Title: Standard Jury Instructions - Criminal Cases (99-1)

State: florida

Issuer: Florida Supreme Court

Document:

Supreme Court of Florida
 
____________
No. SC94788
____________
STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS–CRIMINAL CASES (99-1)
[March 30, 2000]
PER CURIAM.
The Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal
Cases has submitted to this Court proposed amendments to the Florida Standard
Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases.  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 2(a), Fla.
Const.; see also Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.985.  
The committee published proposed new and revised instructions in the
August 15, 1998, edition of The Florida Bar News, and received comments
thereon.  The committee rejected some of the comments but embraced others and
accordingly modified its proposed instructions and submitted same to this Court as
follows:
Proposal 1:   A Revised Instruction on Williams Rule Evidence
Proposal 2:   A New Instruction for the Crime of Felony Battery
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Proposal 3:   A New Instruction for the Crime of Aggravated Stalking
Proposal 4:   A New Instruction for Offenses Involving Contraband in           
 Juvenile Facilities
Proposal 5:   A Revised Instruction for the Crime of Driving Under the           
     
  
 Influence
Proposal 6:   A New Instruction for Taking Deer or Turkey with a Gun and    
 
 Light
Proposal 7:   A New Instruction for the Crime of Using a Self-Defense          
 
 Weapon
Proposal 8:   A New Instruction for Offenses Involving Contraband in            
 Specified Locations
Proposal 9:   A New Instruction for the Crime of Voyeurism
Proposal 10: A New Instruction for Eluding an Officer (Fleeing or                  
                
 Failure to Stop)
Proposal 11: A New Instruction for Eluding an Officer (Willful Fleeing/        
 Siren and Lights)
Proposal 12: A New Instruction for Eluding an Officer (High Speed/              
 
