Title: State ex rel. Davis v. Kennedy

State: ohio

Issuer: Ohio Supreme Court

Document:

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State 
ex rel. Davis v. Kennedy, Slip Opinion No. 2023-Ohio-1593.] 
 
 
 
 
NOTICE 
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an 
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports.  Readers are requested to 
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65 
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other 
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before 
the opinion is published. 
 
 
SLIP OPINION NO. 2023-OHIO-1593 
THE STATE EX REL. DAVIS ET AL. v. KENNEDY, JUDGE, ET AL. 
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it 
may be cited as State ex rel. Davis v. Kennedy, Slip Opinion No.  
2023-Ohio-1593.] 
Prohibition—Writ sought to prevent juvenile court from continuing to exercise 
jurisdiction—Probate court’s having exclusive jurisdiction over child’s 
preadoption placement prevents juvenile court from exercising jurisdiction 
to issue temporary orders permitting biological father to have parenting 
time with child—Writ granted. 
(No. 2022-0232—Submitted January 10, 2023—Decided May 16, 2023.) 
IN PROHIBITION. 
________________ 
 
Per Curiam. 
{¶ 1} In this original action, relators, Josephine Davis, John Doe, and Jane 
Doe, seek a writ of prohibition against respondents, the Logan County Common 
Pleas Court and Judge Natasha Kennedy.  Judge Kennedy is a judge of the Logan 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
2 
County Common Pleas Court, Family Court Division, which encompasses the 
juvenile, domestic-relations, and probate divisions, see R.C. 2301.03(CC).  For the 
reasons set forth below, we grant the requested writ of prohibition. 
I.  Background 
{¶ 2} Davis is the biological mother of H.P., a minor child born in 2020.  
Davis was 17 years old when she gave birth to H.P. 
{¶ 3} On September 3, 2020, the Van Wert County Common Pleas Court, 
Probate Division, journalized a placement entry that awarded care, custody, and 
control over H.P. to John and Jane Doe, for purposes of adoption.  In re Infant Boy 
Davis, Van Wert C.P. No. 20204015.  Davis consented to the placement.  Also on 
September 3, the Does filed an adoption petition for H.P. in the Van Wert County 
Probate Court. 
{¶ 4} On September 16, 2020, Kaidin Whitrock filed a complaint “to 
allocate parental rights and responsibilities,” invoking the juvenile-court 
jurisdiction of the Logan County Family Court and alleging that he is the biological 
father of H.P.  Whitrock v. Davis, Logan C.P. No. 20 AD 43.  The Logan County 
Family Court granted Whitrock’s motion for genetic testing to determine paternity.  
The genetic tests found a 99.99 percent probability that Whitrock is H.P.’s 
biological father.  After the Logan County Family Court received the test results, it 
stayed its proceedings pending the result of Whitrock’s appeal from a Van Wert 
County Probate Court ruling, detailed in the next paragraph. 
{¶ 5} The Van Wert County Probate Court held an adoption-consent 
hearing in January 2021.  See In re Adoption of H.P., 3d Dist. Van Wert No. 15-21-
03, 2021-Ohio-4567, ¶ 3.  According to the Third District Court of Appeals, the 
parties stipulated at the hearing that Whitrock had been legally determined to be 
H.P.’s biological father pursuant to R.C. 3111.04.  H.P. at ¶ 3.  The Van Wert 
County Probate Court determined that because Whitrock was the putative father at 
the time the adoption petition was filed and had not timely filed with the registry of 
January Term, 2023 
 
