Title: State v. Herbel

State: kansas

Issuer: Kansas Supreme Court

Document:

1 
 
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS 
 
No. 103,558 
 
STATE OF KANSAS, 
Appellee, 
 
v. 
 
RANDY HERBEL, 
Appellant. 
 
 
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT 
 
1. 
A criminal defendant has a right under K.S.A. 22-3405(1), as well as the Sixth 
Amendment to the United States Constitution, to be present at every critical stage of a 
trial. This includes all times whenever the trial court communicates with the jury. 
 
2. 
 
When a criminal defendant's constitutional right to be present at all critical stages 
of the trial has been denied, the error is harmless only if the State proves beyond a 
reasonable doubt that the error will not or did not affect the outcome of the trial in light of 
the entire record, i.e., there is no reasonable possibility that it contributed to the verdict. 
 
3.  
 
Under the facts of this case, where both the constitutional and nonconstitutional 
error clearly arise from the very same acts and omissions, an appellate court begins with a 
harmlessness analysis of the constitutional error. If the constitutional error is reversible, 
an appellate court need not analyze whether the party benefiting from the error also met 
the lower standard for harmlessness under K.S.A. 60-261. 
  
2 
 
4. 
An appellate court generally reviews a district court's decision regarding control of 
its trial proceedings for abuse of discretion. 
 
5. 
Generally, constitutional issues cannot be asserted for the first time on appeal 
unless:  (1) The newly asserted theory involves only a question of law arising on proved 
or admitted facts and is finally determinative of the case; (2) consideration of the question 
is necessary to serve the ends of justice or to prevent the denial of fundamental rights; or 
(3) the district court is right for the wrong reason. 
 
6.  
 
On the record presented in this case, an argument that the district court violated 
the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront his accuser and therefore violated his 
Fourteenth Amendment right to a fair trial cannot be considered for the first time on 
appeal. 
 
7. 
K.S.A. 22-3414(3) establishes a preservation rule for jury instruction claims on 
appeal. It provides that no party may assign as error a district court's giving or failure to 
give a particular jury instruction, including a lesser included crime instruction, unless:  
(a) that party objects before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the 
matter to which the party objects and the grounds for objection; or (b) the instruction or 
the failure to give the instruction is clearly erroneous. If an instruction is clearly 
erroneous, appellate review is not predicated upon an objection in the district court. 
 
8. 
 
When a defendant does not object to a jury instruction at trial, that failure does not 
prevent appellate review if the error is clearly erroneous. To determine whether an 
3 
 
instruction or a failure to give an instruction was clearly erroneous, the appellate court 
must first determine whether there was any error at all. To make that determination, the 
appellate court must consider whether the subject instruction was legally and factually 
appropriate, employing an unlimited review of the entire record. 
 
9. 
 
The district court did not commit error by instructing the jury that "[i]f you have a 
reasonable doubt as to the truth of any of the claims required to be proved by the State, 
you must find the defendant not guilty. If you have no reasonable doubt as to the truth of 
any of the claims required to be proved by the State, you should find the defendant 
guilty." While not the preferred instruction, it was legally appropriate. 
 
10. 
Supreme Court Rule 6.09 (2012 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 49) was not intended to be, 
nor should it be, used as yet another briefing opportunity. The appellate courts will not 
consider a Rule 6.09 letter, or any of its parts, that fails to comply with the rule. 
 
Appeal from Marion District Court; BARRY A. BENNINGTON, senior judge, assigned. Opinion 
filed April 5, 2013. Affirmed. 
 
Meryl Carver-Allmond, of Capital Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the 
briefs for appellant. 
 
Kristafer R. Ailslieger, deputy solicitor general, argued the cause, and Nicole Romine, assistant 
attorney general, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with him on the briefs for appellee. 
 
The opinion of the court was delivered by 
 
4 
 
NUSS, C.J.:  Randy Herbel appeals his Jessica's Law convictions for rape and 
aggravated indecent liberties with a child. His issues on appeal, and our accompanying 
holdings, are as follows: 
 
1. 
Did the district court violate his constitutional and statutory rights when it 
replayed his recorded statement to a deliberating jury outside of his 
presence but in the courtroom? Yes, but harmless error. 
 
2. 
Did the court err when it allowed the child victim to testify with a comfort 
person alongside her? Not preserved. 
 
3. 
Was the court's jury instruction on reasonable doubt legally inappropriate? 
No. 
 
Accordingly, we affirm Herbel's convictions. 
 
FACTS 
 
On July 31, 2006, the Kansas Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services, 
(SRS) received two reports of child neglect involving S.C., a 5-year-old girl living in 
Hillsboro. The first reporter was anonymous and claimed that S.C. was covered in 
ringworm and was not receiving appropriate medical care. That source also reported that 
S.C.'s mother was having sex in front of her. The second reporter was her daycare 
provider, 40-year-old defendant Randy Herbel. He too reported that S.C.'s mother was 
not treating her for ringworm. 
  
Wilma Mueller, an SRS social worker, began her investigation on August 3. 
According to her trial testimony, she met with S.C. and her mother in their house. 
Mueller observed that S.C. was covered in circular scabs. Mueller then met privately with 
5 
 
S.C. and asked if her mother ever had friends visit. S.C. replied, "[Y]es, Jake, my mom's 
boyfriend, he has sex with my mom." Mueller then asked, "[W]hat's sex?" and S.C. 
whispered, "[T]hat's what Randy does to me." As Mueller further testified: 
 
"[S.C.] said that when Randy puts [ointment for ringworm] on me, he covers my head 
with a towel, he takes his penis out, that she can feel it, that it's soft, and that he touches 
her pee-pee with his penis. She further said that she—that he did this lots of times when 
she was on his lap and in his bed, and then she stated that's when he stuck his penis in 
me." 
 
Mueller then terminated the interview, contacted local law enforcement, and set up 
a sexual assault exam at Via Christi Medical Center in Wichita for that same day—
August 3. Hillsboro Police Chief Daniel Kinning transported S.C. and her mother to the 
medical center where nurse practitioner Kathy Gill-Hopple conducted the exam. 
 
