Title: In re Campbell

State: oregon

Issuer: Oregon Supreme Court

Document:

FILED: February 5, 2009
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON
In re Complaint as to the Conduct of
G. JEFFERSON CAMPBELL, JR.,
Accused.
(OSB
06-14, 06-127; SC S055577)
En Banc
On review of the
decision of a trial panel of the Disciplinary Board.
Argued and
submitted December 10, 2008.
G. Jefferson
Campbell, Jr., in propria persona, argued the cause.  Douglas
J. Richmond, Kellington, Krack, Richmond, Blackhurst & Glatte, LLP,
Medford, filed the briefs for the accused.       
Stacy J. Hankin,
Assistant Disciplinary Counsel, Tigard, filed the brief for the Oregon State
Bar.
PER CURIAM
The accused is
suspended from the practice of law for a period of 60 days, commencing 60 days
from the date of filing of this decision.
PER CURIAM
In this lawyer disciplinary matter, the
Bar charged the accused with ethical violations in two separate matters.  In
the first matter, the Bar charged that the accused violated conflict of
interest rules in a bankruptcy case.  The trial panel concluded (1) that the
accused did not violate DR 5-101(A)(1)(1) when, although he had represented the debtor in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy
proceeding, and was therefore an administrative creditor of the estate, he
agreed to serve as special counsel to the estate when the bankruptcy was
converted to a Chapter 7 proceeding; but (2) that the accused did violate DR
5-105(C) when, after the trustee in the Chapter 7 case reached a settlement that
was contrary to the accused's interest in collecting his fees, he resigned as special
counsel and represented new clients in an appeal that challenged the settlement. 
In the second matter, the trial panel concluded that the accused violated DR
2-106(A) when he charged his client, Burch, for late fees in excess of the
legal rate of interest, although no written agreement required payment of such
fees, and when he charged Burch hourly fees for a trespass case, although a written
agreement provided for a contingency fee.  In part because the accused had been
disciplined previously, the trial panel recommended that he be suspended from
the practice of law for 90 days.  
Pursuant to ORS 9.536(1) and Bar Rules
of Procedure (BR) 10.1 and 10.3, both the Bar and the accused seek review of
the trial panel's conclusions.(2) 
This court reviews the trial panel decision de novo.  ORS 9.536(2); BR
10.6.  The Bar must establish misconduct by clear and convincing evidence, i.e.,
"evidence establishing that the truth of the facts asserted is highly
probable."  In re Cohen, 316 Or 657, 659, 853 P2d 286 (1993).  As
to the bankruptcy matter, we conclude, as did the trial panel, that the accused
did not violate DR 5-101(A)(1), but did violate DR 5-105(C).  As to the Burch
matter, we conclude that the accused violated DR 2-106(A) in charging Burch late
fees not provided for by prior written agreement, but that the Bar failed to
prove that the accused had charged Burch excessive fees in violation of DR
2-106(A), when he billed Burch for his services on an hourly-fee basis.  We
impose a suspension of 60 days.
I.  FACTS AND
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A.        Facts in the Bankruptcy Matter (3)
The accused represented Kara, the
debtor, in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceeding.  The most important asset of the
bankruptcy estate was a piece of real property known as the Phoenix Club. 
Three secured creditors had liens on the property.  The Dorsey Trust (Dorsey)(4)
held the lien that was in first position, the Ziegenhagen family (Ziegenhagens)
was in second position, and First Call Mortgage (First Call) held the third secured
interest in the property.
The bankruptcy court ordered that the
bankruptcy be converted from a Chapter 13 to a Chapter 7 proceeding and
appointed Tracy Trunnell, an attorney, to serve as trustee for the bankruptcy
estate.  At that time, the debtor owed the accused attorney fees of
approximately $20,000 for work in the Chapter 7 case, and the accused was an
administrative expense creditor of the estate.  See 11 USC § 503
(describing administrative expense claims).
Shortly after the conversion, Dorsey,
the senior lien creditor, began to take steps to obtain judicial authority to foreclose
its lien.  The accused discussed with Trunnell the possibility that she retain
him to challenge the validity of Dorsey's lien, and Trunnell agreed to employ
him to bring an adversary proceeding against Dorsey.(5) 
In his application for appointment as special counsel, the accused disclosed
his earlier representation of the debtor in the Chapter 13 case and stated that
the interests of the debtor and the trustee in employing him to file an
adversary proceeding against Dorsey were the same.  The accused reasoned that,
if the challenge to Dorsey's lien were successful, the benefits of that
challenge would redound to the junior secured creditors, the Ziegenhagens and
First Call, and possibly also to unsecured creditors.  Furthermore, defeat of Dorsey's
security interest would make payment of the administrative expenses of the
estate, including the fees of the accused in the Chapter 13 case, more likely. 

