could have had access to 
Townsend’s handgun.  The evidence furthermore supports the inference that 
Williams was the only person who could have shot Townsend: Williams was 
alone with Townsend when leaving Skinner’s house, Williams was alone in 
the street with Townsend shortly after the shooting, and witnesses did not 
report anyone else present at or fleeing from the scene.  Relatedly, in closing 
argument, the State invited the jury to infer that Williams stepped out of the 
car before shooting back in at Townsend.  Based on the photographs of the 
trajectory rod analysis presented to the jury, the State argued that the bullet 
that lodged in the rear door passed directly through the area where the driver, 
Williams, would have been sitting.  Therefore, the State argued, if an 
unidentified third person had shot Townsend—as Williams suggested at 
trial—Williams would also have been hit with gunfire.  Because Williams 
was not hit, the argument goes, he must have been the shooter.  The jury 
could also have accepted the State’s argument that Williams sought to cover 
up his involvement in the shooting based on the evidence that Williams 
claimed to have parted ways with Townsend earlier and that Williams 
attempted to remove potential DNA evidence with bleach.  To be sure, there 
is other evidence weighing against each of these inferences, but we will not 
second-guess the jury’s determination where there are competing rational 
inferences available. 
 
Williams, 251 Md. App. at 571-72, 254 A.3d at 584-85 (cleaned up).  We adopt the Court 
of Special Appeals’s sound logic.  Although any one piece of evidence alone may not have 
been sufficient, all of the evidence combined—including the circumstances that blood, a 
bullet, and a cartridge case were found in Williams’s vehicle, that he was the last person 
seen with Townsend, that Williams lied about dropping off Townsend on the night of his 
murder, and that Williams engaged in unusual behavior the next day, including cleaning 
his bathroom with bleach—was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find Williams guilty 
beyond a reasonable doubt of second-degree murder and possession of a regulated firearm 
while under the age of twenty-one.  
- 46 - 
 
 
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL 
APPEALS AFFIRMED.  PETITIONER TO PAY 
COSTS. 
 
 
 
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 
 
OF MARYLAND 
 
No. 37 
 
September Term, 2021 
______________________________________ 
 
NICHOLAS JABBAR WILLIAMS 
 
v. 
 
STATE OF MARYLAND 
______________________________________ 
 
Getty, C.J., 
*McDonald 
Watts 
Hotten 
Booth 
Biran 
Wilner, Alan M.  
(Senior Judge, Specially 
Assigned), 
 
JJ. 
______________________________________ 
 
Concurring Opinion by McDonald, J., 
which Booth, J., joins. 
______________________________________ 
 
Filed: March 25, 2022 
 
*McDonald, J., now a Senior Judge, participated 
in the hearing and conference of this case while 
an active member of this Court.  After being 
recalled pursuant to Md. Const., Art. IV, § 3A, 
he also participated in the decision and adoption 
of this opinion.
Circuit Court for Charles County 
Case No. C-08-CR-18-000005 
Argued: February 7, 2022 
 
 
 
I concur in the judgment of the Court and write only to explain why I do so on the 
issue relating to allegedly inconsistent verdicts.  I would forgo the exercise of classifying 
allegedly inconsistent verdicts into abstract categories such as “legally inconsistent”, 
“factually inconsistent”,1 or another category with some similar label.2  Rather, I would 
apply to that issue the analysis that the plurality opinion in Stewart set forth – that is, 
“whether the jury verdict on its face indicates that the jury failed to follow the trial court’s 
proper instructions on the law governing the charged offenses.”  State v. Stewart, 464 Md. 
296, 305 (2019).  In Stewart, the three judges who joined the plurality opinion agreed that 
the jury verdict in that case did not demonstrate that the jury had failed to follow the court’s 
instructions on the law governing the charged offenses; the four judges who applied the 
“legally inconsistent” versus “factually inconsistent” dichotomy stalemated 2-2 on which 
classification applied to the verdict in that case.  
As Judge Harrell noted when he first proposed that the Court classify verdicts as 
“legally” or “factually” inconsistent, the reason for rejecting a “legally inconsistent” 
verdict lay in the fact that a jury returning such a verdict “acts contrary to a trial judge’s 
 
