Title: Parker v. Putney

State: virginia

Issuer: Virginia Supreme Court

Document:

Present:  Carrico, C.J., Compton, Stephenson,
* Lacy, Hassell, 
Keenan, and Koontz, JJ. 
 
J. RUSSELL PARKER, III, ET AL. 
 
 
OPINION BY JUSTICE A. CHRISTIAN COMPTON 
v.  Record No. 962149                  September 12, 1997 
 
ANNE W. PUTNEY 
 
 
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHARLES CITY COUNTY 
 
Samuel T. Powell, III, Judge 
 
 
This is an appeal in an equity suit in which the plaintiffs, 
whose property fronts on a navigable river, seek declaration of 
an implied easement by necessity across land of the defendant. 
 
The sole issue is whether the trial court erred in finding 
that privately owned boat landings along the river afford 
plaintiffs reasonable access to their property via the river and 
that this access is sufficient to deny the plaintiffs a right of 
way by necessity.  
 
The alleged dominant and servient tracts are situated near 
the Chickahominy River in Charles City County.  The river 
meanders in many directions in the general area of the subject 
properties and eventually flows into the James River a few miles 
away just below a drawbridge carrying State Route 5 across the 
Chickahominy.  
 
In the immediate area of the tracts in question, the 
Chickahominy flows nearly due south.  The properties lie west of 
the river; they are bounded on the north by a branch of Old Neck 
Creek, which flows into the Chickahominy.  Route 627, a public 
                     
     
*Justice Stephenson participated in the hearing and decision 
of this case prior to the effective date of his retirement on 
July 1, 1997. 
 
 
 
 
- 2 -  
road, lies nearby and west of the subject lands.  
 
In May 1995, appellants J. Russell Parker, III, James H. 
Pace, Robert A. Wood, and Cleveland G. Humphrey, Jr., filed a 
motion for declaratory judgment in chancery against appellee Anne 
W. Putney (now Manson) asking the court to rule they are entitled 
to an easement by necessity to afford them access to their land 
from Route 627.   
 
The plaintiffs are fee simple owners of 40.5 acres of 
marshland fronting on the Chickahominy.  This marsh is east of a 
7.9-acre tract owned by defendant.  Defendant's land abuts Old 
Neck Creek and lies between Route 627 and the plaintiffs' land.  
 The plaintiffs seek access to their marsh by way of Old Neck 
Creek utilizing a 30-foot wide non-exclusive easement, running 
east from Route 627, which leads to a 20-foot wide north-south 
easement running 377.41 feet across defendant's property to the 
creek.  
 
The plaintiffs alleged that unless they are entitled to use 
of the 20-foot easement their tract is landlocked.  They asserted 
there is "no other way for reasonable access" to their property.  
 
Responding to the motion for declaratory judgment, the 
defendant denied there is an implied easement by necessity.  She 
claimed that plaintiffs are seeking "an easement for convenience" 
because "boat landings in the area already provide access to the 
plaintiffs' marsh."  
 
Following a June 1996 ore tenus hearing, during which two of 
 
 
 
 
- 3 -  
the plaintiffs, the defendant, and her husband testified, the 
chancellor found "that an easement by necessity does not exist in 
favor of the plaintiffs."  We awarded plaintiffs this appeal from 
the August 1996 decree dismissing with prejudice the motion for 
declaratory judgment. 
 
The facts are undisputed.  Title to both the plaintiffs' and 
defendant's parcels is traced to a common grantor.  The 
plaintiffs' land, which is composed of mud and swamp grass that 
is under water at high tide, is used only for duck hunting; it is 
accessible only by boat.   
 
Upon acquisition of the property in 1990, the plaintiffs 
mistakenly believed they had an express easement in the right of 
way they now seek.  Thus, apparently without defendant's 
knowledge, they cleared the land, built a pier, and for about a 
year used the pier to launch small boats into Old Neck Creek to 
hunt ducks in their marsh.  
 
The defendant, who acquired her property in 1989, challenged 
the plaintiffs' right to the easement.  The plaintiffs conceded 
they do not have a valid express easement, and presented evidence 
seeking to establish they are entitled to an easement by 
necessity because the only other access to their land is the 
Chickahominy River. 
 
According to the evidence, the nearest public access to the 
plaintiffs' land via the river is Morris Creek landing, which is 
7.5 miles downstream.  
 
 
 
 
- 4 -  
 
There are several privately owned places in the vicinity of 
plaintiffs' marsh where boats may be launched into the river.  
The Brickyard, owned by "Newport News Shipbuilding" and posted as 
private property, is 1.4 miles north of the plaintiffs' land. 
Chickahominy Haven, a landing where a $4 launching fee is charged 
and has "a cable across it at 4:00 in the morning," is 1.8 miles 
from plaintiffs' land.  Hideaway Marina is 3.1 miles away.  
 
