Title: State v. Swazey

State: ohio

Issuer: Ohio Supreme Court

Document:

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State 
v. Swazey, Slip Opinion No. 2023-Ohio-4627.] 
 
 
 
NOTICE 
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an 
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports.  Readers are requested to 
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65 
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other 
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before 
the opinion is published. 
 
 
SLIP OPINION NO. 2023-OHIO-4627 
THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLANT, v. SWAZEY, APPELLEE. 
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it 
may be cited as State v. Swazey, Slip Opinion No. 2023-Ohio-4627.] 
Criminal law—Crim.R. 12(C)(2)—A trial court may consider facts beyond four 
corners of indictment to rule on merits of a defendant’s pretrial motion to 
dismiss under Crim.R. 12(C)(2) when motion challenges whether law set 
forth in indictment applies to defendant—Defendant who pleaded guilty did 
not waive constitutional right to challenge on appeal trial court’s dismissal 
of his Crim.R. 12(C)(2) motion to dismiss challenging state’s ability to 
prosecute—Court of appeals’ judgment affirmed and cause remanded to 
trial court. 
(No. 2022-0382—Submitted March 22, 2023—Decided December 22, 2023.) 
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Medina County, 
No. 21CA0031-M, 2022-Ohio-993. 
__________________ 
 
 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
2 
BRUNNER, J. 
{¶ 1} Appellee, Michael Swazey Jr., was indicted for failing to pay child 
support.  He filed a motion to dismiss the indictment under Crim.R. 12(C)(2), which 
addresses pretrial motions.  Swazey asserted that the statutes he allegedly violated 
did not apply to him.  The trial court declined to consider Swazey’s motion on the 
merits, holding that the arguments he raised were not permitted under Crim.R. 
12(C)(2) but should instead be presented at the close of the state’s case at trial.  
Swazey subsequently pleaded guilty to all counts. 
{¶ 2} The Ninth District Court of Appeals held that Swazey’s Crim.R. 
12(C)(2) motion was proper and should have been considered on the merits.  It also 
held that by entering a guilty plea, Swazey did not waive his right to raise a 
constitutional challenge on appeal.  We agree with the court of appeals on both 
points.  We therefore affirm its judgment and remand this cause to the trial court to 
consider Swazey’s motion. 
I.  Background 
{¶ 3} In December 2019, Swazey was indicted on three felony counts of 
nonsupport of a dependent, in violation of R.C. 2919.21(B).  The indictment alleged 
that Swazey had violated court orders to support his child, K.S., during three 
separate 26-week periods out of 104 consecutive weeks.  Count 1 alleged that he 
had failed to provide support between November 1, 2013, and October 31, 2015; 
Count 2 alleged nonpayment of support between November 1, 2015, and October 
31, 2017; and Count 3 alleged nonpayment of support between November 1, 2017, 
and October 31, 2019.  The indictment also alleged that Swazey had previously 
been convicted of violating R.C. 2919.21(B).  Swazey pleaded not guilty to all 
counts. 
{¶ 4} On March 2, 2020, Swazey moved to dismiss the indictment.  He 
argued that his obligation to provide support for K.S. had terminated on June 8, 
2014, and that after that date he owed only arrearages.  In support of his motion, he 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
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provided a copy of a court order stating that his support obligation “[was] 
terminated effective 6-8-2014” because K.S. “[had] reached the age of eighteen 
(18) and [had] graduated from high school.”  The order also states, “Any arrearage 
that exists shall be paid at a rate of $208.86 per month plus 2% processing charge 
until further order of [the] court or until the arrearage is paid in full.” 
{¶ 5} Swazey argued that his owing only arrearages required dismissal of 
the indictment.  He noted that R.C. 2919.21(B) was materially amended in 2019, 
but he argued that he could not be held criminally liable for failing to pay arrearages 
under either the pre-amended or amended version of that statute. 
{¶ 6} In 2013, the first relevant date in the indictment, R.C. 2919.21(B) 
provided, “No person shall abandon, or fail to provide support as established by a 
court order to, another person whom, by court order or decree, the person is legally 
obligated to support.”  (Emphasis added.)  2011 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 86.  In 2016, we 
considered “whether, pursuant to R.C. 2919.21(B), the state may prosecute a person 
who failed to make the payments set forth in an arrearage-only order issued after 
the date of his children’s emancipation.”  State v. Pittman, 150 Ohio St.3d 113, 
2016-Ohio-8314, 79 N.E.3d 531, ¶ 16.  We held that it may not, stating: 
 
R.C. 2919.21(B) is unambiguous.  It criminalizes a person’s 
failure to support—in the manner established by a court order—
another person whom he is legally obligated to support.  Because 
the statute uses the present tense in the phrase “is legally obligated 
to support,” a person charged with a violation must be under a 
current obligation to provide support. 
 
Id. at ¶ 18.  Swazey claims that his position is similar to the defendant’s in Pittman 
because Swazey’s dependent was emancipated in 2014 and his indictment charged 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
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him with failure to make payments on an arrearages-only order.  Therefore, he says, 
he cannot be held criminally liable for violating the earlier version of the statute. 
{¶ 7} The General Assembly has since amended R.C. 2919.21(B).  As of 
the February 11, 2019 amendment, that statutory division provides as follows: 
 
(1) No person shall abandon, or fail to provide support as 
established by a court order to, another person whom, by court order 
or decree, the person: 
(a) Is legally obligated to support; or 
(b) Was legally obligated to support, and an amount for 
support: 
(i) Was due and owing prior to the date the person’s duty to 
pay current support terminated; and 
(ii) Remains unpaid. 
 
