Title: Michigan v. Triplett (Opinion on Application)

State: michigan

Issuer: Michigan Supreme Court

Document:

PEOPLE v TRIPLETT 
 
 
Docket No. 151434.  Decided March 28, 2016. 
 
 
Jason Eric Triplett was tried by jury in the Allegan Circuit Court for domestic violence, 
MCL 750.81(2), carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), MCL 750.227(1), and felonious assault, 
MCL 750.82.  The charges arose after he threatened to use his utility knife to escape from two 
men who had stopped their vehicle when they spotted defendant and his wife fighting on the side 
of the road.  The court, Kevin W. Cronin, J., instructed the jury that self-defense was a defense to 
the charge of felonious assault but that it was not a defense to the charge of CCW.  Defendant 
was acquitted of felonious assault, but he was convicted of domestic violence and CCW.  
Defendant appealed in the Court of Appeals, and the Court of Appeals, BECKERING, P.J., and 
BORRELLO and GLEICHER, JJ., agreed that self-defense was not a defense to CCW.  309 Mich 
App 252.  Defendant appealed in this Court. 
 
 
In an opinion per curiam signed by Chief Justice YOUNG and Justices MARKMAN, ZAHRA, 
MCCORMACK, VIVIANO, and BERNSTEIN, the Supreme Court held: 
 
 
 
The common-law affirmative defense of self-defense is available to a defendant who 
carries an instrument that becomes an “other dangerous weapon,” for purposes of the CCW 
statute, when the defendant uses the instrument as a weapon. 
 
 
In this case, the trial court improperly instructed the jury that the affirmative defense of 
self-defense did not apply to the charge of CCW, and the Court of Appeals erred by approving of 
the trial court’s instruction.  Defendant’s utility knife became an “other dangerous weapon” 
when defendant used it as a weapon, and defendant was entitled to present the affirmative 
defense of self-defense to justify his use of the utility knife.  Contrary to the Court of Appeals’ 
conclusion that a defendant’s purpose for concealing an “other dangerous weapon” is irrelevant 
to the defendant’s culpability for CCW, the Supreme Court held that a defendant’s use or 
purpose for carrying an “other dangerous weapon” is always relevant to determining a 
defendant’s guilt of CCW. 
 
 
Reversed and remanded.  CCW conviction vacated. 
 
 
Justice LARSEN took no part in the decision of this case. 
 
©2016 State of Michigan 
 
Michigan Supreme Court 
Lansing, Michigan 
Syllabus 
 
Chief Justice: 
Robert P. Young, Jr. 
 
Justices: 
Stephen J. Markman 
Brian K. Zahra 
Bridget M. McCormack 
David F. Viviano 
Richard H. Bernstein 
Joan L. Larsen 
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been  
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. 
Reporter of Decisions: 
Corbin R. Davis 
 
FILED  March 28, 2016 
 
 
S T A T E  O F  M I C H I G A N 
 
SUPREME COURT 
 
 
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, 
 
 
Plaintiff-Appellee, 
 
 
v 
No. 151434 
 
JASON ERIC TRIPLETT, 
 
 
 
Defendant-Appellant. 
 
 
 
BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH  
 
PER CURIAM.  
We consider in this case whether the common-law affirmative defense of self-
defense is available to a defendant charged with carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), 
MCL 750.227, when the concealed weapon is an “other dangerous weapon.”  The 
defendant was convicted of CCW under MCL 750.227(1) for carrying an “other 
dangerous weapon” concealed on his person when he used a utility knife as a weapon.  
Contrary to the Court of Appeals’ determination, we conclude that the common-law 
affirmative defense of self-defense is available to a defendant charged with CCW for 
concealing an instrument which is a dangerous weapon only because it is used as a 
 
Michigan Supreme Court 
Lansing, Michigan 
OPINION 
 
Chief Justice: 
Robert P. Young, Jr. 
 
 
Justices: 
Stephen J. Markman 
Brian K. Zahra 
Bridget M. McCormack 
David F. Viviano 
Richard H. Bernstein 
Joan L. Larsen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2 
weapon.  Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals, vacate the 
defendant’s CCW conviction, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this 
opinion.   
I.  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
On October 28, 2012, the defendant and his wife attended a party together, but 
they disagreed about when to leave.  The defendant’s wife was intoxicated and angry 
when the defendant insisted they leave before she was ready.  Shortly after returning 
home over her objection, the defendant’s wife left their home on foot to return to the 
party.  The defendant followed her in his truck, hoping to persuade her to return home.  
When his wife refused to get back into the defendant’s truck, they engaged in a shoving 
match on the side of the road.  
Two men driving by observed the struggle and stopped to assess the situation.  
They offered the defendant’s wife a ride, and she got into the back seat of their vehicle.  
The defendant attempted to intervene and to remove his wife from the car, but one of the 
men stopped him.  According to the defendant, the man choked him, and the defendant 
responded by pulling out a utility knife with a two-inch blade, held it in the air, and 
threatened to use it if the man did not let go.  When they broke free from each other, the 
two men left the scene with the defendant’s wife and called 911.  The defendant, who 
also left the scene, was arrested at his home.  
The defendant was charged with felonious assault, CCW, and domestic violence, 
and the case was tried to a jury.  The trial court instructed the jury that self-defense was 
 