The accused sought a preliminary
injunction to prevent Dorsey from foreclosing.  Before the injunction hearing,
the parties engaged in settlement discussions.  Trunnell, who had begun to have
concerns about both the merits and potential expense of the adversary
proceeding, changed her position and negotiated a settlement that permitted Dorsey
to proceed with foreclosure on the condition that it pay the trustee $18,000
out of the sale proceeds.  The accused thought, however, that those terms
wrongly granted Dorsey a windfall, precluded payment of the claims of the other
creditors, and possibly also precluded payment of his fees.  The accused decided
that he could not advocate for the settlement and informed Trunnell that he needed
to resign as special counsel in the adversary proceeding.
After the court permitted the accused
to withdraw as special counsel,(6)
the accused filed an objection to the settlement on behalf of his law firm and encouraged
the Ziegenhagens and First Call to do the same.  Despite those objections, the
bankruptcy court entered an order permitting the settlement.  The accused then,
on his own behalf but also as the attorney for the Ziegenhagens and First Call,
filed an appeal to the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Ninth Circuit and then
to the Ninth Circuit itself.  In re Kara, 258 Fed Appx 154 (9th Cir
2007).  The appeals were unsuccessful, and the appellate courts upheld the
settlement that Trunnell had negotiated.  Trunnell incurred $18,000 in attorney
fees to contest those appeals.
B.        Facts in the Burch Matter
The accused represented Burch in 10
or more matters over a number of years and billed Burch for those services.  On
the lower margin of many of the bills that were received in evidence, the
accused included the following statement:  "Statements not paid within 30
days of billing will be charged a late fee of 1 1/2% per month of the unpaid
balance on the statement."  The late fees exceeded the legal rate of
interest, and the fee agreements that were received in evidence and signed by
Burch did not include a provision requiring that Burch pay those fees.  See ORS
82.010(1) (2003) (legal rate of interest for certain transactions, unless
parties otherwise agreed, was nine percent per year).
On October 18, 2000, the accused and
Burch entered into a contingent-fee agreement providing that the accused would
represent Burch in a case that involved assault, battery, and trespass claims
against one Thompson.  On February 27, 2001, the accused wrote a letter to
Burch advising him to file two separate actions in the Thompson case -- one for
the assault and battery claims, and one for trespass.  In the accused's view, the
potential award on the assault and battery claims, which had resulted in personal
injuries, was sufficient to justify a contingent fee.  By contrast, the potential
award on the trespass claim likely would not be sufficiently sizeable to
justify the accused handling the case on a contingent fee basis.  However, the
accused reasoned, the trespass claim would entitle Burch to seek an award of
attorney fees reasonably incurred, should he prevail.  See ORS 20.080 (providing
for attorney fees in certain tort actions pleading minimal damages).  That suggested
to the accused that it would be better to bill the trespass claim on an hourly
fee basis.  During several telephone conversations and one in-person meeting, the
accused and Burch discussed the fee arrangement.  The accused testified that Burch
had agreed to the change that the accused had proposed and that, thereafter, the
accused had billed Burch on an hourly fee basis for the work that he performed
on the trespass matter in accordance with their modified oral agreement.  Burch
testified that he did not remember agreeing to the change in billing.  However,
the accused established that he had billed Burch on an hourly fee basis for his
work on the trespass claim and that Burch had paid most, but not all, of those
bills.
Burch did not prevail in the trespass
case against Thompson and was therefore not entitled to seek recovery in that
action.  The accused notified Burch that he owed fees for the Thompson trespass
case and other unrelated matters and billed Burch a total of more than $15,000. 
That total included approximately $300 in late fees and slightly more than $1,000
for the Thompson trespass matter.  When Burch refused to pay any portion of
that bill, the accused transferred the debt to a collection agency.  At the arbitration
that followed, Burch was required to pay approximately half of the amount that
the accused had billed him.  It is unclear whether the arbitration award
included the late fees or any sum for the trespass matter.
