Title: Spangler v. McQuitty

State: maryland

Issuer: Maryland Supreme Court

Document:

Donald B. Spangler, et al.  v. Peggy McQuitty, et vir., No. 69, September Term, 2015. 
Opinion by Hotten, J.  
 
WRONGFUL DEATH — LIMITATIONS — BENEFICIARIES RIGHT TO SUE —
STATUTORY INTERPRETATION — Maryland’s wrongful death statute, § 3-901 et 
seq. of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article, creates a new and independent cause 
of action for a decedent’s beneficiaries, and a judgment on the merits in a decedent’s 
personal injury action during his or her lifetime does not bar a subsequent wrongful death 
action by the decedent’s beneficiaries under the same underlying facts.    
 
WRONGFUL DEATH — LIMITATIONS — EFFECT OF RELEASE ON JOINT 
TORT-FEASORS — Pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Contribution Among Tort-
Feasors Act, § 3-1404 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article, a release by an injured 
person of one joint tort-feasor, whether before or after judgment, does not discharge the 
other tort-feasors unless the release so provides.  Plain and unambiguous language that 
reveals an intent to release only one joint tort-feasor, cannot be interpreted to confer a 
general release as to all joint tort-feasors.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 
 
OF MARYLAND 
 
No. 69 
 
September Term, 2015 
 
______________________________________ 
 
 
DONALD B. SPANGLER, et al. 
 
 
v. 
PEGGY McQUITTY, et vir. 
 
______________________________________ 
 
Barbera, C.J. 
*Battaglia 
Greene 
Adkins 
McDonald 
Watts 
Hotten, 
 
JJ. 
______________________________________ 
 
Opinion by Hotten, J. 
______________________________________ 
 
Filed: July 12, 2016 
 
*Battaglia, J., now retired, participated in the 
hearing and conference of this case while an 
active member of this Court; after being recalled 
pursuant to the MD. Constitution, Article IV, 
Section 3A, she also participated in the decision 
and adoption of this opinion. 
Circuit Court for Baltimore County 
Case No. 03-C-12-005294 
Argued: March 31, 2016 
 
 
 
We consider, for the third time, the case of McQuitty v. Spangler, which we 
previously discussed in McQuitty v. Spangler, 410 Md. 1, 976 A.2d 1020 (2009) 
(“McQuitty I”), and McQuitty v. Spangler, 424 Md. 527, 36 A.3d 928 (2012) (“McQuitty 
II”).1  Specifically, we explore whether the definition of “wrongful act” under the Maryland 
wrongful death statute, Md. Code (2006, 2013 Repl. Vol.), §§ 3-901 through 3-904 of the 
Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article (Cts. & Jud. Proc.”); specifically, § 3-901(e), 
precludes beneficiaries from maintaining a wrongful death action when the decedent 
obtained a personal injury judgment predicated on the same underlying facts during his 
lifetime.  We also focus on whether a decedent’s release of one joint tort-feasor in a 
personal injury action for any and all future claims in connection with the tortious conduct, 
also precludes the decedent’s beneficiaries from pursuing a wrongful death action against 
all joint tort-feasors based on the same underlying facts.    
For the reasons expressed below, we hold that Maryland’s wrongful death statute 
creates a new and independent cause of action for a decedent’s beneficiaries, and thus, a 
judgment on the merits in a decedent’s personal injury action during his or her lifetime 
does not bar a subsequent wrongful death action by the beneficiaries.  Additionally, we 
hold that pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Contribution Among Tort-Feasors Act, Cts. & 
Jud. Proc. § 3-1404, a release by the injured person of one joint tort-feasor, whether before 
or after judgment, does not discharge the other tort-feasors unless the release so provides.  
Thus, where the language of a release unambiguously reveals an intent to release only one 
                                                          
 
 
1 The underlying facts of the issues raised and its resolutions are outlined in detail 
in McQuitty I and McQuitty II.  Only those facts relevant to the case at bar will be discussed.   
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joint tort-feasor, the release does not preclude a subsequent wrongful death action against 
other tort-feasors that were not parties to the release.  We explain. 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
Prior Proceedings2 
 
Respondents, Peggy and Gary McQuitty (“the McQuittys”), on behalf of their minor 
child, Dylan, successfully sued Ms. McQuitty’s obstetrician and primary care physician, 
Donald Spangler (“Dr. Spangler”), along with his practice group, Glowacki, Elberfeld & 
Spangler, P.A. (collectively “Petitioners”), for failing to secure Ms. McQuitty’s informed 
consent3 for treatment.  As a result, Ms. McQuitty suffered complete placental abruption, 
causing severe injuries to Dylan during his birth in May of 1995, and eventually, a severe 
condition of cerebral palsy.  
The original complaint also included co-defendants, Franklin Square Hospital, 
where Dylan was born, and Dr. Spangler’s partner, Harrold Elberfeld (“Dr. Elberfeld”).  
Dr. Elberfeld and Franklin Square Hospital moved for summary judgment on liability and 
damages, which was subsequently granted by the Circuit Court for Baltimore County in 
March of 2004—on the same date Dr. Elberfeld settled with the McQuittys.  Franklin 
Square Hospital also settled with the McQuittys prior to trial, notwithstanding the summary 
                                                          
 
 
2 The foregoing facts have been derived from McQuitty I, McQuitty II, and the 
parties’ briefs.   
 
 
3 The underlying facts concerning the informed consent claim and its resolution are 
outlined in detail in McQuitty I.  Only those facts relevant to the case at bar will be 
discussed.   
 
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judgment ruling in its favor.  The settlements were entered on the record and the case 
proceeded on the informed consent claim against Petitioners as sole defendants. 
Prior to trial, Petitioners moved for summary judgment.  Dr. Spangler alleged that 
he did not have a duty to obtain the informed consent of Ms. McQuitty regarding a placental 
abruption, “because he did not conduct or propose an ‘affirmative invasion of her physical 
integrity.’” McQuitty II 424 Md. at 532, 36 A.3d at 931 (quoting McQuitty I, 410 Md. at 
13–14, 976 A.2d at 1027–28).  The motion was denied, and the trial ensued.  The jury 
returned a verdict in favor of Dylan and awarded $13,078,515 in damages, including 
$8,442,515 in future medical expenses.  Petitioners filed a Motion for Remittitur and a 
Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict (“JNOV”), raising the same argument 
in support of their motion for summary judgment. The circuit court granted Petitioners’ 
motion for JNOV, which was affirmed by the Court of Special Appeals in an unpublished 
opinion.  
In McQuitty I, 410 Md. at 33, 976 A.2d at 1039, this Court reversed the grant of the 
JNOV, and remanded with instructions that the circuit court consider Petitioners’ 
unresolved Motion for Remittitur.  On September 26, 2009, prior to the resolution of the 
remittitur, Dylan died and the McQuittys were named as personal representatives of the 
Estate.  Thereafter, Petitioners filed various post-trial motions, seeking a new trial or a 
reduction in the award for future medical expenses, alleging, inter alia, that Dylan’s death 
was a “significant event” that affected the equities of the case.  
The circuit court denied Petitioners’ motion to revise the judgment, but denied in 
part and granted in part Petitioners’ Motion for Remittitur.  As a result, the court reduced 
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the initial jury award, pursuant to the statutory cap on non-economic damages of $500,000 
under Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 11–108(b)(2)(i), and also reduced the judgment by fifty percent 
to reflect Dr. Elberfeld’s pro rata share of liability, as a result of the joint tort-feasor release 
from the McQuittys, in compliance with the Uniform Contribution Among Tort–Feasors 
Act, under Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3–1404.  
The circuit court also denied Petitioners’ requests to permit the periodic payment of 
future economic damages under Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 11–109(c), which would have reduced 
the jury’s award by the Franklin Square Hospital’s settlement amount.  The court ultimately 
reduced the judgment to $5,039,257.50, plus post-judgment interest calculated from the 
date of the entry of judgment, on September 27, 2006, plus costs.  Petitioners subsequently 
filed a renewed motion for a new trial and a motion to alter, amend, or revise the judgment, 
which were both denied.  Thereafter, Petitioners noted a timely appeal to the Court of 
Special Appeals, but this Court granted certiorari, prior to that proceeding.  In McQuitty 
II, 424 Md. at 529-30, 36 A.3d at 929-30, we affirmed the circuit court’s judgment.   
Subsequently, on March 23, 2012, Petitioners satisfied the judgment. 
Respondents’ Wrongful Death Action 
On May 17, 2012, Respondents filed a wrongful death action against Petitioners, 
under the Maryland wrongful death statute, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-901 et seq., to recover 
damages based upon the same underlying facts in the personal injury action regarding Dr. 
Spangler’s failure to obtain informed consent.  On August 1, 2012, Petitioners filed a 
Motion to Dismiss Respondents’ action.  Following a December 6, 2012 hearing, the 
motion was granted.  The circuit court concluded that Respondents’ wrongful death action 
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was precluded by the judgment in Dylan’s favor “because Dylan no longer had a right to 
bring another claim against [ ] [Petitioners] at the time of his death.”  Subsequently, on 
January 4, 2013, Respondents appealed the judgment. 
While the matter was pending before the Court of Special Appeals, this Court issued 
its opinion in Mummert v. Alizadeh, 435 Md. 207, 77 A.3d 1049 (2013), which concerned 
similar issues to those presented here regarding the definition of “wrongful act” under Cts. 
& Jud. Proc. § 3-901(e).  In Mummert, the decedent’s husband and three children brought 
a wrongful death action against the decedent’s physician, based on a failure to timely 
diagnose the decedent’s colorectal cancer. Id. at 210-11, 77 A.3d at 1051.  The physician 
filed a motion to dismiss the wrongful death action because the statutory three-year period 
in the wrongful death statute had expired relative to the decedent’s personal injury action 
prior to her death. Id.  The motion was subsequently granted. Id. at 211, 77 A.3d at 1052.  
Accordingly, the narrow question before this Court in Mummert was whether the 
decedent’s failure to file a personal injury claim in her lifetime within the limitations 
period, precluded her wrongful death beneficiaries from filing a wrongful death action 
based upon the same negligent act after her death. Id. at 212, 77 A.3d at 1051-52.  In 
reversing the circuit court’s dismissal of the action, we held that, in enacting the wrongful 
death statute, the General Assembly “did not intend to define ‘wrongful act’ so as to render 
a wrongful death claim contingent on the decedent’s ability to file timely a tort claim prior 
to death.” Id. at 210, 77 A.3d at 1051.  We also held that the “statute of limitations for 
bringing tort claims against health care providers in instances of alleged medical 
negligence does not apply to a claim for wrongful death.” Id.   
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In so holding, we reaffirmed the independent nature of wrongful death actions 
established in Stewart v. United Elec. Light & Power Co., 104 Md. 332, 65 A. 49, 53 
(1906), which provided that a wrongful death action was enacted to allow surviving 
relatives and beneficiaries “who [were] wholly dependent on the decedent, to recover 
damages for his or her own loss accruing from the decedent’s death.” Mummert, at 219-20, 
77 A.3d at 1056.   
We also observed that a wrongful death action, was, in some respects, derivative of 
a decedent’s personal injury claim, and thus, where certain defenses would bar a decedent’s 
claim, they would similarly bar a wrongful death action brought by the decedent’s 
surviving relatives. Id. at 222, 77 A.3d at 1057.  We noted that the defenses which generally 
bar subsequent actions, such as contributory negligence, assumption of the risk, parental 
immunity, and lack of privity of contract, were distinguishable from the statute of 
limitations at issue, because where the former defenses applied, “the decedent did not have 
a viable claim from the outset.” Id. 221, 77 A.3d at 1057 (emphasis added).  We opined 
that the limitations defense barred an otherwise viable claim of the decedent, only due to a 
lapse of time, which made barring a wrongful death action under those grounds illogical 
since the action would be “time-barred before it can accrue.” Id. at 226-28, 77 A.3d at 
1060-61.   
We also distinguished cases in which a wrongful death action was barred by a 
decedent’s release of his negligence action.  Citing with approval the holding in State, ex 
rel. Melitch v. United Rys. & Electric Co. of Baltimore, 121 Md. 457, 88 A. 229 (1913), 
we held that a release is distinguishable because “a decedent who executes a release has 
- 7 - 
 
