Title: In re C.J.C.

State: north-carolina

Issuer: North Carolina Supreme Court

Document:

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA 
No.259A19 
Filed 3 April 2020 
IN THE MATTER OF: C.J.C. 
 
Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from an order entered on 4 April 
2019 by Judge Wesley W. Barkley in District Court, Burke County. This matter was 
calendared for argument in the Supreme Court on 25 March 2020, but was 
determined on the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of 
the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.  
 
No brief for petitioner-appellee mother. 
 
David A. Perez for respondent-appellant father.  
 
 
MORGAN, Justice.  
 
 
This appeal arises from a private termination of parental rights action between 
a child’s two parents. Respondent, the natural father of C.J.C. (Caleb),1 appeals from 
the trial court’s order terminating respondent’s parental rights to the child. We affirm 
the determination of the trial court. 
                                            
1 A pseudonym is used to protect the juvenile’s identity and to facilitate the ease of 
reading.  
IN RE: C.J.C. 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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At the time of Caleb’s birth in September 2014, petitioner—Caleb’s mother—
and respondent were living together. They were not married. The parents ended their 
relationship in November 2015, after which Caleb resided with petitioner.  
Following her separation from respondent, petitioner filed a custody action in 
District Court, Burke County. In an order entered on 21 March 2016, the trial court 
incorporated the terms of the parties’ Parenting Agreement, and in accordance with 
the agreement, granted primary physical and legal custody of Caleb to petitioner, 
with respondent exercising specific visitation rights. Respondent was ordered to pay 
child support in the sum of $50 per week in an order entered on 16 May 2016.  
On 8 March 2017, petitioner and respondent entered into a Consent Order in 
which respondent was relieved of ongoing child support payments. Petitioner 
continued to have primary legal and physical custody of Caleb, and respondent was 
granted visitation with Caleb “as the parties mutually agree.” 
On 8 October 2018, petitioner filed a petition to terminate respondent’s 
parental rights on the grounds that Caleb was born out of wedlock, and that 
respondent failed to provide substantial financial support or consistent care with 
respect to Caleb and petitioner; and that respondent had willfully abandoned Caleb. 
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(5)(d.), (7) (2019). Respondent filed an answer on 31 October 
2018, denying that grounds existed to terminate his parental rights. 
After multiple continuances, the trial court held a hearing on the petition on 
21 March 2019. On 4 April 2019, the trial court entered an order concluding that 
IN RE: C.J.C. 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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grounds existed to terminate respondent’s parental rights based on willful 
abandonment and that termination of respondent’s parental rights was in Caleb’s 
best interests2. Accordingly, the trial court terminated respondent’s parental rights. 
Respondent appealed.  
Respondent first argues that the trial court erred in failing to appoint a 
guardian ad litem (GAL) for Caleb. Respondent contends that while an attorney 
advocate was appointed in the matter, nonetheless, this attorney was not appointed 
in the capacity of GAL, and that the trial court’s failure to appoint a GAL in this case 
is prejudicial error requiring reversal. We reject respondent’s argument and conclude 
that the attorney at issue was appointed to serve as both GAL and attorney advocate 
for Caleb. 
The record here contains the Administrative Office of the Courts Form AOC-
J-207—“ORDER TO APPOINT OR RELEASE GUARDIAN AD LITEM AND 
ATTORNEY ADVOCATE”—filed on 11 December 2018. The preprinted portions of 
this form note that appointments which appear in the form are made pursuant to 
N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-6013 (abuse, neglect, and dependency petitions) and 7B-1108 
                                            