3 
putative fathers maintained by the department of job and family services pursuant 
to R.C. 3107.062, his consent to the adoption was not required under R.C. 
3107.07(B)(1).  See H.P. at ¶ 3. 
{¶ 6} The Third District reversed the Van Wert County Probate Court’s 
judgment.  Id. at ¶ 1.  The Third District agreed with the probate court that because 
Whitrock had failed to register as the putative father, his consent to the adoption 
was not required.  Id. at ¶ 4.  But according to the appellate court, “at the time of 
the [consent] hearing, [Whitrock] had a second status, that of biological father 
whose paternity had been judicially determined.”  Id. at ¶ 5.  That second status 
“include[d] the right to have the trial court determine whether his consent is 
necessary pursuant to R.C. 3107.07(A).”  Id. at ¶ 8; see R.C. 3107.07(A) (consent 
to an adoption is not required from the parent of a minor if the court finds by clear 
and convincing evidence that the parent has failed without justifiable cause to 
provide more than de minimis contact or maintenance and support as required by 
law or judicial decree for at least one year immediately preceding the filing of the 
adoption petition or placement of the minor in the petitioner’s home).  The Third 
District remanded the case for the Van Wert County Probate Court to make that 
determination.  Id. at ¶ 11. 
{¶ 7} Davis and the Does filed a discretionary appeal with this court, which 
this court accepted.  166 Ohio St.3d 1467, 2022-Ohio-1163, 185 N.E.3d 106.  On 
December 8, 2022, we reversed the Third District’s judgment.  In re Adoption of 
H.P., __ Ohio St.3d __, 2022-Ohio-4369, __ N.E.3d __.  We held that because the 
putative father “failed to timely register as a putative father or to establish his 
paternity prior to the filing of the petition to adopt H.P., his consent to H.P.’s 
adoption was not required.”  Id. at ¶ 38. 
{¶ 8} Meanwhile, Whitrock filed an omnibus motion asking Judge Kennedy 
to lift the stay, appoint a guardian ad litem for H.P., and issue temporary orders 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
4 
permitting him parental time with H.P.  Judge Kennedy lifted the stay and appointed 
a guardian ad litem for H.P. 
{¶ 9} Davis and the Does then filed this original action for a writ of 
prohibition against Judge Kennedy.  Judge Kennedy filed a motion to dismiss, 
which we denied.  167 Ohio St.3d 1464, 2022-Ohio-2490, 191 N.E.3d 443.  In the 
judgment entry, we ordered the parties to brief whether a juvenile-court order 
allocating parental rights or temporarily ordering parenting time would conflict 
with a probate-court placement order.  Id. 
II.  Legal analysis 
A.  Standard of review 
{¶ 10} To state a claim for a writ of prohibition, a relator must allege the 
exercise of judicial power, the lack of authority for the exercise of that power, and 
the lack of an adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law.  State ex rel. Elder v. 
Camplese, 144 Ohio St.3d 89, 2015-Ohio-3628, 40 N.E.3d 1138, ¶ 13.  However, 
if the absence of jurisdiction is patent and unambiguous, a relator need not establish 
the lack of an adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law.  State ex rel. Sapp v. 
Franklin Cty. Court of Appeals, 118 Ohio St.3d 368, 2008-Ohio-2637, 889 N.E.2d 
500, ¶ 15. 
{¶ 11} The parties do not dispute that Judge Kennedy has exercised judicial 
power and intends to continue to do so.  The issue this case presents is whether 
Judge Kennedy can continue to exercise juvenile-court jurisdiction without 
interfering with the exclusive, original jurisdiction of the Van Wert County Probate 
Court. 
B.  Two courts may sometimes exercise jurisdiction over cases concerning a child 
at the same time 
{¶ 12} Judge Kennedy cites In re Adoption of M.G.B.-E., 154 Ohio St.3d 
17, 2018-Ohio-1787, 110 N.E.3d 1236, and State ex rel. Allen Cty. Children Servs. 
Bd. v. Mercer Cty. Court of Common Pleas, 150 Ohio St.3d 230, 2016-Ohio-7382, 
January Term, 2023 
 
