Title: Winder v. State

State: maryland

Issuer: Maryland Supreme Court

Document:

Circuit Court for Baltimore County  
Case # 98-CR-4098
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND
No. 51
September Term, 1999
________________________________________
EUGENE EDWARD WINDER
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND
________________________________________
Bell, C. J.
Eldridge
          *Rodowsky 
Raker
Wilner
Cathell
Harrell
                                                              JJ.
_______________________________________
Opinion by Harrell, J.
Cathell, J., concurs in result only. 
________________________________________
*Rodowsky, J., now retired, participated in the
hearing and conference of this case while an active
member of this Court; after being recalled pursuant
to the Constitution, Article IV, Section 3A, he also
participated in the decision and adoption of this
opinion.
      Filed:   January 9, 2001
On 19 February 1998, firefighters discovered the bodies of  John Mainor,  Geraldine
 During trial, the State nolle prossed one of the first degree burglary counts.  
1
 Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol.), Article 27, § 414(a) provides:
2
(a) Review by the Court of Appeals required. — Whenever the
death penalty is imposed, and the judgment becomes final, the
Court of Appeals shall review the sentence on the record.  
 Maryland Rule 8-306(c) provides, in pertinent part:
3
(c) Whenever a sentence of death is imposed, there shall be an
automatic appeal to the Court of Appeals on both the
determination of guilt and the sentence, whether or not the
determination of guilt was based on a plea of guilty.  
Mainor (his wife), and Christine Lee Mainor (the couple’s granddaughter), after extinguishing
a fire in their home in Fruitland, Wicomico County, Maryland.  Maryland State police officers
arrested Eugene Edward Winder, Appellant, on 24 February 1998, on account of the Mainors’
deaths.  He was charged with three counts of first-degree murder,  two counts of first-degree
burglary,  and a single count of arson.  Upon Appellant’s request for removal, his case was
1
transferred from the Circuit Court for Wicomico County to the Circuit Court for Baltimore
County.  Appellant’s trial proceeded on 17 May 1999, as a bench trial, on a not guilty plea with
an agreed statement of facts.  The trial judge ultimately found Appellant guilty of all charges.
Appellant requested to be sentenced by a jury as to the murder convictions.  See Maryland
Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 1999 Cum. Supp.), Article 27, § 413(a)&(b).  The jury
sentenced him to death on each of the murder counts. The trial judge sentenced Appellant to
twenty years imprisonment for the first-degree burglary conviction, and a consecutive term of
thirty years for the arson conviction.  This case is before this Court on automatic appeal
pursuant to Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol.), Article 27, § 414   and Maryland Rule 8-
2
306(c).3
2
ISSUES
In this appeal, Appellant presents the following six issues for our consideration:
I.  
Did the lower court err in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress?
II.  
Did the lower court err in refusing to grant a mistrial after engaging in
an ex parte communication with the jury?
III.  
Did the lower court err in refusing to redact that portion of the
presentence investigation report stating that Appellant “does not have any
psychological or emotional problems?”
IV.  
Is the evidence sufficient to convict Appellant of first-degree burglary?
V.
Did the lower court err in restricting, at sentencing, the defense
presentation of relevant evidence?
VI.
Did the lower court err in refusing to propound Appellant’s requested
voir dire question?
Because we shall reverse the judgments based on our analysis of Issue I, we need
address additionally only Appellant’s issue IV.  Notwithstanding that, we choose to comment
briefly on issue II as well. 
BACKGROUND
Around 4:15 a.m. on 19 February 1998, Mr. and Mrs. Emery Revelle were driving
through Wicomico County en route to Florida.  As they drove past 501 North Division Street
(the Mainors’ home) in Fruitland, the Revelles noticed heavy smoke rising from the house.
The Revelles reported the fire to the authorities.  The fire department arrived at 4:31 a.m.
After the fire was extinguished, firefighters discovered the bodies of Geraldine Mainor (age
70), Christine Lee Mainor (age 20), and John Mainor (age 71) in the family room of the
 Forensic investigations concluded that the victims were dead before the fire was
4
started.  Dr. James Locke, the state medical examiner who performed the victims’ autopsies,
testified at the sentencing phase of Appellant’s trial that the deaths were caused by blunt force
blows to the victims’ heads, necks, and upper bodies.  Dr. Locke explained that the injuries
were probably inflicted by an ax or hatchet and a knife.  The Fire Marshall’s office determined
that the fire was intentionally set and was started in the room where the victims’ bodies were
found.                 
3
house.4
Later that morning, at approximately 7:00 a.m., Allan Mainor, the son of Geraldine and
John Mainor, observed Appellant at the fire scene.  He noticed that Appellant had a bandage on
his hand and a cut on his nose.   Appellant spoke briefly with Sergeant Matthew Brown of the
Fruitland police department.  He identified himself as the boyfriend and fiancé of Christine
Mainor.  
The following day, Sergeant Brown telephoned Appellant and requested that he come
to the police station.  Appellant voluntarily complied and met there with the police at 6:00 p.m.
While at the station, Winder agreed to have a cut on his hand photographed and gave the police
clippings from his fingernails.  With Appellant’s consent, the police also searched his vehicle,
finding blood spots on its interior.  The police kept the vehicle for testing.  Additionally,
Appellant voluntarily turned over the clothing that he wore the morning of the fire.  After a
three-hour interview with Lieutenant George Truit, Appellant left the police station at 11:00
p.m.
After Appellant left the police station, the Fruitland police chief called in the Maryland
State Police to assume control of the investigation.  After executing search warrants for
 See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).  
5
Appellant did not request an attorney to be present at any time during the interrogation.
6
4
Appellant’s home, on the evening of 23 February 1998, Sergeant Kim Collins (Collins) and
Corporal Robert McQueeney (McQueeney) of the Maryland State Police requested that
Appellant accompany them to their Salisbury Barrack.  Appellant consented to the officers’
request.  
Appellant arrived at the state police barracks at approximately 10:00 p.m. on 23
February 1998.   The interrogation that followed spanned a twelve-hour period.  At least four
members of the State Police participated in the questioning.  Near the end of the interrogation,
at approximately 6:00 a.m. on 24 February 1998, Appellant confessed to murdering the
Mainors and setting fire to their home.  
In the initial stage of the interrogation, Appellant was placed in a conference room with
Collins, McQueeney, Sergeant Leone Fisher (Fisher), and Sergeant William Benton (Benton).
The officers told Appellant that he was not under arrest and that he was free to go at any time.
The officers offered Appellant a drink and advised him of his Miranda rights.   Appellant
5
signed a form waiving his Miranda rights and agreed to have the interrogation audio tape
recorded.   The interrogation began at approximately 10:35 p.m.
6
Sergeants Fisher and Benton handled the questioning in the beginning.  Appellant
initially answered basic background questions regarding his job, education level, and his
relationship with Christine.  In response to a question inquiring when he last saw Christine
alive, Appellant stated that he met with her at 6:30 p.m. on 19 February 1998.  The officers
 Unless otherwise indicated, the excerpts are taken from a transcribed tape recording
7
of Appellant’s interrogation beginning the night of 23 February 1998 and continuing until the
morning of 24 February of 1998.  At times during the interrogation, gaps occurred in the
recording and, accordingly, in the transcript.  At a hearing before the Circuit Court, the officers
testified that the tape recorder occasionally turned itself off or ran out of tape when the
officers were not paying attention to it.  In addition, many of the tapes were taped over
mistakenly.  
To portray accurately the tenor of the interrogation, we have made scant effort to edit
the selected transcript excerpts of the interrogation, although we have not included portions
that are irrelevant to the appellate argument or are non-materially redundant.            
5
also asked Appellant to explain the nature of his relationship with the grandparents.
Commenting on Appellant’s answers, Sergeant Benton interjected:7
[w]e need you to be honest with us man so we can understand what’s going on
inside of you.  Right now, your sitting there shaking to death, we see it.  I’m
going to tell you something.  There is a lot bothering you and we know you want
to talk.  That’s why we’re here to talk to you tonight, okay.  The only way we can
help you and get things off your chest is for you to talk to us and open up to us
. . . 
Throughout the early stages of the interrogation, Sergeant Benton repeatedly asked
Appellant to tell him about the murders, but Appellant stated that he knew nothing about the
crimes and denied any involvement.  After the Officers shared with Appellant their personal
theories why he committed the murders, the following exchange occurred:
Benton:  . . . let me ask you a question.  What did you think would happen if you
told us the truth about that night?  Let me ask you that.
Winder:  I'd go to jail.
*                      *                      *                      *                      *
Benton:  Eugene, can I say something to you.  You just admitted to us that you
killed them.  Do you know why?  I asked you.  I said Eugene, what do you think
what happened if you told us the truth.  You said I'd go to jail.  So, you just told
6
us you killed them.
Winder:  No, I didn't kill them.
Benton:  Eugene, you just admitted it.  We'll play the tape.  I said Eugene what
do you think what happened if you told us the truth.  You said I would go to jail.
I said okay.  So, you think you would go to jail if you told us the truth.  You said
yeah, that's exactly what you said.  Why don't you tell us what happened?  Christy
and her grandparents are [sic] deserve to know the truth about what happened.
Nobody is going to think you are an animal.  What we want to know is why this
happened.  It is a crime of passion, but we need to know from you, did she come
at you with a weapon while you were in that house?
Winder: I wasn’t there.  
Sergeant Benton, professing to believe that he had secured a confession, continued to bring up
that he thought Appellant had admitted to committing the murders.  After Sergeant Fisher left
the room, the following occurred: 
Benton:  She's gone, let's talk man to man.  Let's be honest.  You admitted to me
a little while ago.  You told me that if you told me the truth you would go to jail.
People have committed a crime and they haven't gone to jail especially for the
rest of their life.  Let's just sit here and think.  If there comes a time when you
have to stand trial for this case, how do you think the people in the community
are going to react if you continue to fight it, to fight it, to fight it, to say you
never did it, and the state presents evidence to the contrary.  How do you think
that's going to look?
Winder: Not good. 
*                      *                      *                      *                      *
Benton:  Eugene, you've admitted to us that you did it, right here on this tape.
I said Eugene what would happened if you told us the truth, and you said I'd go
to jail.  I said so if you told us the truth of what happened that night you would
go to jail and you said yes I would.  Eugene, your there.  Think of how much
better your going to feel once you get if off.  You need to be honest with us.
Think of the community.  The community is [in] an uproar.  They think they've
got a person out there whose killed these people and set their house on fire.
7
They have no idea who it is.  You think we're the only ones right now that are
looking for you.  Why do you think we wanted so much to look for you tonight?
Winder: I don’t know.  
After informing Appellant that the police found blood-stained clothing in his residence,
Sergeant Benton informed Appellant that:
We're not interested in sending you to jail for the rest of your life, Eugene we
told you that.  We think the person who committed these needs help.  I think you
need help.  The only way we can get you that help is for you to let us know what
happened.  We can let the State's Attorney's Office know hey, Eugene's told us
what happened, but I think Eugene needs some help.  The only way we can do that
is for you to explain to us why.  There is a rage inside of you that you can't
control.  It's fine, it's a rage.  There is no other way to explain it.  We're sitting
here talking to you, a mild-mannered person.  I guarantee you Christie can push
your button and piss you off in a heart beat,  that's what happened that night.  I
need you to tell me what happened.
