Title: Jacobs v. State

State: indiana

Issuer: Indiana Supreme Court

Document:

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT  
 
 
 
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE 
David Becsey 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gregory F. Zoeller 
Zeigler Cohen & Koch 
 
 
 
 
 
Attorney General of Indiana 
Indianapolis, Indiana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Brian Reitz 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deputy Attorney General 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Indianapolis, Indiana 
 
 
______________________________________________________________________________ 
 
In the 
Indiana Supreme Court  
_________________________________ 
 
No. 49S04-1403-CR-162 
 
FRANK JACOBS, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Appellant (Defendant below), 
 
v. 
 
STATE OF INDIANA, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Appellee (Plaintiff below). 
_________________________________ 
 
Appeal from the Marion Superior Court, Criminal Division Room 4 
No. 49G04-1205-FB-031784 
The Honorable Lisa Borges, Judge 
The Honorable Anne Flannelly, Commissioner 
_________________________________ 
 
On Petition To Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 49A04-1304-CR-183 
_________________________________ 
 
 
 
January 8, 2015 
 
 
 
Rucker, Justice. 
Jan 08 2015, 9:00 am
 
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After a bench trial Frank Jacobs was convicted of criminal deviate conduct and criminal 
confinement.  On appeal Jacobs argued, among other things, the trial court erred in limiting his 
cross-examination of a witness concerning the credibility for truthfulness of the alleged victim.  
Finding no error we affirm the judgment of the trial court.  
 
Facts and Procedural History 
 
 
Sixteen-year-old G.L. lived down the street from fifty-five-year-old Frank Jacobs, Sr.  
(“Jacobs”) and his son, thirty-two-year-old Frank Jacobs, Jr. (“Frank Junior”).  Jacobs resided in 
one side of a duplex; the other side was shared by family members including Frank Junior, 
Jacobs’ sister, and Jacobs’ other son Justin.  See Tr. at 21, 157-58.  G.L. and Frank Junior shared 
an interest in playing guitar and sometimes “hung out” together at the duplex.  Tr. at 20-21.  On 
May 11, 2012, G.L. and Frank Junior spent several hours together painting a neighboring house 
and playing guitar.  In the evening, Frank Junior asked Jacobs to drive him over to a friend’s 
house, and G.L. rode along.  After dropping Frank Junior at his friend’s house, Jacobs stopped at 
a gas station and purchased doughnuts and a pack of cigarettes, and then drove G.L. back to the 
duplex.  Jacobs and G.L. went inside to watch TV and eat doughnuts.  At this point, the facts are 
contested.  But according to G.L.’s testimony, which represents the facts most favorable to the 
verdict, Jacobs lay across G.L.’s lap, pulled G.L.’s shorts down, and squeezed G.L.’s penis.  
Jacobs then attempted to fellate G.L. and in the process Jacobs’ teeth scraped G.L.’s penis.  Tr. at 
29-33.  After a short period of time Jacobs stopped, G.L. ran towards the door to leave, Jacobs 
threw a pack of cigarettes and a five-dollar bill at G.L. and told him not to tell anybody.  G.L. 
went home and told his mother what had happened but begged her not to call the police because 
he was embarrassed.  Tr. at 35.  The next day she called the police and G.L. underwent a sexual 
assault examination at a local hospital.  The forensic nurse who examined G.L. observed “quite a 
bit of crusting and broken skin” on G.L.’s penis, and determined the injuries were bite marks.  
Tr. at 121, 123.  
 
 
 
The State charged Jacobs with Count I, criminal deviate conduct as a Class B felony; 
Count II, criminal confinement as a Class C felony; Count III, Battery as a Class A 
misdemeanor; and Count IV, battery as a Class C felony.  After a bench trial, the trial court 
 
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found Jacobs guilty of all four counts.  Because of double jeopardy concerns the trial court 
entered judgment on Counts I and II only.  Thereafter the trial court sentenced Jacobs to ten 
years on Count I and four years on Count II to run concurrently for a total executed term of ten 
years in the Department of Correction.  
 