  
 Recklessness)
Proposal 13: A New Instruction for Crimes Motivated by Prejudice
Due to the committee’s modifications, this Court ordered republication of
the committee’s proposed instructions in the March 1, 1999, edition of The Florida
Bar News and ultimately received several additional comments (including several
from Andrew Stanton, Assistant Public Defender for the Eleventh Judicial 
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Circuit).  This Court then requested the committee’s feedback regarding the
additional comments, which the committee in turn provided, along with several
resulting modifications to its proposed instructions.  The committee then 
suggested several additional modifications in response to a letter from this Court
expressing several technical concerns.  We discuss below only those instances
where we have further modified the proposed instructions that the committee
ultimately submitted to this Court.
CONTRABAND IN JUVENILE FACILITY
As ultimately submitted to this Court, the committee’s proposed instruction
regarding contraband in a juvenile facility required the State to prove that the
defendant introduced, removed, or possessed contraband in a juvenile detention
facility or commitment program, and that he or she “did not do so through regular
channels or as authorized by the [facility superintendent] [program director]
[manager].”  We have stricken the “through regular channels” alternative, as it is
not provided in the statute that controls here.  See § 985.4046, Fla. Stat. (1997). 
According to its comment (which we strike in pertinent part as well), the
committee appears to have borrowed the “through regular channels” language 
from the statute and corresponding standard jury instruction that apply in the
similar, but by no means identical, context regarding contraband in a county
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detention facility.  See § 951.22(1), Fla. Stat. (1997).  
Furthermore, as pointed out by Assistant Public Defender Stanton, the
statute that controls in the present context explicitly provides two additional
alternatives not reflected in the committee’s proposed instruction.  Specifically, in
addition to being authorized by the facility superintendent, program director, or
manager, items regarded as contraband under the statute may also be authorized
“through program policy or operating procedure.” § 985.4046(1), Fla. Stat. (1997). 
We have accordingly added these two alternatives to the committee’s proposed
instruction.
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER
As ultimately submitted to this Court, the committee’s proposed instruction 
regarding fleeing to elude a law enforcement officer under section 316.1935(1),
Florida Statutes (Supp. 1998) (fleeing/failure to stop), was not explicitly clear that
the State must prove the subject defendant’s knowledge not only of the order to
stop but also of the fact that the person who ordered the stop was a duly authorized
law enforcement officer.  As urged by Assistant Public Defender Stanton, we have
incorporated language from the controlling statute to ensure that these knowledge
requirements are accurately reflected in the instruction.  See  § 316.1935(1), Fla.
Stat. (Supp. 1998).  As further urged by Assistant Public Defender Stanton, we
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have also incorporated these knowledge requirements in the two remaining 
fleeing-to-elude instructions proposed by the committee under sections
316.1935(2) (willful fleeing/siren and lights) and 316.1935(3) (high speed/
recklessness), Florida Statutes (Supp. 1998), respectively.
Furthermore, all three of the fleeing-to-elude instructions proposed by the
committee originally defined the term “operator” in conformity with the statutory
definition of that term as “[a]ny person who is in actual physical control of a motor
vehicle upon the highway, or who is exercising control over or steering a vehicle
being towed by a motor vehicle.” § 316.003(25), Fla. Stat. (Supp. 1998) (emphasis
added).  Assistant Public Defender Stanton urges that “[i]t is difficult to see how
someone steering a towed vehicle could ‘willfully’ flee or elude an officer” in
violation of the fleeing-to-elude statute, and the committee acknowledges that “the
possibility of such a prosecution is extremely remote.”  Nevertheless, we are 
loathe to deviate from the statutory definition of the term “operator” quoted above. 
We instead incorporate Assistant Public Defender Stanton’s suggestion to bracket
the clause at issue in the fleeing-to-elude instructions for use in the presumably 
rare case in which the need arises.
Finally, the committee has identified its three proposed fleeing-to-elude
instructions as “new” instructions.  However, these three instructions are actually
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revising and expanding upon an already-existing fleeing-to-elude instruction.  We
have accordingly treated the three proposed fleeing-to-elude instructions as
“revised” instructions in the appendix to this opinion.           
CRIMES MOTIVATED BY PREJUDICE
As with the fleeing-to-elude instructions discussed above, the committee 
has identified its proposed instruction regarding crimes motivated by prejudice as 
a “new” instruction.  However, we note that such an instruction already exists, a
fact which more accurately renders the committee’s present proposed instruction a
“revised” instruction.  We have accordingly treated it as such in the appendix to
this opinion.              
CONCLUSION
So modified, we hereby authorize the publication and use of the instructions
as set forth in the appendix attached to this opinion.  In so doing, we express no
opinion on the correctness of these instructions and remind all interested parties
that this authorization forecloses neither requesting additional or alternative
instructions nor contesting the legal correctness of these instructions.  We further
caution all interested parties that the notes and comments associated with the
instructions reflect only the opinion of the committee and are not necessarily
indicative of the views of this Court as to their correctness or applicability.  
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We wish to express our appreciation not only to the committee for its
dedication in presenting its recommendations to the Court, but also to all 
interested parties who filed comments with the committee and this Court.  We
would especially like to recognize Assistant Public Defender Stanton for his
pertinent and insightful comments discussed repeatedly throughout this opinion. 
The collaborative efforts of the committee, members of the Bar, this Court, and
other interested parties have served to better the quality of the standard criminal
jury instructions in Florida, which in turn benefits the trial courts and all citizens 
of this State.   
The instructions as set forth in the appendix shall be effective when this
opinion becomes final.  New language is indicated by underlining, and deletions
are indicated by struck-through type.
It is so ordered.
HARDING, C.J., and SHAW, WELLS, ANSTEAD, PARIENTE, LEWIS and
QUINCE, JJ., concur.
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND  
IF FILED, DETERMINED.
                          
                          
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APPENDIX
[1: A Revised Instruction on Williams Rule Evidence]
SIMILAR FACT EVIDENCE
“WILLIAMS RULE”
F.S. 90.404
Note to Judge:
To be given at the time the evidence is admitted, if requested.  
The evidence you are about to receive concerning evidence of other
crimes allegedly committed by the defendant will be considered by you for the
limited purpose of proving [motive] [opportunity] [intent] [preparation] 
[plan] [knowledge] [identity] [the absence of mistake or accident] on the part
of the defendant [or] [to corroborate the testimony of (name of child)] and you
shall consider it only as it relates to those issues.
However, the defendant is not on trial for a crime that is not included in
the [information] [indictment]. 
Note to Judge:
To be given after the close of evidence, if applicable.
The evidence which has been admitted to show similar crimes, wrongs,
or acts allegedly committed by the defendant will be considered by you only 
as that evidence relates to proof of [motive] [opportunity] [intent]
[preparation] [plan] [knowledge] [identity] [the absence of mistake or
accident] on the part of the defendant [or] [to corroborate the testimony of
(name of child)].
______________
Comment
The part of the instruction that allows similar fact evidence to corroborate
the testimony of the victim should only be given in some cases involving child
victims of sexual abuse.  See Heuring v. State, 513 So. 2d  122 (Fla. 1987); Saffor
v. State, 660 So. 2d 668 (Fla. 1994); State v. Rawls, 649 So. 2d 1350 (Fla. 1994).
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[2: A New Instruction for the Crime of Felony Battery]
 FELONY BATTERY
§ 784.041 Fla. Stat.
 