acted affirmatively and purposefully to extinguish the underlying claim.” Mummert, at 221-
22, 77 A.3d at 1057.  We reasoned that in a statute of limitations defense, “there may be 
no evidence necessarily that the decedent intended to allow the statute of limitations to 
run[.]” Id.  
Petitioners, thereafter, relied on Mummert in their brief to the Court of Special 
Appeals, asserting that the narrow holding regarding the limitations defense, did not 
preclude their res judicata defense that Dylan’s pursuit of a judgment during his lifetime 
extinguished Respondents’ wrongful death action under the express provisions in the 
wrongful death statute.  On November 21, 2013, the Court of Special Appeals directed the 
parties to file memoranda addressing the application of Mummert.  In those filings, both 
parties disputed whether Mummert was dispositive of the matter before us. 
Court of Special Appeals Opinion4   
 
In the unreported opinion filed on August 7, 2015, the Court of Special Appeals 
reversed the circuit court’s judgment granting Petitioners’ Motion to Dismiss Respondents’ 
wrongful death action; remanded the case for further proceedings; and held that that 
Respondents’ wrongful death action was not barred by a judgment in Dylan’s personal 
injury action.  McQuitty v. Spangler, No. 2375 Sept. Term 2012, 2015 WL 5822059 (Md. 
                                                          
 
4 The issue on appeal, which the Court rephrased stated: 
Under the principles enunciated in Mummert v. Alizadeh, 435 Md. 207 [,77 
A.3d 1049] (2013), does a judgment in favor of a decedent in a personal 
injury action preclude a subsequent wrongful death claim brought by the 
decedent’s survivors on the basis of the same conduct as the underlying 
personal injury action? 
 
- 8 - 
 
Ct. Spec. App. Aug. 7, 2015).  The Court concluded that both parties overstated the impact 
of its holding on the circumstances presented.  The Court reasoned:  
First, Mummert does not mandate a holding in favor of [Respondents].  The 
Mummert Court held that not all defenses to a decedent’s personal injury 
claim would bar a subsequent wrongful death action, but did not hold that 
every such defense lost its preclusive effect.  The only defense vis-a-vis the 
decedent’s claim that Mummert expressly removed from the arsenal of the 
wrongful death defendant is the expiration of the limitations period in the 
decedent’s personal injury claim.  The Court restricted its holding to the facts 
before it, and made no specific comment on which other defenses, if any, 
may no longer preclude subsequent wrongful death actions.  
 
The fact that some defenses vis-a-vis a decedent’s claim maintain their 
preclusive effect after Mummert, however, does not compel a holding for 
[Petitioners].  Instead, Mummert raises the following question relevant to the 
matter sub judice: Is a judgment in favor of the decedent in his personal injury 
action similar to the defenses that Mummert upheld, namely, defenses barring 
such personal injury action from the outset?  In answering that question, we 
are unpersuaded by [Petitioners] analogy of a pre-existing judgment in favor 
of Dylan to the defenses upheld in Mummert, and conclude instead that the 
rationale expressed by the Court of Appeals in that case supports a holding 
in favor of [Respondents]. 
 
McQuitty, 2015 WL 5822059, at *7 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis in original). 
 
On that premise, the Court also concluded that a successful judgment in favor of a 
decedent in a personal injury action was distinguishable from the defenses recognized in 
Mummert, as barring a subsequent wrongful death action.  The Court stated:  
A judgment in Dylan’s favor on his personal injury claim is not a bar to that 
claim—it is the ultimate validation of the claim.  The preclusive effect of 
such judgment flows from the principles of res judicata.  Here, res judicata 
does not bar [Respondents’] wrongful death action, because res judicata only 
applies to actions between the same plaintiffs and defendants.  
 
Id. at *7-8.  As a result, the Court rejected Petitioners’ argument that Dylan’s “affirmative 
and purposeful conduct” in pursuing a judgment against them barred Respondents’ 
- 9 - 
 
wrongful death action, and reasoned that Dylan’s pursuit of his claim was not a release or 
settlement. See id.  The Court also disagreed with Petitioners contention that permitting the 
wrongful death action would result in double recovery. See id. at *8.  The Court opined 
that the potential for overlapping damages should not “absolutely bar” subsequent 
wrongful death actions, because any overlap could be resolved on a case-by-case, damages-
by-damages basis in the circuit court. Id. at *9.  The Court, nonetheless, concluded that the 
risks associated with a double recovery did not exist in the case at bar: 
Although Dylan recovered damages for the loss of future earnings, 
[Respondents] cannot recover damages for those earnings in a wrongful 
death action, because ‘[p]arents may recover a pecuniary value for the loss 
of an employed deceased minor child’s future earnings, at least to the date 
the deceased would have become an adult, had he/she lived.’ 
 
Id. at *10 (citations omitted).  In support of this conclusion, the Court observed that Dylan 
was not employed at the time of his death, and that the only other damages recoverable by 
Respondents in their wrongful death action were solatium damages,5 which were personal 
to them and not recoverable by Dylan. See id.  We, thereafter, granted certiorari.  
 
 
 
 
                                                          
 
5 Solatium damages are damages for “mental anguish, emotional pain and suffering, 
loss of society, companionship, comfort, protection, marital care, parental care, filial care, 
attention, advice, counsel, training, guidance, or education.” See Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-
904(d); Daley v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 312 Md. 550, 553 n.2, 541 A.2d 632, 633 n.2 
(1988).  
 