Questioning continued in this vein:
Benton:  We can let the State's Attorneys Office know that you need help.
We’re not stupid people, your not a stupid person, that's why we're trying to talk
to you this way.  We just want to know why.  I want to give everybody a chance
to tell me why things happen and the reason for that is if it does get to trial later
down the road which is something we're all going to have to look at.  I'm not
going to lie to you there.  At least then people they understand why.  We're
asking . . . if nothings is ever said, no one ever knows because no one else was
there.  Nobody is going to understand what happened.  It is your chance to tell
us.  Eugene, you want to talk to us.  I see it all over your face.  Why don't you tell
us what happened? 
Winder: I don’t know. 
At this point, approximately 11:30 p.m., the officers took a break of mere seconds to change
the tape.  When the questioning resumed, the officers inquired as to what Appellant believed
should happen to the person who committed the crimes and what he thought motivated the
 Appellant is an African American who was born on 24 March 1974.  
8
 It is unclear from the transcript of the interrogation whether Appellant’s break lasted
9
until 1:27 a.m. or whether the tape recorder was not turned on until 1:27 a.m. 
8
person to kill the victims.  As Appellant responded, Sergeant Benton commented that he saw
Appellant’s heart beating through his shirt and that it was a sign he was lying. 
Detective Sergeant Frank Ford of the Maryland State Police entered the conference
room shortly after the 11:30 p.m. break.  He apologized for his late arrival and told Appellant
that they would have to start from the beginning and review all the questions asked and
answered up to this point in the interrogation.  As Sergeant Ford began the review, he told
Appellant:
I know the police in Fruitland talked to you last week and they didn't treat you
very well.  I'm sorry, because right now son, you're a victim.  When I call you
son, I don't mean it degrading, but you kind of remind me of my son.  I'm forty,
you're younger than me . . . I'm hurting man, and I chose to do this, to get
involved in this because of me knowing the family like that and talking to them
because they're hurting too.  I'm sorry about what happened with the Fruitland
Police.  I don't work that way.  I've been around . . . I'll give you some background
about myself.  You don't know me from Adam.  I’ve been doing this for almost
twenty years.  I've worked all over the state.  I’ve worked in Baltimore.  I have
been involved with a lot of young black men,  pro and con and you know what.
[8]
I can go to my  grave man saying that I’ve saved  a lot of brothers.  I worked in
Baltimore City Homicide for almost a year and I saved some brothers man.  I’ve
saved a lot of them.  To me there ain’t nobody bad.  It ain’t nobody good.
Everybody’s human you see what I’m saying and we all do make mistakes man.
If you make a little mistake, in your life, no body gives a shit. The big mistake
in your life, they think oh my god.  Now wait a minute, what's the difference
between a big mistake and a little mistake? . . . 
Sergeant Ford later took a break at 12:06 a.m. and gave Appellant a soda.  
The questioning apparently resumed at 1:27 a.m.   Sergeant Fisher talked to Appellant
9
 The statement “help me bring them home” may have been part of the officers’
10
evocative efforts to get Appellant to agree to identify the bodies of the victims so that they
could be moved from Baltimore City to Fruitland for burial.  
 Apparently, Sergeant Benton was promoted from the rank of corporal to sergeant
11
after the interrogation and before the proceedings in the Circuit Court. 
9
more about his relationship with Christine and the future they planned together.  Sergeant
Fisher then stated:
Eugene, help me bring them home.  I can make you a promise, okay?  I can help
you.  I could help you, I could try to protect you.  I can be your friend.  I'm not
the enemy.[10]
She later added:
Close your eyes again.  Think about it, Eugene.  Think about everything that's
happened.  Think about every little thing that's happened lately.  It hurts, Eugene.
It really hurts.  And you're hurting just like that family was hurting today when
they were sobbing and they were all holding on to each other.  You know, I never
saw Frank Ford cry before today.  I thought it was just Corporal Benton,
 my
[11]
partner, and me.  We cry all the time with families, Eugene.  I want to cry with
you now.  But you've got to cry, Eugene.  You've come so close this night in
crying. 
Sergeant Benton repeated numerous questions to Appellant regarding the clothing that
the police had taken from Appellant’s residence and why Appellant was lying to the officers
about his involvement in the murders.  Appellant continued to deny that he was involved or that
he was lying.  Sergeant Benton and Appellant then had the following exchange:
Benton:  When we initially talked about it, you said you didn't want to tell me
because you'd go to jail.  Okay, let's get that out of the way.  We talked about that
and that's why I left, shortly after that.  Okay?  I asked you why you didn't want
to tell me the truth about what happened.  You said because I don't want to go to
jail.  I said, so you don't want to tell me the truth because you don't want to go
to jail.  You said right.  I can mention to the State's Attorney, I can tell him.  I'll
call him right now and tell him, hey, Eugene will tell me everything that's going
10
on but Eugene want some help too.  Could Eugene just went into a rage.  He
don't know what he did.  
Winder: I didn’t do it.
Sergeant Benton and Fisher resumed theorizing with Appellant about the crimes.  They asked
about Mr. Mainor and whether Appellant thought he was the first of the victims to be killed and
other hypothetically framed questions about potential motives for the crime.  Sergeant Fisher
then switched gears and began telling Appellant about Sergeant Ford’s vast experience with the
legal system.  She explained: 
(Inaudible) and you know how Frank is.  Frank told me before how you helped
them.  And, you know, Eugene, we work with Frank.  All right?  But we don't have
the years of experience.  And we also don't have the knowledge that Frank has
about how to work the court system and how to work everything out through
judges.  When Frank Ford goes into a courtroom, the judges listen to him.  The
judge in your case will listen to him.  Your trial that you're doing right now.
They'll listen.  You've got Frank Ford and he's doing all that stuff, and he's sitting
here offering to help you and offering to talk to you.  Frank's been there.  And
I hope that when I have the years on the job like he does - I mean, we're good.
We work and we're good.  But Frank Ford (inaudible).  He's the man.  And he's
talking to the family right now.  Have you ever seen Frank cry?  I saw him cry
today.  I saw him cry today.
A period of approximately two hours then passed during which the officers implored
Appellant to stop lying to them and questioned him on matters not relevant to this appeal.  At
2:41 a.m. the tape was changed.  In one of the many long monologues by Sergeant Ford that
followed during the renewed interrogation, he stated:
Goddarn you got to love this girl.  I'm telling you, you got to love this girl.
People are thinking now that you don't love her and the war just goes on like this.
Their going to just bolster her up.  He didn't love her.  You do the right thing.
You say you love her and then we'll help you.  We will help you inside and we
will help you if you would like us too.  You got a better chance in life.  You got
 At a hearing before the Circuit Court, Officer Ford stated:
12
the Mainors were teachers in the Salisbury area for years.
Everybody in the community, whether in jail or out of jail, they
loved the Mainors.  Everybody knew that.  And we received
information, the word on the street was some people might want
(continued...)
11
a better chance at freedom.  That's why they call it an accident.  She ain't never
going to leave, you know what I mean? . . .
Sergeant Ford further begged Appellant to identify the bodies, asserting:
Look, listen, listen, and listen to me, okay.  I can't bring Christy back for a
viewing under this man made law until I can positively absolutely say that it's
Christy.  The only way I can do that is to prove this by dental records.  She has
no dental records.  The only other way I can do this by having the person who last
saw her in that house say that was Christy.  Do you follow me?  Right now, don't
have to deal with the rest of this stuff.  You got to tell me man, okay, yes, I was
there that's Christy.  I can bring her back.  I can bring her back then, do you
follow me?  I can get her back.  The rest of this stuff, whatever else happens, we
don't even have to go into.  I'm talking about Christy, alright, but late that night,
I got to know that she was there.  Do you follow me?  I know she was there.
Everybody knows she was there, but these legal papers, you've been through the
legal system with filing bankruptcy you've got to have amount of proof and this
and that and all this kind of stuff.  Why do you think she ain't back man?  You
know what I mean.  I can't get her back.  I just want to put her to rest.  Her soul
will not be at rest.  Her heart is divided, she's up there and she's thinking . . . she's
on hand there’s you and one hand there's the family and nobody isn't at peace.
You walking on the wrong device being threatened, you don't know what your
doing, what your saying, your confused.  Your holding everything inside.  We've
got to put her to rest.  You have to.  If you don't this is no good, this don't mean
nothing.  You can't say to your partner, who's that, that's my girlfriend Christy,
we were very much in love.  If he asks what happened, you can't say where she
died and where she's buried, but she's always in my heart.  You can't say that,
cause she ain't going to be.  I can't get her back, I can't even get her buried for.
They going to end up burying a memory, a nothing.  
Sergeant Ford then changed his tack.  He informed Appellant about alleged rumors of revenge
that had been “heard” in the victims’ neighborhood in Fruitland, Maryland.   Sergeant Ford
12
(...continued)
12
to get Eugene. . .
12
explained:
A rumor was also spread that we can't rest her.  They can't even identify her.
They already know who she is but they won't really release her until they got
positive . . . 
Sergeant Ford later continued:
That don't mean nothing.  Hell, even bad ones don't mean anything.  You know,
she's lost.  But, we can't even get her body.  People, believe it or not, are
understandable.  People have a soft spot in their heart.  We are the image of our
maker.  It's like you go to a store.  You're a kid and you steal a piece of candy.
And the guy catches you.  You say, I didn't take that candy.  Okay, no problem.
I deal with you.  Or you get the piece of candy, the guy catches you and you say,
sorry mister, I was hungry.  Can I just pay you back?  And (inaudible) and he says,
man, don't do it again.  Get out of here.  He turns his back and he goes to his wife
or whoever and he says, you know what, at least the kid admitted to it and said
he was sorry.  I've got respect for him.  He made a mistake but he admitted to it.
I'll give him respect for that.  But when you lie, cheat, deny, debate, hey, that's
okay.  That's when things go the hard way. . .  
Throughout this part of the interrogation, the officers abandoned all pretense of questioning.
Instead, Sergeant Ford made long pleas about the need to return Christine to her home and told
Appellant that he will feel better and be safer once he confesses to the crimes.  He explained:
In this situation, that's your only way of help.  You've got no more help.  That's
it.  This is your only way of help.  This coming clean and getting this child back
here.  I call all young ladies child.  You know how girls call girls child.  I don't
mean anything by it.  That's her. You know, the people that you know, that you
guys knew together, all the people at school.  All of that's changed.  All of that's
changed.  You can leave Salisbury after all of this.  Start your life someplace
else.  Which you might have to.  I'm not going to lie to you about that.  But you
ain't going to never have that until you let her rest . . . 
 
Sergeant Ford also purported to clarify his role in the investigation of the murders.  
13
Because when you get closure, you can sit back and says it's over.  It's kind of
like, you know, something's on your mind from long ago and it finally gets out
and the problem just (inaudible) and you feel a whole hell of a lot better.  And
most of the time, things work out.  Ain't no different.  Ain't no different.  This
is my job.  This is what I do.  This is what I'm supposed to do.  I am not supposed
to put people in jail.  I'm supposed to prevent things from happening.  I'm
supposed to help people.  That is my function.  You follow me?  That's my
function, Eugene . . . 