Gill-Hopple began by taking S.C.'s medical history. According to Gill-Hopple's 
testimony, S.C. again stated that while Herbel was putting ointment on her naked body 
for ringworm he covered her head with a towel. His pants were off and "he touched his 
penis to her pee-pee and to her butt hole." When Gill-Hopple asked if it hurt, she replied 
that she was crying and that it hurt. Finally, Gill-Hopple asked S.C. if anything came out 
of Herbel's penis, and she replied, "[N]o, just juice, it was white." S.C. identified the 
incidents as occurring on the two previous days—August 1 and August 2—and one other 
unknown date. The sexual assault exam showed no signs of injury, which Gill-Hopple 
did not find unusual. 
 
The next day social worker Mueller recorded a forensic interview of S.C. The 
DVD of the video interview was later admitted into evidence and played to the jury 
during the State's case-in-chief. On the DVD, S.C. stated that Herbel touched her butt and 
pee-pee with his penis three times. She reiterated that one time she was lying on her back 
naked on Herbel's bed, and he covered her head with a towel before touching her with his 
6 
 
penis. S.C. additionally told Mueller that while Herbel said that he used a finger to touch 
her, she knew that he lied and used his penis. She also stated that Herbel stuck his penis 
inside her butt. 
 
On August 17, approximately 2 weeks after S.C. was interviewed by Mueller, 
Chief Kinning interviewed Herbel. Herbel generally denied the allegations but admitted 
that he bathed and treated S.C. for ringworm. 
 
On September 28, Chief Kinning and KBI Agent Rick Atteberry recorded their 
interview of Herbel. The DVD of the video interview was later admitted into evidence 
and played to the jury during the State's case-in-chief. Herbel discussed with them two 
incidents involving S.C., one occurring on August 1 and the second on August 2. 
 
Regarding the August 1 incident, Herbel stated that after he gave S.C. a bath he 
placed her naked on his bed and treated her ringworm with calamine lotion. He also 
rubbed Vaseline on and near her vagina to treat the ringworm and another rash. 
According to Herbel, he rubbed the Vaseline on her vagina until he got aroused and then 
he stopped. 
 
Regarding the August 2 incident, Herbel stated that he gave S.C. a bath and then 
again placed her naked on a towel on his bed. He again treated her with calamine and 
Vaseline. According to Herbel, after he rubbed the Vaseline on S.C.'s vagina for about 30 
seconds, he then covered her head with a towel and began to masturbate. He claimed he 
bumped her clitoris with his penis and she said "ouch." He admitted that he "most likely" 
penetrated S.C. during the act and later admitted that he "probably" penetrated her. 
 
During this same interview, Herbel also wrote and signed a statement paralleling 
most of his recorded one. The written statement was also admitted into evidence at trial 
during the State's case-in-chief. 
7 
 
 
The next day the State charged Herbel with one count of rape for the August 1 
incident and one count of rape and one count of aggravated indecent liberties with a child 
for the August 2 incident. After several years of addressing Herbel's competency issues, 
the jury trial began in July 2009. 
 
Included in the State's trial evidence was the brief testimony of now 8-year-old 
S.C. with her adoptive placement person on the witness stand beside her. S.C. testified 
that Herbel touched her bottom with his "pee pee," which she admitted meant his penis. 
But each time she was asked, she denied that he touched her vagina. 
 
At the close of all the evidence, the State contended in its closing argument that 
the Count 1 rape charge was supported by the evidence that Herbel rubbed Vaseline on 
S.C.'s vagina on August 1. The State also argued that the Count 2 rape charge was 
supported by Herbel touching her vagina with his penis on August 2. It further argued 
that the Count 3 aggravated indecent liberties charge was supported by the evidence that 
he touched her butt with his penis that same day. During the State's closing argument, it 
played excerpts from Herbel's DVD interview with Chief Kinning and Agent Atteberry. 
 
During the jury's deliberations, it asked to rewatch a part of the DVD containing 
the interview with Kinning and Atteberry where Herbel talked about the August 1 
incident. The record on appeal clearly establishes that a part of the DVD was replayed for 
the jury in the courtroom but is silent on whether Herbel or his counsel was present. 
 
The jury found Herbel not guilty of Count 1 (rape) for the August 1 incident. But 
it found him guilty of Count 2 (rape) and Count 3 (aggravated indecent liberties with a 
child), which stemmed from the August 2 incident. Under Jessica's Law, K.S.A. 21-4643, 
he was sentenced to a term of life in prison without the possibility of parole for 25 years. 
 
8 
 
Herbel timely appealed. Our jurisdiction arises under K.S.A. 22-3601(b)(1).  
 
Additional facts will be added as necessary to our analysis. 
 
ANALYSIS 
 
Issue 1:  The playback of Herbel's recorded interview violated his right to be present at 
every critical stage of the trial but was harmless error. 
 
 
Standard of review 
 
Herbel argues that the replaying of the DVD to the deliberating jury in the 
courtroom and outside of his presence violated his rights under the Sixth Amendment to 
the United States Constitution and under Kansas statute to be present at every critical 
stage of his criminal trial. See Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 90 S. Ct. 1057, 25 L. Ed. 2d 
353, reh. denied 398 U.S. 915 (1970); K.S.A. 22-3405(1) ("The defendant in a felony 
case shall be present . . . at every stage of the trial . . . except as otherwise provided by 
law."). He also points out that this includes the right to be present whenever the court 
communicates with the jury. See State v. Garcia, 233 Kan. 589, 596, 664 P.2d 1343 
(1983) (citing Shields v. United States, 273 U.S. 583, 47 S. Ct. 478, 71 L. Ed. 787 
[1927]). Because the right to be present is in issue, we are faced with a question of law 
over which we exercise unlimited review. See State v. Burns, 295 Kan. 951, 955, 287 
P.3d 261 (2012). 
 
Discussion 
 
After the jury retired for its deliberations, it returned to the courtroom where the 
judge went back on the record but did not announce appearances. The transcript is silent 
on whether Herbel or his counsel was present. 
9 
 
 
According to the judge's statement in the transcript, the jury had requested that it 
"hear that portion [of the DVD] that deals with the degree of penetration that may have 
occurred on the first day, on August the 1st." After a juror confirmed the request on the 
record, the judge advised that the prosecutor had informed him the requested portion is 
"actually [on] several different places [on] the disk." And due to incomplete indexing, the 
juror agreed that the court would begin by playing back the same portion that the 
prosecutor played during his closing arguments. The juror further agreed that after 
playing that portion the replay "may have to be expanded." Once played, the judge asked, 
"Anything else you want to hear?" to which the juror replied, "I think that's it." The jury 
then returned to its deliberations at 3:01 p.m. and returned to the courtroom with its 
verdict at 3:25 p.m. 
 
