Title: Couret-Rios v. Fire & Police Employees' Retirement System of City of Baltimore

State: maryland

Issuer: Maryland Supreme Court

Document:

Carlos Couret-Rios v. Fire & Police Employees’ Retirement System of the City of 
Baltimore, No. 36, September Term, 2019.  Opinion by Getty, J. 
 
LOCAL CODES—DISABILITY RETIREMENT SYSTEMS 
Under the Baltimore City Fire and Police Employees’ Retirement System compensation 
statute, Balt. City Code, Art. 22, §§ 29–49, qualified employees are potentially eligible for 
two different levels of disability benefits: a less substantial non-line-of-duty (“NLOD”) 
level of benefits; or a more substantial line-of-duty (“LOD”) level of benefits.  Qualified 
employees are only eligible for LOD benefits if their disability stems from an injury that 
occurred in the line of duty and the injury caused a permanent “physical incapacity.”  In 
contrast, qualified employees are eligible for NLOD benefits if the injury caused a 
permanent “mental[] or physical[] incapacit[y]” that prevents the employee from 
performing their job duties, whether or not the injury occurred in the line of duty.   
 
The Court of Appeals held that, for the purposes of the Baltimore City Fire and Police 
Employees’ Retirement System compensation statute, a “physical incapacity” may include, 
in certain circumstances, manifestations of a “physical incapacity” that are caused by a 
physical injury to the brain.  Petitioner, a qualified employee, was entitled to LOD 
retirement benefits where he suffered a concussion in the course of his duties, and as a 
result of the brain injury, he suffered permanently disabling memory loss and attention 
deficits.   
 
Circuit Court for Baltimore City 
Case No. 24-C-17-004254 
Argued: December 10, 2019 
 
 
 
 
 
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 
 
OF MARYLAND 
 
No. 36 
 
September Term, 2019 
 
 
  
CARLOS COURET-RIOS 
 
 
 
v. 
 
FIRE & POLICE EMPLOYEES’ 
RETIREMENT SYSTEM OF THE CITY  
OF BALTIMORE 
 
 
Barbera, C.J. 
McDonald, 
Watts, 
Hotten, 
Getty, 
Booth, 
Adkins, Sally D., 
(Senior Judge, Specially Assigned) 
 
JJ. 
 
 
Opinion by Getty, J. 
 
 
Filed: May 1, 2020 
 
Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal 
Materials Act 
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic. 
 
 
 
 
 
Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk 
2020-09-09 11:44-04:00
Under the Fire and Police Employees’ Retirement System (the “F&P Retirement 
System” or “F&P”) compensation statute, police officers are potentially eligible for two 
different levels of disability benefits: a less substantial non-line-of-duty (“NLOD”) level 
of benefits; or a more substantial line-of-duty (“LOD”) level of benefits.  See Balt. City 
Code, Art. 22, § 34.  Officers are only eligible for LOD benefits if their disability stems 
from an injury that occurred in the line of duty and the injury caused a permanent “physical 
incapacity.”  See id. §§ 33(l)(4)(iii); 33(l)(11)(ii)(A).  In contrast, officers are eligible for 
NLOD benefits if the injury caused a permanent “mental[] or physical[] incapacit[y]” that 
prevents the officer from performing their job duties, whether or not the injury occurred in 
the line of duty.  See id. §§ 34(c)(1) (emphasis added).  In other words, benefits for NLOD 
disability may be awarded on the basis of a mental or physical incapacity, but benefits for 
LOD disability can only be awarded based on a physical incapacity.  
Petitioner Carlos Couret-Rios suffered a concussion in the course of his duties as a 
Baltimore City police officer.  As a result of the brain injury, Officer Couret-Rios suffers 
from memory loss and attention deficits.  Officer Couret-Rios filed for and was granted 
LOD disability benefits after a hearing examiner concluded that Officer Couret-Rios was 
permanently physically incapacitated.  The Circuit Court for Baltimore City affirmed, but 
the Court of Special Appeals reversed, holding that Officer Couret-Rios’s incapacities were 
mental, rather than physical. 
We must now determine if the hearing examiner erred when she awarded LOD 
disability benefits based on a finding of fact that Officer Couret-Rios suffered from 
memory loss and attention deficits as a result of a mild traumatic brain injury.  For the 
 
2 
 
reasons that follow, we disagree with the Court of Special Appeals and hold that the hearing 
examiner did not err in granting LOD retirement benefits. 
BACKGROUND 
A. 
The F&P Retirement Compensation Statute. 
The F&P Retirement System is a benefit system statutorily established to provide 
retirement allowances and death benefits to firefighters and police officers (“Members”) 
paid by the Mayor & City Council of Baltimore (the “City”).  See Balt. City Code, Art. 22, 
§§ 29–49.  The F&P statute prescribes contributions from the Members and the City to 
fund the Retirement System, which is managed by a Board of Trustees that has a fiduciary 
duty to act in the best interests of the Members.  Through the rules established by the statute 
and the procedures established by the Board of Trustees, the Retirement System pursues 
the goals of providing life-long benefits to retired and disabled Members and ensures that 
the System remains solvent so that each Member can draw benefits when needed. 
The statute establishes two different levels of disability benefits for the Members of 
the F&P Retirement System: a less substantial NLOD level of benefits; and a more 
substantial LOD level of benefits.  See Balt. City Code, Art. 22, § 34.  Members are only 
eligible for LOD benefits if their disability stems from an injury that occurred in the line 
of duty and the injury caused a permanent “physical incapacity.”  See id. §§ 33(l)(4)(iii); 
33(l)(11)(ii)(A).  In contrast, Members are eligible for NLOD benefits if the injury caused 
a permanent “mental[] or physical[] incapacit[y]” that prevents the Member from 
performing their job duties, whether or not the injury occurred in the line of duty.  See id. 
§§ 34(c)(1) (emphasis added).  In other words, benefits for NLOD disability may be 
 
3 
 
awarded on the basis of a mental or physical incapacity, but benefits for LOD disability 
can only be awarded based on a physical incapacity.  See Bd. of Trs. of Fire & Police 
Emps.’ Ret. Sys. of Balt. v. Kielczewski, 77 Md. App. 581, 591–93 (1989). 
The dispute in this case is not whether Officer Couret-Rios should receive disability 
retirement benefits but how substantial those benefits are allowed to be under the F&P 
retirement compensation statute.  To demonstrate the benefit dichotomy, we begin with the 
language of the statute.  The first pertinent portion of the statute is § 33(l): 
 (l) Panel of hearing examiners.  
(1) There is a panel of hearing examiners, composed of persons with 
a demonstrated knowledge and competence in disability claims 
evaluation. . . . 
* * * 
(4) (i) Any non-line-of-duty disability or line-of-duty disability 
claimant must apply to the Board of Trustees.  
(ii) The application must include a medical certification of 
disability and all supporting medical documentation, on a form 
prescribed by the Board of Trustees, in which the member must 
state that she or he has suffered a disability and that the 
disability prevents her or him from further performance of the 
duties of her or his job classification.  
(iii) If the claim is for a line-of-duty disability benefit, the 
member must also state that the physical incapacity was the 
result of an injury arising out of and in the course of the actual 
performance of her or his duty, without willful negligence on 
her or his part.  
(iv) Any member who has joined this system on or after July 
1, 1979, and who applies for a line-of-duty disability benefit 
must also state that the disability resulted from an injury that 
occurred within 5 years of the date of her or his application.  
* * * 
(7) A hearing examiner shall conduct hearings on all matters 
involving non-line-of-duty disability claims, line-of-duty disability 
claims, . . . and any related matters arising out of these claims. . . . 
 