2 The phrases “best interest” and “best interests” are utilized interchangeably by legal 
sources which are cited in this opinion. In order to harmonize the usage of this phrase 
throughout this opinion and in light of the lack of any substantive difference in the 
terminology, the phrase “best interests” will be employed, even if a quoted source used the 
alternative terminology. 
3 Pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-607, a GAL for the juvenile must be appointed in abuse 
and neglect cases and may be appointed in dependency matters. N.C.G.S. § 7B-601(a) (2017). 
The instant matter does not fall under section 7B-607. 
IN RE: C.J.C. 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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(termination of parental rights). In termination of parental rights (TPR) proceedings, 
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1108(b) requires the appointment of a GAL for the juvenile where a 
respondent parent denies material allegations in the TPR petition. N.C.G.S. § 7B-
1108(b) (2017) (“If an answer or response denies any material allegation of the 
petition or motion, the court shall appoint a guardian ad litem for the juvenile to 
represent the best interests of the juvenile . . . .”). In addition, this subsection provides 
that “[a] licensed attorney shall be appointed to assist those guardians ad litem who 
are not attorneys licensed to practice in North Carolina.” Id. § 7B-1108(b) (emphasis 
added). In other words, where a respondent parent files an answer denying material 
allegations in the petition as Caleb’s father has done in the present case, the trial 
court (1) must appoint a GAL for the juvenile, and (2) must appoint a licensed 
attorney (or “attorney advocate”) if the appointed GAL is not an attorney licensed to 
practice in this state. In conformance with these statutory provisions, there are 
sections on Form AOC-J-207 to designate a GAL and to designate an attorney 
advocate. In the space where an attorney advocate’s name is to appear, there is a box 
to be checked if “Attorney Advocate is also acting as Guardian ad Litem.” 
In the instant case, the information entered on the Form AOC-J-207 displays 
the name “Steve Cheuvront” in the space to designate an “Attorney Advocate” and 
leaves blank the document’s section for a GAL. The district court judge who signed 
the form failed to check the box denoting that the designated attorney advocate 
Cheuvront was also acting as the guardian ad litem. However, a review of the other 
IN RE: C.J.C. 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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documents and transcripts in the record on appeal plainly indicates that this failure 
of the district court judge to check the GAL box was merely a clerical error, not a 
prejudicial substantive or procedural error. See In re A.D.L., 169 N.C. App. 701, 707, 
612 S.E.2d 639, 643 (stating that where “the [GAL] carried out her respective duties, 
failure of the record to disclose [GAL] appointment papers does not necessitate 
reversal of the district court’s decision”), disc. review denied, 359 N.C. 852, 619 S.E.2d 
402 (2005). For example, Cheuvront is referred to as “the Guardian ad Litem,” both 
in the written adjudication and disposition order, as well as on the cover page of both 
the hearing and trial transcripts. The transcript contains an exchange on 13 
December 2018 between the trial court and respondent’s trial counsel during which 
counsel explained the need to continue a hearing because “Mr. Cheuvront was 
appointed as guardian ad litem yesterday.” On 10 January 2019, the transcript shows 
that there was a discussion among the parties and the trial court about another 
continuance in which respondent’s trial counsel mentioned that “the guardian ad 
litem” had not yet been able to meet with him.  
At the hearing on the TPR petition when the trial court called the matter on 
21 March 2019, it noted, “All parties are present. We have Mr. Cheuvront, who’s 
guardian ad litem in this matter. Anything before we begin the hearing from the 
petitioner?” Neither respondent nor his counsel expressed any concerns or raised any 
issues regarding Cheuvront’s role as GAL during the TPR hearing. After the parties 
presented their evidence, the trial court asked Cheuvront, “[a]s guardian ad litem in 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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this matter,” if Cheuvront had anything to add to assist the trial court in making its 
decision. Cheuvront then provided an account of his interactions with the parties and 
with Caleb. Again, neither respondent nor his trial counsel registered any question 
or matter about Cheuvront’s role as GAL in the case. It is clear from the record and 
transcript that the trial court did, in fact, appoint Cheuvront as GAL for Caleb. 
Respondent’s contention to the contrary, based on an apparent clerical error, is 
without merit. 
Respondent also contends that Cheuvront did not fulfill the duties of a GAL 
because Cheuvront failed to “offer evidence and examine witnesses at adjudication” 
and “explore options with the court at the dispositional hearing.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-601 
(2019). Section 7B-601(a) of our General Statutes provides that  
[t]he duties of the guardian ad litem program shall be to 
make an investigation to determine the facts, the needs of 
the juvenile, and the available resources within the family 
and community to meet those needs; to facilitate, when 
appropriate, the settlement of disputed issues; to offer 
evidence and examine witnesses at adjudication; to explore 
options with the court at the dispositional hearing; to 
conduct follow-up investigations to insure that the orders 
of the court are being properly executed; to report to the 
court when the needs of the juvenile are not being met; and 
to protect and promote the best interests of the juvenile 
until formally relieved of the responsibility by the court. 
 