(Emphasis added.)  2018 Sub.S.B. No. 70.  While the statute now permits the 
prosecution of a person who fails to make payments on an arrearages-only order, 
Swazey argues that the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B) applies only 
prospectively and that applying the amended version to him would violate the 
Retroactivity Clause of the Ohio Constitution and the Ex Post Facto Clause of the 
United States Constitution.  See Ohio Constitution, Article II, Section 28; U.S. 
Constitution, Article I, Section 10, cl. 1. 
{¶ 8} The trial court denied Swazey’s motion to dismiss.  It held that the 
matter “[was] not appropriate for resolution through the use of a motion to dismiss,” 
because a motion to dismiss “tests the sufficiency of the indictment” and the court 
“may determine only whether the indictment is valid on its face.”  The court 
explained that Swazey’s motion was “based on factual assertions and evidentiary 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
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matters outside the face of the indictment” and that such issues are “better suited” 
for a motion for acquittal at the close of the state’s case. 
{¶ 9} Swazey then changed his plea to guilty on all three counts.  The trial 
court sentenced him to 180 days in jail and two years of community control. 
{¶ 10} The court of appeals reversed.  2022-Ohio-993, ¶ 17.  It concluded 
that Crim.R. 12(C)(2) allows Swazey’s issue to be resolved on a motion to dismiss 
the indictment.  Id. at ¶ 12. 
{¶ 11} Crim.R. 12(C) provides, “Prior to trial, any party may raise by 
motion any defense, objection, evidentiary issue, or request that is capable of 
determination without the trial of the general issue.”  The rule then lists several 
issues that “must be raised before trial,” including “[d]efenses and objections based 
on defects in the indictment, information, or complaint.”  Crim.R. 12(C)(2). 
{¶ 12} The appellate court concluded that the argument Swazey presented 
in his motion to dismiss would not require the trial court to determine the “general 
issue to be determined at trial.”  2022-Ohio-993 at ¶ 11.  It noted that this court had 
addressed a similar issue in State v. Palmer, 131 Ohio St.3d 278, 2012-Ohio-580, 
964 N.E.2d 406, ¶ 24 (“Palmer”).  In that case, the defendant had been convicted 
of sexual battery in 1995 and completed his prison sentence on March 15, 1997.  
State v. Palmer, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 09AP-956 and 09AP-957, 2010-Ohio-
2421, ¶ 2, 14.  The General Assembly enacted the Adam Walsh Act in 2007.  That 
act imposed sweeping sex-offender-registration requirements, regardless of the 
date of the offenses.  2007 Am.Sub.S.B. No. 10; Palmer, 2012-Ohio-580 at ¶ 7.  In 
2009, a grand jury indicted Palmer for failing to comply with certain registration 
requirements under the Adam Walsh Act.  Id. at ¶ 9.  The defendant moved to 
dismiss the indictment, and the trial court granted the motion, finding that the act 
did not apply to him.  Id. at ¶ 10.  The appellate court concluded that the motion 
was improper under Crim.R. 12(C), but we reversed.  Id. at ¶ 11, 28.  We held that 
“an indictment is defective if it alleges violations of [a statutory provision] by a 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
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person who is not subject to that [provision],” especially when the “indictment 
depends on the unconstitutional application of law.”  Id. at ¶ 23.  And making that 
determination does not mean that the trial court would be deciding the “general 
issue” in the case—namely, “whether the accused violated the law as set forth in 
the indictment.”  Id. at ¶ 24.  We concluded that the trial court in Palmer acted 
properly when it dismissed the indictment before trial.  Id. at ¶ 28. 
{¶ 13} In this case, the Ninth District viewed the argument Swazey 
presented in his motion to dismiss as similar to the argument made by the defendant 
in Palmer.  It held that to decide Swazey’s motion, “the trial court would only need 
to determine when Mr. Swazey’s support order terminated.”  2022-Ohio-993 at 
¶ 11.  It explained that the general issues for trial, by contrast, would be “the 
existence of a support order” and whether Swazey had “failed to pay his court 
ordered support” and that neither of those issues would need to be addressed for the 
trial court to rule on Swazey’s motion to dismiss the indictment under Crim.R. 
12(C)(2).  Id. at ¶ 11. 
{¶ 14} The appellate court also rejected the state’s argument that Swazey’s 
guilty plea barred him from challenging on appeal the denial of his motion to 
dismiss.  Id.  at ¶ 14.  We previously held, “ ‘A guilty plea * * * renders irrelevant 
those constitutional violations not logically inconsistent with the valid 
establishment of factual guilt and which do not stand in the way of conviction if 
factual guilt is validly established.’ ”  (Ellipsis added in Fitzpatrick.)  State v. 
Fitzpatrick, 102 Ohio St.3d 321, 2004-Ohio-3167, 810 N.E.2d 927, ¶ 78, quoting 
Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 62, 96 S.Ct. 241, 46 L.Ed.2d 195 (1975), fn. 2.  
The appellate court concluded that Swazey’s retroactivity argument was not 
included within this rule.  2022-Ohio-993 at ¶ 14.  It explained that even if the state 
proved the relevant facts—that Swazey failed to make child-support payments 
during the times identified in each count—Swazey’s argument was that applying 
the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B) to him would violate the Ohio and United 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
7 
States Constitutions.  His guilty pleas therefore did not bar him from raising the 
constitutional issue on appeal.  The appellate court remanded the case to the trial 
court to resolve the issues raised in Swazey’s motion to dismiss.  The state sought 
our jurisdiction, and we accepted the state’s two propositions of law for review: 
 
[I.] A motion to dismiss an indictment may only be decided 
in a defendant’s favor if it can be determined from the face of the 
indictment that the indictment is legally defective. 
[II.] A guilty plea bars a defendant from appealing a trial 
court’s denial of a motion to dismiss the indictment where the issue 
raised by the motion is whether a statute is retroactive, which is an 
issue of statutory interpretation. 
 