In addition to Herbel's arguments based upon the Sixth Amendment and K.S.A. 
22-3405(1), he points out that K.S.A. 22-3420(3) specifically addresses a defendant's 
right to be present during jury deliberations. It states: 
 
"(3) After the jury has retired for deliberation, if they desire to be informed as to 
any part of the law or evidence arising in the case, they may request the officer to conduct 
them to the court, where the information on the point of the law shall be given, or the 
evidence shall be read or exhibited to them in the presence of the defendant, unless he 
voluntarily absents himself, and his counsel and after notice to the prosecuting attorney." 
(Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 22-3420(3). 
 
The State admits that the record does not specify the presence of Herbel or his 
counsel at the time the DVD was replayed for the jury. It also admits that our caselaw is 
clear. "Where the record does not affirmatively reflect the presence of the defendant, this 
court will presume that the defendant's constitutional right to be present was violated and 
that K.S.A. 22-3420(3) was not followed." State v. Betts, 272 Kan. 369, 391, 33 P.3d 575 
(2001), overruled on other grounds State v. Davis, 283 Kan. 569, 158 P.3d 317 (2007). 
10 
 
But relying on our decision in State v. Bolton, 274 Kan. 1, 49 P.3d 468 (2002), the State 
argues that K.S.A. 22-3420(3) does not apply to videotaped testimony.  
 
In Bolton, during the jury's deliberations it requested to again watch a video 
surveillance tape of the murder that had been admitted at trial without objection and 
played to the jury with the defendant present. Outside Bolton's presence, but in the 
presence of his counsel and counsel for the State, the court ordered a playback device be 
placed in the jury deliberation room and the jury rewatched the tape. Although Bolton's 
counsel did not object, Bolton argued on appeal that the jury's rewatching of the tape 
violated his right to be present at all critical stages of the proceeding. 
 
We concluded "a jury's second viewing of exhibits admitted into evidence is not 
subject to the requirements of K.S.A. 22-3420(3)" because a videotape cannot be as 
easily manipulated as readback testimony. Bolton, 274 Kan. at 6. We stated: 
 
"Here, the videotape was an exhibit which had been admitted into evidence 
during the course of the trial and had been played in open court before the jury and the 
defendant. A videotape is distinguishable from readback testimony in that the evidence 
on a videotape is static and is not susceptible to inflection or interpretation by a reader; 
regardless of the number of times a videotape is replayed or who plays the videotape, the 
message conveyed on the tape is the same." Bolton, 274 Kan. at 6. 
 
 
Among other things, the Bolton court cited State v. Fenton, 228 Kan. 658, 620 
P.2d 813 (1980), for the proposition that once a case is submitted to the jury, the jury is 
ordinarily given the exhibits to take into the jury room where it can examine the exhibits 
as many times as it desires. "The Fenton court noted that the manner in which exhibits 
are handled at trial is within the trial court's discretion, and the exercise of that discretion 
will not be disturbed on appeal except in cases of abuse. 228 Kan. at 667." Bolton, 274 
Kan. at 6. 
 
11 
 
We disagree with the Bolton court's approach. We start, as we must, with the plain 
language of the statute. See State v. Hopkins, 295 Kan. 579, 581, 285 P.3d 1021 (2012) 
(quoting Zimmerman v. Board of Wabaunsee County Comm'rs, 289 Kan. 926, Syl. ¶ 3, 
218 P.3d 400 [2009]) ("'An appellate court merely interprets the language as it appears; it 
is not free to speculate and cannot read into the statute language not readily found 
there.'").  
  
K.S.A. 22-3420(3) plainly states that if after deliberations begin the jury desires to 
be informed as to any part of the evidence arising in the case "the evidence shall be read 
or exhibited to them." (Emphasis added.) So an error analysis that focuses upon the 
absence of either inflection changes or interpretations in a videotape is of no more 
relevance than the absence of inflection changes or interpretation in exhibiting the murder 
weapon itself. Moreover, the statute also plainly mandates that the evidence "shall be . . . 
exhibited to them in the presence of the defendant unless he voluntarily absents himself." 
(Emphasis added.) Consequently, where the jury has requested the officer conduct them 
to the court after deliberations began, the defendant has an absolute statutory right to be 
present when any evidence "is exhibited" to the jury after deliberations began. 
 
Because we must presume under Betts that Herbel was not present, K.S.A. 22-
3420(3) was violated. So our analysis now turns to the magnitude of the statutory error, 
i.e., whether it mandates reversal of his convictions. And because the error arose in the 
context of the court's communication with the jury in the courtroom, Herbel's rights under 
K.S.A. 22-3405(1) and the Constitution were also violated. As we said in State v. Bell, 
266 Kan. 896, 919-20, 975 P.2d 239, cert. denied 528 U.S. 905 (1999): 
 
"K.S.A. 1998 Supp. 22-3405, as well as the Sixth Amendment's Confrontation 
Clause and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, require a defendant's 
presence at every critical stage of a trial. See Crease v. State, 252 Kan. [326,] 333[, 845 
P.2d 27 (1993)]. See also State v. Lovely, 237 Kan. 838, 844, 703 P.2d 828 (1985). This 
12 
 
includes all times when the jury is present in the courtroom and whenever the trial court 
communicates with the jury. State v. Perkins, 248 Kan. 760, 769, 811 P.2d 1142 (1991)." 
(Emphasis added.) 
 
While similar, the tests for determining the magnitude of constitutional error 
(when error infringes upon a constitutional right) and nonconstitutional error (when error 
does not infringe upon a constitutional right) are nevertheless distinct. See State v. Ward, 
292 Kan. 541, 569, 256 P.3d 801 (2011), cert. denied 132 S. Ct. 1594 (2012). For 
nonconstitutional error, "the trial court should apply K.S.A. 60-261 and determine if there 
is a reasonable probability that the error did or will affect the outcome of the trial in light 
of the entire record." 292 Kan. 542, Syl. ¶ 6. But for constitutional error, 
 
"the trial court should apply the constitutional harmless error standard defined in 
Chapman [v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1967),] in which 
case the error may be declared harmless where the party benefitting from the error proves 
beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of will not or did not affect the 
outcome of the trial in light of the entire record, i.e., where there is no reasonable 
possibility that the error contributed to the verdict." 292 Kan. 542, Syl. ¶ 6. 
 