N.C.G.S. § 7B-601(a). “[I]f the GAL is an attorney, that person can perform the duties 
of both the GAL and the attorney advocate.” In re J.H.K., 365 N.C. 171, 175, 711 
S.E.2d 118, 120 (2011). Here, Cheuvront investigated the case prior to the 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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termination hearing by contacting the parties, visiting the child Caleb at petitioner’s 
home, and going to petitioner’s workplace. As noted above, Cheuvront reported his 
observations to the trial court at the TPR hearing. Cheuvront competently fulfilled 
his role as guardian ad litem—a status which was unquestioned and unchallenged 
upon repeated references to Cheuvront’s role in this regard—and the trial court’s 
clerical oversight in its execution of Form AOC-J-207 regarding its failure to check 
the GAL designation box for the person whom it properly designated on the same 
form to serve as Attorney Advocate was not prejudicial error. Consequently, we are 
not persuaded by this argument.  
In his second contention, respondent asserts that the trial court abused its 
discretion by concluding that it would be in Caleb’s best interests to terminate 
respondent’s parental rights. Specifically, respondent claims that the trial court 
failed to make sufficient findings regarding the factors set forth in N.C.G.S. § 7B-
1110(a) and did not properly balance those factors.  
Once the trial court finds that at least one ground exists to terminate parental 
rights pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a), it proceeds to the dispositional stage where 
it must “determine whether terminating the parent’s rights is in the juvenile’s best 
interest[s]” based on the following factors: 
(1) The age of the juvenile. 
 
(2) The likelihood of adoption of the juvenile. 
 
(3) Whether the termination of parental rights will aid in 
IN RE: C.J.C. 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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the accomplishment of the permanent plan for the 
juvenile. 
 
(4) The bond between the juvenile and the parent. 
 
(5) The quality of the relationship between the juvenile and 
the proposed adoptive parent, guardian, custodian, or 
other permanent placement. 
 
(6) Any relevant consideration. 
 
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) (2019).  
“The district court’s assessment of a juvenile’s best interest at the dispositional 
stage is reviewed only for abuse of discretion. Abuse of discretion results where the 
court’s ruling is manifestly unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that it could not 
have been the result of a reasoned decision.” In re A.R.A., 373 N.C. 190, 199, 835 
S.E.2d 417, 423 (2019) (internal citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).  
Here, the trial court made the following findings of fact in determining that 
termination of respondent’s parental rights was in Caleb’s best interests:  
1. 
That the [c]ourt has the authority to terminate the 
parental rights of the Respondent pursuant to the findings 
of fact and conclusions of law. As to best interests, the 
[c]ourt has previously found grounds for termination exist 
and as to this portion, the [c]ourt has considered all those 
factors that are under the statute, particularly focusing on 
the age of [Caleb] . . . [who is] 4½ years old. He’s been in 
one family care unit his entire life, with that particularly 
being with the mother. For the last two years he’s only 
known 
one 
parent 
caretaker, 
that 
being 
the 
Petitioner/mother. 
As 
found 
with 
grounds, 
the 
Respondent/father has been minimally involved even prior 
to the filing of this Petition. Therefore, he essentially has 
no bond at all with the child. If there is a bond it is very 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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tenuous, particularly the fact that he’s had no contact with 
the child directly since 2017. He’s also provided, as 
indicated, no maintenance, love, support, affection. He’s 
made a couple of contacts with the mother. 
 
2. 
Certainly the [c]ourt does find that the family of the 
father is concerned for the child and does show some 
genuine care for the child. However, essentially the [c]ourt 
is looking at the child’s best interest[s] in regards to the 
father and his situation and, while [respondent’s attorney] 
does make a point that termination essentially doesn’t 
change what’s happening as we sit here today, the [c]ourt 
is going to find that it’s in the best interest[s] due to the 
fact that this young child does need some consistency and 
needs to as the statute requires develop a bond of 
significance. I agree that we are not in a position to 
anticipate adoption given where we are right now; 
however, the lack of any bond with the father, the young 
age of the child, and the fact that a termination of parental 
rights would assist in achieving a consistency along with 
the factors that were found in the adjudication, the [c]ourt 
will grant the order of termination and find that 
termination of the Respondent’s rights are in [Caleb’s] best 
interests.  
 
