Title: RUDECK v WRIGHT

State: montana

Issuer: Montana Supreme Court

Document:

No. 84-84 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA ELIZABETH RUDECK, in her own right and as Personal Representative of the Estate of ALFRED LYNDON RUDECK, also known as LYNDON RUDECK, deceased, Plaintiff and Respondent, KERMIT J. WRIGHT, M.D., and HELENA MEDICAL CLINIC, P.S.C., Defendants and Appellants. APPEAL FROM: District Court of the First Judicial District, In and for the County of Lewis & Clark, The Honorable Gordon Bennett, Judge presiding. COUNSEL OF RECORD: For Appellants: James A. Robischon argued, Butte, Montana Dunlap & Caughlan, Butte, Montana For Respondent: Terry N . Trieweiler argued, Whitefish, Montana Geoffrey L . Brazier, Helena, Montana Submitted: May 22, 1985 Decided: September 12, 1985 f ' Filed: Clerk Bonorable Joel. G . Roth, Eistrict Judge, delivered the Opinion of the Court. This is a medical malpractice case which is commonly referred to as a "foreign object" case. The case was tried to a jury in Lewis and Clark County District Court and re- sulted in a $75,000 verdict on the wrongful death claim and zero on the survival claim. Following trial, plaintiff Rudeck moved for a new trial. The District Judge ordered a new trial. Defendant Wright appeals from that order and, additionally, raises other issues for appellate review. Plaintiff appeals the denial of her motion for a directed verdict. We affirm the trial court's ruling requiring a new trial. The issues for review are as follows: 1. Was there error in granting plaintiff Rudeck's motion for a new krial? 2. Was there error in granting plaintiff Rud.eckls pretrial motion for partial summary judgment on the negli- qence of defendant Wright? 3. Was there error in refusing to allow defendant Wright to present testimony relating to the conduct of con- current tort-feasors and a subsequent tort-feasor? 4. Was there error in the trial court's instruction on legal causation rather than on proximate causation? 5. Was there error in denying plaintiff Rudeck's motion for a directed verdict? FACTS On May 27, 1980, Mr. Rudeck, age seventy-four years and a retired state employee residing with his wife in Helena, Montana, was operated. on for a hernia by defendant Dr. Wright at St. Peter's Community Hospital in Helena. During surgery, defendant Wright placed a piece of surgical gauze measuring about thirty centimeters by thirty centimeters and referred to as a "lap mat" into the exposed abdominal cavity. The lap mat was not removed prior to closing the incision. Two surgical nurses, both employees of the hospital, assisted defendant Wright during the operation. They were responsible for the lap mat count, and they neglected to inform defendant Wright of an unaccounted lap mat prior to his closing. Because no one was then aware of the foreign object inside the patient, Mr. Rudeck was released from the hospital on June 1, 1980, apparently recovering normally. However, during the months that followed the wound continued to drain, he began to lose his appetite, he lost weight, fluid began to build up in his legs, and toward the end of September 1980 his color was becoming grayish. From the time he was re- leased from the hospital on June 1 until September 29, 1980, Mr. Rudeck remained under the care of defendant Wright and was seen by defendant Wright on thirty-four occasions. Defendant Wright, becoming concerned about the wound and believing that X-rays of Mr. Rudeck's abdominal area were necessary, referred Mr. Rudeck to Dr. Donald L. Pedersen, a Helena radiologist, for X-rays. The X-rays were taken on June 20, 1980. The X-rays revealed the presence of the lap mat, but Dr. Pedersen did not detect the foreign object and, hence, did not report the presence of the foreign object to defendant Wright. Mr. Rudeck's physical condition deteriorated to the point that Mrs. Rudeck, on October 6, 1980, took it upon herself to admit her husband to the Veterans Administration Hospital at Fort Harrison in Helena. X-rays were taken at the VA Hospital, and for the first time the presence of the foreign object in Mr. Rudeck's abdomen was detected. Mr. Rudeck was too ill and weak for immediate surgery to remove the lap mat. He was then placed under presurgical care at the VA Hospital. Before he re- gained sufficient strength to tolerate another surgical procedure, on October 24, 1980, Mr. Rudeck's condition rapid- ly deteriorated, and he died that day. An