Title: Georgia Pacific v. Benjamin

State: maryland

Issuer: Maryland Supreme Court

Document:

Georgia-Pacific Corporation, et al. v. Elsie L. Benjamin
No. 52, September Term, 2005
HEADNOTES: Wrongful Death Statute: The discovery rule applies to cases involving
occupational diseases even though the time period prescribed under the wrongful death
statute is a condition precedent to liability.  The terms of § 3-904(g)(2), “when the cause of
death was discovered” are not defined by the statute.  When terms are not defined,
notwithstanding their ordinary meaning, the absence of a clear definition may lead to an
ambiguity.  Clearly, in this case, the phrase, “when the cause of death was discovered” is
ambiguous.  It could mean the claimant must have knowledge either of the clinical cause of
the decedent’s death (the cancer, mesothelioma) or the cause of the occupational disease
(asbestos exposure) to trigger the running of the limitations period. We take into
consideration the legislative history, including the preamble, bill analysis,  committee reports
and the specific language of the statute.  We conclude that the Legislature clearly intended
to graft onto subsection (g)(2) our judicially created discovery rule to be applied in cases
involving injury and death caused by occupational disease.  Therefore, even though death
is a condition precedent to liability under the wrongful death statute, the discovery rule
applies in those cases that result in death caused by occupational disease.
The discovery rule, however, does not apply to claims brought under § 3-904(g)(1).  Trimper
v. Porter-Hayden, 305 Md. 31, 501 A.2d 446 (1985).  For purposes of the discovery rule, the
knowledge necessary to trigger the running of the limitations period is actual knowledge or
“inquiry notice.”  Constructive knowledge is insufficient to trigger the running of the
limitations period.  In the case, sub judice, the facts are in dispute as to whether the
beneficiaries knew or reasonably should have known of the nexus between the decedent’s
exposure to asbestos and the mesothelioma in order to trigger the running of the limitations
period under section 3-904(g)(2).  
Survival Statute: Under the survival statute, if an occupational disease was the proximate
cause of a claimant’s death, damages can be claimed “within three years from the date” the
action accrues (is discovered or should have been discovered), “but not later than 10 years
from the date of death.”  Md. Code (1974, 2002 Repl. Vol.), § 5-113(b) of the Courts and
Judicial Proceedings.  The discovery rule applies to survival actions.  In the present case, the
facts are not in dispute that the decedent had sufficient knowledge, to put him on “inquiry
notice,” prior to his death, of the nexus between his exposure to asbestos and cancer.  In this
case, the cause of action for personal injuries relating to the occupational disease, under the
survival statute, expired prior to Mrs. Benjamin’s filing the survival claim.  
In the Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 24-X-03-000311
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF
MARYLAND
No. 52
September Term, 2005
______________________________
GEORGIA-PACIFIC CORPORATION,
ET AL.
v.
ELSIE L. BENJAMIN,
INDIVIDUALLY, ETC.
_________________________________
Bell, C.J.
Raker
Wilner
Cathell
Harrell
Battaglia
Greene,
   JJ.
_________________________________
Opinion by Greene, J.
_________________________________
Filed:   August 2, 2006
In this case we must interpret Md. Code (1974, 2002 Repl. Vol.), §§ 3-904(g)(2) and
5-113(b) to determine whether the “discovery rule” applies to toll the limitations period for
filing wrongful death and survival actions relating to an occupational disease.  In the present
case, both the wrongful death and survival actions were filed more than three years after the
injured person’s death.  The Circuit Court for Baltimore City determined that both actions
were barred by the statute of limitations and granted the defendants’ motion for summary
judgment.  On appeal, however, the intermediate appellate court  concluded that although the
survival action was barred, the wrongful death action was not barred by limitations.  For
reasons to be explained in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Special
Appeals. 
BACKGROUND
On May 25, 1997, Robert L. Benjamin, Sr. (Mr. Benjamin) died of mesothelioma, a
type of cancer in which a high percentage of cases are caused by asbestos exposure.  On
March 20, 2003, in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Mrs. Elsie Benjamin (“Mrs.
Benjamin”), as personal representative of the estate of the decedent, Mr. Benjamin, filed a
survival action against various defendants, including Georgia Pacific Corporation (“GP”) and
Union Carbide Corporation (“UC”).  In the same complaint, Mrs. Benjamin and Mr.
Benjamin’s two surviving children, Robert L. Benjamin, II, and Carol Jeffers (collectively
“the Benjamins”), filed a wrongful death action against the same defendants.  Both UC and
GP moved for summary judgment on the ground that both actions were barred by limitations.
As to both motions, the trial court granted summary judgment.  
1 Georgia Pacific, in its petition for a writ of certiorari, presented three questions for
our review: 
1.
Did the Court of Special Appeals err by concluding that § 3-904(g) requires
knowledge of the cause of the occupational disease to trigger commencement
of limitations in a wrongful death case?
2.
Did the Court of Special Appeals err by holding the plaintiffs’ knowledge that
Mr. Benjamin died of mesothelioma was insufficient to place them on inquiry
notice?
3.
Did the Court of Special Appeals err by ruling that the applicable limitations
period for a survival action must expire prior to the decedent’s death in order
to also bar a cause of action for wrongful death?”
Union Carbide, in its petition for a writ of certiorari, presented three issues for our
review:
 
1.
Whether the Court of Special Appeals erred in applying the discovery rule
applicable to Md. Code (1974, 2002 Repl. Vol.), § 5-101 of the Cts. & Jud.
Proc. Article to the wrongful death limitations period set forth in § 3-
904(g)(2).
(continued...)
2
On June 21, 2004, only Mrs. Benjamin, in her individual capacity and as personal
representative for Mr. Benjamin, appealed to the Court of Special Appeals.  On May 3, 2005,
the Court of Special Appeals filed its opinion, in which it affirmed in part and reversed in
part the trial court’s judgment.  In affirming the trial court’s judgment, the intermediate
appellate court held that Mrs. Benjamin’s survival action was barred by limitations.  The
court reversed as to the wrongful death action.  It held that, as to that action, the evidence
was insufficient, as a matter of law, to constitute inquiry notice.  We granted the petition for
certiorari filed by GP, UC, and Mrs. Benjamin.  Georgia-Pacific v. Benjamin, 388 Md. 404,
879 A.2d 1086 (2006).1  
1(...continued)
 
2.