See 167 Ohio St.3d 1467, 2022-Ohio-2490, 191 N.E.3d 437. 
II.  Analysis 
A.  Proposition of Law No. I 
{¶ 15} The state argues that a court may grant a motion to dismiss under 
Crim.R. 12(C)(2) only when the alleged defect in the indictment can be determined 
from its face.  It contends that a motion to dismiss that requires the court to look at 
facts outside the indictment necessarily seeks summary judgment and as the Ninth 
District has observed, “[t]he Ohio Rules of Criminal Procedure * * * do not allow 
for ‘summary judgment’ on an indictment prior to trial,” State v. Roman, 9th Dist. 
Lorain No. 06CA009025, 2007-Ohio-4341, ¶ 4.  The state therefore seeks to have 
this court hold as the Eighth District Court of Appeals has held: that a motion to 
dismiss tests only the sufficiency of the indictment or complaint “without regard to 
the quantity or quality of evidence that may be produced by either the state or the 
defendant,” and a trial court considering such a motion should ask only “whether 
the allegations contained in the indictment or complaint make out offenses under 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
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Ohio criminal law,” State v. Eppinger, 162 Ohio App.3d 795, 2005-Ohio-4155, 835 
N.E.2d 746, ¶ 37 (8th Dist.).  The state posits that any argument requiring the court 
to consider facts outside the face of the indictment may be presented only in a 
motion for acquittal after the state has presented its case. 
{¶ 16} The state points out that Swazey’s motion to dismiss included factual 
assertions and a document beyond the face of the indictment—specifically, the 
June 8, 2014 order terminating his child-support obligation.  Thus, according to the 
state, Swazey did not present an argument that could be considered in a motion to 
dismiss under Crim.R. 12(C)(2) and therefore the trial court properly denied the 
motion. 
{¶ 17} The state also contends that the appellate court’s holding would 
allow the trial court to decide the “general issue” of the case—Swazey’s guilt—in 
violation of Crim.R. 12(C).  Under the state’s view, whether the amended version 
of R.C. 2919.21(B) applies retroactively and, if so, whether its retroactive 
application is a constitutional violation are questions that “go to the ultimate issue 
in the case.” 
{¶ 18} Swazey, on the other hand, argues that the trial court should have 
considered his motion to dismiss on the merits.  He contends that his motion to 
dismiss presents the exclusively legal issue whether the statute applies to him, 
rather than the factual “general issue” whether he is guilty as charged.  He 
emphasizes that the plain text of Crim.R. 12(C) refers only to whether the issue is 
capable of being determined without ruling on the “general issue,” which must be 
reserved for trial.  He also notes the similarity of his situation to that presented in 
Palmer, in which we considered a Crim.R. 12(C)(2) motion to dismiss and held that 
“[a] trial court may dismiss an indictment * * * when it determines that the [laws] 
do not apply to the accused,” Palmer, 131 Ohio St.3d 278, 2012-Ohio-580, 964 
N.E.2d 406, at paragraph two of the syllabus. 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
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{¶ 19} We agree with Swazey.  As we have previously recognized, 
“Crim.R. 12 permits a court to consider evidence beyond the face of an indictment 
when ruling on a pretrial motion to dismiss an indictment if the matter is capable 
of determination without trial of the general issue.”  State v. Brady, 119 Ohio St.3d 
375, 2008-Ohio-4493, 894 N.E.2d 671, ¶ 3; see also Palmer at ¶ 24, citing Brady 
at ¶ 18 (when considering a motion under Crim.R. 12(C)(2), a trial court “may look 
beyond the four corners of the indictment”).  This conclusion is drawn from the rule 
itself. 
{¶ 20} Nothing in Crim.R. 12(C) expressly prohibits a court from 
dismissing an indictment based on material outside the indictment.  The first 
sentence in the rule is permissive: “Prior to trial, any party may raise by motion any 
defense, objection, evidentiary issue, or request that is capable of determination 
without the trial of the general issue.”  Id.  The rule then identifies issues that “must 
be raised before trial,” such as “[d]efenses and objections based on defects in the 
indictment, information, or complaint.”  Crim.R. 12(C)(2).  Other issues that must 
be raised in a Crim.R. 12(C) pretrial motion include defects in the institution of the 
prosecution, suppression of evidence, requests for discovery, requests to sever 
charges or trials of multiple defendants, and requests to appoint expert witnesses or 
investigators.  Crim.R. 12(C)(1) and (3) through (7).  The rule contains no language 
restricting the arguments raised in a motion to dismiss to the content within the four 
corners of the indictment. 
{¶ 21} Crim.R. 12(F) also supports Swazey’s position: “The court may 
adjudicate a motion based upon briefs, affidavits, the proffer of testimony and 
exhibits, a hearing, or other appropriate means.”  Thus, the criminal rules expressly 
permit the trial court to consider factual material outside the record, and motions 
filed under Crim.R. 12(C) commonly contain such material.  By way of example, a 
trial court considering a motion to suppress may accept affidavits or hold a hearing 
at which witnesses testify.  Crim.R. 12(F).  A motion challenging the institution of 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
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the prosecution or requesting the severance of multiple charges or the trial of 
multiple defendants often also involves factual material relevant to the motion that 
is outside the record.  Id.  And nothing in the text of either Crim.R. 12(C) or (F) 
suggests that Crim.R. 12(F) does not apply to Crim.R. 12(C)(2) motions to dismiss. 
{¶ 22} Given this, we decline to hold that a motion to dismiss an indictment 
under Crim.R. 12(C) prohibits a trial court from considering material beyond the 
four corners of the indictment.  Holding otherwise would impose an arbitrary 
restriction on the trial court’s consideration of motions to dismiss that is not 
supported by Crim.R. 12.  The rule as written promotes judicial economy and 
preserves the resources of courts, attorneys, and litigants by streamlining trials.  The 
rule was written to further these objectives without preempting litigation when the 
facts are in dispute.  This is why Crim.R. 12(C) prohibits courts from entertaining 
motions that decide “the trial of the general issue.”  The fact that Swazey’s motion 
to dismiss called for the trial court to consider material outside the four corners of 
the indictment—namely, the 2014 order terminating his child-support obligation—
does not change the fact that it is the type of motion contemplated by Crim.R. 12(C). 
{¶ 23} Crim.R. 12(C)(2) requires parties to file pretrial motions “based on 
defects in the indictment, information, or complaint.”  (Emphasis added.)  Our 
holding here reaffirms our holding in Palmer: 
 
Under Crim.R. 12(C)(2), trial courts may judge before trial 
whether an indictment is defective.  Without a doubt, an indictment 
is defective if it alleges violations of R.C. Chapter 2950 [sex-
offender classification and registration] by a person who is not 
subject to that chapter.  There is no set of circumstances under which 
such a person can violate the law’s requirements.  This is especially 
so where, as in [this] case, an indictment depends on the 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
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unconstitutional application of law.  Therefore, dismissal is 
appropriate. 
 
Id., 131 Ohio St.3d 278, 2012-Ohio-580, 964 N.E.2d 406, at ¶ 23.  In Palmer, we 
recognized that determining whether an indictment is defective “does not embrace 
the general issue for trial” when the issue is the applicability of the statute to the 
defendant’s conduct.  Id. at ¶ 24.  When the general issue for trial is “whether the 
accused violated the law as set forth in the indictment,” then when “the law simply 
does not apply, the trial court is well within its authority to dismiss the indictment 
before trial.”  Id. 
{¶ 24} Swazey set forth three arguments in his motion: (1) the amended 
version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) applies only prospectively; (2) applying the 
amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) to him would constitute an unconstitutional 
retroactive application of the law; and (3) the 2013 version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) 
does not apply to a person under an arrearages-only order.  Each argument focuses 
on an alleged defect in the indictment. 
{¶ 25} The first two arguments are properly raised in a Crim.R. 12(C)(2) 
motion based on the analysis contained in Palmer.  Notably, Swazey’s second 
argument is the same argument made in Palmer, and the first is not materially 
different.  Both arguments are that the indictment is defective because it alleges that 
illegal conduct was committed when the amended version of the statute either did 
not apply or could not apply to Swazey.  In neither argument does Swazey ask the 
trial court to decide the general issue for trial, which is whether Swazey violated 
the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1). 
{¶ 26} Swazey’s third argument—concerning the 2013 version of 
R.C. 2919.21(B)(1)—also befits a motion to dismiss under Crim.R. 12(C)(2).  
Swazey, in referring to the 2014 order terminating his child-support obligation, 
pointed to an alleged legal defect in the indictment, which was not limited to 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
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arrearages.  He argues that the 2014 order terminated his child-support obligation 
except for the payment of arrearages that had accumulated through June 8, 2014.  
He argues that this court has interpreted the 2013 version of R.C. 2919.21(B) as not 
applying to a person under an arrearages-only order.1  His argument that there is no 
set of circumstances under which a person in his position can violate the 2013 
version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1)’s requirements was posited fairly within the bounds 
of Crim.R. 12(C).  Nothing in the third argument presented in Swazey’s motion 
seeks to have the trial court decide the general issue whether he violated the 2013 
version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) as set out in the indictment. 
{¶ 27} In short, Swazey’s arguments made in his Crim.R. 12(C)(2) motion 
to dismiss should have been considered before trial.  In reaching this conclusion, 
we express no opinion on the merits of any of the arguments that Swazey raised in 
his motion.  Nor do we express any opinion regarding whether the arguments, if 
found to have merit, would require dismissal of the indictment in whole or in part.  
We simply hold that the trial court erred in declining to decide Swazey’s motion 
based on its conclusion that the arguments Swazey made could not be presented in 
a Crim.R. 12(C)(2) motion.  On remand, the trial court is to consider the motion. 
B.  Proposition of Law No. II 
{¶ 28} In its second proposition of law, the state argues that it has long been 
the law that a defendant who voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently enters a 
guilty plea “waives all nonjurisdictional defects in prior stages of the proceedings,” 
Ross v. Auglaize Cty. Common Pleas Court, 30 Ohio St.2d 323, 323-324, 285 
 
