Title: City of Lewiston v. Verrinder

State: maine

Issuer: Maine Supreme Court

Document:

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT 
Reporter of Decisions 
Decision: 
2022 ME 29 
Docket: 
And-21-119 
Submitted 
    On Briefs: November 18, 2021 
 
Decided: 
May 31, 2022 
 
Panel: 
MEAD, JABAR, HUMPHREY, HORTON, and CONNORS, JJ. 
Majority: 
MEAD, JABAR, HUMPHREY, and HORTON, JJ. 
Dissent: 
CONNORS, J. 
 
 
CITY OF LEWISTON 
 
v. 
 
WILLIAM VERRINDER 
 
 
MEAD, J. 
[¶1]  William Verrinder appeals from a summary judgment entered by 
the Superior Court (Androscoggin County, Stanfill, J.) in favor of the City of 
Lewiston on the City’s M.R. Civ. P. 80K land use complaint alleging two 
violations of City ordinances.  Verrinder contends the court erred in concluding 
that his challenge to the City Code Enforcement Officer’s (CEO’s) notice of 
violation was barred by the doctrine of administrative res judicata and further 
contends that the financial penalties the court imposed for the ongoing 
violations were unconstitutionally excessive.1  We disagree and affirm the 
 
1  Verrinder also raises other challenges, including a challenge to the court’s award of attorney 
fees to the City.  We find those arguments unpersuasive and do not discuss them further. 
 
 
2 
judgment insofar as it found that no genuine issue of material fact remained 
for trial and that the City was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.  See 
M.R. Civ. P. 56(c). 
[¶2]  The City cross-appeals, contending that the court erred in making 
the civil penalties it imposed for the two separate violations concurrent with 
each other rather than cumulative.  We agree that the court did not have the 
discretion to allow Verrinder to pay less than the minimum statutory penalty 
for each violation.  Accordingly, we vacate that part of the judgment and remand 
for entry of a judgment imposing cumulative penalties. 
I.  BACKGROUND 
[¶3]  The following facts are drawn from the summary judgment record, 
viewed in the light most favorable to Verrinder as the nonprevailing party.  See 
Coward v. Gagne & Son Concrete Blocks, Inc., 2020 ME 112, ¶ 3, 238 A.3d 254.  
Verrinder owns a residential property in Lewiston.  On November 8, 2017, in 
response to a complaint, the CEO inspected Verrinder’s property and promptly 
issued a notice for two ordinance violations: (1) “trash and construction 
demolition debris throughout the property,” and (2) “[damaged] front stairs . . . 
as the first step is missing half the tread.”  See Lewiston, Me., Code of Ordinances 
 
 
3 
§§ 18-51, 18-52 (Sept. 15, 2011, and May 1, 2014).2  Eight days later, Verrinder 
contacted the CEO regarding the notice. 
 
[¶4]  On December 11, 2017, the City filed a land use complaint against 
Verrinder in the District Court.  See M.R. Civ. P. 80K.  Verrinder removed the 
case to the United States District Court for the District of Maine, which, finding 
no federal jurisdiction, remanded it back to the state court.  City of Lewiston v. 
Verrinder, No. 2:18-cv-00028-JAW (D. Me. Aug. 20, 2018).  In September 2018, 
Verrinder removed the case to the Superior Court for a jury trial. 
 
[¶5]  The City and Verrinder each moved for summary judgment.  See 
M.R. Civ. P. 56.  By order dated January 14, 2021, the court granted the City’s 
motion in part and denied Verrinder’s motion, concluding that the doctrine of 
administrative res judicata entitled the City to a judgment as a matter of law 
because Verrinder had not appealed to the Lewiston Board of Appeals from the 
CEO’s notice of violation when it was issued in November 2017.  The court set 
the question of the appropriate penalty, along with costs and fees to be 
imposed, for an evidentiary hearing. 
 
2  The Ordinance adopts the 2009 edition of the International Property Maintenance Code, 
including sections 302.1 and 304.10, which are relevant here.  See Lewiston, Me., Code of Ordinances 
§§ 18-51, 18-52 (Sept. 15, 2011, and May 1, 2014). 
 
 
4 
 
[¶6]  At that hearing, the City requested the minimum statutory penalty 
of $100 per day for each of the two violations, plus attorney fees and costs.  See 
30-A M.R.S. § 4452(3)(B), (5)(G) (2022).3  The court found that, although it 
“consider[ed] the total civil penalty sought to be disproportionate to the 
offenses,” it was “without discretion to impose less than $24,300.00 for the 
243 days of continuing violation involving the accumulation of rubbish or 
garbage, and $14,700.00 for the 147 days of continuing violation involving the 
damaged front stairs.”  It then ordered that the two penalties run concurrently 
with each other, with the result that “the total penalty that must be paid is 
$24,300.00.”  The court also awarded the City attorney fees of $28,257. 
 
[¶7]  Verrinder appealed, asserting that the court erred in applying the 
administrative res judicata doctrine and in its attorney fee award.  The City 
cross-appealed, asserting that the court had no authority to order that the civil 
penalties run concurrently. 
 
3  Although not at issue in this appeal, the maximum per-day penalty has since increased from 
$2,500 to $5,000.  P.L. 2019, ch. 40, § 2 (effective Sept. 19, 2019) (codified at 30-A M.R.S. § 4452(3)(B) 
(2022)). 
 
 
5 
II.  DISCUSSION 
A. 
Administrative Res Judicata 
 
[¶8]  We have recognized the doctrine of administrative res judicata, 
which provides that “the decisions of state and municipal administrative 
agencies are to be accorded the same finality that attaches to judicial 
judgments.”  Hebron Acad., Inc. v. Town of Hebron, 2013 ME 15, ¶ 28, 
60 A.3d 774 (alteration and quotation marks omitted); see 30-A M.R.S. 
§ 2691(4) (2022) (“[A] notice of violation or an enforcement order by a code 
enforcement officer under a land use ordinance . . . that is not timely appealed 
is subject to the same preclusive effect as otherwise provided by law.”).  
Pursuant to the doctrine, “[i]f a party does not challenge an administrative 
order through an available appeal that contains the essential elements of 
adjudication, the failure to do so may have preclusive effect upon any 
subsequent litigation on identical issues and claims dealt with in the 
administrative order.”  Town of Boothbay v. Jenness, 2003 ME 50, ¶ 21, 
822 A.2d 1169 (quotation marks omitted); see Town of Freeport v. Greenlaw, 
602 A.2d 1156, 1160 (Me. 1992).  Specifically, 
in order to have a preclusive effect, the notice [of violation] should 
state the nature of the action and inform the recipient of the 
opportunity to object and of the consequences of a failure to heed 
the notice. 
 