Whether the Court of Special Appeals erroneously concluded that the wrongful
death claimants were not placed on inquiry notice, even assuming that the
discovery rule applies to § 3-904(g)(2)(ii).
 
3.
Whether the Court of Special Appeals erred in concluding that the knowledge
of the personal representative cannot be imputed to the beneficiaries of a
wrongful death action. 
Mrs. Benjamin, in her petition for a writ of certiorari, which we treat as a cross-
petition for certiorari, presents two questions, requesting that we limit our review to the
decision of the Court of Special Appeals which affirmed the dismissal of the survival action:
1.
Whether, for purposes of determining when the period of limitations begins to
run under the discovery rule in an asbestos injury products liability action, an
injured plaintiff is charged with inquiry notice despite that injured plaintiff’s
lack of knowledge of injury, causation and defendant wrongdoing.
2.
Whether the determination of when the period of limitations begins to run
under the discovery rule in an asbestos injury product liability action may be
resolved through summary judgment as a matter of law where no evidence
exists in the record demonstrating that the injured plaintiff knew or should
have known of a causal relationship between his disease and asbestos
exposure, and where no record evidence demonstrates what, if any, general
state of knowledge exists concerning the relationship between asbestos
exposure and occupational disease. 
3
We affirm the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals and hold that application of
the judicially developed discovery rule is consistent with the language contained in § 3-
904(g)(2) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article. Specifically, in cases involving
workplace exposure to toxic substances, like asbestos, a claimant, including a wrongful death
claimant, is on inquiry notice of the causation element of a cause of action to recover injuries
resulting from an “occupational disease,” e.g., mesothelioma when the claimant has
knowledge that (1) the person whose injury forms the basis for the claim has been diagnosed
2 We refer collectively to both Mrs. Benjamin, personal representative in the survival
suit, and to the Benjamins, beneficiaries in the wrongful death suit, as the “respondents.” 
4
with mesothelioma, and (2) the injured person was exposed to asbestos in the workplace.
Further, we hold that in a survival action, if the decedent’s knowledge is sufficient to satisfy
the discovery rule, the decedent’s knowledge is enough to trigger the running of the
limitations period for the survival action.  
FACTS
We adopt, in large part, the facts as set forth by the Court of Special Appeals in its
opinion:
In the complaint and in answers to interrogatories, [the
respondents][2] assert[] that the decedent was employed as a laborer
and carpenter while (1) in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1945,
(2) work[ed] for the L.H. Benjamin Co. from 1946 to 1961, and (3)
work[ed] for the R.L. Benjamin Lumber Co. from 1961 to 1971.
According to [the respondents], the decedent was exposed to asbestos
containing products at various times throughout his employment,
including while working for the Benjamin companies, which stocked
and sold several products containing asbestos. The decedent was
diagnosed with mesothelioma in early 1997, and he died on May 25,
1997.
Benjamin v. Union Carbide, 162 Md. App. 173, 180, 873 A.2d 463, 467 (2005).
Mr. Benjamin’s death certificate indicated that the cause of death was “cancer
(metastatic mesothelioma).”  The respondents testified, as revealed in the affidavits and
deposition testimony filed in these proceedings, that they discovered the nexus between
asbestos exposure and cancer in late 2001 to early 2002, after the decedent’s daughter, Carol
5
Jeffers, read an article that stated that a high percentage of mesothelioma cases were caused
by asbestos exposure.
In Benjamin, the Court of Special Appeals summarized the evidence, as stated in
pertinent part:
Summary of medical reports, depositions, and affidavits
A medical report, dated January 27, 1997, indicates that the decedent
was referred to Dr. M. Jesada because of an abnormal chest x-ray and
CAT scan. The report states that the decedent had periodic chest
x-rays prior to December 1996, which were normal. As a result of a
fall in November 1996, the decedent had various tests. The test
included a chest X-ray, which was abnormal, and which was followed
by a CAT scan, which was abnormal. According to the report, the
decedent advised the physician that he had a history of asbestos
exposure. Dr. Jesada’s impression was possible mesothelioma, and a
biopsy was recommended.
Records from Harford Memorial Hospital reveal that the decedent was
admitted on February 7, 1997, for a biopsy. An oncology report dated
February 28, 1997, by Dr. Promila Suri, reflects a diagnosis of
probable mesothelioma. The report indicates that the decedent stated
that he had a history of exposure to asbestos in the workplace.
A report dated March 4, 1997, by Dr. Viroon Donavanik, indicates
that the decedent was admitted to the Medical Center of Delaware on
March 4. The report contains a confirmation of a diagnosis of
mesothelioma and a recommendation that decedent be treated with
radiation and chemotherapy. The report again reveals that the
decedent disclosed a history of asbestos exposure while working in a
machine shop. The report further noted that decedent worked in the
roofing and siding business.
[Mrs. Benjamin], in her affidavit, stated that she routinely attended
medical appointments with the decedent in the spring of 1997, and
that neither she nor the decedent was informed of the causal
connection between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma. [Mrs.
6
Benjamin] stated that she first learned of the connection . . . [as late
as] 2002, when her daughter read an advertisement which referenced
the connection and told [Mrs. Benjamin] about it. [Mrs. Benjamin]
testified that she never made any inquiries about the cause of
mesothelioma prior to that time.
At the first motions hearing held on November 25, 2003, the court
denied [these] motion[s] [by GP and UC and the other defendants] for
summary judgment without prejudice, stating: 
“Well . . . I think the motion may be premature. And the reason I say
that is that Mrs. Benjamin has not been deposed, and I gathered that
from reading the papers, and I think that that ought to be done,
because I don’t want to make a decision in this case based upon an
affidavit.” 
Following the hearing, [Mrs. Benjamin] was deposed on December
23, 2003. The pertinent testimony is as follows:
Q. Do you remember your husband telling Dr. Jesada that he had
some exposure to asbestos in the past?
A. No.
Q. And you can’t pinpoint one way or the other whether you were
with your husband on January 27th, 1997 for that exam?