Under both tests, the party benefiting from the error bears the burden of 
demonstrating harmlessness. State v. McCullough, 293 Kan. 970, Syl. ¶ 9, 270 P.3d 1142 
(2012) (nonconstitutional error); Ward, 292 Kan. at 568-69 (constitutional error). Clearly, 
the party benefiting from the constitutional error must meet a higher standard to show 
harmlessness than the standard required in nonconstitutional error. 
 
So when, as here, the same acts or omissions represent both constitutional and 
nonconstitutional error, the question becomes whether the party benefiting from the error 
must demonstrate it meets both standards—when meeting the higher constitutional 
harmless error standard necessarily means the lower nonconstitutional harmless error 
standard has been met. To date, this court has not directly answered this question. See, 
13 
 
e.g., State v. Backus, 295 Kan. 1003, 1009, 287 P.3d 894 (2012) ("[E]ven under the more 
stringent test [for demonstrating harmless constitutional error], we are firmly convinced 
beyond a reasonable doubt that there was no impact on the trial's outcome."); In re K.E., 
294 Kan. 17, 25, 272 P.3d 28 (2012) ("Consequently, any failure was harmless under 
either standard expressed in State v. Ward. [Citation omitted.]"); see also State v. Tully, 
293 Kan. 176, 207, 262 P.3d 314 (2011) (both standards applied as independent, 
alternative bases for measuring harmlessness). 
 
In Herbel's case, where both the constitutional and nonconstitutional error clearly 
arise from the very same acts and omissions, we will logically begin with our 
harmlessness analysis of the constitutional error. This is because if we conclude the 
constitutional error is not harmless and reverse the convictions, there is no point in 
analyzing whether the State met the lower standard for harmlessness under K.S.A. 60-
261. 
 
In our review of the magnitude of the constitutional error created by playing the 
DVD to the jury in Herbel's absence, we are guided in our particular situation by specific 
factors first articulated by this court in State v. McGinnes, 266 Kan. 121, 967 P.2d 763 
(1998). There, 
 
"[a]fter deliberations began, the trial judge happened to be outside the jury room. One of 
the jurors posed a question, possibly to another juror, as to why the jury had not heard 
testimony from Police Chief Whinery." 266 Kan. at 124. 
 
The trial judge then advised the jurors that the police chief was unable to be 
present at trial, provided the reason why, and advised the jury it should not be concerned 
with his absence. The McGinnes court found there was "no question that the trial court's 
ex parte communication with the jury violated the defendant's constitutional right to be 
present at all critical stages of the trial." 266 Kan. at 127. 
14 
 
 
After synthesizing federal and Kansas caselaw to help determine if the trial court's 
ex parte communication with the jury was harmless constitutional error, the McGinnes 
court developed the following four factors to consider:  (1) the overall strength of the 
prosecution's case; (2) whether an objection was lodged; (3) whether the ex parte 
communication concerned a critical aspect of the trial or rather involved an innocuous 
and insignificant matter, and the manner in which it was conveyed to the jury; and (4) the 
ability of a posttrial remedy to mitigate the constitutional error. 266 Kan. at 132; see State 
v. Mann, 274 Kan. 670, 684, 56 P.3d 212 (2002); State v. Rayton, 268 Kan. 711, 717, 1 
P.3d 854 (2000). 
 
While in McGinnes the trial court communicated with the jury in the absence of 
both counsel and parties, and in the instant case the trial court communicated only in the 
absence of Herbel and his counsel, this distinction is without a difference when 
determining the magnitude of the harm to the criminal defendant. See State v. Scales, 261 
Kan. 734, 739, 933 P.2d 737 (1997) ("'Ex parte communications deprive the absent party 
of the right to respond and be heard.'").  
 
Instead of beginning our harmlessness inquiry by examining each factor in the 
numerical order listed by the McGinnes court, we start with the obvious. The jury wanted 
to hear that portion of the recorded Herbel interview "that deals with the degree of 
penetration that may have occurred on the first day, on August the 1st." The only charge 
against Herbel arising from the incident on August 1 was Count 1's rape—for which 
penetration obviously is an element. See K.S.A. 21-3502(a); K.S.A. 21-3501(1). 
 
Because of incomplete indexing, it was agreed that the court would begin by 
playing back the same portion that the prosecutor played during his closing arguments, 
subject to further requests. Apparently satisfied with the replay as an answer, the jury 
then returned to its deliberations. Twenty-four minutes later it returned to the courtroom 
15 
 
with its verdict. By acquitting Herbel on the only charge arising out of the August 1 
incident—rape, which requires penetration—the jury apparently decided there was 
insufficient evidence of penetration after watching that particular portion of the DVD a 
third time. 
 
Herbel discusses together the McGinnes factors 1 (strength of the prosecution's 
case) and 3 (critical or noncritical contents and their manner of communication). And he 
essentially allows that the jury's acquittal on Count 1 enables this court—and the jury—to 
believe Herbel's statement that he externally applied Vaseline to S.C. on August 1. 
 
But Herbel argues that the replayed DVD excerpt also briefly referred to the 
August 2 incident for which he was convicted in Count 2 of rape. He contends that S.C. 
recanted at trial her prior statements that Herbel had touched her vagina. He further 
contends that because the professional witnesses' testimony was entirely based on S.C.'s 
pretrial statements, the State is left only with his DVD statement that "he bumped her 
vagina as he was masturbating." 
 
But as the State emphasizes, this ignores several key points regarding the 
strength of the prosecution's case. We start by independently observing the 
admissions of penetration made by Herbel in his recorded interview with Kinning 
and Atteberry that was played to the jury in the State's case-in-chief: 
 
"Q:  Did you penetrate a little bit inside the lips? . . .  
"A:  Most likely I probably did. But I didn't do it intentionally. 
. . . . 
"Q:  . . . Either you did or you didn't. 
"A:  Most likely I did. 
. . . .   
"Q:  It went in a little bit didn't it? It probably spread her [ ] lips a little bit? 
"A:  It probably did (inaudible). I don't know. 
16 
 
. . . . 
"Q:  You rubbed your penis between her lips a little bit to the vagina? It went in a little 
bit?   
"A:  Yeah. 
. . . . 
"Q:  You spread her [ ] lips apart, right? Her vagina lips? 
"A:  Yeah, I probably did, yes. 
. . . .  
"Q:  It went inside a little bit probably, right? We are not saying you put it in all the way 
and screwed her Randy [inaudible.] 
"A:  Yes, it probably did, because with the force . . . (inaudible). 
"Q:  You did it with enough force to spread them? 
"A:  Yes, I probably did. I mean yes." 
 