 
6 
 
 
. . . [T]o be effective in triggering the running of an appeal 
period, an order to refrain from taking or continuing certain action 
because it violates a zoning ordinance should refer to the 
provisions of the ordinance allegedly being violated, inform the 
violator of the right to dispute the order and how that right is 
exercised by appeal, and specify the consequences of the failure to 
appeal. 
 
Greenlaw, 602 A.2d at 1160-61 (citation and footnotes omitted). 
 
[¶9]  We review de novo the court’s conclusion that Verrinder’s challenge 
to the CEO’s notice of violation was foreclosed by administrative res judicata, 
see Jenness, 2003 ME 50, ¶ 19, 822 A.2d 1169, and conclude that on this record 
the court’s determination was correct.  The notice set out the provisions of the 
ordinances being violated verbatim; detailed the corrective action required and 
the date by which it must be taken; informed Verrinder that he could appeal to 
the Lewiston Board of Appeals and request a hearing by filing a written petition 
within ten days of receiving the notice; and advised him that if he did not 
comply with the order or appeal it, he would be subject to stated penalties and 
“barred from any opportunity to contest or challenge the content or terms of 
this Notice and Order in any further legal proceedings.” 
 
[¶10]  Verrinder acknowledged that he did not take an administrative 
appeal, asserting in the summary judgment record that he could not pay the 
$150 appeal fee and that the fee was unconstitutional.  See Lewiston, Me., Code 
 
 
7 
of Ordinances § 2-166 (Dec. 31, 2009).  The court was not persuaded by that 
argument, concluding that because Verrinder made no attempt to appeal within 
the required time, it was left “without any facts as to whether the $150.00 fee 
affected [his] ability to appeal the Notice, [or] whether it was waivable or would 
have been waived.” 
 
[¶11]  We agree with the court’s analysis.  The dissent, citing a treatise 
for support,4 states categorically that “as a matter of law” the appeal fee “could 
not have been” waived by the Board of Appeals, and then uses that assertion as 
the foundation for implicating both the Maine and United States Constitutions.  
Dissenting Opinion ¶¶ 29, 33, 35, 38.  As the trial court found, however, absent 
any attempt by Verrinder to pursue an appeal we do not know what the Board’s 
response would have been, assuming Verrinder had been able to establish that 
he could not afford to pay the fee.5  Perhaps the Board would have allowed the 
 
4  The dissent also cites our decision in Lane Construction Corporation v. Town of Washington, 
where we concluded that the Town of Washington Planning Board lacked authority under the Town’s 
ordinance to impose additional fees on an applicant after it had submitted an application.  
2008 ME 45, ¶ 27, 942 A.2d 1202; Dissenting Opinion ¶ 29.  We did not address the question 
presented here, namely whether it was incumbent on Verrinder to appeal the CEO’s notice of 
violation in order to give the Board an opportunity to reduce the fee he was required to pay. 
 
5  As a matter of summary judgment practice, Verrinder’s bare assertion by affidavit that he was 
of “limited financial means“ and was therefore “unable to pay the [City’s] $150.00 fee to appeal the 
[notice of violation]”—unsupported by citation to any record evidence showing his income, assets, 
expenses, receipt of public assistance, or other indicia of indigence that would establish the 
parameters of his “limited financial means”—was insufficient to create a question of fact on that 
issue.  See M.R. Civ. P. 56(e) (“[A]n adverse party . . . must respond by affidavits . . . setting forth specific 
facts showing that there is a genuine issue . . . .” (emphasis added)); Flaherty v. Muther, 2011 ME 32, 
 
 
8 
appeal to proceed or put the fee issue before the City Council for decision, 
perhaps not—the open question illustrates the necessity for Verrinder to have 
made the attempt in the first instance.  Had he done so, the reasonableness of 
the fee and the validity of the denial of the waiver—if that is what happened—
would have been adjudicated.  If Verrinder prevailed on either issue, the court 
presumably would have remanded with an instruction to the Board to consider 
his appeal.  The validity of the fee was never litigated in the trial court and 
cannot be litigated here.6  See Sea & Sage Audubon Soc’y, Inc. v. Plan. Comm’n of 
Anaheim, 668 P.2d 664, 669-70 (Cal. 1983). 
 
[¶12]  Furthermore, the dissent, asserting that the notice of violation did 
not have preclusive effect because the appeal fee prevented Verrinder from 
having a fair opportunity to litigate the notice, relies on a readily 
distinguishable decision of the Alaska Supreme Court for primary support.  
Dissenting Opinion ¶¶ 33, 41-46.  In Varilek v. City of Houston, the court held 
that the municipality’s “refusal to offer any alternative to a $200 filing fee for 
[an administrative appeal] amounts to an unconstitutional denial of due 
 
¶ 51, 17 A.3d 640 (“[A] plaintiff must . . . establish in the summary judgment record evidence 
sufficient to create a question of fact, and summary judgment is appropriate if the non-moving party 
rests merely upon conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, and unsupported speculation.” 
(citations and quotation marks omitted)). 
 
6  We also disagree with Verrinder’s assertion that “[t]he right to dispute the order is necessarily 
free, by definition.” 
 
 
9 
process to indigent claimants.”  104 P.3d 849, 855 (Alaska 2004).  In that case, 
however, the party contesting a notice of violation actually did appeal to the 
municipal board of appeals and, claiming indigence, requested a fee waiver.  Id. 
at 851.  The municipality denied his request, “admit[ting] that it ha[d] no 
provision for waiving the required administrative fee.”  Id. 
 
[¶13]  Here, Verrinder made no such request for a fee waiver, the City has 
not refused to consider any alternative to the payment of the fee, and Verrinder 
has not offered any evidence beyond his bare assertion that he is impoverished 
and unable to pay the fee—an unsupported assertion that is insufficient to 
require a remand to the Superior Court to make findings on his claimed 
indigency and the reasonableness of the City’s fee requirement. 
 