A. I can’t remember the date.
*  *  *  *
Q. I’m going to show you a report from Dr. Suri dated February 28th,
1997. Do you recall whether you were with your husband on February
28th, 1997 when he went to see Dr. Suri?
A. I was with him almost every time – as far as I know, every time he
saw her.
Q. I’m going to show you the report, but there’s some reference in the
report to your husband being exposed to asbestos when he was a
carpenter. Do you remember at any time when you went to see Dr.
Suri your husband ever making any mention of the fact that he had
been exposed to asbestos while he was working as a carpenter?
A. I do not remember.
7
*  *  *  *
Q. Did there come a time when your husband, as a result of his cancer,
went to the Medical Center of Delaware?
A. That’s where he got the radiation treatments.
*  *  *  * 
Q. Did you accompany him to the Medical Center of Delaware– 
A. Yes, I did.
Q. – for his radiation?
A. Yes.
Q. And there was one time when you didn’t go because of the ice?
A. He went, but I didn’t drive him.
Q. Do you know whether you accompanied him on March 4, 1997?
A. I don’t know.
Q. I’m going to show you a report dated March 4, 1997 from Viroon
Donavanik.
* * * * 
Q. Do you know whether you accompanied your husband on that date
to the medical center?
A. I don’t know.
Q. And the report, and I’ve highlighted it, again makes reference to
his being exposed to asbestos. Do you know whether during a visit to
the Medical Center of Delaware your husband ever told the doctors
there that he had been exposed to asbestos?
A. I don’t know.
* * * * 
Q. Do you remember [the decedent] mentioning to the people at
Union Hospital anything about asbestos exposure?
A. No.
Q. Now, you mentioned that you think you were present when Dr.
Jesada told your husband that he had lung cancer, correct?
A. I was.
Q. Did your husband ask what caused his lung cancer?
A. No.
8
* * * * 
Q. And you don’t recall your husband ever asking Dr. Jesada, hey,
what could have caused this cancer?
A. No, I don’t.
Q. Did you and your husband ever discuss as between the two of you
what possibly could have caused his cancer?
A. No.
* * * * 
Q. When you accompanied your husband to see Dr. Suri, do you
remember you or your husband ever asking Dr. Suri what may have
caused his cancer?
A. Well, it was discussed.
Q. Tell me what was discussed with Dr. Suri regarding the cause of
his cancer.
A. I remember her saying she had only had one other case of this type
of cancer, it was a woman and she died. Now, that’s what I remember
of that conversation. We were pretty much upset.
Q. Sure. Any other discussions that you can recall with Dr. Suri by
either you or your husband regarding the cause of your husband’s
cancer?
A. No, I don’t remember.
Q. When did you become aware of the name of the cancer that your
husband had?
A. Well, I saw it on the death certificate and that might be when.
* * * * 
Q. Did you have any discussions with any family members as to what
may have caused his cancer . . . any discussions as to what could have
caused it?
A. No.
* * * * 
Q. Did you ever, subsequent to your husband’s death and prior to
coming to this law firm, ever ask to see any of your husband’s medical
records?
3 All references herein to express or actual knowledge refers to the first prong of the
discovery rule, discussed at length in this opinion.  See infra at 14-16. 
9
A. No.
Q. Did you have in your possession prior to coming to this office any
of your husband’s medical records?
A. After he died, the VA Hospital, one of my neighbors worked in the
X-ray department and he brought the X-rays home and said destroy
them. I thought that was unusual, but I did it.
* * * * 
Q. Other than those X-rays, did you ever have any other medical
records relating to your husband’s cancer?
A. None.
Significantly, not only is there no evidence that [the Benjamins] had
express knowledge[3] of a causal connection between mesothelioma
and asbestos, there is no evidence that [the Benjamins] had express
knowledge that the decedent had been exposed to asbestos during his
lifetime or at any time prior to 2002 [or early 2002].
Robert L. Benjamin, II, testified [at the] deposition that he had no
knowledge of the connection between asbestos exposure and
mesothelioma until advised by his sister at “the end of 2001, early
2002.” He also testified that he knew the decedent had cancer before
death but he did not know it was mesothelioma until his sister told
him in late 2001. There is no evidence that Robert L. Benjamin, II had
actual knowledge of the decedent’s exposure to asbestos prior to late
2001.
There is no evidence that Carol Jeffers had knowledge, until late in
the year of 2001, that the decedent was exposed to asbestos or that his
cancerous condition was caused by such exposure. According to [the
respondents], this litigation occurred after Carol Jeffers read an article
in late 2001 or early 2002 about mesothelioma, told her family, and
they contacted counsel.
[The Benjamins] also filed [the] affidavit [of] John E. Newhagen,
10
Ph.D., dated December 10, 2003 . . . .   Dr. Newhagen opined that it
would be unlikely for an average consumer to have actual knowledge
of the relationship between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma prior
to 1997. . . . 
* * * * 
We see no need to summarize the affidavit . . . because [the
respondents] d[id] not argue [that before 1997] . . . [a] relationship
between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma was not knowable, if a
reasonable investigation had been conducted.  [Mrs. Benjamin]’s sole
argument [on appeal] is that neither she, the other beneficiaries, nor
the decedent had sufficient actual knowledge to place them on inquiry
notice so as to charge them with the knowledge that a reasonable
investigation would have revealed.
Benjamin, 162 Md. App. at 180-186, 873 A.2d at 467-70.
After the deposition of Mrs. Benjamin, petitioners moved for summary judgment,
contending that the action was barred by limitations, and the trial court granted the motion.
The court held that respondents were on inquiry notice in 1997 when Mr. Benjamin was
diagnosed with mesothelioma and was aware of his exposure to asbestos.  Therefore, the
three-year statute of limitations period expired as to both the wrongful death and survival
actions in 2000, three years after Mr. Benjamin’s death.  Thereafter, on appeal, the Court of
Special Appeals affirmed the trial court’s judgment in part and reversed in part. 
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The trial court properly grants a motion for summary judgment if the motion and the
response show that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the party in
whose favor judgment is entered is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.  Md. Rule 2-501;
11
Tyma v. Montgomery County, 369 Md. 497, 504, 801 A.2d 148, 152 (2002).