C.        Procedural History
The Bar filed its initial formal
complaint against the accused on April 11, 2006, and an amended complaint on
December 8, 2006.  The accused denied the majority of the Bar's allegations,
but conceded as to the Burch matter that he had violated DR 2-106(A) (charging
an illegal or excessive fee) when he billed Burch for late fees at 18 percent
per year without having included a provision for an enhanced rate of interest in
the fee agreements that Burch signed.  As noted, the trial panel determined
that the Bar had proved by clear and convincing evidence the charged violations
of DR 5-105(C) (representing new client when interests conflict with those of
former client) in the bankruptcy matter and DR 2-106(A) (charging an illegal or
excessive fee) in the Burch matter.  The trial panel also determined that the Bar
had not satisfied its burden of showing that the accused had violated DR
5-101(A)(1) (representing client when client's interests may be affected by
lawyer's own interests) or DR 7-101(A)(3) (intentionally damaging client), both
in the bankruptcy matter.  The trial panel determined that a 90-day suspension
was appropriate, in part because the accused had been sanctioned previously for
other disciplinary violations.  
In this court, the Bar seeks review
of the trial panel finding that the accused did not violate DR 5-101(A)(1) in
the bankruptcy matter, and the accused seeks review of the trial panel finding
that he did violate DR 5-105(C) in that matter.  In the Burch matter, the accused
concedes that his imposition of late fees violated DR 2-106(A), but he seeks
review of the trial panel finding that he violated that rule in charging an
hourly fee for the trespass claim.
II.  DISCUSSION
A.   Violation of DR 5-101(A)(1) in the Bankruptcy Matter
The Bar seeks review of the trial
panel's decision that the accused did not violate DR 5-101(A)(1) in the
bankruptcy matter.  Pursuant to that rule, a lawyer is prohibited from
accepting or continuing employment "if the exercise of the lawyer's
professional judgment on behalf of the lawyer's client will be or reasonably
may be affected by the lawyer's own financial, business, property, or personal
interests," unless the client consents after full disclosure.  DR
5-101(A)(1).  The Bar argues that the accused violated that rule because he
accepted employment as special counsel in the Chapter 7 bankruptcy when his personal
interest either affected or may have affected his judgment.  The Bar contends
that the accused's interests were affected because his primary motivation in
seeking to challenge the Dorsey lien was to protect his outstanding Chapter 13
fees.
To analyze the accused's duties in the
Chapter 7 proceeding, it is important to describe the duties of a trustee and
the various roles that attorneys employed by trustees may have.  When a debtor
files a petition in bankruptcy, an estate is created.  See 11 USC §
541(a) (describing creation of bankruptcy estate).  In a Chapter 7 liquidation
proceeding, a trustee manages the estate for the benefit of the creditors of
the estate.  The trustee's duties include marshaling assets and liquidating the
property of the estate as expeditiously as is compatible with the best
interests of the parties in interest.  11 USC § 704(1).  The trustee's primary
duty is to manage the assets for the benefit of the unsecured creditors.  In
re Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. Research Reports Securities Litigation,
375 BR 719, 727 (Bankr SDNY 2007); In re Thu Viet Dihn, 80 BR 819, 822
(Bankr SD Miss 1987).  Secured creditors, by contrast, do not need the
trustee's protection nearly as much as the unsecured creditors, because the
secured creditors have (or ought to have) adequate protection based on their
security interests.  Dihn, 80 BR at 822.
The bankruptcy trustee may hire an
attorney for general advice and assistance or to perform a particular task, and
different conflict of interest rules apply in each instance.  The trustee may
hire an attorney "to represent or assist the trustee in carrying out the
trustee's duties."  11 USC § 327(a).  Such an attorney must "not hold
or represent an interest adverse to the estate" and must be a "disinterested
person."  Id.; 11 USC § 101(14) (defining "disinterested
person" as, inter alia, not a creditor).  By contrast, with court
approval and "for a specified special purpose, other than to represent the
trustee in conducting the case," the trustee may employ a special counsel. 
Although an attorney who previously has represented the debtor is likely to
have unsatisfied legal fees, see In re Heatron, 5 BR 703, 705 (Bankr WD
Mo 1980) (so stating), special counsel may be "an attorney that has
represented the debtor, if [it is] in the best interest of the estate." 
11 USC § 327(e).   Rather than having to satisfy the stricter criteria
applicable to a "disinterested person," special counsel may hold an
interest adverse to the estate, but must "not represent or hold any
interest adverse to the debtor or to the estate with respect to the matter
on which such attorney is to be employed."  Id. (emphasis
added).  As the trustee, Trunnell, indicated in her testimony, efficiency is a
prime consideration in employing the debtor's attorney as special counsel,
because the debtor's attorney is familiar with the case, the parties, and the
claims.