[¶14]  In summary, because Verrinder was fully informed of the terms of 
the ordinances he was charged with violating and did not pursue an 
administrative appeal after being advised of the procedure for doing so and the 
consequences of failing to do so, the CEO’s notice of violation had preclusive 
effect in the Superior Court.  See Jenness, 2003 ME 50, ¶ 21, 822 A.2d 1169. 
B. 
Eighth Amendment 
 
[¶15]  The court imposed civil penalties for the two violations—
accumulated trash and a broken stair—totaling $39,000.  Verrinder asserts, as 
 
 
10 
he did in the trial court, that those penalties are unconstitutionally excessive.7  
As an initial matter, Verrinder incorrectly contends the trial court did not 
address his Eighth Amendment argument.  The court concluded following the 
penalty hearing that it “consider[ed] the total civil penalty sought to be 
disproportionate to the offenses . . . [n]onetheless, this is the minimum penalty 
required by statute,” thus implicitly finding that the penalty was not 
unconstitutionally excessive.  We review that conclusion de novo.  See Portland 
Reg’l Chamber of Com. v. City of Portland, 2021 ME 34, ¶ 7, 253 A.3d 586.  
Verrinder, as “[a] person challenging the constitutionality of a statute[,] bears a 
heavy burden of proving unconstitutionality, since all acts of the Legislature are 
presumed constitutional.”  Somerset Tel. Co. v. State Tax Assessor, 2021 ME 26, 
¶ 30, 259 A.3d 97 (quotation marks omitted). 
 
[¶16]  The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and 
article I, section 9 of the Maine Constitution bar the imposition of “excessive 
fines.”  In United States v. Bajakajian, the United States Supreme Court held that 
 
7  In addition, alleging that his trash was actually a form of political speech, Verrinder asserts that 
“any fine at all for engaging in political speech is excessive and unconstitutional.”  The court correctly 
concluded that Verrinder “failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact on his First Amendment 
claim.”  He supported his statement of fact asserting that he “used household items, sheetrock, and 
tires to express political speech in the form of political art” with only his own affidavit consisting of 
a conclusory statement to that effect.  The affidavit did not include a description of the alleged 
political speech or attach any photographs of it.  See Flaherty, 2011 ME 32, ¶ 51, 17 A.3d 640.  The 
photographs attached to the CEO’s affidavit in the summary judgment record appear to show trash 
randomly strewn in Verrinder’s yard. 
 
 
11 
“[t]he Excessive Fines Clause . . . limits the government’s power to extract 
payments . . . as punishment for some offense.”  524 U.S. 321, 328 (1998) 
(quotation marks omitted).  “The amount of the forfeiture must bear some 
relationship to the gravity of the offense that it is designed to punish. . . . 
[A] punitive forfeiture violates the Excessive Fines Clause if it is grossly 
disproportional to the gravity of a defendant’s offense.”  Id. at 334. 
 
[¶17]  The Bajakajian Court also “emphasized” that “judgments about the 
appropriate punishment for an offense belong in the first instance to the 
legislature.”  Id. at 336.  Here, the Maine Legislature determined that the 
minimum per-day penalty for “a specific [local land use ordinance] violation is 
$100.”  30-A M.R.S. § 4452(3)(B); see id. § 4452(5)(G).  We conclude that the 
$100 per-day civil penalty is not violative of the Excessive Fines Clause. 
 
[¶18]  The penalty imposed on Verrinder is properly viewed as 243 
separate minimum daily civil penalties of $100 for the trash violation and 147 
separate minimum civil penalties of $100 for the damaged stair violation—not 
as a single $24,300 penalty for excessive trash and a single $14,700 penalty for 
defective stairs.  The substantial total of the accumulated daily penalties is 
solely the result of Verrinder’s voluntary inaction.  Verrinder could have ended 
the accumulation of daily penalties at any time by, as the notice of violation 
 
 
12 
advised, complying with the ordinances by simply discarding the accumulated 
trash and making a relatively simple repair to a stair tread. 
[¶19]  Unlike criminal fines, the civil penalties provided by the statute are 
corrective, not punitive, in nature.  See Dep’t of Env’t Prot. v. Emerson, 
616 A.2d 1268, 1270 (Me. 1992) (“[T]he daily [civil] penalty has coercion as the 
primary purpose.”).  The purpose of such penalties is to compel compliance 
with the law prospectively, not to punish past behavior.  See State v. Anton, 
463 A.2d 703, 706 (Me. 1983) (“In theory, a criminal sanction serves to punish 
an individual for violating a legal norm, while civil sanctions serve to coerce, 
regulate or compensate.” (quotation marks omitted)).  A person subject to civil 
penalties for violations of land use ordinances has the prerogative to 
immediately prevent the accumulation of the penalties by simply complying 
with the ordinances.  In Verrinder’s case, the court’s imposition of the minimum 
penalty prescribed by the Legislature for hundreds of ongoing violations 
extending over some eight months is not “grossly disproportional” to the 
gravity of his offense.  Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 337. 
C. 
Cumulative Civil Penalties 
 
[¶20]  Turning to the City’s cross-appeal, the trial court considered what 
it determined to be an unresolved question of law: “[W]hether the two [land 
 
 
13 
use violation] penalties may run concurrently to each other . . . where the 
violations existed at the same time and were the subject of a unitary Notice of 
Violation and Land Use Enforcement action.”  Analogizing from the criminal 
law, the court concluded that they could and imposed concurrent penalties, 
reducing the amount Verrinder was required to pay by $14,700—the amount 
of the broken stair penalty.  We review for an error of law whether, as the City 
contends, the court exceeded its authority by imposing concurrent penalties.  
See Emerson, 616 A.2d at 1271. 
 
[¶21]  The court was, as it recognized, required by statute to impose a 
minimum penalty of $100 per day for each violation.  30-A M.R.S. § 4452(3)(B).  
The court also correctly recognized that our prior decisions “[have] made it 
clear that [the trial] court is . . . without discretion to suspend any portion of the 
minimum penalty imposed.”  See Town of Orono v. LaPointe, 1997 ME 185, ¶ 12, 
698 A.2d 1059 (“The only discretion permitted to the court is in assessing the 
penalty for each separate offense between the minimum of $100 and the 
maximum . . . . The District Court correctly assessed the minimum penalty . . . 
but erred by suspending any part of it.”); Emerson, 616 A.2d at 1272 (“The 
Superior Court erred as a matter of law in imposing a lesser penalty.”). 
 