If a motion for summary judgment relates to an issue involving the discovery rule and
“there is any genuine dispute of material fact as to when the [claimants] possessed that
degree of knowledge [of the circumstances which would cause a reasonable person in the
position of the claimants to undertake an investigation which, if pursued with reasonable
diligence, would have led to knowledge of the alleged cause of action], the issue is one for
the trier of fact to resolve.” Bank of New York v. Sheff, 382 Md. 235, 244, 854 A.2d 1269,
1275 (2004) (citing O’Hara v. Kovens, 305 Md. 280, 301-02, 503 A.2d 1313, 1323-24
(1986)).  Conversely, “[i]f there is no such genuine dispute . . .  and the question of whether
the [claimants] were on inquiry notice more than three years before their suit was filed can
be determined as a matter of law, summary judgment on that issue is . . . appropriate.”  Id.
Further,
[i]n reviewing the grant of summary judgment, this Court must
consider the facts reflected in the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories and affidavits in the light most
favorable to the non-moving parties, the [claimants].  Even if it
appears that the relevant facts are undisputed, if those facts are
susceptible to inferences supporting the position of the party
opposing summary judgment, then a grant of summary judgment
is improper.  This Court has noted that the purpose of the
summary judgment procedure is not to try the case or to decide
the factual disputes, but to decide whether there is an issue of
fact, which is sufficiently material to be tried.
Summary judgment unquestionably is an important
device, within our court system, for streamlining litigation and
ensuring the application of limited judicial resources to
12
potentially meritorious claims.  Additionally, it saves the parties
expense and the delays of protracted and non-meritorious
litigation.  Nonetheless, dismissal of the case deprives the
parties of a trial and the opportunity to develop their claims and
present them to a jury.  This Court has therefore been careful to
restrict application of summary judgment to cases that present
no material facts that may reasonably be said to be disputed. 
Sadler v. Dimensions Healthcare Corp., 378 Md. 509, 533-34, 836 A.2d 655, 669-70 (2003)
(citations omitted) (internal quotations omitted).
THE DISCOVERY RULE
We agree with the Court of Special Appeals that the “[q]uestion in this case is when
[did the Benjamins’] causes of action against the manufacturers of asbestos containing
products accrue [].”  Benjamin, 162 Md. App. at 191-92, 873 A.2d at 474.  In order to answer
that question, we begin by stating the general rule that a cause of action is said to accrue at
the time of the wrong.  In Hecht v. Resolution Trust Corp., 333 Md. 324, 334, 635 A.2d 394,
399 (1994), this Court pointed out that 
[h]istorically, the general rule in Maryland was that a cause of
action accrued on the date the wrong was committed.  Waldman
v. Rohrbaugh, 241 Md. 137, 139, 215 A.2d 825 (1966); Hahn v.
Claybrook, 130 Md. 179, 182, 100 A. 83 (1917).  Whether the
plaintiff knew or should have known of the wrong was not
considered in determining accrual.  This “date of the wrong”
rule did not differentiate between the plaintiff who was
“blamelessly ignorant” of his potential claim and the plaintiff
who had “slumbered on his rights,”  Harig [v. Johns-Manville
Products, 284 Md. 70,] 83, 394 A.2d 299, [306 (1978)].  It
wrought harsh consequences in cases where plaintiffs’ claims
were barred, not only before they were able to perceive any
harm, but before it was possible for them to learn that the
13
negligence had taken place, such as in situations involving
professional services where the plaintiff was not qualified to
ascertain the injury.  Waldman, supra, 241 Md. at 140, 215 A.2d
825, quoting Developments in the Law, Statute of Limitations,
63 Harv.L.Rev. 1177, 1201 (1950).
In the absence of any statutory provision to the contrary, because of the “unfairness inherent
in charging a plaintiff with slumbering on rights not reasonably possible to ascertain, this
Court adopted what is known as the discovery rule, which now applies generally in all civil
actions, and which provides that a cause of action accrues when a plaintiff in fact knows or
reasonably should know of the wrong.” Id.  (citation omitted).  
Our first recognition of the discovery rule was in the early 1900s in a medical
malpractice case.  Hahn, 130 Md. at 187, 100 A. at 86 (recognizing that the cause of action,
although barred in that case, did not accrue until an injury was discoverable).  See Harig, 284
Md. at 83, 394 A.2d at 306 (“In situations involving the latent development of disease, a
plaintiff’s cause of action accrues [under the discovery rule] when he ascertains, or through
the exercise of reasonable care and diligence should have ascertained, the nature and cause
of his injury.”).  Thus, the discovery rule was adopted to resolve unfairness and injustice.
Pierce v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 296 Md. 656, 665, 464 A.2d 1020, 1026 (1983).  The
rule
requires that the plaintiff must have notice of a claim to start the
running of limitations.  We defined such notice in Poffenberger
as “express cognition or awareness implied from ‘knowledge of
circumstances which ought to have put a person of ordinary
prudence on inquiry [thus charging the individual] with notice
4 It is important to note that wrongful death and survival actions are independent;
“separate and distinct causes . . . with two separate and distinct claimants.  Thus, disposing
of one does not automatically act as a bar to the other.”  Benjamin, 162 Md. App. at 205, 873
A.2d at 481. See Globe American Cas. Co. v. Chung, 76 Md. App. 524, 526-27, 547 A.2d
654, 654-55 (1988), vacated on other grounds, 322 Md. 713, 589 A.2d 956 (1991)).
14
of all facts which such an investigation would in all probability
have disclosed if it had been properly pursued.’” 290 Md. [631],
637, 431 A.2d 677[, 681 (1981)].
Hecht, 333 Md. at 336, 635 A.2d at 400 (citations omitted) (alterations in original).
The discovery rule has been extended to cases of “latent development of disease”
because
[l]ike the victim of undiscoverable malpractice a person
incurring disease years after exposure cannot have known of the
existence of the tort until some injury manifests itself. In neither
case can the tort victim be charged with slumbering on his
rights, for there was no notice of the existence of a cause of
action. This feature distinguishes these situations from ordinary
tort cases, which require no exception to the general rule that
knowledge of the wrong is immaterial, because usually some
harm will be apparent to a reasonably diligent plaintiff.