1 The distinction between “factually inconsistent” and “legally inconsistent” 
verdicts is of recent origin and was derived by this Court from a law review article.  See 
McNeal v. State, 426 Md. 455 (2012), adopting rationale suggested in Price v. State, 405 
Md. 10, 35-38 (2008) (Harrell, J., concurring) (citing and relying on Ashlee Smith, 
Comment, Vice-A-Verdict: Legally Inconsistent Jury Verdicts Should Not Stand in 
Maryland, 35 U. Balt. L. Rev. 395 (2006)).   
 
2 As the Majority Opinion notes, Mr. Williams has described the verdicts in his case 
as “logically inconsistent.”  Majority slip op. at 13.  Some courts have come up with yet 
other labels to differentiate allegedly inconsistent verdicts according to a variety of criteria.  
See Stewart, 464 Md. at 303 n.1 (plurality opinion). 
 
- 2 - 
 
proper instructions regarding the law.”  Price v. State, 405 Md. 10, 35 (2008) (Harrell, J. 
concurring); see also McNeal v. State, 426 Md. 455, 458 (2012).  That is a very valid 
concern, but I would address it directly rather than via an abstract classification of a 
particular verdict. 
In this case, as in Stewart,3 there is no question that the trial court’s instructions 
were generated by the evidence at trial and properly advised the jury on the elements of the 
charged offenses.  In particular, the trial court instructed the jury that, in order for Mr. 
Williams to be convicted of second-degree murder, the State had to prove that (1) he had 
caused the death of the decedent and (2) he had done so with the intent either to kill or to 
inflict such serious bodily harm that death was the likely result.  The trial court also 
instructed the jury that, in order for Mr. Williams to be convicted of first-degree assault, 
the State had to prove that he had intentionally or recklessly caused physical harm to the 
victim without legal justification and had used a firearm in doing so.  The trial court’s 
instruction on the use of a firearm in the commission of a felony4 advised the jury that the 
predicate crimes charged in the case were first-degree murder and first-degree assault and 
that the State was required to prove that Mr. Williams had used a firearm while committing 
those felonies.   
 
3 See Stewart, 494 Md. at 307 (plurality opinion). 
 
4 As the Majority Opinion notes, the trial court gave an instruction on use of a 
firearm in the commission of a felony rather than a “crime of violence” – a distinction that 
did not matter given the predicate crimes charged in this case.  Majority slip op. at 7 & n.5. 
- 3 - 
 
Given those instructions, the not-guilty verdicts on the assault and firearm offenses 
do not indicate that the jury failed to follow the court’s instructions in returning a guilty 
verdict on the second-degree murder charge.  Under the trial court’s instructions, the former 
charges both required use of a firearm; the latter charge did not.  Accordingly, the answer 
to the question whether the jury verdict on its face demonstrates that the jury failed to 
follow those instructions is “no.” 5  I thus concur in the Court’s rejection of Mr. Williams’ 
claim that his conviction should be reversed on the basis of inconsistent verdicts.  
Judge Booth has advised that she joins this opinion. 
 
5 Mr. Williams argues that the verdicts reveal that the jury failed to follow the court’s 
instructions on the burden of proof, the presumption of innocence, and the jury’s duty to 
decide the case on the evidence.  However, that is not a claim that the verdicts are 
inconsistent, but rather a recasting of his argument that the evidence was insufficient to 
support his convictions on the second-degree murder and firearms possession charges – 
i.e., that no reasonable jury could have found that the evidence satisfied those charges 
beyond a reasonable doubt.  I agree with the conclusion of the Majority Opinion that the 
evidence at trial was sufficient to support the jury’s guilty verdicts.  Majority slip op. at 43-
45.