1. As noted above, Swazey’s argument on this point is based on this court’s holding in Pittman, 150 
Ohio St.3d 113, 2016-Ohio-8314, 79 N.E.3d 531.  In his motion to dismiss, however, Swazey notes 
that we had agreed to consider another case involving the application of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) after a 
support order had terminated.  See State v. Brown, 156 Ohio St.3d 1491, 2019-Ohio-3263, 129 
N.E.3d 475.  We issued a decision in State v. Brown, 161 Ohio St.3d 276, 2020-Ohio-4623, 162 
N.E.3d 769, on September 30, 2020, holding that a defendant may be prosecuted for nonpayment 
under the pre-2019 version of R.C. 2919.21(B) “when the conduct underlying the charge occurred 
while a support order was in effect, even if the child of the defendant [was] emancipated at the time 
the charge is brought,” id. at ¶ 15. 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
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N.E.2d 25 (1972).  As a result, the state contends, a defendant who pleads guilty 
“ ‘may not thereafter raise independent claims relating to the deprivation of 
constitutional rights that occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea,’ ” Fitzpatrick, 
102 Ohio St.3d 321, 2004-Ohio-3167, 810 N.E.2d 927, at ¶ 78, quoting Tollet v. 
Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267, 93 S.Ct. 1602, 36 L.Ed.2d 235 (1975). 
{¶ 29} The state asserts that the appellate court misread Fitzpatrick and 
created a “massive, game-changing exception” to this rule.  The appellate court 
relied on the following statement in Fitzpatrick: “ ‘A guilty plea * * * renders 
irrelevant those constitutional violations not logically inconsistent with the valid 
establishment of factual guilt and which do not stand in the way of conviction if 
factual guilt is validly established,’ ” (ellipsis added.) id., quoting Menna, 423 U.S. 
at 62, 96 S.Ct. 241, 46 L.Ed.2d 195, fn. 2.  The state argues that the exception noted 
in Fitzpatrick is unclear and cannot be applied to Swazey’s plea or else the inverse 
of the statement would have to be true: that constitutional violations logically 
inconsistent with establishing factual guilt are relevant after a defendant pleads 
guilty.  This is in fact correct and a necessary implication of Fitzpatrick and this 
court’s earlier case, State v. Wilson, 58 Ohio St.2d 52, 388 N.E.2d 745 (1979).  In 
Wilson, this court held that on appeal, a defendant may challenge the 
constitutionality of the statute he was convicted under, even if he had pleaded 
guilty.  Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus.  This court held that most appellate 
issues are waived when a defendant pleads guilty because a guilty plea is a reliable 
admission of factual guilt.  Id. at 54.  However, when a constitutional challenge 
alleges that the state may not convict the defendant no matter how thoroughly his 
factual guilt is established, the defendant may bring that challenge despite having 
pleaded guilty.  Id. at 54-55.  Constitutional violations that go to the ability of the 
state to prosecute, regardless of factual guilt, may be raised on appeal from a guilty 
plea.  Id. at 55. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
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{¶ 30} It is also the clear holding of the United States Supreme Court in 
Menna and Class v. United States, 583 U.S.___, 138 S.Ct. 798, 200 L.Ed.2d 37 
(2018).  See Menna at 62-63 (defendant’s guilty plea did not waive his right to 
argue that the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the indictment on 
double-jeopardy grounds).  In Class, the Supreme Court held that a guilty plea does 
not bar a defendant from challenging the constitutionality of the statute of 
conviction.  Id. at __, 138 S.Ct. at 806-807.  The Supreme Court said that its holding 
reflects the nature of guilty pleas, which are confessions of the facts charged in an 
indictment.  Id. at __, 138 S.Ct. at 805.  The Supreme Court held that the guilty plea 
did not waive the defendant’s right to challenge the constitutionality of the statute, 
because his guilty plea amounted to an admission that he had engaged in the alleged 
conduct but his constitutional claims were “consistent with [his] knowing, 
voluntary, and intelligent admission that he did what the indictment alleged.”  Id. 
at __, 138 S.Ct. at 804. 
{¶ 31} Finally, the state argues that even if a defendant may challenge 
constitutional violations on appeal after entering a guilty plea, Swazey’s argument 
here does not primarily involve a constitutional issue.  Specifically, the state 
contends that Swazey’s argument that amended R.C. 2919.21(B) does not apply 
retroactively is one of statutory interpretation.  On this basis, the state argues, the 
Fitzpatrick exception does not apply and Swazey has thus waived his retroactivity 
argument even though he has consistently challenged the constitutionality of 
applying the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) to him.  This is exactly the 
sort of argument that fits within the exception noted in Fitzpatrick and Wilson: that 
the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) would not permit a finding of guilt even 
if Swazey is found to not have made his arrearage payments. 
{¶ 32} The state further argues that the trial court would first have to draw 
factual and legal conclusions, triggering waiver, before it could reach Swazey’s 
constitutional question.  That is, the trial court, according to the state, would have 
 
