Title: State v. Brian WakefieldRIVERA-SOTO, J., writing for the Court.Brian Wakefield pled guilty to two counts of capital murder.In this appeal,Wakefield raises fourteen assignments of error in respect of the penalty phase trialthat resulted in his death senten

State: new-jersey

Issuer: New Jersey Supreme Court

Document:

(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized). RIVERA-SOTO, J., writing for the Court. Brian Wakefield pled guilty to two counts of capital murder. In this appeal, Wakefield raises fourteen assignments of error in respect of the penalty phase trial that resulted in his death sentence. Wakefield made no factual representations at the plea hearing other than to admit his guilt of the crimes charged. The following summary of facts was tendered, however, by the prosecutor at the plea hearing. On January 18, 2001, Pleasantville Police Department responded to a house fire in Pleasantville and discovered fires in different locations of the house. A number of the bedrooms had been ransacked. After extinguishing the fires, police discovered two bodies under debris in the basement. The bodies were burnt beyond recognition. Based on dental records, police were able to confirm that the victims were Shirley and Richard Hazard. Police also discovered a number of bottles of alcohol and cooking oils that could be used as accelerants for the fire. The medical examiner was able to determine that both Mr. and Mrs. Hazard died of sharp blunt force injuries. The fire was not the cause of death. Through relatives, it was also determined that Mrs. Hazard s car, a Lincoln Continental, was missing. The Lincoln was later found on Route 322 near the Hamilton Mall. That same evening, Olin Caldwell, a cab driver, walked into the Pleasantville Police Department and reported suspicious conduct on the part of someone he had given a ride to that day who he knew as B-Love. B-Love was determined to be Wakefield. Caldwell reported that he picked up Wakefield near the Hamilton Mall. Wakefield had a bag of new clothes with him, and asked Caldwell to rent him rooms at a nearby Atlantic City casino hotel. Caldwell rented three rooms for Wakefield. When they got to the casino hotel, Wakefield changed from the clothes he was wearing into the clothes he had purchased at the Mall. Caldwell brought the clothes and some other property that Wakefield left in his cab to the Police Department. Included was a piece of jewelry later determined to belong to Mrs. Hazard. The clothes that were turned over by Caldwell were later submitted for DNA analysis. They were found to contain blood stains consistent with that of Mr. and Mrs. Hazard. Police got a search warrant and arrested Wakefield on the morning of January 19th at the casino hotel. Wakefield gave two taped statements that day. In his first statement, he admitted to being involved in the crimes, but denied injuring the Hazards. He claimed that he acted as a lookout for someone who he knew as Hype G (Gary Clemmons). In his second statement, Wakefield acknowledged that he stabbed Mr. Hazard in the right side and that he threw Mrs. Hazard down the basement steps and repeatedly kicked her in the ribs. Independent witnesses placed Mr. Clemmons at a different location at the approximate time of the homicides, so it was the State s position that Wakefield committed the crimes by his own conduct. On April 11, 2001, an Atlantic County grand jury returned a thirteen-count indictment charging Wakefield with two counts of knowing or purposeful murder and numerous other charges. The State served a notice of aggravating factors as a prerequisite for the imposition of the death penalty. As to Mr. Hazard, the aggravating factors were that the murder was committed while Wakefield was engaged in robbery and/or burglary, and that it was committed for the purpose of escaping detection. As to Mrs. Hazard, the aggravating factors were that the murder was committed while Wakefield was engaged in murder (Mr. Hazard s), robbery and/or burglary, and it was committed for the purpose of escaping detection. On September 8, 2003, Wakefield entered an unconditional plea of guilty on all counts of the indictment. The jury was sworn on February 2, 2004, and the penalty phase trial started two days later. The jury unanimously determined beyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravating factors proven outweighed all of the mitigating factors presented. Among the seventeen mitigating factors pled by Wakefield were that he did not plan the murders; that he was raised in an environment where domestic violence, substance abuse and criminal activity were pervasive; and that he was raised in a home without structure or positive role models. Wakefield moved to set aside the death verdict, alleging prosecutorial misconduct in summation and that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. The trial court denied those post-trial applications and sentenced Wakefield on the non-capital crimes to an aggregate sentence of fifty-five years, with an aggregate minimum term of imprisonment of thirty-four years. Wakefield filed a direct appeal to this Court. The Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers of New Jersey was granted leave to appear as amicus curiae. HELD: Wakefield s penalty phase proceedings were fair, the death sentence was properly imposed, and his death sentence is not disproportionate. 1. Wakefield claims that the State was permitted to introduce vast amounts of highly inflammatory evidence. This evidence falls into four distinct categories: portions of his statements to the police; evidence in respect of the crimes themselves; photographs of the crime scene; and evidence of Wakefield s post-crime behavior. Underlying these claims is Wakefield s contention that his unconditional guilty plea obviated any need for the State to present such evidence. This Court recently reaffirmed the principle that the only evidence admissible in the penalty phase is evidence relevant to the aggravating and mitigating factors. The Court finds Wakefield s statements relevant to prove whether the murders were purposeful, the aggravating factor of escaping detection, and whether the mitigating factors were proven. In addition, the probative value of this evidence was not substantially outweighed by the risk of undue prejudice. (pp. 14-20) 2. Wakefield also challenges the proofs of the crimes themselves tendered by the prosecution, arguing that the fact that he pled guilty removed any need for such evidence. The Court concludes that Wakefield s admission of guilt did not provide him the advantage of barring proofs of the crimes themselves. The evidence challenged by Wakefield was relevant and its probative value was not substantially outweighed by any undue prejudice. (pp. 20-28) 3. Wakefield next alleges that there was prosecutorial misconduct throughout the penalty phase trial. To justify reversal, the prosecutor s conduct must have been clearly and unmistakably improper, and must have substantially prejudiced Wakefield s fundamental right to have a jury fairly evaluate the merits of his defense. Wakefield alleges that in his opening the prosecutor engaged in prohibited vouching by claiming that the State does not routinely seek the death penalty, and requests it only when the State believes it is called for. The trial court immediately issued a curative instruction explaining to the jury that the prosecutor s belief or opinion is not evidence and was not proper argument, and should be disregarded by the jury. Even if the prosecutor s comments could be termed questionable, the potential prejudicial effect on Wakefield s right to a fair trial was slight and the relief requested is unwarranted. Wakefield points to instances during the prosecution s opening statement that he claims constituted improper argument. The Court finds the comments to be a recital of the aggravating factors the State intended to prove and also a response to the implausibility of the excuses Wakefield tendered in his various statements. (pp. 28-39) 4. Wakefield alleges that, at several points during the evidentiary stage of the penalty phase trial, the State disparaged defense counsel by accusing him of discovery violations. The Court does not read these comments as an assault on defense counsel. On the contrary, the prosecution properly sought to raise credibility issues concerning recent fabrication or bias. Next, Wakefield claims that the State engaged in unwarranted comments and accusations cheap shots that distorted the record and prejudiced Wakefield. Most of these comments arose in cross-examination, and, with one exception, were a proper attempt to impeach these witnesses. As to the exception, the cross-examination of the defense s social worker, the Court finds the prosecutor s comment is worthy of disapproval, but was not so egregious as to deprive Wakefield of a fair trial. (pp. 39-59) 5. Wakefield also raises objections to the State s summation, including the prosecutor s reference to the death penalty as justice, and his statement that it is what Wakefield deserved. In addition, he complains that the prosecutor improperly focused on Wakefield s character when his character was a non-issue. The Court finds that the vast majority of these comments were fair responses to Wakefield s presentation of evidence. Moreover, none of the comments substantially prejudiced Wakefield s fundamental right to a fair trial. (pp. 59-78) 6. Wakefield complains that the trial court s instructions on the reasonable doubt standard were in error and require a new penalty phase trial. Defense counsel did not raise an objection to the instructions, and the Court concludes that the trial court s charge as a whole in no way lessened the State s burden of proof. The Court also rejects, at it has in prior cases, Wakefield s argument that the jury instructions should include a statement that he is entitled to a presumption against the death penalty. In addition, the Court finds no error in the State s use of victim impact statements. (pp. 78-103) 7. The Court rejects Wakefield s other challenges to his penalty phase proceedings and his constitutional challenges to the escape detection aggravating factor and to the death penalty generally. (pp. 103-122) 8. On proportionality review, the Court concludes that Wakefield s sentence is not disproportionate. Reviewing the available statistical data under frequency analysis, the Court concludes that Wakefield has failed to establish that his death sentence is disproportionate. Under precedent seeking analysis, the Court finds that Wakefield has a high level of culpability, especially given the age and vulnerability of his victims, his extensive prior record, and his lack of remorse. Comparing Wakefield s sentence to that of defendants in other, similar cases involving multiple homicides, the Court finds that Wakefield s death sentence is not irrational or aberrant. (pp. 122-171) The judgment of conviction and sentence, including Wakefield s death sentence, are AFFIRMED. JUSTICE ALBIN has filed a separate, CONCURRING opinion, to express the view that the prosecutor s opening remarks vouching for the credibility of the State s case for death exceeded the bounds of propriety, even if they do not warrant a reversal of Wakefield s death sentence. He also believes that the present system of proportionality review has become overly complex and defies understanding, and because that system is incapable of ensuring consistency and uniformity in sentencing, the Court should endeavor, as it always has, to prevent an aberrational sentence. JUSTICE LONG has filed a separate, DISSENTING opinion, expressing the view that Wakefield s sentence is disproportionate compared to the life sentences received by other multiple-homicide defendants who had the same or greater level of culpability. JUSTICE WALLACE has filed a separate, DISSENTING opinion, in which JUSTICE LONG joins, expressing the view that the cumulative effect of the numerous errors below deprived Wakefield of his right to a fair trial. JUSTICES LaVECCHIA and ZAZZALI join in JUSTICE RIVERA-SOTO s opinion. JUSTICE ALBIN filed a separate, concurring opinion. JUSTICES LONG and WALLACE have filed separate, dissenting opinions. SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY A- 37 September Term 2004 STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. BRIAN WAKEFIELD, Defendant-Appellant. Argued October 12, 2005 Decided May 7, 2007 On appeal from the Superior Court, Law Division, Atlantic County. Jay L. Wilensky and Mark H. Friedman, Assistant Deputy Public Defenders, argued the cause for appellant (Yvonne Smith Segars, Public Defender, attorney; Mr. Wilensky and Robert A. Seelenfreund, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel and on the briefs). Kristen M. Harberg, Deputy Attorney General, argued the cause for respondent (Peter C. Harvey, Attorney General of New Jersey, attorney). Roy B. Greenman argued the cause for amicus curiae, Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers of New Jersey (Budin, Greenman & Greenman, attorneys). JUSTICE RIVERA-SOTO delivered the opinion of the Court. Defendant Brian Wakefield pled guilty to two counts of capital murder and eleven other offenses arising out of the home-invasion robbery, assault, and murder of seventy-year-old Richard Hazard and his sixty-four-year-old wife Shirley Hazard in their Pleasantville, New Jersey home on January 18, 2001. At his penalty phase trial, a jury unanimously found all of the aggravating factors alleged by the State; rejected, in whole or in part, all of the mitigating factors claimed by defendant; determined beyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors; and sentenced defendant to death. The trial court later separately sentenced defendant on all of the non-capital crimes to which he pled guilty. In this direct appeal, defendant raises fourteen assignments of error in respect of the penalty phase trial that resulted in his death sentence. See footnote 1 We hold that defendant s objections to his death sentence are without merit and, therefore, we affirm his convictions and sentences. As they were going through the upstairs, they found that a number of the bedrooms had been ransacked[,] that dresser drawers were pulled from the dressers[,] and the contents were emptied on the floor. After extinguishing the fires on the first and second floor[s], they discovered there was some additional fire in the basement. Upon extinguishing the fires in the basement, they discovered two bodies under debris. These bodies were burnt beyond recognition, but due to dental records, they were able to confirm that it was Shirley and Richard Hazard. Mr. Hazard was observed by the police and firemen with visible wounds to his head. There [were] puddles of blood around his head. He also had a melted garbage bag on the top part of his head. [T]he arson investigator was later able to determine that there were five fires set within the house, one in the upstairs, two on the first floor, [and] two in the basement. One of the areas of fire [was] the actual bodies of Mr. and Mrs. Hazard. The police also found that there were a number of alcohol bottles and cooking oils that were spilled on the floor that . . . could be used as accelerants for the fire. [The] medical examiner was able to determine that both Mr. and Mrs. Hazard died of sharp and blunt force injuries. It was determined that the fire was not the cause of death, that the fire was post-mortem. It was also determined that through relatives while [the] police and fire [personnel were] still on the scene that a car was missing, a car Mrs. Hazard drove: a 1994 Lincoln Continental. About 7:20 p.m. the Lincoln Continental was found on Route 322 near Hamilton Mall in Hamilton Township. About 11:30 [p.m.] on that same date: the 18th, a cab driver[,] Olin Caldwell[,] walked into the Pleasantville Police Department, [and] indicated that on that day he had given a ride to somebody he knew as B-Love. B-Love was determined to be [defendant]. When [Caldwell] picked up [defendant], [defendant] had a bag of new clothes with him. [Defendant] later asked for Mr. Caldwell to rent him rooms at [a nearby Atlantic City casino hotel]. Mr. Caldwell agreed to do that. He rented the defendant three rooms at the [casino hotel]. When the defendant and Mr. Caldwell got to the [casino hotel], the defendant changed from the clothes that he was wearing into the clothes he had just purchased at the mall. He also made some purchases within the City [of Atlantic City]. Mr. Caldwell also observed [defendant] cashing in some old coins at a coin redemption center with the casino. Mr. Caldwell was suspicious of the defendant s behavior and later brought the clothes and some other property that [defendant] left in his cab to the Pleasantville Police Department[.] [T]he clothes included the jeans, two pairs of shoes, [and a] sweat-shirt. The jewelry included a pendant that said number one grandmom. This pendant was later identified as belonging to Mrs. Hazard. Mr. Cladwell told the police that [defendant] was still at the [casino hotel]. The police ended up getting a search warrant and arresting [defendant at] approximately 6:13 a.m. in the morning of January 19th 2001. [Defendant] on that day of the 19th gave two taped statements to the police[,] and gave a taped statement on January 21st [in] the County Jail to the police. In his first statement [defendant] acknowledged being involved in the crimes, but denied committing any injuries to Mr. and Mrs. Hazard. [Defendant] indicated he met an individual he knew as Hype G also known as Gary Clemmons at the Woodlands in Pleasantville on that day. Mr. Clemmons asked [defendant] to be a lookout. [Defendant] indicated that he went to the [Hazard] residence. [Defendant] stayed about four houses down across the street as Mr. Clemmons went inside. He saw a person later determined to be Mr. Hazard open up the door as Mr. Clemmons entered. . . . . In this first statement [defendant] denied being involved in the actual assault on the victims, but he did acknowledge that he did assist in setting fires in a second statement, though he did acknowledge that he stabbed Mr. Hazard in the right side[,] which is consistent with an injury found by the medical examiner. [Defendant] did acknowledge that he threw Mrs. Hazard down [the] basement steps and repeatedly kicked her in the ribs. The injuries to the ribs are corroborated by the medical examiner s office. [Defendant] also acknowledged in the statement pouring gasoline on Mr. Hazard and lighting him on fire postmortem. The [third] statement basically acknowledges the same type of information regarding being involved in inflicting injuries to Mr. and Mrs. Hazard. [T]he clothes that were turned over by Mr. Caldwell to the police department later was submitted for DNA analysis. In addition . . . [defendant] did acknowledge that these were the clothes he was wearing during the course of the crime to the police. And those clothes [showed] Shirley Hazard s blood on the left sneaker, Richard Hazard s blood on a jean, and Mr. Hazard s blood on the right sneaker. The odds [of a DNA comparative match] are in the billions [to one] on one and in [the] trillions [to one] on the other. . . . . [Defendant] did indicate that Mr. Clemmons was involved in these homicides. It turns out through independent witnesses that Mr. Clemmons was picking up his children from daycare at the approximate time of the homicides. So it s the State s position it was physically impossible for [Clemmons] to be involved in the crimes and, therefore, the defendant committed these crimes by his own conduct. In sum, then, it is undisputed that defendant entered the Hazard home; he assaulted and killed Richard Hazard; he placed Richard Hazard s body in the basement and covered his head with a plastic garbage bag; when Shirley Hazard returned home from grocery shopping, defendant assaulted her and flung her down the basement steps; once in the basement, defendant further assaulted and killed Shirley Hazard; defendant ransacked the Hazard home for money and jewelry; in order to disguise his crimes, defendant set fire to the bodies and to several other places in the Hazard home; defendant stole Shirley Hazard s car; defendant went on a shopping and partying spree with the proceeds of his crimes; defendant was arrested the following morning; defendant confessed to his crimes; independent testimony, and physical and forensic evidence tied defendant to these crimes; and defendant admitted his guilt under oath. 0/12 0/12 [State v. Nelson, 173 N.J. 417, 470 (2002) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).] It is against that standard of admissibility that defendant s claims must be gauged. 1. Defendant s statements to the police. Defendant alleges that six specific portions of his statements to the police should have been withheld from his death penalty jury. These are: (1) defendant s unprompted description that, after hitting Shirley Hazard in the head with a blunt object, stabbing her repeatedly, and throwing her down the basement steps, defendant kicked her several times in the ribs with a force akin to that applied by a professional football place kicker; (2) defendant s explanation that, when accosted by the Hazards dog, defendant beat the dog into submission using an oversized wooden spoon in order to quiet him; (3) defendant s statement that, after the crimes, he was hungry so he drove in Shirley Hazard s car to a local fast-food restaurant for a meal; (4) defendant s description of his post-crime shopping spree with the proceeds stolen from the Hazards; (5) defendant s description of how, after the shopping spree, he rented several rooms at an Atlantic City casino hotel for a party; and, (6) defendant s statement that, during that party, he had sex with three or four girls. The trial court, in its instructions to the jury, addressed defendant s concerns: It s important for me to here note that although there are guilty pleas to these offenses, guilty pleas in and of themselves are insufficient to prove any aggravating factor. They are insufficient in and of themselves and there must be other evidence to establish it. . . . . During the State s presentation to you in its opening remarks, the State discussed [defendant s] alleged conduct after the commission of the crimes. [The prosecution] argued that [defendant] celebrated after the crimes, threw a party, ate at [a fast-food restaurant] and there was other conduct described. This alleged conduct is not an aggravating factor and, accordingly, this conduct cannot be used by you to determine if the death penalty is appropriate in this case. While evidence of [defendant s] spending can be used by you, if you feel it is credible evidence that a robbery occurred and that [defendant] obtained proceeds from that robbery, his alleged conduct cannot be used for any other purpose. You re specifically instructed that you cannot consider his spending as evidence that [defendant] is a bad person and, thus, more worthy of the death penalty. To repeat, it is only the aggravating factors alleged by the State that can be considered to determine whether [defendant] should be sentenced to death. If you determine that any of the aggravating factors exist beyond a reasonable doubt, they can be the only factors used by you to determine the appropriate penalty. And the only factors you can consider as weighing in favor of, or tending to favor, a death sentence are the aggravating factors that I m now going to define to you or for you and then only if such factor has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. After explaining the aggravating factors alleged by the State in its notice, the trial court instructed the jury that The State alleges that it has proven the existence of the aggravating factors in question beyond a reasonable doubt. As I told you, the aggravating factors are not established by the defendant s guilty plea to knowing or purposeful murder. Nor were they established from the defendant s guilty plea to burglary or robbery or any of the other offenses to which -- or for which he entered guilty pleas. In light of both the aggravating and mitigating factors at issue before the penalty phase jury, each of defendant s challenged statements was relevant because each of those statements ha[d] a tendency in reason to prove or disprove any fact of consequence to the determination of the action. N.J.R.E. 401. Applying that minimal standard, the statements concerning the force with which defendant kicked the prostrate body of Shirley Hazard had a tendency in reason to prove that either or both murders were knowing and purposeful. Also, the beating of the Hazards dog to quiet him clearly had a tendency in reason to prove defendant s purpose of escaping detection or apprehension. N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3c(4)(f). Finally, the statements concerning defendant s post-crime conduct had a tendency in reason to prove not only the aggravating factor in respect of escaping detection or apprehension, but also the mitigating factor of whether defendant was remorseful for his crimes. In sum, defendant s statements in respect of his assault on Shirley Hazard, his beating the Hazards dog to silence him, and his post-crime activities were relevant. Assessing relevance, however, is only the first half of the necessary inquiry in respect of admissibility; the second half of that inquiry requires an application of the balancing test of N.J.R.E. 403: [R]elevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk of (a) undue prejudice, confusion of issues, or misleading the jury or (b) undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. That test requires the trial court to exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk of undue prejudice. Evidence claimed to be unduly prejudicial is excluded only when its probative value is so significantly outweighed by its inherently inflammatory potential as to have a probable capacity to divert the minds of the jurors from a reasonable and fair evaluation of the issues in the case. Moreover, the mere possibility that evidence could be prejudicial does not justify its exclusion. Additionally, certain types of evidence, including evidence of motive or intent, require a very strong showing of prejudice to justify exclusion. [State v. Koskovich, 168 N.J. 448, 486 (2001) (citations, internal quotation marks and editing marks omitted).] It cannot be contested that defendant s own statements concerning his conduct, both during and after his crimes, were poignantly probative of his actions, particularly in respect of the determination of the quantum of punishment to be imposed for those actions. Each statement spoke directly to the depravity with which defendant committed his crimes and the utter lack of remorse that characterized his post-crime behavior. For those reasons, the application of Evidence Rule 403 s balancing test to the statements challenged by defendant leads to the conclusion that the admission of those statements did not have a probable capacity to divert the minds of the jurors from a reasonable and fair evaluation of the issues in the case[,] ibid., and, for that reason, their probative value was not substantially outweighed by the risk of undue prejudice. We, therefore, reject defendant s challenge to the admissibility of his statements to the police in the context of his death penalty sentence. 