autopsy was performed at the VA Hospital on October 25, 1980, which confirmed the presence of the lap mat inside the deceased's abdomen. The lap mat had wadded up into a ball about the size of an adult's fist ard the bowel had wrapped around it, cutting off the blood supply to the lower bowel and causing perforations in the bowel b~ith resulting escape of fecal material-. Following her husband's death, Mrs. Rudeck filed a complaint against Dr. Wright and Dr. Pedersen. Two medical malpractice claims were alleged: one in her own right for alleged wrongful death, and one in her capacity as personal representative of her deceased husband's estate for his survival claim up to the time of his death. Defendant Wright filed an answer, a cross-claim against Dr. Pedersen seeking indemnity and a third party complaint against St. Peter's Community Hospital seeking indemnity. Dr. Pedersen answered the plaintiff's complaint and Dr. Wright's cross-claim. St. Peter's Hospital answered Dr. Wright's third party complaint and filed a counter-claim against Dr. Wright seek- ing indemnity. Plaintiff Rudeck, following discovery, filed a motion for partial summary judgment against Dr. Wright and Dr. Pedersen . Dr. Pedersen admitted liability and settled with plaintiff Rudeck. The trial court granted partial sumrna,ry judgment against defendant Wright on the negligence issue. Prior to trial, St. Peter's Hospital settled with plaintiff Rudeck. Immediately prior to trial Dr. Wright moved to sever his alleged. claims against Dr. Pedersen and the hospital from plaintiff Rudeck's claims against him and sought to go to trial on plaintiff Rudeck' s wrongful death claim and t.he estate's survival claim. The trial court granted severance, and the jury trial. on plaintiff Rudeck's claims against defendant Wright commenced on November 28, 1983. The jury returned a verdict awarding plaintiff Rudeck $75,000 on her wrongful death claim and zero on the estate's survival claim. Thereafter, plaintiff Rudeck moved for a new trial which was granted by the trial judge. The issues on appeal, noted earlier herein, will now be discussed. ISSUE #l. PLAINTIFF RUDECK'S MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL There are several grounds upon which a new trial may he granted. They are set forth i . n the seven subsections to § 25-11-102, MCA. The ground asserted by plaintiff Rudeck is that the jury's verdict is against law. Subsection ( 6 ) of the cited statute lists a verdict against law as being one permissible ground for a new trial. We hold that the jury's verdict in awarding damages on the wrongful death claim and in awarding no damages on the survival claim is totally inconsistent and is contrary to the mandates of law. The trial judge was correct in granting plaintiff Rudeck's motion for a new trial. The question of defendant Wright's negligence had been d-etermined by the court as a matter of law before the trial started when plaintiff Rudeck's motion for partial summary judgment on the negligence issue was granted. The jury only had to consider the issue of whether or not defendant Wright's negligence was the cause of Mr. Rudeck's death, and if so, the amount of damages. In awarding $75,000 on the wrongful death claim, the jury found that defendant Wright's negligence was a substantial factor in causing the death. If Mr. Rudeck's death was caused by the negligence of defendant Wright, then the earlier injury to Mr. Rudeck which culminated in his death must have been caused by the same negligence. If the same negligence (leaving the lap mat inside the patient) caused the personal injury to the living Mr. Rudeck and that same negligence caused his later death, the jury would be compelled to award damages for Mr. Rudeck's personal injury (which were sought in the survival claim on his behalf by the personal representative of his estate) as well as awarding damages on the wrongful death claim. Be- cause the jury did not do so, its verdict is inconsistent and is against law. A similar situation arose in the case of Abernathy v. Eline Oil Field Services (Mont. 1982), 650 P.2d 772, 39 St.Rep. 1688, where the same negligent act (rear end colli- sion) caused a personal injury to one person and the death of another person. In that case the jury found that the same act of negligence caused the personal injury to the one person but not the death of the other person. A new trial was ordered in that case because the verdicts were inconsis- tent and against law. The jury's conclusion that the tort- feasor had injured the one person mandated the further conclusion that the same tort-feasor's same negligent act also caused the death of the other person. Although two persons were involved in the Abernathy case, whereas only one person is involved in the instant case, the same conclusion is reached because the same negligence of the same defendant is the basis both for the wrongful death action, B 27-1-513, MCA, and the survival action, S 27-1-501, B I C A . (See Swanson v. Champion International Corp. (1982), 1 . 