Herbel also admitted in that same interview that when he "bumped her clitoris 
with his penis," S.C. said "ouch," a reaction indicating it was more than a slight 
tap. 
 
As the State points out, Herbel's argument also ignores the admissions in his own 
written statement. That statement was also admitted into evidence. It states in relevant 
part: 
 
"The next day [August 2] I gave her another bath and did the same thing. This 
time I pulled out my penis and put a towel over her eyes. Then I started to jack off in 
front of her. On accent [accident] I rubbed my penis against her and then came on her leg. 
I hit her citorse [clitoris] when I came up before I came and then she said ouch." 
(Emphasis added.) 
 
Herbel does not contend on appeal that either his written or recorded admissions were 
coerced. 
 
17 
 
Additionally, S.C. told several witnesses before trial, i.e., Mueller and Gill-
Hopple, that Herbel used his penis to touch her vagina and butt. She specifically told 
Mueller that Herbel "touched her pee-pee with his penis." She further told Mueller that 
Herbel did this lots of times when she was on his lap and in his bed and "that's when he 
stuck his penis in me." During the later recorded interview with Mueller, S.C. said Herbel 
touched her pee-pee with his penis three times. She also told Gill-Hopple that he 
"touched his penis to her pee-pee and to her butt hole." When Gill-Hopple asked if it hurt, 
she replied that she was crying and that it hurt—a reaction that indicates it was more than 
a mere touch. While during trial she denied Herbel touching her vagina, her pretrial 
statements to the contrary must nevertheless be considered. We hold McGinnes factor 1 
(strength of the prosecution's case) favors the State. 
 
As for McGinnes factor 3—critical or noncritical content and manner of 
communication—the State argues that Herbel's situation does not truly involve a 
communication between court and jury. Rather, it involves simply allowing the jury to 
review evidence that had previously been admitted and viewed. We independently 
observe that "the ex parte communication concerned a critical aspect of the trial." See 
McGinnes, 266 Kan. at 132. But the record certainly does not reveal any statements by 
the court or the State other than those necessary for confirming the jury's request or for 
actually replaying the DVD to the jury's satisfaction. 
 
As mentioned previously, given the jury's only question to the court, the jury 
obviously was only concerned about the penetration issue for the August 1 rape charge. 
Its acquittal on this charge within 24 minutes of watching this episode on the DVD, and 
its conviction on the rape charge for the August 2 incident, strongly suggest that playing 
the DVD had a determinative effect on the August 1 rape charge but little, if any, effect 
on the August 2 rape charge. So we generally agree McGinnes factor 3 favors the State. 
 
18 
 
As for Herbel's discussing together McGinnes factors 2 (whether objection lodged) 
and 4 (posttrial remedy ability to mitigate error), he acknowledges he and his counsel did 
not object to the DVD playback or file a posttrial motion. But he argues that it does not 
appear from the record that he or his trial counsel was ever aware of the playback. See, 
e.g., K.S.A. 22-3417 ("[I]f a party has no opportunity to object to a ruling or order at the 
time it is made, the absence of an objection does not thereafter prejudice him."). 
Similarly, their lack of awareness means that their failure to ask for a mistrial or to file a 
motion for new trial cannot be held against Herbel. 
 
In response, the State essentially cites Fenton, 228 Kan. 658, for the proposition 
that once a case is submitted to the jury, it is ordinarily given the exhibits to take into the 
jury room where they may be examined as many times as desired. And any decision to 
allow admitted exhibits to be viewed outside the defendant's presence is within the trial 
court's discretion. Because we distinguished Fenton in the earlier analysis, it simply does 
not assist the State. We therefore conclude McGinnes factors 2 and 4 favor Herbel. 
 
After specifically reviewing the McGinnes factors, and considering the overall 
standard of review for determining the magnitude of constitutional error as articulated in 
Ward, 292 Kan. 541, we conclude the error in replaying the DVD excerpt was harmless. 
In other words, the State has proven "beyond a reasonable doubt that the error 
complained of will not or did not affect the outcome of the trial in light of the entire 
record, i.e., where there is no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the 
verdict." 292 Kan. 541, Syl. ¶ 6. 
 
19 
 
Issue 2:  Any error relating to the presence of the comfort person is not preserved. 
 
Standard of review 
 
Herbel broadly argues that allowing S.C.'s adoptive placement person to sit on the 
stand with her violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront his accuser and thus 
violated his Fourteenth Amendment right to a fair trial. Specifically, Herbel alleges error 
because the trial court did not make any findings that showed S.C. actually needed a 
comfort person. The State responds that the trial court appropriately exercised its 
discretion. 
 
We generally review a district court's decision regarding control of its trial 
proceedings for abuse of discretion. See State v. Walker, 252 Kan. 279, 290, 845 P.2d 1 
(1993); cf. Holt v. State, 290 Kan. 491, 500, 232 P.3d 848 (2010) (recognizing district 
court's inherent authority to "manage litigation"); see also State v. Rowray, 18 Kan. App. 
2d 772, 777, 860 P.2d 40, rev. denied 254 Kan. 1009 (1993) ("A trial judge has broad 
discretion to control examination of witnesses, and 'reviewing courts will not interfere 
unless discretion has been abused.' State v. Mitchell, 234 Kan. 185, 188, 672 P.2d 1 
[1983]."). 
 
Discussion 
 
S.C. was the State's first witness. The prosecutor simply announced:  "State calls 
[S.C.]. I note she is in the witness stand, as is her adopted placement . . . ." 
 
Herbel did not object to the adoptive placement person sitting on the stand with 
S.C. As a threshold matter, the State therefore argues the issue is not preserved because 
under this court's general rule, "issues not raised before the trial court cannot be raised on 
20 
 
appeal," even if the defendant asserts "constitutional grounds for reversal." State v. 
Astorga, 295 Kan. 339, 350, 284 P.3d 279 (2012). 
 
But as Herbel observes, under several exceptions to our general rule this court may 
consider issues raised for the first time on appeal. He relies upon two:  (1) when the 
newly asserted theory involves only a question of law arising on proved or admitted facts 
and is finally determinative of the case; and (2) when consideration of the question is 
necessary to serve the ends of justice or to prevent the denial of fundamental rights. 
Pierce v. Board of County Commissioners, 200 Kan. 74, 80-81, 434 P.2d 858 (1967). 
 