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STANDARD OF REVIEW 
 
When this Court reviews a circuit court’s grant of a motion to dismiss,  we “must 
assume the truth of, and view in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, all well-
pleaded facts and allegations contained in the complaint, as well as all inferences that may 
reasonably be drawn [therefrom.]” McHale v. DCW Dutchship Island, LLC, 415 Md. 145, 
155, 999 A.2d 969, 975 (2010) (quoting RRC Northeast, LLC v. BAA Md., Inc., 413 Md. 
638, 643, 994 A.2d 430, 433 (2010)).  We analyze the circuit court’s decision to determine 
whether it was legally correct, and “order dismissal only if the allegations and permissible 
inferences, if true, would not afford relief to the plaintiff, i.e., the allegations do not state a 
cause of action for which relief may be granted.” McHale, 415 Md. at 155, 999 A.2d at 975 
(quoting RRC Northeast, 413 Md. at 643, 994 A.2d at 433). 
DISCUSSION 
I. 
Relevant provisions of Maryland’s current wrongful death statute 
 
 
Maryland’s wrongful death statute allows the maintenance of an action “against a 
person whose wrongful act causes the death of another.” Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3–902(a).  
“Wrongful act” is defined as “an act, neglect, or default including a felonious act which 
would have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages if death 
had not ensued.” Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3–901(e).  The primary beneficiaries of a wrongful 
death action are the spouse, parent, and child of the decedent. Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3–
904(a)(1).  However, relatives by blood or marriage who substantially relied upon the 
decedent, are also eligible claimants. Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-904(b).  Where the decedent is 
a spouse, minor child, parent of a minor child, or an unmarried child that is not a minor, 
- 11 - 
 
the wrongful death statute provides damages for “pecuniary losses,” if any, in addition to 
damages for “mental anguish, emotional pain and suffering, loss of society, 
companionship, comfort, protection, marital care, parental care, filial care, attention, 
advice, counsel, training, guidance, or education where applicable. . . .”  Cts. & Jud. Proc. 
§ 3–904(c)-(d). 
II. 
Maryland’s wrongful death statute creates a new and independent cause of 
action for a decedent’s beneficiaries  
 
 
The determinative issue in the case at bar is whether, under the definition of 
“wrongful act” in Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-901(e), a wrongful death action is derivative, or 
independent of, a decedent’s prior personal injury claim, where the decedent obtained a 
judgment based on the same underlying facts.  Thus, a resolution requires this Court to 
revisit the interpretation of the language contained in Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-901(e), which 
provides: 
‘Wrongful act’ means an act, neglect, or default including a felonious act 
which would have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover 
damages if death had not ensued. 
 
  
Petitioners argue that Respondents’ wrongful death action is derivative of Dylan’s 
personal injury action and therefore, barred by res judicata, since Dylan would not be 
entitled to a double recovery if death had not ensued.  Conversely, Respondents allege that 
their wrongful death action is a new and independent cause of action, only subject to the 
condition that Dylan possessed a viable claim at the outset, and therefore, not subject to a 
res judicata defense.   
- 12 - 
 
We hold that the Maryland wrongful death statute provides a new and independent 
cause of action, which does not preclude a subsequent action brought by a decedent’s 
beneficiaries, although the decedent obtained a personal injury judgment based essentially 
on the same underlying facts during his or her lifetime.  The parties’ arguments focus 
primarily on the definition of “wrongful act,” specifically the phrase, “if death had not 
ensued.”  To discern the meaning of this phrase, we apply the long-standing canons of 
statutory interpretation.   
“‘The cardinal rule of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the intent 
of the [General Assembly].’” Rosemann v. Salsbury, Clements, Bekman, Marder & Adkins, 
LLC, 412 Md. 308, 314, 987 A.2d 48, 52 (2010) (citation omitted).  “‘Statutory 
construction begins with the plain language of the statute, and ordinary, popular 
understanding of the English language.’” Id. at 314-15, 987 A.2d at 52 (citations omitted).  
We, therefore, “‘[n]either add nor delete language so as to reflect an intent not evidenced 
in the plain language of the statute; nor [do we] construe the statute with forced or subtle 
interpretations that limit or extend its application.’” Id. at 315, 987 A.2d at 52 (citations 
omitted).  
Moreover, this Court “reads the statute as a whole to ensure that none of its 
provisions are rendered meaningless[,] and [ ] will not construe a statute to reach a result 
‘that is unreasonable, illogical, or inconsistent with common sense.’” Id. (citations 
omitted).  “If the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, we need look no further 
than the language of the statute to ascertain the [General Assembly’s] intent.” Id. (citation 
omitted).  However, “[w]hen the language of the statute is subject to more than one 
- 13 - 
 
interpretation, it is ambiguous and we usually look beyond the statutory language to the 
statute’s legislative history, prior case law, the statutory purpose, and the statutory structure 
as aids in ascertaining the [General Assembly’s] intent.” Id. (citations omitted).  Under 
these circumstances, “we also consider the consequences resulting from one meaning 
rather than another, and adopt that construction which avoids an illogical or unreasonable 
result, or one which is inconsistent with common sense.” Id. at 315, 987 A.2d at 52-53 
(internal quotations and citations omitted).  
We also note an additional consideration that is relevant to the issues presented—
that “[s]tatutes in derogation of the common law are strictly construed, and it is not to be 
presumed that the [General Assembly] by creating statutory assaults intended to make any 
alteration in the common law other than what has been specified and plainly pronounced.” 
Cosby v. Dep’t of Human Res., 425 Md. 629, 645, 42 A.3d 596, 606 (2012) (citations 
omitted).  
A. Interpreting Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-901(e) of the Maryland wrongful 
death statute 
 
Without extensive discussion, we acknowledge here, as in Mummert, 435 Md. at 
218, 77 A.3d at 1055, that when read within the context of the statutory scheme, the 
language of Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-901(e) is ambiguous because a plain reading of the statute 
could lead to more than one interpretation. See, e.g., Mummert, 435 Md. at 218, 77 A.3d at 
1055 (noting that the parties’ “dueling interpretations” regarding the plain meaning of § 3-
901(e), “serve quintessentially to highlight the ambiguity in the statute’s language[]”) 
(citing Reier v. State Dep’t of Assessments & Taxation, 397 Md. 2, 26-27, 915 A.2d 970, 
- 14 - 
 
985 (2007)) (“It strikes us that the competing parties’ argument present ‘two . . . reasonable 
alternative interpretations of the statute,’ making the statute ambiguous.”) (citation 
omitted).  
This ambiguity is reflected in the parties’ arguments.  Petitioner contends that the 
definition of a wrongful act, specifically as it pertains to the phrase “if death had not 
ensued[,]” leads to a conclusion that “a settlement and/or judgment in a personal injury 
matter in one’s lifetime” bars subsequent pursuit of a wrongful death claim.   
Respondents disagree, see supra, and on related grounds, aver that “[b]ecause Dylan 
had a viable claim from the outset,” Petitioners’ interpretation of the statute “would lead to 
illogical and absurd results.”  Specifically, Respondents assert that “if Dylan had died 
before the entry of judgment in his favor on September 29, 2006,” their wrongful death 
action “could have proceeded without the bar of res judicata.”  In Respondents’ view, an 
argument that “Dylan lived to see his personal injury claims vindicated by a jury forfeited 
[their] right to recover their own separate and distinct damages arising from his death[,] 
leads to an outcome that is “entirely inconsistent with the purpose of the [w]rongful [d]eath 
statute.”  We, therefore, look beyond the statutory language of Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-901(e) 
to other sources in ascertaining legislative intent.  
i. 
Legislative History  
 
In 1852, Maryland enacted the wrongful death statute to remedy the common law’s 
unaccommodating treatment of a tort victim’s family. See Mummert, 435 Md. at 214-15, 
77 A.2d at 1053; Walker v. Essex, 318 Md. 516, 569 A.2d 645, 648 (1990).  Previously, 
common law denied tort recovery for injury once the tort victim had died and any new and 
- 15 - 
 
independent cause of action by the victim’s beneficiaries were not recognized. Mummert, 
435 Md. at 214-15, 77 A.2d at 1053; W. Page Keaton, Prosser and Keaton on Torts, § 127, 
at 945 (5th ed. 1984).  The Maryland statute adopted language strongly resembling 
England’s Fatal Accidents Act, otherwise known as the Lord Campbell’s Act,6 which 
provided: 
 [W]hensoever the death of a person shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect, 
or default, and the act, neglect or default is such as would (if death had not 
ensued,) have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover 
damages in respect thereof, then and in every such case the person who would 
have been liable, if death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action for 
damages, notwithstanding the death of the person injured. . . 
 
1852 Md. Laws ch. 299; see also Richard J. Gilbert & Paul T. Gilbert, Maryland Tort Law 
Handbook, § 13.0 at 160 (3rd ed. 2000) (“Maryland followed the English lead with 1852 
                                                          
 
6 The Lord Campbell’s Act provided: 
 
[W]hensoever the Death of a Person shall be caused by wrongful Act, 
Neglect or Default, and the Act, Neglect, or Default is such as would (if 
Death had not ensued) have entitled the Party injured to maintain an Action 
and recover Damages in respect thereof, then and in every such Case the 
Person who would have been liable if Death had not ensued shall be liable to 
an Action for Damages, notwithstanding the Death of the Person injured. 
 
See W. Page Keaton, Prosser and Keaton on Torts, § 127, at 954, n.6 (5th ed. 1984) 
(quoting 9 and 10 Victoria ch. 93 (1846)); Elizabeth Clark, Impacts of Modern Life Support 
Techniques on Wrongful Death Actions Brought After Final Personal Injury Judgments, 
16 U. PUGET SOUND L. REV. 711, 715 (1993) (footnote and accompanying citation 
omitted).  This remedy for a victim’s relatives appeared in 1846, and created a new and 
independent cause of action limited to certain beneficiaries, by measuring damages by their 
loss. Id.; Richard J. Gilbert & Paul T. Gilbert, Maryland Tort Law Handbook, § 13.1 at 160 
(3rd ed. 2000); Prosser & Keaton, § 127 at 947.  Accordingly, the act represented the first 
legal recognition of the injuries experienced by beneficiaries, as well as their independent 
right of recovery resulting from a tort-feasor’s conduct that led to a loved one’s death. Id.  
 