9 7 Mont. 509, 646 P.2d 1166, for a discussion of actions permissible in Montana for tortious death.) Stated another way, in the instant case there would have been no wrongful death without the earlier injury to the living Mr. Rudeck. ISSUE #2. WAS DR. WRIGHT NEGLIGENT AS A MATTER OF LAW Was the trial judge correct when ruling as a matter of law that Dr. Wright was negligent in leaving a foreign object inside his patient during surgery? Other states which have ruled on this issue are divided in their holdings. There are three rules applied in the different states. 1. The negligence per se rule. Those courts following this rule hold that the failure of a surgeon to remove a foreign object (sponge, needle, clamp, scissors) is negli- gence per se. The theory i . s that the surgeon has not mea- sured up to the standard of care required of a surgeon in exercising his professional skills. Consequently, the sur- geon who violates the legally mandated standard of care of exercising the professional care and skill which other pro- fessionals in his specialty would exercise in the same or similar circumstances is negligent per se. The rule is best stated in the case of McCormick v . Jones (Wash. 1929), 278 P. 181, 182, wherein the court said: ". . . We also think that the court can say as a matter of law that when a surgeon inadvertently introduces into a wound a foreign substance, closes up the wound, leaving the foreign substance in the body, there being no possibility of any good purpose resulting therefrom, that act is negligence." A general statement of the rule is found in 61 Arn.Jur.2d Physicians, Surgeons, Etc., 5 258 at 397-398: "A surgeon undertaking to perform an operation requiring the placing of sponges in the incision does not com- plete his undertaking until the sponges are properly removed. Many cases of malpractice arising out of surgical operations result from the leaving of surgical sponges or other foreign sub- stances in the wound after the incision has been closed. . . . Thus, there are many cases which take the view that the failure of a surgeon to remove all sponges or foreign substances from a surgical wound is neqligence per se I1 . . . The interrelationship between the surgeon and the sponge nurses is also explained in 61 Am.Jur.2df S 258 at 399, as follows: "While the custom or usage of having a 'sponge nurse' account, both before and after a surgical operation, for all sponges used during the operation, has been approved by some courts, it is generally held that surgeons cannot relieve themselves from liability for injury to a patient caused by leaving a sponge in the wound after an operation, by the facts that such custom or usage prevails in the community, and that they followed and relied on such count as conclusive that all sponges had been accounted for. The reason for this rule is that leaving a surgical sponge in the abdominal cavity is a sort of case in which the type of harm itself raises so strong an inference of negligence, and the physician's duty to prevent harm is so clear, that expert testimony is not. required to establish the prevailing standard of care, and the inference arising from res ispa loquitur is not refuted by the assertion that the nurse's sponge count was reported as in order, because such a report does not relieve the operating and supervising surgeon of his responsibility. . . ." In Guilbeau v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co. (La.App. 1975) , 325 So.2d 395, an operating surgeon was held to be negligent per se when he had placed a laparotomy pad in the patient's body during colectomy surgery and it was left there following surgery. Two surgical nurses on the hospital surgical team had miscounted the pads and mistakenly reported to the surgeon that all pads were accounted for. In Harrison v. Wilkerson (Tenn. 1966), 405 S.W.2d 649, the operating surgeon left a