 
14 
 
[¶22]  We agree with the City that there is no practical difference between 
suspending the broken stair penalty—which would clearly be error under 
LaPointe—and making it concurrent with the larger trash violation penalty.  In 
either case Verrinder would not be required to pay the minimum penalty 
prescribed by the Legislature for the broken stair violation.  See 30-A M.R.S. 
§ 4452(3)(B).  The court’s analogy to criminal law is inapposite because, as we 
have discussed, civil penalties are coercive, see Emerson, 616 A.2d at 1270, and 
are imposed to incentivize compliance with ordinances rather than to punish, 
see Anton, 463 A.2d at 706.  As the City notes, a concurrent penalty is a 
disincentive to compliance with an ordinance because, using this case as an 
example, it would remove any reason for Verrinder to fix his broken stairs. 
 
[¶23]  We therefore hold that the court erred in making the minimum 
civil penalties it imposed pursuant to 30-A M.R.S. § 4452(3)(B) concurrent with 
one another.  Accordingly, we vacate that portion of the judgment and remand 
for entry of a judgment requiring Verrinder to pay a total civil penalty of 
$39,000, plus the fees and costs awarded by the court. 
 
The entry is: 
That portion of the judgment making the civil 
penalties imposed concurrent with each other is 
vacated.  Remanded for entry of a judgment 
 
 
15 
requiring payment of $39,000 in civil penalties. 
In all other respects, judgment affirmed. 
 
_______________________________ 
 
CONNORS, J., dissenting. 
 
[¶24]  I would vacate the judgment and remand for a determination, 
before the application of res judicata, whether Verrinder was in fact unable to 
pay the appeal fee due to financial hardship.  Assuming that Verrinder can show 
that he was unable to pay the appeal fee, the Court’s conclusion that Verrinder 
cannot contest the application of res judicata because he did not attempt to 
obtain a waiver of the fee before the Board, despite the lack of any legal avenue 
to seek such a waiver, is contrary to the requirement that, for res judicata to 
apply, the party against whom the doctrine is asserted must have had fair notice 
and a full and fair opportunity to participate in the preceding litigation. 
I.  BACKGROUND 
[¶25]  The salient facts are as follows: 
• A code enforcement officer (CEO) for the City cited Verrinder for 
having trash in his yard and a partially damaged step.  The notice 
of violation (NOV) issued by the CEO was not the product of an 
adjudication with the elements essential to meet our due process 
requirements.8 
 
8  The “essential elements of adjudication include 1) adequate notice, 2) the right to present 
evidence and legal argument and to rebut opposing evidence and argument, 3) a formulation of issues 
of law or fact to apply rules to specified parties concerning a specified transaction, 4) the rendition 
of a final decision, and 5) any ‘other procedural elements as may be necessary to constitute the 
 
 
16 
 
• The NOV informed Verrinder that, within ten days, he must pay a 
$150 appeal fee to obtain an adjudication by the Board of Appeals.  
The city ordinance states that “[t]he fee for filing an appeal shall be 
set by the city council on the recommendation of the director of 
code enforcement.”  Lewiston, Me., Code of Ordinances § 2-166 
(Dec. 31, 2009).  Nothing in either the NOV or the ordinance 
indicated that the appeal fee could be waived, and the City does not 
argue that it could have been waived. 
 
• After the time to appeal to the Board had lapsed, the City filed a 
land use enforcement action against Verrinder pursuant to M.R. 
Civ. P. 80K.  About a month later, it also filed a notice of lis pendens 
on his home, presumably in anticipation of seizing his property if 
the City were to prevail in the action and Verrinder were then 
unable or unwilling to pay the amount of the judgment.9 
 
• The City moved for summary judgment, asserting that, because 
Verrinder did not appeal the NOV to the Board, the doctrine of 
res judicata prevented Verrinder from defending himself on the 
merits in the enforcement action. 
 
• Verrinder responded by asserting, supported by a sworn affidavit, 
that he had lacked the means to pay the appeal fee.  He argued that 
res judicata should not apply because his inability to pay the appeal 
fee deprived him of a fair opportunity to litigate the NOV before the 
Board. 
 
• The trial court rejected Verrinder’s argument and granted the 
City’s motion on the basis that Verrinder did not try to appeal to 
the Board, despite the lack of any fee waiver avenue. 
 
 
proceeding a sufficient means of conclusively determining the matter in question.’”  Town of 
N. Berwick v. Jones, 534 A.2d 667, 670 (Me. 1987) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments 
§ 83(2)(e) (Am. L. Inst. 1982)). 
9  A lis pendens is “[a] notice, recorded in the chain of title to real property . . . to warn all persons 
that certain property is the subject matter of litigation.”  Lis Pendens, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th 
ed. 2019). 
 
 
17 
• Constrained by the civil penalties set forth in 30-A M.R.S. 
§ 4452(3)(B) (2022) for violations of land use ordinances, the trial 
court issued a judgment of $52,557, which included costs and 
fees.10  The trial court stated: “To be clear, the court considers the 
total civil penalty sought to be disproportionate to the offenses, 
particularly since the rubbish strewn about was not visible for 
much of the time when there was snow on the ground.” 
 
• On appeal, this Court has increased that judgment by another 
$14,700.  Court’s Opinion ¶¶ 20-23. 
 
 
[¶26]  Given these circumstances, as explained below, res judicata should 
not apply if Verrinder can show that the appeal fee imposed a financial hardship 
on him. 
II.  DISCUSSION 
A. 
Verrinder’s ability to defend against the application of res judicata 
should not be foreclosed because he did not try to appeal to the 
Board given the lack of any legal avenue to do so.11 
 
[¶27]  The trial court rejected Verrinder’s argument against the 
application of res judicata because it concluded, as a matter of law, that 
although there was no notice in the NOV of an opportunity to waive the fee, 
Verrinder should have tried to appeal to the Board anyway.  In affirming, this 
 
10  A court has no discretion to lower the $100 per day minimum penalty for a land use violation.  
See 30-A M.R.S. § 4452(3)(B) (2022); Town of Orono v. LaPointe, 1997 ME 185, ¶¶ 9-12, 
698 A.2d 1059. 
 