- 16 - 
 
Maryland Laws, ch. 299, a virtual copy of the English Act.”).  Further iterations of the 
statute remained virtually unchanged for nearly a century.7 See Mummert, 435 Md. at 215, 
n.4, 77 A.3d at 1054, n.4.  In the 1970 Replacement Volume, see Md. Code (1957, 1970 
Repl. Vol.), Article 67 § 1, language was added to the statute to address wrongful deaths 
caused by vessels, and cases where the tort-feasor was deceased.  However, the language 
relevant to the case at bar remained unchanged.   
 
In 1973, the General Assembly moved the statute from Article 67 to Title 3, Subtitle 
9 of the Court and Judicial Proceedings Article.  The 1973 iteration provided, in relevant 
part, that,  “[a]n action may be maintained against a person whose wrongful act causes the 
death of another,” defining the phrase “wrongful act” as “an act, neglect, or default . . . 
which would have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages if 
death had not ensued.” See Cts. & Jud. Proc.  §§ 3–901(e) and 3–902(a)).  Other revisions 
were for organizational and stylistic purposes, which did not alter the meaning of the 
statute.  See Mummert, 43 Md. at 216, 77 A.3d at 1054 (citing 1973 Md. Laws Spec. 
Session. 169, Revisor’s Note; Williams H. Adkins, II, Code Revision in Maryland: The 
Court and Judicial Proceedings Article, 34 MD. L.REV. 7, 30 (1974)). 
The most substantive revisions to the 1852 iteration of the statute involved enlarging 
the statutory limitations provisions from the original twelve months, to eighteen months, 
then to two years; and finally to the current three-year statutory period. See Cts. & Jud. 
                                                          
 
7 Earlier versions of the statute appeared at Md. Code (1860), Article 65 § 1.  The 
statute was later codified at Md. Code (1879), Article 67 § 1.  
- 17 - 
 
Proc. § 3-904(g)(1); Mummert, 435 Md. at 216; 77 A.3d at 1054 (citing Waddell v. 
Kirkpatrick, 331 Md. 53, 55-56 & n.4, 626 A.2d 353, 354-55 & n.4 (1993)). 
 
As the foregoing reflects, there was no indication that subsequent revisions to the 
statute were intended to alter the meaning of the phrase “if death had not ensued.”  
Additionally, we acknowledge that apart from this background, there is no legislative 
history indicating whether the phrase precludes beneficiaries from maintaining a wrongful 
death action when the decedent obtained a personal injury judgment based on the same, or 
similar, underlying facts during his or her lifetime.   
ii. 
General Statutory Purpose  
 
The wrongful death statute allows the decedent’s beneficiaries or relatives to 
recover damages for loss of support or other benefits that would have been provided, had 
the decedent not died as a result of another’s negligence. See 1852 Md. Laws ch. 299; Cts. 
& Jud. Proc. §3-904(a)(1)-(b). See also Eagan v. Calhoun, 347 Md. 72, 82, 698 A.2d 1097, 
1102 (1997) (a wrongful death action allows “a spouse, parent, or child, or a secondary 
beneficiary who was wholly dependent on the decedent, to recover damages for his or her 
own loss accruing from the decedent’s death.”) (citing United States v. Streidel, 329 Md. 
533, 620 A.2d 905 (1993)); Mummert, 435 Md. at 219, 77 A.3d at 1056 (“The purpose of 
the act was to compensate the families of the decedents, as opposed to the estates of the 
decedents[.]”); Georgia-Pac. Corp. v. Benjamin, 394 Md. 59, 79, 904 A.2d 511, 523 (2006) 
(“A wrongful death action is designed to compensate the family of a decedent who died 
due to the ‘wrongful act, neglect, or default on another person.’”) (footnotes and citations 
omitted).  
- 18 - 
 
Thus, Maryland has historically adhered to the minority view8 that the wrongful 
death statute created a new and independent cause of action, distinguishable from a 
decedent’s own personal injury action during his or her lifetime, or a survival action.9  In  
Stewart v. United Elec. Light & Power Co., 104 Md. 332, 65 A. 49, 53 (1906), this Court  
 
explained:  
 
It is the settled law of Maryland that the act of 1852 created a new cause of 
action.  In [Tucker v. State, Use of Johnson], 89 Md. 479, 43 Atl. 778, 44 
Atl. 1004, 46 L. R. A. 181, this [C]ourt, in speaking of that statute, said: ‘By 
it the jury may give such damages as they may think proportioned to the 
injury resulting from such death, and not such as the injured person could 
have recovered if he has survived.  The injury for which the equitable 
plaintiffs are compensated is the pecuniary loss sustained by reason of the 
death of the person through the wrongful act, neglect, or default of the 
defendant.  The statute, therefore, properly speaking, was not passed, as is 
sometimes said of it, to remove the operation of the common-law maxim, 
                                                          
 
8 The Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 46 cmt. b (1982) distinguished the 
majority and minority views as follows: 
 
If the claim for wrongful death is treated as wholly ‘derivative,’ the 
beneficiaries of the death action can sue only if the decedent would still be 
in a position to sue. . . .  Accordingly, settlement of the decedent’s personal 
injury claim or its reduction to judgment for or against the alleged tort              
[-]feasor extinguishes the wrongful death claim against that tort[-]feasor.  
Similarly, issue preclusion applicable against the decedent is applicable also 
against the claimant in the wrongful death action.   
If, on the other hand, the claim for wrongful death is treated as wholly 
‘independent,’ the decedent’s disposition of his personal injury claim would 
have no effect on the wrongful death claim.  The situation would be as though 
the injured person and his beneficiaries each had a separate legal interest in 
his life, assertable by separate action. 
See also Prosser & Keaton, § 127 at 955-56.  
 
 
9 A survival action is defined as “an action for the recovery of damages for injury 
to a fatally injured person that is brought by his or her personal representative[.]” Merriam-
Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. 
- 19 - 
 
‘Actio personalis moritur cum persona,’ as it has not undertaken to keep alive 
an action which would otherwise die with the person, but, on the contrary, 
has created a new cause of action for something for which the deceased 
person never had, and never could have had, the right to sue; that is to say, 
the injury resulting from his death.’ This view is sustained by the great weight 
of the English cases which arose under Lord Campbell’s act; and that act 
from which ours was copied preceded the adoption of ours but six years. 
 
While Petitioners acknowledge that a wrongful death claim is an independent cause 
of action, they nonetheless, aver that the claim is simultaneously “conditioned upon the 
decedent’s ability to maintain a claim,” had death not ensued.  Petitioners emphasize this 
Court’s analysis in Stewart, supra and Melitch, 121 Md. 457, 88 A. 229, as support for the 
dismissal of Respondents’ wrongful death action.  However, Petitioners’ reliance on these 
cases is misplaced.   
In Stewart, this Court addressed whether a decedent’s survival action resulting from 
the defendants’ negligence survived after the decedent’s death. 104 Md. 332, 65 A. at 50. 
Petitioners aver that while this Court recognized in Stewart that wrongful death actions and 
survival actions were independent and could be maintained simultaneously upon the death 
of the decedent, which excluded settlements obtained by the decedent during his lifetime, 
see 104 Md. 332, 65 A. at 54; this Court’s statement that a wrongful death action was 
permissible only “under certain conditions,” see 104 Md. 332, 65 A. at 50, includes 
compliance with the definition of “wrongful act.”  We are not persuaded.     
Petitioners overstate this Court’s observation that a wrongful death action was 
permissible only “under certain conditions[]” to mean compliance with the phrase “if death 
had not ensued.”  In its full context, this Court stated that the wrongful death statute 
provided a right of action “under certain conditions to designated relatives of a deceased 
- 20 - 
 
person, but not to his personal representatives, when death has been caused by a wrongful 
act or by negligence.” 104 Md. 332, 65 A. at 50.  In our view, this conclusion was limited 
to an acknowledgment that the wrongful death statute confers a right of action to a 
decedent’s beneficiaries, not a decedent’s personal representatives, as contemplated in a 
survival action.  
 Similarly, in Melitch, the issue before the Court was whether the decedent’s release 
of liability in a personal injury action during his lifetime, constituted a bar to recovery in a 
subsequent wrongful death action brought by his wife. 121 Md. 457, 88 A. 229.  This Court 
ultimately held that the release barred future recovery. Id. (holding that Melitch “by deed, 
for a valuable consideration, released the defendant from all and every claim and demand 
which he might or could possibly have for or on account of his injuries.”).   
After examining several cases from other jurisdictions that construed the meaning 
of similar wrongful death statutes, 121 Md. 457, 88 A. at 229-30, this Court interpreted the 
Maryland statute to mean “that liability of the wrongdoer exists where the deceased could 
have recovered if death had not ensued[]” which “clearly exclude[d] the idea that where 
the decedent receives satisfaction for his injuries, the condition requisite to the right of 
surviving relatives may exist notwithstanding.” 121 Md. 457, 88 A. at 230.  
Although acknowledging a wrongful death action as an independent claim, this 
Court considered a decedent’s release, settlement, or prior judgment in a personal injury 
action, within the scope of statutory language, and barred a subsequent wrongful death 
action. 121 Md. 457, 88 A. 229, 230-31. See also 121 Md. 457, 88 A. at 231 
(acknowledging the “settled rule of law of Maryland to be that the Act of 1852 created a 
- 21 - 
 