*                      *                      *                      *                         *
That's right.  Man, we've got to get her peace.  I've got to save you, mentally, and
I've got to save you physically.  And this family can help you physically.  You see
what I'm saying?  You follow what I'm saying to you?  Because I know that there
are people in that family and not the immediate family who are ready to
come out here and do some bad things to you.  You follow me?  And I can't be
there all the time.  I know, but this closure, oh, yes, this closure is going to help
you.  Eugene, they knew all the time.  But they were like you.  They didn't want
to face it.  They knew.  It didn't take a brain surgeon to figure it out.  Ain't that
hard to do.  This shit happens all the time  . . . .
(Emphasis supplied).
At this point there is a gap in the transcript of the interrogation.  It is unclear what time
the tape was shut off.  In testimony given at one of the suppression hearings before the Circuit
Court, Sergeant Ford filled in the relevant occurrences during this gap in taping.  At
approximately 6:00 a.m., Sergeant Ford told Appellant “you might as well go ahead and leave,
Eugene, if you are not telling the truth.”  Appellant began to leave and Sergeant Ford stated
“well, you can’t go; we have a search warrant for you.”  Appellant answered “either way I’m
dead” and “if I told you, I will go to jail and I’m dead.  If I don’t tell you, I’m dead.”  Sergeant
Fisher, in her testimony at the court hearing, stated that, at 6:00 a.m., she informed Appellant
that they had a search warrant for Appellant’s body and that she asked him “what was it going
 Apparently, due to a gap in the tape, a large portion of Appellant’s confession was not
13
recorded.  The agreed statement of facts recited at the bench trial supplied those details.      
 Unless otherwise noted, any future reference to Appellant’s confession, includes the
14
(continued...)
14
to show?”  Fisher explained that Appellant answered, “it is me.”  Following this exchange,
Sergeant Ford testified that, at 6:20 a.m., Appellant told Sergeant Fisher that he wanted to
identify the victims.  
After the officers again advised Appellant of his Miranda rights, he identified the
victims from autopsy photographs, and then confessed to Sergeant Fisher that he murdered the
victims.   The confession lasted until approximately 8:00 a.m. when Appellant was given time
13
to take a nap.  He slept from 8:20 a.m. until 9:30 a.m.  When Appellant awoke, he was given
a soda and a “tasty cake.”  The interrogation resumed and Appellant gave more details about the
murders.  At 10:27 a.m., the officers informed Appellant that he was under arrest and told him
that he probably would be charged with murder, arson, and assault.  At 10:30 a.m., Appellant
wrote a letter of apology to the family of the victims.
Charges of murder, arson, and burglary were filed in the Circuit Court for Wicomico
County.  On 9 October 1998, the case was transferred, on Appellant’s removal suggestion, to
the Circuit Court for Baltimore County.  Pretrial motions hearings were held in the Circuit
Court on February 11, 12, 16, and 17, March 24, and April 6, 21, and 22, 1999.  Of relevance
to this appeal, many of the pretrial hearings focused on Appellant’s motion to suppress the
statements made during his interrogation by the Maryland State Police and the letter of
apology he wrote to the victims’ family.   At these hearings, the police officers that were
14
(...continued)
14
letter of apology.    
15
present during Appellant’s interrogation and ultimate confession, including Sergeants Benton,
Fisher, and Ford, testified on behalf of the State.  Appellant did not testify.  A large portion of
the officers’ testimony, particularly on cross-examination, consisted of the officers reading
from the interrogation transcript.  They also testified that at many points during the
interrogation, Appellant was shaking, crying, and his heart was observed beating through his
shirt. 
After the suppression hearing on 17 February 1999, the trial judge explained “there is
no violation of Miranda rights there at all.  That is very easy for me to decide.  They said, time
and time and time again, ad nauseam, right out of the play book, these are the Miranda rights.
The question is threatening protection and intimidation.”  The trial judge continued, however:
But here is what bothers me. . . . ‘We need to protect you.  I promise. We are not
interested in sending you to jail for the rest of you life.  Promise.  People ready
to come out here to do bad to you.  Threat?  I will not be able to help you.
Intimidate.  We can let the State’s Attorney’s know that Eugene needs help.  The
only way is to explain why.’ Promise. . . . You walk.  You can leave Salisbury
after all of this and start over somewhere else.  Now these things worry me.   
 
Obviously troubled by the promissory and threatening aspects of the police statements during
the interrogation, the trial judge stated that he was not prepared to rule further on the
suppression motion and asked the parties to prepare memoranda addressing his concerns.  On
22 April 1999, after considering further arguments from the parties, the trial judge denied the
suppression motion and ruled that Appellant’s confession would be admissible at his trial.  He
 At the start of trial, counsel for Appellant informed the Court that Appellant’s choice
15
to proceed on a agreed statement of facts was “[a]gainst the advice of counsel.”  Shortly before
the statement of facts was read into the record, counsel for Appellant made a continuing
objection based on the arguments raised in the suppression motions and hearings.  The Court
granted the requested continuing objection.      
16
explained:  
In this case, considering all of the pluses and all of the minuses, I am going to
deny the motion to suppress because I find the State has sustained its burden, its
burden to convince me by [a] preponderance of the evidence that what has been
produced does not show that nexus or catalyst or thread or causation, . . . running
through.  It is just not there. . . . It does not go over the line.
Appellant’s trial began on 17 May 1999.  The guilt phase proceeded on a not guilty plea
with an agreed statement of facts.   We shall recite only those portions of the agreed
15
statement of facts that may be relevant to the appellate issues we address:  
STATE’S ATTORNEY:  Your Honor, the facts in this case would show that
February 18th of 1998 was the 70th birthday of Mrs. Geraldine Mainor.  The
evidence would further show that during the course of the day and the evening,
that she had received several telephone calls.  The State would produce
testimony that one of those calls was from her daughter, Karen Mainor Harris.
Also on that evening, her son Allan Mainor, his wife Kim and their two
daughters arrived at the Mainor residence approximately 7 o'clock that evening
to celebrate Ms. Mainor's birthday.  Ms. Mainor was presented with a present.
The individuals sat down and had cake and ice cream and reminisced about
earlier times.
Allan and Kim Mainor left at approximately 8:15 to 8:30 on the evening
of February 18th, 1998.  To the best of their knowledge, Mr. and Mrs. Mainor
were the only people who were still inside of the residence.  Christie Mainor
was not present at that time[.] . . . 
*                      *                      *                      *                      *
As Allan Mainor was leaving the residence, Mr. John Mainor did come
17
with him to the door.  Mr. Allan Mainor would testify that his father had always
been a stickler, very  particular about locking the doors, and that on this
particular evening he has a specific recollection that John Mainor in fact locked
the door to the residence of this particular house.
The next contact that anyone other than the murderer had with Mr. or
Mrs. John Mainor was at approximately 9:30 or slightly afterwards when Connie
Martin indicated she called her cousin Geraldine. . . .
*                      *                      *                      *                      *
Dwight Dennis is an individual who is also known by the name of Marlow
who had started a relationship with Christie Lee Mainor.  Mr. Dennis spoke to
Christie Lee Mainor by phone late in the afternoon on February 18th of 1998
when he called Christie Lee Mainor after school.  At a later time Christie then
contacted Dwight Dennis through his pager and they made arrangements to get
together that night.
Christie Lee Mainor drove to a little market or convenience store called
Sandy's One-Stop in Salisbury where she picked up Mr. Dwight Dennis.
Together they went to the Dennis household where they watched a movie
together on tape and conversed and at approximately 10 o'clock in the evening
on the 18th, Christie Lee Mainor took Dwight Dennis to the sister's apartment
in Salisbury, at a location called the Waterside apartments, and Christie dropped
Mr. Dennis off at that location.  Mr. Dennis did make a request that Christie
Mainor page him when she got home, just to let him know that she was okay, but
he never received any page. 
At approximately 4:15 in the morning on Thursday, February 19th of
1998, a couple, Mr. Emery James Revelle and his wife, Sue Revelle, passed the
Mainor house, Mrs. Revelle noticed that there was smoke billowing from
outside the eaves of the house which was located to their left given the direction
of travel.  She told her husband and persuaded him to turn around and go back.
Mr. Revelle, upon his approach, saw that there was smoke emanating
from the household and Mr. Revelle attempted to enter the household through
the front door.  Even though there was fire that was apparent at that time, he tried
to open it.  Unfortunately he found the front door to be locked. . .  
Mr. Revelle realized he could not enter the residence at that location due
to the flames, went off to some of the bedroom windows on the north part of the
18
house.  This house faces South -- North Division Street in Fruitland and he went
to the -- what would be the left to the front of the house, which was the north
part of the house.  He broke out some windows and he was yelling in hopes of
waking somebody because he also noticed and Mrs. Revelle also noticed that
there were cars still located in close proximity to the house. With no success
he then broke in the sliding glass door.  He was met with heavy smoke and was
not able to enter.
It is interesting to note that to this time neither he nor Mrs. Revelle heard
any type of smoke alarm from inside the residence. Mrs. Revelle did call 911,
or emergency communications, which received the call at approximately 4:22
in the morning.  Mrs. Revelle had attempted to locate the side garage door,
which was closed but apparently unlocked at the time, although she could not
gain entry to the main portion of the house also due to fire and smoke.
*                      *                      *                      *                      *
Your Honor, the Defendant, as I indicated, had a relationship with
Christie Lee Mainor prior to February 18th, of 1998.  He was well-known to all
family members, including John and Geraldine Mainor, as well as Allan, Kim
and Karen Mainor.  He had been at this residence at 501 North Division Street
on a number of occasions prior to February 18th.  He was aware that entry is
normally gained to the household by family members and others by a door
leading from the outside into the garage and then from another door leading
from the garage into the house.
*                     *                      *                      *                      *
The Fruitland officers received some initial information from the
Defendant that he last saw Christie at 6:20 when they had spoken in the garage;
that he tried to call her two times after that, speaking once with Mrs. Mainor,
being told that Christie was in the shower.  The second time occurred when Kim
and Allan Mainor were over at the residence for the birthday celebration.  Kim
Mainor spoke to the Defendant at that time and told the Defendant that Christie
was in fact not home.
*                     *                      *                      *                      * 
At that point [in the police interrogation at approximately 6:20 a.m. on
24 February 1998] Sergeant Ford and Sergeant Fisher left the room.  Corporal
Robert McQueeney of the State police entered the room to sit with him and
19
Corporal McQueeney advised the Defendant of his Miranda warnings on that
occasion.
Sergeant Fisher soon returned and asked the Defendant what the evidence
would show, referring to the search warrant and their drawing of his blood.  The
Defendant replied, and I quote, "it is me." 
A comment was made to him about whether it was murder or it was a
crime of passion and that the penalties could be different.  The Defendant said
"one was passion and the other two were murder." 
The Defendant soon began to describe what occurred, although he had
difficulty remembering, according to a statement to the police, his specific acts
on that evening.  He acknowledged to the Maryland State troopers that he parked
his Jeep at the parking lot of an apartment complex over one thousand feet away
from the Mainor residence of 501 North Division Street in Fruitland, that he
walked to the Mainor residence.