sponge inside the patient during a Cesarean delivery when the two nurses assisting during the surgery miscounted the sponges. The operating surgeon was held to be negligent as a matter of law. In Burke v. Washington Hospital Center (D.C. Cir. 1.973), 475 F.2d 364, an operating surgeon attempted to shift responsibility for leaving a sponge in the patient's abdomen during surgery by asserting that the attending nurse's sponge count was in error. The court said at page 365, "[wlhile this may be enough to support shared liability on the part of the nurse's employer, Washington Hospital Center, it does not relieve the operating and supervising surgeon of his respon- sibility." Also see, 10 ALR3d 9; 12 ALR3d 1-017. 2. The res ipsa loquitur rule. This rule provides that the failure of a surgeon to remove a foreign object gives rise to an inference of negligence. The reasoning is that when an instrumentality which causes injury, without any fault of the injured person, is under the exclusive control of the defendant at the time of the injury, and the injury d.oes not occur if the one having such control uses proper care, then the law infers negligence on the part of the one in control as the cause of the injury. Negaard v. Feda (1968), 152 Mont. 47, 446 P.22 436. Other medical malprac- tice cases which discuss the res ipsa loquitur doctrine and its applicability in a medical malpractice setting are Parks v. Perry (N.C.App. 1984), 314 S.E.2d 287; Morgan v. Willis-Knighton Medical Center (La.App. 1984), 456 So.2d 650; Gallegor by Gal-legor v. Felder (Pa.Sup. 1984), 478 A.2d 34; and Sammons v. Smith (Iowa 1984), 353 N.W.2d 380. Once the presumption of negligence arises under the res ipsa rule, the burden of rebutting the presumption shifts to the defendant. 3. The ordinary negligence rule. Here the failure of the surgeon to remove the foreign object is simply evidence of the surgeon's negligence. The plaintiff would have the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence what the standard of care is (through expert medical testimony! and that the surgeon violated that standard of care. One element in establishing a violation of the standard of care would be proof of the surgeon's failure to remove the foreign object. After considering the above three rules we conclude that the best rule and the rule to be adopted in Montana is the "negligence per set' rule. When a patient is on the operating table, he has put his body and life into the hands of the surgeon. If a foreign object is mistakenly left in the patient's body, it seems to us that it takes no expert medical testimony to establish that the surgeon was negli- gent. The court can find negligence as a matter of law for an obvious violation of the standard of care required. Under either the ordinary negligence rule or the res ipsa rule the surgeon would be attempting to totally avoid his own liability by pointing his finger at the surgical nurses who were also negligent in failing to correctly count the sponges and at the radiologist who later took X-rays and failed to detect the sponge and failed to inform the surgeon of the presence of the sponge in the patient's abdomen so that corrective surgery could immediately be performed. The surgeon is the "captain of the ship" and he bears the responsibility of the surgical procedure. McCullough v. Bethany Medical. Center (Kan. 1 9 8 4 ) , 683 P.2d 1258. Other persons, such as the surgical nurses who maintain the sponge count, and such as the radiologist who later takes X-rays, may also be negligent and liable as concurrent tort-feasors or as a subsequent tort-feasor, but the surgeon who initially was negligent in the first instance and whose original negli- gence set in motion the concurrent and following negligent acts or omissions should not be allowed to avoid his 1-iabili- ty. The "negligence per sew rule would not allow the surgeon to avoid his own negligence. ISSUE #3. EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE OF CONDUCT OF CONCURRENT AND SUBSEQUENT TORT-FRASORS Prior to trial, defendant Wright successfully moved to sever his cross-claim against Dr. Pedersen and his third party claim against St. Peter's Community Hospital. Also prior to trial plaintiff Rudeck successfully moved to exclude evidence of the acts and omissions of the surgical nurses and of Dr. Pedersen. Consequently, the trial commenced on plaintiff Rudeck's wrongful death claim and on the estate's survival claim against