 
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to conclude that the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) applies retroactively 
before it reaches the constitutional question, and on that basis, waiver cuts off 
reaching the constitutional question in this case. 
{¶ 33} We see no appreciable difference between interpreting a statute as 
retroactive and concluding that because it is retroactive, it is unconstitutional.  Were 
we to treat Swazey’s constitutional argument piecemeal, not only would we elevate 
form over substance but we would also be denying him any remedy to which he 
might be entitled under the Ohio and United States Constitutions. 
{¶ 34} We therefore conclude that Swazey’s guilty plea did not constitute a 
waiver of his ability to challenge on appeal the denial of his motion to dismiss. 
C.  The Dissenting Opinion 
{¶ 35} The dissenting opinion focuses on one of the arguments raised by 
the state in response to Swazey’s motion to dismiss: that even if Swazey were 
correct about the retrospective application of the amended statute, he still would 
not be entitled to have Counts One and Three dismissed, because those counts 
covered periods that would permit the state to obtain convictions at trial without 
violating the Ohio or United States Constitutions.  Dissenting opinion, ¶ 54-60.  But 
the dissent falls short in its analysis because it fails to recognize that the state’s 
argument simply provided the trial court with a reason to conclude that the 
indictment was not defective as to Counts One and Three, negating any need to 
dismiss those counts.  If the trial court had agreed with the state’s argument, it 
would not have needed to decide whether Swazey had actually failed to make any 
particular payment during the periods covered by Counts One and Three.  It simply 
would have had to deny Swazey’s motion as to those counts and allow the case to 
move forward.  At trial, the parties would have then presented their evidence to a 
jury, and the jury would have been left to decide the general issue whether Swazey 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
16 
failed to make payments for at least 26 weeks under each count.  Swazey’s motion, 
therefore, did not require the trial court to consider the general issue for trial.2 
{¶ 36} The dissenting opinion also takes the position that by pleading 
guilty, Swazey waived his ability to challenge on appeal the trial court’s denial of 
his motion to dismiss.  The dissenting opinion’s primary argument depends on a 
recasting of the trial court’s decision on Swazey’s motion to dismiss as a mere 
“procedural case-management decision.”  Dissenting opinion at ¶ 68.  As we 
explained above, the trial court did not simply defer consideration of the motion 
under its power to manage the progression of the case before it.  The trial court 
denied the motion as improper under Crim.R. 12(C)(2)—a decision that we hold 
was legally erroneous.  Contrary to the decision of the trial court, we hold that 
Swazey’s motion to dismiss was permitted under Crim.R. 12(C)(2).  In fact, filing 
it before trial was required by that rule.  See Crim.R. 12(C)(2) (motions based on 
defects in the indictment “must be raised before trial” [emphasis added]).  And as 
we also explained above, Swazey presented a constitutional challenge in his 
motion, alleging that the state could not constitutionally convict him no matter how 
thoroughly his factual guilt might be established.  The argument Swazey made was 
therefore the caliber of argument that binding precedent instructs is not waived by 
a guilty plea. 
{¶ 37} Finally, the dissenting opinion’s insistence that the exception to the 
guilty-plea waiver rule does not apply here misses the foundational problem that 
Swazey’s motion did not call for the trial court to consider evidence that was then 
or is now part of the record regarding required payments.  Regardless of how the 
dissenting opinion attempts to recast it, Swazey’s motion to dismiss did not require 
the trial court to decide general issues for trial. 
 
2. As noted above, we express no opinion on the merits of the arguments Swazey raised in his 
motion.  Nor do we express any opinion whether his arguments, if found to have merit, would require 
dismissal of the indictment in whole or in part. 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
17 
III.  Conclusion 
{¶ 38} For these reasons, we conclude that Swazey’s motion to dismiss was 
proper under Crim.R. 12(C)(2) and that by entering a guilty plea, he did not waive 
his right to raise on appeal his constitutional challenge to the indictment.  We 
therefore affirm the Ninth District Court of Appeals’ judgment and remand the 
cause to the trial court to consider Swazey’s pretrial motion.  In the event the trial 
court denies Swazey’s motion as to any of the counts charged in the indictment, his 
convictions shall be reinstated as to those counts. 
Judgment affirmed 
and cause remanded to the trial court. 
FISCHER, DONNELLY, and STEWART, JJ., concur. 
DEWINE, J., dissents, with an opinion joined by KENNEDY, C.J., and 
DETERS, J. 
_________________ 
DEWINE, J., dissenting. 
{¶ 39} The majority upholds the determination of the court of appeals that 
the trial court erred by denying Michael Swazey Jr.’s pretrial motion to dismiss the 
indictment and instead deferring consideration of his arguments until the close of 
the state’s case.  As a remedy for this error, it concludes that notwithstanding 
Swazey’s plea of guilty to each of the three counts charged, the case should be 
remanded to the trial court for consideration of Swazey’s pretrial motion to dismiss.  
I disagree. 
{¶ 40} The majority tells us that under Crim.R. 12(C)(2), the trial court was 
required to consider the merits of Swazey’s motion to dismiss prior to trial because 
the motion could have been decided without consideration of the “general issue” in 
the case.  Majority opinion, ¶ 26.  Unfortunately, the majority opinion leaves critical 
facts out of its analysis.  When these facts are considered, it is evident that a full 
adjudication of Swazey’s motion to dismiss required consideration of the evidence 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
18 
that would be introduced at trial.  Thus, it would have been impossible to grant 
Swazey’s motion to dismiss the indictment without consideration of the general 
issue in the case.  Consequently, the trial court did not err in deferring consideration 
of the arguments presented in the motion to dismiss until the close of the state’s 
evidence. 
{¶ 41} On this basis alone, the decision of the court of appeals should be 
reversed and Swazey’s conviction reinstated.  There is also a second, independent 
reason that the decision of the court of appeals should be reversed.  The error that 
Swazey advanced on appeal and that is the basis of the majority’s judgment—the 
trial court’s deferment of its decision on the merits of the motion to dismiss until 
the close of evidence—was waived by Swazey through his voluntary entry of a 
guilty plea. 
{¶ 42} Because I do not believe the trial court erred in deferring its decision 
on the motion to dismiss and because I disagree with the majority’s analysis of the 
effect of Swazey’s guilty plea, I dissent from the majority’s judgment. 
I.  Swazey Pleads Guilty to the Three-Count Indictment 
{¶ 43} Swazey was indicted on three felony counts of nonsupport of a 
dependent in violation of R.C. 2919.21(B).  Count One of the indictment charged 
the following: 
 
Michael Swazey, Jr. on or about the 1st day of November, 
2013 through the 31st day of October, 2015, at the county of Medina 
aforesaid, did abandon, or fail to provide support for a total 
accumulated period of twenty-six weeks out of one hundred four 
consecutive weeks, whether or not the twenty-six weeks were 
consecutive as established by a court order to * * *, whom, by court 
order or decree, Michael Swazey, Jr. was legally obligated to 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
19 
support in violation of [R.C.] 2919.21(B), Nonsupport of 
Defendants, a felony of the fourth degree. 
 