At that point he observed Christie Lee Mainor walk into the side garage
door. The Defendant admitted that he walked up behind her and she screamed.
The Defendant then  said that he and Christie, Christie Mainor, were in the
garage and that Mr. John Mainor came out of the kitchen with a knife.  The
Defendant said Mr. Mainor told Christie to get inside the residence, that John
Mainor pushed the Defendant and, according to the statement of the Defendant,
a struggle then ensued over the knife at which time the Defendant indicated he
was cut.  The Defendant said that he got the knife away from Mr. Mainor and
then cut Mr. Mainor on the neck.
The Defendant said Mr. Mainor then located a hammer and struck the
Defendant on his leg.  The Defendant said that he got the hammer away from Mr.
Mainor and the Defendant then told the troopers that he told Mr. Mainor to get
into the house.
According to the Defendant's statement, Mr. Mainor went into the house
and began knocking things off of the counter.  I would note that Dr. Locke
indicated that the injury to the skull of Mr. John Mainor would initially cause a
loss of equilibrium and difficulty with balance.
Going on with the Defendant's statement, he indicated that all three
victims were screaming and yelling and that while he was holding the knife he
told them to all sit down and shut up.  The Defendant stated to the troopers that
20
at that point the Mainors were on the couch, meaning John and Geraldine Mainor
were on the couch, but that he did not know where Christie was.
The Defendant stated that he recalls someone running through the house,
struck him with a chair, and that it may have been Christie.  The Defendant
further indicated that at some point he blanked out, that he did not know exactly
what occurred, but that he said after whatever occurred, they were all dead.  He
further indicated that he sat on the floor and that he knew they were dead
because they were not screaming or moving.
He indicated he went to the truck, which was parked approximately a
thousand feet away, that he sat there for a period of time.  Then he went home
and, later on, on the morning of February 19th, that he went to the hospital where
he received stitches for the cutting wound to his hand.
*                      *                      *                      *                         *
The troopers were trying to elicit some more details from the Defendant
about what had occurred.  During this period of the interview the Defendant
acknowledged that he was angry at Christie Lee Mainor and also at Geraldine
Mainor.  He indicated that he may have cut Geraldine Mainor with a knife.  That
he may have used the hammer to strike one of the victims.
*                      *                      *                      *                        *
If I can have one moment, Your Honor.  Your Honor, on the 25th of
February of 1998, during an extended search of the area, including the field, a
field which is located across  from the Mainor residence at 501 North Division
Street in Fruitland, an ax was located by a Deputy State Fire Marshall and was
seized by Corporal Bruce Danna of the Maryland State Police.  This ax was
found in a field across from the Mainors' in a ditch, in fact.
Also during a search of the area, car keys are found across the street
from the Mainor residence as well in a storm drain.  I would indicate that the key
fob or key ring is unusual and Karen Mainor would identify that as in fact being
the car keys belonging to Christie Lee Mainor.  Also, the keys, the key ring also
contained a key which fit the Mainor residence as well, to be used to gain entry
to the residence. 
Batteries were also found in front of the house by firemen and also by
fire marshals.  These batteries were of a similar type which would have fit or
21
could have fit into the smoke detectors which were located in the Mainor
residence.  
I would note that there were three detectors located inside of the Mainor
residence.  After a search was done after the fire, none of those smoke detectors
contained batteries whatsoever.
Your Honor, the ax that I have described that was -- there was a
full-blown search done of the residence as well as the garage.  There was no ax
that was located in the garage area.  Allan Mainor would have testified that his
father in fact had an ax that had been handed down from his grandfather and that,
based on his experience, it had in fact been kept in the garage area.
Furthermore, I would note that during the search Christie Lee Mainor's
pocketbook and wallet were in fact found on the floor of the garage of the
Mainor residence.
*                      *                     *                      *                      *
The judge found the defendant guilty of three counts of first-degree murder and one
count of arson, but reserved ruling on the burglary count.  On 24 May 1999, the trial court
found Appellant guilty of one count of first-degree burglary.  The trial judge ultimately
imposed a thirty year sentence for the arson count and a twenty year sentence for the burglary
count.
Appellant elected to be sentenced by a jury on the murder convictions.  The jury heard
evidence for five days between 19 May 1999 and 26 May 1999.  On 26 May 1996, following
the conclusion of evidence, a discussion with counsel regarding possible jury instructions, and
a short recess, the trial judge informed the parties that he had had a discussion with the jury out
of the presence of the parties and counsel during the recess.  He advised:
THE COURT:  I went back and talked to the jury.  Here is what I told them.  I
told them we were going to give instructions and let the State make its opening
22
and then we are going to go to lunch.  Then we will come back and do the
Defendant's argument and then any rebuttal.
I told them also at that particular point I was going to give them the right
to make the decision as to whether or not they want to deliberate tonight or
whether they want to go home and come back tomorrow, but that would be their
decision.
They then asked me some questions.  Here are the total questions they
asked.  First of all, when are the alternates going to be released?  I said,  if the
jury — as soon as the jury starts deliberating.  The next question that they asked
was about food and things and I told them that I can buy them dinner and sodas,
things like that.  Someone then asked me what we prefer?  I said, well, if you are
not too tired, I  would like to see you deliberate a little tonight, but this is a
decision that you can't make until 3:30 or 4 when we finish and you see how you
feel about it.  Once I tell you to make the decision, you may talk about the facts
of the case to determine whether you will make that decision.
The next question somebody asked is can the alternates stay in the
courtroom afterwards?  I said, yes.  Somebody asked, can we talk to the
attorneys?  I said, yes, if you feel that you want to, you can.  If you feel
uncomfortable, then say no.  Somebody said, well, what about if the press comes
after us, wants us to talk?  I said if you want to talk to them, fine.  If you don't,
it is whatever you feel.
And that is the long and the short of my conversation with the jury.
Counsel for Appellant requested that any future discussions with the jury be done on
the record and while all the parties were present in the court room.  A few moments later
counsel made a motion for a mistrial based on the trial court’s off-the-record discussion with
the jury.  The judge denied the motion, stating:
I’m certainly not going to grant a mistrial.  The rule is that I not talk to the jury
about things pertaining to the facts of the case and I didn't.  You certainly can
feel free to ask them any questions that you want.  I most respectfully don't feel
the Court of Appeals is that foolish.  Motion denied.
23
The jury deliberated for approximately seven hours on 27 May 1999 and returned
sentences of death for each count of first-degree murder.  Meriting the sentence of death, the
jury found that Appellant committed more than one offense of murder arising out of the same
incident.  See Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 1999 Cum. Supp.), Article 27, § 413
(d)(9).     
ANALYSIS
I.
Appellant’s Interrogation Statements
Custodial interrogations of suspected defendants have long been a traditional
component of police law enforcement efforts.  The United States Supreme Court has
recognized:
the need for police questioning as a tool for effective enforcement of criminal
laws cannot be doubted.  Admissions of guilt are more than merely desirable,
they are essential to society's compelling interest in finding, convicting, and
punishing those who violate the law.
Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 426, 106 S.Ct. 1135, 1143, 89 L.Ed.2d 410, 424
(1986)(citations and internal quotations omitted).  We also have acknowledged the important
role police interrogations serve. 
A person who has committed an illegal act, however, is not always eager to
admit his or her wrongdoing.  Police officers, charged with investigating crimes
and bringing perpetrators to justice, are permitted to use a certain amount of
subterfuge, when questioning an individual about his or her suspected
involvement in a crime. 
Ball v. State, 347 Md. 156, 178, 699 A.2d 1170, 1180 (1997).  
 Article 22 of the Declaration of Rights states:
16
That no man ought to be compelled to give evidence against himself in
a criminal case.  
24
The conduct of an interview or interrogation of a suspect, however, has boundaries.
While we permit the police to make appeals to the inner conscience of a suspect and use some
amount of deception in an effort to obtain a suspect’s confession, see id; Kier v. State, 213
Md. 556, 562, 132 A.2d 494, 498 (1957), when the police cross over the line and coerce
confessions by using improper threats, promises, inducements, or psychological pressures,
they risk loss of the fruits of their efforts.  Confessions produced through such measures will
be suppressed.  See Reynolds v. State, 327 Md. 494, 505, 610 A.2d 782, 787 (1992); Hoey
v. State, 311 Md. 473, 483, 536 A.2d 622, 627 (1988); Hillard v. State, 286 Md. 145, 151,
406 A.2d 415, 418-19 (1979).  
We permit a criminal defendant’s extrajudicial confession or inculpatory statement to
be admitted at trial against him or her only if it is:
(1) voluntary under Maryland nonconstitutional law, (2) voluntary under the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution
and Article 22 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights,
 and (3) elicited in
[16]
conformance with the mandates of  Miranda [v. Arizona,  384 U.S. 436, 86
S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966)]. 
Hoey, 311 Md. at 480, 536 A.2d at 625; Ball, 347 Md. at 173-74, 699 A.2d at 1178; Burch
v. State, 346 Md. 253, 265, 696 A.2d 443, 449 (1997); Hof v. State, 337 Md. 581, 598, 655
A.2d 370, 378 (1995).  When the voluntariness of a confession is challenged properly, the
State carries the burden of “showing affirmatively that the inculpatory statement was freely and
 Appellant does not challenge, and therefore we shall not address, whether the police
17
acted in conformity with the requirements of Miranda v. Arizona,  384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct.
1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).  
 As a consequence of our holding, we need not consider Appellant’s arguments made
18
under our State and Federal constitutions.  This Court has directed in the past that when a
challenge is made to the voluntariness of a custodial confession,
it is usually preferable to determine initially whether the activity complained of
comports with the requirements of this State's nonconstitutional law, and then,
only if the court finds that it so complies, does it become necessary to reach the
issue of whether any constitutional stricture prohibits the conduct in question
. . . because of the well-settled principle ‘that courts should not decide
constitutional issues unnecessarily.’
Hillard, 286 Md. at 150, n.1, 406 A.2d at 418, n.1 (citing State v. Raithal, 285 Md. 478, 484,
404 A.2d 264, 267 (1979)).        
25
voluntarily made and thus was the product of neither a promise nor a threat.”  Hillard, 286 Md.
at 151, 406 A.2d at 418-19; Hof, 337 Md. at 605, 655 A.2d at 382.  When a proper
pretrial suppression motion is filed, the State must establish the voluntariness of the statement
by a preponderance of the evidence.  See id. At trial, if the issue of voluntariness is generated,
the State's burden is to prove voluntariness beyond a reasonable doubt.  Id. 
Appellant argues that his confession was the product of improper threats and promises
made by the police and therefore involuntary under the due process clause of the U.S.
Constitution, Article 22 of Maryland’s Declaration of Rights, and Maryland non-constitutional
law.   As we shall explain, we agree with Appellant’s assessment under Maryland non-
17
constitutional law and hold that the trial judge erred in denying Appellant’s suppression
motion.18
In cases where we are called upon to determine whether a confession has been made
Special considerations attend analysis of the admissibility of inculpatory statements
19
made in the course of repudiated, rescinded, or breached plea bargain agreements.  See, e.g.,
Allgood v. State, 309 Md. 58, 522 A.2d 917 (1987); Wright v. State, 307 Md. 552, 515 A.2d
1157 (1986).  As general principles, the Court in Allgood, summarizing the teachings of
Wright, stated:
1) When statements are obtained from a defendant upon promises
made him by the State by way of a plea bargain agreement, the
statements, in the light of Rule 4-243, are not inadmissible per
se, under the inducement doctrine, in the State's case in chief at
trial on the merits.