To prove the crime  of felony battery, the state must prove the following
two elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) actually and intentionally touched or struck (victim)
against [his][her] will; and
2.
(Defendant) caused (victim) great bodily harm,  permanent disability,
or permanent disfigurement
______________
Lesser Included Offenses
Category One:
Battery
Category Two:
None
______________
Comment 
This instruction is based on the text of section 784.041, Florida Statutes,
(1997), and generally patterned after the standard instructions on battery and
aggravated battery.
[3: A New Instruction for the Crime of Aggravated Stalking]
 AGGRAVATED STALKING
(Victim under 16 years of age)
§ 784.048(5) Fla. Stat.
 
To prove the crime of aggravated stalking, the state must prove the
following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1. (Defendant) willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly followed or harassed
(victim); and, 
2.  At the time of (defendant’s) actions, (victim) was under 16 years of age.
“Harass” means to engage in a course of conduct directed at a specific
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person that causes substantial emotional distress in such person and
serves no legitimate purpose.
______________
Lesser Included Offenses
Category One:
Stalking
Category Two:
None
______________
Comment 
This instruction is based on the text of section 784.048, Florida Statutes,
(1997), and generally patterned after the standard instructions on stalking and
aggravated stalking.
[4: A New Instruction for Offenses Involving Contraband in Juvenile Facilities]
CONTRABAND IN JUVENILE FACILITY
§ 985.4046  Fla. Stat. 
To prove the crime  of  [introducing] [removing] [possession] of
contraband in a juvenile detention facility, the state must prove the following
two elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) 
[introduced contraband into]
[knowingly possessed contraband in]
[gave contraband to a juvenile offender in]
[took contraband from]
[attempted to take or send contraband from]
[sent contraband to]
[a juvenile detention facility] [juvenile commitment program].
2.
(Defendant) did not do so as authorized by the [program policy]
[operating procedure][facility superintendent] [program director]
[manager].
“Introduce” means to put inside or into.
Possession may be actual or constructive.
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Actual possession means:  
(a) the thing is in the hand of or on the person, or
(b) the thing is in a container in the hand of or on the person, or
(c) the thing is so close as to be within  ready reach and is under the
control of the person.
Give if applicable.  Mere proximity to a thing is not sufficient to establish
control over that thing when the thing is not in a place over which the person
has control.
Constructive possession means the thing is in a place over which the
person has control, or in which the person has concealed it.
Give if applicable. If a thing is in a place over which the person does not
have control, in order to establish constructive possession the State  must
prove the person’s (1) control over the thing, (2) knowledge that the thing was
within the person’s presence, and (3) knowledge of the illicit nature of the
thing.
For purposes of this offense, “contraband” means:
[any unauthorized article of food or clothing]
[any intoxicating beverage or any beverage that causes or may cause
an intoxicating effect]
[any controlled substance. (Substance alleged) is a controlled
substance.]  See s. 893.02(4). 
[any prescription or nonprescription drug that has a hypnotic,
stimulating, or depressing effect]
[any firearm or weapon of any kind or any explosive substance].
Give as applicable
A “juvenile detention facility” is a facility used pending  court
adjudication or disposition or execution of a court order for the temporary
care of a child alleged or found to have committed a violation of law.
A “juvenile commitment program”  is a facility used for the commitment
of adjudicated delinquents.
______________
Lesser Included Offenses
Category One:
None
Category Two:
None
______________
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Comment 
This instruction is based on the text of section 985.4046, Florida Statutes,
(1997).  In Chicone v. State, 684 So.2d 736 (Fla. 1996), the court defined the
elements of constructive possession that apply if the defendant has no control over
the place where the contraband was found.
[5: A Revised Instruction for the Crime of Driving Under the Influence]
DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE
F.S. 316.193
Before you can find the defendant guilty of Driving or
Being in Actual Physical Control of a Vehicle, While Under
the Influence of (alcoholic beverages) (_________________, a
controlled substance) when affected to the extent that his
normal faculties are impaired, the State must prove the
following three elements:
Elements
1.  (Defendant) drove or was in actual physical control  
     of a vehicle in Florida.
2.  He was under the influence of alcoholic beverages   
     (controlled substances).
3.  He was affected to the extent that his normal   
     faculties were impaired.
Definitions
1.  "Normal faculties" mean those faculties of a             
    person, such as the ability to walk, talk, judge           
    distances, drive an automobile, make                          
    judgments, act in emergencies and, in general, to      
    normally perform the many mental and physical      
    acts of our daily lives.
2.  "Actual physical control of a vehicle" means the      
     defendant must be physically in (on) the vehicle.      
     Defendant must have had the capability and             
     power to dominate, direct or regulate the vehicle,    
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     regardless of whether or not he is exercising that     
     capability or power at the time of the alleged            
     offense.
Optional
1.  "Vehicle" is any device, in, upon or by which any    
Definitions      
      person or property is, or may be, transported or     
 