 
Respondent has not challenged these findings, and therefore, they are binding 
on appeal. In re E.H.P., 372 N.C. 388, 395, 831 S.E.2d 49, 54 (2019) (citing Koufman 
v. Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97, 408 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1991)). On the other hand, 
respondent argues that the trial court failed to make sufficient findings regarding the 
factors set forth in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a). Specifically, he contends that the trial court 
failed to make findings addressing petitioner’s relationship with her boyfriend, 
Clayton Dennis4, and the quality of Caleb’s relationship with petitioner’s boyfriend.  
                                            
4 A pseudonym is again employed to protect the juvenile’s identity due to the 
IN RE: C.J.C. 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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Although the trial court must consider all of the factors in N.C.G.S. § 7B-
1110(a), it “is only required to make written findings regarding those factors that are 
relevant.” In re A.R.A., 373 N.C. at 199, 835 S.E.2d at 424. “[A] factor is relevant if 
there is conflicting evidence concerning the factor, such that it is placed in issue by 
virtue of the evidence presented before the [district] court[.]” Id. (citation and internal 
quotation marks omitted) (second and third alteration in original).  
There was no conflict in the evidence regarding either petitioner’s or Caleb’s 
relationship with Clayton Dennis that would require the trial court to make specific 
findings. Both petitioner and Dennis testified that although they were not engaged 
to be married at the time of the hearing, they had been dating for two years and 
planned to get married. Dennis testified that his relationship with Caleb was 
“awesome” and that Caleb “just wants to be around [him]”; petitioner testified that 
Caleb has benefitted from his relationship with Dennis. Both petitioner and Dennis 
offered testimony that Dennis was like a father figure for Caleb and did “what a 
father figure should do.” Respondent reasons that if the plan was for Dennis to adopt 
Caleb in the future, then the trial court failed to make any findings regarding how 
termination of parental rights would aid such a plan. Aside from the fact that the 
private nature of this termination proceeding means that there is no permanent plan 
as that term is used in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a)(3), respondent acknowledges in his brief 
                                            
relationship of “Clayton Dennis” with the juvenile’s mother. 
IN RE: C.J.C. 
 
Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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that the trial court observed that it could not anticipate adoption at the time of the 
hearing, since petitioner and her boyfriend Dennis had not set a wedding date. 
Consequently, the factor of petitioner’s relationship with Clayton Dennis was not 
sufficiently relevant to require the trial court to make findings concerning the impact 
of said relationship on termination of respondent’s parental rights or on the adoption 
of Caleb.  
Finally, respondent argues that the trial court improperly balanced the factors 
set forth in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) and abused its discretion in determining that 
termination of respondent’s parental rights was in Caleb’s best interests. He deduces 
that since the trial court found that it was “not in a position to anticipate adoption 
given where we are right now[,]” it therefore implicitly found that there was not a 
likelihood of adoption in the future. Respondent further asserts that because Dennis 
was not in a position to adopt Caleb, termination of respondent’s parental rights 
“accomplished nothing except to make another child fatherless[,]” and that 
termination “legally destroyed” valuable relationships with paternal family members 
without creating a new paternal relationship. In our view, the trial court’s findings 
demonstrate that it considered the factors set forth in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) and 
determined that Caleb’s young age, the child’s lack of any bond with respondent, and 
the child’s need for consistency—combined with respondent’s lack of involvement 
with the child—supported a finding that termination of respondent’s parental rights 
was in Caleb’s best interests. Although the trial court found that it was “not in a 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
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position to anticipate adoption[,]” this is only one factor which the trial court must 
consider. This factor becomes more relevant in a TPR case in which a child is in the 
custody of a Department of Social Services agency and termination of the parent’s 
rights leaves the child as a ward of the State. The present case, however, involves a 
private termination of parental rights initiated by the child’s mother, who had full 
custody of the child at the time of the TPR hearing. Therefore, the likelihood of Caleb’s 
potential adoption under this set of circumstances is not a sufficiently relevant factor 
as respondent depicts it in determining whether termination of respondent’s parental 
rights was in Caleb’s best interests.  
Based on the foregoing analysis, this Court is satisfied that the trial court’s 
conclusion that termination of respondent’s parental rights was in Caleb’s best 
interests was neither arbitrary nor manifestly unsupported by reason. Therefore, we 
affirm the trial court’s order terminating respondent’s parental rights.  
AFFIRMED.