Title: Sheehan v. Sun Valley Company

State: idaho

Issuer: Idaho Supreme Court (civil)

Document:

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO 
 
Docket No. 48926 
 
NATHANIEL K. SHEEHAN, 
 
     Claimant-Appellant, 
 
v. 
 
SUN VALLEY COMPANY, Employer; 
IDAHO DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, 
 
     Defendants-Respondents. 
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Twin Falls, August 2022 Term 
 
Opinion filed: November 2, 2022 
 
Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk  
 
Appeal from the Industrial Commission of the State of Idaho.  
 
The decision of the Industrial Commission is affirmed. 
 
Nathaniel K. Sheehan, Ketchum, Appellant Pro Se. Nathaniel K. Sheehan argued. 
 
Lawrence G. Wasden, Idaho State Attorney General, Boise, for Respondents.  
Rafael Icaza argued. 
                     _______________________________________________ 
 
MOELLER, Justice. 
 
Nathaniel Sheehan lost his job during the COVID-19 pandemic. He applied for and began 
receiving unemployment benefits. This appeal arises from the Idaho Department of Labor’s 
(“IDOL”) later determination that Sheehan was (1) ineligible for unemployment benefits and (2) 
required to repay the benefits he had already received. Sheehan represented himself throughout 
this case. He appealed these decisions to the Idaho Industrial Commission (“Commission”), 
claiming he had received misleading instructions concerning notice from IDOL. The Commission 
dismissed his appeal and later denied his motion for reconsideration.  
Sheehan now appeals to this Court. While Sheehan presents a poignant story rife with 
compelling circumstances, we are bound to follow the rules and law of jurisdictional authority. 
For the reasons below, we affirm the Idaho Industrial Commission.   
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
Nathaniel Sheehan was employed by Sun Valley Company as a full-time employee. He 
was laid off in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, Sheehan applied for and 
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began receiving state unemployment compensation benefits and federal pandemic unemployment 
assistance benefits. Later that month, Sheehan “decided to go home to Pennsylvania to pursue 
some potential work opportunities there.”  
In July 2020, IDOL issued a “Personal Eligibility Determination,” ruling that Sheehan was 
ineligible for unemployment benefits from April 19, 2020, through May 30, 2020. IDOL 
determined Sheehan was ineligible because he “did not inform the Department he was more than 
100 miles away from his physical address while in [Pennsylvania].” Sheehan had certified each 
week that he was not away from the area, but later explained to IDOL that “[h]e thought since he 
did not have an employer anymore that his answer of being within 100 miles of employer was an 
accurate response since he no longer had an employer.” In his protest, Sheehan explained to 
IDOL’s Appeals Bureau that he had gone to Pennsylvania “to pursue some potential work 
opportunities there.” Sheehan argued that it was permissible to leave the state to look for work, 
citing to the Idaho Labor Unemployment Insurance Claimant Benefit Rights, Responsibilities and 
Filing Instructions pamphlet.  
Since Sheehan had already been paid benefits from April 19 through May 30, IDOL also 
sent an “Overpayment Determination” notifying Sheehan that repayment of the overpaid benefits 
was required. Both the Personal Eligibility Determination and the Overpayment Determination 
informed Sheehan of his right to protest the determinations—and both were mailed to Sheehan’s 
P.O. Box in Ketchum, Idaho. Sheehan had 14 days—until July 29, 2020—to appeal the Personal 
Eligibility Determination and the Overpayment Determination. Sheehan filed his protest on 
September 8, 2020, forty-one days after the expiration of the protest period. Importantly, Sheehan 
does not dispute that his protest was untimely filed. 
After filing his protest, Sheehan claims he called IDOL and was informed that he would 
receive an email regarding the next steps in his appeal. The agency record appears to confirm this. 
Internal IDOL records show that Sheehan called in on September 17, 2020, and received the 
following “VM response”:  
When your appeal is docketed for hearing, you will receive an email noting your 