      drawn upon a highway, except bicycles or                
 
      "mopeds" or devices used exclusively upon              
    
      stationary rails or tracks.
2.  "Alcoholic beverages" are considered to be beer,   
     wine, whiskey, and all other alcoholic beverages of  
     any kind and description which are made for   
     human consumption.
3.  (_________________) is a controlled substance   
      under Florida law.
CHEMICAL TEST WHERE APPLICABLE
If you find from the evidence:
1.  That the defendant had .05% or less by weight of    
     alcohol in his blood, he is presumed not to be            
    under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the       
    extent his normal faculties are impaired.  F.S.           
    322.262(2)(a).
     You may disregard this presumption if it has been   
    rebutted by other evidence.
2. That the defendant had in excess of .05% but less     
     than .10% by weight of alcohol in his blood, there   
     is no presumption that the defendant was or was     
     not under the influence of alcoholic beverages to      
    the extent that his normal faculties were impaired.
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     Such fact, however, may be considered with other  
     competent evidence in determining whether the   
     defendant was under the influence of alcoholic   
     beverages to the extent his normal faculties were   
     impaired.  F.S. 322.262(2)(b).
3. That the defendant had .10% or more by weight of  
     alcohol in this blood, it is prima facie evidence that  
     the defendant was under the influence of alcoholic  
     beverages to the extent that his normal faculties   
     were impaired.  F.S. 322.262(2)(c).
DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE
F.S. 316.193
To prove the crime of driving under the influence the state must prove the
following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt.
1.
(Defendant) drove or was in actual physical control of a vehicle.
2.
While driving or in actual physical control of the vehicle (defendant)
Give 2a or b as applicable
a. 
was under the influence of [alcoholic beverages] [a chemical
substance] [a controlled substance] to the extent that [his] [her]
normal faculties were impaired or
   