In response, the State first argues that Herbel's issue is essentially evidentiary-
based, i.e., Herbel allowed S.C.'s testimony—either comfort person based or comfort 
person influenced—to be admitted without objection. Citing State v. King, 288 Kan. 333, 
348, 204 P.3d 585 (2009), and K.S.A. 60-404, it points out that "a party must launch a 
timely and specific objection to the admission . . . of evidence in order to preserve the 
evidentiary question for review." 
 
The State also correctly points out that this strict standard has even been applied in 
cases involving an alleged violation of a defendant's constitutional rights, citing State v. 
Dukes, 290 Kan. 485, 488-89, 231 P.3d 558 (2010) (argument that admission of State's 
exhibits violated the defendant's Confrontation Clause rights was not preserved for appeal 
because no specific and timely objection was raised). See State v. Mays, 277 Kan. 359, 
384-85, 85 P.3d 1208 (2004). Similarly, we have observed that if we applied Pierce's 
fundamental rights exception to every evidentiary issue raised by a party because it 
implicates the right to a "fair trial," then the exception could swallow the rule. State v. 
Richmond, 289 Kan. 419, 429-30, 212 P.3d 165 (2009). 
 
We need not determine whether the comfort person's presence created an 
evidentiary issue, however, because it may be resolved in a more straightforward manner. 
21 
 
We begin by again observing that when given the opportunity during trial to object to the 
presence of the comfort person, Herbel obviously did not. And as both parties point out, 
during the jury instructions conference Herbel renewed his earlier request for the stock 
instruction under PIK Crim. 3d. 51.07, which states:  "You must consider this case 
without favoritism or sympathy for or against either party. Neither sympathy nor 
prejudice should influence you." However Herbel did not ever request this instruction 
because of the presence of the comfort person but only because S.C. testified with a teddy 
bear. 
 
"Obviously, Your Honor, our basis for that [instruction] is, the alleged victim in 
this case is eight years old now, was five years old when this happened. She sat there and 
testified with a teddy bear in front of her, which I'm not saying that was inappropriate, 
but obviously common sense would indicate that jurors are going to have some sympathy 
for her that she had to be in this situation for whatever reason. And I think it's 
appropriate, given those factual circumstances, that that instruction be given in this case." 
(Emphasis added.) 
 
The judge agreed with defense counsel's statement that the instruction was 
disapproved by the PIK committee for general use but could be given under unusual 
circumstances. And while the judge found this case involved an alleged rape of a child, 
"that itself did not make it a unique or an unusual situation." He further found that the 
State's expert discovered no physical injury, which "might have tended to create more 
sympathy and generated more prejudice than this situation. So, I decline your request to 
give the instruction." So when Herbel raised the issue, the judge made findings and stated 
his conclusion. 
 
As the State emphasizes, Herbel has not challenged on appeal the court's denial of 
his requested instruction. Rather, after at least two trial-level opportunities to either object 
to the presence of a comfort person or to further request that the impact be ameliorated by 
a jury instruction, he has waited to challenge her presence for the first time on appeal. 
22 
 
 
Herbel argues on appeal that the trial court harmfully failed to make any inquiry 
about the necessity of a comfort person and therefore failed to make findings supporting 
the need. But his own repeated failures to raise the issue to the trial court before the jury's 
verdict demonstrates that he and his counsel obviously saw no reason to question the 
comfort person's presence on the stand. Yet he would require the trial court to sua sponte 
raise the issue, invite the presentation of evidence, make the fact-based determinations of 
necessity/nonnecessity, and then rule on the issue. Our caselaw suggests this is not the 
trial court's responsibility. 
 
We begin our review with State v. Ortega-Cadelan, 287 Kan. 157, 194 P.3d 1195 
(2008), where for the first time on appeal the defendant raised the unconstitutionality of 
his sentence imposed under Jessica's Law:  mandatory life without the possibility of 
parole for 25 years and lifetime postrelease supervision. Specifically, he argued that his 
sentence was cruel or unusual under § 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights. Like 
Herbel, Ortega-Cadelan asked that we apply one of the Pierce exceptions and consider 
his issue "to serve the ends of justice." 287 Kan. at 159. 
 
We observed the problem with Ortega-Cadelan's argument was "that we must be 
able to consider the merits of the issue to determine if justice demands its resolution." 
287 Kan. at 160. We further observed that our particular test to analyze his argument on 
the merits—that his life sentence for sex crimes against minors was a cruel or unusual 
punishment—required factual determinations. But because he failed to raise this issue 
before the district court, "neither party had an opportunity to present evidence or make 
arguments to the district court." 287 Kan. at 161. This failure meant there were no facts 
or findings in the record allowing this court to address the merits and ultimately 
permitting them to serve as a basis for our ruling. So we declined to apply any of the 
three Pierce exceptions and held his argument was not properly before this court. 287 
Kan. at 161. 
23 
 
 
We have repeatedly affirmed our Ortega-Cadelan approach in cases where the 
defendant not only has argued his Jessica's Law sentence was unconstitutional under 
section 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights, but also the Eighth Amendment to the 
United States Constitution. See State v. Plotner, 290 Kan. 774, 783-84, 235 P.3d 417 
(2010) (listing cases to date). As we stated in Plotner, "[b]ecause this issue was not raised 
below, the record is devoid of the facts this court needs to evaluate it." 290 Kan. at 784. 
We again held that none of the Pierce exceptions applied and Plotner was therefore 
prohibited from raising this issue for the first time on appeal. 
 
In yet another Jessica's Law case, we emphasized that even when a party has 
raised an issue in the trial court to preserve it for appeal, the party nevertheless had an 
additional obligation to supply a sound foundation for our appellate review. In State v. 
Seward, 289 Kan. 715, 217 P.3d 443 (2009), the trial judge said nothing in response to 
Seward's constitutional challenges to Jessica's Law. We held:  "In the future, a defendant 
who wishes to appeal on the basis of a constitutional challenge to a sentencing statute 
must ensure the findings and conclusions by the district judge are sufficient to support 
appellate argument, by filing of a motion invoking the judge's duty under Rule 165, if 
necessary." 289 Kan. at 721; see also State v. Edwards, 290 Kan. 330, 335, 226 P.3d 
1285 (2010) ("litigant must object to inadequate findings of fact and conclusions of law 
before the trial court to preserve the issue for appeal," citing Dragon v. Vanguard 
Industries, 282 Kan. 349, 356, 144 P.3d 1279 [2006]). 
 