11  “The doctrine of res judicata prevents the relitigation of matters already decided . . . .”  Portland 
Water Dist. v. Town of Standish, 2008 ME 23, ¶ 7, 940 A.2d 1097.  Although the doctrine has different 
branches, each branch precludes, or estops, a party from litigating on the merits in the second 
proceeding.  Id. ¶¶ 7-9. 
 
 
18 
Court agrees, citing the trial court’s statement that Verrinder’s lack of an 
attempt to appeal the NOV left the trial court with no factual basis to determine 
whether the $150 fee affected Verrinder’s ability to appeal or whether the fee 
could have been waived.  Court’s Opinion ¶¶ 10-11.  There are several flaws 
with this reasoning. 
[¶28]  First, as a practical matter, nothing prevented the trial court from 
determining whether Verrinder was financially incapable of paying the fee.  The 
trial court was left with no factual basis to determine the answer to this 
question only because it granted summary judgment on this issue without 
addressing the merits of Verrinder’s argument.12 
[¶29]  Second, as a matter of law, the Board could not have waived the 
appeal fee.  A municipal board of appeals is a creature of statute and ordinance.  
See Pike Indus., Inc. v. City of Westbrook, 2012 ME 78, ¶ 17, 45 A.3d 707.  
 
12  The Court states that Verrinder’s “bare assertion by affidavit” that he had limited financial 
means and was unable to pay the $150 appeal fee was insufficient because it was “unsupported by 
citation to any record evidence showing his income, assets, expenses, receipt of public assistance, or 
other indicia of indigence.”  Court’s Opinion ¶ 11 n.5.  Although a person seeking a waiver of court 
fees must include such information in his affidavit, see M.R. Civ. P. 91(a)(2), there was no such 
requirement here.  Notably, the record demonstrates that Verrinder was granted a waiver of court 
fees when he removed this matter to the federal court.  In any event, the City did not controvert 
Verrinder’s assertion of indigence nor has it claimed that Verrinder’s affidavit was made in bad faith.  
See M.R. Civ. P. 56(g).  Verrinder’s unchallenged assertion was sufficient to generate a genuine dispute 
of material fact warranting a hearing.  See Harrington v. Harrington, 269 A.2d 310, 313-16 (Me. 1970) 
(holding that, because a tenant averred in an affidavit that her poverty prevented her from posting 
the security required to defend herself in an eviction proceeding and her averment was unchallenged, 
the trial court should have taken the tenant’s indigence as having been established). 
 
 
19 
Although courts have an inherent ability to waive fees for indigent parties, see 
Melder v. Carreiro, 541 A.2d 1293, 1294 (Me. 1988), local boards do not, see 
Sandra M. Stevenson, Antieau on Local Government Law § 26.03 (2d ed. 2021) 
(“Local government administrative bodies have no inherent authority.  Powers 
are limited to those expressly granted by statute or necessarily implied, or 
incident to, express powers.  It has been held that such grants of power will be 
strictly construed, and that actions taken by a local administrative body in 
excess of the power granted will be void.”); Lane Constr. Corp. v. Town of Wash., 
2008 ME 45, ¶¶ 25-27, 942 A.2d 1202 (vacating a board’s decision to impose 
fees in excess of the established permit fee because the ordinance did not grant 
authority to the board to impose fees on an ad hoc basis).  The ordinance here 
expressly reserved to the City Council the authority to set the filing fee for 
appeals to the Board.  Nothing in the ordinance granted the Board the authority 
to waive the fee.  Had the Board nevertheless allowed an appeal to proceed 
without payment of the fee as the Court suggests, Court’s Opinion ¶ 11, 
effectively setting the fee at zero, that action would have been an unlawful 
usurpation of the City Council’s power.  See Matthews Municipal Ordinances 
§ 8.28 (3d ed. 2022) (“If a board of review is to be established, the ordinances 
to be drafted must make it clear that the board will not make policy which is to 
 
 
20 
be made by elected officials responsible directly to the voters.  The board will 
merely use existing ordinances to decide the rights of people involved in the 
appeal.”).13 
[¶30]  Third, whether or not our exhaustion principles require a party to 
make a futile attempt at an intermediate administrative appeal before bringing 
that appeal to court, such an attempt is not a condition precedent to asserting 
a defense against the application of res judicata.  Nothing in our law of 
preclusion compels an indigent party to attempt to appeal the decision in the 
first proceeding when there is no legal basis to waive a fee requirement to 
pursue the appeal. 
[¶31]  Finally, even if the Board had the authority to grant an ad hoc 
waiver—an assumption contrary to both the factual record and the law—that 
would be immaterial because nothing in the NOV or the ordinance informed 
Verrinder that he could seek a waiver.  For administrative res judicata to apply, 
 
13  The Court further suggests that the Board might have “put the fee issue before the City Council 
for decision.”  Court’s Opinion ¶ 11.  But a legislated exemption for one individual would be 
unconstitutional.  See Me. Const. art. IV, pt. 3, § 13; Brann v. State, 424 A.2d 699, 704 (Me. 1981) 
(stating that “special legislation attempting to exempt one individual from generally applicable 
requirements of the law” violates the Constitution).  If the Court is suggesting that Verrinder should 
have proposed and obtained, within his ten-day window, an amendment to the ordinance to create a 
generally applicable fee waiver provision, the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies, 
assuming it could apply, does not require a litigant to seek a legislative change.  See Gross v. Sec’y of 
State, 562 A.2d 667, 671 (Me. 1989) (providing that the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative 
remedies did not apply where existing law could not provide the litigant with relief). 
 