 
 
 
 
3 
an available defense to the defendant’s felonious assault charge, but that it was not an 
available defense to the CCW charge.  The jury found the defendant not guilty of the 
felonious assault charge, but convicted him of CCW and domestic violence.  
The defendant appealed, arguing that the trial court erred by instructing the jury 
that self-defense was not an affirmative defense to a charge of CCW and that his trial 
counsel was ineffective by failing to object to the instruction.  The Court of Appeals 
affirmed and held that self-defense is not a defense to a CCW charge, reasoning that a 
defendant’s purpose for concealing a weapon is irrelevant, and therefore a self-defense 
purpose for using the weapon is not a defense to a CCW charge.1  The defendant sought 
leave to appeal in this Court.   
II.  ANALYSIS 
The defendant was charged and convicted of CCW under MCL 750.227(1), which 
provides: 
A person shall not carry a dagger, dirk, stiletto, a double-edged 
nonfolding stabbing instrument of any length, or any other dangerous 
weapon, except a hunting knife adapted and carried as such, concealed on 
or about his or her person, or whether concealed or otherwise in any vehicle 
operated or occupied by the person, except in his or her dwelling house, 
place of business or on other land possessed by the person.  [MCL 
750.227(1) (emphasis added).] 
 
                                              
1 People v Triplett, 309 Mich App 252; 870 NW2d 333 (2015). 
 
 
 
 
4 
The defendant was not alleged to have possessed any of the weapons specifically 
identified in the statute; instead, the prosecution had to prove that the utility knife carried 
by defendant was an “other dangerous weapon.” 
We first addressed the characteristics of an “other dangerous weapon” in People v 
Goolsby, 284 Mich 375; 279 NW 867 (1938), in the context of our felonious assault 
statute.2  We held that the statute penalized a felonious assault by use of dangerous 
weapons per se, which “carry their dangerous character because so designed and are, 
when employed, per se, deadly,” as well as “other instrumentalities [that] are not 
dangerous weapons unless turned to such purpose.”  Id. at 378.  We explained that the 
test to determine if an instrument is an “other dangerous weapon” is “whether the 
instrumentality was used as a weapon and, when so employed in an assault, [was] 
dangerous.”  Id.  We later extended this definition of “other dangerous weapon” to the 
CCW statute at issue in this case in People v Vaines, 310 Mich 500, 506; 17 NW2d 729 
(1945), explaining, 
We are convinced that the legislature intended the words “other 
dangerous weapon,” as used in section 227, to mean any concealed article 
or instrument which the carrier used, or carried for the purpose of using, as 
a weapon for bodily assault or defense.  The legislature certainly did not 
intend to include as a dangerous weapon the ordinary type of jackknife 
 
                                              
2 The statute at that time defined felonious assault as follows:  
Any person who shall assault another with a gun, revolver, pistol, 
knife, iron bar, club, brass knuckles or other dangerous weapon, but 
without intending to commit the crime of murder, and without intending to 
inflict great bodily harm less than the crime of murder, shall be guilty of a 
felony.   
 
 
 
 
5 
commonly carried by many people, unless there was evidence establishing 
that it was used, or was carried for the purpose of use, as a weapon.[3] 
It follows from Vaines that to convict an individual for violating MCL 750.227(1) for 
carrying an instrument that is not a dangerous weapon per se, the evidence must show 
that a defendant used the instrument, or was carrying the instrument for the purpose of 
use, as a weapon.  Id.  
The parties do not dispute that the defendant was charged with CCW under MCL 
750.227(1) for possessing an instrument that was an “other dangerous weapon” only 
because it was used as a weapon.  Likewise, there is no dispute that, absent a viable 
affirmative defense, the evidence supported the defendant’s conviction for CCW; the 
defendant concedes that he used the utility knife as a weapon but insists that his use was 
justified.  As a general matter, a defendant who asserts the affirmative defense of self-
defense “admits the crime but seeks to excuse or justify its commission.”  People v 
Dupree, 486 Mich 693, 704 n 11; 788 NW2d 399 (2010). 
We have not explicitly addressed whether an individual charged with CCW can 
assert the common-law affirmative defense of self-defense to justify his or her carrying of 
an instrument that becomes a dangerous weapon when he or she uses it as such.  And 
MCL 750.227 does not address whether the common-law affirmative defense of self-
 
                                              
3 We recognize that Vaines interpreted “other dangerous weapon” to mean “any 
concealed article or instrument which the carrier used, or carried for the purpose 
of using, as a weapon,” 310 Mich at 506 (emphasis added), while MCL 750.227(1) 
does not refer to “use” and refers only to whether the instrument was “carr[ied].”  
Because defendant does not ask us to consider whether Vaines correctly 
interpreted that aspect of the statute, we decline to do so sua sponte. 
 