b. 
had a blood-alcohol level of 0.08 or more grams of alcohol per 100
milliliters of blood, or a breath-alcohol level of 0.08 or more
grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath.
Definitions: give as applicable
“Vehicle” is any device, in, upon or by which any person or property is, or
may be, transported or drawn upon a highway,  except devices used
exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks.
“Normal faculties” include but are not limited to the ability to see, hear,
walk, talk, judge distances, drive an automobile, make judgments, act in
emergencies and, in general, to normally perform the many mental and
physical acts of our daily lives.
“Actual physical control of a vehicle” means the defendant must be
physically in or on the vehicle and have the capability to operate the vehicle,
regardless of whether [he] [she] is actually operating the vehicle  at the time.
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“Alcoholic beverages” are considered to be substances of any kind and
description  which  contain alcohol.
(                   )  is a controlled substance under Florida law. F.S. 893.
(                   ) is a chemical substance under Florida law. F.S. 877.111(1).
When appropriate, give one or more of the following instructions on the
presumptions of impairment established by F.S. 316.1934(2)(a), (2)(b), and (2)(c).
1. If you find from the evidence that the defendant had a blood or breath
alcohol level of 0.05 or less, you shall presume that the defendant was not
under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal
faculties were impaired.
2. If you find from the evidence that the defendant had a blood or breath
alcohol level in excess of 0.05 but less than 0.08, you may consider that
evidence with other competent evidence in determining whether  the
defendant was under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that
[his] [her] normal faculties were impaired; or
3. If you find from the evidence that the defendant had a blood or breath
alcohol level of 0.08 or more, that evidence would be sufficient by itself to
establish that the defendant was under the influence of alcohol to the extent
that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired.  However, such evidence may
be contradicted or rebutted by other evidence demonstrating that the
defendant was not under the influence to the extent that [his][her] normal
faculties were impaired.
These presumptions may be considered along with any other evidence
presented in deciding whether the defendant was under the influence of
alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were
impaired.
Give only if this defense is raised.
It is a defense to the charge of driving or being in actual physical control
of a vehicle while under the influence if at the time of the alleged offense the
vehicle was inoperable. However, it is not a defense if, while impaired, the
defendant drove or was in actual physical control of the vehicle before it
became inoperable. Therefore, if you are not convinced beyond a reasonable
doubt that the vehicle was operable at the time of the alleged offense, you
should find the defendant not guilty.  However, if you are convinced that the
vehicle was operable at the time of the alleged offense, then you should find
the defendant guilty if all the other elements of the charge have been proved
beyond a reasonable doubt.
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[6: A New Instruction for Taking Deer or Turkey with a Gun and Light] 
TAKING DEER/WILD TURKEY WITH GUN AND LIGHT
F.S. 372.99(1)
To prove the crime of taking [deer] [wild turkey] with gun and light, the
state must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) did take any [deer] [wild turkey].
2.
(Defendant) used a gun and light in such taking.
“Take” shall include taking, attempting to take, pursuing, hunting,
molesting, capturing, or killing any [deer] [wild turkey, or their nests or eggs],
by any means, whether or not such actions result in obtaining possession of
such [deer] [wild turkey or their nests or eggs].  F.S. 372.001(10)
“Gun” means a shotgun, rifle, pistol, revolver, air gun, gas gun, blow gun,
bow, crossbow, or any other device mechanically propelling an arrow, spear,
or other projectile. Fla. Admin. Code 68A-1.004(38)
“Light” means any artificial light. Fla. Admin. Code 68A-1.004(40)
“Possession” means any one of the following:
1.  Manual possession
2.  Physical possession
3.  Control or custody
4.  Possession in one’s clothing, attire, or equipment
5.  Possession in or about a vessel, vehicle or beast of burden under
one’s custody or control, including but not limited to compartments,
drawers, pockets, trunks, and similar places in and about such vessel,
vehicle, or beast of burden.
If you find from the evidence that the defendant displayed or used a light
in a place where [deer] [wild turkey] might be found and in a manner capable
of disclosing the presence of [deer] [wild turkey], and that the defendant
possessed a firearm or other weapon customarily used for the taking of [deer]
[wild turkey], between one hour after sunset and one hour  before sunrise,
then this would be sufficient by itself to establish that the defendant was
taking or attempting to take [deer][wild turkey] by use of a gun and light. 
However, such evidence may be contradicted or rebutted by other evidence.
F.S. 372.99(2)
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[7: A New Instruction for the Crime of Using a Self-Defense Weapon]
USE OF A SELF-DEFENSE WEAPON
§ 790.054 Fla. Stat.
To prove the crime of using a self-defense weapon against a law
enforcement officer, the state must prove the following four elements  beyond
a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) intentionally used a [self-defense chemical spray]
[nonlethal stun gun] [nonlethal electric weapon] [remote stun gun]
against (victim). 
2.
(Victim) was at the time a law enforcement officer.
3.
(Defendant) knew (victim) was a law enforcement officer.
4.
At the time of the incident, (victim) was engaged in the lawful
performance of [his] [her] duties.
The court now instructs you that (name of official position of victim
designated in charge) is a law enforcement officer.  Do not read the name of the
victim in this part of the instruction.
______________
Lesser Included Offenses
Category One:
None
Category Two:
Battery, Fla.Stat. 784.03(1)(a)