 
21 
“the administrative proceeding must entail the essential elements of 
adjudication,” including “adequate notice” of the “opportunity to object.”  Town 
of Freeport v. Greenlaw, 602 A.2d 1156, 1160 (Me. 1992) (quotation marks 
omitted).  For a notice to be deemed adequate, it must state how the right to 
object is exercised.  Town of Boothbay v. Jenness, 2003 ME 50, ¶¶ 21-22, 
822 A.2d 1169.  If nothing in the law—here, the ordinance—indicates how an 
indigent party who seeks to appeal must proceed, then the NOV that informs 
the recipient of the right to appeal and the requirements to do so— to avoid the 
application of res judicata—must.  If the NOV states that the appeal application 
must be accompanied by the payment of a fee, it must also indicate how to 
appeal when the applicant cannot afford to pay the fee.  See In re Forfeiture of 
2000 GMC Denali & Contents, 892 N.W.2d 388, 398-400 (Mich. Ct. App. 2016) 
(concluding that a civil defendant was unfairly denied the opportunity for a 
hearing because the statutory scheme did not set forth a procedure to obtain a 
waiver of a bond requirement and rejecting an argument, that, anecdotally, 
waivers had been previously granted by stating that “[i]n order for claimant to 
take advantage of such a procedure, if it existed at all, claimant would have had 
to depend on the vagaries of ‘word of mouth referral,’ which is insufficient to 
satisfy due process because this is not a public source to which a claimant can 
 
 
22 
turn to learn about the remedial procedures available to him” (alterations, 
citation, and quotation marks omitted)). 
B. 
The relevant question on appeal is whether the fee requirement 
deprived Verrinder of a fair opportunity to appeal the NOV to the 
Board. 
 
[¶32]  It is blackletter law that for a decision to have preclusive effect, the 
party against whom preclusion is sought must have had a fair opportunity to 
litigate in the earlier proceeding.  See Macomber v. MacQuinn-Tweedie, 
2003 ME 121, ¶ 22, 834 A.2d 131 (stating that issue preclusion “asks whether 
a party had a fair opportunity and incentive in an earlier proceeding to present 
the same issue or issues it wishes to litigate again in a subsequent proceeding”); 
20 Thames St. LLC v. Ocean State Job Lot of Me. 2017 LLC, 2021 ME 33, ¶ 15, 
252 A.3d 516 (providing that claim preclusion applies when a litigant “had a 
reasonable opportunity to argue in the prior action” (quotation marks 
omitted)); Jenness, 2003 ME 50, ¶ 21 & n.6, 822 A.2d 1169 (including a “fair 
opportunity to rebut evidence and argument by opposing parties” among the 
“essential elements” for preclusion by administrative res judicata (quotation 
marks omitted)). 
[¶33]  Because the trial court and this Court concluded that Verrinder had 
to try to obtain a fee waiver, despite the lack of any legal avenue for doing so, in 
 
 
23 
order to defend against the subsequent application of res judicata, Court’s 
Opinion ¶¶ 10-11, neither the trial court nor this Court reached the question 
whether the City’s lack of a fee waiver mechanism for indigent parties rendered 
the appeal opportunity unfair for the purposes of applying res judicata in the 
subsequent Rule 80K proceeding.  If the answer to this question is “no”—if no 
waiver avenue is required for the litigation opportunity to be deemed fair for 
indigent parties for res judicata purposes—then the lack of a waiver avenue 
would be immaterial, and the judgment should be affirmed on that ground.  
Because I do not agree that Verrinder was required to try to obtain a fee waiver 
as a condition precedent to being allowed to argue that the opportunity to 
appeal the NOV was unfair for res judicata purposes due to his indigency, I must 
address the merits of this defense, i.e., whether such a waiver avenue is 
required for res judicata to apply. 
[¶34]  While fairness in the preclusion context is not necessarily the same 
as fairness in the constitutional context, at a minimum, if the imposition of a fee 
upon an indigent defendant with no waiver opportunity violates our 
Constitution, then it follows that the proceeding was unfair for preclusion 
purposes.  Given the multiple serious constitutional concerns outlined below, 
I believe that the application of res judicata would be contrary to our common 
 
 
24 
law if Verrinder showed that he was in fact financially incapable of paying the 
appeal fee. 
[¶35]  In examining constitutional issues, we look first to provisions in 
the Maine Constitution, although we may look to the interpretation of federal 
counterparts as well as counterparts in the constitutions of other states if we 
find those interpretations persuasive.  See State v. Reeves, 2022 ME 10, ¶ 41, 
268 A.3d 281; State v. Cadman, 476 A.2d 1148, 1150 (Me. 1984).  The 
imposition of a substantial fee with no opportunity for a waiver for indigent 
parties implicates multiple provisions of the Maine Constitution, including the 
open courts provision;14 the Due Process Clause;15 and, as applied here, the 
prohibition against excessive fines.16  Because the question here is ultimately of 
the Maine common law of preclusion, it makes particular sense to focus on our 
own precedents. 
 
14  “Right of redress for injuries.  Every person, for an injury inflicted on the person or the 
person’s reputation, property or immunities, shall have remedy by due course of law; and right and 
justice shall be administered freely and without sale, completely and without denial, promptly and 
without delay.”  Me. Const. art. I, § 19. 
 
15  “Discrimination against persons prohibited.  No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or 
property without due process of law, nor be denied the equal protection of the laws, nor be denied 
the enjoyment of that person’s civil rights or be discriminated against in the exercise thereof.”  
Me. Const. art. I, § 6-A. 
 
16  “Sanguinary laws, excessive bail, cruel or unusual punishments prohibited.  Sanguinary 
laws shall not be passed; all penalties and punishments shall be proportioned to the offense; 
excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel nor unusual punishments 
inflicted.”  Me. Const. art. I, § 9. 
 
 
25 
1. 
Maine Precedents 
[¶36]  Maine common law is robust with decisions concluding that bonds 
and other monetary burdens imposed to appeal or to obtain access to the courts 
are unconstitutional when imposed on indigent parties.  In Harrington v. 
Harrington, 269 A.2d 310, 313-16 (Me. 1970), for example, we held that the 
imposition of security costs on a tenant in the forcible entry and detainer 
process that allowed for judgment of possession in favor of the landlord and 
foreclosed appellate review when not paid violated our Constitution in the 
absence of an opportunity to waive the costs for indigent parties, noting that 
such costs barred the impecunious defendant from equal access to the courts 
and equal protection under the law.  We ruled: 
By virtue of affirmative restrictive limitations on the indigent’s 
right to defend and appeal in eviction cases, the State directly 
participates 
in 
the 
resultant 
unequal 
treatment 
which 
automatically favors the affluent with summary judgment at the 
expense of the poverty-stricken class whose defense is arbitrarily 
denied without any opportunity of a hearing.  Such State action 
spells unequal justice in an area of great magnitude to the 
impecunious but of minor importance in terms of State purposes. 
 