Jacobs appealed raising the following restated issues: (1) whether the trial court erred 
when it excluded testimony regarding G.L.’s truthfulness; (2) whether the trial court erred when 
it denied Jacobs’ request to present his son as a sur-rebuttal witness; and (3) whether Jacobs’ 
convictions subjected him to double jeopardy.  Agreeing with the State’s concession on the 
point, the Court of Appeals granted Jacob relief with respect to his third issue and remanded this 
cause to the trial court with instructions to vacate Jacobs’ conviction for Class C felony criminal 
confinement.  See Jacobs v. State, 2 N.E.3d 116, 123 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), vacated.  Concerning 
issues two and three, the Court of Appeals concluded the trial court erred but the error was 
harmless.  Having previously granted transfer we address whether the trial court erred when it 
excluded testimony regarding G.L.’s truthfulness.  In all other respects, we summarily affirm the 
opinion of the Court of Appeals.  Additional facts are provided below.          
 
Discussion 
 
As its first witness the State called G.L.  His testimony essentially tracked the events as 
set forth above.  See Tr. at 18-39.  The defense cross-examination of G.L. was largely 
uneventful, with G.L. essentially reasserting his direct examination testimony.  See Tr. at 40-68.  
As its next witness the State called S.L., who is G.L.’s mother.  In addition to background 
information, on direct examination S.L. basically testified concerning her own conduct on the 
evening in question, G.L.’s demeanor at the time, and her knowledge of and response to the 
alleged events.  See Tr. at 70-82.  On at least three occasions during cross-examination, defense 
counsel attempted to elicit from S.L. testimony about specific instances of G.L. not being 
truthful.  One involved alleged behavioral problems G.L. was experiencing which resulted in his 
no longer living with his father, see Tr. at 83; another involved whether G.L. told his mother that 
he was attending school when allegedly he was not, see Tr. at 84; and in a third instance counsel 
sought additional “specific examples” of lies that G.L. may have told his mother.  Tr. at 87.  At 
 
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each instance the trial court sustained the State’s relevancy objection.  Jacobs complains the trial 
court erred because the testimony he sought was relevant under Indiana Evidence Rule 401 and 
admissible under Indiana Evidence Rules 404 and 405.  According to Jacobs his “sole defense 
was that he did not do this, G.L., is not being truthful.  G.L.’s character for truthfulness was the 
critical theme of Mr. Jacobs’s’ defense.”  Br. of Appellant at 4.  “Questions of [G.]L.’s mother 
exploring [G.]L.’s character for truthfulness/honesty were relevant and admissible and the trial 
court erred in precluding them.”  Id.  
 
The scope and extent of cross-examination is within the discretion of the trial court and 
we will reverse only upon finding an abuse of that discretion.  McCorker v. State, 797 N.E.2d 
257, 266 (Ind. 2003).  An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is against the 
logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court.  Carpenter v. State, 786 N.E.2d 
696, 703 (Ind. 2003).  Although a defendant’s right to present a defense “is of the utmost 
importance, it is not absolute.”  Parker v. State, 965 N.E.2d 50, 53 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. 
denied.  “The accused, as is required of the State, must comply with established rules of 
procedure and evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability in the ascertainment of 
guilt and innocence.”  Id. (citation omitted). 
 
Three of our Rules of Evidence address character.  Indiana Evidence Rule 404(a) 
provides that character evidence generally is inadmissible to prove conduct in conformity with 
that character.1  Evidence Rule 405(a) provides that whenever evidence of a person’s character 
                                                 
1 Rule 404(a) provides in pertinent part: 
Character Evidence. 
(1)  Prohibited Uses.  Evidence of a person’s character or character trait 
is not admissible to prove that on a particular occasion the person acted 
in accordance with the character or trait. 
(2)  Exceptions for a Defendant or Victim in a Criminal Case. The fol-
lowing exceptions apply in a criminal case: . . .  
(B)  subject to the limitations in Rule 412, a defendant may offer evi-
dence of an alleged victim’s pertinent trait, and if the evidence is admit-
ted, the prosecutor may offer evidence to rebut it; and 
(C)  in a homicide case, the prosecutor may offer evidence of the alleged 
victim’s trait of peacefulness to rebut evidence that the victim was the 
first aggressor. 
 