 
 
 
6 
defense is available for the crime of CCW.  But the absence of a clear statutory 
recognition of the defense does not necessarily bar a defendant from relying on the 
defense to justify his violation of the statute.  See Dupree, 486 Mich at 705.  To the 
contrary, in Dupree, we clearly held that self-defense was an available affirmative 
defense to a felon-in-possession charge under MCL 750.224f when the felon’s temporary 
possession of a firearm was the result of an attempt to repel an imminent threat.  Id. at 
706.  We did not read that statute’s silence as to self-defense to indicate a legislative 
intent to make the defense unavailable; rather, we concluded that “[a]bsent some clear 
indication” in the statute that the Legislature abrogated the firmly embedded common-
law affirmative defense of self-defense, the defense remains available to a defendant “if 
supported by sufficient evidence.”  Id. at 706. 
In this case, there is no “clear indication” that the Legislature abrogated or 
modified the common-law affirmative defense of self-defense in the CCW statute, such 
that defendant would be precluded from asserting it to justify his actions.  Thus, we 
conclude that the defendant should have been allowed to present self-defense as an 
affirmative defense to his CCW charge.  The actions that resulted in the defendant’s 
violation of the CCW statute were the same as those that resulted in his charge of assault, 
which he explained were justified because he acted in lawful self-defense.  Unless the 
prosecution disproved beyond a reasonable doubt his claim of self-defense, the defendant 
was justified in violating the CCW statute as well as the assault statute.   
 
 
 
 
7 
The Court of Appeals erroneously reasoned that a defendant’s purpose for 
concealing a weapon is irrelevant to determining a defendant’s guilt for violating the 
statute.4  Concealing an instrument that is charged as an “other dangerous weapon” under 
MCL 750.227(1), violates the statute only when a defendant in fact uses it as a weapon.  
See e.g., Goolsby, 284 Mich at 378; Vaines, 310 Mich at 506.  Thus, a defendant’s use or 
purpose for carrying an “other dangerous weapon” is always relevant to determining a 
defendant’s guilt under MCL 750.227(1).  
We hold, therefore, that the affirmative defense of self-defense is available to a 
defendant charged with violating MCL 750.227(1) when a concealed instrument becomes 
a dangerous weapon when the defendant uses it as such.  While the defendant’s utility 
knife became an “other dangerous weapon” under MCL 750.227(1) when he used it as a 
weapon, the defendant was entitled to present the affirmative defense of self-defense to 
justify his use of it.  We conclude that the trial court’s instruction that self-defense was 
not available to the defendant with respect to his CCW charge amounted to plain error 
 
                                              
4 The Court of Appeals misunderstood our holding in People v Hernandez-Garcia, 477 
Mich 1039; 728 NW2d 406 (2007).  In Hernandez-Garcia, we held that the affirmative 
defense of momentary innocent possession was not available for violating MCL 
750.227(2), which prohibits the knowing possession of an unlicensed concealed firearm, 
where the defendant disarmed a wrongful possessor of a firearm but failed to 
immediately turn the firearm over to the police. See id. at 1040.  Hernandez-Garcia 
simply does not offer any guidance on whether the defense of self-defense is available to 
justify violating MCL 750.227(1), where the defendant’s violation is based on the use or 
purpose for carrying an “other dangerous weapon.”   
Moreover, the Court of Appeals’ reliance on People v Townsel, 13 Mich App 600; 
164 NW2d 776 (1968), which held that carrying a concealed weapon for “self-
protection” is not a defense to a CCW charge, was misplaced.  Townsel is distinguishable 
because it does not appear that it involved a claim of self-defense. 
 
 
 
 
8 
that affected the defendant’s substantial rights.  People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763;  
597 NW2d 130 (1999).  Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals, 
vacate the defendant’s CCW conviction, and remand to the trial court for further 
proceedings consistent with this opinion.  
 
 
Robert P. Young, Jr. 
 
Stephen J. Markman 
 
Brian K. Zahra 
 
Bridget M. McCormack 
 
David F. Viviano 
 
Richard H. Bernstein 
 
Justice LARSEN took no part in the decision of this case.