Id. at 315-16.  In so ruling, we stated that “‘[a]n act that purports to authorize 
procedure depriving an owner of his property without opportunity for hearing 
and without notice violates both the federal and state Constitutions.’”  Id. at 315 
(quoting Randall v. Patch, 118 Me. 303, 305, 108 A. 97 (1919)).  Thus, we 
 
 
26 
equated a fee imposition without a waiver avenue for indigent parties with a 
lack of a fair opportunity for a hearing—the touchstone under our preclusion 
analysis. 
[¶37]  In Bennett v. Davis, 90 Me. 102, 104-05, 37 A. 864 (1897), we struck 
down as unconstitutional a statute that required a taxpayer to deposit with the 
court any assessed tax with interest and costs as a condition on the taxpayer’s 
right to judicially contest the validity of the assessment and sale of his land.  We 
invoked, among other provisions, the Due Process Clause and open courts 
provision of our Constitution.  Id.; see also Woods v. Perkins, 119 Me. 257, 263, 
110 A. 633 (1920) (“It may well be that an alleged offender may find himself 
unable to procure the necessary sureties and to give the requisite bond, in 
which case the provision affords him no assistance whatever.  No unlawful 
condition or restraint can be imposed upon the constitutional privilege of every 
person to have his legal rights adjudicated in accordance with the law of the 
land.”); Dunn v. Snell, 74 Me. 22, 27-28 (1882) (previewing the ruling in 
Bennett); State v. Gurney, 37 Me. 156, 157, 163-64 (1853) (holding that a statute 
requiring the posting of a bond as a condition to appeal was unconstitutional); 
Inhabitants of Saco v. Wentworth, 37 Me. 165, 170-76 (1853) (same). 
 
 
27 
2. 
Federal Precedents 
[¶38]  Under the U.S. Constitution, a fee without a waiver opportunity for 
indigent parties violates due process when the subject matter involves a 
“fundamental right.”  See Melder, 541 A.2d at 1294.  The right to defend oneself 
is fundamental.  See Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 377 (1971) (“Early in 
our jurisprudence, this Court voiced the doctrine that wherever one is assailed 
in his person or his property, there he may defend.” (alteration and quotation 
marks omitted)); see also Little v. Streater, 452 U.S. 1, 3-4, 16-17 (1981) 
(concluding that a Connecticut statute requiring costs of blood testing in 
paternity actions be borne by the party requesting them violated due process 
when applied to indigent defendants). 
[¶39]  Here, Verrinder is not only seeking to defend against civil penalties 
imposed based on the use of his property, but he may very well lose his home 
given the size of the penalty.  We have previously referenced the “fundamental 
right” to property.  See Porter v. Hoffman, 592 A.2d 482, 486-87 (Me. 1991). 
[¶40]  Also notable, nothing in the record indicates that the $150 fee is 
related to any actual cost incurred by the City to hear an appeal before a 
volunteer board of appeals or to advance any legitimate state goal.  See Boddie, 
401 U.S. at 377 (stating that, “absent a countervailing state interest of 
 
 
28 
overriding significance,” due process requires a meaningful opportunity to be 
heard).  No legitimate state interest has been cited by the City to support the 
fee, and none is apparent from the record. 
3. 
Precedents from Sister Jurisdictions 
[¶41]  Perhaps most analogous to the instant case is that presented in 
Varilek v. City of Houston, 104 P.3d 849 (Alaska 2004).  The relevant facts are as 
follows.  Borough officials issued an NOV to a property owner for violating a 
land use ordinance regulating trash.  Id. at 851.  The property owner attempted 
to administratively appeal the NOV, but such appeals required a $200 filing fee.  
Id.  Claiming indigence, the property owner sought a fee waiver, but the 
borough denied his request, later admitting that it had no provision for waiving 
the fee.  Id.  The property owner sued claiming, inter alia, that the borough’s 
refusal to waive the filing fee violated his right to due process.  Id. 
[¶42]  The Alaska Supreme Court agreed that the borough’s refusal to 
offer any alternative to the filing fee for indigent litigants amounted to an 
unconstitutional denial of due process.  Id. at 855. 
[¶43]  In reaching its conclusion, the Alaska court applied its version of 
the familiar three-part test used in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 
(1976).  Varilek, 104 P.3d at 853-55.  Looking at the first factor—the private 
 
 
29 
interests affected by the governmental action—the Alaska court concluded 
that, under its precedent, the availability of a fee waiver for indigent parties to 
comport with due process requirements was not limited to matters involving 
fundamental rights as defined under federal case law.  Id. (“An indigent whose 
business or property interests are threatened by an administrative action 
originally filed by a government agency need not be litigating a fundamental 
family matter in order to have a right of access to the courthouse.  Since 
‘prohibitive’ filing fees should not be allowed to hamper an indigent litigant’s 
access to the justice system in such situations, it follows that such fees should 
also not be allowed to hamper his access to an administrative process if such 
access is a prerequisite to judicial relief.” (footnote omitted)). 
[¶44]  Looking at the second factor—risk of an erroneous deprivation of 
the private interest through the procedures used—the Alaska court disagreed 
with the trial court’s conclusion that the probable value of additional 
procedural safeguards was minimal.  Id. at 855. 
[¶45]  As to the third factor—the borough’s interest in imposing the fee—
the Alaska court concluded the fee was neither minimal nor critical to the 
borough’s ability to conduct appeals, noting that the trial court had not, among 
other things, “weigh[ed] the benefit of such fees against the social costs 
 
 
30 
inherent in a policy that effectively prohibits indigents from protecting their 
rights and interests against state actions.”  Id. 
[¶46]  Because the trial court had made no findings of fact regarding the 
property owner’s ability to pay the filing fee, the Alaska court remanded for a 
determination whether the property owner could afford to pay the fee or 
whether the fee prevented him from pursuing his claim in court.  Id. 
 
[¶47]  We also use the equivalent of the Mathews test in assessing what 
process is due under our Constitution.  See Hopkins v. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 
2002 ME 129, ¶ 18, 802 A.2d 999.  We have not limited the need for fee waivers 
for indigent parties to family matters.  See, e.g., Harrington, 269 A.2d at 315-16; 
Bennett, 90 Me. at 104-05, 37 A. 864.  The risk of an erroneous deprivation—
where the only support for the $67,257 judgment is an unadjudicated NOV—is 
self-evident, and we have noted that preclusion should not apply when the 
essential elements of adjudication are lacking.  See Greenlaw, 602 A.2d at 1160. 
4. 
Size of the Penalty 
[¶48]  Finally, the enormity of the fine compared to the minor nature of 
the offense is not only relevant for due process purposes but also raises 
excessive fine concerns. 
 