Harig, 284 Md. at 80, 394 A.2d at 305 (citations omitted).  Those who suffer injury due to
occupational disease or their beneficiaries “may, in appropriate circumstances, be
‘blamelessly ignorant’ of the fact that a tort has occurred and thus, ought not be charged with
slumbering on rights they were unable to ascertain.” Id. at 83, 394 A.2d at 306.  
ANALYSIS
WRONGFUL DEATH ACTION4
Petitioners argue that under § 3-904(g)(2)(ii) of the wrongful death  statute, the three-
5 UC also relies on Trimper v. Porter-Hayden, 305 Md. 31, 501 A.2d 446 (1985).  Its
reliance is misplaced.  In Trimper, two widows filed wrongful death and survival actions,
more than three years after their husbands’ deaths, alleging that their husbands died as a
result of asbestos exposure.  Id. at 32-33, 501 A.2d at 447-48.  In that case, we acknowledged
that wrongful death claims are governed by § 3-904(g).  In that regard, we refused to extend
the application of the discovery rule to wrongful death actions because the legislature created
the cause of action and imposed a time limit, “within three years after the decedent’s death,”
for filing a wrongful death action.  Id at 35-36, 501 A.2d at 449.  The next year the
Legislature revised the wrongful death statute by adding a new subsection § 3-904(g)(2).
Section 3-904(g)(2)(ii) provides:  
 (ii) If an occupational disease was the cause of a person’s death, an
action shall be filed: 
(1) Within 10 years of the time of death; or
(2) Within 3 years of the date when the cause of death
was discovered, whichever is the shorter.
(continued...)
15
year limitations period is triggered when death is discovered and not when the claimant
discovers that the underlying cause of decedent’s death was an occupational disease, i.e.,
asbestos exposure.  See infra at 20.  The petitioners maintain that the triggering event was
ultimately Mr. Benjamin’s death.  Further, they contend that it is immaterial that the
Benjamins did not become aware, until 2001, that prior asbestos exposure caused the
mesothelioma.  The premise for this argument is that Mr. Benjamin died in 1997 as a result
of cancer, and his death was the event that triggered the running of the limitations period. 
In addition, UC maintains that in Waddell v. Kirkpatrick, 331 Md. 52, 57, 626 A.2d
353, 355 (1993), this Court held that under the wrongful death statute an action commences
on the date of the injured person’s death.  Therefore, the discovery rule does not apply.5
5(...continued)
Thus, it is clear that the 1986 statutory changes to § 3-904(g) partially abrogated our holding
in Trimper to the extent that the wrongful death statute no longer precludes us from applying
the discovery rule to a wrongful death occupational disease-related claim filed more than
three years after the decedent’s death.  
 
16
Alternatively, UC argues that even if the discovery rule applies, the family was on notice
when Mr. Benjamin died of mesothelioma in 1997, and should have investigated further at
that time. 
The Benjamins assert that the Court of Special Appeals did not err when it held that
there was no evidence in the record that the beneficiaries had any express knowledge, prior
to late 2001, that Mr. Benjamin’s death was linked to an occupational disease.  Therefore,
because summary judgment was inappropriate, their claims, although filed  more than three
years after Mr. Benjamin’s death, should not be time barred.  In addition, we note that a
question of whether the beneficiaries had any knowledge as to the nature of the
mesothelioma, other than that it was a form of cancer, is a question for the trier of fact and
not for the court to decide on summary judgment. 
The trial court held that the Benjamins were on notice when Mr. Benjamin was
diagnosed with mesothelioma.  Further, the trial court found that the Benjamins were aware
of Mr. Benjamin’s exposure to asbestos when he relayed that information to his doctors
during the course of his medical diagnosis and treatment.  The only reference, however, to
the family’s alleged communication with Mr. Benjamin’s doctors was contained in a footnote
17
in the trial court’s memorandum opinion which indicated that Mrs. Benjamin accompanied
her husband on doctor and hospital visits.  Neither the son nor the daughter were mentioned
in the opinion.  Additionally, Mrs. Benjamin testified that either she was never told or did not
recall any discussions with the doctors about Mr. Benjamin’s previous asbestos exposure or
the link between the mesothelioma and that exposure. 
The intermediate appellate court held that in a wrongful death action, “[i]f the
decedent does not have knowledge sufficient to satisfy the discovery rule, the [beneficiaries
are] the determinative part[ies] . . . .  [T]he cause of action does not accrue until the
beneficiaries are on inquiry notice.”  Benjamin, 162 Md. App. at 201, 873 A.2d at 479.  The
Court of Special Appeals held that the fact that Mrs. Benjamin accompanied her husband to
appointments was not sufficient evidence to show that she was on inquiry notice as a matter
of law.  Id. at 205, 873 A.2d at 481-82.  Further, the evidence was insufficient to show that
the respondents were on inquiry notice regarding the asbestos exposure, although they were
aware of the mesothelioma.  Id.  The intermediate appellate court held that “[t]he direct
evidence of express knowledge in the case before us is that [Mrs. Benjamin] and the other
beneficiaries knew only that the cause of death was mesothelioma, prior to late 2001[, and]
. . . the non-moving party . . . gets the benefit of all reasonable inferences.”  Id.
A wrongful death action is designed to compensate the family of a decedent who died
6 Pursuant to Md. Code (1974, 2002 Repl. Vol.), § 3-901(e) of the Courts and Judicial
Proceedings Article,  a “wrongful act” is defined as  “an act, neglect, or default including a
felonious act which would have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover
damages if death had not ensued.”  We interpret this section to mean that there must have
been a wrongful act in order for a beneficiary to bring an action for wrongful death. 
7 A wrongful death action is “brought by relatives of the victim and seek[s] recovery
for  their loss by virtue of the victim’s death . . . .  [The action arises] only [by] the actual
death of the victim.” Benjamin, 162 Md. App. at 202, 873 A.2d at 480 (citations omitted);
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1644 (8th ed. 2004) (A wrongful death action is defined as “[a]
lawsuit brought on behalf of a decedent’s survivors for their damages resulting from a
tortious injury that caused the decedent’s death.”).   See also Owens-Corning Fiberglass
Corp. v. Garrett, 343 Md. 500, 534, 682 A.2d 1143, 1159-60 (1996) (noting that the
claimants under a wrongful death action are limited to a specific class of beneficiaries).