And as we noted in State v. Davis, 281 Kan. 169, 178, 130 P.3d 69 (2006), 
Supreme Court Rule 165 requires the judge to state the controlling facts and the legal 
principles controlling his or her decision only when the matter is contested. See Rule 165 
(2009 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 239) ("In all contested matters submitted to a judge without a 
jury . . . , the judge shall state the controlling facts required by K.S.A.60-252, and the 
24 
 
legal principles controlling the decision.") Here, Herbel not only failed to contest the 
comfort person matter, but he also entirely failed to raise it as an issue. 
 
Finally, Herbel asks us to revisit the holding in a case extensively briefed by both 
parties:  Rowray, 18 Kan. App. 2d 772. But Rowray is readily distinguishable from the 
instant case because there the defendant objected to the use of a mother as a comfort 
person who sat near her child victims on the witness stand. So revisiting Rowray is 
unnecessary to resolve the instant case. 
 
For the above reasons, Herbel cannot raise this issue for the first time on appeal. 
 
Issue 3:  The reasonable doubt jury instruction was legally appropriate. 
 
After Herbel received our permission to raise and brief an issue for the first time 
on appeal, he filed a supplemental brief to argue that the trial court committed structural 
error when it used an older version of the stock PIK Crim. 3d 52.02 instruction. That 
instruction, No. 2, deals with the burden of proof, the presumption of innocence, and 
reasonable doubt. It states in relevant part: 
 
"The State has the burden to prove the defendant is guilty. The defendant is not 
required to prove he is not guilty. You must presume that he is not guilty unless you are 
convinced from evidence that he is guilty. 
 
"The test you must use in determining whether the defendant is guilty or not 
guilty is this:  If you have a reasonable doubt as to the truth of any of the claims required 
to be proved by the State, you must find the defendant not guilty. If you have no 
reasonable doubt as to the truth of any of the claims required to be proved by the State, 
you should find the defendant guilty." (Emphasis added.) 
 
25 
 
Herbel argues that the trial court instead should have issued the version of PIK 
Crim. 3d 52.02 that was in effect at the time of his 2009 trial and has been recommended 
by the PIK committee since it released its 2004 Supplement. That version states in 
relevant part: 
 
"The test you must use in determining whether the defendant is guilty or not 
guilty is this:  If you have a reasonable doubt as to the truth of any of the claims required 
to be proved by the State, you must find the defendant not guilty. If you have no 
reasonable doubt as to the truth of each of the claims required to be proved by the State, 
you should find the defendant guilty." (Emphasis added.) 
 
He claims the trial court's instruction improperly dilutes the State's burden of 
proof. 
 
Standard of review 
 
Herbel did not object to instruction No. 2 below. Therefore, our standard of review 
is informed by K.S.A. 22-3414(3) and State v. Williams, 295 Kan. 506, 286 P.3d 195 
(2012). 
 
As we stated in Williams, a jury instruction issue, like other issues, is subject to a 
stair-step process on appeal: 
 
"(1) determining whether the appellate court can or should review the issue, i.e., whether 
there is a lack of appellate jurisdiction or a failure to preserve the issue for appeal; (2) 
considering the merits of the claim to determine whether error occurred below; and (3) 
assessing whether the error requires reversal, i.e., whether the error can be deemed 
harmless." Williams, 295 Kan. 506, Syl. ¶ 1. 
 
26 
 
Regarding the first step, in Williams we recognized that K.S.A. 22-3414(3) creates 
a procedural hurdle for a party that fails to object or request a jury instruction. 
 
 
"K.S.A. 22-3414(3) establishes a preservation rule for instruction claims on 
appeal. It provides that no party may assign as error a district court's giving or failure to 
give a particular jury instruction, including a lesser included crime instruction, unless:  
(a) that party objects before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the 
matter to which the party objects and the grounds for objection; or (b) the instruction or 
the failure to give the instruction is clearly erroneous. If an instruction is clearly 
erroneous, appellate review is not predicated upon an objection in the district court." 
Williams, 295 Kan. 506, Syl. ¶ 3. 
 
We explained in Williams that the test to determine whether the instruction is 
clearly erroneous is composed of two parts. First, "the reviewing court must . . . 
determine whether there was any error at all. To make that determination, the appellate 
court must consider whether the subject instruction was legally and factually appropriate, 
employing an unlimited review of the entire record." Williams, 295 Kan. 506, Syl. ¶ 4. 
 
If error is found, then the second part is considered, i.e., the clearly erroneous 
analysis moves to a reversibility inquiry and 
 
"the court assesses whether it is firmly convinced that the jury would have reached a 
different verdict had the instruction error not occurred. The party claiming a clearly 
erroneous instruction maintains the burden to establish the degree of prejudice necessary 
for reversal." Williams, 295 Kan. 506, Syl. ¶ 5.  
 
Accord State v. Tapia, 295 Kan. 978, 996, 287 P.3d 879 (2012). 
 
27 
 
Discussion 
 
Accordingly, we must first determine if the reasonable doubt instruction was 
legally and factually appropriate. 
 
Herbel relies heavily on the Court of Appeals' opinion in Miller v. State, No. 
103,915, 2012 WL 401601 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished opinion), rev. granted March 
4, 2013. Indeed, Miller is why Herbel wanted to file a supplemental brief because Miller 
was released after the filing of the original briefs in his case. In Miller, the trial court 
transposed the words "each" and "any" in giving a jury instruction based on the current 
version of PIK Crim. 3d 52.02. So it read as follows: 
 
"'The test you must use in determining whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty is 
this:  If you have a reasonable doubt as to the truth of each of the claims required to be 
proved by the State, you must find the defendant not guilty. If you have no reasonable 
doubt as to the truth of any of the claims required to be proved by the State, you should 
find the defendant guilty.'" Miller, 2012 WL 401601, at *2. 
 
The Miller panel held that by transposing these two words in the stock PIK instruction, 
the district court altered the burden of proof. As a result, the beyond a reasonable doubt 
standard was turned "inside out," which allowed the State to obtain a conviction "with 
patently insufficient evidence." 2012 WL 401601, at *2. So the panel found structural 
error, reversed the trial court's denial of Miller's motion under K.S.A. 60-1507 and 
remanded for a new trial, finding his original appellate counsel ineffective for failing to 
raise the argument. Miller, 2012 WL 401601 at *4-5, *9. 
 