 
31 
[¶49]  What began as a partially broken front step and trash on 
Verrinder’s lawn has ballooned into a judgment exceeding $67,000.  The trial 
court called the size of the penalty (when imposing a smaller one than the Court 
concludes is required) “disproportionate” to the offense, which is the language 
used in our Constitution to measure excessiveness and is the test under the 
federal excessive fines provision as well.17  See Me. Const. art. I, § 9 (“[A]ll 
penalties and punishments shall be proportioned to the offense . . . .”); United 
States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321, 335 (1998) (“The text and history of the 
Excessive Fines Clause demonstrate the centrality of proportionality to the 
excessiveness inquiry . . . .”). 
[¶50]  In State v. Lubee, 93 Me. 418, 421, 45 A. 520 (1899), we stated, “In 
determining the question whether the punishment imposed by a statute is 
proportional to the offense, or whether or not a fine imposed is excessive, 
regard must be had to the purpose of the enactment, and to the importance and 
magnitude of the public interest sought by it to be protected.”  Certainly, 
 
17  Notably, according to the ordinance, if the trash on Verrinder’s lawn had posed “a serious threat 
to the public health and safety,” then the City could have removed the trash and recouped its expenses 
from Verrinder, which undoubtedly would have cost less than $67,257.  Lewiston, Me., Code of 
Ordinances § 18-52 (May 1, 2014).  The trash on Verrinder’s lawn clearly did not pose any such 
threat.  The CEO’s affidavit, included in support of the City’s motion for summary judgment, stated: 
“Based on my experience working with homeowners, my judgment is that remedying the violations 
detailed in the Notice should take about three hours, including in [sic] the time to purchase a single 
piece of wood and some nails at a hardware store; would not require any specialized experience; and, 
the only needed tools are some trash bags and a hammer.” 
 
 
32 
enforcement of land use ordinances is important.  Verrinder may very well bear 
responsibility for the cumulative size of the judgment.18  Nonetheless, it is 
indisputable that the result—a $67,257 judgment based on trash in his yard 
and a partially damaged step—is draconian. 
[¶51]  We have concluded that the Legislature has given the courts no 
room to determine whether a penalty resulting from the imposition of the 
mandatory minimum fee under the statute is unfair under the specific 
circumstances of the case.  See Town of Orono v. LaPointe, 1997 ME 185, ¶¶ 9-12, 
698 A.2d 1059.  But regardless of whether that constraint as applied here 
violates the excessive fines provision in our Constitution, the lack of equity in 
this result shapes our application of the common law of preclusion.  See Hossler 
v. Barry, 403 A.2d 762, 769 (Me. 1979) (“It may be that in some cases it would 
be particularly unfair to the defendant if the estoppel were applied.  If that is 
true, the court need not sanction its use; collateral estoppel is, after all, a flexible 
doctrine meant to serve the ends of justice not to subvert them.”); Beal v. 
 
18  The trial court imposed the minimum penalty of $100 per day.  See 30-A M.R.S. § 4452(3)(B).  
The enormous size of the judgment is due to the long period of time that the violation was alleged to 
have existed.  On one hand, it seems apparent that Verrinder could have easily stopped the penalties 
from continuing to run by picking up the trash and fixing the step.  On the other hand, he refrained 
from complying during a period in which he was contesting that he was in violation at all.  This period 
was prolonged because of his unsuccessful removal of the action to federal court and his removal of 
the action from the District Court to the Superior Court.  Hence, at least to some extent, the size of the 
judgment is due to Verrinder’s efforts to exercise his right to be heard on the merits of his defenses 
before complying with the NOV. 
 
 
33 
Allstate Ins., 2010 ME 20, ¶ 17, 989 A.2d 733 (“Collateral estoppel applies ‘on a 
case-by-case basis if it serves the interests of justice.’” (quoting Van Houten v. 
Harco Constr., Inc., 655 A.2d 331, 333 (Me. 1995)); cf. Hale v. Morgan, 
584 P.2d 512, 518-23 (Cal. 1978) (concluding that a mandatory $100 per day 
penalty, as applied, violated due process where the total penalty imposed was 
confiscatory, “wholly disproportionate to any discernible and legitimate 
legislative goal, and . . . so clearly unfair that it [could not] be sustained”); 
Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1285 (Pa. 2014) (“In our view, the 
[mandatory minimum] fine here, when measured against the conduct 
triggering the punishment, and the lack of discretion afforded the trial court, is 
constitutionally excessive.”). 
III.  CONCLUSION 
[¶52]  For these reasons, I conclude that our common law of preclusion 
does not support the application of res judicata to an unappealed NOV in a 
Rule 80K proceeding when a municipality imposes a substantial fee on an 
indigent defendant to appeal the NOV.  I would therefore vacate the judgment 
and remand to the trial court to determine whether the fee imposed a financial 
hardship on Verrinder.19  If the evidence showed that Verrinder was unable to 
 
19  See Hardy v. United States, 375 U.S. 277, 289 n.7 (1964) (Goldberg, J., concurring) (“Indigence 
must be conceived as a relative concept.  An impoverished accused is not necessarily one totally 
 
 
34 
pay the fee, then the matter would proceed to a hearing on the merits of the 
City’s enforcement action, with no preclusive effect given to the NOV. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
William Verrinder, appellant pro se 
 
Michael E. Carey, Esq., and Peter J. Brann, Esq., Brann & Isaacson, Lewiston, for 
appellee City of Lewiston 
 
 
Androscoggin County Superior Court docket number CV-2018-128 
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY 
 
 
devoid of means.  An accused must be deemed indigent when at any stage of the proceedings his lack 
of means . . . substantially inhibits or prevents the proper assertion of a particular right or a claim of 
right.  Indigence must be defined with reference to the particular right asserted.” (alterations, 
citations, and quotation marks omitted)); State v. Byrnes, 404 A.2d 495, 498 (R.I. 1979) (“Indigency 
is a relative concept which must be considered and measured in the light of the facts of each case.”).  
Hence, the question that should be resolved in the instant case is whether the cost of appealing to the 
Board imposed a financial hardship upon Verrinder such that he lacked a fair opportunity to litigate 
the NOV.