4 
 
* * * 
(10) (i) At the hearing, the member has the burden of proving, by a 
preponderance of the evidence:  
(A) the nature and extent of his or her disability; and  
(B) that the disability prevents him or her from the 
further performance of the duties of his or her job 
classification.  
(ii) If the matter involves a line-of-duty disability claim, the 
member has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the 
evidence that the disability was the result of an injury arising 
out of and in the course of the actual performance of duty, 
without willful negligence on the member’s part.  
* * * 
(11) The hearing examiner shall determine the following:  
(i) whether the member has suffered an injury or illness of such 
a nature as to preclude the member from the further 
performance of the duties of his or her job classification;  
(ii) if the claim is for line-of-duty disability benefits:  
(A) whether the physical incapacity is the result of an 
injury arising out of and in the course of the actual 
performance of duty, without willful negligence on the 
member’s part;  
(B) whether the disability qualifies under § 34(e) . . . . 
(C) for a member who joined this system on or after July 
1, 1979, whether the disability resulted from an injury 
that occurred within 5 years before the date of the 
members’ application . . . .  
* * * 
(12) The hearing examiner shall issue written findings of fact that set 
forth the reasons for the hearing examiner’s determination. If either 
party to the hearing is aggrieved by the hearing examiner’s 
determination, that party may seek judicial review of the 
determination by the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. The review 
shall be sought and heard as provided for in the Maryland Rules, with 
the exception that the review shall be heard on the record only, on a 
right-of-way basis. The final determination of the hearing examiner is 
presumptively correct and may not be disturbed on review except 
when arbitrary, illegal, capricious, or discriminatory. A party to the 
 
5 
 
judicial review may appeal the court’s final judgment to the Court of 
Special Appeals in accordance with the Maryland Rules of Procedure.  
 
In large part, § 33(l) provides the procedures for administrative hearings.  At the 
outset, disability claimants must apply to the Board of Trustees.  Id. § 33(l)(4)(i).  The 
application must include: (1) medical certification of disability and all supporting medical 
documentation, stating, among other things, that the disability prevents the claimant from 
further performance of their duties; and (2) for LOD claims, a statement that (i) “the 
physical incapacity was the result of an injury arising out of and in the course of the actual 
performance of her or his duty, without willful negligence on her or his part”; and (ii) “the 
disability resulted from an injury that occurred within 5 years of the date of her or his 
application.”  Id. § 33(l)(4)(ii)–(iv) (emphasis added). 
On receipt of an application, the claimant must be medically examined by a 
physician selected by the Board of Trustees.  Id. § 33(l)(5).  A panel of hearing examiners 
then schedule a hearing during which one of the hearing examiners conducts an informal 
hearing (i.e., without strict compliance of the rules of evidence) that includes testimony 
and the production of documents.  Id. § 33(l)(6)–(8).  Despite the informality, the hearings 
are adversarial—the City Solicitor’s office represents the Board of Trustees and the 
claimant has the right to counsel.  Id. § 33(l)(9). 
At the hearing, the claimant has the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the 
evidence: (1) “the nature and extent of his or her disability”; and (2) “that the disability 
prevents him or her from the further performance of the duties of his or her job 
classification.”  Id. § 33(l)(10)(i).  For LOD claims, the claimant must also prove “by a 
 
6 
 
preponderance of the evidence that the disability was the result of an injury arising out of 
and in the course of the actual performance of duty, without willful negligence on the 
[claimant’s] part.”  Id. § 33(l)(10)(ii).   
The hearing examiner must then determine “whether the [claimant] has suffered an 
injury or illness of such a nature as to preclude the [claimant] from the further performance 
of the duties of his or her job classification”; and if the claim is for LOD benefits, whether 
(1) “the physical incapacity” is the result of a line-of-duty injury, “without willful 
negligence on the [claimant’s] part”; (2) “the disability qualifies under § 34(e)”; and (3) 
“the disability resulted from an injury that occurred within 5 years before the date of the 
[claimant’s] application.”  Id. § 33(l)(11)(i)–(ii).  The hearing examiner must then “issue 
written findings of fact that set forth the reasons for the hearing examiner’s 
determination.”1  Id. § 33(l)(12).   
Section 34(c) and (e-1), the more substantive provisions, largely serve to define the 
eligibility and benefits of both NLOD and LOD disability retirement: 
 (c) Non-line-of-duty disability retirement benefit.  
(1) Eligibility requirements. A member shall be retired on a non-line-
of-duty disability retirement if:  
(i) the member has acquired at least 5 years of service, as 
determined by the Board of Trustees; and  
 
1 Section 33(l) also defines the appellate rights of the claimant and the City—namely, either 
party may seek judicial review by the Circuit Court for Baltimore City and then may appeal 
that judgment to the Court of Special Appeals.  Balt. City Code, Art. 22, § 33(l)(12).  
However, “[i]f neither party seeks judicial review within 30 days following the mailing of 
the hearing examiner’s written findings of fact, the hearing examiner’s determination is 
final and binding, subject to the panel of hearing examiners’ right to reexamination.”  Id. 
§ 33(l)(14).  
 
7 
 
(ii) a hearing examiner determines that:  
(A) the member is mentally or physically incapacitated 
for the further performance of the duties of the 
member’s job classification in the employ of Baltimore 
City; and  
(B) the incapacity is likely to be permanent. 
* * * 
(e-1) Line-of-duty disability benefits.  
(1) A member shall be retired on a line-of-duty disability retirement 
if:  
(i) a hearing examiner determines that the member is totally 
and permanently incapacitated for the further performance of 
the duties of his or her job classification in the employ of 
Baltimore City, as the result of an injury arising out of and in 
the course of the actual performance of duty, without willful 
negligence on his or her part; and  
(ii) for any employee who became a member on or after July 
1, 1979, the application for line-of-duty disability benefits is 
filed within 5 years of the date of the member’s injury. 
 
Section 34 also provides detailed allowances for each type of disability retirement.  
The details are not pertinent, but in sum, LOD allowances are significantly more substantial 
than NLOD allowances.  Compare id. § 34(e-2), with id. § 34(d).  To be eligible for NLOD 
disability retirement benefits, a claimant must have acquired at least five years of service 
and a hearing examiner must determine that (1) “the [claimant] is mentally or physically 
incapacitated for the further performance” of their job; and (2) “the incapacity is likely to 
be permanent.”  Id. § 34(c)(1) (emphasis added).   
Assuming that the application for LOD benefits is filed within five years of the date 
of injury, a claimant is eligible for LOD disability retirement benefits if a hearing examiner 
determines that the claimant is (1) “totally and permanently incapacitated for the further 
 
8 
 
performance” of his or her job; (2) “as the result of an injury” in the line of duty; (3) 
“without willful negligence on his or her part.”  Id. § 34(e-1)(1). 
Despite some inconsistent and duplicative language across two long provisions, the 
statute, on its face, provides for two separate types of disability retirement benefits, as made 
clear by the Court of Special Appeals in Board of Trustees of Fire & Police Employees’ 
Retirement System of the City of Baltimore v. Kielczewski, 77 Md. App. 581 (1989).  In 
Kielczewski, the intermediate appellate court held that “the disability retirement benefit 
scheme contemplates the allegation and proof of a physical incapacitation as a prerequisite 
to the award of [LOD] disability retirement benefits.”  Id. at 592–93.  The court based its 
holding on the statutory language of §§ 33 and 34:2 
It is evident that the purpose underlying these sections is the 
enumeration of the substantive requirements of the two disability retirement 
benefits options available to an employee and to set out the procedures 
whereby that employee’s entitlement to one or the other is to be determined.  
Section 34(c) and (e[-1]) prescribe the requirements of the disability which 
qualifies an employee for either [a NLOD] or [LOD] disability retirement. 
They do so in terms of the level of disability, i.e., that the employee must be 
“incapacitated.”  Only § 34(c) additionally prescribes the nature of the 
disability, i.e., that it may be mental or physical. . . .   
 