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traits is admissible, proof may be made by reputation evidence or opinion testimony.2  And 
important for our purposes, Evidence Rule 608 governs evidence of character and conduct of 
witnesses and provides:  
 
(a) Reputation or Opinion Evidence.  A witness’s credibility may be attacked 
or supported by testimony about the witness’s reputation for having a 
character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, or by testimony in the form of an 
opinion about that character.  But evidence of truthful character is admissible 
only after the witness's character for truthfulness has been attacked. 
 
(b) Specific Instances of Conduct.  Except for a criminal conviction under Rule 
609, extrinsic evidence is not admissible to prove specific instances of a 
witness’s conduct in order to attack or support the witness’s character for 
truthfulness.  But the court may, on cross-examination, allow them to be 
inquired into if they are probative of the character for truthfulness or 
untruthfulness of another witness whose character the witness being cross-
examined has testified about. 
 
We first observe that on appeal Jacobs focuses his attention on Rules 404 and 405, but he makes 
no argument why Rule 608, which provides limitations to Rules 404 and 405, does not apply.  In 
any event, Indiana Evidence Rule 608 provides that the credibility of a witness may be attacked 
or supported by evidence in the form of opinion or reputation for truthfulness but that specific 
instances may not be inquired into or proven by extrinsic evidence.  Here, Jacobs’ evidence was 
not in the form of opinion or reputation, and therefore was not admissible under Rule 608(a).  
Instead, Jacobs attempted to delve into specific instances of G.L.’s conduct, namely, whether 
G.L. had lied to his mother on prior occasions; Rule 608(b) specifically prohibits inquiring into 
or proving specific instances by extrinsic evidence.  See Beaty v. State, 856 N.E.2d 1264, 1269 
(Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied (“Indiana cases have consistently held that Evidence Rule 
608(b) prohibits the introduction of evidence regarding specific instances of misconduct.”).  In 
addition, the limited exception referenced in the last sentence of Rule 608(b) is not applicable 
because G.L.’s mother did not testify as to G.L.’s truthfulness.  
 
                                                 
2 Rule 405(a) provides in pertinent part: 
By Reputation or Opinion.  When evidence of a person’s character or character trait is 
admissible, it may be proved by testimony about the person’s reputation or by testimony 
in the form of an opinion.  On cross-examination of the character witness, the court may 
allow an inquiry into relevant specific instances of the person’s conduct. . . .  
 
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Without saying so in express terms, Jacobs also implies the trial court infringed upon his 
Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses.  See Br. of Appellant at 10 (declaring “[t]he 
constitutionally improper denial of Mr. Jacobs’s opportunity to elicit relevant character evidence 
is subject to a Chapman . . . harmless error analysis.”).  See Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 
24 (1967) (holding that “before a federal constitutional error can be held harmless, the 
[reviewing] court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable 
doubt”).  It is true this Court has held that the evidence rule preventing evidence of specific acts 
of untruthfulness must yield to a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right of confrontation and right 
to present a full defense.  See State v. Walton, 715 N.E.2d 824, 827 (Ind. 1999).  However, the 
Court limited this exception to very narrow circumstances—specifically prior false accusations 
of rape—that do not apply here.  Id.  In sum, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by 
prohibiting evidence of specific instances of conduct regarding G.L.’s truthfulness.3  
 
Conclusion 
 
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.  
 
Rush, C.J., and Dickson, David and Massa, JJ., concur. 
                                                 
3 The record shows the trial court’s ruling was based not on Rule 608 but rather on grounds of relevance.  
However, “[i]f the ruling of the trial court is correct, [its] reason therefor is of no consequence.”  Turner 
v. State, 953 N.E.2d 1039, 1057 n.10 (Ind. 2011) (quoting Hyde v. State, 451 N.E.2d 648, 650 (Ind. 
1983)).