______________
Comment
This instruction is based on section 790.054, Florida Statutes, (1997).  In
giving this instruction,  do not refer to the victim by name in the last sentence of
the instruction.  That sentence must state the class of officers to which the victim
belongs, e.g., probation officer, correctional officer.  See Wright v. State, 586 So.
2d 1025 (Fla. 1991).
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[8: A New Instruction for Offenses Involving Contraband in Specified Locations]
CONTRABAND IN SPECIFIED LOCATIONS
§ 893.13(1)(c)(d) & (e) Fla.Stat.
Certain drugs and chemical substances are by law known as “controlled
substances.”  (Specific substance alleged) is a controlled substance.
To prove the crime of (crime charged), the state must prove the following
four elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) 
[sold]
[manufactured]
[delivered]
[possessed with intent to sell]
[possessed with intent to manufacture]
[possessed with intent to deliver]
a certain substance
Give a, b or c as applicable
2.
a. 
in, on, or within 1,000 feet of the real property comprising a child
care facility or a public or private elementary, middle, or
secondary school between the hours of 6:00 a.m. and  12:00 a.m. 
s. 893.13(1)(c)
b.
in, on, or within 200 feet of [the real property comprising a public
housing facility]  [ the real property comprising a public or
private college, university, or other postsecondary educational
institution] [a public park]. s. 893.13(1)(d)
c.
in, on, or within 1000 feet of [a physical place for worship at
which a church or religious organization regularly conducts
religious services] [a convenience business]. s. 893.13(1)(e)
3.
The substance was (specific substance alleged).
4.
(Defendant) had knowledge of the presence of the substance.
Definitions: give as applicable.
“Sell” means to transfer or deliver something to another person in
exchange for money or something of value or a promise of money or
something of value.
“Manufacture” means the production, preparation,  packaging, labeling
or relabeling, propagation, compounding, cultivating, growing, conversion or
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processing of a controlled substance, either directly or indirectly. 
Manufacturing can be by extraction from substances of natural origin, or
independently by means of chemical synthesis.  It can also be by a
combination of extraction and chemical synthesis.
“Deliver” or “delivery” means the actual, constructive, or attempted
transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance, whether or not
there is an agency relationship.
To “possess” means to have personal charge of or exercise the right of
ownership, management, or control over the thing possessed.
Possession may be actual or constructive.
Actual possession means:
(a) the thing is in the hand of or on the person, or
(b) the thing is in a container in the hand of or on the person, or
(c) the thing is so close as to be within ready reach and is under the
control of the person.
Give if applicable.
Mere proximity to a thing is not sufficient to establish control over that
thing when the thing is not in a place over which the person has control.
Constructive possession means the thing is in a place over which the
person has control, or in which the person has concealed it.
Give if applicable.
If a thing is in a place over which the person does not have control, in
order to establish constructive possession  the state must  prove the person’s
(1) control over the thing,  (2) knowledge that the thing was within the
person’s presence, and (3) knowledge of the illicit nature of the thing.
Possession may be joint, that is, two or more persons may jointly have
possession of an article, exercising control over it.  In that case, each of those
persons is considered to be in possession of that article.
If a person has exclusive possession of a thing, knowledge of its presence
may be inferred.
If a person does not have exclusive possession of a thing, knowledge of its
presence may not be inferred or assumed.
Definitions.  Give as applicable
“Child care facility” means any child care center or arrangement which
provides child care for more than five children unrelated to the operator and
which receives a payment, fee, or grant for any of the children receiving care. 
It does not matter if the child care facility is operated for profit or as a non
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profit operation.
A “convenience business” means any place of business that is primarily
engaged in the retail sale of groceries, or both groceries and gasoline, and that
is open for business at any time between the hours of 11 p.m. and 5 a.m.  The
term does not include any of the following:  a business that is primarily a
restaurant, or one that always has at least five employees on the  premises
after 11 p.m. and before 5 a.m., or one that has at least 10,000 square feet of
retail floor space.  The term “convenience business” also does not include any
business in which the owner or members of his or her family work between
the hours of 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. 
The term “real property comprising a public housing facility”  is defined
as the real property of a public corporation created as a housing authority by
statute.
______________
Lesser Included Offenses
Category One:
Drug Abuse–Possession
Category Two:
None
______________
Comment
This instruction is based on section 893.13, Florida Statutes, (1997), and
adapted from the standard instruction on sale of contraband near a school.  In
Chicone v. State, 684 So. 2d 736 (Fla. 1996), the court defined the elements of
constructive possession that apply if the defendant has no control over the place
where the contraband was found.
[9: A New Instruction for the Crime of Voyeurism]
VOYEURISM
§ 810.14 Fla. Stat.
To prove the crime of voyeurism, the state must prove the following three
elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
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1.
(Defendant) secretly
[observed]
[photographed]
[filmed]
     [videotaped]
[recorded] (victim)
2.
The (act alleged) was done with a [lewd] [lascivious] [indecent] intent.
3.
When (victim) was [observed] [photographed] [filmed] [videotaped]
[recorded] [he] [she] was in a [dwelling] [structure] [conveyance] in
which [he] [she] had a reasonable expectation of privacy.
  