docket number with information about what to expect as the appeals process goes 
forward. Appeals processing is currently running from 8–12 weeks.  
(Emphasis added). Over the next two months, Sheehan called IDOL at least three times inquiring 
about the status of his appeal. The record indicates that in at least two of those calls Sheehan was 
directed to expect an email update on his appeal.  
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Despite informing Sheehan that he would receive an update on his claim via email, the 
IDOL Appeals Bureau mailed a “Notice of Telephone Hearing” to Sheehan’s P.O. Box in Ketchum 
on December 1, 2020. The notice states, “Failure to follow the instructions on this Notice may 
result in the DISMISSAL of this appeal or FORFEITURE of the right to participate in the hearing.” 
Sheehan’s appeal hearing was set for Monday, December 14, 2020. Sheehan claims he was no 
longer receiving mail at that P.O. Box when it was delivered because he had cancelled it on 
December 1, 2020.  
After Sheehan failed to call in to the telephone hearing, the Appeals Examiner dismissed 
his appeal for failure to appear. On December 14, 2020, IDOL’s Appeals Bureau mailed the 
“Notice of Dismissal and Request to Re-Open Form” to Sheehan’s Ketchum P.O. Box. This was 
returned as undeliverable. Attached to the notice is a “Request to Re-Open” form that Sheehan 
could have completed to request a re-opening of his appeal. Sheehan had until December 24, 2020, 
to file a request to re-open. He had until December 28, 2020, to appeal the matter to the 
Commission.  
On March 11, 2021, Sheehan emailed IDOL regarding the Notice of Dismissal to the 
Industrial Commission. In his email, Sheehan explained that he had to call to get the notice, and 
then asked for a hearing so that he could “defend [him]self and finally resolve this issue.” The 
email, however, did not include an updated address.  
On March 29, 2021, the Industrial Commission determined that Sheehan’s appeal was 
untimely and issued its Order Dismissing Appeal. This Order was again sent to Sheehan’s last 
known address—his same P.O. Box in Ketchum. The Order was returned to the Industrial 
Commission as undeliverable on April 19, 2021.  
Sheehan had 20 days to file a request for reconsideration. I.C. § 72-1368(7). Sheehan did 
not request reconsideration from the Order Dismissing Appeal until May 12, 2021—44 days after 
the Order Dismissing Appeal was issued. In doing so, for the first time, Sheehan also included an 
updated mailing address in Vermont.  
On June 15, 2021, the Industrial Commission issued an Order Denying Motion for 
Reconsideration, concluding that Sheehan’s request for reconsideration was untimely. The Order 
Denying Motion for Reconsideration was sent to a different Ketchum P.O. Box and his recently 
provided Vermont address.  
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On June 25, 2021, Sheehan appealed from the Industrial Commission’s Order Denying 
Motion for Reconsideration and the Order Dismissing Appeal to this Court. However, the appeal 
was suspended for 21 days to allow Sheehan to file a response with this Court “showing why the 
appeal as to the [Industrial Commission’s] Order Dismissing Appeal should not be dismissed” 
since it was untimely. This Court sent an order conditionally dismissing appeal to Sheehan at his 
new Ketchum P.O. Box, which he provided in his Notice of Appeal. Sheehan did not file a 
response. Accordingly, on August 25, 2021, this Court issued its “Order re: Conditional 
Dismissal,” which dismissed the appeal regarding the Industrial Commission’s Order Dismissing 
Appeal. This Court ordered that this “case shall proceed as to the appeal from the Order Denying 
Motion for Reconsideration only.”  
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 
 “This Court exercises free review over the Industrial Commission’s legal conclusions. 
However, the Commission’s factual findings will not be disturbed on appeal so long as they are 
supported by substantial and competent evidence.” Obenchain v. McAlvain Constr., Inc., 143 
Idaho 56, 57, 137 P.3d 443, 444 (2006) (internal citations omitted). “This Court will affirm the 
Commission’s determinations unless there is an abuse of that discretion.” Simpson v. Trinity 