In this case, Trunnell employed the
accused as special counsel, and the Bar understandably does not contend that
the accused's interest in collecting his fees alone created a conflict of
interest sufficient to subject him to the requirements of DR 5-101(A)(1).  At
the time that the accused sought and accepted that employment, he did not
represent or hold an interest adverse to the debtor or to the estate with
respect to the adversary proceeding for which he was employed.  Trunnell's duty
in the adversary proceeding was to manage the estate for the benefit of the unsecured
creditors, and the accused's interest and the interest of the trustee were the
same:  to increase the size of the estate for the benefit of the creditors,
including the accused.
The Bar argues that, in this case,
however, the accused's interests were different from those of other lawyers who
have represented debtors and who thereafter represent the bankruptcy estate. 
Here, the Bar contends, the accused's self-interest was primary and overrode his
interest in protecting the estate and the other creditors.  For that
contention, the Bar relies on a letter that the accused wrote to the United States
Trustee after the conflict with Trunnell over the settlement arose.  In that
letter, the accused wrote that "protection of this Chapter 13
administrative expense claim was one of the prime motivating reasons" for his
undertaking to represent the estate.  Trunnell testified in the disciplinary
proceeding that, when she first employed the accused, she did not know that he
was primarily motivated to protect his fees and that, in the absence of that
knowledge, she had relied on the accused's advice and may not have considered
the extra costs or chances of prevailing in the adversary proceeding.  The Bar
asserts that the judgment of a lawyer who is primarily motivated to protect his
fees is, or certainly may be, affected by that interest.  
The accused responds that the Bar
misconstrues his memo to the United States Trustee.  Although he stated in that
memo that one of the primary motivations for his representation of the
estate was to protect his fees, he did not state that collecting those fees was
his only motivation.  The accused also argues that the Bar misconstrues
Trunnell's testimony.  Specifically, the accused points to Trunnell's testimony
that, before the injunction hearing, Trunnell had "always seen it as [the
accused] putting forth legal efforts to do what was best for the estate, and
that's what we both were trying [to] do."  
We do not find the Bar's evidence that
the accused's only motivation in serving as special counsel was to protect his
own interests to be clear and convincing.  The interests of the accused and Trunnell
were aligned until Trunnell decided to enter into a settlement that had the
potential to foreclose payment of the accused's fees.  In a bankruptcy case, it
is not unusual for interests to shift.  The multiplicity of parties and
interests in bankruptcy proceedings make for a context that "is rich in
the potential for conflict, but it is also rich in the potential for
cooperation."  John D. Ayer, How to Think About Bankruptcy Ethics,
60 Am Bankr L J 355, 386 (1986).  In bankruptcy, the multiple creditors, each
with either a secured or an unsecured interest, each of whom occupies a
particular place in the pecking order of priorities, have inherently varying
interests, and the trustee may not be able to satisfy all of those interests
out of the limited resources of a liquidated estate.  See 11 USC § 507
(listing priority of expenses and claims).  When the accused undertook to
represent the estate in the adversary proceeding against Dorsey, he and Trunnell
thought that that proceeding would defeat the interests of one creditor, Dorsey,
but would benefit the others.  Alliances shifted when Trunnell determined that
Dorsey, rather than the other creditors, should recover its claim.  Although
that shift created a conflict for the accused, it does not establish that that conflict
existed when he initially undertook to file the adversary proceeding.  We agree
with the trial panel that the accused did not violate DR 5-101(A)(1).
B.        Violation of DR 5-105(C) in the Bankruptcy Matter
The accused seeks review of the trial
panel's decision that he violated DR 5-105(C) in the bankruptcy matter.  Pursuant
to DR 5-105(C), after representing a former client, an attorney cannot
represent another client in the same or a significantly related matter when the
current client's interests conflict with the former client's interests, unless all
the clients consent after full disclosure under DR 5-105(D).  DR 5-105(C) specifically
provides, in part:  "Except as permitted by DR 5-105(D), a lawyer who has
represented a client in a matter shall not subsequently represent another
client in the same or a significantly related matter when the interests of the
current and former clients are in actual or likely conflict."  
In this case, the Bar charged that DR
5-105(C) precluded the accused from representing the Ziegenhagens and First
Call on appeal of the Bankruptcy Court's approval of the Dorsey settlement. 
The Bar contends that the interests of those clients in opposing the settlement
conflicted with the interests of the accused's former client, Trunnell, whose
interest was in affirming the settlement.  The accused responds that Trunnell was
not his client, that the appeal was not the same matter as, or significantly
related to, the adversary proceeding, and that the interests of his new and
former clients did not conflict.  We turn to those arguments.  
1.         Who was the former client?
The accused argues that, in the
adversary proceeding, he was special counsel for the bankruptcy estate,
not Trunnell.  He further argues that, even though Trunnell had decided, as
trustee of the estate, to settle with Dorsey, the interests of the estate were
independent of those of the trustee.