18
due to the “wrongful act,6 neglect, or default on another person.” 7  Binnix v. Johns-Manville
Products Corp., 593 F.Supp. 1180, 1182 (Md. 1984) (quoting Stewart v. United Electric
Light and Power Co., 104 Md. 332, 343, 65 A. 49, 53 (1906)).  See also Eagan v. Calhoun,
347 Md. 72, 82, 698 A.2d 1097, 1102 (1997).
There are two relevant inquiries necessary to determine the commencement date for
a cause of action for wrongful death under § 3-904(g):  (1)  did the cause of action commence
at the time of the decedent’s death; or (2) did the cause of action commence when the
beneficiaries became aware of the causal link between the decedent’s illness and his
exposure to a toxic substance?   In answering these questions and determining when the
cause of action arose, we must interpret the language of the wrongful death statute.  Md.
Code (1974, 2002 Repl. Vol.), § 3-904(g) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article.
We stated in Walton v. Mariner Health, 391 Md. 643, 664, 894 A.2d 584, 596 (2006)
19
that:
The cardinal rule of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and
effectuate legislative intent.  O’Connor v. Baltimore County,
382 Md. 102, 113, 854 A.2d 1191, 1198 (2004); Privette v.
State, 320 Md. 738, 744, 580 A.2d 188, 191 (1990) (citations
omitted).  We may consider the general purpose and aim of a
statute in an effort to discern legislative intent.  Kaczorowski v.
Mayor of Baltimore, 309 Md. 505, 513, 525 A.2d 628, 632
(1987).  Our long-standing rule is that if the language used in
the statute is clear, unambiguous, and consistent with its
objective, the words will be accorded their ordinary meaning.
Ayres v. Townsend, 324 Md. 666, 672, 598 A.2d 470, 473
(1991) (citations omitted); see G. Heileman Brewing Co., Inc.
v. Stroh Brewery Co., 308 Md. 746, 755, 521 A.2d 1225, 1230
(1987). 
In contrast, if the statutory language is ambiguous, we have maintained, that
[i]n determining the meaning of a statute, we consider the
statute’s structure, including the title, and how the statute relates
to other laws.  Witte v. Azarian, 369 Md. 518, 525-26, 801 A.2d
160, 165 (2002). We look first to the plain meaning of the
language chosen by the Legislature. If the plain language of the
statute is ambiguous, we analyze the case law, legislative
history, and statutory function.  Comptroller v. Phillips, 384 Md.
583, 591, 865 A.2d 590, 594 (2005) (citing Deville v. State, 383
Md. 217, 223, 858 A.2d 484, 487 (2004)).
Stouffer v. Pearson, 390 Md. 36, 46-7, 887 A.2d 623, 629 (2005). 
We may review the relationship of  new amendments to any earlier statutory language
and other materials to ascertain legislative purpose or goal.  Wynn v. State, 313 Md. 533, 539,
546 A.2d 465, 468 (1988). 
In an attempt to determine legislative intent, it is well settled that preambles to a
20
statute may be considered.  McAlear v. McAlear, 298 Md. 320, 343, 469 A.2d 1256, 1268,
1284)(1984) (noting that a preamble to a statute may be considered in determining legislative
intent).  See Dillion  v. State, 277 Md.571, 583, 357 A.2d 360, 367-68 (1976) (“The recitals
set forth by the legislature in a preamble may be resorted to as an aid in construction of a
statute.”)  (abrogated on other grounds by Barnhard v. State, 325 Md. 602, 602 A.2d 701
(1992)).  But see Comptroller of the Treasury v. Glenn L Martin Co., 216 Md. 235, 249, 140
A.2d 288, 295 (1958) (“Preambles are not operative parts of the statute.”); Gibson v. State,
204 Md. 423, 432, 104 A.2d 800, 805 (1954).  
Before the 1986 revision, the wrongful death statute required that a wrongful death
action must “be filed within three years after the death of the injured person.”  Md. Code
(1974, 1984 Repl. Vol.), § 3-904(g) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article. 
In May 1986, the General Assembly of Maryland, by way of Senate Bill 864,
approved a revision to § 3-904(g) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article.  The
statute, as revised, provides: 
 § 3-904 Action for wrongful death.
(g) Action to commence within three years; deaths caused by
occupational disease. — (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of
this subsection, an action under this subtitle shall be filed within three
years after the death of the injured person.
(2) (i) In this paragraph “occupational disease” means a disease
caused by exposure to any toxic substance in the person’s workplace
and contracted by a person in the course of the person’s employment.
8  The original 1986 language of § 3-904(g)(2)(ii)(1) was “[w]ithin 5 years of the time
of death . . . .”  1986 Md. Laws, Chap. 374.  In 1987, however, the Legislature further
amended Sec. 3-904(g)(2)(ii)(1) to its current form and language.  1987 Md. Laws, Chap.
629.
21
 (ii) If an occupational disease was the cause of a person’s death, an
action shall be filed: 
(1) Within 10 years of the time of death;8 or
(2) Within 3 years of the date when the cause of death
was discovered, whichever is the shorter.
Md. Code (1974, 2002 Repl. Vol.), § 3-904(g) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article.
See also 1986 Md. Laws, Chap. 374.  Before we determine whether the discovery rule
applies, we must first determine whether 3-904(g)(2) is a condition precedent to maintaining
a cause of action or a statute of limitations, per se.
Condition Precedent or Statute of Limitations
Historically, we have construed the limitation period prescribed in § 3-904(g) as a
condition precedent to maintaining a cause of action, rather than as a statute of limitations.
See Waddell, supra, 331 Md. at 57, 626 A.2d at 355 (cases cited therein).  In Waddell, we
held that the limitations period prescribed in § 3-904(g) is a condition precedent to
maintaining a cause of action.  Id.  In Waddell, an adult filed a wrongful death action
approximately seventeen years after her father died from injuries sustained when his car
collided with a tractor trailer.  Id. at 54, 626 A.2d at 354.  At the time of her father’s death,
the daughter was a minor.  Id.  The defendants moved to dismiss the wrongful death claim
because it was filed more than three years after the decedent’s death.  The trial court granted
22
the motion to dismiss.  Id.  On appeal the daughter argued, among other things, that the 1971
changes to § 3-904(g)(1), amending the statute from a two year limitations period to three
years, changed the time period of the statute from a condition precedent to a statute of
limitations.  We disagreed and explained: 
In [State v. Parks, 148 Md. 477, 129 A. 793 (1925),] the issue
was whether the requirement in the wrongful death statute then
in effect, Maryland Code (1912) Art. 67 § 2, requiring “that
every such action shall be commenced within twelve calendar
months after the death of the deceased person,” is “a condition
essential to the right to maintain the action given by the statute,
or merely a limitation of the remedy which must be pleaded to
defeat the action.”  