* * * 
Section 33(l), with its requirements that a [LOD] disability retirement 
claimant allege a physical incapacity and that the hearing examiner make 
determinations concerning that physical incapacity, must be read together 
with § 34(e[-1]), which describes only the level of the disability required for 
[LOD] disability retirement benefits and § 34(c), which describes, as to 
[NLOD] disability retirement benefits, both the nature and the level of the 
disability required. So read, it becomes patent that . . . § 33(l) gives content 
 
2 The relevant provisions of the statute remain substantively the same as they were in 1989 
except a nomenclature change from “Special” benefits to “Line-of-Duty” benefits and 
“Ordinary” benefits to “Non-Line-of-Duty” benefits. 
 
9 
 
to § 34(e) insofar as the nature of the disability required as a prerequisite to 
the award of [LOD] disability retirement benefits is concerned.  Construing 
these provisions any other way would read these requirements out of § 33(l).   
 
Id. at 591–92. 
 
B. 
The Accident & Subsequent Injuries. 
This case stems from an application for LOD disability benefits filed by Officer 
Carlos Couret-Rios after he was injured in an automobile accident that occurred during his 
afternoon shift with the Baltimore City Police Department.  At the time of the accident, 
Officer Couret-Rios was 41 years old and had served as a police officer with the 
Department for eight years.  The facts of the automobile accident are undisputed. 
Officer Couret-Rios was on duty on August 12, 2014 when a vehicle rear-ended the 
departmental vehicle in which he was sitting.  Officer Couret-Rios briefly lost 
consciousness when his head snapped forward and back.  He was taken to an emergency 
room where he complained of neck pain, blurry vision, nausea, and dizziness.  He was 
discharged with a diagnosis of a concussion and cervical strain.  For all relevant times after 
the accident, Officer Couret-Rios was removed from full duty and placed on light duty 
status. 
Over the next several months, Officer Couret-Rios received treatment for neck and 
upper-back pain, headaches, and nausea.  He also complained of a tremor in his left hand, 
an unsteady gait, a reduction in his rate of cognition, and irritability.  The treating 
physicians diagnosed Officer Couret-Rios with benign positional vertigo3 and post-
 
3 “Benign positional vertigo,” which is also known as “benign paroxysmal positional 
vertigo,” is “a condition marked by short, recurrent episodes of vertigo and nystagmus 
 
10 
 
concussion syndrome.   The physicians also prescribed physical therapy to improve Officer 
Couret-Rios’s balance and reduce the problems related to dizziness. 
By October 23, 2014, two months after the accident, the officer’s back pain was 
resolved as evidenced by the medical records at that time.  For the next several months, he 
continued treatment with a physical therapist.  By the time he was discharged from physical 
therapy on January 2, 2015, Officer Couret-Rios had no symptoms of vertigo or dizziness 
and suffered from only an occasional mild headache.  In fact, his physical condition had 
improved to allow his return to a full exercise program. 
Officer Couret-Rios first complained of short-term memory loss on December 11, 
2014, four months after the initial injury.  At a doctor’s appointment on that date, Officer 
Couret-Rios recounted that sometime within the last month he was suspended from duty 
because he misplaced his service firearm—an error that he attributed to his memory issues.  
In connection with his memory issues, Officer Couret-Rios was referred for 
neuropsychological testing. 
 
brought about by a change in head position.”  Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, 
Merriam-Webster, 
https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/benign%20paroxysmal%20positional%20vertigo 
(last 
visited 
April 30, 2020), archived at https://perma.cc/ZF2M-PEV9.  “Vertigo” is “a sensation of 
motion in which the individual or the individual’s surroundings seem to whirl dizzily.”  
Vertigo, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vertigo (last 
visited April 30, 2020), archived at https://perma.cc/YZZ8-XZ6L.  “Nystagmus” is the 
“involuntary usually rapid movement of the eyeballs occurring normally with dizziness 
during and after bodily rotation or abnormally following head injury or as a symptom of 
disease.” 
 
Nystagmus, 
Merriam-Webster, 
https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/nystagmus 
(last 
visited 
April 
30, 
2020), 
archived 
at 
https://perma.cc/AP6K-JFLB. 
 
11 
 
After testing, Dr. Melissa Blackwell, a licensed psychologist, prepared a 
neurological evaluation report (the “Blackwell Report”).  At the time of the Blackwell 
Report, on February 5, 2015, Officer Couret-Rios denied any remaining physical 
symptoms and noted that he had returned to all physical activities including exercising and 
weightlifting every day.  Dr. Blackwell determined, however, that Officer Couret-Rios had 
developed cognitive symptoms: 
In my opinion, and to a reasonable degree of neuropsychological 
certainty, 
Mr. 
Couret[-Rios] 
sustained 
a 
mild 
traumatic 
brain 
injury/concussion on August 12, 2014 based upon his reports of head jolting, 
possible loss of consciousness, brief post-traumatic amnesia or disruption in 
mental status at the time of the injury, and subsequent post-concussive 
symptoms.  His profile indicates a pattern of select cognitive deficits with 
multiple aspects of attention and short-term/working memory most adversely 
impacted on testing.  These cognitive deficits are, more likely than not, a 
function of his continued recovery from the concussion sustained on August 
12, 2014.  His history of premature birth also cannot be ruled out as a 
contributing factor to his neurocognitive weaknesses.  
 
Dr. Blackwell concluded that Officer Couret-Rios’s symptoms were “consistent 
with . . . a Mild Neurocognitive Disorder secondary to” a concussion but that he “has 
already evidenced significant signs of recovery of both physical and cognitive symptoms, 
though the likelihood of further recovery is certainly possible.”  
By June 4, 2015, a police department physician determined that it was “highly 
unlikely” that Officer Couret-Rios would be able to return to full duty service.  Two months 
later, on August 28, 2015, Officer Couret-Rios was told by the same physician that he had 
“permanent” “limitations which prevent[ed] him from performing all of the essential 
functions of a police officer in a safe, reliable, and ongoing manner.”   
 
12 
 
Dr. Walter Kozachuk, a neurologist, examined Officer Couret-Rios on November 
3, 2015 and concluded in a written report that the officer had “48% whole person 
impairment” including memory, back, and physical endurance impairments, and 
headaches.   
Officer Couret-Rios timely applied for line-of-duty disability retirement on 
February 2, 2016 (the “Application”).  On the Application, Officer Couret-Rios checked 
boxes stating that he had both a “Physical” and “Mental” incapacity and, on another part 
of the application, described the “cause of [his] disability” as “pain to head, neck, back, 
including post[-]concussion syndrome and psychological problems.”  According to the 
Application, Officer Couret-Rios was now incapable of performing “Almost All” of his 
principal duties as a law enforcement officer, with the exception being “limited report 
writing.”  The Application also included a statement from Dr. Kozachuk diagnosing 
Officer Couret-Rios with concussion, headaches, dizziness, nausea, ataxia,4 absence spells, 
memory loss, and dysphasia.5  Dr. Kozachuk’s statement also included Officer Couret-
Rios’s subjective complaints of neck pain, loss of balance, insomnia, and depression.  
Absent from the application was any mention of back pain. 
 