only one defendant, and that defendant was Dr. Wright. Defendant Wright contends he should have been allowed to present evidence of the separate negligence of the nurses and the separate negligence of Dr. Pedersen in an attempt to immunize himself from liability for his own negligence. Because we view the negligence of the nurses as sepa- rate but concurrent negligence and the negligence of Dr. Pedersen as separate but subsequent negligence, we will discuss the status of the concurrent tort-feasors and the subsequent tort-feasor separately. As to the nurses' negligence, it is clear that the sponge count and the surgical procedure are occurring simul- taneously. We hold that if the effect of defendant Wright's negligence in leaving a foreign object inside his patient's wound actively and continuously acts to cause harm to his patient, the fact that the active and substantially simulta- neous negligent act of the nurses is also a substantial factor in bringing about the harm to the patient does not protect Dr. Wright from liability. Moreover, the nurses (and the hospital) are not relieved of liability for their own negligent acts or omissions. See, 2 Restatement of Torts 2d, Section 439. As to Dr. Pedersen's negligence, it is clear that his negligent conduct occurred about three weeks after Dr. Wright's negligent act and, hence, not concurrently there- with. It is noted that Dr. Wright referred Mr. Rudeck to Dr. Pedersen for the X-rays. The question is whether or not the subsequent and independent negligent act of Dr. Pedersen in misreading the X-rays can relieve Dr. Wright from his own liability. We hold that if Mr. Rudeck's injury and death resulted from the original negligence of defendant Wright in failing to remove the 1-ap mat and also his injury and death in part resulted from a risk (misreading the X-rays) inherent in the later medical procedure of taking X-rays which were required to discover the reason for Mr. Rudeck's post-surgery problems, the original tort-feasor (d-efendant Wright) remains liable regardless of whether the later medical procedure was done in a negligent manner. The reason is that the chain of causation remains unbroken. However, it should be remembered that, although the original tort-feasor is liable for the additional harm created by the intervening tort-feasor (Dr. Pedersen) , the intervening tort-fea.sor is not relieved of liability for his own negligent act. Dooley, - 1 Modern Tort Law, S 10.04. - The law requires that at times a tort-feasor must answer for the subsequent negligence of a doctor. The clas- sic situation is where a person is injured in an auto acci- dent due to the negligence of a tort-feasor and is required to submit to medical treatment. If the treating doctor is negligent in his treatment of the injured person, the origi- nal tort-feasor must answer to the injured person for the malpractice of the doctor. That principle of tort liability is based on the theory that the original negligent act is a proximate cause of the subsequent injury caused by the mal- practice. See, 61 Am.Jur.2d Physicians, Surgeons, Etc., § 301 at 448. In the present case, the original tort-feasor is a surgeon and the subsequent negligence is that of a radiologist. We hold the same principle of tort liability applies when two negligent doctors are the tort-feasors as when the two tort-feasors are a negligent driver and a malpracticing doctor. In Graham v. Whitaker (S.C. 1 9 8 4 ) , 321 S.E.2d 40, an ophthalmologist was negligent in putting eye drops into a patient's eyes and not warning of blurred vision and. of not providing a safe place for the patient. The patient fell and broke her hip. A surgeon operated on her hip and due to his negligence the patient developed an infection and needed a hip replacement. The court in that case held the original tort-feasor was liable for the intervening negligence of the operating surgeon. In summary on this issue of excluding evidence of the nurses' concurrent negligence and of Dr. Pedersen's subse- quent separate negligence, we hold that such evidence was irrelevant during the trial on the issue of whether Dr. Wright's negligence caused the injury and death of Mr. R.udeck . ISSUE #4. LEGAL CAUSE OR PROXIMATE CAUSE The trial judge instructed the jury that the plaintiff was entitled to damages "legally caused" by Dr. Wright's negligence. In defining "legal cause" the judge instructed as follows: "A legal cause of a death is a cause which