Title: Davis v. State

State: florida

Issuer: Florida Supreme Court

Document:

Supreme Court of Florida 
 
 
____________ 
 
No. SC16-1738 
____________ 
 
DARRYL LEWIS DAVIS,  
Petitioner, 
 
vs. 
 
STATE OF FLORIDA,  
Respondent. 
 
____________ 
 
No. SC16-1739 
____________ 
 
DARRYL LEWIS DAVIS,  
Petitioner, 
 
vs. 
 
STATE OF FLORIDA,  
Respondent. 
 
[February 1, 2018] 
 
LAWSON, J. 
In the decisions on review involving two separate robberies committed by 
the same defendant, the Fifth District Court of Appeal ordered the trial court to 
reduce Darryl Lewis Davis’s convictions of robbery with a deadly weapon to 
 
 
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robbery with a weapon after explaining that Davis’s juries found that he did not 
possess the only weapon alleged in the information—a firearm—and that no 
evidence was presented that Davis used any weapon other than a firearm.  Davis v. 
State, 197 So. 3d 615, 615 (Fla. 5th DCA 2016) (No. 5D15-2507); Davis v. State, 
197 So. 3d 615, 616 (Fla. 5th DCA 2016) (No. 5D15-509).  We accepted 
jurisdiction because the Fifth District’s decisions expressly and directly conflict 
with the First District Court of Appeal’s decision in Starling v. State, 152 So. 3d 
868 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014), and the Second District Court of Appeal’s decision in 
Deleon v. State, 66 So. 3d 391 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011), where, on similar facts, the 
district courts ordered the trial courts to reduce the defendants’ convictions to 
simple robbery and simple carjacking, respectively.  See art. V, § 3(b)(3), Fla. 
Const.  We write briefly to explain why the records in Davis’s cases resolve the 
apparent conflict and why the Fifth District reached the correct result on the merits. 
The records in Davis’s cases contradict the Fifth District’s statement that 
there was no evidence Davis used “any weapon other than a firearm.”  Davis, 197 
So. 3d at 615.  To the contrary, in both of Davis’s trials for two separate robberies, 
evidence was presented that the object Davis used to commit the crime was either a 
firearm or a BB gun replica of a firearm.  The absence of a similar dispute in 
Starling or Deleon distinguishes those cases.  See Starling, 152 So. 3d at 868 
(“[T]he only weapon referenced in the record as being involved in the crime was 
 
 
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the firearm allegedly wielded by Appellant, which the jury affirmatively concluded 
Appellant did not possess.”); Deleon, 66 So. 3d at 394 (“[T]he victim testified that 
Deleon carried a gun, and there was no evidence that he carried any other weapon 
during the commission of the offense.”). 
In addition to resolving the apparent conflict with Starling and Deleon, the 
records establish that the Fifth District correctly directed the trial court to reduce 
Davis’s convictions from robbery with a deadly weapon to robbery with a weapon.  
In both of Davis’s cases, the State charged Davis with robbery with a firearm in 
violation of section 812.13(2)(a), Florida Statutes (2001); it did not charge him 
with robbery with a deadly weapon.  Moreover, robbery with a deadly weapon is 
not a lesser-included offense of robbery with a firearm, although the trial court 
wrongly instructed on it as such.  See Davis, 197 So. 3d at 615 (“[I]t was error to 
list robbery with a deadly weapon as a lesser-included offense on the verdict forms 
in [Davis’s] cases.”); cf. Deleon, 66 So. 3d at 395 (holding that carjacking with a 
deadly weapon is neither a necessary nor permissive lesser-included offense of 
carjacking with a firearm).  Rather, robbery with a weapon, on which Davis’s 
juries were also instructed, is the next immediate lesser-included offense of 
robbery with a firearm.  See Reddick v. State, 394 So. 2d 417, 417-18 (Fla. 1981); 
see also Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 15.1 Robbery.   
 
 
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Thus, while Davis’s convictions for the uncharged offense of robbery with a 
deadly weapon cannot stand, see Jaimes v. State, 51 So. 3d 448, 448 (Fla. 2010) 
(“It is a fundamental principle of due process that a defendant may not be 
convicted of a crime that has not been charged by the state.”), the evidence that the 
object Davis used in the robberies was, if not a firearm, a BB gun replica of a 
firearm—which Davis’s juries clearly found to be a weapon—is sufficient to 
sustain convictions for robbery with a weapon.  See Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim) 
15.1 Robbery (defining “weapon” as “any object that could be used to cause death 
or inflict serious bodily harm”); see also Dale v. State, 703 So. 2d 1045, 1046-47 
(Fla. 1997) (concluding that the definitions in the standard jury instructions on 
robbery are “a correct statement of the law” and recognizing that a BB or pellet 
gun may be a deadly weapon).  Accordingly, the Fifth District correctly ordered 
the trial court to reduce Davis’s convictions to robbery with a weapon.  Cf. § 
924.34, Fla. Stat. (2017) (allowing an appellate court to direct a judgment for a 
lesser-included offense that is established by the record where the evidence does 
not sustain the offense for which the defendant was found guilty); State v. Sigler, 
967 So. 2d 835, 844 (Fla. 2007) (“[W]hen all of the elements of a lesser offense 
have been determined by the jury, section 924.34 is a valid exercise of the 
legislative prerogative allowing appellate courts to direct a judgment for such an 
offense.”).   
 
 
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Therefore, we approve the result of the Fifth District’s decisions. 
It is so ordered. 
LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, QUINCE, CANADY, and POLSTON, JJ., 
concur. 
LEWIS, J., concurs in result. 
 
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, 
IF FILED, DETERMINED. 
 
Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal – Direct 
Conflict of Decisions 
 
 
Fifth District - Case No. 5D15-2507 and 5D15-2509 
 
 
(Orange County) 
 
Rocco J. Carbone, III of The Law Office of Rocco J. Carbone, III, PLLC, St. 
Augustine, Florida, 
 
 
for Petitioner 
 
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, Wesley Heidt, Bureau 
Chief, and Andrea K. Totten, Assistant Attorney General, Daytona Beach, Florida, 
 
 
for Respondent