4 “Ataxia” is “an inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements that is symptomatic 
of some central nervous system disorders and injuries and not due to muscle weakness.”  
Ataxia, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ataxia (last 
visited April 30, 2020), archived at https://perma.cc/5SVZ-4WD6. 
5 “Dysphasia” is “loss of or deficiency in the power to use or understand language as a 
result of injury to or disease of the brain.”  Dysphasia, Merriam-Webster, 
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dysphasia (last visited April 30, 2020), 
archived at https://perma.cc/VQN7-NR2B. 
 
13 
 
As part of the disability application process, F&P gathered Officer Couret-Rios’s 
pre-injury and post-injury medical records.  Officer Couret-Rios was also evaluated by 
several medical experts in connection with his disability claim, all of whom produced 
written reports.  The relevant medical evaluations included: 
• Dr. Douglas Shepard, Independent Medical Evaluation, October 11, 2016 
• Dr. Michael Sellman, Independent Neurological Evaluation, December 29, 2016 
• Dr. Stephen Siebert, Psychiatric Independent Medical Evaluation, March 7, 2017 
• Dr. Louis Halikman, Independent Orthopedic Consultation, April 27, 2017 
C. 
The Administrative Hearing & Report. 
On June 28, 2017, a hearing examiner held a § 33(l) hearing on Officer Couret-
Rios’s Application for LOD benefits.  Officer Couret-Rios argued that his “three main” 
disabling complaints were (1) headaches; (2) lower back pain; and (3) “cognitive 
neurological issues, memory, those kind of things.”  Officer Couret-Rios testified at the 
hearing and provided examples of how his neurological issues might affect his performance 
as a police officer.  In connection with his poor memory, Officer Couret-Rios testified that 
he might forget that he confiscated drugs or have problems recalling faces and facts while 
testifying against a suspect.  He further testified that at one point, he forgot that he had a 
daughter and, on several occasions, recognized co-workers but could not recall their names. 
With regard to the headaches, Officer Couret-Rios testified that even prior to the 
accident he suffered from headaches while working full time and that if the headaches were 
his only malady, that he would still be able to perform his job.  As to the back pain, Officer 
Couret-Rios testified that he would not be able to chase suspects or sit or stand for long 
 
14 
 
periods of time, and worried that a suspect could easily overpower him in a physical 
altercation.  Officer Couret-Rios testified that the back pain alone incapacitated him so 
severely that, if he continued as a police officer, he would “get killed.” 
After considering the testimony and over 600 pages of medical records, the hearing 
examiner issued a written report including her factual findings and legal conclusions.  The 
report included summaries of the testimony, the written medical records, and the “EXPERT 
EVALUATIONS.” 
In the “EXPERT EVALUATIONS” section, the hearing examiner summarized the 
expert reports provided by both parties.  Officer Couret-Rios’s experts included Dr. 
Kozachuk, a neurologist, and Dr. Shepard, an orthopedist.  Dr. Kozachuk’s report mirrored 
his statement in the Application that provided a disability rating of 48% temporary total 
disability and ratings of anatomical loss to speech, neck, back, and central nervous system.  
Dr. Shepard reported anatomical loss ratings as to orthopedic issues: 12% impairment to 
thoracic spine, 22% impairment to lumbar spine, and 15% left hip.  Dr. Shepard also 
referred to a report by orthopedic spine surgeon Dr. Chad Rutter.6  According to Dr. 
Shepard, Dr. Rutter diagnosed Officer Couret-Rios with lumbar disk disorder and 
radiculopathy.  Dr. Rutter reviewed a magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) scan taken on 
February 29, 2016 and opined that Officer Couret-Rios had “L4-L5 degenerative disk 
disease, small disk bulge and moderate foraminal stenosis.”   
 
6 Dr. Rutter’s report is not present in the record. 
 
15 
 
F&P submitted reports from Dr. Sellman, Dr. Siebert, and Dr. Halikman.  Dr. 
Sellman, a neurologist, concluded that the original injury to the head was mild.  He stated 
he could not relate the constellation of symptoms to the motor vehicle accident.  Although 
he determined that Officer Couret-Rios was permanently and totally disabled, he did not 
believe that Officer Couret-Rios sustained an incapacitating neurological injury in the 
accident. 
Dr. Siebert provided a diagnosis of mild neurocognitive disorder due to concussion 
but stated that Officer Couret-Rios’s prognosis was “guarded” due to multiple preexisting 
medical problems including diabetes and hypertension.  Dr. Siebert concluded that Officer 
Couret-Rios’s cognitive difficulties were disabling but that such difficulties were related 
to both preexisting medical conditions and the injuries caused by the automobile accident. 
Dr. Halikman, an orthopedic surgeon, examined Officer Couret-Rios in relation to 
his complaints of lower back pain.  In his report, Dr. Halikman concluded, 
[i]t is my impression that this patient does not have objective evidence of 
disability due to a low back injury.  At the time of the accident in 2014 his 
primary orthopaedic complaint involved neck pain.  Back pain developed 
afterwards and there was significant improvement with ordinary physical 
therapy and conventional treatment.  On an objective basis today, lumbar 
spine function appears satisfactory. . . . 
 
It is my opinion, therefore, that from an orthopaedic point of view, 
disability retirement is not established. 
 
The hearing examiner next outlined the controlling law whereby she cited 
Kielczewski, 77 Md. App. at 581, for the proposition that “[b]enefits for NLOD disability 
may be awarded on the basis of a mental or physical incapacity[, but b]enefits for LOD 
disability can only be awarded based on a physical incapacity.”  The hearing examiner then 
 
16 
 
announced her factual findings and legal conclusions in a section titled “DECISION.”  The 
hearing examiner was unpersuaded that Officer Couret-Rios had suffered a disabling 
orthopedic injury in the automobile accident.  Relying especially on Dr. Halikman’s expert 
report, the hearing examiner had “trouble finding that [Officer Couret-Rios] is disabled due 
to a back condition related to” the accident.  The hearing examiner concluded that “[t]he 
records indicate any back problem related to the initial injury [are] resolved.  The current 
back problems come much later and per the [February 29, 2016] MRI, the back problems 
are degenerative.”   
The hearing examiner, however, found that Officer Couret-Rios was permanently 
disabled because of “problems relating to attention and memory.”  Placing particular 
emphasis on the Blackwell Report, the hearing examiner specifically found that Officer 
Couret-Rios was “permanently incapacitated from his regular job duties as the result of an 
injury to his brain” that occurred “while he was in the performance of his duties.”  Based 
on that finding, the hearing examiner concluded that Officer Couret-Rios had met the 
criteria for LOD disability benefits—i.e., that he was physically incapacitated. 
On judicial review, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City affirmed the hearing 
examiner’s decision.  F&P appealed to the Court of Special Appeals. 
D. 
The Court of Special Appeals. 
The Court of Special Appeals reversed in a rare 1-1-1 fractured decision, Judge 
Kevin F. Arthur for the majority, Judge Timothy E. Meredith concurring, and Judge Andrea 
M. Leahy dissenting.  See Fire & Police Emps.’ Ret. Sys. of Balt. v. Couret-Rios, No. 
02493, Sept. Term, 2017, 2019 WL 1934004 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Apr. 30, 2019).  The 
 