The Bar argues that the accused's
distinction is too fine, and we agree.  When a lawyer represents a corporation,
the lawyer represents, for the purpose of conflict of interest analysis, the
entity, not the person who manages the entity.  See In re Banks, 283 Or
459, 469, 584 P2d 284 (1978) ("[t]he corporation usually is considered an
entity[,] and the attorney's duty of loyalty is to the corporation and not to
its officers, directors or any particular group of stockholders").  However,
the entity may act only through its authorized representatives, and, in
representing the entity, the lawyer generally must follow their directives.  See
ORPC 1.13(a) ("lawyer employed or retained by an organization
represents the organization acting through its duly authorized constituents").
A personal representative of a
decedent's estate similarly has authority to direct a lawyer who the personal
representative hires for advice and counsel in the administration of a
decedent's estate.  See ORS 114.305(18) ("a personal
representative, acting reasonably for the benefit of interested persons, is
authorized to [e]mploy qualified persons, including attorneys, accountants and
investment advisers, to advise and assist the personal representative and to
perform acts of administration, whether or not discretionary, on behalf of the
personal representative").  This court has concluded that, for purposes of
conflict of interest analysis, when the personal representative hires a lawyer,
the lawyer must treat the personal representative as the laywer's client.  See
ORS 113.135 ("[i]f the personal representative has employed an attorney
to represent the personal representative in the administration of the estate,
the personal representative shall file in the estate proceeding the name and
post-office address of the attorney unless that information appears in the
petition or the order appointing the personal representative" (emphasis
added)); In re Phelps, 306 Or 508, 517, 760 P2d 1331 (1988) ("[t]he
accused was the lawyer for the personal representative"); In re Howard,
304 Or 193, 204, 743 P2d 719 (1987) ("the accused's client was the
personal representative").
In this case, the accused understood that
it was Trunnell who defined the interests of the estate.  In his Application to
Employ Attorney, the accused stated, in relevant part, that "[t]he trustee
seeks to employ Special Counsel, G. Jefferson Campbell, Jr. of the law firm of
G. Jefferson Campbell, Jr., P.C., to assist the trustee in the following
discrete matters having the following potential benefits to the estate."  (Emphasis
added.)  The accused also verified in that document that he "[would] be
the trustee's attorney of record."  (Emphasis added.)  In addition,
when the accused objected to the settlement that Trunnell had arranged, the
accused referred to himself as "former special counsel to the Chapter 7
Trustee."  (Emphasis added.)
We conclude that, whether the accused
represented Trunnell or the estate, Trunnell's decisions represented the
interests of the estate and the accused therefore could not represent new
clients who opposed the estate's interests, as she determined them to be, without
her consent.  It is undisputed that the accused did not obtain that consent. 
2.         Was the
adversary proceeding the same matter as the appeal of the settlement?
The accused next argues that the
appeal in which he represented the Ziegenhagens and First Call was a different matter
from the adversary proceeding against Dorsey.  The accused argues that the
appeal was a "contested matter."  A "contested matter" is a
matter that addresses factual and legal issues arising out of particular
statutes, procedures, and practices in bankruptcy.  By definition, a
"contested matter" does not include an adversary proceeding.  See
Advisory Committee Note to FRBP 9014 ("Whenever there is an actual
dispute, other than an adversary proceeding, before the bankruptcy court, the
litigation to resolve that dispute is a contested matter.").  According to
the accused, the appeal and the adversary proceeding were, therefore, different
matters.
The accused's argument is not
well-taken.  The appeal was from the outcome of the adversary proceeding.  Whether
or not the appeal falls within the definition of a "contested
matter," the dispute in that appeal centered on the settlement reached in
the adversary proceeding, and the adversary proceeding and the appeal were both
parts of a single bankruptcy proceeding.  Thus, both the adversary proceeding
and the appeal were the same matter for purposes of DR 5-105(C).
3.         Did the
representation of the Ziegenhagens and First Call conflict, or was it
likely to conflict, with the accused's former role as special counsel?
The accused argues finally that the
interests of the bankruptcy estate and those of his new clients, the
Ziegenhagens and First Call, did not conflict and were not likely to conflict. 
A disagreement between two representatives of a bankruptcy estate, the accused contends,
does not constitute a violation of DR 5-105(C).  
We disagree.  Trunnell's interest,
and therefore the interest of the bankruptcy estate, in enforcing the
settlement directly conflicted with the Ziegenhagens' and First Call's
interests in setting that settlement aside.  Therefore, the accused could not represent
the latter without obtaining the consent of the former, after full disclosure. 
