Title: Fletcher v. State

State: indiana

Issuer: Indiana Supreme Court

Document:

241 Ind. 409 (1961)
172 N.E.2d 853
FLETCHER
v.
STATE OF INDIANA.
No. 29,984.

Supreme Court of Indiana.
Filed March 9, 1961.
*411 Guy Stookey and Cecil A. McCoy, both of Fort Wayne, for appellant.
Edwin K. Steers, Attorney General, Richard M. Givan, Assistant Attorney General, and Richard C. Johnson, Deputy Attorney General, for appellee.
ACHOR, J.
Appellant was charged by affidavit with the crime of receiving stolen property under § 10-3017, Burns' 1956 Repl. [1960 Supp.] Acts 1959, ch. 292, § 4, p. 741. The case was heard by the Allen Circuit Court without the intervention of a jury, with a judgment of guilty being entered against appellant. Appellant prosecutes this appeal from that judgment.
The State's chief witness in the trial below was one Clinton Clark, the confessed thief of the stolen property. The evidence most favorable to the State is that Clark stole or, in his words, "carried away" a builder's transit level from the Purdue University Center in Fort Wayne, which he traded with appellant for guns of the proximate value of $75.00. The transit level was valued at $250.00. There is evidence that Clark also sold other valuable articles to appellant which he "carried away" from the Purdue Center, including a public address system and a camera with flash attachment. There is evidence that Clark did not verbally tell appellant that *412 the property was stolen, but that he and appellant had an understanding that they would deal in caution when trading items that were stolen  or "warm," as Clark termed it  and that, when trading such items, nothing would be said as to where the items came from.
Appellant first contends that the court committed error in the overruling of his motion to quash the affidavit on the ground that it failed to charge a public offense and that it is uncertain. In support of this alleged error that the affidavit fails to charge a public offense, appellant relies upon the fact that it does not contain the word "receive" and he asserts that this specific allegation is an essential element of the charge of receiving stolen property under § 10-3017, supra. Section 10-3017 provides as follows:
The affidavit under which appellant was charged reads as follows:
It is to be observed that § 10-3017 enumerates four separate acts, listed in the disjunctive, which constitute the crime of receiving stolen property. This court has recently held in the case of Brown v. State (1959), 239 Ind. 358, 157 N.E.2d 174, 178, that proof of any one of the enumerated acts in the statute is sufficient to sustain a conviction. In that case this court quoted with approval from the case of Howard v. State (1921), 191 Ind. 232, 236, 131 N.E. 403, 404, in which this court had stated the rule as follows:
We further point out that affidavits or indictments, substantially in the words of the one in this case, have been held sufficient. See: Wilson v. State (1953), 232 Ind. 365, 111 N.E.2d 709, and Blum v. State (1925), 196 Ind. 675, 148 N.E. 193.
Furthermore, the word "buy" connotes an acquiring of possession tantamount to receiving. As pointed out *414 by a Florida court, one acquiring property from a thief may be a "receiver of stolen goods," notwithstanding that he paid value for them. Byrd v. State (1915), 70 Fla. 264, 70 So. 24. It follows that a charge that the defendant "did ... buy, conceal and aid in the concealment" of the stolen property, is sufficient to withstand a motion to quash the affidavit, if it is otherwise sufficient.
It is difficult to ascertain from appellant's brief in what particular the affidavit is uncertain. The rule pertaining to affidavits and indictments is that the charge must be sufficiently certain to enable the court or jury to understand distinctly what is to be tried and determined, and to inform the accused fully of the particular charge he is required to meet and to enable the accused to plead the judgment in bar of a subsequent prosecution for the same offense. 15 I. L.E., Indictments and Affidavits, § 46 (1959). The accused has not cited any particular in which the charge fails to meet this standard.
Appellant next contends that the trial court committed numerous errors during the trial of the cause. Appellant here argues only four of the causes in his motion as reversible error. We will discuss them in the order presented.
Under Cause II, appellant asserts that the decision is contrary to law, in that it is not sustained by sufficient evidence. It is appellant's position that the evidence fails to prove that appellant took the property from the thief with knowledge it had been stolen.
It is often said that knowledge that the goods are stolen is the gravamen of the offense of receiving stolen property. However, as Judge Learned Hand stated in the case of United States v. Werner (1947), 160 F.2d 438, 441, 442:
The question of whether the accused had knowledge or reason to infer that the goods were stolen is a matter for the judge or jury to determine in light of all the facts and circumstances surrounding the receipt or purchase. 76 C.J.S., Receiving Stolen Goods § 20 (1952). This court has repeatedly held that knowledge on the part of the accused that the property received was stolen may be proved or inferred from the circumstances. Dobson v. State (1959), 239 Ind. 673, 158 N.E.2d 455; Wilson v. State, supra (232 Ind. 365); Wertheimer v. State (1929), 201 Ind. 572, 169 N.E. 40, 68 A.L.R. 178; Bowers v. State (1925), 196 Ind. 4, 146 N.E. 818.