Id. at 58, 626 A.2d at 356 (quoting Parks, 148 Md.  477-78, 129 A. at 793 (noting that in
1925, a claimant had twelve months to bring a wrongful death action – today, a claimant has
ten years, or three years from the date cause of death is discovered)).
Further, we explained that the wrongful death 
[statute] create[s] a new legal liability, with the right to suit for
its enforcement, provided the suit is brought within [the
statutory time prescribed], and not otherwise.  The time within
which the suit must be brought operates as a limitation of the
liability itself as created, and not of the remedy alone.  It is a
condition attached to the right to sue at all . . . .  Time has been
made of the essence of the right and the right is lost if the time
is disregarded.  The liability and the remedy are created by the
same statutes, and the limitations of the remedy are, therefore,
to be treated as limitations of the right.
Id. at 59, 626 A.2d at 356 (alterations in original) (alterations added).
In 1985, in Trimper, we held that the unambiguous language of the wrongful death
9 Maryland’s general statute of limitations is applicable to most civil actions and
provides:
A civil action at law shall be filed within three years from the
date it accrues unless another provision of the Code provides a
different period of time within which an action shall be
commenced. 
Md. Code (1974, 2002 Repl. Vol.), § 5-101 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article.
23
statute leaves “no room for judicial interpretation  . . .  of the discovery rule.”  Trimper, supra
at n.7 at 17, 305 Md. at 36, 501 A.2d at 449.  The three-year period after the date of death
for filing a wrongful death claim stood as an objectively determinable event or starting point.
Id. at 34, 501 A.2d at 448.  In addition, the wrongful death statute “created a new liability not
existing at common law . . . .  The period of limitations is part of the substantive right of
action.” Id.  at 35, 501 A.2d at 449 (citations omitted).  Further, this Court has held that
[a] condition precedent cannot be waived under the common law
and a failure to satisfy it can be raised at any time because the
action itself is fatally flawed if the condition is not satisfied.
This requirement of strict or substantial compliance with a
condition precedent is of course subject to abrogation by the
General Assembly.
Rios v. Montgomery County, 386 Md. 104, 127-28, 872 A.2d 1, 14 (2005). 
The statute of limitations, however, is different.9  Judge Cole writing for this Court
in Pennwalt stated:
Statutes of limitations have existed in Maryland and in other
common law jurisdictions for hundreds of years.  See Ferguson,
The Statutes of Limitation Saving Statutes, 12-14 (1978).  The
statutes were enacted in an effort to balance the competing
24
interests of potential plaintiffs, potential defendants, and the
public.  The statutory period provided by a statute of limitations
represents a compromise of these interests and “reflects a policy
decision regarding what constitutes an adequate period of time
for a person of ordinary diligence to pursue his claim.”
Goldstein v. Potomac Electric Power Co., 285 Md. 673, 684,
404 A.2d 1064, 1069 (1979).  By creating a limitations period,
the legislature determined that a plaintiff should have only so
long to bring his action before he is deemed to have waived his
right to sue and to have acquiesced in the defendant’s
wrongdoing.  Limitations statutes therefore are designed to (1)
provide adequate time for diligent plaintiffs to file suit, (2) grant
repose to defendants when plaintiffs have tarried for an
unreasonable period of time, and (3) serve society by promoting
judicial economy.  Pierce, 296 Md. at 665, 464 A.2d at 1026.
Pennwalt, 314 Md. at 437-38, 550 A.2d at 1157-58.  See State v. Sharafeldin, 382 Md. 129,
140-41, 854 A.2d 1208, 1214 (2004).  Further, “in contrast [to a condition precedent to
maintaining an action], a statute of limitations affects only the remedy, not the cause of
action.” Waddell, 331 Md. at 59, 626 A.2d at 353.  The defense of limitations may be
waived; however, a condition precedent to liability may not be waived.  Rios, 386 Md. at
127-28, 872 A.2d at 14.
We must determine the legislative intent of the phrase “statute of limitations” in the
1986 revisions to § 3-904(g).  The Legislature stated that before 1986, under the wrongful
death statute, occupational disease involved “latent or dormant” phases that may be
undiscoverable beyond “the 3-year statute of limitations.” Senate Judicial Proceedings
Committee, Summary of Committee Report, S.B. 864 at 1 (Md. 1986) (emphasis added).
The legislative purpose of the revisions was that the “statute of limitations [would start to
25
run] . . . [from] the discovery of facts from which it becomes known or reasonably should
become known that the occupational disease was a cause of death.”  Id. at 2.  Unfortunately,
the General Assembly did not define the phrase “statute of limitations” before or after its
revisions, however it acknowledged that the wrongful death statute “runs from the date [of
death] . . . .”  Id. at 2.   No outward declaration was made that § 5-101 would apply to the
wrongful death statute, thus we presume that the Legislature meant that the limitations period
provided within § 3-904(g)(2) would apply.  See supra at note 11.   
We were faced with the same issue in 1971, when the Legislature changed the time
period to bring a wrongful death action from two years to three years, and used the phrase
“statute of limitations” in the preamble.  Waddell, 331 Md. at 61, 626 A.2d at 357; 1971 Md.
Laws, Chap. 784.   Judge Bell (now Chief Judge), writing for the Court in Waddell,
concluded that 
although [the Legislature] referred to that time period as a
statute of limitations in the process, that does not suffice to
effect so considerable a change to render what had once been a
condition precedent a statute of limitations.  Had the Legislature
intended such a radical change, it easily could have done so; it
certainly knew how to do it.