Mission Health & Rehab of Midland L.P., 150 Idaho 154, 156, 244 P.3d 1240, 1242 (2010). When 
reviewing the determinations of the Commission for an abuse of discretion, this Court considers 
four factors: whether the Commission “(1) correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion; (2) 
acted within the outer boundaries of its discretion; (3) acted consistently with the legal standards 
applicable to the specific choices available to it; and (4) reached its decision by the exercise of 
reason.” Lunneborg v. My Fun Life, 163 Idaho 856, 863, 421 P.3d 187, 194 (2018). “When we 
review a [lower tribunal’s] decision to grant or deny a motion for reconsideration, we use the same 
standard of review the lower [tribunal] used in deciding the motion for reconsideration.” Idaho 
Power Co. v. Tidwell, 164 Idaho 571, 574–75, 434 P.3d 175, 178–79 (2018) (quoting Pandrea v. 
Barrett, 160 Idaho 165, 171, 369 P.3d 943, 949 (2016)). 
III. ANALYSIS 
While Sheehan’s story is an unfortunate one, having lost his job due to the COVID-19 
pandemic, we are bound to follow established rules and laws pertaining to jurisdictional authority. 
We have long held that pro se litigants are “held to the same standards and rules as those 
represented by an attorney.” Suitts v. Nix, 141 Idaho 706, 709, 117 P.3d 120, 123 (2005) (quoting 
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Twin Falls County v. Coates, 139 Idaho 442, 445, 80 P.3d 1043, 1046 (2003)); Golay v. Loomis, 
118 Idaho 387, 392, 797 P.2d 95, 100 (1990); see Scafco Boise, Inc. v. Rigby, 98 Idaho 432, 566 
P.2d 381 (1977) (distinguished on other grounds).  
Such standards and rules include timely filing requirements. “Generally, ‘the statutory 
requirements governing the right to appeal . . . are mandatory and jurisdictional.’ ” Kennedy v. 
Hagadone Hosp. Co., 159 Idaho 157, 160, 357 P.3d 1265, 1268 (2015) (quoting Fouste v. Dep’t 
of Emp’t, 97 Idaho 162, 168, 540 P.2d 1341, 1347 (1975)). “The statutory requirements governing 
the right of appeal under the Employment Security Law are equally mandatory and jurisdictional.” 
Striebeck v. Emp. Sec. Agency, 83 Idaho 531, 537, 366 P.2d 589, 592 (1961). “As this Court has 
previously ruled, ‘failure to properly utilize the appellate procedure, because of . . . failure to 
comply with the reasonable time limitations allowed for an appeal’ does not excuse the untimely 
filing of an appeal.” Kennedy, 159 Idaho at 161, 357 P.3d at 1269 (quoting Fouste, 97 Idaho at 
167, 540 P.2d at 1346). Since Sheehan’s appeal of the Commission’s original order dismissing his 
appeal was untimely, the only appeal properly before this Court is Sheehan’s appeal of the denial 
of his motion for reconsideration.  
Despite this review being limited to Sheehan’s motion for reconsideration, Sheehan’s brief 
contains neither citation to the record nor any argument related to the motion for reconsideration. 
Instead, most of his brief simply restates his version of the facts of the case, none of which have 
been attested to under oath. The only authority mentioned in the Table of Authorities is the 
“Industrial Commission Order, March 31, 2021, Dismissing Appeal.” This is referenced in the 
argument section as follows: “This rather tortured procedural history is reasonably accurately 
described in the Order Dismissing Appeal delivered by the Industrial Commission on March 32, 
[sic] 2021.” The only other legal authority mentioned is a passing reference to Sheehan’s due 
process rights. Despite his oblique references to documents in the record, Sheehan offers no legal 
authority or any cogent argument for overturning the Commission’s order denying his motion for 
reconsideration. Thus, Sheehan’s appeal does not comply with Idaho Appellate Rule 35(a)(6) and 
is worthy of dismissal. See Weaver v. Searle Bros., 129 Idaho 497, 503, 927 P.2d 887, 893 (1996) 
(declining to address an issue for failure to comply with I.A.R. 35(a)(6) after appellant “did not 
address this issue in the argument section of either of its briefs on appeal.”). 
Even if we were to overlook Rule 35 and consider Sheehan’s undeveloped procedural due 
process argument, he would still be bound by the Commission’s filing requirements—none of 
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which were changed by IDOL’s earlier handling of this case. As the Commission explained in its 