The words lewd, lascivious, and indecent mean the same thing, a wicked,
lustful, unchaste, licentious, or sensual intent on the part of the person doing
the act.
“Dwelling”  means a building [or conveyance] of any kind, including any
attached porch, whether such building [or conveyance] is temporary or
permanent, mobile or immobile, which has a roof over it and is designed to be
occupied by people lodging therein at night,  together with the enclosed space
of ground and outbuildings immediately surrounding it.
“Structure” means any kind of building, either temporary or permanent,
that has a roof over it, together with the enclosed space of ground and
outbuildings immediately surrounding it.
Conveyance means any motor vehicle, ship, vessel, railroad car, trailer,
aircraft or sleeping car.
______________
Lesser Included Offenses
Category One:
None
Category Two:
None
______________
Comment
This instruction is based on section 810.14, Florida Statutes (Supp. 1998). It is
error to inform the jury of a prior conviction.  Therefore, do not read the allegation
of prior conviction or send the information or indictment into the jury room.  The
historical fact of a previous conviction shall be determined by the judge, and shall
thereby fix the degree of the crime.  State v. Harris, 356 So. 2d 315 (Fla. 1978).
-22-
[10: A Revised Instruction for Eluding an Officer (Fleeing/Failure to Stop)]
FLEEING OR ATTEMPTING TO ELUDE A POLICE OFFICER
F.S. 316.1935
Before you can find the defendant guilty of Fleeing or 
Attempting to Elude a Police Officer, the State must
prove the following three elements:
Elements
1.  (Defendant) was operating a motor vehicle upon a    
      street or highway in Florida.
2.  A duly authorized police officer directed the             
    defendant to stop or remain stopped.
3.  The defendant, knowing he had been directed to      
      stop by a duly authorized police officer:
Give a or b
a.  [willfully refused to stop or remain stopped    
as applicable 
     as directed,]
b.  [willfully fled in an attempt to elude the         
      police officer, after having stopped.]
Optional
1.  "Operator" means any person who is in actual
Definitions
     physical control of a motor vehicle upon the   
F.S.
     highway, or who is exercising control over or           
      316.003(26)
     steering a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle.
F.S.
2.  "Motor vehicle" means any vehicle which is self-
316.003(2) &
      propelled (and every vehicle which is propelled by
316.003(21)
      electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires,  
      but not operated upon rails), but not including any    
 