is a substantial factor in bring- ing about the death." Defendant Wright, on the other hand, offered the stan- dard. instruction on "proximate cause" as follows: "The proximate cause of an injury or damage is that cause which in a natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any new or independent cause, produces the injury or damage, and without which it would not have occurred." Rear in mind that the present case involves an original tort-feasor (Dr. Wright) , concurrent tort-feasors (nurses) , and a subsequent tort-feasor (Dr. Pedersen) each of whom committed negligent acts and each of whom may be separately liable. The proximate cause rule (commonly known as the "but for" rule) may be stated as follows: The defendant's conduct is a cause of the event if the event would not have occurred but for that conduct; or conversely, the defendant's conduct is not a cause of the event, if the event would have occurred without it. The "but for" rule serves to explain the vast majority of cases wherein a causation instruction is required. Howev- er, there is one type of situation in which it fails. If two or more causes concur to bring about an event, and any one of them, operating alone, would have been sufficient to cause the identical result, some other test is needed. In such cases it is quite clear that each cause has in fact played so important a part in producing the result that responsibility should be imposed upon it; and it is equally clear that neither can be absolved from that responsibility upon the ground that the identical harm would have occurred without it, or there would be no liability at all. The "substantial factor" rule was developed primarily for cases in which application of the "but for" rule v~ould allow each defendant to escape responsibil-ity because the conduct of one or more others would have been sufficient to produce the same result. It is possible, and more helpful, to apply an alternative formulation that addresses directly the need for declining to fol-low the "but for" rule in this context. The alternative formulation is this: When the conduct of two or more actors is so related to an event that their combined conduct, viewed as a whole, is a "but for" cause of event, and application of the "but for" rule to them individually would absolve all of them, the conduct of each is a cause in fact of the event. The fact situation in which this kind of grouping of defendants is permissible occurs relatively infrequently. The case where this does occur is the case in which each defendant bears a like relationship to the event. Each seeks to escape liability for a reason that, if recognized, would likewise protect each other defendant in the group. Prosser and Keeton, The Law of Torts, 5th ed. at 266-278. --- In Snead v. United States (D. D.C. 1.9841, 595 F.Supp. 658, a medical malpractice action was brought under the Federal Tort Claims Act alleging negligence in medical. ser- vices performed by government gynecologists. The female patient and her husband alleged that in performi-ng medical services the gynecologists failed to practice medicine in accordance with the required standard of care in examining the patient and that their departure from the required stan- dard of care resulted in their failure to detect that pa- tient's existent hut preinvasive cervical cancer and was a substantial factor bringing about the progression and metas- tasis of that malignancy. At 665 the court held: "In cases involving alleged medical mismanagement of a patient's existing and potentially fatal condition, the appropriate test for causation is the 'substantial factor' test. Under this test, plaintiffs must show that the defendant's deviation from the standard of care was a 'substantial factor' bringing about Mrs. Snead's present condition. . . ." In Capone v . Donovan (Pa.Sup. 1984), 480 A.2d 1249, a college football. player broke his arm during a scrimmage. He was treated by two doctors immediately. When his arm failed to heal properly, he went to a third doctor. Several months later when the arm still had not healed properly, he went to a fourth doctor who performed surgery to correct the injury. After the patient sued the third doctor for malpractice and settled with him, the patient then sued the first two doctors for malpractice. On the causation issue the court said at 1251: "If two or more causes combine to pro- duce a single harm which is incapable of being divided on a