2. Evidence of the underlying crimes. Defendant s second evidentiary challenge addresses the proofs of the crimes themselves tendered by the prosecution during the penalty phase trial. In defendant s view, the fact that he pled guilty to all of the crimes for which he stood charged removed any need for the introduction of any of the substantive proofs concerning those crimes. Thus, defendant concludes, the introduction of proofs concerning the crimes to which he pled guilty was inflammatory and prejudicial. The State replies that, in the context of the aggravating factors -- that is, that the death penalty was appropriate because the murders occurred either during the commission of the crimes of robbery and burglary of both Richard and Shirley Hazard or the murder of Richard Hazard, or because the murders occurred in order to avoid detection of or apprehension for the crimes defendant committed -- the admission in evidence of the facts of the underlying crimes was proper. Defendant s unqualified and unrestricted admission of guilt for the murders of Richard and Shirley Hazard did not, standing alone, provide him the procedural advantage of barring proofs of those crimes as part of the State s case for the imposition of the death penalty. The standard for admissibility of these facts remained whether the facts were relevant and whether their probative value was substantially outweighed by their undue prejudicial effect. The facts of defendant s underlying crimes of robbery, burglary, murder, and hindering apprehension all are directly relevant to his penalty phase trial because each has a tendency in reason to prove the presence of aggravating factors and the absence of mitigating factors. In that context, the probative value of those facts was not substantially outweighed by their undue prejudicial effect. Therefore, the trial court properly admitted proofs of defendant s underlying crimes as part of his penalty phase proceeding. 3. Crime scene photograph. Defendant objects to the introduction of a photograph of the crime scene, repeating again his claim that, because he pled guilty to those offenses, the photograph was unduly prejudicial. The State responds that the trial court properly exercised its discretion and admitted one single photograph showing the debris-covered bodies of Richard and Shirley Hazard and their locations in the basement of the Hazards home. As we have noted, we have repeatedly expressed our concern about the admissibility of crime-scene and autopsy photographs in capital cases. Although as a general rule the admissibility of photographs of a crime victim rests in the trial court s discretion, the need to balance the ostensible relevance of such evidence against the likelihood of jury prejudice is especially critical in the penalty phase of a capital case. [State v. Bey (III), 129 N.J. 557, 609 (1992), supplemented by, 137 N.J. 334 (1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1164, 115 S. Ct. 1131, 130 L. Ed. 2d 1093 (1995) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).] As Bey (III) recognizes, the admissibility of a crime scene photograph in a capital case implicates a three-step analysis: is the photograph relevant; is it unduly inflammatory; and did its admission into evidence have the capacity to cause an unjust result. Ibid. Here, a single photograph was introduced by the State. That photograph shows only a debris-strewn area within which a largely indecipherable body lies, and any injuries to the body, or the location or condition of the second bod y, are not visible. It corroborated both defendant s statements of what occurred in the Hazards home as well as the testimony of those who responded to the fire and subsequently discovered the murdered bodies of Richard and Shirley Hazard. As corroboration, the photograph was relevant because it had a tendency in reason to establish the presence or absence of the aggravating or mitigating factors. In addition, as an examination of the photograph reveals, the photograph was not unduly inflammatory and its probative value was not significantly outweighed by any undue prejudicial effect. In light of the foregoing, it cannot be said that the admission of this photograph into evidence had the capacity to cause an unjust result. We therefore conclude that the admission of this single photograph simply was not error. See Bey (III), supra, 129 N.J. at 609. 4. Defendant s post-crime behavior. Defendant contends that everything that happened after he left the Hazards home was irrelevant because he pled guilty to the crimes themselves. The State counters that defendant s post-crime activities were relevant to the presence of aggravating and the absence of mitigating factors in the case. We agree with the State. As admitted in defendant s several statements to the police, the post-crime events are as follows. On January 18, 2001, after robbing and murdering the Hazards, burglarizing their home, and deliberately setting fire to the Hazards home in five separate locations, defendant left the Hazards home in Mrs. Hazard s car. Defendant was observed driving that stolen car by the husband of one the Hazards grandchildren, a description that matched the one defendant himself gave of how he was dressed at the time. Defendant first drove to a fast-food restaurant, because he was hungry. Defendant then decided to purchase certain music to listen to while he drove Mrs. Hazards stolen car. On his way to the shopping mall, the car stalled and defendant abandoned it. While walking the remainder of the way to the shopping mall, defendant drank and discarded a bottle of champagne he stole from the Hazards home; defendant also discarded the keys to the car he stole from the Hazards home. See footnote 4 Once at the shopping mall, defendant purchased new clothing and jewelry. Defendant then called for a cab to drive him around. The cab arrived and first took defendant to his mother s house. Defendant offered some of the jewelry he stole from the Hazards home to his mother, but she rejected it; defendant then discarded that jewelry in a dumpster nearby his mother s home. See footnote 5 Defendant had the cab driver drive defendant to an Atlantic City casino hotel. Along the way, defendant had the cab driver stop so defendant could make additional purchases. Once at the casino hotel s parking garage, defendant changed into the clothes he had just purchased because the clothes he was wearing had the Hazards blood on them. When defendant went to discard the clothes he had just removed, the cab driver requested defendant s permission to keep those clothes and, with defendant s consent, the cab driver placed the clothes in the trunk of the cab. At defendant s request, the cab driver rented three rooms in the casino hotel and assisted defendant in the purchase of alcohol, which was used to stock a bar in the room defendant was to occupy. See footnote 6 At the casino hotel, defendant exchanged a number of coins he had stolen from the Hazards into paper currency. The cab driver then drove defendant around Atlantic City, where defendant purchased marijuana and collected some friends for the party at defendant s rooms in the casino hotel. Once back at the casino hotel, defendant had sex with three or four girls[,] fell asleep, woke up in the bathtub, and climbed into bed. Meanwhile, the cab driver discussed the events of earlier that day with some of his fellow cab drivers. As a result of that discussion, the cab driver decided to report his suspicions to the police. Because the cab driver originally had picked defendant up in the vicinity of Pleasantville, New Jersey, the cab driver went to the Pleasantville Police Department, reported his suspicions concerning defendant, handed defendant s discarded clothing to the police, and told the police where defendant claimed to have discarded the keys to the Hazards stolen car, and where defendant could be found. Based on the information provided by the cab driver, as corroborated by the crime scene and defendant s clothes, the police secured both an arrest warrant as well as a search warrant for the hotel room defendant then occupied. The police arrested defendant at his casino hotel room early the next morning. When the police woke defendant, arrested him and advised him that he was being placed under arrest for a double-murder/arson, defendant s sole concern was why his new clothes appeared to have been casually tossed in the bathtub. Defendant claims that, because he pled guilty to the underlying crimes charged, none of those proofs should have been admitted. The State contends that the majority of defendant s challenged statements were separately corroborated and, thus, inherently credible. In respect of the remaining challenged statements - that defendant had sex with three or four girls and that defendant s sole concern on being awakened by the police was for the condition of his new clothes - the State asserts that those proofs provide a motive for robbery and that, in any event, no contemporaneous objection was made to the testimony concerning defendant s statements upon awakening in the police s presence. Although not all of those items of proof bear the same degree of relevance to the aggravating and mitigating factors in this case, none of them is irrelevant. Thus, evidence concerning defendant s consumption of the champagne stolen from the Hazards home corroborated his commission of felony murder, an aggravating factor, see N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3c(4)(g), and at least one of the Hazards children confirmed that the Hazards had in their home a bottle of champagne from the same vintner as the one recovered by the police. Also, proofs of defendant s shopping spree, hotel room rentals, alcohol and drug purchases, and partying all provide motive for the robbery of Richard and Shirley Hazard. Thus, the relevance of these proofs is established. Furthermore, we find that the probative value of those proofs is not substantially outweighed by their undue prejudicial effect. We reiterate that [e]vidence claimed to be unduly prejudicial is excluded only when its probative value is so significantly outweighed by its inherently inflammatory potential as to have a probable capacity to divert the minds of the jurors from a reasonable and fair evaluation of the issues in the case. State v. Koskovich, supra, 168 N.J. at 486 (citing State v. Thompson, 59 N.J. 396, 421 (1971)). Also, [t]he mere possibility that evidence could be prejudicial does not justify its exclusion[,] id. (quoting State v. Morton, 155 N.J. 383, 453-54 (1998), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 931, 121 S. Ct. 1380, 149 L. Ed. 2d 306 (2001)), and that [s]ome types of evidence require a very strong showing of prejudice to justify exclusion. One example is evidence of motive or intent. State v. Covell, 157 N.J. 554, 570 (1999). Because we find that evidence of defendant s post-crime behavior was relevant to the aggravating and mitigating factors in this death penalty phase trial, and because we further find that its probative value is not substantially outweighed by its undue prejudicial effect, we reject defendant s challenges to the admission of the post-crime evidence. It is fair to say that the average jury, in a greater or less[er] degree, has confidence that these obligations, which so plainly rest upon the prosecuting attorney, will be faithfully observed. Consequently, improper suggestions, insinuations, and, especially, assertions of personal knowledge are apt to carry much weight against the accused when they should properly carry none. [Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88, 55 S. Ct. 629, 633, 79 L. Ed. 1314, 1321 (1935).] Echoing those precepts, we too have explained that [a] prosecutor may be zealous in enforcing the law but he must nevertheless refrain from any conduct lacking in the essentials of fair play, and where his conduct has crossed the line and resulted in foul play, the reversal of the judgment below will be ordered. State v. Siciliano, 21 N.J. 249, 262 (1956). Thus, we have defined the role of a prosecutor similarly: It is but a truism that prosecutors, as lawyers, are engaged in an oratorical profession. As such, and in consonance with our adversarial method of ascertaining the truth, we properly afford counsel on both sides latitude for forceful and graphic advocacy. Our countenance of a certain measure of verbal flair is, however, tempered by the command that prosecutors are charged not simply with the task of securing victory for the State but, more fundamentally, with seeing that justice is served. Absolute adherence to this duty is stringently compelled in capital cases where the penalty is death. Accordingly, prosecutors should not make inaccurate legal or factual assertions during a trial and . . . must confine their comments to evidence revealed during the trial and reasonable inferences to be drawn from that evidence. [State v. Reddish, 181 N.J. 553, 640-41 (2004) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).] In sum, we acknowledge that [p]rosecutors may fight hard, but they must also fight fair. State v. Pennington, 119 N.J. 547, 577 (1990). For those reasons, we gauge the consequences of prosecutorial misconduct or error differently. We evaluat[e] the severity of the misconduct and its prej udicial effect on the defendant s right to a fair trial and conclude that prosecutorial misconduct is not grounds for reversal of a criminal conviction unless the conduct was so egregious as to deprive defendant of a fair trial. State v. Papasavvas (I), 163 N.J. 565, 625 (2000) (quoting State v. Timmendequas (I), 161 N.J. 515, 575-76 (1999), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 858, 122 S. Ct. 136, 151 L. Ed. 2d 89 (2001) (citations omitted)). Thus, [t]o justify reversal, the prosecutor s conduct must have been clearly and unmistakably improper, and must have substantially prejudiced defendant s fundamental right to have a jury fairly evaluate the merits of his defense. Ibid. Also, the Court should consider whether defense counsel made a timely and proper objection, whether the remark was withdrawn promptly, and whether the court ordered the remarks stricken from the record and instructed the jury to disregard them. Ibid. Next, [the] court must also decide whether the prosecutor s misconduct constitutes grounds for a new trial . . . because, in order to justify reversal, the misconduct must have been so egregious that it deprived the defendant of a fair trial. State v. Smith, 167 N.J. 158, 181 (2001) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). In sum, to warrant a new trial the prosecutor s conduct must have been clearly and unmistakably improper, and must have substantially prejudiced defendant s fundamental right to have a jury fairly evaluate the merits of his defense. Id. at 181-82 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). It is in that context that we consider defendant s prosecutorial misconduct or error claims. I will before we proceed further deal with the 3.4 issue. The trial court then immediately instructed the jury as follows: If during the course of either opening any counsel referred to their personal opinion or personal belief, that is not a proper aspect of presentation and counsel s belief or counsel s opinion is not evidence and is indeed not proper argument either. So to the extent there was any such argument or presentation made, it should be disregarded by you and you should allow that to play no role in any determination which you make. Applying the test set forth above, we agree with the trial court s appraisal and handling of defendant s objection to the State s opening statement. Because they had the potential of injecting an element that was factually outside the jury s ken, the prosecutor s comments trod close to the prohibited expression of a personal opinion, raising matters irrelevant to the death penalty phase jury s task. However, although the State s comments may have stretched the bounds of relevance, the trial court promptly and effectively dealt with those comments via a curative instruction. Thus, when we consider the tenor of the trial and the responsiveness of counsel and the court to the improprieties when they occurred[,] State v. Papasavvas (I), supra, 163 N.J. at 625 (quoting State v. Timmendequas (I), supra, 161 N.J. at 575 (citation omitted)), we conclude that, even if the prosecutor s comments could be termed questionable, they were not sufficiently severe, and the potential prejudicial effect on defendant s right to a fair trial was so slight, the relief requested by defendant is unwarranted. We find no basis for reversal in respect of defendant s claim that the prosecutor impermissibly vouched for the State s request for the imposition of the death penalty in the course of its opening statement. That said, we again emphasize our long-standing rule that it is improper for the prosecutor to declare his individual or official opinion or belief of a defendant's guilt in such manner that the jury may understand the opinion or belief to be based upon something which he knows outside the evidence. State v. Thornton, 38 N.J. 380, 398 (1962) (citation omitted). The rationale supporting that rule is straightforward: in the minds of jurors such statements may add the weight of the prosecutor's official and personal influence and knowledge to the probative force of the evidence adduced, and such added weight may creat[e] the possibility that the jurors consciously or unconsciously might adopt the prosecutor's view without applying their own independent judgment to the evidence. Ibid. b. Engaging in argument during opening statement. Defendant points to ten separate instances during the prosecution s opening statement that defendant claims constituted improper argument. Highlighting the specific language defendant claims is particularly improper, those are: This aggravating factor recognizes the evil of killing a witness to a crime. A person, a criminal makes a decision that his freedom, his liberty is more important than the life of his victim or of a witness he is subject or eligible for the death penalty. The Hazards aren t here to tell us how they were victimized, so the crime scene tells us how that occurred. You re going to hear his trying to bring in Clemmons in [what] was the first of many, many lies he told through the course of this investigation. See footnote 8 Stolen property was only found on [defendant]. The Hazards[ ]s blood, their DNA was found on his clothes. No other evidence suggests anybody else was involved in these crimes. This was an attempt by defendant to minimize his role, his responsibility for these crimes. From [the fast-food restaurant] he goes to a store . . . and I m not making this up, the reason he goes there is because he can t drive, doesn t like to drive without listening to music so he goes to the [store] to try to get some music. In his first statement the only thing the defendant says he does is act as a lookout, pours some alcohol to help accelerate the fire. He never claims that he inflicted any injuries upon Mr. or Mrs. Hazard. This is his first self-serving statement. [The police] are concerned about his self-serving statements because he tells the police how scared he was, but the next thing he is doing is going on a shopping spree, so the police want to talk to him some more. The defendant has trouble keeping his lies straight about the involvement of Gary Clemmons. The police then move on to speaking about what had occurred in relation to the crime, and the defendant, again, volunteers to write, and he draws some diagrams for the police. He draws diagrams of what happened in the house. He draws things about outside the house where he actually checks where he was standing three or four houses down, not really being the look out and being unfamiliar with the area he doesn t realize that there s no - he is not being honest, but, again, they don t confront him in the interview, they just let him tell his story. Now the police -- considering this is a double murder and they want to find out everybody who is responsible -- look for Gary Clemmons. It s not like they just decided that they re not going to do anything, and within 20 seconds Gary Clemmons voluntarily walks into the Major Crimes Unit in Northfield and indicates that he was picking up his children in Atlantic City at 4:20 on the day of the crime. The police go down to Atlantic City and talk to two of the daycare workers, speak to them and they remember Mr. Clemmons, they remember him interacting well with his children, so they did investigate when he told them about Clemmons. According to defendant, those statements exceeded the proper scope of opening statements and, hence, require that defendant s death sentence be vacated. The trial court twice instructed the jury that the parties opening statements were not evidence. The State explains that the majority of the comments objected to by defendant constituted representations of what the State intended to, and in fact did, prove at the penalty phase trial and that, in any event, none of the comments made by the prosecutor in his opening statement require reversal. The scope of the State s opening statement is limited to the facts he intends in good faith to prove by competent evidence. State v. Hipplewith, 33 N.J. 300, 309 (1960) (citing State v. Haines, 103 N.J.L. 534 (Sup. Ct. 1927)); State v. Ernst, 32 N.J. 567, 577 (1960), cert. denied, 364 U.S. 93, 81 S. Ct. 464, 5 L. Ed. 2d 374 (1961) (holding that, in opening statements, [a] prosecutor should, as the trial court ruled, limit himself to a statement of what he will prove and not anticipate his final argument. ); see also State v. Walden, 370 N.J. Super. 549, 558 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 182 N.J. 148 (2004) ( A prosecutor's opening statement should provide an outline or roadmap of the State's case. It should be limited to a general recital of what the State expects, in good faith, to prove by competent evidence. (quoting State v. Torres, 328 N.J.Super. 77, 95 (App. Div. 2000)). Therefore, we gauge prosecutorial misconduct or error thusly: [T]he test for determining whether prosecutorial misconduct constitutes reversible error is whether the misconduct was so egregious that it deprived defendant of a fair trial. The goal that rule seeks to foster is that juries [will] . . . reach a verdict and impose a penalty without inordinate exposure to unduly prejudicial, inflammatory commentary. Although we impose a greater burden on prosecuting attorneys than defense attorneys on that issue, [i]t is well-established that prosecuting attorneys, within reasonable limitations, are afforded considerable leeway in making opening statements and summations. [State v. DiFrisco (II), 137 N.J. 434, 474 (1994) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).] So informed, we address defendant s contentions of improper argument constituting prosecutorial misconduct or error in respect of the prosecution s opening statement. The highlighted comments fairly can be characterized as a recital, albeit with some limited yet permissible rhetorical leeway, of the aggravating factors the State intended to prove. Those comments also responded to the implausibility of the excuses defendant tendered in his various statements to the police, statements the prosecution intended to introduce in its case-in-chief. Thus, those comments do not, whether singly or in the aggregate, suffice to satisfy defendant s burden of demonstrating that the conduct [by the prosecutor] was so egregious that it deprived defendant of a fair trial[,] State v. Ramseur, 106 N.J. 123, 322 (1987), particularly in light of the curative instruction provided by the trial court at the close of opening statements. We therefore reject defendant s challenge that the prosecution s opening statement contained impermissible argument. 