      bicycle or "moped".
F.S. 
3.  "Street or highway" means the entire width
316.003(54)
      between the boundary lines of every way or place  
      of whatever nature when any part thereof is open  
      to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular     
                    
      traffic.
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4.  "Willfully" means intentionally, knowingly and       
     purposely.
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER
§ 316.1935(1) Fla. Stat.
To prove the crime of fleeing to elude a law enforcement officer, the state
must prove the following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) was operating a vehicle upon a street or highway in
Florida.
2.
A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered the defendant to
stop or remain stopped.
3.
(Defendant), knowing [he][she] had been directed to stop by a duly
authorized law enforcement officer,
a. 
[willfully refused or failed to stop the vehicle in compliance with
the order] or
b.
[having stopped the vehicle, willfully fled in an attempt to elude
the officer]
“Operator” means any person who is in actual physical control of a motor
vehicle upon the highway [or who is exercising control over or steering a
vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle].
“Street or highway” means the entire width between boundary lines of
every way or place of whatever nature when any part thereof is open to the
public for purposes of vehicular traffic.
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks.
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely.
______________
Lesser Included Offenses
Category One:
None
Category Two:
None
______________
-24-
Comment
This instruction is based on the text of section 316.1935(1), Florida Statutes,
(Supp. 1998).
[11: A Revised Instruction for Eluding an Officer (Willful Fleeing/Siren and
Lights)]
[Existing Fleeing to Elude Instruction Struck as Reflected in # 10 above]
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER
§ 316.1935(2) Fla. Stat.
To prove the crime of fleeing to elude a law enforcement officer, the state
must prove the following four elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) was operating a vehicle upon a street or highway in
Florida.
2.
A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered the defendant to
stop or remain stopped.
3.
(Defendant), knowing [he][she] had been directed to stop by a duly
authorized law enforcement officer,
a. 
[willfully refused or failed to stop the vehicle in compliance with
the order] or
b.
[having stopped the vehicle, willfully fled in an attempt to elude
the officer]
4.
The law enforcement officer was in an authorized law enforcement
patrol vehicle with agency insignia and other jurisdictional markings
prominently displayed on the vehicle and with siren and lights
activated.
“Operator” means any person who is in actual physical control of a motor
vehicle upon the highway [or who is exercising control over or steering a
vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle].
“Street or highway” means the entire width between boundary lines of
every way or place of whatever nature when any part thereof is open to the
public for purposes of vehicular traffic.
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting
-25-
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks.
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely.
______________
Lesser Included Offenses
Category One:
Fleeing to Elude,   Fla. Stat. 316.1935(1)
Category Two:
None
______________
Comment
This instruction is based on the text of section 316.1935(2), Florida Statutes,
(Supp. 1998).
[12: A Revised Instruction for Eluding an Officer (High Speed/Recklessness)]
[Existing Fleeing to Elude Instruction Struck as Reflected in # 10 above]
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER
§ 316.1935(3) Fla. Stat.
To prove the crime of fleeing to elude a law enforcement officer, the state
must prove the following five elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1.
(Defendant) was operating a vehicle upon a street or highway in
Florida.
2.
A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered the defendant to
stop or remain stopped.
3.
(Defendant), knowing [he][she] had been directed to stop by a duly
authorized law enforcement officer,
a. 
[willfully refused or failed to stop the vehicle in compliance with
the order] or
b.
[having stopped the vehicle, willfully fled in an attempt to elude
the officer]
4.
The law enforcement officer was in an authorized law enforcement
patrol vehicle with agency insignia and other jurisdictional markings
-26-
prominently displayed on the vehicle and with siren and lights
activated.
5. During the course of the fleeing or attempting to flee, (Defendant)
drove at high speed or in any manner demonstrating a wanton
disregard for the safety of persons or property.
“Operator” means any person who is in actual physical control of a motor
vehicle upon the highway [or who is exercising control over or steering a
vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle].
“Street or highway” means the entire width between boundary lines of
every way or place of whatever nature when any part thereof is open to the
public for purposes of vehicular traffic.
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks.
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely.
______________
Lesser Included Offenses
Category One:
Fleeing to Elude   Fla.Stat. 316.1935(2)
Fleeing to Elude   Fla.Stat. 316.1935(1)
Category Two:
Reckless Driving   Fla. Stat. 316.192
______________
Comment
This instruction is based on the text of section 316.1935(3), Florida Statutes,
(Supp. 1998).
[13: A Revised Instruction for Crimes Motivated by Prejudice]
AGGRAVATION OF A FELONY BY EVIDENCING PREJUDICE–
F.S. 775.085
If you find that (defendant) committed (crime charged) and you also find
that during the commission of the crime (defendant)
1.   perceived, knew, or had reasonable grounds to perceive or know
-27-
(victim's) [race] [color] [ancestry] [ethnicity] [religion] [sexual
orientation] [national origin], and
2.   intentionally selected (victim) because of that perception or knowledge,
you should find the defendant guilty of (crime charged) evidencing prejudice.
If you find that the defendant committed (crime charged) but did so
without evidencing prejudice, then you should find the defendant guilty only
of (crime charged). 
AGGRAVATION OF A FELONY BY EVIDENCING PREJUDICE
§ 775.085
The punishment provided by law for the crime of (crime charged)  is
greater if the defendant was motivated by prejudice to commit the crime. 
Therefore, if you find the defendant guilty of (crime charged) you must then
consider the defendant’s alleged motivation in committing the crime. 
If the State has proven the crime of (crime charged) and if the State has
proven beyond a reasonable doubt that (defendant):
1.
perceived, knew, or had reasonable ground to perceive or know
(victim’s) [race] [color] [ancestry] [ethnicity] [religion] [sexual
orientation] [national origin] [mental disability] [physical disability]
[advanced age], and 
2.
intentionally selected (victim) because of that perception or knowledge,
you should find that the defendant was motivated by prejudice to commit the
crime. 
If the state has proven the crime of (crime charged) beyond a reasonable
doubt, but has not proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was
motivated by prejudice to commit the crime, then you should find the
defendant guilty of only (crime charged).
Give if applicable
“Mental or physical disability” means that the victim suffers from a
condition of physical or mental incapacitation due to a developmental
disability, organic brain damage, or mental illness, and has one or more
physical or mental limitations that restrict the victim’s ability to perform the
normal activities of daily living.
“Advanced age” means that the victim is older than 65 years of age.
-28-
______________
Comment
This instruction is based on section 775.085, Florida Statutes (Supp. 1998). 
Proof that the defendant intentionally selected the victim is required by the case
law.  See State v. Stalder, 630 So. 2d 1072 (Fla. 1994).
-29-
Original Proceeding - Standard Jury Instructions - Criminal Cases
Honorable Philip J. Padovano, Chair, Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury
Instructions in Criminal Cases, Tallahassee, Florida,
for Petitioner
Honorable Barry M. Cohen, County Court Judge, West Palm Beach, Florida; and
Bennett H. Brummer and Andrew Stanton, Assistant Public Defender, Eleventh
Judicial Circuit, Miami, Florida,
Responding