{¶ 44} Counts Two and Three of the indictment were identical to Count One 
except they covered different periods.  Count Two covered November 1, 2015, 
through October 31, 2017.  Count Three covered November 1, 2017, through 
October 31, 2019.  Each count also alleged that Swazey had previously been 
convicted of failing to pay child support in violation of R.C. 2919.21(B), a fact that 
elevated the nonsupport crime to a fourth-degree felony.  See R.C. 2919.21(G)(1). 
{¶ 45} Swazey filed a motion to dismiss the indictment, alleging that the 
current version of R.C. 2919.21(B) does not apply to his conduct.  Swazey noted 
that the nonsupport statute had been amended in 2019.  See 2018 Sub.S.B. No. 70 
(effective Feb. 11, 2019).  Prior to the amendment, the statute criminalized only a 
person’s failure to support someone whom the “the person is legally obligated to 
support.”  (Emphasis added.)  2011 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 86.  In support of his motion, 
Swazey presented a court order that stated his support obligation had terminated on 
June 8, 2014, because his dependent had reached her 18th birthday and had 
graduated from high school.  The order also provided that any arrearages shall be 
paid at $208.86 per month. 
{¶ 46} Citing this court’s decision in State v. Pittman, 150 Ohio St.3d 113, 
2016-Ohio-8314, 79 N.E.3d 531, Swazey argued that because he only owed 
arrearages after his daughter was emancipated, she was not someone that he was 
legally obligated to support under the prior version of R.C. 2919.21(B).  The state 
responded by arguing that the current version of the nonsupport statute applies 
retroactively to the entirety of Swazey’s conduct.  Pursuant to the February 11, 
2019 amendment, R.C. 2919.21(B) criminalizes both a person’s failure to pay 
support to someone the person “is legally obligated to support” and a person’s 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
20 
failure to pay support to someone the person “was legally obligated to support.”  
(Emphasis added.) 
{¶ 47} Importantly, the state also pointed out that even if the trial court 
adopted Swazey’s position, prosecution would be precluded for only one count of 
the indictment.  Regarding Count One, it explained that even accepting Swazey’s 
evidence that his daughter was emancipated on June 8, 2014, there still remained 
more than 26 weeks for which Swazey had failed to pay support prior to her 
emancipation.  As to Count Three, the state explained that the period set forth in 
the indictment included more than 26 weeks after the effective date of the amended 
version of the nonsupport statute during which Swazey had failed to make 
payments under the arrearages order.  Thus, even if the court accepted Swazey’s 
argument about the applicability of the amended statute, he still could be found 
guilty of two counts in the indictment. 
{¶ 48} Following a hearing on the motion to dismiss, the trial court 
determined that the matter was not appropriate for resolution through a motion to 
dismiss.  In doing so, the court noted that the motion to dismiss depended on 
“factual assertions and evidentiary matters outside of the indictment.”  The court 
held instead that Swazey’s arguments were “better suited for a motion for acquittal 
at the close of” the state’s evidence and therefore denied Swazey’s motion. 
{¶ 49} Rather than raise his retroactivity argument at the close of evidence, 
Swazey chose to enter a guilty plea to each of the three counts.  He signed a written 
plea of guilty, which was also signed by the state and the trial court.  The written 
plea stated: “I have been informed that by pleading guilty I waive my right to appeal 
any issues that might have been raised had I gone to trial and been convicted, and I 
understand that right of appeal and it is my intention to waive it.”  Prior to accepting 
Swazey’s plea, the trial court conducted a Crim.R. 11 plea colloquy.  Among other 
things, Swazey acknowledged that “a plea of guilty is a complete admission of [his] 
guilt to the charges set forth in the indictment.”  He also acknowledged that he 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
21 
understood that by pleading guilty he was giving up his “right to appeal [his] 
conviction in this matter.” 
{¶ 50} In the context of this case, Swazey’s decision to plead guilty made 
sense.  Because Swazey had previously been convicted of nonsupport, he faced up 
to 18 months in prison for each of the three counts in the indictment.  See R.C. 
2929.14(A)(4).  And even if the court had accepted his retroactivity argument, he 
still could have been convicted and sentenced to prison on two counts.  Further, by 
pleading guilty, Swazey could anticipate that the court would consider his 
acceptance of responsibility at sentencing.  See State v. Rahab, 150 Ohio St.3d 152, 
2017-Ohio-1401, 80 N.E.3d 431, ¶ 17 (“Acceptance of responsibility is an 
appropriate sentencing consideration”).  The court ultimately sentenced Swazey at 
the lower end of the sentencing range: it chose not to impose prison time and 
ordered instead that Swazey serve 180 days in the county jail and two years of 
community control. 
{¶ 51} Swazey appealed, presenting a single assignment of error that 
asserted that the trial court had erred in overruling his motion to dismiss the 
indictment.  Within that assignment of error, Swazey argued that the court should 
have reached the merits of the motion to dismiss, rather than defer consideration 
until the close of the state’s evidence, because amended R.C. 2919.21(B) could not 
be applied retroactively to his conduct. 
{¶ 52} The court of appeals reversed Swazey’s convictions.  2022-Ohio-
993, ¶ 17.  It held that the trial court had erred by declining to consider the merits 
of Swazey’s motion to dismiss prior to trial because the motion could have been 
decided without consideration of the general issue in the case.  Id. at ¶ 11-12.  It 
further held that Swazey did not waive the right to raise this error on appeal by 
pleading guilty.  Id. at ¶ 14.  The appellate court remanded the matter to the trial 
court to “resolve the issues set forth in * * * Swazey’s motion to dismiss.”  Id. at 
¶ 15.  The majority affirms the decision of the court of appeals.  I would not. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
22 
II.  The Trial Court Did Not Err in Deferring Decision on the Merits of 
Swazey’s Motion to Dismiss Until the Close of Evidence 
{¶ 53} The majority correctly determines that nothing in Crim.R. 12(C)(2) 
precludes a trial court from considering matters “beyond the four corners of the 
indictment” in ruling on a motion to dismiss.  Majority opinion at ¶ 22.  The 
majority also correctly notes that by its terms, Crim.R. 12(C)(2) prohibits a trial-
court judge from considering the general issue for trial when ruling on a pretrial 
motion to dismiss.  Majority opinion at ¶ 22. 
{¶ 54} But after correctly stating the rule, the majority proceeds to misapply 
it in this case.  The majority states that Swazey argued in his motion to dismiss that 
amended R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) could not be applied to his conduct, because the 
statute only applies prospectively and applying the statute retroactively would be 
unconstitutional.  See majority opinion at ¶ 24.  But the majority leaves out critical 
facts—specifically, the state’s response to Swazey’s argument and the trial court’s 
inquiries at the motion-to-dismiss hearing. 
{¶ 55} In response to the motion to dismiss, the state argued that the 
indictment was valid on its face and that the trial court could not consider evidence 
outside the indictment in adjudicating Swazey’s motion.  It also argued that the 
amended statute applied to Swazey’s conduct.  But in addition, the state argued that 
even if the court accepted Swazey’s argument, there would still not be a basis to 
dismiss the indictment: 
 
Even if the February 11, 2019 R.C. 2919.21(B) amendment 
is taken to be prospective in operation (or retroactive but an 
unconstitutional Ex Post Facto law), which it is not, Counts I and III 
of the indictment would still survive.  Count I is for the period from 
November 1, 2013 through October 31, 2015.  The child support 
order in this case was terminated effective June 8, 2014 when the 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
23 
child was emancipated.  Therefore, there was an active child support 
order in place from November 1, 2013 through June 8, 2014 in 
which Swazey paid no child support.  This period was longer than 
the 26 weeks required for a felony non-support charge.  Count III is 
for the period from November 1, 2017 through October 31, 2019.  
From February 11, 2019 when R.C. 2919.21(B) was amended 
through October 31, 2019, Swazey again paid no child support for 
well over the required 26 weeks and therefore could be charged with 
an additional count of felony non-support. 
 