logical, reasonable, or practical basis, and each cause is a substantial factor in bringing about the harm, an arbitrary apportionment should not be made. . . ." We conclude that the instant case is just such an infrequent case where the "but for" rule is inapplicable and the "legal cause" ("substantial factor") rule is the correct instruction to give to the jury. We do not intend by this decision to abolish the tradi- tional "proximat-e cause" rule and replace it with the "legal cause" rule. It is the holding of this decision that in view of the particular facts involved in the present case the "legal cause" rule is applicable herein. ISSUE #5. THE DENIAL OF PLAINTIFF RUDECK'S MOTION FOR A DIRECTED VERDICT At the conclusion of defendant Wright's evidence, plaintiff Rudeck moved for a directed verdict to the effect that defendant Wright's negligence was the legal cause of Mr. Rudeck's death. The trial court denied the motion, and we affirm that ruling. There was evidence presented during the trial by defen- dant Wright's witnesses that the cause of death was acute broncho-pneumonia or heart disease and lung disease. Because there was conflicting evidence on the issue of the cause of Mr. Rudeck's death, the trial court was correct in denying the plaintiff's motion for a directed verdict. We affirm all of the District Court's rulings and remand the case for a new trial. Judge, sitting in place of Mr. Justice Frank B. Morrison, Jr. We concur: M r . J u s t i c e Fred J. Weber concurs and d i s s e n t s a s follows: I concur i n t h e m a j o r i t y opinion a s t o i s s u e 1 and i t s conclusion t h a t t h e r e was no e r r o r i n g r a n t i n g p l a i n t i f f ' s motion f o r a new t r i a l . I a l s o concur w i t h t h e m a j o r i t y opinion a s t o i s s u e 5 i n holding t h a t t h e r e was no e r r o r i n denying t h e p l a i n t i f f ' s motion f o r a d i r e c t e d v e r d i c t . I r e s p e c t f u l l y d i s s e n t from t h e m a j o r i t y opinion a s t o i s s u e s 2 , 3 and 4. The m a j o r i t y opinion i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e two s u r g i c a l nurses who a s s i s t e d t h e defendant i n t h e o p e r a t i o n neglected t o inform D r . Wright o f an uncounted l a p mat. The d e p o s i t i o n of t h e nurse making t h e count d i s c l o s e s t h a t she t o l d D r . Wright, "Your sponge count i s c o r r e c t . " I n a d d i t i o n , t h e evidence d i s c l o s e d t h a t t h e 'lap mat had a t a g t h a t made it v i s i b l e on x-rays, b u t t h e r a d i o l o g i s t f a i l e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e t a g . A s t o i s s u e 2 , I d i s a g r e e w i t h t h e m a j o r i t y conclusion t h a t D r . Wright was n e g l i g e n t a s a m a t t e r o f law because t h e l a p mat was l e f t i n s i d e t h e p a t i e n t . Such a r u l e may have been a p p r o p r i a t e a number o f y e a r s ago when it was d i f f i c u l t , i f n o t impossible, t o o b t a i n adequate medical testimony regarding t h e conduct o f a surgeon, o r p r i o r t o Montana's adoption o f t h e modern theory o f comparative negligence. I f i n d no need f o r such a p e r se r u l e f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f p l a i n t i f f s . I would p r e f e r t h e o r d i n a r y negligence r u l e under which t h e p l a i n t i f f would have t h e burden o f proving t h a t t h e surgeon had v i o l a t e d t h e a p p l i c a b l e standard of c a r e . Following t h a t p r o o f , t h e surgeon would have t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t h i s own evidence on t h e standard o f c a r e . More important i n a c a s e such a s t h e p r e s e n t , t h e surgeon would a l s o have t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t evidence a s t o negligence on t h e p a r t o f t h e n u r s e s and t h e r a d i o l o g i s t . That evidence i s excluded under t h e negligence p e r se r u l e o f t h e p r e s e n t opinion. I b e l i e v e a jury i s capable o f determining whether a medical d o c t o r has met t h e r e q u i s i t e standard o f c a r e and comparing any negligence on t h e p a r t o f t h e surgeon, t h e h o s p i t a l through i t s n u r s e s , and t h e r a d i o l o g i s t . I would a l s o a c c e p t t h e res i p s a l o q u i t u r r u l e a s described i n t h e m a j o r i t y opinion. While t h i s does p l a c