5 
81 N.E.3d 380, for the proposition that two courts may exercise their respective 
original, exclusive jurisdiction at the same time. 
{¶ 13} M.G.B.-E. examined whether a probate court could exercise its 
jurisdiction over an adoption petition despite ongoing proceedings in a domestic-
relations court, and Allen Cty. examined whether a probate court could exercise its 
jurisdiction over an adoption petition despite ongoing proceedings in a juvenile 
court.  This case presents the issue whether a juvenile court may exercise 
jurisdiction over a request for parenting time while an adoption petition is pending 
in a probate court. 
{¶ 14} In Allen Cty., a juvenile court exercised its original, exclusive 
jurisdiction concerning an allegedly abused, neglected, or dependent child, R.C. 
2151.23(A)(1).  Upon finding that a child is abused, neglected, or dependent, a 
juvenile court is authorized to issue dispositional orders awarding temporary or 
legal custody of the child.  R.C. 2151.353(A).  In Allen Cty., the juvenile court had 
awarded temporary custody to the Allen County Children Services Board (“the 
board”).  Id. at ¶ 6.  Pursuant to statute, the juvenile court was to retain continuing 
jurisdiction over the child until the child reached the age of 18 or until the child was 
adopted and a final decree of adoption was issued.  R.C. 2151.353(F)(1). 
{¶ 15} After the juvenile court issued its temporary-custody order, the 
child’s biological mother filed an application in a probate court to place the child 
for adoption with a designated family, and that family, the Andersons, filed a 
petition for adoption.  Allen Cty., 150 Ohio St.3d 230, 2016-Ohio-7382, 81 N.E.3d 
380, at ¶ 9.  The probate court approved the placement application and ordered the 
board to release the child to the Andersons.  Id.  The board sought a writ of 
prohibition to bar the probate court from interfering with the juvenile court’s 
exclusive jurisdiction. 
{¶ 16} We denied the writ.  Id. at ¶ 41.  We held that “the authority of the 
probate court to order preadoption placement pursuant to R.C. 5103.16(D) is * * * 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
6 
within 
its 
exclusive, 
original 
jurisdiction 
over 
adoption 
proceedings, 
notwithstanding the fact that the child is subject to the continuing jurisdiction of 
the juvenile court.”  (Emphasis added.)  Id. at ¶ 36.  Moreover, we held that the 
mother’s residual parental right to consent to adoption and preadoption placement 
superseded the board’s right to decide the child’s placement as part of its having 
temporary custody of the child.  Id. at ¶ 40.  We noted that “nothing in the statutes 
expressly precludes the probate court from exercising its jurisdiction in adoption 
proceedings regarding a child who is the subject of custody proceedings in the 
juvenile court.”  Id. at ¶ 34.  To the contrary, we stated that R.C. 2151.353(F)(1) 
expressly terminates the juvenile court’s jurisdiction upon the entry of a final 
adoption decree, which necessarily presupposes that adoption proceedings may 
take place while juvenile-court dependency proceedings are pending.  Allen Cty. at 
¶ 34. 
{¶ 17} About a year and a half after we decided Allen Cty., we decided 
M.G.B.-E., which involved divorced parents.  After the parents divorced in 2004, 
the mother interfered with and ultimately cut off the father’s parenting time.  
M.G.B.-E., 154 Ohio St.3d 17, 2018-Ohio-1787, 110 N.E.3d 1236, at ¶ 5-6, 8.  In 
2015, after having had no contact with his children for at least six years, the father 
filed a motion in a domestic-relations court to reestablish parenting time.  Id. at  
¶ 14, 17.  The mother and her new husband filed an adoption petition in a probate 
court.  Id. at ¶ 3.  The father objected to the adoption, but the probate court 
determined that his consent to the adoption was not required.  Id. at ¶ 3, 19.  While 
the adoption petition was pending in the probate court, the domestic-relations court 
granted the father limited parenting time.  Id. at ¶ 20.  The Twelfth District Court 
of Appeals affirmed the probate court’s decision that the father’s consent to the 
adoption was not required.  12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2016-06-017, 2016-Ohio-
7912, ¶ 1.  The father appealed to this court, challenging the jurisdiction of the 
January Term, 2023 
 