Clinton Clark testified that he and appellant had an agreement or understanding that when Clark brought in "warm" or stolen merchandise to appellant's store, nothing would be said (as was true in this case) about the source, and that they would deal in caution concerning such merchandise. From this evidence an inference may be drawn that Clark and appellant were accustomed to dealing in stolen goods and that appellant was *416 charged with the duty to deal with Clark with a degree of caution commensurate with these circumstances.
It has been said, that:
In addition to the evidence, relative to the general agreement or understanding of the participants with respect to dealing in stolen goods, the fact that appellant traded goods for the transit level, which were substantially less in value, is further probative evidence to be considered with the other circumstances going to the proof of knowledge.
Again, quoting Judge Learned Hand in the Werner case,
We are aware of the conflict between appellant's explanation of the transaction and of the inferences drawn from the above evidence. However, this court may not weigh the evidence but is limited to a consideration of evidence favorable to the State and cannot reverse if there is evidence of probative value upon which to sustain the decision of the trial court. Dixon v. State (1945), 223 Ind. 521, 529, 62 *417 N.E. 629; Howard v. State (1933), 205 Ind. 592, 596, 187 N.E. 381; Larkin v. State (1904), 163 Ind. 375, 378, 71 N.E. 959.
Appellant next argues Cause No. V(c) of his motion for new trial, in which he asserts that the court erred in overruling the defendant's objection to several questions propounded by the State during the re-direct examination of Clark. Said questions, answers and ruling by the court are as follows:
*418 It is to be noted from the above testimony that the witness did not testify as to when the articles were stolen or taken to appellant's place of business. Appellant's counsel objected on the ground that the property was stolen after the date in the affidavit and was therefore inadmissible. The judge asked appellant's counsel how he knew this fact and and he said, "I have the sales slip on it here." This statement is not evidence. Appellant's counsel was not testifying under oath at the time. We do not here decide the question as to the propriety of the evidence, but if appellant's counsel had grounds for making an objection, the proper procedure would be to request permission of the court to ask preliminary questions relative to the date of the particular transaction for the purpose of making an objection. Further, the record reveals that no objection was made prior to the objectionable testimony, and no motion to strike was made. Therefore, no error is reserved as to the admission of the testimony. Beeler v. State (1951), 230 Ind. 444, 104 N.E.2d 744.
Under Cause No. V(f) of his motion for new trial, appellant asserts that the court erred in sustaining the objections of the State to certain questions propounded by counsel for appellant during the cross-examination of Gerald William Clark, a police officer. The question and objection are as follows:
The only possible apparent purpose of the question was to show that the defendant was not trying to conceal the stolen merchandise. The judge excluded the evidence on the ground that concealment had not been pursued as an issue in the case. The State at no time introduced evidence of concealment. It is not error for the court to sustain an objection to a question when the answer could have no real bearing on the guilt or innocence of the accused, under the facts as presented in the case. Michopoulos v. State (1925), 197 Ind. 231, 235, 149 N.E. 564.
Under Cause No. V(d) of his motion for new trial, appellant asserts that the court erred in sustaining the State's objection to certain questions asked by defendant during the re-cross examination of Clinton Clark. The questions, objection and ruling by the court are as follows:
With respect to the above objections, in both instances the answer was given before the objection was made and no motion was made by the State to strike the answer, therefore the answers remained in the record. Furthermore, it would appear that the answer solicited by the first question merely called for a conclusion of the witness and the answer was therefore objectionable.
In addition, with respect to the second question, although the objection was sustained, the record reveals that the court, later on in the questioning, allowed the witness to answer questions of the same substance as those previously objected to and sustained. Therefore, it does not appear that appellant was prejudiced by the refusal to permit a witness to testify to a question which was substantially answered in a later question.
Finding no reversible error, the judgment is affirmed.
Bobbitt, C.J., Arterburn and Landis, JJ., concur.
Jackson, J., dissents without opinion.
NOTE.  Reported in 172 N.E.2d 853.