Title: North Dakota v. Wills

State: north-dakota

Issuer: North Dakota Supreme Court

Document:

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Schmidt1' 1:G³$GLVWULFWFRXUW¶VILQGLQJVRIIDFWRQDPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVZLOO QRWEHUHYHUVHGLIWKHUHLVVXIILFLHQWFRPSHWHQWHYLGHQFHIDLUO\FDSDEOHRIVXSSRUWLQJ WKHFRXUW¶VILQGLQJVDQGWKHGHFLVLRQLVQRWFRQWUDU\WRWKHPDQLIHVWZHLJKWRIWKH HYLGHQFH´Id TXRWLQJState v. DeCoteau 1' 1:G  4XHVWLRQVRIODZDUHIXOO\UHYLHZDEOHDQGZKHWKHUDILQGLQJRIIDFWPHHWVDOHJDO VWDQGDUGLVDTXHVWLRQRIODZSchmidtDW:KHWKHUIDFWVVXSSRUWDILQGLQJRI UHDVRQDEOH DQG DUWLFXODEOH VXVSLFLRQ LV D TXHVWLRQ RI ODZ  State v. Ostby 1'1:G ,,, >@ :LOOVDUJXHVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUUHGLQGHQ\LQJKLVPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVHYLGHQFH EHFDXVHWKHGHSXW\GLGQRWKDYHUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQWREHOLHYHIXUWKHUFULPLQDO DFWLYLW\MXVWLILHGGHWDLQLQJDQGVHDUFKLQJWKHYHKLFOHDIWHUWKHWUDIILFVWRSHQGHG > @ 7KH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&RQVWLWXWLRQDQGDUW,RIWKH 1RUWK 'DNRWD &RQVWLWXWLRQ SURWHFW LQGLYLGXDOV IURP XQUHDVRQDEOH VHDUFKHV DQG VHL]XUHV7KH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWLVYLRODWHGE\WKHFRQWLQXHGVHL]XUHRIDWUDIILF YLRODWRUDIWHUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKHWUDIILFVWRSDUHFRPSOHWHGXQOHVVODZHQIRUFHPHQW KDVUHDVRQDEOHDQGDUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQWKDWFULPLQDODFWLYLW\LVDIRRWState v. Deviley1' 1:G Rodriguez v. U.S.6&W   7RGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQH[LVWVWKHFRXUWFRQVLGHUVWKH WRWDOLW\ RI WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHV XQGHU DQ REMHFWLYH VWDQGDUG  State v. Asbach 1'1:G7KHTXHVWLRQLVZKHWKHUDUHDVRQDEOHSHUVRQ LQWKHGHSXW\¶VSRVLWLRQREMHFWLYHO\ZRXOGEHMXVWLILHGWRVXVSHFWWKHGHIHQGDQWZDV HQJDJHGLQXQODZIXODFWLYLW\Id7KHFRXUWFRQVLGHUVLQIHUHQFHVDQGGHGXFWLRQVDQ LQYHVWLJDWLQJRIILFHUPDNHVEDVHGRQWKHLUWUDLQLQJDQGH[SHULHQFHId7KHFRQFHSW RIUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQLVQRWUHDGLO\UHGXFHGWRDQRUGHUO\VHWRIOHJDOUXOHVEXW UHTXLUHV PRUH WKDQ D ³PHUH KXQFK´  State v. Fields  1'    1:G  >@ 7KHGHSXW\WHVWLILHGKHZDVVXVSLFLRXVRI:LOOVDQGKLVSDVVHQJHUIRUDQXPEHU RI UHDVRQV  :KHQ WKH GHSXW\ DSSURDFKHG WKH YHKLFOH KH QRWLFHG WKH SDVVHQJHU VPRNLQJDQGDFWLQJUHVHUYHG7KHGHSXW\WHVWLILHGKHEHOLHYHGVPRNLQJFRXOGEHDQ LQGLFDWLRQRIQHUYRXVQHVVRUPDVNLQJDQRGRU7KHGHSXW\¶VVXVSLFLRQLQFUHDVHG EDVHGRQWKHRFFXSDQWV¶VWRU\EHFDXVHWKHURDGZKHUHWKHWUDIILFVWRSRFFXUUHGZDVQRW WKHPRVWGLUHFWSDWKEHWZHHQWKHSRLQWVRIRULJLQDQGGHVWLQDWLRQ7KHGHSXW\DOVR FRQVLGHUHGWKHFULPLQDOKLVWRULHVRIWKHRFFXSDQWVEHIRUHLQLWLDWLQJWKH. VHDUFK >@ 7KH GLVVHQW ZRXOG FRQFOXGH WKDW WZR LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWK IHORQ\ FRQYLFWLRQV WUDYHOLQJZLWKDULIOHLVVXIILFLHQWVXVSLFLRQWRVXSSRUWWKHH[WHQGHGVHL]XUHKHUH7KDW LQIRUPDWLRQZRXOGDQGGLGVXSSRUWUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQWRLQYHVWLJDWHZKHWKHUWKH SRVVHVVLRQRIWKHILUHDUPE\:LOOVZDVOHJDO:LOOVSURYLGHGWKHGHSXW\ZLWKD ³GRFXPHQWIURPWKH)%,FDOOHGD83,´7KHGHSXW\TXHVWLRQHG:LOOVDERXWWKH ILUHDUPDQGDSSDUHQWO\ZDVVDWLVILHGZLWKWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHGRFXPHQWDQGWKH UHVXOWVRIWKHFULPLQDOKLVWRU\FKHFNEHFDXVHKHGLGQRWIXUWKHUSXUVXHDSRWHQWLDO ILUHDUPVRIIHQVH,QVWHDGWKHGHSXW\ZHQWEDFNWRSUHSDUHDZULWWHQZDUQLQJWR FRQFOXGH WKH WUDIILF VWRS  6XVSLFLRQ RI D ILUHDUPV RIIHQVH ZRXOG QRW VXSSRUW H[WHQGLQJWKHVWRSWRFRQGXFWDGRJVQLIIZKLFKFDQRQO\GHWHFWWKHSUHVHQFHRI FRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFHV >@ 7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWIRXQGWKDWLQGLYLGXDOO\WKHLWHPVQRWHGE\WKHGHSXW\ZHUH LQVXIILFLHQWWRIRUPUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQ,QLWVRUGHUGHQ\LQJWKHPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVV WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWOLVWHGWKUHHIDFWRUVFRQWULEXWLQJWRWKHWRWDOLW\RIWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHV LQFOXGLQJWKHVPRNLQJRIPXOWLSOHFLJDUHWWHVWKHRFFXSDQWV¶LQGLUHFWURXWHEHWZHHQ RULJLQDQGGHVWLQDWLRQDQGWKHRFFXSDQWV¶FRQYLFWLRQV >@ 7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWUHOLHGRQWKHRFFXSDQWVVPRNLQJPXOWLSOHFLJDUHWWHVDVDQ LQGLFDWRURIQHUYRXVQHVVRUSRVVLEOHVFHQWPDVNLQJ/DZHQIRUFHPHQWPD\FRQVLGHU DQLQGLYLGXDO¶VQHUYRXVQHVVGXULQJDWUDIILFVWRSDVDIDFWRULQGHWHUPLQLQJUHDVRQDEOH VXVSLFLRQState v. 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