2) When the State rescinds, repudiates, or breaches the plea
bargain agreement, for whatever reason, after the statements are
so obtained, the statements, as a matter of law, are inadmissible
per se in the State's case in chief at trial on the merits.
Allgood, 309 Md. at 78, 522 A.2d at 926-27.
26
voluntarily, we generally look at the totality of the circumstances affecting the interrogation
and confession.  See Hof, 337 Md. at 595, 655 A.2d at 377; Gilliam v. State, 320 Md. 637,
650, 579 A.2d 744, 750 (1990); Reynolds, 327 Md. at 504, 610 A.2d at 787; Hoey, 311 Md.
at 483, 536 A.2d at 627.   We look to all of the elements of the interrogation to determine
19
whether a suspect’s confession was given to the police through the exercise of free will or was
coerced through the use of improper means.  On the non-exhaustive list of factors we consider
are the length of the interrogation, the manner in which it was conducted, the number of police
officers present throughout the interrogation, and the age, education and experience of the
suspect.  See Hoey, 311 Md. at 483, 536 A.2d at 627.  Maryland law requires that “no
confession or other significantly incriminating remark allegedly made by an accused be used
as evidence against him, unless it first be shown to be free of any coercive barnacles that may
have attached by improper means to prevent the expression from being voluntary.”  Hillard,
27
286 Md. at 150, 406 A.2d at 418.  Hillard articulates the proper analysis where an accused
alleges he was told that confessing would be to his advantage.  
Hillard involved a defendant’s challenge to convictions arising from the armed robbery
of the residents of a home in Oxon Hill in Prince George’s County.  A week after the incident,
the defendant was arrested and questioned for several hours in a Prince George’s County police
station.  Following the interrogation, the defendant made a written confession.  At a pretrial
hearing, the defendant argued that the confession should be suppressed because it was induced
by promises made by the police during the interrogation.  The substance of the police officer’s
remarks to the defendant was:
that if you are telling me the truth about your involvement in the occurrence, I
will go to bat for you to the extent that I will tell the State's Attorney's office
and the Court, number one, that you have cooperated, number two, you have told
me the truth, and number three, I believe you were not knowledgeable as far as
the murder was concerned.  
Hillard, 286 Md. at 153, 406 A.2d at 420.  Hillard further testified at the suppression hearing
that the detective induced him into making the inculpatory remarks by promising that he would
be “cut loose” if the statement he made was corroborated by any of the others involved in the
crime.  Id. at 148, 406 A.2d 417.  The trial court denied the motion to suppress the confession
and the defendant was subsequently convicted.  The Court of Special Appeals affirmed.  
We reversed the conviction.  At the onset of our analysis, we acknowledged that the
question of whether a statement has been made voluntarily usually rests on the facts and
circumstances of each particular case.  See Hillard, 286 Md. at 151, 406 A.2d at 419.  After
examining over a century of Maryland precedent, we explained: 
28
if an accused is told, or it is implied, that making an inculpatory statement will
be to his advantage, in that he will be given help or some special consideration,
and he makes remarks in reliance on that inducement, his declaration will be
considered to have been involuntarily made and therefore inadmissible. 
Hillard, 286 Md. at 153, 406 A.2d at 420.  Applying this analysis to the facts in Hillard, it was
clear that the police offered the promise of intercession with the court and prosecutor in
exchange for the defendant’s confession.  Because the State “did not meet or even attempt to
fulfill its burden of demonstrating that the improper promises failed to induce Hillard's
admissions, . . . the statement in question here was involuntarily obtained, and therefore
inadmissible at petitioner's trial.”  Id. at 153, 406 A.2d at 420;  see also Ball, 347 Md. at 174-
75, 699 A.2d at 1178; Reynolds, 327 Md. at 508, 610 A.2d at 789; Kidd v. State, 281 Md. 32,
35-36, 375 Md. 1105, 1108 (1977)(“[f]or a statement to be the free and voluntary act of an
accused, it must be obtained without force applied, coercion used, hope held out or promise
made on the part of the authorities”); Nicholson v. State, 38 Md. 140, 153 (1873)(“if the
confession of the appellant had been induced by any threat of harm, or promise of worldly
advantage held out to him by [the police], or by his authority, or in his presence and with his
sanction, it ought to be excluded”).  
Based on Hillard, we glean a two-part test to determine the voluntariness of a custodial
confession in circumstances where a defendant alleges that the police induced his or her
confession by making improper promises.  We will deem a confession to be involuntary, and
therefore inadmissible, if 1) a police officer or an agent of the police force promises or
implies to a suspect that he or she will be given special consideration from a prosecuting
As alluded to supra, the State's burden of proof, in the context of a pretrial
20
suppression proceeding, is triggered by a defendant making a “proper objection,” accomplished
by filing a motion under Md. Rule 4-252 (a)(4).  Hof, 337 Md. at 606-07, 655 A.2d at 382.
Winder filed a written motion in the present case.  The State makes no argument that Winder's
motion was not compliant with Md. Rule 4-252.  Accordingly, although Winder did not testify
at the suppression hearing, the filing of his proper motion to suppress triggered the State's
burden of proof as to the components of the voluntariness analysis, and preserved for appellate
(continued...)
29
authority or some other form of assistance in exchange for the suspect’s confession, and 2)
the suspect makes a confession in apparent reliance on the police officer’s statement.  As to
the second prong, apparent reliance, we pointed out in Reynolds v. State, 327 Md. 494, 509,
610 A.2d 782, 789 (1992), citing Ralph v. State, 226 Md. 480, 174 A.2d 163 (1961), that
One common thread that runs through our cases is that the
promise must have caused the suspect to confess.  If a suspect did
not rely on an interrogator's comments, obviously, the statement
is admissible regardless of whether the interrogator had
articulated an improper inducement.  By definition, there would
have been no “inducement” at all, because the interrogator
“induced” nothing.
Both prongs must be satisfied before a confession is deemed to be involuntary.
The State shoulders the burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
the suspect’s confession or inculpatory statement was not made in reliance on a promise or
inducement made by a police officer or agent of the police.   See Hof, 337 Md. at 605, 655
A.2d at 382; Hillard, 286 Md. at 151, 406 A.2d at 418-19; Kidd, 281 Md. at 37, 375 A.2d at
1109; Nicholson, 38 Md. at 153 (“[t]he law is also well settled that the onus is upon the
prosecutor, to show affirmatively, that the confession proposed to be offered was not made
in consequence of an improper inducement”).   
20
(...continued)
20
review the trial court's pretrial ruling on the motion.  See Hof, 337 Md. at 608-09, 655 A.2d
at 382-83.
At the guilt  phase of Winder's trial (a bench trial based on an agreed statement of facts
and a not guilty plea), Winder's counsel asked for and received a continuing objection to the
use of the confession based on the arguments made at the pretrial suppression hearing.  We
deem that to have preserved for appellate review the trial court's consideration of the agreed
statement of facts, to the extent it included facts attributable to the confession alone. 
30
The trial court’s determination regarding whether a confession was made voluntarily is
a mixed question of law and fact.  See Baynor v. State, 355 Md. 726, 729 n.1, 736 A.2d 325,
326 n.1 (1999); Hof, 337 Md. at 605, 655 A.2d at 382; Hillard, 286 Md. at 151, 406 A.2d at
419. As such, we undertake a de novo review of the trial judge’s ultimate determination on the
issue of voluntariness.  Our review of the Circuit Court’s denial of Appellant’s motion to
suppress is limited to the record of the suppression hearing.  See Cartnail v. State, 359 Md.
272, 282, 753 A.2d 519, 524 (2000).      
In the first part of the Hillard test, the test is an objective one.  We determine whether
the police or a State agent made a threat, promise, or inducement.  Stokes v. State, 289 Md.
155, 161, 423 A.2d 552, 555 (1980).  In other words, a suspect’s subjective belief that he or
she will be advantaged in some way by confessing will not render the confession involuntary
unless the belief was premised upon a statement or action made by an interrogating officer.
See id. at 161-62, 423 A.2d at 555 (citing Jones v. State, 229 Md. 165, 172, 182 A.2d 784,
788 (1962)).  See also Fuget v. State, 70 Md. App. 643, 652, 522 A.2d 1371, 1375
(1987)(“we are unwilling to conclude that [the interrogating officer’s] smile, coddling words,
or sympathetic sounds coerced the appellant into making an incriminatory statement”).
31
We also require a promise or offer within the substance of the officer’s eliciting
statement.  Although a defendant need not point to an express quid pro quo, “[a] mere
exhortation to tell the truth is not enough to make a statement involuntary.”  Reynolds, 327
Md. at 507, 610 A.2d at 788.   For example, in Ball, we held that an interrogating officer’s
statement that the suspect would be “much better if [he] told the story” was not sufficient to
render a suspect’s inculpatory statement involuntary.  See Ball, 347 Md. at 174, 176, 699 A.2d
at 1178-79.  To similar effect, in Ralph v. State, we concluded that an interrogating officer’s
statement that “it would be better if he told the truth” did not render a custodial confession
involuntary.  See Ralph, 226 Md. 480, 486-87, 174 A.2d 163, 166-67 (1961).        
T h e
second prong of the Hillard test triggers a causation analysis to determine whether there was
a nexus between the promise or inducement and the accused's confession.  In Reynolds, we
made clear that “[i]f a suspect did not rely on an interrogator’s comments, obviously, the
statement is admissible regardless of whether the interrogator had articulated an improper
inducement.  By definition, there would have been no ‘inducement’ at all, because the
interrogator ‘induced’ nothing.”  Reynolds, 327 Md. at 509, 610 A.2d at 789.  See also
Johnson v. State, 348 Md. 337, 350, 703 A.2d 1267, 1274 (1998).
As to the second factor, the reliance, or nexus, between the inducement and the
statement, to determine whether a suspect relied upon an offer of help from an interrogating
authority in making a confession we examine the particular facts and circumstances
surrounding the confession.  One factor we consider is the amount of time elapsed between
the inducement and confession.  In Ralph, we held that a single, non-repeated statement, made
32
eight hours before a suspect agreed to make a confession was too attenuated for us to conclude
that the suspect had relied upon the statement in making his confession.  See Ralph, 226 Md.
at 486, 174 A.2d at 166.  See also Reynolds, 327 Md. at 510, 610 A.2d at 789-90
(prosecutor’s suggestion to seek counseling, occurring many days before the confession to
a police officer, was not an inducement relied upon by the defendant).  At the opposite end of
the spectrum, in Stokes, we held that a defendant relied on a suggestion made by the police
“that if he would produce the narcotics, his wife would not be arrested,” because the defendant
immediately thereafter revealed the location of the narcotics.  See Stokes, 289 Md. at 157,
159-60, 423 A.2d at 553-55.  