2. Objections arising during the evidentiary stage. a. Disparagement of defense counsel. Defendant alleges that, at several points during the evidentiary stage of the penalty phase trial, the State accused the defense of discovery violations. According to defendant, those accusations constituted disparagement of defense counsel of the type condemned in State v. Nelson, 173 N.J. 417, 461 (2002). Defendant complains of four separate instances when defendant claims his counsel was disparaged by the State, each of which deals exclusively with cross-examination questions regarding the timing of required discovery disclosures from defendant to the State. The State responds that none of the questions accused defendant or his counsel of discovery violations and that the prosecution never accused defendant or defense counsel of collusion in the presentation of defendant s witnesses. In respect of the first instance claimed as error by defendant -- when the State cross-examined defendant s traumatic brain injury expert concerning a computer printout that the State received last week -- the State notes that defendant s focus on the timing of the disclosure is belied by the trial court s conclusion that I don t see the time of receipt of significance in the question posed to the witness. In respect of the second instance of error claimed by defendant -- when the prosecutor noted in his cross-examination of defendant s brother that the basis of his cross-examination was that he received today another detailed statement -- the State explains that defendant specifically requested that the trial court instruct the jury that the comments of the Prosecutor with respect to suggesting that [the defense] had done something improper with this material is inappropriate and should be disregarded. Abiding by that request, the trial court instructed the jury that when we broke for recess the Court was dealing with a legal issue, which essentially centers around discovery obligations. Essentially, under our practice within limits each side is obliged to turn all their information over to the other side, and I made a determination that there was no delay or no impropriety in [the defense] turning over the information with respect to the supplemental report. Accordingly, you should disregard [the prosecutor s] comments with regard to it. Defendant neither objected to, nor requested any addition or modification to, this curative instruction. The third instance involved the State s cross-examination of defendant s expert in clinical neuropsychology. Highlighting a discrepancy between the raw data supporting that expert s report and the language in the report itself, the State sought to determine that the discrepancy only became clear when the State subpoenaed the expert s raw data. Defendant objected, but the trial court deemed the prosecution s questioning proper, ruling that: What this witness may have chosen to withhold may be relevant on the issue of credibility and meet the credibility relevance, so I will allow cross-examination as to whether he was initially willing to turn it over if that s where the Prosecutor wants to go and whether it took a subpoena to get it. And then counsel are free to make the arguments that counsel chooses to make from there. With regard to the mistrial, in light of what I have said, I would deny the application for a mistrial. I will invite an instruction with respect to the purpose of this, what it is for and what it is not, on the issue of credibility. I ll tell the jury something to that effect when they get back in, but if there s anything further, counsel, that will be addressed. Upon the jury s return to the courtroom, the trial court issued the following curative instruction: An issue has arisen, and I ll give you some instructions with respect to it. The comments with regard to discovery being provided or information being provided[,] I ll instruct you that there has been no discovery violation on behalf of defense counsel or the defendant[,] that there has been no violation of any duty they owed to either the Court or to opposing counsel. Having said that, you will perhaps -- and you have heard some information and may hear further cross-examination as to when and the circumstances under which the so-called raw data were supplied. That would be before you for a limited purpose and a limited purpose only, and that would be for your purpose in assessing any credibility issues or any credibility determinations that you would make concerning the testimony of this witness. Again, defendant did not object to or request any addition to or modification of this curative instruction. Defendant s final instance of counsel disparagement arises in the context of the direct examination of defendant s capital mitigation specialist. During that examination, defendant s capital mitigation specialist described conversations she had had with defendant s mother. The State objected, noting that it had not been provided any information in respect of those conversations. The trial court explained to defendant that he had a continuing obligation to provide witness statements and, in the absence of statements, witness summaries. As a result, the trial court issued an additional curative instruction: Yesterday, at the close of business, issues arose with respect to a continuing discovery obligation. And out of your presence the Court dealt with some further matters with respect to it; after that I am satisfied that no attorney in this case endeavored to mislead or consciously fail[ed] to follow what they thought was the appropriate obligation of counsel. Rather, we have as you know a hotly contested matter where each side is advocating from their position. Accordingly, whatever happened should not prejudice any side on that. I have taken the responsibility, as is my responsibility, to make sure that the discovery obligations are clear. I think they are clearly understood at this point in time and we re ready to proceed. That instruction, which also was accepted by defendant without objection, marks the end of defendant s objections to the State s questions concerning when and under what circumstances these defense witnesses -- defendant s traumatic brain injury expert, brother, clinical neuropsychology expert, and capital mitigation specialist -- disclosed to the prosecution matters properly subject to discovery obligations. An overarching principle guides any inquiry into whether a prosecutor may disparage defense counsel: [P]rosecutors are prohibited from casting unjustified aspersions on the defense or defense counsel. State v. Nelson, 173 N.J. 417, 461 (2002) (citing State v. Frost, 158 N.J. 76, 86 (1999)). As with each of defendant s earlier claims of prosecutorial misconduct or error, however, the issue for resolution is two-fold: whether the prosecutor committed misconduct, and, if so, whether the prosecutor s conduct constitutes grounds for a new trial. State v. Smith, 167 N.J. 158, 181 (2001). We have explained that, in order to meet the second part of that test, the misconduct must have been so egregious that it deprived defendant of a fair trial. Ibid. (citations omitted). Stated differently, [t]o warrant a new trial the prosecutor s conduct must have been clearly and unmistakably improper, and must have substantially prejudiced defendant s fundamental right to have a jury fairly evaluate the merits of his defense. Id. at 181-82 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). We do not read those three cross-examination questions or one objection posed by the State as an assault on defense counsel. On the contrary, in each instance, the prosecution properly sought to question a witness in respect of materials either recently disclosed or not disclosed at all to the State. Therefore, to the extent that line of questioning or objection raises credibility issues concerning recent fabrication or bias, interest or prejudice, see generally N.J.R.E. 607 ( [A]ny party including the party calling the witness may examine the witness and introduce extrinsic evidence relevant to the issue of credibility. . . . ), the questions and objection are proper. See, e.g., State v. Silva, 131 N.J. 438, 442 (1993) (holding that if a witness appears to know of the charges and would naturally be expected to have come forward with the alibi testimony, the witness may be cross-examined about those circumstances of non-disclosure ); State v. Josephs, 174 N.J. 44, 127 (2002) ( In assessing the worth of the defense s case, the jury is entitled to consider whether it was receiving a full picture, as interest and bias are always relevant. (quoting State v. Timmendequas (I), 161 N.J. 515, 594 (1999), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 858, 122 S. Ct. 136, 151 L. Ed. 2d 89 (2001))). Furthermore, even if we were to credit defendant s allegations and condemn the State for implying that the defense was derelict in its discovery obligations, we nevertheless conclude that the State s conduct in posing the complained-of questions and objection does not rise to the level where it can be considered so egregious that it deprived the defendant of a fair trial. State v. Frost, 158 N.J. 76, 83 (1999); see also State v. Pennington, 119 N.J. 547, 566 (1990) ( [T]he test by which we shall evaluate the prosecutor s misconduct is whether it was so egregious as to deny defendant a fair trial. ); State v. Ramseur, 106 N.J. 123, 322 (1987) (same). Therefore, we reject defendant s claim that the State disparaged defense counsel or that, even if so construed, that the State s actions warrant a new death penalty phase trial. b. Unwarranted comments and accusations. In respect of five separate instances during the penalty phase trial, defendant next claims that the State engaged in what defendant characterizes as unwarranted comments and accusations in plain terms, cheap shots that distorted the record and greatly prejudiced the defendant. First, defendant contends that, in respect of defendant s expert in the area of traumatic brain injury, the State improperly focused on the expert s fees and failure to treat defendant by inquiring why that physician did not treat defendant. Second, defendant alleges that, in the cross-examination of defendant s clinical neuropsychiatrist, the State also focused on the limitations of the physician s engagement: as solely an expert witness for hire and not as a treating physician. Third, defendant complains that the State improperly examined on re-cross the director of the Atlantic County Youth Advocate Program See footnote 9 who, years before, had been assigned to work with defendant. In defendant s view, the State s inquiries as to what programs were in fact available to defendant after the witness was no longer responsible for defendant s care were not properly in response to the witness s admission on re-direct examination that she should have pushed harder on defendant s behalf when he was under the witness s care. This, defendant claims, represents an especially low form of attack: casting aspersions on the witness [s] sincerity and dedication by forcing her to acknowledge that she did not follow up with [defendant] after leaving the job which was the basis for her contact with him. Fourth, defendant asserts that the prosecutor s rejoinder to the social worker who was retained on defendant s behalf to conduct a social history investigation of defendant was improper. Specifically, in response to the witness s statement to the prosecutor that she did not feel comfortable relying on what [the prosecutor was] saying[,] the prosecutor quipped that the feeling is mutual, ma am. Finally, defendant argues that, in the cross-examination of defendant s developmental psychologist, who had a particular expertise in youth violence, the State improperly questioned the psychologist on the basis that his orientation is not to focus on the injustices that the murderer committed, but the injustices that he experienced. Defendant also claims that the cross-examination of the developmental psychologist based on his prior writings in respect of the attacks on September 11, 2001 were gratuitous, inappropriate and inflammatory. The challenged question and answer were: Q: Even in the context of the September 11th terrorist attacks, you wanted to uncover the injustices that the terrorists may have suffered, correct? A: I want to understand everyone who commits a violent act. And terrorists have a developmental history. It is worth trying to understand it, particularly if you want to prevent it in the future. Defendant contends that this exchange was aggravated by the fact that it had been reported in the newspaper that defendant was a Muslim. The State asserts that the prosecutor properly cross-examined [defendant s traumatic brain injury expert and clinical neuropsychiatrist] concerning their fees and their relationships with defendant because these matters were relevant to their partiality, bias, and motive, and hence, their credibility. In respect of the cross-examination of defendant s youth advocacy worker, the State argues that its questions focusing on the services made available to defendant after he was no longer in that worker s care were designed to challenge factually that witness s opinion, elicited by defense counsel, that defendant was failed by DYFS. The State does concede that its rejoinder to the social worker who was retained to conduct a social history investigation of defendant that the feeling is mutual[,] that is, that the prosecutor similarly did not feel comfortable relying on what [the witness was] saying[,] was unnecessary. The State asserts, however, that the comment was brief, was intended to respond to those instances where the witness claimed that, without verification, she was unwilling to accept the factual premise of any questions posed by the prosecutor, and was the subject of the following colloquy and curative instruction: [Defense Counsel]: Judge, I object. [The Prosecutor]: Judge, she said that two or three times. She made that reference to me. [Defense Counsel]: He has indicated two times in front of the jury and this witness of things that are on the records that were not in the records, so she said I don t feel comfortable relying on it, I want to look at my report. The fact the feeling is mutual is an inappropriate commentary. She wanted to look through her own records. I don t think she said anything disparaging to the Prosecutor. [The Prosecutor]: I took it differently. [Defense Counsel]: I don t think it matters how he takes it. It is inappropriate, and I object to that. The Court: Subject to that interpretation it is inappropriate comment of counsel and should be disregarded by the jury, and if counsel feels that [there are] inappropriate comments being made by the witness[,] that matter can be addressed to the Court for resolution. The State notes that defendant neither requested further relief nor objected to the curative instruction given. Finally, the State asserts that its cross-examination of defendant s developmental psychologist was proper because [t]he prosecutor was entitled to cross-examine this witness about his extreme philosophical positions and professional opinions because they were relevant to his bias, interest, and partiality. The State also remarks that, the fact that defense counsel indicated that he was going to move for a mistrial on this ground, but then never did and instead pursued an entirely different objection demonstrates that in the context of this trial, defense counsel did not believe that the prosecutor s question was improper or that it prejudiced defendant s right to a fair trial. Our review of the examination of these witnesses leads to the conclusion that the cross-examination of each of defendant s traumatic brain injury expert, clinical neuropsychiatrist, and developmental psychologist was proper inasmuch as it was geared towards developing whether each of these witnesses was biased or partial in favor of defendant, or whether any of these witnesses bore an interest in the litigation. We have made clear that [a] prosecutor may suggest to the jury that the defense s presentation of the evidence was unbalanced and incomplete. A prosecutor s statements on the deficiency of a defendant s defense and the inferences to be drawn therefrom are permissible as long as they are grounded in the record. In assessing the worth of the defense s case, the jury is entitled to consider whether it was receiving a full picture, as interest and bias are always relevant. [State v. Josephs, 174 N.J. 44, 127 (2002) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).] Applying that standard, we hold that the cross-examination of defendant s traumatic brain injury expert, clinical neuropsychiatrist, and developmental psychologist properly addressed these witnesses biases, interest and partiality and, hence, was proper. Defendant s objection to the cross-examination of the youth advocacy worker also is unpersuasive. That witness testified that, in her opinion, defendant was failed by DYFS, a matter made relevant by defendant s claim in mitigation that the State agencies responsible for protecting children from parental abuse and/or neglect did not succeed in protecting defendant. See footnote 10 In that context, cross-examination designed to elicit the knowledge this witness had of the services that in fact were offered to defendant after he was no longer directly in her care was crucial to the issue defendant himself placed in issue: the degree to which the State had failed defendant in his upbringing, a mitigating factor submitted by defendant under the catch-all mitigating factor provided in N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3c(5)(h) ( Any other factor which is relevant to the defendant s character, or record or the circumstances of the offense. ). Furthermore, as opinion testimony, that witness was particularly susceptible to cross-examination. We have made clear [t]hat the credibility of a witness may be impeached on cross-examination is well settled [and that t]he scope of cross-examination is a matter resting in the broad discretion of the trial court. State v. Martini, 131 N.J. 176, 255 (1993) (citations omitted). Further, in respect of the cross-examination of an expert, we have held that an expert witness is always subject to searching cross-examination as to the basis of his opinion. . . . Id. at 259 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). In that context, we have held: That the scope of cross-examination is a matter for the control of the trial court and an appellate court will not interfere with such control unless clear error and prejudice are shown is well settled. State v. Murray, 240 N.J. Super. 378, 394 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 122 N.J. 334, 585 (1990). In addition, an expert witness is always subject to searching cross-examination as to the basis of his opinion. Glenpoint Assocs. v. Twp. of Teaneck, 241 N.J. Super. 37, 54 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 122 N.J. 391 (1990). To determine the credibility, weight and probative value of an expert s opinion, one must question the facts and reasoning on which it is based. Johnson v. Salem Corp., 97 N.J. 78, 91 (1984). [Id. at 263-64.] We address the State s concession that the prosecutor s rejoinder to the social worker who was retained to conduct a social history investigation of defendant that the feeling is mutual[,] that is, that the prosecutor similarly did not feel comfortable relying on what [the witness was] saying[,] albeit unnecessary, did not deprive defendant of a fair trial for the following reasons: the comment was brief; the comment was intended to respond to those instances where the witness claimed that, without verification, she was unwilling to accept the factual premise of any questions posed by the prosecutor; and the comment was the subject of an immediate curative instruction. To be sure, in this specific respect and in this context, we find the prosecutor s conduct to be, at the very least, unnecessary. However, we also acknowledge that defendant s penalty phase trial was feverishly contested, and emotions ran high throughout the proceedings. In that framework, we recognize that we must not be so idealistic as to close our eyes to the realities of human nature as they are continually portrayed during our trial process. Each criminal trial is a swiftly moving dramatic contest which often evokes strong emotions in the participants. The charged atmosphere created frequently makes it arduous for the prosecuting attorney to stay within the orbit of strict propriety. [State v. Bucanis, 26 N.J. 45, 56 (1958).] However unfortunate the exchange between the prosecutor and defendant s social worker may have been, we cannot ascribe to this limited and immediately corrected instance the far-reaching implications defendant seeks. We instead hold that, although the prosecutor s gratuitous comment is worthy of disapproval, and is to be avoided, the exchange was not so egregious as to deprive defendant of a fair trial because that comment could not have substantially prejudiced defendant s fundamental right to have a jury fairly evaluate the merits of his defense. State v. Papasavvas (I), 163 N.J. 565, 625 (2000) (quoting State v. Timmendequas (I), 161 N.J. 515, 575 (1999), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 858, 122 S. Ct. 136, 151 L. Ed. 2d 89 (2001) (citations omitted)). c. Obstruction of the defense s examination of defendant s cousin. [The Witness]: To allow [defendant] to live because he hasn t really lived. He hasn t had a life growing up. None of us did. [The Prosecutor]: You Honor, I m going to object I think it has gone - [Defense Counsel #2]: I would object to him interrupting this witness after the Court already made a ruling indicating that she would be allowed to do it. [The Prosecutor]: She s talking about her life, that is not relevant. [Defense Counsel #2]: Judge, Judge -- [The Prosecutor]: This is [Defense Counsel #1 s] witness. See footnote 12 [Defense Counsel #2]: Judge, I would like to finish my objection. The Court: She may finish her answer. [Defense Counsel #1]: Judge, quite frankly I think it was inappropriate, and I will address this -- for [the prosecutor] to interrupt this after the side-bar, I think was done deliberately to take her off -- The Court: I would ask counsel not to get into personalities. There was a ruling as to the subject matter that did not preclude whether the scope of the ruling was exceeded so -- but I have ruled she may finish her answer. [The Witness]: None of us did really. Uhm . . . at least he is able to eat three meals a day; finish school -- [The Prosecutor]: Your Honor, this goes -- Judge, I need to approach. This is -- [Defense Counsel #1]: Judge, you made a ruling. And I think that we re supposed to be bound by the rulings that this Court made. And I would ask that the prosecutor be bound by the rulings as we are and let this witness finish her answer. He keeps interrupting the plea[] for life which is done, I submit, deliberately so that it doesn t have the import it would have. [The Prosecutor]: The witness can t say whatever she wants. She is limited to what she can say. The Court: I would agree, and you have the right to object on that subject matter. And my ruling on it is that the scope of the Court s ruling hasn t been exceeded yet, in any event. Immediately following that exchange, the witness provided her very brief testimony on this point without interruption. We agree with the trial court that the State properly sought to enforce the limitation placed on the scope of this witness s testimony, that is, that her testimony was to be limited to the claimed mitigating factor that defendant was raised in a home without structure, boundaries or positive role models which he could emulate, a mitigating factor also presented under the catch-all provision of N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3c(5)(h). When there is a reasonable and good faith expectation that a witness s answer to a question will exceed what is deemed proper under the circumstances, no party is required to sit idly by and allow impermissible testimony to be spread on the record. On the contrary, to the extent possible, the obligation of an advocate is to avoid trying to undo what may be impermissibly done as [t]he failure to object promptly to questionable comments, although not fatal, may oft-times result in not having the benefit of the trial court's exercise of its remedial powers on the propriety of the statements in issue[,] State v. Williams, 113 N.J. 393, 452 n.14 (1988), and [t]he courts have always had the obligation of preventing a jury, at least on objection, from hearing inadmissible evidence[,] State v. Phelps, 96 N.J. 500, 515 n.3 (1984). d. Mention of a report prepared by a non-testifying defense expert. [The Witness]: Of course. [The Prosecutor]: Did you know that Dr. Gary Glass relied on your report, the defense psychiatrist? [Defense Counsel #2]: Can we be heard, please? The Court: Counsel may approach. Defendant objected to any reference to Dr. Glass, claiming that defendant may never call Dr. Glass, and it is improper for him to be throwing names in front of this jury. The trial court then ruled as follows: The issue, as I see it, is a narrow one. You have asked on cross-examination whether he anticipated that others would be relying on his report, and he got an affirmative answer to that. You re now refining it with respect to Dr. Glass. The defense says Dr. Glass may or may not testify. He probably will, he might not, I guess is the fairest statement. I can t pin them down, but I have to act in a context - - that s the context in which I act. You have got this witness [s] anticipation of reliance, and if Glass comes on you can ask him whether he relied upon it. The State made no further reference to Dr. Glass, See footnote 13 and defendant sought no curative instruction requesting that the jury disregard any mention of Dr. Glass. Although satisfied with that resolution then, defendant now claims that [b]y this maneuver, the State conveyed to the jury that the defense had consulted an expert but would not present him, with the clear implication that the defense was hiding an unfavorable opinion from the jury. Although it made no contemporaneous request for a jury instruction of any sort, defendant now claims that the trial court did nothing to negate or correct the implication of the question[] that was asked. Our review of this single, fleeting question and answer, in the context in which these events occurred, requires that we reject the result advanced by defendant. We fail to see how asking defendant s neuropsychiatrist whether he knew that another doctor had relied on the neuropsychiatrist s report results in the clear implication that the defense was hiding an unfavorable opinion from the jury as alleged by defendant. We are most persuaded by the fact that, at the time defendant objected to the question and the trial court sustained that objection, defendant did not seek a curative instruction. In the absence of a request for a contemporaneous curative instruction at trial, defendant s present complaint in respect of the absence of a curative instruction will not be heard. See, e.g., State v. Bucanis, 26 N.J. 45, 57 (1958) ( In most instances, under our system of jurisprudence, the onus is upon the lawyer to safeguard his client . . . through means available in the trial court. Defense counsel is not ordinarily free to scrutinize the record at his later leisure and to secure reversals upon the basis of what he thus discerns as error, unless it definitely comes within the scope of our plain error rule as we have interpreted it. ). 