Order Denying Reconsideration: 
Unfortunately for Claimant, it is his burden to keep the Commission apprised of his 
current mailing address. Claimant did not notif[y] the Commission of any change 
in his mailing address until May 12, 2021, when he included an address of P.O. 
Box 1096 West Dover, Vermont 05363 in his emailed request for reconsideration. 
Service of the Commission’s Order Dismissing Appeal was deemed complete when 
it was sent to his last known address in Ketchum, ldaho on March 29, 2021. 
Claimant had twenty (20) days from that date to make his request for 
reconsideration. Claimant did not make his request for reconsideration until May 
12, 2021. This was beyond the statutory timeframe allowed for under Idaho Code 
72-1368(7). 
Notwithstanding the problematic notice issues arising from IDOL’s conflicting 
communications with Sheehan, the Commission cannot be blamed for enforcing its own rules on 
appeal, especially when it followed those rules. Even if we concluded that IDOL violated 
Sheehan’s due process rights, this would not justify his late filing of the motion for reconsideration 
to the Commission. In sum, once he appealed to the Commission, he was obligated to follow its 
rules.  
In an email from March 11, 2021, Sheehan indicates he had learned his initial appeal had 
been denied by IDOL, so he sought review by the Commission. At that time, he should have 
provided a current mailing address to the Commission. Importantly, Sheehan does not claim that 
the Commission instructed him to watch for appeal updates via email. Sheehan also offers no 
explanation or argument for why he waited 44 days before emailing his Motion for 
Reconsideration, which was 24 days late. Neither does he explain why he failed to update his 
mailing address with the Commission or IDOL, until after it was too late. As we have held, “it 
would be unreasonable to expect the [IDOL] to locate all missing claimants; [and] that it was the 
claimant’s burden to notify the [IDOL] since, in most cases, his whereabouts are solely within his 
control.” Hacking v. Dep’t of Emp., 98 Idaho 839, 840, 573 P.2d 158, 159 (1978); see also Gary 
v. Nichols, 447 F. Supp. 320, 327 (D. Idaho 1978) (“The claimant’s failure to utilize the procedures 
because he was unavailable to receive his mail does not precipitate a violation of due process.”). 
Importantly, Sheehan was advised of the importance of keeping his address updated when he 
initially applied for unemployment benefits. Sheehan certified under penalty of perjury that he had 
“read . . . the UI [Unemployment Insurance] Pamphlet explaining unemployment benefits 
reporting requirements . . . .” The Pamphlet provided a website address where Sheehan could 
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update his mailing address and stressed the importance of keeping the address current: “Keep your 
mailing address up-to-date to avoid potential disqualification and to make sure you receive notice 
of any written determinations relating to your eligibility for benefits and important appeal 
deadlines.” (Emphasis added).  
In sum, even if IDOL gave Sheehan misleading instructions, potentially excusing his non-
appearance at the IDOL appeal hearing, this would not excuse him from following the procedures 
and adhering to the deadlines of the subsequent tribunals, i.e., the Commission and this Court. In 
other words, any apparent due process violations on the part of IDOL—troubling though they may 
be—do not extend to the Commission, nor do they give Sheehan a free pass to avoid its deadlines. 
Sheehan still needed to follow the Commission’s procedural rules.  
While we note with concern the conflicting communications by IDOL, it must also be noted 
that Sheehan has persistently missed other filing deadlines, before and after the missed IDOL 
appeal hearing, even when the communications were clear. His late filing of the motion for 
reconsideration to the Commission has no connection to the alleged due process violation by 
IDOL. Therefore, we conclude it was not an abuse of discretion for the Industrial Commission to 
deny Sheehan’s motion for reconsideration.  
IV. CONCLUSION 
For these reasons, the Commission’s denial of Sheehan’s motion for reconsideration is 
affirmed.  
Chief Justice BEVAN, Justices BRODY, STEGNER and ZAHN CONCUR.