In addition to the temporal relation between the improper promises and a confession,
we also have taken into account whether any factors, other than the interrogating officer’s
statements, may have caused the confession.  In Johnson v. State, we held that sufficient
attenuation circumstances existed between a police officer’s improper inducing statements and
a defendant’s confession to render the confession voluntary.  See Johnson, 348 Md. at 349,
703 A.2d at 1274.  After the defendant in Johnson was taken into custody, his interrogators
indicated that if he confessed to the crimes at issue, he may get medical treatment instead of
getting “locked up for the rest of [his] life and the key thrown down the sewer.”  Johnson, 348
Md. at 348, 703 A.2d at 1273.  Three days later, the defendant requested to speak with a
specific police officer who was not present when the inducements were offered to the
defendant, and advised that officer that he wanted to make a confession.  Shortly thereafter, the
defendant made incriminating statements and wrote a partial confession.   
33
On appeal, the defendant contended that his incriminating statements should have been
suppressed because his statements were made in reliance on the improper inducements.  We
rejected that argument, holding that the confession was properly admitted at the defendant’s
trial.  In reaching our conclusion, we took into account that the defendant initiated the meeting
that led to his confession, made the confession three days after the inducements were offered
to him, confessed to an officer who was not present when the improper inducements were
offered, and confessed in a different building from where the inducements were made.  Based
on these intervening factors, we concluded that the defendant voluntarily confessed to his
crimes.  See Johnson, 348 Md. at 352, 703 A.2d at 1275.  See also Burch, 346 Md. at 268,
696 A.2d at 450-51 (alleged prior beating by police officers occurring before the
interrogation deemed not to have induced a later confession to a different police detective).
          
With this analytical framework in mind, we turn to the facts before us to analyze
whether Appellant’s confession was voluntary under Hillard.  Beginning with the first prong
of the test, we hold, without question, the police officers involved in the interrogation of
Appellant made several promises and offers of help to Appellant attempting to elicit his
confession.  For purposes of presentation here and because the numerous inducing statements
made during the interrogation fell into two distinct categories of promises to Appellant, we
shall review the statements grouped according to the inducement extended.   
The first group of promises offered to Appellant focused on providing him special
consideration in the prosecution of his case.  Apparently the officers sought to convince
34
Appellant that they were motivated, not by a desire to make him confess so he could be
convicted, but rather with the benevolent purpose to find out information about how and why
he murdered the victims so they could assist him with obtaining psychological assistance and
leniency from the prosecuting authorities.  At the initial stage of the interrogation, Sergeant
Benton laid the foundation for this category by informing Appellant that the officers were: 
not interested in sending you to jail for the rest of your life, . . . We think the
person who committed these needs help.  I think you need help.  The only way
we can get you that help is for you to let us know what happened.  We can let the
State's Attorney's Office know hey, Eugene's told us what happened, but I think
Eugene needs some help.  The only way we can do that is for you to explain to
us why.
Shortly after this statement, Officer Benton reiterated, “[w]e can let the State’s Attorney’s
Office know that you need help.”  Officer Benton then followed with a clear quid pro quo as
he attempted to garner information about the crime.  The officer stated, “I can mention to the
State’s Attorney, I can tell him.  I’ll call him right now and tell him, hey Eugene will tell me
everything that’s going on but Eugene wants some help too.”  Sergeant Fisher followed, shortly
thereafter, with “I can make you a promise, okay?  I can help you.  I could help you, I could try
to protect you.  I can be your friend.  I’m not the enemy.”
    
The officers boasted that they had experience in helping people in Appellant’s situation
and that they had done so successfully in the past.  Driving this point home, Sergeant Ford was
introduced into the interrogation as a savior of young African-American men involved with law
enforcement authorities.  When Sergeant Ford first met Appellant, he stated:
I’ve been doing this for almost twenty years.  I've worked all over the state.  I’ve
worked in Baltimore.  I have been involved with a lot of young black men, pro
35
and con and you know what.  I can go to my  grave man saying that I’ve saved  a
lot of brothers.  I worked in Baltimore City Homicide for almost a year and I
saved some brothers man.  I’ve saved a lot of them.
If any doubt existed regarding how or in what arena Sergeant Ford was going to assist
Appellant, Sergeant Fisher cleared it up by stating:
you know how Frank is. . . . we don't have the years of experience.  And we also
don't have the knowledge that Frank has about how to work the court system and
how to work everything out through the judges.  When Frank Ford goes into a
courtroom, the judges listen to him.  The judge in your case will listen to him.
Your trial that you're doing right now.  They'll listen.  You've got Frank Ford and
he's doing all that stuff, and he's sitting here offering to help you and offering
to talk to you.  Frank's been there.  And I hope that when I have the years on the
job like he does - I mean, we're good.  We work and we're good.  But Frank Ford.
He's the man.
Following this bold introduction, Sergeant Ford explained to Appellant how he was going to
assist Appellant with his current problems.  He closed with, “[t]his is what I’m supposed to do.
I am not supposed to put people in jail.  I’m supposed to prevent things from happening.  I’m
supposed to help people.  This is my function, you follow me?”   
The thrust of the interrogation tactics utilized by Sergeants Benton, Fisher, and Ford
was that if Appellant confessed to the murders, the officers would help him.  Specifically, they
would contact the prosecuting authorities in order to provide him leniency during his
subsequent prosecution.  The officers purportedly would carry out their offers by advocating
on Appellant’s behalf to the state’s attorney and the judge presiding over his anticipated trial.
Intertwined with these conspicuous offers to provide Appellant with assistance in his
predicament was the second category of inducements offered in exchange for a confession.
36
The officers explained to Appellant that the residents of Salisbury (Appellant’s hometown and
the county seat of Wicomico County in which Fruitland - the Mainors’ town - also was located)
were outraged by the murders and wanted to avenge the victims’ deaths.  At the suppression
hearing, Sergeant Ford stated that the people of Salisbury loved John and Geraldine Mainor
because they had been teachers in the area for many years.  Based on this, the officers told
Appellant that the friends of the victims were coming after him for revenge.  The officers
explained to him that if he identified the bodies and showed remorse for murdering the victims,
essentially they could protect him from any vigilantes.  If he continued to deny committing the
murders, however, the officers implied that they could not guarantee Appellant’s safety.      
Sergeant Benton set the early tone for this aspect of the officers’ strategy by stating,
“[t]he community is in an uproar . . . you think we’re the only ones right now that are looking
for you.  Why do you think we wanted so much to look for you tonight?” Then, after Sergeant
Ford was introduced, he began to preach to Appellant,  lacing his sermons with phrases that
could lead Appellant to believe that by confessing and showing remorse he would inspire the
officers to protect him and possibly gain a chance at avoiding prison.  Among his many
inducing remarks, Sergeant Ford made the following declarations toward the end of the
interrogation:
People are thinking now that you don't love her [Christie] and the war just goes
on like this.  Their going to just bolster her up.  He didn't love her.  You do the
right thing.  You say you love her and then we'll help you.  We will help you
inside and we will help you if you would like us too.  You got a better chance in
life.  You got a better chance at freedom.  That's why they call it an accident. 
37
Sergeant Ford later added:
In this situation, that's your only way of help.  You've got no more help.  That's
it.  This is your only way of help.  This coming clean and getting this child back
here. . . . All of that's changed.  You can leave Salisbury after all of this.  Start
your life someplace else.  Which you might have to. I’m not going to lie to you
about that.  
Finally, before the final gap in the tape, he finally cautioned Appellant:
I've got to save you, mentally, and I've got to save you physically.  And this
family can help you physically.  You see what I'm saying?  You follow what I'm
saying to you?  Because I know that there are people in that family and not the
immediate family who are ready to come out here and do some bad things to
you.  You follow me?  And I can't be there all the time.
Unquestionably, the second group of inducing remarks made it clear to Appellant that, in order
to insure the officers’ protection from the alleged angry mob of Salisbury residents, he needed
to confess to murdering the Mainors.    
In prior cases, we have held that the following statements constituted improper
inducements: “produce the narcotics, [and your] wife would not be arrested” Stokes, 289 Md.
at 157, 423 A.2d at 553; “if you are telling me the truth . . . I will go to bat for you,” Hillard,
286 Md. at 153, 406 A.2d at 420; “it would be better for [you] if [you] made a statement
because if [you] did they would try to get him put on probation,” Streams v. State, 238 Md.
278, 281, 208 A.2d 614, 615 (1965); “it will help you a lot,” Lubinski v. State, 180 Md. 1, 4-
5, 22 A.2d 455, 457-58 (1941); and “it would be better . . . to tell the truth and have no more
trouble about it,” Biscoe v. State, 67 Md. 6, 6, 8 A. 571, 571 (1887). The common thread in
each of these cases is that a singular statement communicated to the suspect may be sufficient
to qualify as an inappropriate offer of help held out to the suspect.  
38
In the present case, the interrogating officers’ statements and conduct go far beyond that
in any of our prior cases where improper inducements were recognized.   During the twelve
hour interrogation, the officers repeated many times that they would help Appellant.  They
offered him an apparent means to garner leniency from the state prosecutors and the trial court
and protection from an angry mob.  The only thing Appellant had to do in return for these
meaningful inducements was confess to a triple murder. The first prong of the Hillard test has
been satisfied.
Turning to the second part of the Hillard analysis, our inquiry focuses on whether the
State has shouldered its burden to prove that Appellant did not rely on the inducements held
out to him by the interrogating officers in making his confession.  See Hillard, 286 Md. at
153, 406 A.2d at 420.  In its brief and again at oral argument, the State argued that the
inducements  made during the interrogation, in combination or each standing alone, were not
the cause of Appellant’s confession.  To support its argument, the State suggests that
Appellant’s behavior and manner during the interrogation indicated that the statements
communicated to him during the interrogation made no impression on him.  The State
characterizes Appellant as appearing “smug,” “cold,” and “hard” as he sat calmly and listened
to the officers.  Specifically, the State points out that at one point during a long soliloquy by
Sergeant Ford, Appellant “apparently unfazed by Ford’s words, simply asked to go to the
bathroom.”  This, the State proposes, illustrates Appellant’s mind was not focused on or
receptive to the interrogation tactics, and therefore, the officers’ statements had little, if any,
impact on him.  
39
The State further contends that Appellant’s answers to certain interrogation questions
were indicative of someone that was not swayed by a potential grant of leniency or offers of
protection.  The State highlights for us that when Sergeant Benton asked Appellant if he was
“scared of going to jail,” or “of what people would think,” Appellant replied that he was not
scared of anything.                
We are not persuaded by the State’s effort to convince us that the officers’ statements
were not the cause of Appellant’s confession.  In light of the suppression  record in this case,
we cannot comprehend how the State legitimately could characterize Appellant as a calm,
collected individual during the interrogation.  The record before the Circuit Court at the
suppression hearings reveals that Appellant was intimidated by his surroundings and impressed
by the matters communicated to him by the officers.  The officers themselves, in comments
made during and after the interrogation, made it abundantly clear that Appellant was not “calm,”
“cool,” or “smug.”  During the interrogation, Sergeant Benton claimed he could see Appellant’s
heart beating through his jacket.  As Sergeant Fisher questioned Appellant, she noted, “[y]ou’re
shaking like a leaf.  Can you feel that? You’re shaking and you’re cold.  My God you’re cold.