17 
 
controlling opinion concluded that Officer Couret-Rios’s “incapacitation is mental, rather 
than physical, as those terms are commonly understood” and thus held that the hearing 
examiner erred in concluding that Officer Couret-Rios was entitled to LOD benefits.  Id. 
at *5.  According to the Court of Special Appeals, the clear and unambiguous meaning of 
“physical incapacity” as used in the statute is “the quality or state of being incapable of 
doing something with the body,” as opposed to “with the mind,” that the attention and 
memory deficits disabling Officer Couret-Rios were mental incapacity, and that the hearing 
examiner’s decision allowing him LOD benefits was legal error.  Id. at *4.  The majority 
opinion began its analysis with the common understanding and dictionary definitions of 
the words “incapacity,” “physical,” and “mental,” and then confirmed the plain meaning 
by applying those definitions to the statutory scheme. The majority also highlighted the 
distinction between physical and mental incapacity, as described in Kielczewski.  Further, 
the majority rejected the hearing examiner’s attempt to conflate the mental nature of the 
incapacity itself (i.e., attention and memory deficits) with the physical nature of the injury 
(i.e., concussion/mild traumatic brain injury) that caused the incapacity, by noting that this 
Court “declined to equate the terms [in Marsheck v. Board of Trustees of Fire Police 
Employees’ Retirement System of the City of Baltimore, 358 Md. 393 (2000)], because its 
review of the statutory structure established that the City Council had ‘made distinction in 
meaning between the terms “injury” and “disability” or “incapacity.”””  Couret-Rios, 2019 
WL 1934004, at *5 (quoting Marsheck, 358 Md. at 408).  The majority concluded that 
“[a]n employee’s entitlement to [LOD] benefits depends on whether the incapacitation is 
 
18 
 
physical or mental in nature, not on whether he or she suffered physical injury.” Id. 
(emphasis added). 
Judge Meredith concurred with the result but noted that, had there been no 
controlling precedent, he would agree with the dissent because “the distinction between 
physical incapacity and mental incapacity seems arbitrary in the context of a traumatic line-
of-duty injury to a police officer’s brain.”  Id. at *6 (Meredith, J., concurring).   
Judge Leahy dissented, reiterating the arbitrary distinction between physical and 
mental incapacity and distinguishing Marsheck, the case relied upon by the majority.  Id. 
at *6–7 (Leahy, J., dissenting).  According to the dissent, “the statute was [not] intended to 
deny line-of-duty benefits to an officer who is incapacitated by a traumatic brain injury 
suffered while performing his job” and Marsheck does not “forbid[] consideration of the 
nexus between an injury and a consequent incapacitation.”  Id. at *6.  The dissent, therefore, 
would have affirmed the decision of the hearing examiner because “there is a direct nexus 
between the physical injury to the brain and the disabling mental impairment suffered by 
Officer Couret-Rios.”  Id. at *7. 
Officer Couret-Rios filed a petition for writ of certiorari which this Court granted.  
Couret-Rios v. Fire & Police Emps.’ Ret. Sys. of Balt., 465 Md. 663 (2019).  He presents 
one question for our review: 
Did the hearing examiner commit an error of law when she awarded line-of-
duty disability benefits based on a finding of fact that [Officer Couret-Rios] 
suffered from attention and memory deficits as a result of a traumatic brain 
injury sustained while performing his job? 
 
 
19 
 
 
For the reasons that follow, we answer in the negative.  After finding that memory 
and attention deficits were Officer Couret-Rios’s only incapacities, the hearing examiner 
did not err by concluding that those incapacities were physical and thus granting LOD 
benefits.  As such, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals. 
STANDARD OF REVIEW 
Under Article 22, Section 33(l)(1), of the Baltimore City Code, F&P hearing 
examiners are selected on the basis of “demonstrated knowledge and competence in 
disability claims evaluation.”  In addition, under § 33(l)(12), the determination of the 
hearing examiner is “presumptively correct” and “may not be disturbed on review except 
when arbitrary, illegal, capricious, or discriminatory.”   
Due to the expertise of the hearing examiners, in reviewing administrative decisions 
this Court “must not itself make independent findings of fact or substitute its judgment for 
that of the agency.”  Md.-Nat’l Capital Park Planning Comm’n v. Anderson, 395 Md. 172, 
180–81 (2006) (quoting Balt. Lutheran High Sch. Ass’n, Inc. v. Emp’t Sec. Admin., 302 
Md. 649, 662 (1985)).  “Of course, a reviewing court may always determine whether the 
administrative agency made an error of law.”  Balt. Lutheran High Sch. Ass’n, 302 Md. at 
662; see also Hubbel v. Bd. of Trs. of Fire & Police Emps.’ Ret. Sys. of Balt., 192 Md. App. 
742, 749 (2010) (noting that appellate courts “can reverse the agency’s legal decisions 
‘where the legal conclusions reached by that body are based on an erroneous interpretation 
or application’” of the relevant law (quoting Overlook LLLP v. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs of 
Wash. Cty., 183 Md. App. 233, 247–48 (2008))).   
 
20 
 
The issue in this case is governed by the language of Article 22, §§ 33(l), 34(c) and 
34(e-1) of the Baltimore City Code.  “When we construe a statute, we search for legislative 
intent.”  Bell v. Chance, 460 Md. 28, 53 (2018) (citing Hughes v. Moyer, 452 Md. 77, 94 
(2017)).  If the language is “unambiguous and its meaning is plain and definite,” this 
Court’s “inquiry as to the legislature’s intent will end and [we] will not venture outside the 
words of the statute.”  Marsheck, 358 Md. at 402–03.  “If the statute’s language is 
ambiguous, however, we will look towards other sources, such as relevant case law and 
legislative history, to aid us in determining the legislature’s intentions.”  Id. at 403.  
“Throughout this process, we avoid constructions that are illogical or nonsensical, or that 
render a statute meaningless.”  Bell, 460 Md. at 53 (citing Fisher v. E. Corr. Inst., 425 Md. 
699, 706 (2012); Frost v. State, 336 Md. 125, 137 (1994)). 
“Remedial legislation, such as governs the retirement system here, must be 
construed liberally in favor of injured employees in order to effectuate the legislation’s 
remedial purpose.”  Marsheck, 358 Md. at 403; see, e.g, Martin v. Beverage Capital Corp., 
353 Md. 388, 400 (1999) (“[The] statute should be liberally construed so that any 
ambiguity, uncertainty or conflict is resolved in favor of the claimant, in order to effect the 
statute’s benevolent purposes.” (quoting Linder Crane Serv. Co. v. Hogan, 86 Md. App. 
438, 443 (1991))); Montgomery Cty. v. McDonald, 317 Md. 466, 472 (1989) 
(“Undoubtedly the [statute] is to be construed liberally in favor of injured employees and 
to effectuate its remedial purposes . . . .”). 
 