{¶ 56} At the hearing on the motion to dismiss, the trial court immediately 
focused on this last issue.  As soon as defense counsel began oral argument, the 
trial-court judge interrupted and asked, “[C]an you give me a timeline that helps 
me understand what you mean in this particular situation with prospective and 
retrospective?”  After counsel recounted the dates set forth in the indictment, the 
court interjected, “So there would be some portion of this time period that would 
* * * be after the statute became effective * * *?”  Not satisfied with counsel’s 
response, the court continued to drill down on the issue: 
 
THE COURT: My question to you was, there’s a portion of 
the period that falls under the statute.  It may not be two years but 
there’s a portion there. 
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes, Your Honor, from February 
2019 to October 31st, 2019, yes, Your Honor. 
 
Later, the judge commented to defense counsel, “[Y]ou’re asking me to look at 
evidence that is not yet before me in making a ruling.” 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
24 
{¶ 57} Following the hearing, the court took the matter under advisement 
and subsequently issued a short order explaining that because Swazey’s motion 
depended on “factual assertions and evidentiary matters” outside the indictment, 
“[Swazey’s] arguments are better suited for a motion for acquittal at the close of 
the State’s [case].” 
{¶ 58} I don’t see how this was error.  The period of nonpayment set forth 
in Count One of the indictment included over 31 weeks before the child was 
emancipated—a period in which it is undisputed that Swazey had a legal obligation 
to pay support.  Count Three of the indictment included over 37 weeks of 
nonpayment after the amended statute went into effect—a period in which it was 
undisputed that Swazey had a legal obligation to pay support under the arrearages 
order.  The state needed to show only that Swazey had failed to make payments for 
26 weeks of the relevant periods to obtain a conviction on each of those counts.  See 
R.C. 2919.21(G)(1).  Thus, even if Swazey were correct in his arguments about the 
retrospective application of the amended statute, the state could still obtain a 
conviction on Counts One and Three if it put on evidence establishing that Swazey 
had failed to provide support for at least 26 weeks during the indictment period 
before the child was emancipated (Count One) and for at least 26 weeks after the 
statute was amended (Count Three). 
{¶ 59} Whether Swazey failed to make payments that he was legally 
obligated to make is “the general issue” in the case.  See Crim.R. 12(C).  Thus, the 
issue that Swazey raised by motion—a request to dismiss the indictment—was not 
one that was “capable of determination without the trial of the general issue,” id. 
{¶ 60} (The majority—unwittingly, it seems—confirms the truth of this 
proposition.  It says that if the court had accepted Swazey’s arguments, it could 
have denied the motion to dismiss and “the jury would have been left to decide the 
general issue whether Swazey failed to make payments for at least 26 weeks under 
each count” (emphasis added), majority opinion at ¶ 35.  But that’s precisely the 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
25 
point.  The court did deny the motion to dismiss, allowing Swazey to renew his 
arguments after the close of evidence.  And it was correct in doing so, because there 
was no way to grant the motion to dismiss as to Counts One and Three without 
resolution of the “general issue” of whether (and when) Swazey failed to make 
payments.) 
{¶ 61} Of course, if the trial court accepted Swazey’s legal arguments, it 
could have opted to simply dismiss Count Two in response to Swazey’s motion to 
dismiss and leave the remainder of the counts for trial.  And doing so might have 
made sense from a case-management standpoint.  But that was not the relief that 
Swazey sought in his motion to dismiss. 
{¶ 62} Because the trial court did not err in deferring consideration of 
Swazey’s motion to dismiss, the judgment of the court of appeals should be 
reversed.  The majority errs in doing otherwise.  The majority also errs in its 
treatment of Swazey’s guilty pleas. 
III.  The Effect of Swazey’s Guilty Pleas 
{¶ 63} Swazey raised only one assignment of error in the court of appeals—
that the trial court erred in overruling his motion to dismiss the indictment.  As I 
have explained above, there was no error: the trial court was well within its 
discretion to defer ruling on the motion to dismiss until the close of evidence.  
Because Swazey did not raise any other error in the court of appeals, the court of 
appeals should have simply affirmed the trial court’s judgment.  And because the 
court of appeals did not, we should reverse the court of appeals’ judgment. 
{¶ 64} The majority, however, concludes that the trial court erred in 
deferring consideration of the merits of Swazey’s motion to dismiss and then rejects 
the state’s argument that by entering a guilty plea to each of the three counts in the 
indictment, Swazey waived his right to challenge any error committed by the trial 
court.  Here, again, its analysis is lacking. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
26 
A.  Swazey’s Guilty Pleas Preclude Him from Challenging the Trial Court’s 
Purported Procedural Error 
{¶ 65} Under Ohio law, a defendant may enter a guilty plea, which “is a 
complete admission of the defendant’s guilt.”  Crim.R. 11(B)(1).  Alternatively, 
with the permission of the court, a defendant may enter a no-contest plea, which “is 
not an admission of the defendant’s guilt, but is an admission of the truth of the 
facts alleged in the indictment.”  Crim.R. 11(B)(2).  There is no indication in the 
record that Swazey sought to enter a no-contest plea, which would have required 
him to admit only the facts in the indictment.  Instead, Swazey voluntarily elected 
to enter a plea of guilty to each of the three counts. 
{¶ 66} “A valid guilty plea by a counseled defendant * * * generally waives 
the right to appeal all prior nonjurisdictional defects * * *.”  State v. Beasley, 152 
Ohio St.3d 470, 2018-Ohio-16, 97 N.E.3d 474, ¶ 15.  This is consistent with the 
distinction that Crim.R. 11(B)(1) makes between guilty pleas and no-contest pleas. 
{¶ 67} Nonetheless, a narrow exception has been developed in the caselaw 
that encompasses situations in which “on the face of the record the court had no 
power to enter the conviction or impose the sentence.”  United States v. Broce, 488 
U.S. 563, 569, 109 S.Ct. 757, 102 L.Ed.2d 927 (1989).  This exception has been 
held to include situations where the statute of conviction violates the Constitution.  
See Class v. United States, 583 U.S. __, __, 138 S.Ct. 798, 804-805, 200 L.Ed.2d 
37 (2018); see also State v. Wilson, 58 Ohio St.2d 52, 55, 388 N.E.2d 745 (1979).  
The majority holds that this exception applies to allow Swazey to appeal his 
convictions notwithstanding his guilty pleas. 
{¶ 68} The problem is that the only error that Swazey raised on appeal was 
the trial court’s failure to grant his pretrial motion to dismiss and instead to defer 
consideration of his legal arguments until the close of evidence.  This was not an 
allegation of error that went to the state’s power to prosecute Swazey but simply 
one about a procedural case-management decision of the trial court.  There is no 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
27 
question that a defendant who enters a guilty plea waives the right to raise such 
challenges on appeal.3  See, e.g., State v. Fitzpatrick, 102 Ohio St.3d 321, 2004-
Ohio-3167, 810 N.E.2d 927, ¶ 77-78 (defendant who pleads guilty may not 
challenge disposition of pretrial motions).  Indeed, the exception to the guilty-plea 
waiver rule on which the majority relies applies only to “constitutional 
determinations,” Class at ___, 138 S.Ct. at 803. 
B.  Even If Swazey Had Challenged the Constitutionality of the Statute of 
Conviction, His Pleas Would Have Barred His Challenge to Counts One and 
Three Because His Challenge Depends on Evidence Outside the Existing Record 
{¶ 69} Furthermore, even if Swazey had challenged the constitutionality of 
the statute of his conviction, his challenge, at least to Counts One and Three, would 
be barred by his guilty pleas. 
{¶ 70} The cases that the majority relies on all dealt with claims that could 
be decided without venturing beyond the existing record.  In Class, the United 
States Supreme Court explained that the exception to the guilty-plea waiver rule 
only applies to constitutional claims that “do not contradict the terms of the 
indictment or the written plea agreement,” id., __ U.S. at __, 138 S.Ct. at 804, 200 
 