[Sergeant Benton is] hot, I’m hot. You’re freezing.”  At the suppression hearing, Sergeant
Benton testified that “Appellant’s “jaw was quivering” during the questioning and Sergeant
Fisher later explained that Appellant “had a nervous twitch in his neck” and “his heart was
beating rather fast.”  She also added that she had to get a cold towel for Appellant’s head and
that she was “afraid he was going to commit suicide.”   Taking into account the apparent
 Sergeant Fisher testified at the suppression hearing that Sergeant Ford made these
21
(continued...)
40
physical manifestations of Appellant’s fear, the fact that he was quiet during much of the
interrogation and sometimes only gave terse answers to the officers’ questions, is equally
indicative that he was overwhelmed by the situation unfolding before him.  
The timing of the confession vis à vis the statements of the officers does not support
the State’s thesis of non-reliance.  Appellant sat through twelve hours of interrogation during
which he answered hundreds of questions and listened to long exhortations addressing many
different reasons why he should confess to the crimes.  Throughout the early to middle parts
of the interrogation, he consistently denied any involvement in the murders.  Each time
Sergeant Benton suggested that Appellant had already confessed to the murders, Appellant
clearly stated “I wasn’t there” or “I don’t know what happened.”  Appellant maintained this
position for hours.  It was only after many more hours of statements that the officers “could
help him” and “try to protect him” that Appellant changed his story.          
 The timing of the actual confession is critical.  Because of the apparent malfunctioning
of the tape recorder, we are unable to tell precisely when all the police inducements were
complete, but sometime after 3:45 a.m. and before 6:00 a.m., just before Appellant confessed,
Sergeant Ford uttered some of the more flagrant promises to Appellant, including statements
regarding “leaving Salisbury after all this” and that Sergeant Ford had to “save” Appellant
because people “are ready to come out here and do some bad things to [him].”   The closeness
21
(...continued)
21
remarks sometime after 3:45 a.m., but before Appellant confessed at 6:00 a.m.  Of course, as
Appellant argues, most of the statements we have recounted can be construed as threats as well
as promises.  We have not considered the police statements as threats for purposes of our
analysis because, as promises alone, they rise to the level of actionable impropriety.        
41
in time between these significant inducements and the actual confession leaves us unpersuaded
that the State has met its burden to demonstrate Appellant did not rely upon them in deciding
to make his confession.
We are also persuaded by the fact that the State has failed to point out any other,
intervening factors that may have caused Appellant to confess when he did, or which may have
attenuated the effect of the improper inducements.  Unlike Johnson, in the present case there
is no attenuation in time or circumstance, no change of environment, and no interruptive
change of the interrogation team.  Appellant confessed to virtually the same team of officers,
in the same environment in which his entire interrogation took place, following twelve hours
of interrogation.     
The final factor that weighs in our analysis is the egregiousness of the officers’
conduct.  The State argues that the interrogation was “a classic example of effective police
interviewing.”  The opposite is true.  As evidenced by our holding, the tactics employed by the
officers are counter-effective.  In the present case, we are not upsetting Appellant’s
convictions because the interrogating officers merely stepped over the line of effective and
permissible interrogation tactics.  Rather, these officers disregarded interrogation guidelines
in their quest to gain a confession.   The State carries the burden to establish that Appellant’s
The scope of our holding does not embrace any inculpatory statements made by
22
Winder earlier in the interrogation, before the “coercive barnacles” of the interrogators'
actions may have attached, e.g., Winder's response “I'd go to jail” to the question what he
thought would happen if he told the “truth” about “that night.”  Supra at 6.  On remand, the
parties and the trial court are free to explore such prospects.
 Maryland Rule 4-236(c) states:
23
The court shall notify the defendant and the State's Attorney of
the receipt of any communication from the jury pertaining to the
action before responding to the communication.  All such
communications between the court and the jury shall be on the
record in open court or shall be in writing and filed in the action.
 
 Maryland Rule 4-231 provides, in pertinent part:
24
(a) When presence required.   A defendant shall be present at all
times when required by the Court.  A corporation may be present
by counsel.  
(b) Right to be present-Exceptions.   A defendant is entitled to be
present at a preliminary hearing and every stage of trial, except
(1) at a conference or a argument on a question of law;  (2) when
(continued...)
42
confession was made “free of any coercive barnacles.”  See Hillard, 286 Md. at 150, 406 A.2d
418.  The State has failed to meet its burden, and therefore, we hold that the Circuit Court
erred in denying Appellant’s suppression motion as to the ultimate confession.22
II.
The Trial Judge’s Ex Parte Communications with the Jury
As recounted earlier in this opinion, the trial judge admitted having ex parte
communications with the jury during Appellant’s trial.  As a result of the judge’s disclosure of
those communications, Appellant made a motion for mistrial, which was denied.  Appellant
argues that Maryland Rules 4-326(c)  and 4-231  required the trial judge to notify him and
23
24
(...continued)
24
a nolle prosequi or stet is entered pursuant to Rules 4-247 and
4-248;  or (3) at a reduction of sentence pursuant to Rules 4-344
and 4-345.  
(c) Waiver of Right to be Present.--The right to be present under
section (b) of this Rule is waived by a defendant:
(1) who is voluntarily absent after the proceeding has
commenced, whether or not informed by the court of the right to
remain;  or
(2) who engages in conduct that justifies exclusion from the
courtroom;  or
(3) who, personally or through counsel, agrees to or acquiesces
in being absent.
 
43
the State’s Attorney before speaking with the jury and that all communications with the jury
must be on the record.  Appellant asserts, under our common law, that he has a right to be
present during all phases of his trial and the trial judge’s action denied him this fundamental
right and also violated the Maryland Rules.  Appellant contends finally that the inappropriate
actions of the trial judge did not constitute harmless error and, therefore, warrant reversal.
Based on the record, it is evident that the judge acted improperly in this case and violated the
Maryland Rules and our common law principles.    
Because we reverse for the reasons stated in Part I of this opinion, we need not
determine whether Appellant's proposed remedy is warranted also based on the trial judge’s
ex parte communications with the jury.  We note only that the trial judge presiding over this
case made a serious misjudgment.  Moreover, we are inclined to believe it will not be repeated
at any new trial of Appellant.   
44
The rules governing communications between the judge and the jury are basic and
relatively simple to adhere to in practice.  If a judge receives a communication from the jury
or wishes to communicate with the jury, he or she is required to notify the parties.  See Md.
Rule 4-236(c).  The communication with the jury shall be made in open court on the record
or shall be made in writing and the writing shall become part of the record.  See Md. Rule 4-
236(c).  Putting aside certain exceptions not relevant here, the defendant has a recognized right
to be present during communications between the judge and the jury during his trial.  See Md.
Rule 4-231(b); Stewart v. State, 334 Md. 213, 224-25, 638 A.2d 754, 759 (1994); Williams
v. State, 292 Md. 201, 211, 438 A.2d 1301, 1306 (1980)(“a criminal defendant’s right to be
present at every stage of his trial is a common law right [and] is to some extent protected by
the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution”).  These rules are not abstract
guides.  They are mandatory and must be strictly followed.  See Taylor v. State, 352 Md. 338,
344, 722 A.2d 65, 68 (1998); Stewart, 334 Md. at 222, 638 A.2d at 758.
In the past, we have reversed convictions based on judicial failures to grasp the
importance of these fundamental rules.  In Stewart, the trial judge spoke with a distressed juror
in the doorway of the jury room.  Stewart, 334 Md. at 230, 638 A.2d at 762.  The
communication involved a division of opinion among the jury.  Without inquiring into the
specifics of the division, the judge sent the jury back into the jury room to deliberate.  The
judge later informed counsel of the ex parte communication and counsel subsequently moved
for a mistrial, which the judge later denied.  The jury returned with a conviction.
We reversed the convictions on appeal based on the ex parte communication.  We
45
explained:
[a]ny communication pertaining to the action between the jury and the trial judge
during the course of the jury’s deliberations is a stage of the trial entitling the
defendant to be present.   The right is deemed “absolute,” and a judgment of
conviction ordinarily cannot be upheld if the record discloses a violation of the
right.  It is clear that the judge's failure to obtain [the defendant’s] presence at
his encounter with the juror . . . was erroneous.
Stewart, 334 Md. at 224-25, 638 A.2d at 759.  
On the question of whether the trial judge’s mistake constituted harmless error, we held
that, regardless of the judge’s innocent motives in speaking with the juror or how unimportant
the communication may have been, “the mere opportunity for improper influence in [the
defendant’s] absence prejudiced him.”   Stewart, 334 Md. 229, 638 A.2d at 761.  See also
Taylor, 352 Md. at 354-55, 722 A.2d at 73 (trial judge’s ex parte communication with juror
regarding basic juror questions required reversal).  
The trial judge in the present case summarized his recollection of what he said during
the communications with the jury during the recess.  The substance of the exchanges, as he
related them,  appear facially to be innocuous.  Even if the communications were innocent or
insignificant, however, they still potentially prejudiced Appellant.  This lapse in discretion by
the trial judge disturbed the integrity of the record and prevented us and Appellant from
scrutinizing effectively the improper communications on appeal.  The mandatory nature of the
rules governing judge-to-jury communications becomes heightened particularly during a
capital sentencing proceeding.  Enough said.    
III. 
46
Redaction of Pre-Sentence Investigation
We do not reach or decide this issue.  
IV.
Sufficiency of the Evidence for the Burglary Conviction
Notwithstanding our holding that the Circuit Court erred in denying Appellant’s
suppression motion and permitting his confession to be admitted into evidence at trial , we also
must consider Appellant’s sufficiency of the evidence argument as to his burglary conviction.
When a criminal defendant properly appeals the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his or
her conviction on any count, Maryland appellate courts normally address the sufficiency issues
even when that court decides to reverse the judgment of the trial court on another ground.  The
rationale for this is based on double jeopardy principles.  If we were to hold that the evidence
before the fact finder, including the improperly admitted evidence, was legally sufficient to
support a burglary conviction, Appellant would be precluded from arguing successfully that the
double jeopardy protection bars a retrial on that charge.  This is so because
[w]hen a criminal defendant takes an appeal and succeeds in having his
conviction reversed on a ground other than the sufficiency of the evidence, the
Fifth Amendment's Double Jeopardy Clause does not preclude a retrial of the
defendant on the same charges.  
State v. Kramer, 318 Md. 576, 593, 569 A.2d 674, 682 (1990) (quoting Huffington v. State,
302 Md. 184, 189, 486 A.2d 200, 203 (1985)).  See also Warfield v. State, 315 Md. 474,
502, 554 A.2d 1238, 1252 (1989).  If, on the other hand, we hold that the evidence admitted
at trial was insufficient to sustain the burglary conviction, then double jeopardy prohibits the
47
retrial of Appellant for burglary because of original error committed by the trial court.  See
Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 11, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 2147, 57 L.Ed.2d 1, 9 (1978) (“[t]he
Double Jeopardy Clause forbids a second trial for the purpose of affording the prosecution
another opportunity to supply evidence which it failed to muster in the first proceeding”).  
When reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence challenge, it is not the function of the
appellate court to undertake a review of the record that would amount to a retrial of the case.