new cause of action,” but also “that the right of the relatives named in the statute to recover 
‘is contingent upon the death of the injured person without having his claim for damages 
satisfied.’”).  However, we observe that the Melitch holding, as it pertains to the effect of 
a prior judgment in a decedent’s personal injury action, is contrary to longstanding 
Maryland law that a subsequent wrongful death action brought by a decedent’s 
beneficiaries is not barred by the disposition of a decedent’s personal injury claim. See 
Mummert, 435 Md. at 219-20, 77 A.3d at 1056; Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 46 
cmt. b; Stewart, 104 Md. 332, 65 A. 49, 53.  
Moreover, because the existence of a prior personal judgment was not dispositive 
of the issue before the Court in Melitch, Petitioners essentially rely upon dicta,10 to support 
their argument that a final judgment in a decedent’s personal injury claim defeats a 
subsequent wrongful death action.  Accordingly, while we do not overrule Melitch, we 
acknowledge that the Court’s opinion in that regard is distinguishable from circumstances 
before us, and does not sustain Petitioners’ argument.    
We are similarly not persuaded by Petitioners’ argument that Dylan’s “[a]ffirmative 
and [p]urposeful [c]onduct” in pursuing a personal injury action during his lifetime, bars 
Respondents’ wrongful death claim.  Specifically, Petitioners allege that “Dylan’s 
affirmative and purposeful conduct in successfully [pursuing] a $13 million dollar verdict 
operates to extinguish Respondents’ wrongful death claims now.”  In reliance on the out-
                                                          
 
 
10 “Dicta” is defined as “a judge’s expression of opinion on a point other than the 
precise issue involved in determining a case[.]” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 
Eleventh Edition. 
- 22 - 
 
of-state cases cited by this Court in Melitch, Petitioners ask that we analogize a decedent’s 
prior release or settlement of a personal injury action, with a decedent’s judgment obtained 
after a full adjudication of the merits.  We decline to adopt Petitioners’ reasoning, since it 
is contrary to this Court’s view that the wrongful death statute creates a new and 
independent cause of action for a decedent’s beneficiaries that is not barred by a judgment 
in a decedent’s personal injury action during his or her lifetime on the same underlying 
facts. 
Petitioners also rely upon Eagan, 347 Md. at 82, 698 A.2d at 1102, Bushey v. 
Northern Assur. Co. of America, 362 Md. 626, 766 A.2d 598 (2001); Woolridge v. Price, 
184 Md. App. 451, 966 A.2d 955 (2009); and Mummert, 435 Md. at 222, 77 A.3d at 1058, 
and assert that “longstanding jurisprudence in this State confirms that while a wrongful 
death action is a separate and distinct cause of action, it still must satisfy the statutory 
precondition that the [decedent] be able to maintain an action and [recover] damages if 
death had not ensued.”  Specifically, Petitioners aver: 
Given that Dylan [ ] had obtained a judgment against Dr. Spangler for lack 
of informed consent on September 27, 2006, principles of res judicata would 
preclude him from maintaining a second action for the same alleged 
misconduct against Dr. Spangler if death had not ensued.  As a result, there 
is no viable wrongful death action under Maryland’s wrongful death statute.  
 
We disagree.  As an initial matter, the cases cited by Petitioners do not support their 
interpretation of Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-901(e).  Our reasoning in Eagan, is inapplicable to 
the case at bar.  The issue there was whether a wrongful death action brought by the 
deceased mother’s children, against the tort-feasor (the children’s father) was barred under 
the doctrine of parental immunity. 347 Md. at 74, 81-82, 698 A.2d at 1098, 1102.  Although 
- 23 - 
 
we acknowledged that a wrongful death claimant “is ordinarily subject to any defense that 
is applicable to him or her, whether or not it would have been applicable to the decedent,” 
we also observed that a wrongful death action was a new and independent cause of action, 
stating: 
While certainly based on the death of another person, it is not brought in a 
derivative or representative capacity to recover for a loss or injury suffered 
by that person but, rather, is brought by a spouse, parent, or child, or a 
secondary beneficiary who was wholly dependent on the decedent, to recover 
damages for his or her own loss accruing from the decedent’s death. 
 
Id. at 82, 698 A.2d at 1102.  See also Mummert, 435 Md. at 220, 77 A.3d at 1056 (noting 
that Eagan “serves actually to highlight the distinction between the decedent’s claim and a 
subsequent wrongful death claim[]”).  On unrelated grounds, we nonetheless held that the 
doctrine did not bar a wrongful death action filed on behalf of an unemancipated minor 
against a parent when the matter is based on the murder or voluntary manslaughter by that 
parent of the child’s other parent. Eagan, 347 Md. at 74, 698 A.2d at 1098.   
 
The reasoning in Bushey was similarly limited in scope.  In that case, we addressed 
in relevant part, whether the parental immunity doctrine barred the parents’ claim against 
the estate of one of their deceased daughters.  362 Md. 626, 629, 644, 766 A.2d 598, 599, 
607-08 (2001).  In the underlying matter, the parents sued the estate of the deceased 
daughter, whose negligence resulted in a fatal car accident causing the death of both 
daughters. Id.  Although, as Petitioners acknowledge, we discussed the definition of 
“wrongful act” under Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-901(e), and observed that courts must examine 
the relationship between the decedent and tort-feasor to determine the sustainability of a 
tort action, that was the extent of the reference. See id. at 646, 766 A.2d at 608-09.   
- 24 - 
 
 
Ultimately, our holding was predicated on the facts of the case and the application 
of the parental immunity doctrine.  See generally id.  Petitioners’ reliance on the Court of 
Special Appeals’ analysis in Wooldridge, is also attenuated, given that the Court addressed 
in relevant part, whether the contributory negligence of the decedent barred a wrongful 
death beneficiary’s subsequent wrongful death and survival action. 184 Md. App. 451, 454, 
966 A.2d 955, 957 (2009).  Contributory negligence on the part of Dylan or Respondents 
is not at issue here.   
Additionally, although in Mummert, this Court observed the derivative nature of a 
beneficiary’s subsequent wrongful death action vis-à-vis a decedent’s personal injury 
claim, we ultimately upheld the long-standing principle in Maryland that a wrongful death 
claim is a new and independent cause of action.  We explained:  
It is not wholly incorrect to state that a wrongful death claim is derivative of 
the decedent’s claim in some sense.  The two actions stem from the same 
underlying conduct, which must have resulted in the decedent having a viable 
claim when she was injured.  That connection, however, does not compel the 
conclusion that all defenses applicable to the decedent’s claim prior to her 
death would preclude necessarily maintenance of a wrongful death claim 
after the decedent’s death.  That the [General Assembly’s] purpose was to 
create a new and independent cause of action when it passed the wrongful 
death statute suggests that it did not intend for a statute of limitations defense 
against the decedent’s claim to bar consequently a subsequent wrongful 
death claim. . . . 
 
Because we have long held that Maryland’s wrongful death statute created a 
new and independent cause of action, we are inclined to find more persuasive 
the reasoning of those other courts’ cases holding that a wrongful death claim 
is not contingent on the decedent’s ability to bring a timely claim before 
death. 
 
435 Md. 207, 222, 226, 77 A.3d 1049, 1058, 1060 (emphasis added); see also id. at 228, 
77 A.3d at 1061 (acknowledging the “[General Assembly’s] purpose of creating a new and 
- 25 - 
 
independent cause of action when it passed the Maryland wrongful death statute[.]”).  
Although we acknowledge the narrow holding of Mummert regarding a statute of 
limitations defense to a wrongful death action, Mummert is consistent with long-standing 
Maryland wrongful death jurisprudence, and remains authoritative.    
Adopting Petitioners’ interpretation of Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-901(e) would require 
this Court to ignore long-standing Maryland law.  Although Dylan’s judgment obtained 
against Dr. Spangler in his personal injury action would preclude him from maintaining a 
second action based on the same underlying conduct, under principles of res judicata, this 
reasoning is not applicable to a subsequent wrongful death action by Respondents. See, 
e.g., Binnix v. Johns-Manville Products Corp., 593 F. Supp. 1180, 1182 (D. Md. 1984) (a 
wrongful death action “is a new cause of action and consequently one which the decedent 
never had[.]”) (quoting Stewart, 104 Md. at 340, 65 A. at 52).  
iii. 
Caselaw supporting majority and minority views of similar wrongful 
death statutes  
 