21 
 
DISCUSSION 
The principal issue before the Court is whether a mild traumatic brain injury that 
caused attention and memory issues fits the “physical incapacity” classification of the F&P 
statute, and therefore whether Officer Couret-Rios will be granted LOD, as opposed to 
NLOD, benefits.  Advocating for LOD benefits, Officer Couret-Rios puts forth one primary 
argument: that memory and attention deficits are “physical incapacities” because they are 
manifestations of a physical injury to his brain.7  We agree.  The “physical incapacity” 
classification is ambiguous and open to multiple interpretations, including the 
interpretation that, in certain circumstances, a physical injury to the brain that causes post-
 
7 Officer Couret-Rios initially argues that we need not reach the legal issue of how to define 
“physical incapacity” because the hearing examiner “implied” physical incapacity in her 
findings.  Officer Couret-Rios makes this argument for the first time before this Court.  
Officer Couret-Rios admits that the hearing examiner “only explicitly noted that [Officer 
Couret-Rios] suffered from attention and memory deficits,” but argues that the hearing 
examiner implicitly found that Officer Couret-Rios had every symptom and incapacity 
mentioned in the Blackwell Report simply because the hearing examiner found the 
Blackwell Report “especially persuasive” to her final determination.  The hearing 
examiner’s decision, as it related to the Blackwell Report, stated in full: 
I find the Claimant is disabled due to problems relating to attention and 
memory. I base this decision on my review of the records, and find the 
[Blackwell Report] to be especially persuasive.  Despite giving strong effort 
during the testing done [by Dr. Blackwell], the Claimant demonstrated 
difficulty with working memory, attention, and impulsivity at 6 months post-
accident, 
when 
most 
improvement 
from 
mild 
[traumatic 
brain 
injury]/concussion is expected within 3 to 4 months post injury. 
Our reading of the hearing examiner’s report does not support Officer Couret-Rios’s 
argument.  By finding the Blackwell Report “especially persuasive,” the hearing examiner 
was not implicitly adopting the entirety of the Blackwell Report.  Rather, she was setting 
forth her reasons, as required by § 33(l)(12), for her finding of memory and attention 
incapacity.   
 
22 
 
concussion syndrome is a “physical incapacity.”  We begin with the plain meaning of the 
statute. 
A. 
Plain Meaning Analysis. 
To determine plain meaning, F&P and the Court of Special Appeals start with the 
dictionary definition of “incapacity” and “physical.”8  According to Merriam-Webster, 
“incapacity” means “the quality or state of being incapable.”  Incapacity, Merriam-
Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/incapacity (last visited Apr. 9, 
2020), archived at https://perma.cc/J6JX-484J.  “Physical incapacity,” the Court of Special 
Appeals concluded, is therefore the quality or state of being incapable of doing something 
physical, while “mental incapacity” is the quality or state of being incapable of doing 
something mental.  F&P argues that neither Officer Couret-Rios nor the dissenting judge 
below point to any ambiguity in those definitions, therefore the statutory analysis should 
end there.  See Marsheck, 358 Md. at 402–03 (“[I]f the language of the statute is 
unambiguous and its meaning is plain and definite, our inquiry as to the legislature’s intent 
will end and we will not venture outside the words of the statute.”).  In addition, F&P 
 
8 “To determine the ordinary meaning of those words, we find it helpful to consult their 
dictionary definitions.”  Neal v. Balt. City Bd. of Sch. Comm’rs, 467 Md. 399, 417 n.10 
(2020) (quoting Bd. of Educ. of Prince George’s Cty. v. Marks-Sloan, 428 Md. 1, 28 
(2012)); see Marriott Emps. Fed. Credit Union v. Motor Vehicle Admin., 346 Md. 437, 447 
(1997) (“Although dictionary definitions do not provide dispositive resolutions of the 
meaning of statutory terms, dictionaries do provide a useful starting point for determining 
what statutory terms mean, at least in the abstract, by suggesting what the legislature could 
have meant by using particular terms.” (internal citations and original omission omitted)). 
 
23 
 
asserts that Officer Couret-Rios is entitled only to NLOD benefits because attention deficit 
and memory issues are “mental incapacities.”   
 
To the contrary, the very premise of this appeal points to an ambiguity in the F&P 
statute—the language of the statute is ambiguous as to whether a “physical incapacity” 
includes post-concussion manifestations.  As F&P concedes, “the brain is our most 
complex organ and the mind is an endless mystery.”  Indeed, the distinction between 
“physical capacity” and “mental capacity” appears to invoke the “mind-body problem” that 
has dogged philosophers for centuries.  But we do not have to solve the mind-body problem 
to decide this case.   
Instead, the statute requires deference to the expertise of the hearing examiner.  In 
her decision, the hearing examiner described at length the Blackwell Report that related 
Officer Couret-Rios’s cognitive deficits to the mild traumatic brain injury that he suffered 
on August 12, 2014.  It is safe to say that these deficits have a source in a physical 
incapacity in the part of the brain that governs short term memory.  This sort of incapacity 
is distinguishable from a mental incapacity that is less easy to attribute to a physical 
source—for example, if he had developed a debilitating fear of riding in a police car as a 
result of the accident. 
Judge Leahy, dissenting below, put it this way: 
[A] traumatic brain injury impairs the mind, just as injury to the eye impairs 
vision, and injury to the ear drum impairs hearing.  Each of these capacities 
do not have observable physical qualities, yet impairments to one’s sight, 
hearing, and cognition can be physically incapacitating. (Of course, not every 
brain injury results in a mental incapacity, just as injury to another organ or 
limb may not result in an incapacity.) 
 
 
24 
 
Couret-Rios, 2019 WL 1934004, at *6 (Leahy, J., dissenting). 
It is unreasonable to conclude that the City Council enacted the physical-mental 
distinction to diminish the retirement benefits of police officers and fire fighters simply 
because an incapacity is related to the brain.  Indeed, it would seem contrary to the remedial 
nature of the statute to de facto punish an officer for such an injury, which can often be 
more physically debilitating than other clear-cut “physical” incapacities.  
As F&P points out, the mental-physical distinction derives from the nature of 
retirement systems.  The benefit distinctions do not “absolve employers of liability for 
brain injuries,” as the dissent below argues, but rather lessen the payout from the retirement 
system.  See id. at *7 (Leahy, J., dissenting).  Unlike a workers’ compensation statute that 
is focused on legal liability, the F&P statute is a retirement benefits system funded by the 
very members who are entitled to benefit from it.  Like a statute of limitations, the 
distinction sets a bright line that, according to F&P, reduces the cost of fraud and increases 
confidence in causation within the system.  F&P notes that “[m]ental incapacities are just 
as real, and sometimes more debilitating, than physical incapacities, but because the brain 
is our most complex organ and the mind is an endless mystery, from the perspective of a 
retirement benefit system trying to maximize the Members’ collective benefits, mental 
incapacities are more challenging to verify in terms of existence and in terms of causation.” 
Symptoms of post-concussion syndrome, including memory and attention deficits, 
unlike a fear of riding in a police car, are not “challenging to verify in terms of existence 
 
25 
 
and in terms of causation.”9  The record makes clear, and the hearing examiner concluded, 
that Officer Couret-Rios is suffering from these maladies as a result of the automobile 
accident on August 12, 2014.   
We therefore conclude that the term “physical incapacity” is ambiguous in the 
context of the F&P statute.  To divine legislative intent, then, we next turn to the case law.   
B. 
Applying the Case Law. 
In Kielczewski, a firefighter lost vision in one eye while fighting a fire, and as a 
result, his “emotional and mental state deteriorated.”10  77 Md. App. at 583.  Both parties 
agreed that the firefighter was able to physically perform his duties, but that his 
psychological problems rendered him mentally incapacitated.  The Court of Special 
Appeals held that the firefighter was eligible only for NLOD benefits because a physical 
incapacity is a “condition precedent” to an award of LOD benefits.  Id. at 592. 
Here, neither party argues that a physical incapacity is a “condition precedent” to 
an award of LOD benefits.  But we see a material difference between a physical injury to 
the eyeball leading to a mental incapacity, like in Kielczewski, and a physical injury to the 
brain leading to post-concussion syndrome and attention and memory deficits.  The 
incapacity suffered by the claimant in Kielczewski represents the type of incapacity that is 
“more challenging” to attribute to a physical source, namely a “mental” incapacity that is 
 
9 Although as indicated infra notes 12–15, there are challenges with proper treatment and 
continuing diagnoses. 
10 The court did not elaborate on the firefighter’s emotional and mental maladies.  
 