But as the State points out, Herbel's case is different. The two words are not 
transposed. The State argues that while the word "each" may be preferable to the word 
"any" in this last sentence of Instruction No. 2, this is not an incorrect statement of the 
law. See Williams, 295 Kan. 506, Syl. ¶ 4 (To determine if there is error, the appellate 
28 
 
court must consider whether the instruction was legally appropriate.). In making our 
determination, we observe that "the Constitution does not require that any particular form 
of words be used in advising the jury of the government's burden of proof." Victor v. 
Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1, 5, 114 S. Ct. 1239, 127 L. Ed. 2d 583 (1994).   
 
We also observe that 8 years ago in State v. Beck, 32 Kan. App. 2d 784, 88 P.3d 
1233, rev. denied 278 Kan. 847 (2004), the Court of Appeals rejected this exact argument 
now made by Herbel. More specifically, the Beck defendant objected at trial to the then 
stock instruction contained in PIK Crim. 3d 52.02. He argued that the use of the word 
"any" in the final sentence of the instruction could somehow create ambiguity or result in 
his being convicted if only one element of the crime was proven by the State. 
 
In rejecting this same argument, the Beck panel specifically held: 
 
"Again, Beck is focusing on one word of the instruction in isolation from its 
context. The word 'any' is used consistently in the instruction. The sentence immediately 
preceding the language Beck finds objectionable states:  'If you have a reasonable doubt 
as to the truth of any of the claims required to be proved by the State, you must find the 
defendant not guilty.' (Emphasis added.) We reject Beck's argument that the word 'any,' 
as used in this context, could somehow create ambiguity or result in Beck being 
convicted if only one element of the crime is proven." 32 Kan. App. 2d at 787. 
 
 
The Beck panel reinforced its holding by stating that any possible confusion was 
eliminated by the elements instruction: 
 
"Furthermore, Instruction No. 11, listing the elements of the crime of aggravated escape 
from custody, contains the language:  'To establish this charge, each of the following 
claims must be proved . . . .' (Emphasis added.) This language negates any potential 
confusion that may have been caused by the use of the word 'any' in Instruction No. 6." 
32 Kan. App. 2d at 787-88. 
 
29 
 
Similarly, Herbel's Instructions Nos. 3, 4 and 5—which set out the individual 
elements for each of the three charged crimes—all contain the following language:  "To 
establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved." (Emphasis added.) In 
this respect, it is quite similar to State v. Womelsdorf, 47 Kan. App. 2d 307, 274 P.3d 662 
(2012), petition for review filed May 10, 2012. There, in distinguishing Miller, the panel 
discussed Beck at length. In support of its holding which affirmed Beck's rationale, the 
panel noted that the elements jury instruction on arson, as well as on the lesser included 
offenses of arson of an automobile and fraudulent insurance act, all provided "'to 
establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved . . . .'" Womelsdorf, 47 
Kan. App. 2d at 333. As the Beck court recognized, such language helps "negate any 
potential confusion" that may have been caused by the use of the word "any" in the 
reasonable doubt instruction. 32 Kan. App. 2d at 788. 
 
We further observe that in addition to the Womelsdorf panel, numerous panels 
have recently reaffirmed Beck. See State v. Burdick, No. 103,263, 2012 WL 5869433, at 
*4-5 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished opinion), petition for review filed December 17, 
2012; State v. Snowden, No. 107,284, 2012 WL 5869612, at *12-14 (Kan. App. 2012) 
(unpublished opinion), petition for review filed December 17, 2012; State v. Osborn, No. 
106,743, 2012 WL 5392130, at *6 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished opinion), petition for 
review filed November 13, 2012. 
 
For these reasons, we agree with the rationale and holding of Beck. While the 
older PIK instruction used in Herbel's trial was not the preferred instruction, it was 
legally appropriate. See Womelsdorf, 47 Kan. App. 2d at 334 (The reasonable doubt 
instruction was not clear misstatement of law, as in Miller. "[T]he reasonable doubt 
instruction provided in Womelsdorf's case, while not the best practice, was not clear 
error."). Burdick, 2012 WL 5869433, at *4 ("Although the new version of PIK Crim. 3d 
52.02 clarifies reasonable doubt, it does not make the old version of the instruction bad 
law."). 
30 
 
 
Before ending our analysis, we must note that on November 28, 2012, 13 days 
before oral argument to this court, Herbel filed three two-page letters per Supreme Court 
Rule 6.09 (2012 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 49.). All were in support of the following issue in his 
supplemental brief:  "The district court erred in giving a reasonable doubt instruction that 
lowered the State's burden of proof." Rule 6.09(b)(1)(A) states: 
 
"Not later than 14 days before oral argument, a party may advise the court, by 
letter, of citation to persuasive and controlling authority that has come to the party's 
attention after the party's last brief was filed. If a persuasive or controlling authority is 
published less than 14 days before oral argument, a party promptly may advise the court, 
by letter, of the citation." (Emphasis added.) 
 
Due to the timing of Herbel's letters, they are limited to advising us of recent 
authority published within 14 days of December 11, 2013—his scheduled date of 
argument. The most recent case cited by Herbel is 2003. For this reason alone, the letters 
are improper under Rule 6.09(b)(1)(A). See Shrader v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 296 
Kan. 3, 290 P.3d 549 (2012). Because they are improper, they will not be considered. See 
State v. Houston, 289 Kan. 252, 277, 213 P.3d (2009) ("The appellate courts will not 
consider those parts of a Rule 6.09 letter that fail to comply with the rule."). 
 
We also note that at oral arguments Herbel's counsel candidly explained that she 
filed three different letters because Rule 6.09(b)(1)(C) (2012 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 50) 
states that "the body of the letter submitted under this subsection may not exceed 350 
words." And she had more than 350 words to say. While inventive, this action also is an 
incorrect application of the rule. 
 
The combined length of the letters, plus the various arguments made and older 
legal authorities cited in each, clearly reveal that these all could have been easily included 
in Herbel's supplemental brief. See Houston, 289 Kan. at 277 (statements should have 
31 
 
been argued in a supplemental brief to this court, as Rule 6.09 was not intended to be, nor 
should it be, used as yet another briefing opportunity.).   
 
Affirmed.