As noted supra, there is a split of authority regarding whether a decedent’s personal 
injury action is derivative or independent of a subsequent wrongful death action by the 
decedent’s beneficiaries.  A majority of jurisdictions have held that a wrongful death action 
is derivative of a decedent’s personal injury action, and thus, a judgment in favor of the 
decedent, or a release of liability prior to the decedent’s death, bars a subsequent action.  
See, e.g., Varelis v. Nw. Mem’l Hosp., 657 N.E.2d 997, 1000 (Ill. 1995) (wrongful death 
action is “derivative of the decedent’s rights, for the ability to bring the wrongful death 
action ‘depends upon the condition that the deceased, at the time of his death, had he 
- 26 - 
 
continued to live, would have had a right of action against the same person or persons for 
the injuries sustained.’”); accord, Taylor v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 86 F. Supp. 3d 448, 454-55 
(M.D.N.C. 2015); Union Bank of California v. Copeland Lumbar Yards, Inc., 160 P.3d 
1032, 1035-37 (Or. 2007); Doe v. State, 189 A.D.2d 199, 206-07 (N.Y. App. Div. 1993); 
Schoenrock v. Cigna Health Plan of Arizona, Inc., 715 P.2d 1236, 1237-39 (Ariz. Ct. App. 
1985); Hall v. Knudsen, 535 A.2d 772, 773-75 (R.I. 1988); Variety Children’s Hosp. v. 
Perkins, 445 So. 2d 1010, 1011-12 (Fla. 1983).  
Conversely, a minority of jurisdictions have held that neither a judgment in favor of 
the decedent, nor a release of liability prior to the decedent’s death, bars a subsequent 
wrongful death action. See, e.g., Castorena v. Gen. Elec., 238 P.3d 209, 216 (Idaho 2010) 
(“Idaho’s wrongful death action does not create a survival action, but an entirely new cause 
of action on behalf of a decedent’s heirs and personal representatives.”); 
Thompson v. Wing, 637 N.E.2d 917, 922 (Ohio 1994) (“Because a wrongful death action 
is an independent cause of action, the right to bring the action cannot depend on the 
existence of a separate cause of action held by the injured person immediately before his 
or her death.  To conclude otherwise would convert the wrongful death action from an 
independent cause of action to a derivative action, one dependent on a separate cause of 
action.”); Blackwell v. Am. Film Co., 209 P. 999, 1001 (Cal. 1922) (holding that the 
decedent’s recovery of damages for his injuries would not, in and of itself, prevent a 
recovery by beneficiary, because this view overlooks the fact that the beneficiary is suing, 
to recover as an heir or personal representative losses resulting from the decedent’s death, 
and not to recover damages for the injuries and consequent suffering and loss to the 
- 27 - 
 
decedent); accord, Gershon, Adm’x Ad Prosequendum for Estate of Pietroluongo v. 
Regency Diving Ctr., Inc., 368 N.J. Super. 237, 246, 845 A.2d 720, 726 (App. Div. 2004); 
Winding River Vill. Condo. Ass’n, Inc. v. Barnett, 459 S.E.2d 569, 571 (Ga. Ct. App. 1995); 
Rowe v. Richards, 151 N.W. 1001, 1003 (S.D. 1915). 
 
In our view, the minority position aligns with the purpose of the wrongful death 
statute and Maryland’s long-standing jurisprudence, which was established in Stewart, 104 
Md. 332, 65 A. at 53.     
iv. 
Consequences of interpreting a wrongful death action under § 3-
901(e) as a derivative action 
 
Similarly, interpreting a wrongful death action under Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-901(e) 
as derivative of a decedent’s personal injury claim would also lead to a result that is 
inconsistent with the purpose of the statute.  As noted supra, the purpose of the wrongful 
death statute is to allow the decedent’s beneficiaries or relatives to recover damages for 
loss of support or other benefits that would have been provided, had the decedent not died 
as a result of another’s negligence. See Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-904(a)(1)-(d).   
The Superior Court of New Jersey’s assessment of the purpose of its wrongful death 
statute11 in Gershon, 845 A.2d 720, 725-26, supra, is instructive.  Although the wrongful 
death action at issue hinged upon the decedent’s exculpatory release prior to his death, in 
emphasizing the remedial nature of the statute, the court stated: 
[T]he Wrongful Death Act is remedial legislation and must be liberally 
construed to effectuate its purpose of creating a right of recovery for the 
economic loss caused by the death of a family member.  The class of litigants 
                                                          
 
11 See  N.J.S.A. 2A:31-1 through N.J.S.A. 2A:31-6. 
- 28 - 
 
in a wrongful death case often includes minor children, dependent upon the 
decedent for economic support. . . .  
 
The emphasized language limiting the right to bring a wrongful death claim 
only in situations in which the decedent, had he or she lived, would have 
been entitled to bring an action for damages, pertains only to the character of 
the injury, and is not intended as a procedural or jurisdictional requirement. 
. . .  
 
A wrongful death action can only be brought for the benefit of decedent’s 
heirs. N.J.S.A. 2A:31–4.  The action is commenced by either an administrator 
ad prosequendum of the decedent or an executor, if the decedent dies testate. 
N.J.S.A. 2A:31–2.  As a matter of law, a wrongful death action does not 
accrue to the decedent.  
 
Thus, although actions brought under the Survivor Act and the Wrongful 
Death Act arise from the death of the decedent, ‘they serve different purposes 
and are designed to provide a remedy to different parties.’  Wrongful death 
damages are intended to compensate the statutorily recognized class of 
claimants for the pecuniary losses caused by the death of the decedent as a 
result of the tortious conduct of others. . . . 
 
Id. (case citations omitted).  The Supreme Court of Ohio in Thompson, adhered to a similar 
line of reasoning.  In holding that the decedent’s recovery in a personal injury action did 
not bar a subsequent wrongful death action by his beneficiaries, the court reasoned: 
Because a wrongful death action is an independent cause of action, the right 
to bring the action cannot depend on the existence of a separate cause of 
action held by the injured person immediately before his or her death.  To 
conclude otherwise would convert the wrongful death action from an 
independent cause of action to a derivative action, one dependent on a 
separate cause of action.  Moreover, the wrongful death action does not even 
arise until the death of the injured person.  It follows, therefore, that the 
injured person cannot defeat the beneficiaries’ right to have a wrongful death 
action brought on their behalf because the action has not yet arisen during 
the injured person’s lifetime.  Injured persons may release their own claims; 
they cannot, however, release claims that are not yet in existence and that 
accrue in favor of persons other than themselves. 
 
Thompson, 637 N.E.2d at 922.  
 
- 29 - 
 
We agree with the Gershon court’s reasoning that the phrase “if death had not 
ensued” pertains only to the character of the injury, and was not intended to be a procedural 
or jurisdictional prerequisite to a subsequent wrongful death action.  A contrary 
interpretation would effectively negate the statute’s purpose to compensate eligible 
beneficiaries for the pecuniary, and related losses, caused by the death of the decedent 
resulting from the tortious conduct of others.  Additionally, as observed in Thompson, 
because a wrongful death action is operative only after the injured party’s death for the 
benefit of the surviving beneficiaries, it is unreasonable to read the statutory language as 
allowing a decedent’s personal injury action to essentially “defeat” the beneficiaries’ right 
to pursue a wrongful death action on their behalf, when the right to claim has not been 
triggered. 
It is difficult to reconcile Petitioners’ interpretation of § 3-901(e).  In our view, the 
General Assembly did not intend to bar a wrongful death action simply because a decedent 
pursued a personal injury action during his or her lifetime, since that interpretation would 
contravene the independent nature and purpose of a wrongful death claim.     
B. Defenses to a wrongful death action  
 
i. Res Judicata defense  
 
We recognize the potential res judicata implications of our holding, particularly 
because wrongful death actions are often based upon essentially the same underlying facts 
of a decedent’s personal injury action.  For these same reasons, there is a dispute regarding 
the application of res judicata principles to the case at bar.  Petitioners aver that res judicata 
is pivotal “given that Dylan is precluded form maintaining a second action against Dr. 
- 30 - 
 
Spangler . . .” under the doctrine, “which, in turn, bars Respondents from bringing a 
wrongful death claim . . .” under the express language of the wrongful death statute.  
Respondents disagree, and assert that the formulation of the wrongful death statute “moots 
the issue of the character of Dylan’s judgment at the time of his death” because “the test of 
whether a ‘wrongful act’ existed . . . begins and ends with whether Dylan had a viable 
claim from the outset[.]”  We agree.   
The doctrine of  res judicata consists of three elements: “(1) the parties in the present 
litigation are the same or in privity with the parties to the earlier litigation; (2) the claim 
presented in the current action is identical to that determined or that which could have been 
raised and determined in the prior litigation; and (3) there was a final judgment on the 
merits in the prior litigation.’” Cochran v. Griffith Energy Servs., Inc., 426 Md. 134, 140, 
43 A.3d 999, 1002 (2012) (citations omitted).  Thus, the doctrine “bars the relitigation of a 
claim if there is a final judgment in a previous litigation where the parties, the subject 
matter and causes of action are identical or substantially identical as to issues actually 
litigated and as to those which could have or should have been raised in the previous 
litigation.” Id. (citations omitted).   
On its face, the doctrine of res judicata appears applicable to the circumstances 
presented in the case at bar.  First, the parties in the present litigation, Petitioners and 
Respondents, are the same, and Respondents are also in privity with Dylan, as the parents 
and representatives of the Estate in Dylan’s personal injury action.  Secondly, the claim 
presented in Dylan’s personal injury action regarding the lack of informed consent, was 
also raised in Respondents’ wrongful death action.  Finally, there was a final judgment 
- 31 - 
 
regarding the merits in Dylan’s personal injury action on September 27, 2006.12  However, 
as we explained in Mummert, 435 Md. at 220-21, 77 A.3d at 1057, a res judicata defense 
is not relevant to a wrongful death action because the test of whether the action is barred 
depends only upon whether the decedent had a viable claim at the outset of the litigation.   
Specifically, we observed that Maryland recognized only certain defenses, which 
barred a decedent’s personal injury claim, and in turn, precluded a wrongful death action 
by a decedent’s beneficiaries. Id.  These defenses included contributory negligence, see, 
e.g., Frazee v. Balt. Gas & Elec. Co., 255 Md. 627, 258 A.2d 425 (1969); assumption of 
the risk, see, e.g., Balt. & Potomac R.R. v. State ex rel. Abbott, 75 Md. 152, 23 A. 310 
(1892); parental immunity, see, e.g., Smith v. Gross, 319 Md. 138, 571 A.2d 1219 (1990); 
and a lack of privity of contract between a decedent and a manufacturer, see, e.g., State ex 
rel. Bond v. Consol. Gas, Elec. Light & Power Co., 146 Md. 390, 126 A. 105 (1924).  We 
further observed that the statute of limitations defense at issue in the case, was 
                                                          