3. Objections to the State s Summation. We recently held that, while a prosecutor s summation is not without bounds, [s]o long as he stays within the evidence and the legitimate inferences therefrom the Prosecutor is entitled to wide latitude in his summation. State v. R.B., 183 N.J. 30, 330 (2005) (quoting State v. Mayberry, 52 N.J. 413, 437 (1968), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1043, 89 S. Ct. 673, 21 L. Ed. 2d 593 (1969)). We underscored that [a] prosecutor may comment on the facts shown by or reasonably to be inferred from the evidence. There is no error so long as he confines himself in that fashion. Ultimately it was for the jury to decide whether to draw the inferences the prosecutor urged. Ibid. (quoting State v. Carter, 91 N.J. 86, 125 (1982) (citations omitted)). Isolating small portions of the prosecutor s summation, defendant claims he was denied a fair trial. We disagree. When read in its entirety, the fair import of the State s closing argument is that the prosecutor exhorted the jury to arrive at its decision, beyond a reasonable doubt, by balancing the aggravating and mitigating factors. We therefore reject all of defendant s challenges to the State s summation. See footnote 14 a. Equating the death penalty with justice. Defendant alleges that, in its summation, the State equated the imposition of the death penalty with the exaction of justice. Specifically, defendant complains of the following passages at the beginning of the State s summation: I thank you for your attention and your service in this case. At this moment I m humbled with the responsibility to ask for justice on behalf of Richard and Shirley Hazard. We ve seen their photographs to see how they once were, but they are not here. So I m privileged to ask for justice. . . . . I m sure you have an idea of the things I m going to say. You probably have an idea of the things I m going to ask you to do and based upon what we heard in this courtroom, I submit you know what your answers should be. You know what your answers must be. Based upon these Aggravating Factors this [d]efendant has gone too far. He has gone too far over the line. Society is entitled to make laws to protect citizens, to punish people who break those laws. Laws that talk about what a person can do and what a person can t do. I suggest the [d]efendant, based on these Aggravating Factors, has crossed that line beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant also complains of the following passage at the conclusion of the State s summation: From what we heard had occurred in that house [we] couldn t imagine worse nightmares. Who could have the stomach to watch what [defendant] did on video tape if there s a video tape available. He did it, he carried it out and he did it purposely and consciously. We suggest that the Aggravating Factors call out for death. [Defendant] says choose life. [Defendant] chose death twice over. You are not responsible for the choices that [defendant] made. Your commitment is to follow the law and render the truth. Only the twelve of you can do justice. Only the twelve of you can recognize the Aggravating Factors. Only the twelve of you can have the courage to make the right decision in this case. [The] State suggests the right decision is death. We ask you, as you promised that you would, to follow your oath. Follow the instructions of the Court wherever, wherever they may lead. You gave that commitment and we know how you ve been following this case and we expect that you will do so. Despite [defendant s] total disregard of life, liberty, justice, he s received a fair trial. Members of the community will judge him on his behavior. Unlike Richard and Shirley Hazard, he receives justice. I ask you to impose the death penalty because it is the only sanction that will serve truth and justice. I urge you to impose it. Defendant argues that the equation of death with justice violates the noted prohibitions against encouraging a death verdict on the basis of a duty to society, as does the insinuation that jurors who did not vote to impose death would not be following their oaths. The State responds that [t]he overriding and unmistakable message was that the jury should sentence defendant to death based on evidence actually produced concerning aggravating and mitigating factors[,] and that the prosecutor argued to the jury that the jurors [should] not feel guilty for following their oaths, and to have the courage to follow the court s legal instructions, wherever they may lead. According to the State, [t]he prosecutor did not tell the jurors that they would violate their oaths if they failed to return a death verdict, but instead emphasized that the jurors must faithfully apply the law as instructed by the court, whatever the result. Ruling on defendant s motion to set aside the death sentence, the trial court considered and rejected this argument. The trial court distinguished between what the prosecutor argued in summation in this case from those at issue in State v. Pennington, 119 N.J. 547, 575-76 (1990), and held that [t]he references by the prosecutor were unrelated to the substantive issues in the case. They were not extensive, they were not inflammatory - - it was the second sentence of his closing argument - - and would not reflect any intention[] to divert the jury from the material facts as to the worthiness of the victim[.] State v. Marshall[(I), 123 N.J. 1, 162 (1991) (quoting State v. Pennington, 119 N.J. 547, 571 (1990))]. The State is allowed under State v. [Muhammad, 145 N.J. 23 (1996)], to make appropriate comment with respect to the uniqueness of the victims in balancing those issues against the non[-]statutory aggravating factors as the jury was instructed. So I don t find any overreaching by the prosecutor with regard to that. And I don t conclude that the prosecutor in anyway turned the victim impact evidence into non[-]statutory aggravating factors. Rather, the Court concludes that the prosecutor s conduct was not clearly and unmistakably improper so as to result in any substantial prejudice to the defendant or fundamental right to have a jury fairly assess the persuasiveness of the case; that simply doesn t exist here. . . . . There was no suggestion, the Court holds, that the jurors would violate the oaths. At issue here [are] the statements made by the prosecutor that, [t]he juror[s] should not feel guilty for what they are about to do if they were following their oaths. . . . The prosecutor s comments did not cross the bounds of propriety by telling the jurors that they needed a sense of courage to impose the death penalty. Instead here the prosecutor s statement emphasized to the jury that they should deliberate with courage and dignity, such encouragement is not inconsistent, I would hold, with our capital jurisprudence. The prosecutor s comments reinforced to the jurors that they have a grave task and did not in any way impermissibly minimize or otherwise prejudice the jury s decision making process. . . . . With regard to the argument [in respect of] defendant s lack of remorse, the prosecutor did comment on what was argued to be a lack of remorse and, accordingly, the absence of that as any appropriate mitigating factor. . . . The prosecutor responded[,] and I would hold[,] the appropriate way as to whether or not there was any true remorse. Upon the defendant placing remorse at issue, the State did not deprecate what the defense was doing, but [the State] deprecated the quality, the significance of the remorse in the closing argument[,] and that s appropriate. . . . . The prosecutor here in no way of course, in the Court s estimation, in anyway sought to diminish the jury s responsibility. The prosecutor I think said these words: You are not responsible for the choices that he made. Your commitment is to follow the law and render the truth. Only the 12 of you can do justice. Only the 12 of you can recognize aggravating factors. In this particular case I would hold that there were no inferences from the statements which [the prosecutor] made that the prosecutor was in any way diminishing any of the jurors responsibilities. I would say, rather, in the context of what he said, he did the opposite: he focused on the serious nature of their responsibilities. We agree with the trial court s careful and thoughtful analysis. As we noted in respect of a similar challenge where the prosecutor uttered almost the exact words used by the State in this case, See footnote 15 the prosecutor s comments did not jeopardize defendant s right to a fair trial and to individualized sentencing. Unlike the prosecutor whose statement we objected to in State v. Purnell, 126 N.J. 518, 545 (1992), the prosecutor did not tell the jury that the only way to demonstrate courage would be to vote for death. To the contrary, he urged the jurors to have the courage to render a verdict in accordance with the evidence, however the verdict turned out. Specifically, he told them at one point during summation, whatever your verdict is, we will all leave this courtroom with our heads held high. Moreover, the statements did not urge the jury to send a message to society, nor did they scare the jury into believing that a death sentence was needed to protect society from a man like defendant. See [State v.] Rose, 112 N.J. [454,] 521 [(1988)] (criticizing prosecutor s statement to send a message to society); [State v.] Ramseur, 106 N.J. [123,] 321 [(1987)] (condemning prosecutor s statement that suggested that jury should impose death penalty to protect society from crime ). We are satisfied that that statement by itself, or in conjunction with other statements, see State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 218 (1984) (stating that sum of statements may amount to reversible error, even where one would not by itself), was not so egregious as to warrant reversal. [State v. DiFrisco (II), 137 N.J. 434, 476 (1994).] b. Explanation that the jury should not feel guilty about imposing a death sentence. Defendant also takes issue with the following portion of the State s summation: You re not going to hear any discussion from me or from the Court about whether or not we should have a death penalty or not. Whether it s appropriate in our society. That s not what we re here for. We re here to apply the law of the State of New Jersey. The death penalty is the law of the State of New Jersey. So whether you agree or disagree with the death penalty, that s not the issue here. Do not feel guilty for what you are about to do in this courtroom. What you re doing is following your oath, doing your job. In defendant s view, the prosecutor s exhortation that the jury not feel guilty for what [it was] about to do is merely the flip side of the illegitimate courage argument. In response, the State argues that the prosecutor properly reminded the jurors to abide by their oaths to follow the law. He told the jurors to not feel guilty for following their oaths, and to have courage to follow the court s legal instructions wherever they may lead. By way of contrast, the State notes that [t]he prosecutor did not tell the jurors that they would violate their oaths if they failed to return a death verdict, but instead emphasized that the jurors must faithfully apply the law as instructed by the court, whatever the result. We reject the notion that the State s summation was improper. In light of the mitigating factors claimed by defendant -- the overwhelming majority of which sought mitigation of defendant s confessed crimes based on elements of defendant s life, supra, ___ N.J. ___ (2006) (slip op. at 12-13) -- it was fitting and proper for the State to remind the jurors that they need not feel guilty if they returned a death sentence. c. Mischaracterization of death penalty phase as concerning what defendant deserved. I would suggest that people outside of that scenario that are twenty-three years old, that they re law-abiding. They work. They take care of their family. I suggest age is not a Mitigating Factor that should hold much, if any, weight. What about the psychological age[,] maybe that means something because of his upbringing. He knew right from wrong and his experiences, the Judge is going to tell you, should play into it, experiences. Well, we know he started to get in trouble at a young age. He knew the consequences of getting in trouble. He knew getting in trouble[,] from experience[,] will land you in jail. He knew it. He didn t care. Consider that when you consider age. Defendant asserts that [t]o contrast the defendant with generalizations concerning other people of the defendant s age is, in fact, to argue that age, per se, is not relevant, because others of the same age are doing good or great things. He also argues that by implying that only chronological age matters, the argument served to preclude consideration of relative maturity. Defendant concludes by claiming that the introduction of Iraq in this context, to explicitly contrast the defendant with the most admirable people of his chronological age, is highly inflammatory. According to defendant, the prejudice he suffered as a result of the State s distortion of this mitigating factor is readily evident in the jury s unanimous rejection of that mitigating factor. The State responds that the prosecutor s comments were a direct and measured response to defense counsel s closing arguments regarding defendant s relative youth. As interpreted by the State, [t]he prosecutor never suggested that defendant s age, per se, was not relevant. By way of contrast, the State argues that the prosecutor s comments suggested the exact opposite - - that defendant s age was indeed a relevant consideration, but that in this particular case it did not carry much, if any weight, given the magnitude of his crimes and his ability to distinguish right from wrong. The State notes that the prosecutor was free to depreciate the significance of defendant s mitigating evidence by comparing him to his peers[.] State v. Bey (III), 129 N.J. 557, 621 (1992), supplemented by 137 N.J. 334 (1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1164, 115 S. Ct. 1131, 130 L. Ed. 2d 1093 (1995) (quoting State v. Marshall (I), 123 N.J. 1, 164 (1991), supplemented by, 130 N.J. 109 (1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 929, 113 S. Ct. 1306, 122 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1993)). The State concludes that the prosecutor appropriately focused the jury s attention on defendant s chronological age, as well as on his experiences and maturity, in urging the jury to reject defendant s age as a mitigating factor, or at least give it little weight. Following the State s summation and defendant s motion for a new trial, the trial court rejected defendant s accusation that the State distorted the age mitigating factor. Denying defendant s motion for a mistrial immediately before the jury charge, the trial court held that my understanding of the prosecutor s arguments is that his comments that were objected to were made in [the] context [of discussing the mitigating factors], so I would hold that it is within the bounds of fair comment. More specifically, denying defendant s motion for a new trial, the trial court held as follows: With regard to the arguments concerning defendant s age, this case and what occurred here [are] quite distinct from State v. Bey. For example, in State v. Bey, the prosecutor said, contrary to what the law is, Quote: So age, per se, is just not relevant. End quote. The Court does hold that age per se is relevant, and the statute makes it clear that age per se has some relevance. Here what the prosecutor did was endeavor to compare the defendant to his peers and was not telling the jury to reject age per se but was making an argument as to what weight and effect that should have on the jury s balancing process. We have interpreted mitigating factor c(5)(c) as requiring juries to consider both chronological age and maturity in determining the applicability of the age mitigating factor to relatively young defendants. State v. Bey (III), supra, 129 N.J. at 613. We have cautioned, however, that the statutory language makes clear that juries should give greater weight to a defendant s chronological age. Ibid. As the State correctly notes, the comparison of defendant with those in his age cohort serving in the armed forces stationed in war zones abroad also was proper. Id. at 621 (endorsing comparison between eighteen-year-old defendant and the fifty thousand people who are stationed in Saudi Arabia in our military, many of them are eighteen ). We fail to see how the prosecution s comments concerning defendant s age at the time of the murders in any way distorted the jury s application of the mitigating factor claimed by defendant under N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3c(5)(c). On the contrary, we embrace the trial court s reasoning when it held that what the prosecutor did was endeavor to compare the defendant to his peers[,] that the prosecutor was not telling the jury to reject age per se[,] but that, instead, the prosecutor was making an argument as to what weight and effect that should have on the jury s balancing process. In that context, defendant s claim of distortion of the age mitigating factor must be rejected. e. Name-calling. Defendant asserts further prosecutorial misconduct or error in the State s summation claiming that the prosecution engaged in impermissible name-calling when he argued that [f]rom what we know about [defendant] and Shirley and Richard Hazard, this is the case of the wolf taking the lives of the two helpless sheep and the facts cry out for death. Distinguishing the conduct we roundly condemned in State v. Pennington, 119 N.J. 547, 576-77 (1990), the State replies that the prosecutor, on one single, isolated occasion, alluded to the wolf and sheep metaphor to collectively refer to defendant and the victims and that, in doing so, [t]he prosecutor did not unfairly single-out and demean defendant with a degrading epithet, nor did this remark substantially prejudice defendant s fundamental right to have the jury fairly evaluate the merits of his defense. We have explained that [b]y no stretch of the imagination can it be said that describing defendant as a coward, liar, or jackal is not derogatory. . . . It is not fair to employ degrading epithets such as [a] cancer, and parasite upon society, animal, butcher boy, young punk, hood, punk, and bum[.] . . . Epithets are especially egregious when, as here, the prosecutor pursues a persistent pattern of misconduct throughout the trial. [State v. Pennington, supra, 119 N.J. at 577 (citations omitted).] We have also condemned references to a defendant as the guest of honor, an equal opportunity shooter, and, in respect of an African-American capital defendant, a brother. State v. Long, 119 N.J. 439, 484 (1990). We have, therefore, caution[ed] prosecuting attorneys that derogatory name-calling will not be condoned[,] and we have admonish[ed] prosecutors to be circumspect in their zealous efforts to win convictions. State v. Williams, 113 N.J. 393, 456 (1988). That said, the proper yardstick in this context remains whether the prosecutor s statement was improper and, if so, whether the misconduct was so egregious that it deprived defendant of a fair trial[] [including the] penalty phases of a capital trial[.] State v. Pennington, supra, 119 N.J. at 565 (citations omitted). When measured against that standard, the prosecution s single metaphor comparing the relationship between defendant and his murdered victims to that of the wolf taking the lives of the two helpless sheep did not violate the proscription against name-calling and simply does not rise to the level where defendant s right to a fair trial is implicated. Therefore, we reject defendant s claim that the State engaged in impermissible name-calling. f. Improper focus on defendant s character. Again isolating discrete statements in the State s summation, defendant argues that, in three instances, [t]he prosecutor further diverted the jurors from their proper function, and greased the skids towards aggravating factors and away from mitigating factors, by focusing the juror s attention toward the non-issue of the defendant s character. Placed in their respective context, defendant complains of the following highlighted statements: Now we heard from the testimony of the Hazard children, what that house represented to Richard and Shirley. It was home. It was about family. It s about safety. It s about children. What did that home represent to [defendant]? We suggest that home represented only an opportunity, an opportunity to take, an opportunity to steal, an opportunity to destroy. He didn t look at that home as other people looked at it. This home was a way for [defendant] to get the things that he wanted. Whether taking a car, getting something to eat, buying new clothes, buying new jewelry, renting a hotel room for his friends. That s what this home represented to [defendant]. Because in [defendant s] world everything is about him. This isn t the case -- something else we ask you to consider. This isn t a case where [defendant] chose to burglarize a home, an empty home. He wants surpri[s]e by the occupants. We suggest that [when defendant] chose, that he chose to burglarize an occupied home and why he did that was because it made this crime easier for him. . . . . How does it relate to Mrs. Hazard? Again, Mr. Hazard and Mrs. Hazard are separate Aggravating Factors. We talked about her coming home for the last time. [We s]uggest that [defendant] had some advanced notice. She wasn t able to get her groceries down that she had bought. She was assaulted from behind. What does [defendant] do to try and obtain the property of Shirley Hazard, to obtain the valuables? First of all, he picks her up, looks her in the eye and carries her over to the basement and throws her down the basement steps. Doesn t he realize this is a human being? He doesn t care. It s all about the property. He gets downstairs he follows her down there and she s in a ball. She s curled up. Must be in pain and for some reason he stretches her out, pulls her over to where her husband is, who has the [plastic] garbage bag [over his head]. Imagine she looks over and sees her husband with a garbage bag over his head. Defendant decides he s going to inflict some more violence upon her, but before he can do that, the dog, the loyal family dog sees what is happening and has a response that a dog would have. Goes over and starts barking or growling and [defendant] has a dilemma here. What do I do? I don t want to get bitten. Thinking, how do I solve this dilemma? He runs upstairs, gets that wooden spoon and starts to beat the dog with it. He knows what s going on here. He s thinking. It s not a seizure. . . . . What happens at that time [when defendant writes a letter to his friends after he has been arrested]? [Defendant] suggests that he is upset. Starts banging his head again. He s banging his head. I m going to Ancora [a State psychiatric facility]. I ll put on the act of despondent, talking about suicide. This letter is written before Sergeant Bennett gets down there. He s going to Ancora. Two and a half days after the murder. I suggest that all human beings have some kind of light in them, some kind of compassion, some kind of remorse. [Defendant] never had the light. It is out. He s incapable of remorse. He s not going to be remorseful today, one year from now or sixty years from now, he s not going to have any remorse. [(emphasis supplied).] In defendant s view, [s]uch trial by invective is improper, particularly in light of the State s declining to claim the depravity aggravating factor under N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3c(4)(c). The State responds by pointing out that defendant s contention that his character was a non-issue is starkly contradicted by his urging that mitigating factor (5)(h) -- which permits the jury to consider any other factor which is relevant to the defendant s character or record or to the circumstances of the offense -- was applicable. The State emphasizes that [h]ere, where defendant alleged 14 separate (5)(h) mitigating factors, certain aspects of his character certainly were at issue, and the prosecutor was entitled to comment on them in his summation. Taken in context, each of the challenged comments was fair comment in response to defendant s presentation. In respect of the first challenged comment, that in defendant s world everything is about him[,] the State s reference was to the burglary of the Hazard home to which defendant pled guilty and which formed an explicit part of the aggravating factors urged by the State. In respect of the second challenged comment of whether, while he was brutalizing Mrs. Hazard, defendant realize[d] that this is a human being and that he did not care, as well as the third comment that defendant does not have the light of compassion or remorse in him, we hold that, because defendant placed his character at issue by virtue of several of the mitigating factors he placed before the jury, it is entirely relevant, and proper, for the prosecution to respond as it did. In sum, we hold that none of the challenged comments improperly placed defendant s character in issue and, hence, defendant s objections thereto are unavailing. A reasonable doubt is an honest and reasonable uncertainty in your minds about the guilt of the defendant after you have given full and impartial consideration to all of the evidence. A reasonable doubt may arise from the evidence itself or from a lack of evidence. It is a doubt that a reasonable person hearing the same evidence would have. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof, for example, that leaves you firmly convinced of the defendant's guilt. In this world, we know very few things with absolute certainty. In criminal cases the law does not require proof that overcomes every possible doubt. If, based on your consideration of the evidence, you are firmly convinced that the defendant is guilty of the crime charged, you must find him guilty. If, on the other hand, you are not firmly convinced of defendant s guilt, you must give defendant the benefit of the doubt and find him not guilty. [State v. Medina, 147 N.J. 43, 61 (1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1190, 117 S. Ct. 1476, 137 L. Ed. 2d 688 (1997).] In so doing, we cautioned that our trial courts will better serve the interest of justice if they do not attempt additional definitions of reasonable doubt. Consequently we direct trial courts not to deviate from the definition contained in this opinion. The failure to adhere to the definition, over an objection, runs the risk of reversible error. Ibid. The requirement that the State shoulder its burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt applies not only to the guilt phase of a capital murder trial, but also to the State s burden of proving that the aggravating factors outweigh any mitigating factors in the death penalty phase of a capital murder case. State v. Biegenwald (II), 106 N.J. 13, 62 (1987) (holding that, in order to sustain death sentence, as a matter of fundamental fairness the jury must find that [the] aggravating factors outweigh [the] mitigating factors, and this balance must be found beyond a reasonable doubt ). The trial court s instructions to the jury concerning reasonable doubt admittedly did not track, word for word, the instruction we adopted in State v. Medina. Defendant claims that the differences between the Medina charge and the one given by the trial court are significant and require a new death penalty trial. The State counters that the trial court in fact instructed the jury on the concept of reasonable doubt twice, once preliminarily and then again when charging the jury; that the differences between the two charges are irrelevant; and that, in any event, defendant did not object to either charge as given and cannot demonstrate that the charges as given constitute plain error, that is, that they were clearly capable of producing an unjust result[.] R. 2:10-2. Some of you may have served as jurors in civil cases where you were told that it was necessary to prove only that a fact is more likely true than not true. Here the State s proofs must be more powerful than that, must be beyond a reasonable doubt. And a reasonable doubt is an honest and reasonable uncertainty in your minds about the existence of the aggravating factor or factors and/or the balance to be given after you have given full and impartial consideration to all of the evidence. A reasonable doubt may arise from the evidence itself or from a lack of evidence. It is a doubt that a reasonable person hearing the same evidence would have. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof that leaves you firmly convinced of a given proposition. Now, in this world we know very few things with absolute certainty. The law doesn t require proof that overcomes every possible doubt but does require proof that leaves you firmly convinced of the proposition in question. Defendant did not object to these instructions. Again, at the close of the evidence, the trial court reviewed its proposed final charge with both defendant and the State. Both parties declared themselves satisfied with the portion of the charge addressing reasonable doubt. As a result, the trial court charged the jury on reasonable doubt as follows: As I told you and as I ll remind you, the defendant does not have the burden of proving a mitigating factor or that he should be permitted to live. The ultimate burden rests upon the State to convince you beyond a reasonable doubt that the death penalty is the fitting and appropriate punishment in this case. So the first burden of proof the State has is to show by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that at least one of the alleged aggravating factors exists. . . . . Now, the second burden of proof which the State has is to show by the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that any aggravating factors unanimously found by the jury outweigh the mitigating factor or factors beyond a reasonable doubt. The State has the burden of proving the existence of any charged aggravating factors beyond a reasonable doubt. Now, some of you may have served as jurors in civil cases where you were told that it was necessary to prove only that a fact is more likely true than not true. In criminal cases the State s proofs must be more powerful than that. It must be beyond a reasonable doubt. Now, a reasonable doubt is an honest and reasonable uncertainty as to the presence of an aggravating factor or as to the result of the balancing of the factors in that balancing process existing in your minds after you have given full and impartial consideration to all of the evidence. A reasonable doubt can arise from the evidence itself or from a lack of evidence. It is a doubt that a reasonable person hearing the same evidence may have. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof that leaves you firmly convinced as to the presence of the aggravating factor or as to the result of the balancing of factors process as I ll further describe that to you. Now, in this world we know very few things with absolute certainty and in criminal cases the law does not require proof that overcomes every possible doubt. You must perform your duty separately for each murder. That means that your decision about the form of punishment for one murder shall not affect your decision about the form of punishment for the other murder. Again, defendant did not object to these instructions. [State v. Medina, supra, 147 N.J. at 61.] Had the trial court sought to tailor these sentences for use in a penalty phase trial, those sentences would have read as follows: If, based on your consideration of the evidence, you are unanimously convinced that the aggravating factors(s) proven to exist outweigh the mitigating factor(s) beyond a reasonable doubt, you must so indicate and the court will sentence defendant to death. If, on the other hand, you are unanimously satisfied that the aggravating factor(s) proven to exist fail to outweigh the mitigating factor(s) beyond a reasonable doubt, or that you cannot agree on punishment, you must so indicate and the court will sentence defendant to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Our comparison of these non-parallel versions leads us to conclude that the omission of these sentences from the charge did not slant the jury toward either choice: a death verdict, or the imposition of a sentence of life imprisonment without parole. Moreover, the verdict sheet specifically required that the penalty phase jury make one - and only one -- of these determinations as the jury s verdict. Reading, then, the trial court s charge as a whole, the absence of these two sentences at the conclusion of the reasonable doubt charge, standing alone, was insufficient to carry defendant s burden of demonstrating that the reasonable doubt instructions issued by the trial court in any way lessened the State s burden of proof. Hence, no due process violation exists, and we do not sustain defendant s complaint in respect of the trial court s reasonable doubt instructions to the jury. See footnote 16 That said, nothing in this ruling is to be interpreted to lessen the obligation of our trial courts to hew precisely to the reasonable doubt language we expressly approved in Medina. For the avoidance of doubt, we re-emphasize our earlier caveat: trial courts [are] not to deviate from the definition contained in [that] opinion [and t]he failure to adhere to the definition, over an objection, runs the risk of reversible error. Supra, 147 N.J. at 61. See footnote 17 [State v. Timmendequas (I), 161 N.J. 515, 630 (1999), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 858, 122 S. Ct. 136, 151 L. Ed. 2d 89 (2001) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).] Here, the trial court balanced the probative value of these photographs against their speculative nature and the attendant risk of confusion they might engender. Ultimately, the trial court excluded the photographs for the following reasons: Before the Court on additional grounds is an application to admit into evidence two photographs, one of the defendant s mother, the other of what I ll refer to as his father, there s an issue with regard to that but there s also proofs with respect to that. See footnote 18 The photographs in question were taken and provided to the defendant post-homicide and were sent to him while he was in the county jail. For [the] reasons which follow I deny their admission, and I would incorporate by reference my prior determinations in this case. Now, I will be the first to agree that the photographs are not particularly flattering. You have [defendant s mother] exhaling what? You don t know. It is obviously smoke. You have [defendant s father] pictured [with] what I previously described in the photograph[,] it is a cigar. It does not appear what is available as part of the picture to be a modified cigar in a sense of a blunt which . . . is slit open and marijuana added. It s a small relatively thin cigar that he is smoking and I don t see in the photograph [any] indication that the cigar was the subject of modification with respect to CDS. The purpose is to allow a jury to come to a conclusion with respect to the defendant s parents. It has little or no relevance in that respect because of its post-homicide nature. The jury has heard a lot of testimony about the parents, about the upbringing and the like. What they are smoking or not smoking and whether they are high or not, any period in time after the defendant s incarceration for this offense has limited relevance, highly limited relevance. I guess you could argue that the conduct continued. I would hold under the circumstances that it adds nothing and would sustain the objection. No doubt, the simpler path would have been for the trial court to admit these photographs in evidence and allow the parties to argue their relevance and probative value to the jury; defendant could have argued that the photographs depicted the indifference with which he was raised, while the State could have argued that the photographs were irrelevant because they depicted recent events, without any link to defendant s upbringing. Moreover, because the point defendant sought to make with these photographs -- that his upbringing left a great deal to be desired -- had been extensively covered by other proofs properly before the jury, and because the photographs themselves were inconclusive of the point defendant sought to establish, any refusal to admit those photographs was harmless. State v. Timmendequas (I), 161 N.J. at 631-32. The Court: So it was an upsetment issue? Is that what you are saying after you discussed it? [The Prosecutor]: Yes, Judge. [Defense Counsel #1]: Well, I can certainly be sympathetic to that. I would ask then that the prosecutor let the family know what it is that they can anticipate relating to testimony because I think the timing of that was really problematic. She had testified for the whole time and it was kind of our conclusion and our one opportunity to plead for [defendant s] life, and to have people walk out in the middle of it is problematic so. . . . The Court: Well, it is emotional for all concerned. It is emotional for the witness. It is emotional for the family who are here, so you have to have some understanding of that. So all I will do is direct that to the extent you are able to acquaint the family members with the anticipated testimony, and if they perceive there is [a] problem -- [The Prosecutor]: Judge, I wasn t aware that [defendant s cousin] was going to plead for [defendant s] life. The Court: Fair enough. All right. Although defendant requested and received an immediate curative instruction to the jury and a separate instruction to the victims family -- and interposed no contemporaneous objection to either -- defendant now claims that the fact that several members of the victims family left the courtroom during defendant s cousin s testimony was a deliberate and improper demonstration by members of the victims family group that bolstered the victim impact evidence adduced by the State. In response, the State notes that, for the first time on appeal, defendant seeks to causally relate the victim impact evidence with the instance of three members of the victims family exiting the courtroom while defendant s cousin pleaded for defendant s life. The State notes that the event involving defendant s cousin s testimony occurred more than one week before the State presented its victim impact evidence, and that defendant did not so object when the State presented its victim impact evidence. Central to the obligations of a trial court is the responsibility to insure that the jury remain fair and impartial throughout the proceedings. State v. Bey, 112 N.J. 45, 75 (1988) (Bey I). The jury s impartiality is significantly threatened by extraneous influences arising from contact with non-record facts. Id. at 74-76 (citation omitted). The determination of whether the appropriate response is a curative instruction, as well as the language and detail of the instruction, is within the discretion of the trial judge who has the feel of the case and is best equipped to gauge the effect of a prejudicial comment on the jury in the overall setting. State v. Winter, 96 N.J. 640, 647 (1984) (citations omitted). [State v. Loftin (I), 146 N.J. 295, 365-66 (1996).] In State v. Loftin (I), we rejected a claim that a spectator s outburst amounted to victim impact evidence[.] Id. at 366. Here, in contrast, there was no outburst. Instead, the record discloses only the fact of three members of the victims family simply walking out of the courtroom during the testimony of a defense witness. Upon defendant s application, the trial court immediately cautioned both the jury and the spectators. The record explains that these events were not intended as a form of silent protest, but to avoid an outburst if something got too upsetting[.] In this context, defendant s claim that these events were intended to bolster the State s victim impact evidence via a deliberate and improper demonstration lacks any support in the record and, hence, we reject it. . . . . Backing up to State versus Reyes, giving to the State the benefit of the doubt on all proofs and legitimate inferences that can be drawn therefrom, a reasonable jury could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the Aggravating Factor has been proven. So I deny the application. Our independent review of the proofs adduced by the State in respect of the escape detection factor, whether direct, circumstantial or inferential, leads us to conclude that the rationale, analysis and conclusions of the trial court are unassailable: the State s evidence in its entirety, together with all reasonable inferences therefore, was more than sufficient for a reasonable jury to conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant committed the murders of Richard and Shirley Hazard with the purpose of escaping detection, apprehension, trial, punishment or confinement for another offense committed by the defendant[.] N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3c(4)(f). We therefore reject defendant s challenges to the application of the escape detection aggravating factor to his death penalty phase trial. This is not the opportunity for the State to reinforce claimed aggravating factors or establish new aggravating factors or to offer evidence on the existence of aggravating factors. It is not and cannot be used by you for that purpose. Rather, as [the State s psychiatrist] said at the beginning of his testimony, his purpose here was a limited one and that was to examine the defendant for a limited purpose and offer an opinion on the issues of extreme . . . let me get the exact words because I keep forgetting it . . . but defendant s capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law was significantly impaired as a result of mental disease or defect or intoxication, or that defendant was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance. So it s before you not -- can t be used by you on the issue of whether aggravating factors exist or not, but to, on the State s behalf, offer evidence in rebuttal for your consideration, determination and evaluation as to whether or not those mitigating factors exist. So it is only before you and can only be used by you on the issue of the existence of mitigating factors. Defendant did not object to this cautionary instruction. The next day, the trial court again addressed the State s rebuttal psychiatric testimony in its charge to the jury: And you ll recall during the testimony of [the State s rebuttal psychiatrist] that an issue arose concerning aspects of his testimony and I ll remind you of the limitations upon the way you may use the testimony from [the State s rebuttal psychiatrist] regarding what was told to him in the course of his interview of [defendant]. As I told you then and as I ll remind you now, rebuttal testimony was not the opportunity for the State to reinforce claimed aggravating factors or to offer evidence on the existence of aggravating factors. It cannot be used by you for that purpose. Rather, as [the State s rebuttal psychiatrist] said at the beginning of his testimony, he examined the defendant for a limited purpose: to offer an opinion on the issue of whether the defendant was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance or whether defendant s capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law was significantly impaired as a result of mental disease or defect or intoxication. So thus this evidence is before you only on the issue or the existence of mitigating factors and for no other purpose[, and it is] specifically not usable in the establishment of any alleged aggravating factor. Defendant also did not object to this charge. The defense isn t arguing it, but I merely note [that] what we have is an unforeseen set of circumstances. The unforeseen set of circumstances is superimposed on another unforeseen set of circumstances which was the death by heart attack of Sergeant Henry Carr, one of the other participants in the initial two statements of the defendant. A trial, all things being equal, is a search for [the] truth. And subject [to] counter-veiling considerations which may affect that, the Court[] -- should be . . . permitted to structure a matter so that the fact-finder can have the best available information from the respective sides as to what occurred[,] and that is the dynamic of the adjournment. While things happen in the passage of time, and I ll get to the [potential juror] matter in a moment, but the mere inadvertent dynamics of the passage of time are not such as to require this Court to start anew with another panel. Now, with respect to the [potential juror] issue. There are some differences between the testimony of what [the potential juror] said and what we just heard from [the Prosecutor s Office secretary]. Having said that, I am satisfied to find for the purpose of this hearing that the contact was inadvertent. It was not designed but rather, arose out of community activity, sports related with respect to their children involving both [the secretary] and [the potential juror]. It was not where someone set out to contact or set out to do something. Now, with respect to the first aspect of the distinctions between [the potential juror] and [the secretary], there may or may not be a distinction in their testimony. I say that because it is clear and I accept the witness today was quite upset when she learned of what transpired with respect to McFadden and was talking about it to those who were at the sporting event which she described. Apparently [the potential juror] was one of those present there at the sporting event. From her perspective it was not directed specifically at [the potential juror] or even at [the potential juror], although he was probably there to either hear or learn of it secondhand. Somewhat more problematic is the issue with respect to what occurred thereafter. It s his testimony that she was aware that he was a member of the panel. She said she didn t know that. What one remembers and another may or may not [may be] material distinctions, but what occurred here again is through inadvertence as opposed to any type of effort to in any way influence the jury. Her testimony is necessarily totally contradictory to [the potential juror]. In any event, it is clear that when he became aware of her friendship, this was one with McFadden, this was one of the things that . . . caused him to reflect on his ability to be fair and impartial. What we have I think is an inadvertent series of contacts and by reason of his excusal I think for the purposes of this it ends the issue, so I do deny the motion with respect to the panel. The aim . . . is rather to determine whether the findings made could reasonably have been reached on sufficient credible evidence present in the record. This involves consideration of the proofs as a whole. . . . When the reviewing court is satisfied that the findings and result meet this criterion, its task is complete and it should not disturb the result, even though it has the feeling it might have reached a different conclusion were it the trial tribunal. . . . . But if the appellate tribunal is thoroughly satisfied that the finding is clearly a mistaken one and so plainly unwarranted that the interests of justice demand intervention and correction, then, and only then, it should appraise the record as if it were deciding the matter at inception and make its own findings and conclusions. While this feeling of wrongness is difficult to define, . . . it can well be said that that which must exist in the reviewing mind is a definite conviction that the judge went so wide of the mark, a mistake must have been made. This sense of wrongness can arise in numerous ways -- from manifest lack of inherently credible evidence to support the finding, obvious overlooking or under-evaluation of crucial evidence, a clearly unjust result, and many others. This, then, is when and how the permissive power of [R. 2:10-5] should be utilized by the first appellate tribunal and is what our prior cases mean no matter how they have expressed it. [State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 161-62 (1964) (citations omitted).] Accord State v. Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 470-71 (1999); Beck v. Beck, 86 N.J. 480, 496 (1981). Because this issue arises in the context of the jury selection process, the principles that govern the voir dire of the jury in a capital case further inform our analysis: It is axiomatic that an impartial jury is a necessary condition to a fair trial. This requirement of fairness -- and particularly jury impartiality -- is heightened in cases in which the defendant faces death. In order to insure the impartiality of the jury, we have emphasized the critical importance of the voir dire in exposing potential and latent bias. Under our single jury capital trial system, jury selection must serve double duty as a time to death qualify jurors and to enable counsel to exercise the valuable constitutional prerogative of selecting a fair and impartial jury. In that dual setting, voir dire acts as a discovery tool. It should be like a conversation in which, without manipulation or delay of trial, the parties are able to discern the source of attitudes that would substantially interfere with the jurors ability to follow the law. In order for this discovery procedure to be effective, potential jurors must have a full comprehension of their legal duties. [State v. Papasavvas (I), 163 N.J. 565, 584 (2000) (citations omitted).] Ultimately, we observe that [v]oir dire procedures and standards are traditionally within the broad discretionary powers vested in the trial court [and] its exercise of discretion will ordinarily not be disturbed on appeal. Id. at 595 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). See also State v. Williams, 113 N.J. 393, 410 (1988) (same); State v. Singletary, 80 N.J. 55, 62 (1979) (same). Gauged against these standards, there was no error in respect of either the procedure utilized by the trial court in dealing with what the trial court aptly termed an inadvertent series of contacts or the findings it reached. On the contrary, by immediately questioning the potential juror and determining whether there was a taint and, if so, whether it extended beyond that single potential juror, the trial court hewed to the procedure we explicitly endorsed in respect of mid-trial juror taint, State v. R.D., 169 N.J. 551, 557-61 (2001), one we now extend to allegations of taint in the pre-trial jury selection process. Under R.D., the overarching relevant inquiry is not whether the trial court committed error, but whether it abused its discretion. Id. at 559 ( The abuse of discretion standard of review should pertain when reviewing such determinations of a trial court. ). That is so because [a]pplication of that standard respects the trial court s unique perspective [and w]e traditionally have accorded trial courts deference in exercising control over matters pertaining to the jury. Id. at 559-60. When we apply the abuse of discretion standard to the trial court s actions, we are well satisfied that the trial court properly exercised its discretion in denying defendant s motion to strike the jury panel. For that reason, we reject defendant s challenge to the trial court s refusal to strike the jury panel. [N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3e.] We comply with that mandate by engaging in a progressive analysis. As a threshold matter, the statute requires that a death penalty defendant first request that we conduct a proportionality review of his death sentence. Ibid. Once a request for proportionality review has been made, we define our task as follows: [W]e engage in proportionality review to ensure that the death penalty is being administered in a rational, non-arbitrary, and evenhanded manner, fairly and with reasonable consistency. To that end, proportionality review focuses on whether a specific defendant s death sentence is inconsistent with the penalty imposed in comparable cases. The defendant must demonstrate that his or her death sentence is aberrant, arbitrary, or otherwise anomalous. [State v. Timmendequas (II), 168 N.J. 20, 34 (2001) (citations omitted).] In our graduated review of the proportionality of a defendant s death sentence, we first define the cohort of cases against which we must compare defendant s death sentence. Ibid. ( In order to compare this case with similar death-eligible cases, we must first determine the universe of cases from which we draw the comparison cases. ). We cast a wide net, as we consider all death-eligible cases, rather than only death-sentenced cases. We also consider death-eligible cases whether or not they were capitally prosecuted, because the decision not to seek the death penalty is not necessarily a reflection of [the] defendant's lack of deathworthiness. Thus, all cases in which the defendant was eligible for the death penalty comprise the universe under consideration. [Id. at 35 (citations omitted).] The process of determining the correct universe of cases for proportionality review is greatly aided by the database of all death-eligible cases maintained by the Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC). We have explained that [t]he AOC has subdivided the cases into thirteen distinct categories of comparison cases. The AOC assigns cases for comparison to the following categories: See footnote 21 (A) Victim is a Public Servant; (B) Prior Murder Conviction without A above; (C) Contract Killing without A-B above; (D) Sexual Assault without A-C above (subdivided into (1) aggravated and (2) other); (E) Multiple Victims without A-D above (subdivided into (1) aggravated and (2) other); (F) Robbery without A-E above (subdivided into (1) home, (2) business, and (3) other); (G) Torture/Depravity without A-F above; (H) Abduction without A-G above; (I) Arson without A-H above; (J) Escape Detection without A-I above; (K) Burglary without A-J above; (L) Grave Risk without A-K above; (M) Victim Under 14 Years Old without A-L above. [Id. at 35-36.] Once the relevant universe of cases has been defined, we compare defendant s case to similar cases within the [appropriate] category. Id. at 37. We do so by first conduct[ing] frequency analysis, and then we apply precedent-seeking review. Ibid. (citations omitted). We have explained that frequency analysis consists exclusively of the salient-factors test. Ibid. We have limited our frequency analysis to the salient-factors test because [t]he salient-factors test allows us to measure the relative frequency of a defendant s sentence by comparing it to sentences in factually-similar cases. Its purpose is to help us determine whether the death sentence is imposed in a category of comparable cases often enough to create confidence in the existence of a societal consensus that death is the appropriate remedy. [Id. at 38 (quoting State v. Martini (II), 139 N.J. 3, 33 (1994)).] We have noted that the objective is to determine whether the frequency of death sentences in similar cases involving defendants with similar culpability supports a determination that the death penalty in the case before us is or is not aberrational. The process compares a defendant s culpability with that of other death-eligible defendants. We measure the relative frequency of a defendant s sentence by determining the rate at which factually-similar cases culminate in a death sentence. The salient-factors test, demystified, is largely deductive, involving a simple if-then method of reasoning. If, in similar cases, the ratio of death sentences to penalty-trial cases or the ratio of death sentences to death-eligible cases is high, then the Court may interpret the relatively high rate of death sentencing as strong evidence of the reliability of [the] defendant's death sentence. [Ibid. (citations omitted).] After the frequency analysis is performed, we turn to precedent-seeking review, where we [have] examine[d] death-eligible cases similar to defendant s case to determine whether his death sentence is aberrant when compared to the sentences received by defendants in those other cases. This is the traditional, case-by-case form of review in which we compare similar death-eligible cases. Id. at 40 (citations omitted). Our purpose in engaging in precedent-seeking review is to determine whether a defendant s criminal culpability exceeds that of similar life-sentenced defendants and whether it is equal to or greater than that of other death sentenced defendants, such that the defendant s culpability justifies the capital sentence; or whether a defendant s culpability is more like that of similar life-sentenced defendants and less than that of death-sentenced defendants, such that the defendant s culpability requires a reduction of sentence to a life term. We note that statutory proportionality does not require identical verdicts even in closely-similar cases. It merely requires that the defendant was not singled out unfairly for capital punishment. [Ibid. (quoting State v. Martini (II), supra, 139 N.J. at 47 (citations omitted)).] We have described the process of precedent-seeking review as one familiar to us as judges and is not vulnerable to the concerns about reliability that burden frequency analysis. We have consistently placed our reliance on this form of review because of the analytic difficulties we have encountered in applying frequency analysis. Precedent-seeking review is less empirical and more analytical than frequency analysis. The exercise is more inductive, less formulaic. [Ibid. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).] Precedent-seeking review requires that we first examine the criminal culpability of the defendant. Ibid. We have divided that examination into three components: the moral blameworthiness of the defendant, the degree of victimization, and the character of the defendant. Ibid. (citations omitted). Addressing each of those components in turn, we have explained that [b]lameworthiness requires consideration of motive, premeditation, justification or excuse, evidence of mental defect or disturbance, knowledge of helplessness of the victim, defendant s age or maturity level, and defendant s involvement in planning the murder. Id. at 41 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). We have described the victimization component as concern[ing] the relative violence and brutality of the murder [including any] injury to non-decedent victims. Id. at 42 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Finally, the last category in determining overall culpability, defendant s character, is a catchall category that warrants consideration of defendants prior criminal history, unrelated acts of violence, cooperation with authorities, remorse and capacity for rehabilitation. Id. at 43 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). After the defendant s criminal culpability is examined, we have review[ed] the comparison cases to determine if those similarly culpable to or more culpable than defendant generally receive life sentences rather than death sentences. Id. at 44 (citation omitted). That exercise was deemed necessary because [s]uch a finding would support a claim of disproportionality, because it would provide evidence of a societal consensus that the death penalty is not imposed in cases similar to this one. Ibid. We engage in that exercise by consider[ing] each comparison defendant s motive, premeditation, justification or excuse, evidence of mental disease, defect, or disturbance, knowledge of the victim s helplessness, knowledge of the effects on nondecedent victims, age, involvement in planning the murder, violence and brutality of the murder, injury to nondecedent victims, prior record, other unrelated acts of violence, cooperation with authorities, remorse, and capacity for rehabilitation. With regard to the actual mechanics, we analyze each case to determine if defendant is more or less deathworthy than the comparison defendant. If defendant is less deathworthy than a life-sentenced defendant, that conclusion supports defendant s claim of disproportionality. If, however, defendant is more deathworthy than a life-sentenced defendant, that detracts from defendant s claim. After we compare defendant to all of the comparison cases, we determine if the results demonstrate that cases more deathworthy than defendant s generally receive life sentences, which would strongly indicate disproportionality. [Id. at 44-45 (citation omitted).] Throughout our system of proportionality review, we remain mindful that [t]he results of proportionality review may not obtain with syllogistic precision. Id. at 56. We view this as an evolving process, having concluded, [f]or the present, [that our] principles of proportionality review reflect and preserve a capital jurisprudence that is fair and just to all parties. Ibid. With those principles firmly in mind, we turn to the application of proportionality review in respect of defendant s death sentence. 1. Universe of Cases. The AOC assigned defendant to the E1 cell, a category of cases that involve multiple homicide victims which are aggravated by the commission of an additional felony. Excepted from the E1 cell are intra-family and rage killings, as well as killings that involve some sort of drug transaction between the defendant and the victim. The Attorney General agrees with, and the Public Defender has no comment on, the AOC s assignment. 2. Frequency Analysis Salient Factor Test. The following table reflects the outcome of the salient factors test of the E1/aggravated multiple-victims murders category; it includes the percentages for the E1 category both with and without defendant included. 1. Defendant s moral blameworthiness a. Motive b. Premeditation c. Justification or excuse d. Evidence of mental disease, defect or disturbance e. No Knowledge of victim s helplessness f. No Knowledge of effects on nondecedent victims g. Defendant's age h. Defendant's involvement in planning the murder 2. Degree of victimization a. Violence and brutality of the murder b. Injury to nondecedent victim 3. Character of defendant a. Prior record b. Other unrelated acts of violence c. Cooperation with authorities d. Remorse e. Capacity for rehabilitation. It would be fair to say that the foregoing list is a manifesto of the matters that are at the heart of a judgment regarding culpability the assessment of good versus evil. [Id. at 480-81 (citations omitted).] Applying that framework, we analyze defendant s relative culpability as follows. a. Moral blameworthiness. Blameworthiness requires consideration of motive, premeditation, justification or excuse, evidence of mental defect or disturbance, knowledge of helplessness of the victim, defendant s age or maturity level, and defendant s involvement in planning the murder. State v. Timmendequas (II), supra, 168 N.J. at 41 (quoting State v. Loftin (II), supra, 157 N.J. at 336). We address those factors in order. (i) Motive. Defendant concedes that the escape detection motivation has been termed highly blameworthy, State v. Timmendequas (II), supra, 168 N.J. at 41, but contends that it is less heinous than the desire to experience pleasure from killing -- as in State v. Ramseur, supra, 106 N.J. at 209-11 -- or to obtain money by means of a contract killing -- as in State v. Marshall (II), supra, 130 N.J. at 170. Defendant also notes that the contemporaneous killing of victims of an initial crime[] is in fact a common scenario, and entails a motivation qualitatively different from, and far less heinous than, the calculated killing of a witness who is not a victim of the crime, or returning to eliminate such a witness. The State suggests that defendant s motive for robbery was greed, but stresses that the motive for killing - witness elimination - was unanimously found by the jury. The State suggests that the witness elimination element in this case was especially contemptible because both victims were totally incapacitated before defendant returned to the basement to kill them. Although common logic would indicate that witness elimination is a relatively common motive for murder, it has nonetheless been found it to be highly blameworthy. State v. Morton, 165 N.J. 235, 249-50 (2000). Thus, a defendant s cold, calculating presence of mind to attempt to clean the crime scene increases his blameworthiness. State v. Harvey (III), 159 N.J. 277, 313 (1999). Defendant s blameworthiness is further heightened by the fact that he likely could have completed the robbery without committing the murder. State v. Feaster (II), 165 N.J. 388, 404 (2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 932, 21 S. Ct. 1380, 149 L. Ed. 2d 306 (2001). Although there may be more blameworthy motivations, they do not serve as an excuse. Defendant s conduct and motive substantially exacerbate his moral blameworthiness. (ii) Premeditation. Defendant suggests that while he may have premeditated the robbery, there is no evidence that he premeditated the murder. According to defendant, even the State s rebuttal psychiatrist could not say with certainty that the murder was not a robbery-gone-awry. Defendant contends that the relevant inquiry in respect of premeditation pertains to the murder and not to the underlying robbery. In response, the State asserts that, despite discrepancies in defendant s statements owing to his attempts to blame an alleged accomplice, defendant admitted to planning the robbery at least ninety minutes prior to the time he actually committed the crimes. The State points out that defendant had sufficient time to consider his plan and retreat, but instead he chose to go forward. Finally, the State notes that, in at least one of defendant s statements, he stated that he had brought the knife with him to the Hazards home. The evidence that defendant planned to rob the Hazards was overwhelming. He entered the Hazards home -- a home occupied by two elderly persons -- armed with a knife. Shortly after gaining entry into the Hazards home, defendant murdered Richard Hazard, a seventy-year-old man who represented no physical threat to him. Defendant then lay in wait until Shirley Hazard returned from her food shopping trip, and brutally murdered her. In the aggregate, these facts establish his premeditation, one that significantly increases defendant s moral blameworthiness. (iii) Justification or excuse. Defendant does not contend that his murders were justified, but submits that a degree of excuse is provided by his long-standing and severe mental problems. He suggests that those mental problems, combined with his troubled childhood, underlay [defendant s] apparent loss of control and inhibition that resulted in the instant murders. The State, however, suggests that there is no evidence that the Hazards provoked defendant in any way so as to justify his killing them. We need not abandon caution to conclude beyond any doubt that defendant had no justification whatsoever to kill the Hazards. If at all relevant, defendant s reference to his childhood and his mental problems is more appropriately considered as evidence of mental disease, defect or disturbance, not as a justification for his actions. (iv) Evidence of mental disease, defect or disturbance. Defendant submits that his history of psychological problems, as probably caused, and certainly exacerbated, by his horrific childhood unquestionably explains, to the extent that they can be explained, [his] actions in this case. Defendant points out that three jurors found that he suffers from neurologic dysfunction, and the State s rebuttal psychiatrist found that defendant suffered from Bipolar II disorder. Also, defendant points out that, in proportionality analysis, we consider mitigating evidence even if the jury found it insufficient to establish a statutory mitigating factor. (citing State v. Feaster(II), supra, 165 N.J. at 403). The State acknowledges that three jurors found that defendant suffered from a neurological dysfunction. However, the State emphasizes that the jury unanimously rejected the mitigating factors relating to emotional disturbance and mental disease or defect. Although the State agrees that defendant did present evidence of a troubled upbringing and that some jurors found that evidence mitigating, the State suggests that, as in State v. Timmendequas (II), supra, 168 N.J. at 42, [d]espite this poor childhood and resulting debilitating effects on defendant, the evidence was not persuasive that defendant should be relieved of his culpability. There indeed was some evidence that defendant suffered from an emotional disease or defect, and the jury heard a good deal of evidence recounting the questionable parenting techniques of defendant s parents. Although that evidence does not relieve defendant of culpability, it does tend to reduce his moral blameworthiness. State v. Timmendequas (II), supra, 168 N.J. at 42. In the end, however, the evidence of mental defect was contested by the State, thereby reducing its impact on defendant s blameworthiness. (v) Knowledge of victim s helplessness. Defendant suggests that, while he knew that the male victim was old, he had no knowledge that he was disabled or enfeebled. Defendant therefore suggests that the factor would appear to be at most average. The State points out that not only were the victims vulnerable because of their age, but defendant s method of attack made certain that they would be especially defenseless. By the time defendant delivered the fatal blows, both victims had been so severely assaulted that they were totally physically incapacitated, and utterly defenseless. The particular vulnerability of elderly victims has been a matter of concern to us before. State v. Papasavvas (II), supra, 170 N.J. at 482, 485 (noting that victim was vulnerable due to advanced age and listing cases where victims were vulnerable because they were elderly). It cannot be disputed that victims of the ages of Richard and Shirley Hazard are less able to defend themselves than younger, adult victims. As a result, defendant s suggestion that this factor is at most average is contrary not only to the well-established principle that children and older victims are more vulnerable, but also contrary to plain common sense. Defendant knew Mr. and Mrs. Hazard were old, yet he incapacitated both victims before he killed them. That adds to his moral blameworthiness. (vi) Knowledge of effects on nondecedent victims. Our case law is clear: we impute knowledge to a defendant that his murderous actions will eliminate a unique person and destroy a web of familial relationships. State v. Loftin (II), 157 N.J. 253, 337 (1999) (quoting State v. Muhammad, supra, 145 N.J. at 46). Defendant urges that we adopt the reasoning from Justice Long s dissent in State v. Timmendequas (II), supra, 168 N.J. at 83, suggesting that the factor is universal and thus cannot serve as a basis to distinguish between defendants. Using that logic, defendant argues that the victim impact statements concerning the effect of the loss on the Hazards family should not carry substantial weight. The State stresses that this Court has determined that the effect of the murders on the families of the victims is a proper consideration on proportionality review, even where defendant did not have specific knowledge of the surviving family members. In the State s view, because the Hazards loved ones must live each day with the ache of [their] absence and their awareness of the terror [they] endured in the final moments of [their lives,] defendant s blameworthiness is increased. We reject defendant s invitation to adopt the reasoning of the dissent in State v. Timmendequas (II). We consider this factor although we acknowledge that its presence in all, or nearly all, of the comparison cases may reduce its significance. Id. at 42. Even on that reduced basis, however, defendant s moral blameworthiness is increased by the suffering of his victims family members. (vii) Defendant's age. Defendant submits that, despite the jury s rejection of age as a mitigating factor, the fact that he was twenty-three years old at the time of the crime reduces his blameworthiness. He suggests that the value of the factor is increased by the fact that there is no evidence that he lived as an adult with adult responsibilities. (citing State v. Loftin (II), supra, 157 N.J. at 337). Defendant acknowledges that we effectively rejected emotional deficits and a highly abusive childhood as mitigating factors in respect of this element. State v. Timmendequas (II), supra, 168 N.J. at 42. Defendant again advances the logic of the dissent in State v. Timmendequas (II) regarding the defendant s stunted emotional development. Id. at 82 (Long, J., dissenting) (citations omitted). Accordingly, defendant submits that, on the basis of chronological age alone, his blameworthiness on this factor is low, and it is lower still if defendant s maturity level is taken into account. In opposition, the State argues that defendant s age and level of maturity do not reduce his moral blameworthiness. The State reasons that, at over twenty-three years old, defendant was a mature, full-grown man who was old enough to know right from wrong. (quoting State v. Timmendequas (II), supra, 168 N.J. at 42). The State points out that we already have determined that a defendant s blame was not diminished by his age where he was twenty-five years old and the jury rejected the age mitigating factor. State v. Morton, supra, 165 N.J. at 251. The jury s rejection of age as a mitigating factor does not preclude its consideration on proportionality review. See State v. Bey (IV), supra, 137 N.J. at 360-61 (despite jury s rejection of age as stand-alone mitigating factor, it may have considered age as part of catch-all mitigating factor). We attach no substantive difference to the fact that defendant was chronologically younger than the defendant in State v. Morton. Although there is little evidence of defendant s maturity, under current precedent, defendant s stunted emotional development does not decrease his culpability in respect of this factor. Moreover, even if defendant s moral blameworthiness is decreased by his age, he was not so young - or so emotionally underdeveloped - to make the decrease significant. (viii) Defendant s involvement in planning the murder. Defendant claims that he consistently maintained that he acted at his alleged accomplice s behest. He submits that, even if that contention is rejected, the robbery demonstrates so little planning that his culpability as to this factor is not above average. Defendant contrasts the haphazardness of his crime with other, meticulously-planned crimes. The State does not address this factor. Even granting defendant s claim that his planning may have been minimal, the evidence that defendant acted alone is overwhelming, thus rendering defendant solely liable for his acts, however conceived. The police were able to establish an alibi for defendant s alleged accomplice, one that was confirmed by two testifying witnesses. To the extent that defendant likely acted alone, his moral blameworthiness ranks at least above average in respect of this factor. In sum, while defendant is relatively young, his childhood was marred by abuse and neglect, and he was no more aware of the suffering by the families of his victims than other murderers, his degree of moral blameworthiness is quite high as a result of his premeditation, his motive of witness elimination, his knowledge of the victims vulnerability, and his lack of justification. b. Degree of victimization. We evaluate victimization by examining the violence and brutality of the murder, and injury to nondecedent victims. State v. Chew (II), supra, 159 N.J. at 211. The extent of mutilation of the victim is relevant