3. It is also worth noting that Swazey signed a written plea waiver in which he waived the right to 
“appeal any issues that might have been raised had [he] gone to trial and been convicted.”  There is 
no indication that there was any such waiver in any of the cases on which the majority relies.  Indeed, 
in Class, the United States Supreme Court specifically noted that the defendant had signed only a 
limited appellate waiver, which did not waive his right to argue that the statute at issue was 
unconstitutional.  Id. at __, 138 S.Ct. at 802.  Importantly, in cases decided since Class, federal 
courts have continued to find express written waivers of appellate rights to be enforceable.  See, 
e.g., United States v. Lloyd, 901 F.3d 111, 124 (2d Cir.2018), fn. 11 (Class is inapplicable because 
defendant signed an “express appeal waiver far broader than did the plea agreement at issue in 
Class”); United States v. Mejia-Quintanilla, 9th Cir. No. 17-15899, 2022 U.S. App. LEXIS 22344, 
*2-3 (Aug. 11, 2022) (rejecting argument that Class precluded court from giving effect to an express 
written waiver of right to appeal); Khan v. United States, D.N.M. Nos. CR 12-2901 RB/CG and CV 
17-0744 RB, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 92934, *33 (May 31, 2018) (because defendant “waived his 
right to appeal his conviction as well as his right to collaterally attack his conviction on any issue 
other than ineffective assistance of counsel[, t]he holding in Class is * * * inapplicable”).  The state 
in this case, however, neglected to make any argument to this court and to the court of appeals about 
the express waiver.  Thus, at least arguably, the issue has been forfeited.  See State v. Wintermeyer, 
158 Ohio St.3d 513, 2019-Ohio-5156, 145 N.E.3d 278, ¶ 25. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
28 
L.Ed.2d 37—that is, claims that can be “resolved ‘on the basis of the existing 
record,’ ” id. at __, 138 S.Ct. at 801, quoting Broce, 488 U.S. at 575, 109 S.Ct. 757, 
102 L.Ed.2d 927.  Wilson involved a facial challenge to a statute on equal-
protection and due-process grounds and was resolved simply based on a 
comparison of the elements of two statutes.  Id., 58 Ohio St.2d at 55-60, 388 N.E.2d 
745.  And “[i]n Menna [v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 96 S.Ct. 241, 46 L.Ed.2d 195 
(1975)], the indictment was facially duplicative of the earlier offense of which the 
defendant had been convicted and sentenced so that the admissions made by 
Menna’s guilty plea could not conceivably be construed to extend beyond a 
redundant confession to the earlier offense.”  Broce at 575-576. 
{¶ 71} Here, in contrast, on remand the trial court will necessarily need to 
consider new evidence that is not currently part of the record to rule in Swazey’s 
favor.  By pleading guilty, Swazey admitted that for each count, he had failed to 
provide support for 26 weeks out of a 104-week period to a person whom he “[w]as 
legally obligated to support,” R.C. 2919.21(B)(1)(b).  On its face, there is nothing 
incompatible about these pleas and Swazey’s retroactivity argument.  Even if the 
trial court accepts Swazey’s retroactivity argument, the conduct that Swazey 
admitted to in the indictment—failing to pay support for 26 of 104 weeks to 
someone he was legally obligated to support—is still legally sufficient for the state 
to convict Swazey on Counts One and Three.  Thus, the only way that Swazey could 
be acquitted on these counts would be for the trial court to consider new evidence 
that is inconsistent with his pleas.  But the authority on which Swazey relies bars 
the trial court from considering evidence outside the existing record.  See Class at 
__, 138 S.Ct. at 804-805. 
C.  There Is No Precedent That Supports a Remand to the Trial Court 
{¶ 72} Until now, the exception to the guilty-plea waiver rule for challenges 
based on the constitutionality of the statute of conviction has been used only to 
allow an appellate court to review the constitutionality of a statute.  In Wilson, this 
 
 
January Term, 2023 
 
29 
court determined that the statute at issue did not violate the Constitution.  Id. at 55-
60.  In Menna, the United States Supreme Court remanded the matter to the court 
of appeals for the constitutional determination.  Menna at 63.  I have not found—
and the majority does not identify—a single reported appellate case in which the 
exception to the guilty-plea appellate-waiver rule has been used to reopen a 
proceeding in the trial court.4 
{¶ 73} Neither the court of appeals nor the majority provide any guidance 
to the trial court for this novel procedure.  The court of appeals did not vacate 
Swazey’s guilty plea, so it is unclear the extent to which Swazey is bound by “his 
complete admission of [his] guilt,” Crim.R. 11(B)(1), in the proceedings that are to 
be conducted below.  And the scope of the trial court’s review is unclear.  Can 
Swazey introduce new evidence in support of the motion to dismiss or is he bound 
by the existing record?  What if the trial court adopts Swazey’s retroactivity 
argument?  Does the state then need to put on additional evidence about Swazey’s 
payments during the period set forth in Counts One and Three?  If the state puts on 
additional evidence, do Swazey’s guilty pleas prevent him from challenging the 
state’s evidence?  What if the trial court grants Swazey’s motion only as to Count 
Two and determines it cannot decide the motion as to the other counts without 
hearing evidence—do the remaining counts go to trial or is Swazey bound by his 
guilty pleas? 
{¶ 74} The majority provides no answers.  If the majority is going to 
dramatically expand the guilty-plea waiver rule, it should at least provide better 
guidance to the trial court about what comes next. 
 
 
 
4. Indeed, the best the majority can do is vaguely assert that Swazey presents the same “caliber of 
argument” as defendants in cases where an exception to the guilty-plea waiver rule has been found 
to apply.  Majority opinion at ¶ 36. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
30 
III.  Conclusion 
{¶ 75} The majority makes two mistakes.  It errs in concluding that the trial 
court committed a procedural error in deferring consideration of Swazey’s motion 
to dismiss until the close of trial.  And it errs by allowing Swazey to raise this 
procedural error on appeal despite his guilty pleas.  I respectfully dissent. 
KENNEDY, C.J., and DETERS, J., concur in the foregoing opinion. 
_________________ 
S. Forrest Thompson, Medina County Prosecuting Attorney, and Vincent 
Vigluicci, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellant. 
Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Addison M. Spriggs, Assistant 
Public Defender, for appellee. 
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