26 
 
not a direct objective manifestation of a physical incapacity.  See Couret-Rios, 2019 WL 
1934004, at *7 (Leahy, J., dissenting) (“A physical injury to part of the body other than the 
brain, as in [Kielczewski], would not carry the same nexus to any resulting mental 
incapacity.”). 
 
That being the case, we are careful to distinguish between “incapacity” and “injury” 
in the context of the F&P statute.  This Court, in Marsheck, addressed that distinction in a 
statute of limitations case.  358 Md. at 393.  There, a police officer suffered a back injury 
that was not immediately disabling, but eventually left her physically incapacitated.  The 
police officer submitted her application for LOD benefits within five years of becoming 
incapacitated but not within five years of the injury that caused the incapacitation, as 
required by the F&P statute.  She was therefore granted only NLOD benefits.  She urged 
this Court to conflate the meanings of “injury” and “incapacity” in order to receive the 
more substantial LOD benefits.  The Court disagreed with the police officer and held that 
“injury” and “incapacity” are distinct words for the purposes of the F&P statute.  The Court 
noted that such a bright line limitation—i.e., running a five-year application deadline from 
the date of injury—should not be disturbed by the judiciary where the Baltimore City 
Council enacted such a plain rule.  
 
F&P argues, and the Court of Special Appeals held, that because Marsheck 
distinguished “injury” from “incapacitation,” the hearing examiner erred in conflating the 
“physical” nature of the injury—a concussion—with the “mental” nature of the 
incapacity—memory and attention deficits.  Officer Couret-Rios argues that Marsheck is 
distinguishable.  He contends that, although “the Marsheck Court distinguished the terms 
 
27 
 
‘injury’ and ‘incapacitation’ for the purpose of applying the statute’s time limitation,” the 
holding in Marsheck does not “forbid[] consideration of the nexus between an injury and 
a consequent incapacitation.”  Couret-Rios, 2019 WL 1934004, at *6 (Leahy, J., 
dissenting).  We agree that both the context—a statute of limitations case—and the 
justification for that context, are dissimilar from the case at hand.  See Marsheck, 358 Md. 
at 401–02 (explaining that the statute’s time limitation served to “1) protect against 
frivolous claims; and 2) supply the relatively greater certitude of objectively verifiable 
dates and events in lieu of potentially difficult questions of proof and causation that may 
be presented otherwise”).   
 
We also agree that Marsheck is distinct from this case.  As we reiterated above, if 
there is ambiguity or doubt as to how the statute should be interpreted, the canons of 
statutory construction prefer a liberal interpretation of remedial legislation such as the F&P 
statute.  In Marsheck, the Court did not apply that principle because the issue there was a 
clear-cut statute of limitations, a procedural question to which the principle of liberal 
interpretation (even in this context or the context of a workers’ compensation statute) does 
not apply.  358 Md. at 403–05.  The case before us now does not involve a limitations 
issue, but rather whether a claimant qualifies for LOD benefits based on the ambiguous 
definition of “physical incapacity”—the heart of the substance of the statute. 
As noted, we do not need to solve the “mind-body” problem to resolve this 
ambiguity.  A look to brain science from the last five years, however, helps clarify our 
understanding of the F&P statute because much has developed in that field since Officer 
Couret-Rios was injured in the automobile accident in 2014.  By applying modern 
 
28 
 
neuroscience to the F&P statute, attention and memory issues that result from physical 
injuries to the brain could be identified as “physical incapacities” or “mental incapacities” 
depending upon the facts of the case.   
Concussions—termed “mild traumatic brain injuries” (“mild TBI”) in the medical 
field11—are extremely complex and brain research is rapidly changing on the subject.  
Medical professionals agree that there are various levels of TBI, including a wide spectrum 
of mild TBI.12  The severity of TBI is typically defined at the time of the initial injury but 
 
11 Indeed, the terms are used interchangeably in the literature and are often treated as 
synonymous.  Noah K. Kaufman et al., What Attorneys and Factfinders Need to Know 
About Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries, 12 Psychol. Inj. & L. 91, 91 (2019) (citing Ronald 
M. Ruff et al., Recommendations for Diagnosing a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A 
National Academy of Neuropsychology Education Paper, 24 Archives Clinical 
Neuropsychol. 3, 3–10 (2009)); see Betsy J. Grey & Gary E. Marchant, Biomarkers, 
Concussions, and the Duty of Care, 2015 Mich. St. L. Rev. 1911, 1911 n.1, 1922 n.63 
(2015) (citing Kimberly G. Harmon et al., American Medical Society for Sports Medicine 
Position Statement: Concussion in Sport, 47 Brit. J. Sports. Med. 15, 16–17 (2013)) 
(“[M]ost lay people, policymakers, athletes, and coaches use the term ‘concussion’ to refer 
to a constellation of neurological symptoms, such as dizziness, clouded thinking, and even 
unconsciousness, that can result from a head trauma.  However, the term concussion is not 
a medically precise or defined term.  Rather, specialists refer to mild traumatic brain injury, 
with the word ‘mild’ distinguishing concussive injuries from more severe brain injuries 
resulting from major traumas, such as a bullet, explosion, or car accident that permanently 
disfigures the brain.”). 
12 Traumatic Brain Injury Information Page, Nat’l Inst. Neurological Disorders & Stroke, 
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Traumatic-Brain-Injury-Information-
Page (last visited Apr. 13, 2020), archived at https://perma.cc/4TAS-YVB9; see Grey & 
Marchant, supra note 11, at 1922–23; Kaufman et al., supra note 11, at 92–93; Shauna 
Kashluba et al., Neuropsychologic and Functional Outcome After Complicated Mild 
Traumatic Brain Injury, 89 Archives Physical Med. & Rehabilitation 904, 904 (2008) 
(discussing the Glasgow Coma Scale, a widely used classification metric); Jorge Humberto 
Mena, Effect of the Modified Glasgow Coma Scale Score Criteria for Mild Traumatic 
Brain Injury on Mortality Prediction, 71 J. Trauma 1185, 1186 (2011).  
 
29 
 
the severity of the injury defined initially does not necessarily predict the trajectory or 
natural history of TBI, as individuals diagnosed with mild TBI can experience ongoing 
impairment.13  Here, for example, multiple doctors noted that Officer Couret-Rios suffered 
more severe symptoms and suffered longer than a typical mild TBI patient would. 
The distinction between mild TBI and more severe TBI 
although widely accepted, is inexact; TBI is considered a spectrum, and the precise 
distinction between the two levels of brain injury lacks consensus in both medicine and 
law. . . .  There is no agreed-upon definition of m[ild ]TBI or concussion, because there is 
no consensus on objective criteria for defining and diagnosing this type of injury.  Rather, 
m[ild ]TBI currently remains a subjective clinical diagnosis based primarily on patient 
history and observable behavioral symptoms. . . .  It is not surprising that this spectrum of 
symptoms exists, considering the diverse ways in which a brain injury can happen, as well 
as the different brain structures that could be affected by the external trauma. . . .  
Furthermore, therapy for brain repair is controversial; the type of care the individual should 
receive during recuperation is not agreed upon.  Some doctors prescribe brain silence (no 
reading, no math, no computers), while others say some brain stimulation is therapeutic.  
Some researchers suggest that treatment may depend on what part of the brain received the 
 