in considering the first component. State v. Bey (IV), supra, 137 N.J. at 366. (i) Violence and brutality of the murder. Defendant correctly acknowledges that this factor carries a great deal of weight, but claims that evidence of intentional torture is absent and that the State did not charge the depravity aggravating factor. For that reason, defendant contends that this factor has high, although not extreme, value in this case. On the other hand, the State details the extreme level of physical brutality defendant inflicted on Richard and Shirley Hazard. The State points out that the victims suffered stab wounds, broken bones, and serious cuts. In addition, the State notes that Mr. Hazard must have suffered immense mental anguish knowing that his wife would either find him dead or be killed herself; and Mrs. Hazard saw her husband murdered and knew that a similar fate awaited her. The State points out that, to the victim, it does not matter whether a defendant s motive is torture; it was a defendant s extreme violence that caused severe pain and suffering. It is unquestionable that the Hazards suffered a prolonged, brutal death characterized by intense physical and mental pain. Defendant s culpability in respect of this factor is very high. (ii) Injury to nondecedent victim. Defendant does not discuss this factor, while the State notes that the victims family members delivered victim impact statements detailing how the murders harmed their family. We do not diminish the pain and anguish the Hazards family has suffered by the tragic, brutal and senseless loss of their cherished ones. However, this factor does not contemplate that a victim s family members are to be considered nondecedent victims. This interpretation is consistent with other cases where there were families who suffered great losses, but where we made no mention of this factor in the victimization analysis. See, e.g., State v. Cooper (II), 159 N.J. 55, 91 (1999); State v. Timmendequas (II), supra, 168 N.J. at 42-43. Thus, because there were no nondecedent victims, we cannot give this factor any weight. In sum, while there were no nondecedent victims, the brutality of this crime renders the victimization very high in this case. c. Character of defendant. The third factor considered is the character of the defendant, which includes the defendant s prior criminal history, other acts of violence, cooperation with authorities, remorse, and capacity for rehabilitation. State v. Bey (IV), supra, 137 N.J. at 366. We have designated these factors as a catchall category. State v. Timmendequas (II), supra, 168 N.J. at 43. (i) Prior record. Defendant acknowledges his extensive juvenile and adult criminal history. He explains, however, that prior to these murders he had never been convicted of a crime of violence as an adult and that, while his juvenile record contains forty-four adjudications of delinquency, it does not refer to a single crime of violence. Defendant does not claim a capacity for rehabilitation, but suggests he cannot be classified as a predator or sociopath. Finally, defendant argues that his history of criminality is hardly surprising in light of his childhood, which included being taken by family members to grocery stores to steal food. The State points out that defendant s record includes a large number of juvenile adjudications of delinquency, including burglary, shoplifting, theft by unlawful taking, criminal mischief, escape, attempt, improper behavior (fighting), receiving stolen property, criminal trespass, possession of a weapon, robbery, and attempt to kill. As a twenty-three-year-old adult, he already had five adult convictions for offenses including receiving stolen property, unlawful possession of a weapon (handgun), and improper behavior. Also, at the time of his arrest, defendant had two additional criminal indictments pending: one for possession of cocaine, and the other for armed robbery and aggravated assault. Defendant s criminal record is more expansive than many defendants for whom we have conducted comparative proportionality review. See, e.g., State v. Cooper (II), supra, 159 N.J. at 91; State v. Feaster (II), supra, 165 N.J. at 406-07. We acknowledge that defendant s record contains fewer crimes of violence than some defendants. See, e.g., State v. Harris (II), 165 N.J. 303, 325-26 (2000); State v. Harvey (III), supra, 159 N.J. at 314. That said, defendant cannot claim that this is his first brush with the law. Even without any prior convictions for crimes of violence, defendant s pending armed robbery and aggravated assault charges, coupled with the sheer breadth of his criminal record, make his culpability in respect of this factor significant. (ii) Other unrelated acts of violence. Neither party mentions, nor does our search of the record indicate, any other unrelated acts of violence. (iii) Cooperation with authorities. Defendant submits that he cooperated with authorities. Although he did not turn himself in, he disingenuously suggests that any possibility of his doing so was essentially foreclosed by his arrest early in the morning following the crime. He also contends that, once in custody, he virtually immediately gave a statement in which he admitted participation in the crimes, albeit disguising the extent of his participation. By way of explanation, he argues that it is hardly unique that a defendant would admit the depth of his involvement in a particularly severe crime in stages. As to defendant s statements implicating an alleged accomplice, defendant maintains that it has remained his position throughout that his alleged accomplice was involved. The State stresses that [s]ince the moment defendant was [arrested], he has continuously attempted to minimize his responsibility and thwart the investigation. It suggests that it was the overwhelming evidence against him, rather than any pang of conscience, [that] prompted defendant s incomplete admissions. (quoting State v. Timmendequas (II), supra, 168 N.J. at 44). Although we credit defendant with the statements he provided to the police, his request that his mother cooperate with the authorities, and his unconditional plea to all of the crimes for which he stood charged, the degree to which that credit affects the calculation of his character is slight because each such form of cooperation was designed to better his own plight, and not out of any sense of correctness. (iv) Remorse. Defendant suggests that his sentencing allocution, while brief, demonstrated his remorse. Defendant contrasts his statement in allocution with that delivered by Ambrose Harris, where he blame[d] society and the victim s family for being prosecuted. (quoting State v. Harris (II), supra, 165 N.J. at 326). Defendant further submits that much of the evidence submitted to rebut the mitigating factor of remorse was improperly admitted in the State s direct case, and that the pertinent time for considering remorse is not the immediate aftermath of the crime, but after the defendant has had time for reflection. The State points out that the first time defendant delivered an apology for the murders was just before the jury retired to deliberate on his fate. It notes that, when the police asked defendant at the end of each of his statements whether he wanted to add anything, he never availed himself of that opportunity to express any remorse for his actions. The State also suggests that defendant s post-crime casual meal at the fast-food restaurant, his leisurely shopping spree, and the party that he hosted, complete with drugs, alcohol, and sex, further evidence of his lack of remorse. Defendant s evidence of remorse is weak at best. Even if we ignore defendant s post-crime activities, defendant presents precious little evidence of remorse. We do not place much credit in defendant s apology during his sentencing allocution. We have viewed other late apologies as simply a last minute fear of punishment. Evidence of remorse is diminished when a defendant waits until the last possible moment -- the sentencing phase -- to express it. See State v. Bey (IV), supra, 137 N.J. at 385 (noting that belated apology at sentencing phase does not distinguish defendant s character from that of other defendants). (v) Capacity for rehabilitation. The parties agree that defendant has presented no evidence evincing a capacity for rehabilitation. In sum, defendant s lengthy and serious, albeit mostly non-violent, criminal record and his lack of capacity for rehabilitation outweigh his lukewarm cooperation with authorities and his belated expressions of remorse. d. Precedent-seeking review - Overall culpability. Defendant s moral blameworthiness is quite high, the victimization in the case was severe, and his character, while not uniformly bad, does not weigh in his favor. On the basis of the foregoing discussion, defendant s criminal culpability does not render this death sentence irrational or aberrant. State v. Martini (II), supra, 139 N.J. at 47. Nor does it indicate that defendant was singled out unfairly for capital punishment. Ibid. None of the considerations that underlie this analysis clearly support defendant. See State v. Papasavvas (II), supra, 170 N.J. at 484. He is slightly less culpable under some considerations than others, but none of the considerations clearly offend the proportionality of a death sentence for this defendant and his crime. e. Precedent-seeking review Case comparisons. The final component of precedent-seeking review compares defendant s case to those of other people convicted of capital murder in his salient factor group. Our search is not for identical outcomes in all the comparison cases; to the contrary, we expect that juries may decide similar cases differently. Disparity alone does not demonstrate disproportionality. State v. Bey (IV), supra, 137 N.J. at 386. As we explained in State v. Marshall (II), supra, 130 N.J. at 181, [o]ur search should be for some impermissible or invidious factor or pattern that has been broken. That the [other defendants] were spared their lives does not establish a pattern of life-sentencing for such killings. We select comparison cases from the same salient-factor group used in the salient-factors comparison, State v. Harris (II), supra, 165 N.J. at 326, to ensure[] that the two analyses are complementary and can confirm each other. State v. Chew (II), supra, 159 N.J. at 214. Which cases should be included in the case comparisons is a matter in dispute. Defendant suggests a group of twenty-one comparison cases, drawn primarily, but not exclusively from the statistically limited E1 /aggravated multiple-victim s murders category. He submits that his case is appropriately compared to cases in which multiple homicides occurred in conjunction with other crimes, and force beyond that necessary to cause death was used. The State counters that eighteen cases are appropriate for comparison, based on the following characteristics: 1) the victims were killed in their home; 2) defendant used multiple means of attack and extreme brutality; 3) the victims were particularly vulnerable because of their ages; 4) defendant desecrated the victims bodies post-mortem; 5) defendant committed the murders to escape detection or apprehension within the meaning of aggravating favor (4)(f); 6) defendant committed the murders within the course of committing multiple felonies of a non-sexual nature within the meaning of aggravating factor (4)(g); and 7) a stranger upon stranger crime. Although the State s proposed criteria are broader than those suggested by defendant, we do not require that a case satisfy all of the above characteristics to be considered for inclusion. That, of course, would provide far too limited a universe. The parties recommend cases for comparison purposes. The ultimate decision concerning which cases will be considered for comparison, however, rests squarely with this Court. In Re Proportionality Review Project (I), 161 N.J. 71, 91 (1999). Cases within the E1 subcategory are presumptively included in defendant s comparison group; conversely, cases outside the E1 subcategory are presumptively excluded. State v. Timmendequas (II), supra, 168 N.J. at 52 (citing State v. Morton (II), 165 N.J. at 256-57). The relevant cases are categorized as follows: See footnote 23 (1) cases agreed to by the parties [Bobby Lee Brown (T1, V1), Bobby Lee Brown (T1, V2), Bobby Lee Brown (T2, V1, V2), Louis Crumpton, Felix D az, Walter Johnson (T1, V1), Walter Johnson (T1, V2), Walter Johnson (T2, V2), Frank Masini See footnote 24 (M2), Ronald Mazique, Anthony McDougald (T1, V1), Anthony McDougald (T1, V2), Anthony McDougald (T2, V1), Peter Regan, and Roy Watson]; (2) cases proposed only by defendant [William Menter, Clarence Reeves, George Booker (V1) [B1) George Booker (V2) [B1], and Josh Pompey [D1]]; (3) cases proposed only by the State [Thomas Koskovich (T1), and Thomas Koskovich (T2)]; and (4) cases withdrawn by both parties [David Cullen See footnote 25 [E2]]. In addition, the AOC lists several other cases that, although suggested by the parties, ultimately were not relied on by them. These are: Richard Farrow, Gerald Klatzkin, Angel Melendez, Maria Montalvo (V1), Maria Montalvo (V2), Thomas Patterson, Reginald Scott III, Adonis Thomas, Joseph Harris (M2, V1) [B1], Joseph Harris (M2, V2) [B1], Joseph Harris (M2, V3) [B1], Joseph Harris (M2, V4) [B1], Daron Josephs (T1, V1) [B1], Daron Josephs (T1, V2) [B1], Daron Josephs (T2, V1 and V2) [B1], John Lee Allen [E2], David Hester [E2], James Lawrence Lopez [E2], Donald Naples [E2], and Darryl Pitts [E2]. We, therefore, do not include them for comparison purposes. There remain, then, seven cases on which the parties do not agree: Booker (V1), Booker (V2), Koskovich (T1), Koskovich (T2), Menter, Pompey, and Reaves. Of those, only Koskovich, Menter, and Reeves were categorized as E1, and are thus presumptively comparable to defendant. Each one, however, is marked by characteristics that may substantially differentiate it from defendant. Neither Menter nor Reeves was a stranger-upon-stranger killing; in both cases, the killings were spurred by defendants rejection by a woman. Although both cases involved brutal multiple murders, neither shares several defining characteristics with defendant s case and, therefore, both are excluded from the case-comparison portion of precedent seeking review. Koskovich (T1 and T2) was a stranger-on-stranger robbery/murder. However, his crimes also had so many unique characteristics that his case defies comparison with defendant s case. Koskovich was only guilty of own-conduct murder as to one of the two victims. As such, although Koskovich s cases are coded in the E1 subcategory, they differ, at their core, from many multiple-victim murders. More importantly, Koskovich s case appears to be a thrill-killing, which was its essential characteristic. While admittedly a very close question, Koskovich s cases are not included for comparison with defendant s case. Booker and Pompey were both coded outside the E1 subcategory, and are therefore presumptively not comparable to defendant. Pompey, like Menter and Reeves, was a case of unrequited love gone horribly wrong: Pompey killed his victims because one of them refused to reconcile with him. Pompey does not share enough essential characteristics with defendant to overcome the presumption that it is not comparable. See State v Morton (II), supra, 165 N.J. at 256-57. George Booker, who had a prior murder conviction, raped and killed two women as part of a crime-spree. The crime-spree, sexual assault, and prior murder all make this case sufficiently distinct from defendant s and, thus, is excluded from comparison. In sum, we have determined to engage in case comparisons only in respect of the agreed upon cases: an aggregate of sixteen cases involving nine unique defendants. A very brief summary of each, followed by a comparison analysis, follows. (i) Bobby Lee Brown. Summary: Brown, who has been honorably discharged from the armed forces, and his girlfriend followed through on a plan to rob her eighty-two-year-old great aunt and her sixty-four-year-old great uncle. The great aunt was shot to death and the great uncle was shot and stabbed over ten times with a pair of scissors. The jury found aggravating factors 4(f), escape detection, (as to the female victim) and 4(g), robbery murder, (as to both victims). The jury also found mitigating factors 5(c), defendant s age, and 5(h), the catch-all factor. The jury sentenced Brown to death for the murder of the great aunt and, because the jury could not unanimously agree on a sentence for the killing of the great uncle, Brown also received a life sentence. On appeal of the death sentence, we reversed for flaws in the instruction on the option of a non-unanimous vote on own conduct. The conviction was affirmed, but would be vacated if the State again sought the death penalty. State v. Brown, 138 N.J. 481 (1994). The State opted not to seek the death penalty a second time. Brown received two life sentences, with a sixty-year period of parole ineligibility. Comparison: Defendant acknowledges that the victimization in his case was greater than that of the great aunt and likely greater than that of the great uncle. But, defendant suggests that the differences are vitiated by the planning apparent in Brown s crime and Brown s lack of psychiatric history, lack of suggestion of drug influence, and maturity, as evidenced by his successful military service. Defendant also points out that, although originally sentenced to death, Brown ultimately received a life sentence. The State suggests that Brown and defendant are equally blameworthy, insofar as both selected elderly defendants whom they knew to be vulnerable. The State stresses that the jury in defendant s case rejected any psychological mitigating factors. Also, the State sees Brown s military service as evidence of his rehabilitative potential. The State also points to the increased victimization in defendant s case. Although defendant s case in mitigation may have been slightly more compelling than Brown s, the difference is not meaningful enough to suggest that defendant s death sentence is disproportional, particularly in light of the increased victimization in defendant s case. We conclude that defendant s criminal culpability is equal to or greater than Brown s. (ii) Louis Crumpton. Summary: Crumpton, a thirty-six year old man living with AIDS, broke into a home to steal items. He was surprised by the victims, aged eighty-six and eighty-one. He beat the victims over the face, most likely with a blunt object. One victim was found dead and the other died four months later. After the State served its notice of aggravating factors, he pled guilty to two counts of felony murder and was sentenced to two consecutive life terms, with more than sixty-three years of parole ineligibility on each count. Comparison: Defendant suggests that Crumpton s life sentences indicate that defendant s sentence is disproportionately harsh. Defendant points out that the victims in Crumpton s case were older, and therefore more vulnerable. Defendant further suggests that there was no indication that Crumpton, while ill with AIDS, suffered any psychiatric disease. The State points out that Crumpton did not know his victims would be home, and that Crumpton suffered from AIDS and drug addiction. Defendant s entry into the Hazards home knowing someone was home increases his moral blameworthiness sufficiently to justify the difference in result between Crumpton and defendant, a distinction further highlighted by the fact that Crumpton suffered from AIDS and drug addiction. (iii) Felix D az. Summary: D az and his co-defendant went to the home of the co-defendant s ex-lover seeking money for drugs. D az and the co-defendant beat, shot, and stabbed two members of the ex-lover s family, including his eight-year-old niece. The defendants then waited for the ex-lover to return home and also killed him. That victim s body was burned and a pet dog also was killed. The jury found the escape detection and felony murder aggravating factors. The jury also found D az s age (twenty-seven), lack of significant prior criminal history, and assistance to the State, in addition to the catch-all factor, to be mitigating. D az received consecutive life sentences; after the non-capital charges were added, his total term of parole ineligibility was more than one hundred years. Comparison: Defendant suggests that D az s case is simply a more aggravated version of his, save that D az received a life sentence. Defendant points out that the victimization in D az s case was about the same as in his own, except D az killed three people and, as to the last victim, D az lay in wait. Defendant concedes that D az was mildly retarded, but notes that defendant scored an eighty-one on a full-scale IQ test. Unlike D az, defendant suffered from bipolar disorder and had an abusive childhood. Defendant suggests that D az s case presents more criminal culpability than his, but in no event presents sufficiently less to justify D az s life sentence as opposed to defendant s death sentence. In contrast, the State points out that D az s jury found four mitigating factors: his age, his lack of significant criminal history, his assistance to the State, and the catch-all factor. This comparison is closely poised. D az s crime, with its additional victim and the fact that they waited for the final victim to return home, is more blameworthy than defendant s, but D az s character shows fewer indicia of culpability. The similarities in the cases are not dispositive of the issue of proportionality. We expect that juries may decide similar cases differently. Disparity alone does not demonstrate disproportionality. State v. Bey (IV), supra, 137 N.J. at 386. Here, while there are disparate results in potentially similar cases, those differences, standing alone, are insufficient to suggest that defendant was unfairly singled-out for death. (iv) Walter Johnson. Summary: Johnson had done some carpentry work for a married couple. He went to their home and asked to use the phone. After the female victim caught Johnson stealing jewelry, he shot the male victim and beat the female victim to death with a poker. The jury found the murder involved extreme suffering, was committed to escape detection, and occurred contemporaneous to other felonies. As to the male victim the jury found only the catch-all mitigating factor; as to the female victim the jury found that Johnson was under extreme mental or emotional disturbance. Although Johnson received a death sentence for the killing of the female victim, the jury determined that the aggravating factors did not outweigh the mitigating factor for the male victim. We reversed Johnson s convictions after determining that his confession had been illegally obtained. State v. Johnson, 120 N.J. 263 (1990). He ultimately pled guilty to two counts of non-capital murder and was sentenced to consecutive life terms. Comparison: Defendant concedes that his case may present slightly more culpability than Johnson, but contends that any difference is sufficient to justify the fact that Johnson, after a reversed death sentence, ultimately received a life sentence. The State points out that a jury determined that Johnson, unlike defendant, was affected by mental defect or disturbance. Johnson s initial death sentence, despite the jury s determination that he suffered from a mental defect or disturbance, is an indicator that defendant s death sentence is not disproportionate to Johnson s sentence. Other than that finding, these cases have similar degrees of moral blameworthiness, victimization, and character. (v) Frank Masini. Summary: Masini killed an elderly couple that employed him as a handyman. He stabbed the male victim in the neck with a letter opener. When the female victim responded to the commotion, Masini also stabbed her to death. Both victims had defensive wounds on their hands. The female victim was nude from the waist down. Masini was also linked to the murder of his elderly aunt and another woman, both of whom were stabbed in the neck and found partially nude. Masini claimed to have had detachments from reality in the months leading up to the other murders. He pled guilty to the four murders and was sentenced to two consecutive terms of life imprisonment and a concurrent term of life imprisonment, with a thirty-year parole bar. Comparison: Defendant points out that, while there may have been slightly less victimization in Masini s cases, his victims were older and more numerous, and there may have been sexual assaults involved. According to defendant, although Masini claimed to have experienced a detachment from reality, there was no evidence that he ever sought treatment, and, while he may have been drinking heavily that night, there was no evidence of a sustained substance abuse problem. The State suggests that Masini s culpability is reduced by his intoxication on the night of the murders. This comparison, again, poses a close question. There are aspects of Masini s case that make it more aggravated than defendant s -- most importantly, that he killed four people in three separate incidents -- and aspects that make it less so, that is, the fact that he was drinking heavily. Both defendant and Masini exhibited a high level of blameworthiness, a large amount of victimization, and their characters are not universally mitigating. (vi) Ronald Mazique. Summary: Mazique went to the forty-one-year old female victim s house to obtain money; purportedly he intended to steal her income tax refund. He killed the victim and her six-year-old grandson by striking them over thirty times each with a hammer. In an effort to cover up the crime, Mazique turned on the gas in an attempt to explode the apartment. Mazique was also a suspect in a double homicide in his home-state of South