e a burden on t h e surgeon, it a t l e a s t g i v e s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e surgeon t o p r e s e n t t h e evidence t h a t s u p p o r t s h i s view o f t h e c a s e . I do not b e l i e v e t h a t t h e negligence p e r se r u l e i s a p p r o p r i a t e i n modern medical p r a c t i c e , where d i f f e r e n t people a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s d u r i n g a s u r - gery e For example, it may be t h e s o l e duty o f an a n e s t h e s i o l o g i s t t o monitor a p a t i e n t ' s blood p r e s s u r e and c o l o r i n g i n o r d e r t o a l e r t t h e o p e r a t i n g physician t o any s i g n o f h e a r t f a i l u r e o r oxygen d e p r i v a t i o n . I n complex procedures such a s open h e a r t s u r g e r y , two o r more teams o f d o c t o r s may be r e q u i r e d t o worlc on d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f a p a t i e n t ' s body a t t h e same t i m e . Under modern s u r g i c a 1 . procedures, it i s i m p r a c t i c a l t o assume t h a t a " c h i e f " surgeon can perform s u r g e r y and simultaneous7y s u p e r v i s e and monitor every a c t i v i t y o f each o f t h e p a r t i e s involved i n t h e opera t i o n . It i s a l s o i m p r a c t i c a l t o suggest t h a t t h e " c h i e f " surgeon i s s t r i c t l y l i a b l e f o r t h e conduct o f everyone who a s s i s t e d i n t h e s u r g i c a l procedure. Likewise, I see no reason why a surgeon should be held n e g l i g e n t p e r se f o r r e l y i n g on t h e e x p e r t i s e o f a s p e c i a l i s t whose advice i s sought f o r d i a g n o s t i c purposes. I would t r u s t t h e jury t o determine whether, under a11 t h e circum- s t a n c e s o f t h e c a s e , t h e surgeon's r e l i a n c e on t h e e x p e r t ' s advice was reasonable. I would a l s o t r u s t t h e j u r y t o com- p a r e any n e g l i g e n t conduct on t h e p a r t o f t h e surgeon w i t h a r a d i o l o g i s t ' s n e g l i g e n t reading o f post-operative x-rays. Under i s s u e 3 , t h e m a j o r i t y opinion excludes t h e evidence o f t h e conduct of t h e concurrent t o r t f e a s o r , t h e nurses making t h e sponge count, and t h e subsequent t o r t f e a s o r , t h e r a d i o l o g i s t . A s i n d i c a t e d under i s s u e 2 , I b e l i e v e t h a t evidence should properly be admissible a s a p a r t of t h e defense o f t h e defendant doctor. On i s s u e 4 , t h e m a j o r i t y opinion approved t h e g i v i n g of t h e following " l e g a l cause" i n s t r u c t i o n : A l e g a l cause o f a d e a t h i s a cause which i s a s u b s t a n t i a l f a c t o r i n b r i n g i n g about t h e death. I t appears t h e i n s t r u c t i o n was based upon B A J I 3.76, C a l i f o r - nia J u r y I n s t r u c t i o n s C i v i l (rev. 6 t h ed. Supp. 1983) , which s t a t e s t h a t a l e g a l cause of i n j u r y i s a cause which is a s u b s t a n t i a l f a c t o r i n b r i n g i n g about t h e i n j u r y . B A J I 3.75 i s a proximate cause i n s t r u c t i o n s i m i l a r t o t h e proximate cause i n s t r u c t i o n proposed by t h e defendant. The U s e Note following B A J I 3.76 a d v i s e s t h a t where i n j u r y may have re- s u l t e d from e i t h e r o f two causes o p e r a t i n g alone, t h e l e g a l cause i n s t r u c t i o n should be given, n o t t h e i n s t r u c t i o n on proximate cause. I n substance, t h e same r a t i o n a l e was used by t h e majori- t y opinion f o r concluding t h a t t h e l e g a l cause i n s t r u c t i o n was c o r r e c t l y given. Unfortunately, t h a t reasoning does n o t a.pply i n t h e p r e s e n t case. While it i s t r u e t h a t t h e r e were n u r s e s who can be c l a s s e d a s concurrent t o r t f e a s o r s and a r a d i o l o g i s t who can be c l a s s e d a s a subsequent t o r t f e a s o r , a l l of t h o s e o t h e r p a r t i e s a r e no longer p a r t i e s t o t h e p r e s e n t a c t i o n . D r . Wright i s t h e only defendant. Since t h e reasons given f o r use o f t h e l e g a l cause i n s t r u c t i o n a r e n o t p r e s e n t i n t h i s c a s e , I would conclude t h a t a proximate cause i n s t r u c t i o n properly should have been given. M r . J u s t i c e L. C. Gulbrandson and Harrison concur i n t h e f o r e g o i L - h d a C , d h s t i c e s b m