13 Evaluation of the Disability Determination Process for Traumatic Brain Injury in 
Veterans, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 26, 27, 98 (2019), 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542602/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK542602.pdf, 
archived at https://perma.cc/B5T8-BBFA; Grey & Marchant, supra note 11, at 1923; 
Douglas H. Smith et al., Therapy Development for Diffuse Axonal Injury, 30 J. 
Neurotrauma 307, 313 (2013). 
On a related but separate note, diagnosis issues can have negative effects in the 
disability determination process “because [disability] labels often engender self-fulfilling 
prophecies.  Patients may be led to believe that they are incapable of getting better; that 
they are permanently disabled, and that they lack control over their present and future 
status.  Further, by virtue of being inappropriately diagnosed, patients may be referred for 
expensive and labor-intensive treatment or management services that they either don’t need 
or which is downright detrimental to their post-accident recovery.”  Kaufman et al., supra 
note 11, at 91.  Some medical experts have commented that many disability cases would 
have different outcomes if the worker had been diagnosed properly.  See id. at 102–04 
(discussing White v. Guest Servs., Inc., 814 S.E.2d 626 (N.C. Ct. App. 2018); In re 
Williams, 409 P.3d 1219 (Wyo. 2018)). 
 
30 
 
trauma.  And even harder is determining whether chronic brain damage has occurred (and 
its cause) or whether certain individuals might be more susceptible . . . .[14] 
 
Although a mild TBI does not typically result in any permanent physical 
incapacities,15 there are scenarios such as Officer Couret-Rios’s where a mild TBI leads to 
physical incapacity.  Given the inexact nomenclature, diagnoses, and treatment of mild 
TBIs, Maryland courts will have to continue to rely on the medical records and findings of 
hearing examiners.16  Due to such medical uncertainty, nothing in this Opinion should be 
interpreted to mean that every case involving a brain injury qualifies for LOD benefits 
under the F&P statute.   
Providing the proper deference to the hearing examiner in this case, however, 
demands that Officer Couret-Rios is entitled to LOD benefits.  The hearing examiner 
clearly understood that “physical incapacity” was a prerequisite for LOD benefits, as she 
cited Kielczewski for that proposition in her decision.  The hearing examiner then relied on 
 
14 Grey & Marchant, supra note 11, at 1923–25. 
15 Traumatic Brain Injury Information Page, supra note 12; Grey & Marchant, supra note 
11, at 1922–23; Kaufman et al., supra note 11, at 92–93. 
16 Although, at least one court has indicated that memory and attention symptoms resulting 
from post-concussion syndrome are “physical” symptoms.  In Krepps by Krepps v. Ausen, 
479 S.E.2d 290 (S.C. Ct. App. 1996), where a minor incurred a closed head injury in an 
automobile accident and relatives of the minor sued the drunk driver who caused the 
accident, a neurologist testified that closed head injuries often result in post-concussion 
syndrome, which is evidenced by physical symptoms such as personality change, drop in 
school performance, headache, fatigue, sleep disturbance, mood alteration, irritability, and 
memory loss.  Like the child in Krepps, Officer Couret-Rios suffered a head injury during 
a car accident, experienced memory loss, and was diagnosed with post-concussion 
syndrome.   
 
 
31 
 
the Blackwell Report—a neurological evaluation performed by a licensed psychologist—
to conclude that Officer Couret-Rios was permanently physically incapacitated.  We cannot 
say, therefore, that the determination of the hearing examiner was “arbitrary, illegal, 
capricious, or discriminatory.”  Balt. City Code, Art. 22, § 33(l)(12).  Nothing about that 
conclusion is unreasonable and we refuse to “make independent findings of fact or 
substitute [our] judgment for that of the agency.”  Anderson, 395 Md. at 180–81 (quoting 
Balt. Lutheran High Sch. Ass’n, 302 Md. at 662). 
Just as a court cannot change the meaning of a statute, neither can a legislative body 
freeze medical understanding of the mind and body to limit “physical incapacity” to the 
meaning it may have had in 1966—or at least it cannot without making it quite clear that 
that is what it intends to do.  Indeed, the fact that the legislative body here used a general 
phrase like “physical incapacity” instead of listing every type of eligible incapacity is 
evidence that the legislative body did not intend for the statute to be frozen in that way.  
There are likely numerous examples of symptoms once labeled a “mental incapacity” that 
are now known to be manifestations of a physical incapacity.  Through a remedial lens, the 
City Council of Baltimore could not have meant to remove all manifestations of a physical 
incapacity caused by a brain injury from the definition of “physical incapacity.”  We 
therefore conclude that the definition of “physical incapacity” includes, in certain 
circumstances, manifestations of a physical incapacity caused by a brain injury.  Here, 
Officer Couret-Rios’s brain was physically injured and incapacitated which manifested in 
post-concussion syndrome and memory and attention deficit. 
 
32 
 
There is no doubt that neurological science has made great strides since the F&P 
statute was enacted in 1966.  While we make no determination as to the contemporary 
merits of the policy behind the benefits distinction,17 in consideration of the modern 
understanding of concussions and traumatic brain injuries, it may be advisable for the City 
Council to revisit the language of the statute.18  See, e.g., In re S.K., 466 Md. at 57–58 
(“[I]n light of these policy concerns, such legislation ought to be considered by the 
[legislature] in the future.”).   
 
17 Judges Meredith and Leahy below expressed concern over the arbitrary distinction 
between physical and mental incapacities and suggested that the statute be amended.  In 
that vein, Judge Meredith presents the absurd but feasible scenario where  
a police officer who is shot in the head but regains full use of all of the 
officer’s body parts is denied line-of-duty disability benefits regardless of the 
severity of mental incapacity, whereas an officer who is shot in the head and 
does not regain full use of the officer’s body parts is entitled to line-of-duty 
benefits even if that officer makes a full recovery of mental faculties. 
Couret-Rios, 2019 WL 1934004, at *6 (Meredith, J., concurring); see also id. at *6 (Leahy, 
J., dissenting) (“Perhaps the statute requires clarifying amendments . . . .”). 
18 Similar retirement systems in Maryland do not rely on a distinction between “physical” 
and “mental” incapacities.  For example, under the Howard County Police and Fire 
Employees’ Retirement Plan, whether the claimant receives the less substantial “ordinary 
disability” benefits or the more substantial “line of duty disability” benefits, depends only 
on whether the “total and permanent disability” was “incurred as a result of an accident or 
injury which has been sustained as an active covered individual and which has been ruled 
compensable under the Maryland Workers’ Compensation Act.”  If so sustained, the 
claimant is entitled to “line of duty” benefits.  Howard Cty. Code, § 1.431A(a)–(b).  
Otherwise, the claimant is entitled to “ordinary disability” benefits.  See id.  In either case, 
“total and permanent disability” is defined as “a medically determinable physical or mental 
impairment which can be expected to be permanent or result in death, and by reason of 
which the participant will be prevented from performing the usual duties of his or her 
position with the County as required by the County Code.”  Id. § 1.431A(e)(3)(i). 
 
33 
 
CONCLUSION 
We hold that the hearing examiner did not err when she awarded line-of-duty 
disability benefits based on a finding of fact that Officer Couret-Rios suffered from 
attention and memory deficits as a result of a mild traumatic brain injury.  Officer Couret-
Rios is entitled to line-of-duty retirement benefits. 
 
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF 
SPECIAL 
APPEALS 
REVERSED.  
COSTS 
TO 
BE 
PAID 
BY 
RESPONDENT.