See State v. Albrecht, 336 Md. 475, 478, 649 A.2d 336, 337 (1994).  Rather, the standard of
review regarding the sufficiency of evidence to support a criminal conviction is “whether the
record evidence could reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2788, 61 L.Ed.2d 560, 573 (1979);
Oken v. State, 327 Md. 628, 661, 612 A.2d 258, 274 (1992); Tichnell v. State, 287 Md. 695,
717, 415 A.2d 830, 842 (1980).  In other words, we review the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution and will reverse the judgment only if we find that no rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime.  See State v. Sowell, 353 Md.
713, 726, 728 A.2d 712, 719 (1999); Oken, 327 Md. at 661, 612 A.2d at 274.
Applying this standard to the agreed statement of facts in this case, we hold there was
sufficient evidence contained there to convict Appellant of burglary in the first degree.  The
statutory definition of burglary in the first degree provides that “a person may not break and
enter the dwelling of another with the intent to commit a theft or crime of violence.”  Maryland
 § 29. Burglary in first degree.
25
(a) In general.-A person may not break and enter the dwelling of another with
the intent to commit theft or a crime of violence.
(b) Penalty.-A person who violates this section is guilty of the felony of
burglary in the first degree and on conviction is subject to imprisonment for not more
than 20 years.
48
Code, (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 1999 cum. supp.), Article 27, § 29;  See also Conyers v. State,
25
345 Md. 525, 557, 693 A.2d 781, 796 (1997).  Statutory crimes of violence include
abduction, arson in the first degree, kidnaping, voluntary manslaughter, mayhem and maiming,
murder, rape, robbery, carjacking, first and second degree sexual offense, use of a handgun in
the commission of a felony or crime of violence, attempts thereto, and first and second degree
assault.  See Maryland Code, (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 1999 cum. supp.), Article 27, § 643B(a).
The breaking element of burglary “may be satisfied where it is shown that there has been
an ‘actual’ breaking, or the breaking occurred ‘constructively,’ through an entry gained by
artifice, by fraud, conspiracy, or by threats.” Oken, 327 Md. at 662, 612 A.2d at 274; Brooks
v. State, 277 Md. 155, 159-160, 353 A.2d 217, 220 (1976); Williams v. State, 205 Md. 470,
477, 109 A.2d 89, 93 (1954).  We have also defined constructive breaking to include “[e]very
unlawful entry.” Brooks, 277 Md. at 160, 353 A.2d at 220.  The Court of Special Appeals has
noted that:
The breaking element is not limited to an outside door or window.  If the outside
door is open but the felonious design requires entrance into a part of the
building which is closed, the making of an opening into that part of the house is
a breaking. 
Arnold v. State, 7 Md. App. 1, 4, 252 A.2d 878, 879 (1969).  
49
Appellant argues there was insufficient evidence to prove he “broke” into the Mainors’
home.  He asserts that his conviction was based solely upon his confession to the police and
Allan Mainor's testimony that John Mainor was security conscious and usually kept his doors
locked.  Appellant contends there was no “break” because his statements to the police do not
admit, nor indicate, a breaking of the Mainors’ house, and that John Mainor's security habits
are irrelevant.  In support of his argument, Appellant contends his statements to the police are
“more susceptible of an inference that [Appellant] walked through a door left open by the
Mainors than it is that [Appellant] broke into the house.”
We find Appellant’s arguments to be unpersuasive.  From the record before the Circuit
Court, a rational trier of fact could find the essential elements of first degree burglary beyond
a reasonable doubt. See Sowell, 353 Md. at 726, 728 A.2d at 719; Oken, 327 Md. at 661, 612
A.2d at 274.  According to the agreed statement of the facts, the following occurred as
Appellant approached the Mainors’ residence:
At that point he observed Christie Lee Mainor walk into the side garage
door.  The [Appellant] admitted that he walked up behind her and she screamed.
The [Appellant] then said that he and Christie, Christie Mainor, were in the
garage and that Mr. John Mainor came out of the kitchen with a knife.  The
[Appellant] said Mr. Mainor told Christie to get inside the residence, that John
Mainor pushed the [Appellant] and, according to the statement of the [Appellant],
a struggle then ensued over the knife at which time the [Appellant] indicated he
was cut.  The [Appellant] said that he got the knife away from Mr. Mainor and
then cut Mr. Mainor on the neck.
The [Appellant] said Mr. Mainor then located the hammer and struck the
[Appellant] on his leg.  The [Appellant] said that he got the hammer away from
Mr. Mainor and the [Appellant] then told the troopers that he told Mr. Mainor
to get into the house.
50
According to the [Appellant’s] statement, Mr. Mainor went into the house
and began knocking things off of the counter.  I would note that Dr. Locke
indicated that the injury to the skull of Mr. John Mainor would initially cause a
loss of equilibrium and difficulty with balance.
Going on with the [Appellant’s] statement, he indicated that all three
victims were screaming and yelling and that while he was holding the knife he
told them to all sit down and shut up.  The [Appellant] stated to the troopers that
at that point the Mainors were on the couch, meaning John and Geraldine Mainor
were on the couch, but that he did not know where Christie was.
A rational fact finder could conclude that Appellant violently struggled with John Mainor in
order to gain access to the Mainors’ residence.  Appellant admitted that he took a knife away
from John Mainor and cut him on the neck.  He then took the hammer from John Mainor and,
given John Mainor’s loss of balance upon re-entering his residence, Appellant most likely hit
him in the head with a hammer.  It could be concluded also that Appellant ordered John Mainor
“to get into the house.”  This command occurred while Appellant was armed with a knife and,
in all likelihood, a hammer, after he cut John Mainor with the knife, and, presumably, hit him
in the head with the hammer.  Our analysis is unaffected by the fact that the “break” did not
occur at the outside garage door because the “breaking” of an inner door to a dwelling is
sufficient for burglary.  See Arnold, 7 Md. App. at 4, 252 A.2d at 879.  The agreed facts
indicate that Appellant gained access to the Mainors’ residence by force, while armed with
both a knife and hammer, thus constituting a “constructive break.”  See Oken, 327 Md. at 662,
612 A.2d at 274.
In Hebron v. State, we stated an “entry occurs when ‘any part of . . . [the trespasser’s]
person is within the house’” and that the entry is “sufficient if any part of the actor’s person
51
intruded, even momentarily, into the structure.”  See Hebron, 331 Md. 219, 236, 627 A.2d
1029, 1037 (1993).  According to Appellant’s statement to the police, he entered the Mainors’
home through the kitchen door following his altercation with John Mainor.  The “entry”
requirement for first degree burglary was fulfilled.       
We next consider whether there was sufficient evidence from which a rational fact
finder could have concluded that Appellant had the requisite intent to commit a “crime of
violence” as he was “breaking and entering” the Mainors’ residence.  When analyzing the intent
to commit a “theft or crime of violence,” the actual intention at the time of the breaking is
controlling.  See Reed v. State, 316 Md. 521, 526, 560 A.2d 1104, 1106 (1989); Pearre v.
State, 237 Md. 622, 624, 206 A.2d 249, 250 (1965).  As we stated in Reed, “it is not burglary
if the intent is formed after the breaking and entering are completed.” Reed, 316 Md. at 526,
560 A.2d at 1106. 
Because of the frequent practical difficulties in proving directly an accused’s intention
when he or she breaks into a dwelling, we have held that the intention at the time of the break
may be inferred from the circumstances.  See Reed, 316 Md. at 527, 560 A.2d at 1107; Ridley
v. State, 228 Md. 281, 282, 179 A.2d 710, 711 (1962).  More specifically, we have stated that
“[f]inding the requisite intent to [commit a violent crime] is . . . never a precise process for
intent is subjective, and it must therefore be inferred from the circumstances of the case.”
Reed, 316 at 527, 560 A.2d at 1106-07.  A trier of fact therefore may examine the surrounding
circumstances, including an accused's acts and declarations, in order to reach a rational
conclusion regarding the intention of the accused. See Ridley, 228 Md. at 282, 179 A.2d at
52
711; Rahe v. State, 222 Md. 508, 510, 161 A.2d 696, 697 (1960); Johnson v. State, 5 Md.
App. 540, 545, 248 A.2d 663, 666-67 (1968).  A “surreptitious or forceful breaking” strongly
indicates criminal intent. See Reed, 316 Md. at 527, 560 A.2d at 1107.  We also have
explained that the most conclusive evidence in determining whether an accused intended to
commit a violent crime is the commission of the violent crime itself.  See id.  
Appellant’s statement to the police permitted a rational trier of fact to find beyond a
reasonable doubt that Appellant had the requisite intent to commit a violent crime when he
“broke and entered” the Mainors’ home.  See Oken, 327 Md. at 661, 612 A.2d at 274.
Appellant’s violent struggle with John Mainor in the garage, and the forceful nature of his
“break”, constitutes a first degree assault prior to entering the Mainor residence.  This first
degree assault, prior to entering the Mainors’ home, strongly suggests Appellant intended to
perpetrate a violent crime upon entering the Mainor residence.  See Reed, 316 Md. at 527, 560
A.2d at 1107.  
Based on the agreed statement of facts, a rational fact finder could have inferred  that
Appellant committed an assault in the first degree and murder in the first degree, both obvious
“violent crimes”, while inside the Mainor residence.  See Maryland Code, (1957, 1996 Repl.
Vol., 1999 cum. supp.), Article 27, § 643B(a).  Appellant recounted in his statements in the
agreed statement of facts that, upon “breaking and entering” the Mainors’ residence,
. . . . that all three victims were screaming and yelling and that while he
was holding the knife he told them to all sit down and shut up.  The [Appellant]
stated to the troopers that at that point the Mainors were on the couch, meaning
John and Geraldine Mainor were on the couch, but that he did not know where
Christie was.
53
The [Appellant] stated that he recalls someone running through the house,
struck him with a chair, and that it may have been Christie.  The [Appellant]
further indicated that at some point he blanked out, that he did not know exactly
what occurred, but that he said after whatever occurred, they were all dead.  He
further indicated that he sat on the floor and that he knew they were dead
because they were not screaming or moving.  
This evidence demonstrates that Appellant, upon entering the Mainors’ residence, further
assaulted and then murdered John, Geraldine, and Christine Mainor.  We hold that the evidence
supported a rational trier of fact finding the essential elements of burglary in the first degree
beyond a reasonable doubt.   See Sowell, 353 Md. at 726, 728 A.2d at 719; Oken, 327 Md. at
661, 612 A.2d at 274. 
V.
Restriction of Evidence During Sentencing Proceeding
VI.
Voir Dire Omissions
We do not reach or decide these issues.
Judge Cathell concurs in the result only.
JUDGMENTS OF THE CIRCUIT
COURT FOR BALTIMORE COUNTY
REVERSED.  CASE REMANDED TO
THAT COURT FOR A NEW TRIAL.
COSTS TO BE PAID BY WICOMICO
COUNTY.  
               
54
Winder v. State, No.51, September Term, 1999.
CRIMINAL LAW — SUPPRESSION OF EVIDENCE — CONFESSIONS
Trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress a custodial confession was improper when
the State failed to establish that the confession was not made in reliance on improper promises
made by police interrogation team.