7 
probate court to proceed on the adoption petition while parenting issues remained 
pending in the domestic-relations court. 
{¶ 18} We reversed the judgment and remanded the case but rejected the 
father’s jurisdictional argument.  Our analysis began by clarifying the meaning of 
the statement in the syllabus of In re Adoption of Pushcar, 110 Ohio St.3d 332, 
2006-Ohio-4572, 853 N.E.2d 647, that “[w]hen an issue concerning parenting of a 
minor is pending in the juvenile court, a probate court must refrain from proceeding 
with the adoption of that child.”  According to M.G.B.-E., when Pushcar used the 
word “parenting,” it really meant “parentage.”  M.G.B.-E. at ¶ 34.  And by 
“parentage,” we meant biological parentage, because paternity “affect[s] the 
probate court’s ability to rule on the concurrent adoption petitions.”  (Emphasis 
sic.)  Id. at ¶ 35; see also Allen Cty., 150 Ohio St.3d 230, 2016-Ohio-7382, 81 
N.E.3d 380, at ¶ 38 (“Pushcar required the probate court to refrain from proceeding 
while there was a question of parentage—i.e., paternity—pending in the juvenile 
court” [emphasis sic]).  However, “when a parenting issue pending in a juvenile or 
domestic-relations court does not affect a probate court’s ability to determine the 
statutory prerequisites for adoption, we have not required the probate court to 
refrain from exercising its exclusive jurisdiction over adoption proceedings.”  
M.G.B.-E. at ¶ 35. 
{¶ 19} We then proceeded to consider what effect the pending motion for 
parenting time in the domestic-relations court should have on the probate-court 
proceedings.  Id. at ¶ 37.  The issue before the probate court was whether the 
father’s consent to the adoption was required.  Under R.C. 3107.07(A), which must 
be strictly construed to protect the rights of natural parents, id. at ¶ 40, consent to 
an adoption is not required from the parent of a minor if the court finds by clear and 
convincing evidence that the parent has failed without justifiable cause to provide 
more than de minimis contact or maintenance and support as required by law or 
judicial decree for at least one year immediately preceding the filing of the adoption 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
8 
petition or placement of the minor in the petitioner’s home.  “And strictly 
construing R.C. 3107.07(A) in favor of [the f]ather requires the probate court to 
take into account [the f]ather’s efforts to reestablish parental rights and 
responsibilities through the domestic-relations court during the year preceding the 
filing of the adoption petitions.”  Id. at ¶ 40.  Therefore, we said that when a parent 
 
has filed a parenting motion in a juvenile or domestic-relations court 
having continuing jurisdiction over a child prior to the filing of a 
petition to adopt that child, the probate court must consider the 
parent’s legal action as part of its consideration whether the parent 
failed without justifiable cause to have more than de minimis contact 
with the child during the year immediately preceding the filing of 
the adoption petition. 
 
Id. at ¶ 47.  Because the probate court in that case had failed to take into 
consideration the father’s efforts to reestablish parenting time, we reversed the 
judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings.  Id. 
C.  Applying Allen Cty. and M.G.B.-E. to the facts of this case 
{¶ 20} Allen Cty. and M.G.B.-E., 154 Ohio St.3d 17, 2018-Ohio-1787, 110 
N.E.3d 1236, do not directly resolve this case.  But they establish three principles 
that guide our analysis. 
{¶ 21} First, competing jurisdictional claims between the probate and 
juvenile or domestic-relations courts are not resolved by application of the 
jurisdictional-priority rule.  The jurisdictional-priority rule provides that “[a]s 
between courts of concurrent jurisdiction, the tribunal whose power is first invoked 
by the institution of proper proceedings acquires jurisdiction, to the exclusion of all 
other tribunals, to adjudicate upon the whole issue and to settle the rights of the 
parties.”  State ex rel. Phillips v. Polcar, 50 Ohio St.3d 279, 364 N.E.2d 33 (1977), 
January Term, 2023 
 