DR 5-105(D).  The accused did not obtain that consent.  We conclude that he
violated DR 5-105(C).
C.        Violation of DR 2-106(A) in the Burch Matter
The accused seeks review of the trial
panel's decision that he violated DR 2-106(A) by charging his client, Burch, a
clearly excessive fee in the trespass action against Thompson.  DR 2-106(A)
provides that "[a] lawyer shall not enter into an agreement for, charge or
collect an illegal or clearly excessive fee."
The parties agree that, if the
accused had an agreement with Burch to charge him fees in the trespass case on
an hourly basis, then the fees that he charged were not excessive, but that, if
the accused's agreement with Burch was that he would charge his fees in that
matter on a contingency basis, then the fees were clearly excessive.  See In re Sassor, 299 Or 720, 725, 705 P2d 736 (1985) (lawyer violates DR
2-105(A) by charging more than the agreed-upon fee).
The Bar argues that the written
contingency fee agreement is clear and convincing evidence that the parties
agreed to those terms.  Relying on In re Balocca, 342 Or 279, 151 P3d
154 (2007), the Bar argues that the accused bears the burden of proving that that
contract was modified.  The Bar contends that the accused failed to meet that
burden and points to the fact that Burch could not recall entering into a new
agreement, that the accused could not produce any written documentation of the new
agreement, and that no subsequent correspondence between Burch and the accused
referred to the new agreement.
The accused takes the position that
the Bar bears the burden to prove the terms of his fee agreement with Burch and
that the fees that the accused charged varied from those terms.  The accused
asserts that the evidence establishes that he had ample reason to separate the
trespass action from the assault and battery action, that he explained the
modification of the fee agreement to Burch both over the phone and in his
office, and that Burch agreed to it, although Burch's memory is now unclear. 
The accused also relies on the fact that the billing statements reflect a
change in the fee agreement, that Burch paid many of the hourly bills for the
trespass matter, and that Burch objected to the hourly billing only after a
collection action was filed.
We conclude that the Bar bears the
burden of proof and that it has failed to produce clear and convincing evidence
to meet it.  To establish that the accused charged Burch excessive fees, the
Bar must show that it is highly likely that Burch did not agree to pay hourly
fees and that the accused nevertheless charged his time on that basis. 
Although the Bar argues that Balocca holds that the burden shifts to the
accused to prove the existence of a fee agreement, that case is inapposite.  That
case involved a laywer's assertion that money that he had received from a
client did not have to be deposited into a trust account.  This court noted there
"that client funds must be deposited into a lawyer trust account unless a written
agreement provides that the funds are nonrefundable and are deemed earned
upon receipt."  342 Or at 288 (emphasis in original omitted; emphasis
added).(7) 
The case before us presents a different problem:  evidence of the terms of an
hourly fee agreement when there is no requirement that an hourly fee agreement
be in writing.  Where the law does not require that the agreement between the
lawyer and client be in writing, it is the Bar, and not the accused, that bears
the burden to prove that the lawyer charged the client fees that were not
authorized by the terms of the agreement.  Although the Bar's proof that the
parties originally entered into a written contingency fee agreement is significant,
the accused also provided evidence that he and Burch had agreed orally to
substitute an hourly fee agreement and that Burch had made payments in
accordance with that modified agreement.  We conclude that the Bar failed to
prove by clear and convincing evidence that the accused charged Burch excessive
fees for the Thompson trespass action.  
The Bar also alleged that the accused
charged an excessive fee when he billed Burch for late fees in excess of the
legal rate of interest without obtaining Burch's written agreement to pay those
charges.(8) 
Because the accused concedes that violation, we conclude that the accused
violated DR 2-106(A) in that regard.
D.        Sanction
In determining an appropriate
sanction, we apply the ABA Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions (ABA
Standards).  See In re Biggs, 318 Or 281, 295, 864 P2d 1310
(1994); In re Spies, 316 Or 530, 541, 852 P2d 831 (1993) (so stating).  We
preliminarily determine the appropriate sanction based on (1) the duty
violated; (2) the accused's mental state; and (3) the actual or potential
injury that the misconduct caused.  ABA Standard 3.0.  We then examine any
aggravating or mitigating circumstances to determine whether we should adjust
the preliminary sanction.  Id.  Finally, we review our prior case law
for guidance in imposing the appropriate sanction.  In re Huffman, 331
Or 209, 223, 13 P3d 994 (2000).
1.         Preliminary analysis
The accused violated duties that he
owes to the legal profession by failing to avoid conflicts of interest in the
bankruptcy matter, ABA Standard 4.3, and by charging an excessive fee in the
Burch matter, ABA Standard 7.0.  