The evidence further showed that plaintiffs hunt the 
property about "twice a week for six weeks" in December and 
January.  Access to the marsh, and to duck blinds, is by small 
boats that can be hidden in the marsh.  "Shooting time" begins 
near 5:00 a.m. 
 
There is usually fog in the area and the marsh is frozen at 
times.  A plaintiff testified that the "best duck hunting is in 
the snow and the ice."  When ice has formed, the hunters are able 
to break the ice in Old Neck Creek "for a short distance."  
 
A plaintiff said, "You're just taking your life in your own 
hands" by trying to navigate a small boat on the Chickahominy 
during duck hunting season; he stated hunters have become lost on 
the river and have collided with each other.  He testified, 
"That's the reason we bought the marsh because I didn't want to 
travel the river."  
 
The applicable law is clear.  "A right of way by necessity 
arises from an implied grant or implied reservation of an 
easement based on the common law presumption that a grantor of 
 
 
 
 
- 5 -  
property conveys whatever is necessary for the beneficial use of 
the land conveyed and retains whatever is necessary for the 
beneficial use of the property retained."  Davis v. Henning, 250 
Va. 271, 276, 462 S.E.2d 106, 108-09 (1995).  "To establish such 
a right, the alleged dominant and servient tracts must have 
belonged to the same person at some time in the past."  Middleton 
v. Johnston, 221 Va. 797, 802, 273 S.E.2d 800, 803 (1981). 
 
There must be a showing by clear and convincing evidence 
that the way is reasonably necessary, not absolutely necessary, 
to the enjoyment of the dominant estate.  Id. at 803, 273 S.E.2d 
at 803.  Accord Davis, 250 Va. at 276, 462 S.E.2d at 109.  But, a 
way of necessity will not be established if there is another way 
of access, although less convenient and which will involve some 
labor and expense to develop.  Middleton, 221 Va. at 803, 273 
S.E.2d at 803. 
 
Upon conclusion of the hearing in this cause, the 
chancellor, in ruling against the plaintiffs, reviewed the 
principles of law that we have just recited.  After finding that 
the dominant and servient estates belonged at some time to the 
same landowner, the chancellor concluded "there's no question" 
that the plaintiffs' marsh "has access to a public road, i.e., 
the Chickahominy River."  
 
The court ruled that plaintiffs have access to the privately 
owned Brickyard and Chickahominy Haven landings, and that the 
Morris Creek and Hideaway landings "are too far away and are not 
 
 
 
 
- 6 -  
reasonable to launch a boat from . . . to come up to the 
plaintiffs' property."  Summarizing, the chancellor stated:  
"Most of my premise is that the Chickahominy River is a public 
access, and that's the equivalent of being on U.S. Route 60"; the 
court said this constituted "legal access to a public road."  We 
disagree with the trial court's ruling. 
 
In Davis, we stated that the access contemplated for an 
easement by necessity is a "legal" right of access.  250 Va. at 
277, 462 S.E.2d at 109.  The plaintiffs have no legal right to 
use either Brickyard or Chickahominy Haven, both privately owned. 
 Any use of those landings which the plaintiffs may now enjoy 
(the evidence showed a plaintiff had used Brickyard in the past) 
can be immediately terminated by the respective owners.  
 
Furthermore, while persons may lawfully travel the 
Chickahominy River as members of the public, and in this sense 
the use is "legal," this use cannot be accurately compared to the 
public's use of a public road.  Rather, because a river may be 
entered and exited only at places suitable for the purpose, use 
of the river is more properly compared to the public's use of a 
limited access highway, as the plaintiffs argue. 
 
And, the evidence is undisputed that once a person enters 
the river during duck-hunting season, the weather and tidal 
conditions make travel on the river hazardous in connection with 
the plaintiffs' use of their land.  Thus, we conclude that the 
plaintiffs' "legal" access to the river is not reasonable under 
 
 
 
 
- 7 -  
the circumstances. 
 
Our decision is consistent with the views of courts in other 
jurisdictions.  A showing of access to land across navigable 
water may in some circumstances defeat a claim of an easement by 
necessity.  Morrell v. Rice, 622 A.2d 1156, 1159 (Me. 1993).  
However, the modern view is that a way of necessity may exist, 
even though the dominant estate borders on a waterway, "if the 
water route is not available or suitable to meet the requirements 
of the uses to which the property would reasonably be put."  
Hancock v. Henderson, 202 A.2d 599, 602 (Md. 1964).  This is such 
a case.  See generally E. L. Kellett, Annotation, Easements: Way 
By Necessity Where Property Is Accessible By Navigable Water, 9 
A.L.R. 3d 600, 608-11 (1966). 
 
Accordingly, the decree below in favor of the defendant will 
be reversed.  And, because there is no objection by defendant 
regarding the location and route of the easement, final judgment 
will be entered here declaring that the plaintiffs have an 
easement by necessity across the 20-foot wide way over the 
defendant's property to Old Neck Creek. 
 
Reversed and final judgment.