 
12 Respondents alternatively alleged that a res judicata defense was not applicable 
because “Dylan never possessed a final, enforceable judgment in his favor during his 
lifetime[.]”  Specifically, Respondents aver that Petitioners filed post-trial motions seeking  
JNOV and remittitur, and the latter motion was not decided until after this Court’s decision 
in McQuitty I, which was after Dylan’s death.  Respondents further allege that because 
Petitioners moved to vacate, amend or revise the judgment after the case was on remand, 
the circuit court was able to reduce the judgment in accordance with the Maryland cap on 
non-economic damages and the joint tort-feasor settlement only after that time.  At that 
point, Respondents aver that the judgment in favor of Dylan’s Estate became a final and 
appealable judgment.  Petitioners counter that Respondents suddenly take a position 
regarding the date of final judgment, which the record reveals is inconsistent with the 
position they maintained throughout the litigation, and with this Court’s own recognition 
of the date of final judgment.  We agree, and without extensive discussion, conclude that 
Respondents argument is unpersuasive, in light of our opinion in McQuitty II, in which we 
acknowledged that the final date of judgment was September 27, 2006.  
- 32 - 
 
distinguishable from the commonly-recognized defenses, because where the latter defenses 
applied, “the decedent did not have a viable claim at the outset.” Mummert, 435 Md. at 
221, 77 A.3d at 1057.  
Thus, similar to a statute of limitations defense, res judicata is distinguishable from 
other defenses that bar a subsequent wrongful death action because a res judicata defense 
demonstrates the existence of a viable claim at the outset.  Accordingly, because it is 
undisputed that Dylan possessed a viable claim against Petitioners from the outset of his 
personal injury action, any potential res judicata defense fails. See also Restatement 
(Second) of Judgments § 46 cmt. b, supra (recognizing that in jurisdictions where “the 
claim for wrongful death is treated as wholly ‘independent,’ [as in Maryland,] the 
decedent’s disposition of his personal injury claim would have no effect on the wrongful 
death claim.”).   
Furthermore, we acknowledge that in addition to having a viable claim at the outset, 
the only conditions precedent to bringing a wrongful death action include: 1) that death 
ensued as a result of a wrongful act by a tort-feasor(s), see Cts. & Jud. Proc. §3-901(e), §3-
902(a); 2) that the beneficiaries have standing to sue, see Cts. & Jud. Proc. §3-904(a)(1)-
(b); and 3) that the action is within the statutory limitations period, see Cts. & Jud. Proc. 3-
904(g).    
 
 
 
 
- 33 - 
 
ii. Risk of Double Recovery  
 
The parties also dispute the risk of double recovery, which was, in substantial part, 
the basis of Petitioners’ Motion to Dismiss Respondents’ wrongful death action.13 
However, because the damages recovered in a wrongful death action compensate for losses 
incurred by a decedent’s beneficiaries only after death ensued, and are distinguishable from 
damages recovered by a decedent in a personal injury action, we hold that double recovery 
is generally not at risk. Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-904 provides in relevant part: 
Damages awarded in proportion to resulting injury 
 
(c)(1) In an action under this subtitle, damages may be awarded to the 
beneficiaries proportioned to the injury resulting from the wrongful death. 
(2) Subject to § 11-108(d)(2) of this article, the amount recovered shall be 
divided among the beneficiaries in shares directed by the verdict. 
 
Death of spouse, minor child, parent of minor child, or unmarried 
children 
 
(d) The damages awarded under subsection (c) of this section are not limited 
or restricted by the “pecuniary loss” or “pecuniary benefit” rule but may 
include damages for mental anguish, emotional pain and suffering, loss of 
society, companionship, comfort, protection, marital care, parental care, filial 
care, attention, advice, counsel, training, guidance, or education where 
applicable for the death of: 
(1) A spouse; 
(2) A minor child; 
(3) A parent of a minor child; or 
(4) An unmarried child who is not a minor child if: 
                                                          
 
 
13 During oral argument, counsel for Respondents conceded that “there is some 
overlap,” in damages, given that an award in Dylan’s personal injury action and 
Respondents’ wrongful death action, both include non-economic damages.  Nonetheless, 
counsel alleged that the implications of a potential overlap were not relevant in the instant 
case, because the narrow issue before the Court concerned whether a wrongful death action 
is a new and independent cause of action.  We agree, and in further consideration of this 
Court’s limited scope of review, see Md. Rule 8-131(c), we shall not engage in an 
assessment regarding the allocation of those damages.   
- 34 - 
 
(i) The child is 21 years old or younger; or 
(ii) A parent contributed 50 percent or more of the child’s 
support within the 12-month period immediately before the 
date of death of the child. 
 
* * * 
The damages awarded to a decedent’s beneficiaries are apportioned according to the harm 
resulting from a wrongful death. Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-904(c)(1).  The damages awarded 
are limited to pecuniary losses and solatium damages, which are not awarded in a personal 
injury action, but are personal to a decedent’s beneficiaries and relatives after death has 
ensued. Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-904(d).   
 
Based on this premise, states adhering to the minority view have held that an overlap 
in damages could not legally arise, given that the type of damages in a personal injury 
action and a wrongful death action, co-exist for independent reasons.  See Stewart, 104 Md. 
at 332, 65 A. at 52 (“Under the [Lord Campbell’s Act] the damages recoverable are such 
as the equitable plaintiffs have sustained by the death of the party injured.”) (emphasis 
added); see, e.g., DeHart v. Ohio Fuel Gas Co., 85 N.E.2d 586, 589 (Ohio Ct. App. 1948) 
(“The rights of the next of kin begin where those of the injured person end, and are rights 
over which he could have no control.”); accord, Blackwell v. Am. Film Co., 209 P. at 1001).   
 
Moreover, to the extent that there is a risk of double recovery, we agree with the 
Court of Special Appeals that the problem can be resolved by assessing the damages 
awarded in a personal injury and subsequent wrongful death action on a case-by-case basis 
at the trial level to ensure proper allocation. See Mcquitty, 2015 WL 5822059, at *9.  
Alternatively, although beyond the point of consideration in the case at bar, duplicative 
damages can also be avoided by consolidating the actions and bringing both claims 
- 35 - 
 
simultaneously. See Prosser & Keaton, § 127 at 958 (noting that some “statutes may 
require consolidation of the two actions” to avoid any potential risk of double recovery). 
C. Public policy considerations  
 
Petitioners, with the support of Amici Curiae,14 raise several public policy 
arguments.  Specifically, Petitioners assert that affirming the Court of Special Appeals’ 
judgment would result in an influx of lawsuits, the value of current personal injury cases 
would increase and make settlement more difficult; there would be a potential for 
duplicative damages; and finally, the intermediate appellate court’s judgment effectually 
“usurp[s] the power of the [General Assembly].”   
Beyond Petitioners’ contention that the Court of Special Appeals’ judgment would 
cause an increase in lawsuits and the current value of personal injury cases, these assertions 
have not been substantiated with any credible evidence.  Additionally, as concluded supra, 
a risk of double recovery is generally not likely, given the distinct purpose of damages in 
both actions.  Nonetheless, to the extent that duplicative damages exist in the case at bar, 
the circuit court should assess and properly allocate such damages on remand. See 
McQuitty, 2015 WL 5822059, at *9.   
                                                          
 
14 Medical Mutual Liability Insurance Society of Maryland, an insurer of physicians 
against malpractice liability in Maryland; MedChi, the Maryland State Medical Society, a 
professional association of Maryland physicians; the American Insurance Association, a 
national trade association that represents major property and casualty insurance companies; 
and PIAA, an insurance industry trade association that represents a range of entities doing 
business in the medical profession liability arena, submitted Amici Curiae in support of 
Petitioners.  In sum, these entities asserted that the Court of Special Appeals misinterpreted 
Mummert and its antecedents, and that its ruling would adversely impact medical 
malpractice claims costs and subsequent premium costs, under similar public policy 
arguments raised by Petitioners. 
- 36 - 
 
Moreover, Petitioners’ contention that the Court of Special Appeals’ judgment 
“usurps” legislative powers is also unavailing.  Contrary to Petitioners’ assertion, the Court 
did not “engage[ ] in a rewriting” of the wrongful death statute, by “effectively erasing the 
‘if death had not ensued’ provision.”  Rather, the Court simply adhered to the long-standing 
tradition in Maryland that the wrongful death statute created a new and independent cause 
of action for a decedent’s beneficiaries.  We do not characterize the Court’s deference in 
this regard as overstepping its judicial function, but instead, consider its judgment to be in 
furtherance of its function in interpreting the law and legislative intent that is consistent 
with the statutory scheme and Maryland wrongful death jurisprudence.  
III. 
The Elberfeld release does not bar Respondents’ wrongful death action15 
 
 
Because the release was a covenant between Dylan and Dr. Elberfeld, and the 
language of the release unambiguously revealed an intent to release only Dr. Elberfeld, the 
release does not preclude Respondents’ wrongful death action against Petitioners.   
 