9 
syllabus.  The rule applies only when cases in multiple courts of concurrent 
jurisdiction involve the same parties and when either the causes of action are the 
same or the cases present part of the same whole issue.  State ex rel. Otten v. 
Henderson, 129 Ohio St.3d 453, 2011-Ohio-4082, 953 N.E.2d 809, ¶ 24, 29.  The 
probate and juvenile courts are not courts of concurrent jurisdiction.  See R.C. 
2101.24 and 2151.23.  Therefore, the fact that Whitrock filed his complaint 
invoking the juvenile-court jurisdiction of the Logan County Family Court two 
weeks after proceedings commenced in the probate court is not dispositive. 
{¶ 22} Second, irrespective of when the adoption proceedings commenced, 
Judge Kennedy has juvenile-court jurisdiction to proceed with matters relevant to 
and in aid of the adoption proceedings.  Specifically, a juvenile court has exclusive 
original jurisdiction to determine the paternity of any child allegedly born out of 
wedlock.  R.C. 2151.23(B)(2).  A finding of paternity facilitates the adoption 
proceedings because it helps determine the extent to which a putative father retains 
the right to object.  In this case, the Does do not dispute that Judge Kennedy had 
jurisdiction to grant Whitrock’s request for genetic testing. 
{¶ 23} Third, when it comes to preadoption placement of a child, the 
jurisdiction of the probate court trumps that of the juvenile court.  In Allen Cty., we 
held that the probate court had the final say over the child’s preadoption placement 
notwithstanding the fact that the juvenile court had already made placement orders 
when the child was declared to be abused or neglected.  Id., 150 Ohio St.3d 230, 
2016-Ohio-7382, 81 N.E.3d 380, at ¶ 40. 
{¶ 24} Thus, M.G.B.-E., 154 Ohio St.3d 17, 2018-Ohio-1787, 110 N.E.3d 
1236, and Allen Cty. together establish that Judge Kennedy properly exercised 
juvenile-court jurisdiction when she ordered genetic testing, but once that process 
was complete, Judge Kennedy’s juvenile-court jurisdiction over the child became 
subordinate to the Van Wert Probate Court’s.  However, the evidence and briefs 
submitted in this case establish that Judge Kennedy continued to exercise juvenile-
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
10 
court jurisdiction after ordering the testing: Judge Kennedy lifted the stay, 
appointed a guardian ad litem to ascertain the best interests of the child, and 
apparently intends to rule on Whitrock’s motion for parenting time once the 
guardian ad litem’s report is completed. 
{¶ 25} The issue, then, is whether the probate court’s having exclusive 
jurisdiction over H.P.’s preadoption placement prevents Judge Kennedy from 
exercising her juvenile-court jurisdiction to issue temporary orders permitting 
Whitrock to have parenting time with H.P.  We instructed the parties to brief this 
question when we issued the alternative writ.  167 Ohio St.3d 1464, 2022-Ohio-
2490, 191 N.E.3d 443. 
D.  Temporary orders issued by Judge Kennedy would interfere with the Van Wert 
County Probate Court’s exclusive jurisdiction 
{¶ 26} Judge Kennedy asserts that she has jurisdiction to appoint a guardian 
ad litem “to assist [the] court in its determination of the best interest of [the] child, 
the very crux of what a Juvenile Court is authorized to do.”  And if Judge Kennedy 
grants Whitrock parenting time based on the guardian’s report and 
recommendation, that decision would presumably rest on the assessment of H.P.’s 
best interests.  But the probate court is also required to base its rulings on the best 
interests of the child.  See R.C. 5103.16(D)(2) (when preadoption placement is not 
made by a public children-services agency, the probate court must determine 
whether home placement is in the best interest of the child); R.C. 3107.14(C) 
(before granting a final adoption order, the probate court must determine whether 
the adoption is in the child’s best interest).  Therefore, any juvenile-court order 
granting Whitrock parenting time that is premised on the child’s best interest would 
necessarily interfere with the probate court’s assessment of the same issue.  In other 
words, if awarding preadoption parenting time to Whitrock is in H.P.’s best interest, 
the probate court may take that into account. 
January Term, 2023 
 
11 
{¶ 27} Judge Kennedy contends that she must make that assessment 
because the Van Wert County Probate Court denied Whitrock’s motion for leave 
to intervene.  According to Judge Kennedy, “[t]he Journal Entry of Placement has 
not severed [Whitrock’s] parenting rights and as such he is entitled to his residual 
parental rights which include the right of reasonable visitation which he cannot 
obtain through the Van Wert Probate Court where his intervention into the case 
was denied.”  (Emphasis added.)  But Judge Kennedy has not shown that the Van 
Wert Probate Court’s denial of Whitrock’s motion to intervene can create juvenile-
court jurisdiction that she does not otherwise have.  Whitrock’s remedy was to 
appeal the denial of his intervention request.  See State ex rel. Caskey v. Gano, 2d 
Dist. Greene No. 11-CA-51, 2011-Ohio-6144, ¶ 13 (legal custodian’s request for a 
writ of mandamus to compel probate court to grant her request to intervene in 
adoption proceeding denied because she had an adequate remedy by way of appeal 
to contest the adoption “and her exclusion from those proceedings”). 
{¶ 28} We hold that Judge Kennedy may not continue to exercise 
jurisdiction over Whitrock’s petition to allocate parental rights and his request for 
a temporary order of parenting time. 
III.  Conclusion 
{¶ 29} Based on the foregoing, we grant the requested writ of prohibition. 
Writ granted. 
KENNEDY, C.J., and DEWINE, DONNELLY, STEWART, BRUNNER, and 
DETERS, JJ., concur. 
FISCHER, J., dissents. 
_________________ 
John C. Huffman, for relator Josephine Davis. 
Jerry M. Johnson and Christine M. Bollinger, for relators John Doe and Jane 
Doe. 
Eric C. Stewart, Logan County Prosecuting Attorney, for respondents. 
SUPREME COURT OF O1110