We find the accused's mental state to
be knowing as to the conflict and intentional as to the clearly excessive fee. 
"'Intent' is the conscious objective or purpose to accomplish a particular
result."  ABA Standards at 7.  "'Knowledge' is the conscious
awareness of the nature or attendant circumstances of the conduct but without
the conscious objective or purpose to accomplish a particular result."  Id. 
When the accused appealed the settlement in the bankruptcy matter, his
"conscious purpose or objective" was to overturn the bankruptcy
settlement.  He knew all of the facts that indicated that a conflict existed. 
It is irrelevant that he did not know that his conduct violated the
disciplinary rules or intend to engage in a violation of those rules.  In re
Schenck, 345 Or 350, 369, 194 P3d 804 (2008), modified on recons,
345 Or 652, ___ P3d ___ (January 31, 2009).  The accused's mental state was
therefore either knowing or intentional.  Resolution of that issue depends on
whether the accused intended to accomplish a particular result.  
When a lawyer knowingly takes action,
the lawyer obviously intends to accomplish some result; the action taken is a
result.  So, for instance, in this case, the accused intended to represent the
Ziegenthalers and First Call on appeal and to take a position opposite to that
of the trustee.  However, the accused did not intend to harm the entity that he
viewed as his prior client, the bankruptcy estate.  He intended to accomplish
the result of benefitting the estate.  In prior cases in which the court has
found that a lawyer acted intentionally it has required a showing that the
result that the accused intended was not the act taken, but the harmful (to
others) or beneficial (to the accused) effect of that act.  See In re
Paulson, 341 Or 13, 31, 136 P3d 1087 (2006) (in filing improper objection
in bankruptcy matter, lawyer acted knowingly rather than intentionally because
evidence did not show that he sought to "make a 'mess'" of the
proceedings); In re Knappenberger, 338 Or 341, 357, 108 P3d 1161 (2005)
(Knappenberger I) (although representation resulting in conflict was
knowing because accused persisted after he knew facts giving rise to conflict,
violation was not intentional because lawyer did not use that conflict to his
advantage).  In this case, the accused did not intend to harm the estate or to
use the conflict to his advantage and, we therefore find his conduct in the
bankruptcy matter to be knowing rather than intentional.  However, in billing Burch
for past-due payments at a rate in excess of the legal rate of interest, the
accused's goal was not only to encourage timely payment of his bills, but, if
timely payment did not occur, to collect a clearly excessive fee.  See In re
Knappenberger, 344 Or 559, 573, 186 P3d 272 (2008) (Knappenberger II)
(lawyer acted intentionally by charging client clearly excessive fee).  In that
regard, the accused's violation of his ethical duties was intentional.
We next consider whether the accused's
violations resulted in actual or potential injury.  "'Potential injury' is
harm to the client, the public, the legal system or the profession that is
reasonably foreseeable at the time of the lawyer's misconduct and that, but for
some intervening factor or event, would probably have resulted from the
lawyer's misconduct."  ABA Standards at 7.  The accused's clients and the
legal system clearly suffered a kind of noneconomicb harm by the accused's
misconduct.  He represented new clients whose interests were opposed to those
of a former client, and he charged another client excessive fees.  
Whether the affected clients also
suffered actual economic harm as a result is more difficult to discern.  In the
Burch matter, the accused charged Burch more than $300 in late fees, but the
Bar did not convincingly prove that Burch had paid them.  The collection agency
sought to collect more than $15,000 from Burch, but was awarded less than
$8,000.  The arbitration award may not have included the excessive late fees, and
Burch may not have paid them.  In the bankruptcy matter, the Bar argues that Trunnell
had to pay for a laywer to defend the settlement from which the accused appealed. 
However, the accused also objected to and appealed the settlement on his own
behalf, and Trunnell would have been required to employ a lawyer even if the
accused had not also represented the junior lienholders.  There was little economic
injury, if any, when the accused also opposed the settlement on behalf of the
Ziegenhagans and First Call, because he was already representing his own
interests in the appeal.  
Given that the accused violated his
duties to the legal profession, acted knowingly, and caused harm, including
potential economic harm, to his clients, the accused's conduct was such that a
suspension may be warranted depending on the aggravating and mitigating
considerations.