Carolina. Mazique was convicted of a number of crimes, including capital murder. The jury found that the murder involved an aggravated assault of the victim, was committed to escape detection, and was committed in the course of a robbery. The jury also determined that eight of the ten catch-all mitigating factors presented by Mazique were present, including factors related to childhood abuse. The jury could not reach a unanimous decision on sentencing. As a result, Mazique received consecutive life sentences for the murders and additional terms of imprisonment for other crimes. Comparison: Defendant suggests that his case and Mazique s case present roughly equal degrees of culpability. Defendant points out that although Mazique suffered sexual abuse as a child, he had no documented psychiatric history. Defendant also notes that Mazique was a suspect in two South Carolina homicides. The State, however, asserts that the level of brutality of defendant s crime exceeded that of Mazique. The State further differentiates between these cases by noting that Mazique was a drug and alcohol addict, who had been physically and sexually abused by his father. Whether Mazique was suspected of other killings does not enter into our calculus. For example, in State v. Martini (II), supra, 139 N.J. at 75-76, the defendant had pleaded guilty to a double homicide in Arizona, was awaiting trial for murder in Pennsylvania, and was a suspect in four other killings. Nonetheless, we did not consider that information in assessing the defendant s character because the jury had heard neither of his prior record nor evidence of unrelated acts of violence. Id. at 76. Here, too, we consider only that evidence heard by the jury in comparing the cases. The jury in Mazique s case accepted eight catch-all mitigating factors related to his traumatic upbringing. Although defendant, too, suffered a troubled childhood, the jury did not credit that evidence to any appreciable extent. Although the cases are quite similar, that distinction likely and rationally explains the difference between defendant s death sentence and Mazique s life sentence. (vii) Anthony McDougald. Summary: McDougald and a thirteen-year-old accomplice killed the parents of another thirteen-year-old, with whom he had been having sex. He attacked the parents in their bedroom, cutting the man s throat, stabbing him, and hitting him with a baseball bat. When the co-defendant proved unable to kill the woman quickly enough, McDougald hit the woman with a cinderblock, hit her with the bat, and then cut her throat. He then pulled off her underpants and violated her with the bat. For each victim, the jury found aggravating factors 4(c), [intent to cause suffering], 4(f), [escape detection (to cover up his statutory rape of their daughter)], and 4(g) [murder within the course of burglary]. The jury also found that McDougald acted under extreme mental or emotional disturbance and the catch-all mitigating factor. Because the jury determined that the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors, he was sentenced to death. We overturned the death sentences because the instruction on the 4(c) intent to cause suffering aggravating factor was flawed. State v. McDougald, 120 N.J. 523 (1990). In the penalty phase re-trial, the jury found that, as to the male victim, the murder was committed to escape detection; and, as to the female victim, that the murder was committed to escape detection and that the murder involved an aggravated battery and depravity of mind. The jury also found that McDougald was under extreme mental or emotional disturbance, suffered from mental disease, defect or intoxication, and had established some catch-all mitigating factors. The jury also found that while in the Marines, McDougald spent time in a Japanese prison and that he had sought help before the offense. The jury could not decide whether the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors. Accordingly, McDougald was sentenced to consecutive life terms, with sixty years of parole ineligibility, to run consecutive to his sentences on the non-capital crimes. Comparison: Defendant contends that McDougald s case, although characterized by rage and lacking robbery as a motive, is similar to his case, except with more victimization. According to defendant, there is no rational reason McDougald ultimately received a life sentence while defendant remains on death row. The State freely acknowledges that the brutality in McDougald s case was equal to that of defendant s. However, the State argues that defendant is more blameworthy for having intentionally selected older - and, hence, more vulnerable - victims. The State also argues that because McDougald s murders were essentially motivated by rage, jealousy, and passion[,] he is less blameworthy, although the jury s finding that McDougald committed the murders to escape detection belies the State s claim in this regard. The State further points out that the jury found two mitigating factors in McDougald s case that were not found in defendant s case: extreme mental or emotional disturbance and mental disease, defect, or intoxication. McDougald s crime was horrifying. But, because McDougald was initially sentenced to death and because the jury found the existence of two important mitigating factors that defendant s jury rejected, it cannot be said that McDougald s ultimate life sentence indicates that defendant was unfairly singled out for capital punishment. (viii) Peter Regan. Summary: Regan left his girlfriend at a bar and went to her house to rob it. When a fifteen-year-old girl entered the home, Regan hit her five times with an aluminum baseball bat, killing her. When his girlfriend s twelve-year-old daughter entered the apartment, Regan hit her six times in the head and face with the bat, also killing her. Regan then removed the second victim s clothing so the incident would appear to be a rape. Regan had a prior record of assaults and a robbery, along with a history of drug and alcohol abuse. Regan pleaded guilty to two counts of purposeful, knowing murder and one count of robbery. He was sentenced to two concurrent life terms, with thirty years of parole ineligibility for the murder and a twenty-year term with a ten-year parole bar for the robbery. Comparison: Defendant concedes that Regan may be slightly less culpable than defendant, but suggests the difference is insufficient to justify Regan being allowed to plead guilty and avoid a penalty trial. In defendant s view, there was no evidence that Regan suffered abuse or had any mental impairment. Defendant also concedes that the victimization in Regan s case, though exacerbated by the undressing of one victim, was somewhat less than in his case, and that Regan may not have expected the house to be occupied. The State argues that the victimization in Regan s case was less than in defendant s case. The State further notes that Regan s moral blameworthiness is diminished because he did not know the victims would be there. Finally, the State argues that Regan had drug and alcohol problems, and was drinking on the night of the crime. The central differences between Regan and defendant are that defendant decided to commit his crime in a home he knew would be occupied by elderly victims, and that Regan s attack was not as prolonged as defendant s. In comparison, this reduces the victimization in Regan s case. As a result, Regan s case does not suggest that defendant s death sentence was disproportionate. (ix) Roy Watson. Summary: Armed with a pipe, Watson broke into the home of an elderly couple. He went into their bedroom and severely beat them both. He then drank scotch while they died. He stole jewelry, furs, and money. He had an extensive, violent criminal record. He had been admitted to a mental hospital after his acquittal of the scalding death of his sister. At the time of the murder, he was a fugitive from a New York assault charge. Watson was addicted to barbiturates and crack cocaine. After convicting him, a jury found that the murder was committed within the course of a burglary. The jury also found his age (he was forty-four and his attorneys argued that his age meant he would likely never leave prison) and his impaired capacity were mitigating factors. Because the jury deadlocked on whether to impose death, Watson received consecutive life sentences. Comparison: Defendant concedes that the victimization in Watson s case, while severe, may have been less than in his case. But, defendant notes, Watson presented no personal mitigation whatsoever. Defendant contends that Watson had no indication of addiction, as opposed to use, of substances[.] The State, on the other hand, notes that the degree of victimization in defendant s case was greater than Watson s. The State also suggests that Watson was surprised by his victims in the midst of his crimes. Finally, the State argues that Watson s culpability is diminished by the fact that he was a severe and chronic drug abuser who was addicted to barbiturates and crack cocaine, and he was using drugs and alcohol at the time of the crimes. This conclusion is supported by the jury s finding that Watson suffered from mental disease, defect, or intoxication. Both parties include information about Watson that is unsupported in the AOC summary. Contrary to defendant s claim, Watson was a drug addict. Likewise, contrary to the State s assertion, there is no support in the summary for the idea that Watson was surprised by his victims: he entered the house armed and went directly to their bedroom, where he killed them. Nevertheless, Watson s addiction and intoxication may account for the disparate sentences he and defendant received. f. Proportionality Review Conclusion . Given Defendant s high degree of culpability, as determined by the procedure explained in State v. Papasavvas (II), supra, 170 N.J. at 480-81, as well as the results of the frequency analysis, we hold that defendant has failed to establish that his death sentence is disproportionate. We do so recognizing that no other member of defendant s statistical cohort -- Category E1 - is presently on death row. However, our task in proportionality review is not to slavishly adhere to blind statistical analyses. We are mindful that defendant has been placed in Category E1 (Aggravated multiple victims) largely by default: although defendant murdered multiple victims, none of his victims was a public servant (Category A), defendant did not have a prior murder conviction (Category B), defendant s murders were not contract killings (Category C), and the murders did not involve sexual assaults (Category D). In short, when confronted with so limited a sample, the scope of our proportionality review cannot be bounded solely by a mechanical comparison of sentences ultimately imposed within any given statistical category. In the final analysis, we complete our proportionality review by engaging in a more detailed comparison between defendant and the remaining nine murderers within his E1 statistical cohort. As points of comparison, we distinguish between defendant and Crumpton, Johnson, Masini and Regan because their life sentences were the result of negotiated plea agreements, whereas defendant chose instead to place his fate in the hands of a jury. We also differentiate between defendant and D az, Mazique, McDougald and Watson because the juries in each of those latter cases either found that the aggravating factors did not outweigh the mitigating factors or they deadlocked on that issue, automatically resulting in the imposition of a life sentence. Thus, of the Category E1 group, only Brown remains as a meaningful point of comparison. Like defendant, Brown murdered two elderly victims. Also like defendant, the jury found that the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors and sentenced Brown to death. At present, however, Brown is serving a life sentence for reasons unrelated to his culpability: on appeal, we affirmed his conviction but reversed his death sentence because of an erroneous jury instruction. That affirmance came with a catch: if the State on retrial sought the death penalty, the conviction would have been vacated and the State would have been required to retry both the guilt and penalty phases of Brown s trial. Given that stark choice, the State bargained for, and Brown accepted, two consecutive life terms. In that latter respect, then, even Brown is dissimilar to defendant and is closer to the negotiated plea cases. Taking into account the nature of defendant s crimes, the jury s finding that the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors, and the fact that defendant s circumstances are different from, and more blameworthy than, those of the other members of Category E1, we conclude that defendant s death sentence is not disproportionate. See footnote 26 [State v. R.B., 183 N.J. 308, 333-34 (2005).] That principle applies equally in death penalty cases. See State v. Koskovich, 168 N.J. 448, 540 (2001) ( [W]e still adhere to the general principle that a defendant is entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect one. (quoting State v. Feaster, 156 N.J. 1, 84 (1998) (internal quotation and editing marks omitted)); State v. Timmendequas (I), 161 N.J. 515, 639 (1999), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 858, 122 S. Ct. 136, 151 L. Ed. 2d 89 (2001) (same, explaining that [t]his is true even in capital cases, where we subject the record to intense scrutiny, recognizing that a defendant s very life is at stake. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). Thus, although it is a fundamental tenet of our system of justice that where legal errors . . . in their aggregate have rendered the trial unfair, our fundamental constitutional concepts dictate the granting of a new trial before an impartial jury[,] State v. Orecchio, 16 N.J. 125, 129 (1954), the predicate for relief for cumulative error must be that the probable effect of the cumulative error was to render the underlying trial unfair. Defendant has made repeated assertions of trial error. However, our close scrutiny of defendant s penalty phase trial discloses that, in all material respects, no appreciable error was present. More fundamentally, it was fair. Therefore, we reject defendant s claim of cumulative error. SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY A- 37 September Term 2004 Plaintiff-Respondent, v. BRIAN WAKEFIELD, Defendant-Appellant. JUSTICE ALBIN, concurring. Defendant received a fair, not a flawless, penalty hearing. Unlike the majority, however, I would not downplay or excuse the errors made by the prosecutor, particularly those made in his opening remarks. Prosecutors must be reminded of the high standards expected of them in capital cases. Nevertheless, even by the exacting standards that we apply to capital proceedings, we do not reverse unless a prosecutorial error had the capacity to alter the outcome. Because I do not believe that the errors committed here would have affected the jury s judgment, I cannot join the dissent. Next, this is my first opportunity to speak to this Court s proportionality jurisprudence. I believe that our proportionality review has become a macabre and overly complex social science exercise that artificially classifies into distinct categories savage murders, many of which are hardly distinguishable from one another in their unspeakable cruelty and gruesomeness. Public confidence cannot be sustained in a system that people of ordinary intelligence cannot comprehend. The purpose of proportionality review is not to ensure uniformity in capital sentencing -- an impossible goal given the myriad variables that lead to the imposition of life sentences in most death-eligible cases -- but rather to ensure that the few death sentences meted out are not aberrational. Under this Court s proportionality jurisprudence, I cannot find that defendant s death sentence is aberrational when comparing his case to similar cases of defendants sitting on death row. For those reasons, I am compelled to affirm defendant s sentence. Plaintiff-Respondent, v. BRIAN WAKEFIELD, Defendant-Appellant. JUSTICE LONG, dissenting. For proportionality review purposes, Brian Wakefield s cohort is made up of a motley crew of life-sentenced multiple murderers, who laid in wait for their victims and bludgeoned, shot, stabbed, and scissored to death men, women, and children of all ages. Wakefield s crimes, execrable as they were, were in fact not worse than those of his comparators and the personal stories of those in his group were not better than his. Yet alone among his cohort, Wakefield awaits lethal injection while every other defendant will live out his days in prison. Advancing inconsequential and unprecedented distinctions, or no distinctions at all, the majority declares Wakefield s sentence of death to be proportional. Such a result cannot be countenanced in a system of laws. I. Proportionality review is not a numbers game. Rather, it is the difficult substantive measurement of one defendant s character and crime against those of similarly-situated defendants. Indeed, even if every defendant in a cohort has been spared, a death sentence will not be disproportionate if the details of the subject defendant s crime or of his character warrant different treatment than the life-sentenced group. The polestar in each case is whether a defendant s culpability is greater than that of similarly-situated, life-sentenced defendants and whether it equals or exceeds that of other death-sentenced defendants. State v. Loftin, 157 N.J. 253, 335 (1999) (Loftin II) (quoting State v. DiFrisco, 142 N.J. 148, 184 (1995) (DiFrisco III), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1129, 116 S. Ct. 949, 133 L. Ed. 2d 873 (1996)). Because of the complexities of human nature and the enormously different details of individual crimes, the task of proportionality review is a difficult and, sometimes, macabre one. However, as Justice Brennan noted in Pulley, although clearly no panacea, such review often serves to identify the most extreme examples of disproportionality among similarly situated defendants. At least to this extent, this form of appellate review serves to eliminate some of the irrationality that currently surrounds imposition of a death sentence. [Supra, 465 U.S. at 71, 104 S. Ct. at 890, 79 L. Ed. 2d at 53 (Brennan, J., dissenting).] [Timmendequas, supra, 168 N.J. at 78 (Long, J., dissenting).] This case is emblematic of those problems. [Id. at 159.] [Timmendequas, supra, 168 N.J. at 83 (Long, J., dissenting).] [Ante at __ (slip op. at 170).] The problems with that approach are legion. First, we have never made the distinctions in death penalty cases that the majority here adopts. For example, it distinguishes Crumpton, Johnson, Masini, and Regan from Wakefield, on the basis of the former having been subject to plea agreements. Ante at __ (slip op. at 170). Defendant thus stands as the only individual in the history of this Court s proportionality review to be deprived of the benefit of comparison to defendants who have pled guilty, thereby avoiding capital prosecution. See footnote 36 As prior cases make clear, the Court has never before used a plea bargain, in itself, as a distinguishing characteristic among death-eligible cases. The majority s error in distinguishing cases where a jury either found that the aggravating factors did not outweigh the mitigating factors or they deadlocked on that issue, is even graver. Ante at __ (slip op. at 170). A jury verdict that the aggravating factors do not outweigh the mitigating factors is a unanimous determination that the defendant is not deathworthy under N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3c(3)(b). Further, where a jury is deadlocked on the ultimate balance of the aggravating and mitigating factors, this Court has, without fail, treated such cases as life sentences for the purposes of proportionality review comparisons. See footnote 37 In treating a plea, a verdict, and a jury s inability to decide whether a defendant is deathworthy as characteristics distinguishing between cases, the Court essentially creates distinctions where there should be none. Ante at __ (slip op. at 170). Those invalid distinctions reduce the universe of cases to a point where proportionality review is no longer meaningful. To be sure, the majority is free to jettison our scheme or to retool it for future cases. What it is not free to do is to rely on distinctions that confound our prior jurisprudence to justify Wakefield s death. Wakefield is no better or worse than the members of his band. Yet, he alone awaits death and they have been spared. That outcome cannot stand. The study, based on interviews conducted with 803 New Jersey residents in May 2002, evinces a significant decrease in support for the death penalty. It shows that 60 percent of New Jersey residents support the death penalty as punishment for murder. Id. at 1. Sixty-three percent supported it when the issue was studied in 1999. Id. at 2. When we last considered the constitutionality of the death penalty, the then most recent surveys, conducted in 1977 and 1981 by the Eagleton Poll, showed public support for this State's death penalty at 72 percent. When presented with the alternative of life in prison without parole, the public's support for the death penalty dropped to 36 percent, down from 44 percent in 1999. Eagleton Survey at 3. Moreover, as in prior years, New Jersey residents are less likely than other Americans to prefer the death penalty over life in prison without parole. Ibid. In addition, 66 percent of New Jersey residents--including 60 percent of those who favor the death penalty overall--favor a temporary halt to executions while a study is conducted to ascertain whether the death penalty is being administered accurately, fairly, and economically. Id. at 4. The majority's reliance on our legislature's inaction regarding the death penalty as "the best and most reliable indicator" of contemporary values is mysterious in light of its citation to the recent United States Supreme Court decision in Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 122 S. Ct. 2242, 153 L. Ed. 2d 335 (2002), which held, among other things, that a national consensus has developed in the last thirteen years against the execution of mentally retarded persons. Despite that national consensus, our capital legislation still authorizes the execution of the mentally retarded, indicating that, at least as far as the United States Supreme Court is concerned, our legislature is out of synchronicity with "evolving standards of decency." Id. at 311, 122 S. Ct. at 2247, 135 L. Ed. 2d at 344. [Josephs, supra, 174 N.J. at 162-64 (Long, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (citations omitted).] The majority s citation to the New Jersey Death Penalty Study Commission Report that reinforces my view of the changing moral climate, renders more curious its adamant refusal even to consider the issue. Ante at __ (slip op. at 120). I remain, as I was in Josephs: [M]ystified by the Court s resistance to revisiting a fifteen [now twenty] year-old opinion that, by its very terms, was rooted in conclusions about the public s appetite for the death penalty that appear to have changed. The suggestion that the Court s past perfunctory rejection of equally perfunctory challenges to Ramseur over the years gives currency to that opinion is neither jurisprudentially sustainable nor an appropriate response to a case involving the ultimate sanction of death. [Id. at 164-65 (Long, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).] For those reasons, as well as the reasons expressed by Justice Wallace in his dissenting opinion on the merits, I dissent. Plaintiff-Respondent, v. BRIAN WAKEFIELD, Defendant-Appellant. JUSTICE WALLACE, JR., dissenting. When life hangs in the balance, error has no place. Indeed, the nature of the death penalty, which leaves no room for the error tolerable in other cases, requires a level of error-free process that is commensurate with the criminal sanction of death. State v. Papasavvas, 163 N.J. 565, 636 (2000) (Long J., dissenting) (quoting State v. Bey, 112 N.J. 45, 119 (1988) (Handler, J., concurring)), remanded by 170 N.J. 462 (2002). In defendant s penalty phase trial, the process was far from error-free. In fact, there were numerous errors which, when considered cumulatively, served to deprive defendant of the right to a fair trial. Because I cannot place confidence in the death sentence imposed under such circumstances, I must dissent. [Id. at 61.] Because a capital penalty phase jury must find that aggravating factors outweigh mitigating factors beyond a reasonable doubt, the omitted language could have been adapted to this setting, with the last sentence reading: If, on the other hand, you are not firmly convinced that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors, you must give the defendant the benefit of the doubt and return a life sentence. While this error might, at first blush, seem inconsequential, the omission of the benefit of the doubt language represented a significant harm to defendant as the jury was not reminded of the essential presumption for life. The simple, straightforward quality of the benefit of the doubt language cannot be discounted, for a layperson on the jury can much better understand the nature of the balancing required when presented with such language. Without it, the State s burden was unfairly lessened. SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY NO. A-37 SEPTEMBER TERM 2004 ON APPEAL FROM Law Division, Superior Court STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. BRIAN WAKEFIELD, Defendant-Appellant. DECIDED May 7, 2007 Justice Long PRESIDING OPINION BY Justice Rivera-Soto CONCURRING OPINION BY Justice Albin DISSENTING OPINIONS BY Justices Long and Wallace