Petitioners assert that if this Court rules that Dylan’s personal injury action did not 
bar Respondents’ wrongful death action, Respondents, are nonetheless, barred by the 
Elberfeld release executed between Dylan, and former co-defendant, Dr. Elberfeld.  
Petitioners allege that the covenant not to sue in paragraph eight of the Elberfeld release 
                                                          
 
 
15 Although we also observe that the issue regarding the applicability of the 
Elberfeld release was not preserved for appellate review, we exercise our discretion 
pursuant to Md. Rule 8-131(a) to address the matter. See id. (stating in relevant part, 
“[o]rdinarily, the appellate court will not decide any other issue unless it plainly appears 
by the record to have been raised in or decided by the [circuit] court, but the Court may 
decide such an issue if necessary or desirable to guide the [circuit] court or to avoid the 
expense and delay of another appeal.”). 
- 37 - 
 
was not limited to a future claim against Dr. Elberfeld, but “rather, . . . was an attestation 
that Respondents ‘will not maintain any potential action for wrongful death.’” (emphasis 
in original).  Accordingly, Petitioners aver that because the Elberfeld release “extinguished 
all future claims of wrongful death beneficiaries, known and unknown,” the holding in 
Melitch, where decedent’s settlement of his claim during his lifetime barred a subsequent 
wrongful death action, applies, and similarly bars Respondents’ wrongful death action. 
(emphasis in original).  
 
We disagree.  Historically at common law, release of one joint tort-feasor operated 
as a release of all joint tort-feasors.16  See Morgan v. Cohen, 309 Md. 304, 315-16, 523 
A.2d 1003, 1008 (1987); Swigert v. Welk, 213 Md. 613, 619, 133 A.2d 428, 431 (1957).  
However, the Maryland version of the Uniform Contribution Among Tort-Feasors Act 
altered the common law so that a release of one joint tort-feasor, did not discharge all.  See 
Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-1404; Morgan, 309 Md. at 315-16, 523 A.2d at 1008; Martinez v. 
Lopez, 300 Md. 91, 102, 476 A.2d 197, 202 (1984); Swigert, 213 Md. at 619, 133 A.2d at 
431.  Specifically, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-1404 provides: 
A release by the injured person of one joint tort-feasor, whether before or 
after judgment, does not discharge the other tort-feasors unless the release 
so provides, but it reduces the claim against the other tort-feasors in the 
amount of the consideration paid for the release or in any amount or 
proportion by which the release provides that the total claim shall be reduced, 
if greater than the consideration paid. 
 
(emphasis added).   
                                                          
 
 
16 Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-1401(c) provides that “‘[j]oint tort-feasors’” means two or 
more persons jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to person or property, 
whether or not judgment has been recovered against all or some of them.”   
- 38 - 
 
 
In construing the meaning of a release, this Court adheres to principles of contract 
interpretation. See Hashmi v. Bennett, 416 Md. 707, 723, 7 A.3d 1059, 1068 (2010); 
Owens-Illinois, Inc. v. Cook, 386 Md. 468, 495, 872 A.2d 969, 985 (2005).   Therefore, 
“[a] release is to be construed according to the intent of the parties[,] the object and purpose 
of the instrument, [which] will control and limit its operation.” Id. at 496, 872 A.2d at 985.  
Maryland also follows the objective law of contract interpretation and construction. Id.; 
Calomiris v. Woods, 353 Md. 425, 435, 727 A.2d 358, 363 (1999).  We explained this 
principle in Owens-Illinois, 386 Md. at 496, 872 A.2d at 985, as follows:  
A court construing an agreement . . . must first determine from the language 
of the agreement itself what a reasonable person in the position of the parties 
would have meant at the time it was effectuated.  In addition, when the 
language of the contract is plain and unambiguous there is no room for 
construction, and a court must presume that the parties meant what they 
expressed.  In these circumstances, the true test of what is meant is not what 
the parties to the contract intended it to mean, but what a reasonable person 
in the position of the parties would have thought it meant.  Consequently, the 
clear and unambiguous language of an agreement will not give away [ ] to 
what the parties thought that the agreement meant or intended it to mean. . . 
.   
 
(quotations and citations omitted).   
 
 
Petitioners’ argument that the Elberfeld release applied to all tort-feasors, rests upon 
an isolated reading of the release.  A plain reading of the preface of the release, in tandem 
with paragraphs three, seven, and eight of the release, unambiguously reveals that Dylan 
did not “release or in any way discharge” Petitioners from further claims in connection 
with the underlying action.  The relevant provisions states the following: 
For and in consideration of the sum of ($999,000) the receipt and sufficiency 
of which is hereby acknowledged, for ourselves and our heirs, 
representatives, executors, administrators, successors and assigns, we, Peggy 
- 39 - 
 
McQuitty and Gary McQuitty, individually, and as parents and next friends 
of the minor Plaintiff, Dylan McQuitty (hereinafter Plaintiff) do hereby 
remise, release and forever discharge Harold Elberfeld, M.D., and his 
personal agents, servants and/or employees, only, (hereinafter Defendant), 
his predecessors and/or successors in interest, and his insurance company 
Zurich American (Zurich) (hereinafter referred to collectively as 
“Releasees”) and, subject to the terms of paragraph #3, any other persons or 
entities for whom Releasees could be legally responsible, as applicable, 
whether or not named herein, of and from all, and all manner of, actions and 
causes of actions, suits, debts; accounts, bonds, covenants, contracts, 
agreements, judgments, claims and demands of whatsoever kind, in law or in 
equity, known or unknown, foreseen and unforeseen, which we now have or 
may hereafter have, arising out of an incident and management of a 
pregnancy and the birth of the Plaintiff more fully described in the pleadings 
in this case known as Dylan McQuitty, minor, by and through his Parents 
and Next Friends Peggy McQuitty and Gary McQuitty v. Donald Spangler, 
M.D., et al., Circuit Court for Baltimore County, Maryland, Case No. 03-C-
01-009276, (the Lawsuit) occurring as a result of the birth and delivery of 
Dylan McQuitty on May 8, 1995 in Baltimore County in the State of 
Maryland, claiming, [inter alia], that Releasees acted in a manner so as to 
create civil liability and do further state: 
 
* * * 
 
3.  
For the same consideration as aforesaid, however, the Plaintiff does 
not release or in any way discharge Donald Spangler, M.D., individually, or 
Drs. Glowacki, Elberfeld & Spangler, P.A., its agents, servants and/or 
employees other than the Defendant, herein referred to as “co-defendants” or 
any and all other persons; firms, corporations, associations, both known and 
unknown, whose acts or failures to act as agents, servants and/or employees, 
and predecessors and/or successors of the co-defendants and each of them, 
would, have, or do create in co-defendants and each of them the status of 
tort[-]feasors. 
 
* * * 
 
7.  
Plaintiff further agrees that the consideration set forth above is 
specifically applicable to their agreement that they will not join or attempt to 
join Releasees, their heirs, executors, administrators, insurers, successors and 
assigns, in any capacity, in any action that may be brought against them 
arising out of the subject matter of The Lawsuit as desired above. 
 
- 40 - 
 
8.  
That, in consideration of the monies paid, Plaintiff covenants that 
wrongful death primary beneficiaries and secondary beneficiaries, known 
and unknown will not maintain any potential action for wrongful death, 
which stems from the subject matter of The Lawsuit.  Plaintiff covenants that 
his heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns will not maintain 
any potential action for survival to include, but not necessarily limited to, 
funeral expenses. . . . 
 
 
In Mummert, 435 Md. at 222, 77 A.3d at 1057, we observed that “whether a release 
by the decedent bars a wrongful death claim by [the decedent’s] beneficiaries depends in 
part on the sweep of the language of the particular release.”  
 
Here, the “sweep of the language” in the Elberfeld release does not preclude 
Respondents’ wrongful death action.  The relevant provisions of the release reveals that 
Dylan executed a covenant with Dr. Elberfeld, and that in consideration of the monies paid 
by Dr. Elberfeld, that neither Dylan nor his beneficiaries would “join or attempt to join” 
Dr. Elberfeld, his agents and assigns, in any future wrongful death or survival action arising 
out of the lawsuit.  The release does not reflect that Petitioners offered any consideration 
towards the settlement, and Petitioners’ inclusion on the release was for the sole purpose 
of excluding them from any benefit therefrom.   
 
Thus, we are not persuaded that the Elberfeld release was a general release because 
the “covenant not to sue” in paragraph eight did not clearly define the recipient at the time 
the covenant was made.  The release unambiguously reveals that the clearly defined 
recipient was Dr. Elberfeld, which did not constitute a release of all joint tort-feasors.  
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals.   
JUDGMENT 
OF 
THE 
COURT 
OF 
SPECIAL 
APPEALS 
IS 
AFFIRMED. 
COSTS TO BE PAID BY PETITIONERS.