2.         Aggravating and Mitigating
Circumstances
The most significant aggravating
circumstances present in this case are the accused's prior disciplinary
violations and the pattern of misconduct that they represent.  ABA Standard 9.22(a),
(c).  The accused was publicly reprimanded on three prior occasions.  In 1996,
the reprimand was issued for violations of the ethical rules relating to trust
accounting; in 2002, the accused was found guilty of failing to have a written
agreement for a nonrefundable retainer; and in 2003, the accused was disciplined
for charging a clearly excessive fee, namely, a penalty of one-and-a-half times
the normal hourly rate if the client did not follow the accused's
recommendations.  These violations demonstrate a pattern of violating the ethical
rules regarding the charging and payment of attorney fees.
Another aggravating factor is that
the accused exhibited a selfish motive in charging late penalties and in
representing the Ziegenhagans and First Call as clients.  ABA Standard
9.22(b).  The accused's motive was to generate fees, and, although that motive
is not dishonest, we conclude that the accused acted out of self-interest.  The
accused also committed multiple offenses, ABA Standard 9.22(d), and had substantial
experience in practicing law, ABA Standard 9.22(i), two additional aggravating
factors.  
In mitigation, the accused provided
full and free disclosure to the Bar and trial panel and maintained a
cooperative attitude.  ABA Standard 9.32(e).  On balance, the aggravating
circumstances outweigh the mitigating ones, and we deem a suspension to be in
order.
3.         Prior Oregon Case Law
As this court has explained on
several occasions, a finding that a lawyer has engaged in a conflict of
interest in violation of DR 5-105, standing alone, typically justifies a 30-day
suspension.  Knappenberger I, 338 Or at 361; In re Hockett, 303
Or 150, 164, 734 P2d 877 (1987).  However, where discipline is imposed for a
sole conflict of interest violation, there have been circumstances in which
this court has imposed the lesser sanction of a reprimand, see, e.g., In
re Kinsey, 294 Or 544, 660 P2d 660 (1983) (attorney who engaged in conflict
of interest given reprimand), or suspensions lengthier than 30 days.  See In
re Wittemyer, 328 Or 448, 980 P2d 148 (1999) (attorney who engaged in
conflict of interest causing actual injury, even in absence of prior
disciplinary history, suspended for four months).  Here, the accused not only
engaged in a conflict of interest, he also charged his client an excessive
fee.  The dual violations and the aggravating factors that we have described militate
for more than a 30-day suspension.  The accused's cooperative attitude and our
difficulty in discerning that the accused caused actual economic injury militate
against a 90-day suspension.  We conclude that a 60-day suspension is
appropriate.
The accused is suspended from the practice
of law for a period of 60 days, commencing 60 days from the date of filing of
this decision.
1. The
Oregon Rules of Professional Conduct (ORPC) became effective January 1, 2005. 
Because the conduct at issue here occurred before that date, the Disciplinary
Rules (DRs) of the Oregon Code of Professional Responsibility apply.  In re
Fitzhenry, 343 Or 86, 88 n 1, 162 P3d 260 (2007).  All citations are to the
2004 version of the Disciplinary Rules unless otherwise noted.
2. The
trial panel also concluded that the accused did not violate DR 7-101(A)(3)
(prohibiting lawyer from intentionally damaging or prejudicing client), and the
Bar does not seek review of that decision.  
3. The
facts in both the bankruptcy and the Burch matters are undisputed except as
otherwise noted.
4. Dorsey
was the party that filed a complaint with the Bar.  Dorsey was not a client of
the accused.
5. An
adversary proceeding in bankruptcy is a specified form of civil action within
the context of the bankruptcy proceeding.  See FRBP 7001 (defining
adversary proceedings).  For example, a proceeding to determine the validity,
priority, or extent of a lien or other interest in property is an adversary
proceeding.  FRBP 7001(2).
6. Although
11 USC section 327(e) requires court approval for the trustee to employ special
counsel, the court never gave that approval.  Trunnell never submitted one
application, dated September 20, 2004.  According to the Trunnell, she had
submitted a second application, dated September 22, 2004, but it did not appear
in the court's records.  In May 2005, after the accused withdrew, Trunnell filed
a notice of employment application with the court, attaching the prior applications. 
The Bar does not argue that the accused was not authorized to act as special
counsel.
7. In
re Knappenberger, 344 Or 559, 561-65, 186 P3d 272 (2008) (Knappenberger
II), also does not support the Bar's position.  There, the lawyer charged a
fee in connection with a social security disability claim for which he had no
authorization, which was required by federal law.  Although the evidence
demonstrated that the lawyer nevertheless billed the client for the work, this
court did not find credible his explanation that he did not expect payment for
the bills for that work.
8. See
ORS 82.010(1) (2003) (legal rate of interest for certain transactions was
9% per year, unless parties otherwise agreed).