Id.; Geisz v. Greater Baltimore, 313 Md. 301, 322, 545 A.2d 658, 668 (1988) (“‘Even a
change in the phraseology of a statute by codification will not ordinarily modify the law
unless the change is so material that the intention of the General Assembly to modify the law
appears unmistakably from the language of the Code.’”) (quoting Rohrbaugh v. Estate of
Stern, 305 Md. 443, 449, 505 A.2d 113, 116 (1986)).
26
In Waddell, the Court explained that “the time period prescribed in § 3-904(g) has
been construed by this Court to be a condition precedent to maintaining the action, rather
than a statute of limitations.” Id.  The Court in Waddell interpreted the limitations period
contained in subsection (g) as condition precedent to maintaining a cause of action.  It also
noted that the Legislature created a different time period in which to bring a wrongful death
claim for deaths caused by occupational disease:
Prior to 1986, subsection (g) provided only one time period in
which to bring a wrongful death action.  In that year, the
Legislature amended that subsection to include what is now
paragraph (2), providing a different time period in which to
bring a wrongful death action when the death is alleged to have
been caused by occupational disease.  
Id. at 63, 626 A.2d at 357 (emphasis added) (citation omitted).  
No sound reason has been advanced for us to now change our prior interpretation of
§ 3-904(g)(2).  The limitations period prescribed in § 3-904(g)(2) is a condition precedent
to maintaining a cause of action when death is alleged to have been caused by occupational
disease.   The limitations period prescribed in § 3-904(g), providing that an action “shall be
filed within three years after the death of the injured person,” is similarly a condition
precedent to maintaining a cause of action for wrongful death in all other cases.  Further, we
hold that because the Legislature, pursuant to § 3-904(g), provided a different time period
for the commencement of a wrongful death action, the general statute of limitations specified
in § 5-101 does not apply.  Our holdings herein are consistent with our observations in
Waddell.  Aside from our conclusion that the limitations period prescribed by this statute is
27
a condition precedent to maintaining a cause of action, our construction of § 3-904(g)(2)
alone, pursuant to the rules of statutory interpretation, is consistent with the notion that the
Legislature intended to “incorporate[] the discovery rule as judicially developed.” Benjamin,
162 Md. App. at 197-98, 873 A.2d at 477.
Interpretation of § 3-904(g)(2)
Most of the language in § 3-904(g) is not at issue.  There is no dispute as to the plain
meaning of subsection (g)(1) that a wrongful death action must be filed “three years after the
death of the injured person[]” unless a claimant falls under an exception provided under
subsection (g)(2) of the statute.  The provisions in section 3-904(g)(1) are a condition
precedent to bringing a cause of action.  The language of (g)(1) provides that an exception
to the general rule exists.  Before the 1986 revision, however, no exception was provided.
Subsection (2)(I) defines “occupational disease” as “a disease caused by exposure to
any toxic substance in the person’s workplace and contracted by a person in the course of the
person’s employment.”   Subsection (g)(2)(ii) provides that “if an occupational disease was
the cause of a person’s death” a wrongful death action shall be filed “1. [w]ithin 10 years of
the time of death; or 2. [w]ithin 3 years of the date when the cause of death was discovered,
whichever is shorter.  The Legislature set a mandatory ceiling on how long a claimant has
to file a wrongful death action.  If a claimant discovers, ten years and four months after
death, that the injured person’s death was ultimately caused by asbestos exposure, the
claimant is barred from bringing  an action under the statute. 
10  The petitioners argue that the plain language of the statute states that the cause of
death in this case is mesothelioma, and as such, one does not have to look further for a
definition.  To the contrary, the Benjamins contend that the plain language of the statute
means that the latent cause of death was asbestos exposure.  As a result, they were not on
notice as to the link between mesothelioma and the asbestos exposure until 2001. 
28
Subsection (2)(ii)(2) does not specify the meaning of the phrase “when the cause of
death was discovered.”  The drafters provided no definition in either the statute itself, or
within the Subtitle, for the phrase “cause of death.” 10  See Md. Code (1974, 2002 Repl. Vol.),
§ 3-901 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings.  See Title 3, Subtitle 9 of the Courts and
Judicial Proceedings.  In Mr. Benjamin’s case, the term “cause of death” could mean
mesothelioma, as indicated in the death certificate; or the term could mean, exposure to
asbestos which caused or contributed to the mesothelioma.  The term “cause of death” is
therefore ambiguous.  Notwithstanding the ambiguity within the statute itself, we have had
occasion to interpret the word “discovered” as used in other limitations statutes.
The ordinary meaning of the word “discovered,” or in the present tense “discover,”
is “to make known (something secret, hidden, unknown, or previously unnoticed).  Webster’s
Third New International Dictionary 647 (2002).  In Piselli v. 75th Street Medical, 371
Md.188, 193-94, 808 A.2d 508, 510-11 (2002), the United States Court of Appeals for the
Fourth Circuit presented to this Court a certified question as to whether the word
“discovered” within the meaning of the medical malpractice statute of limitations
incorporated the discovery rule.  The language of the statute provided, in relevant part:
(a) Limitations. –  An action for damages for injury arising out
of the rendering of or failure to render professional services by
29
a health care provider . . . shall be filed within . . . .
*  *  *  *
(2) Three years of the date the injury was discovered.
Md. Code (1974, 1998 Repl. Vol.), § 5-109(a)(2) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings
Article (emphasis added).
In construing the term “discovered,” we held that the “unambiguous language of § 5-
109(a)(2) does embody the traditional Maryland ‘discovery rule’ . . . .” Piselli, 371 Md. at
203, 808 A.2d at 517.
Application of the discovery rule involves a two-prong test.  The first prong, “sufficiency of
the actual knowledge to put the claimant on inquiry notice,” concerns the nature and extent
of actual knowledge necessary to cause  an ordinarily diligent plaintiff to make an inquiry
or investigation that an injury has been sustained.   Benjamin, 162 Md. App. at 193-94, 873
A.2d at 475.  See O’Hara, 305 Md. at 302, 503 A.2d at 1324;  Pennwalt v. Nasios, 314 Md.
433, 453, 550 A.2d 1155, 1165-66 (noting that a plaintiff must have notice of the nature and
cause of his or her injury).  For inquiry notice, a person must have actual notice, either
express or implied.  Express knowledge is direct, whether written or oral, from sources
“cognizant of the fact[s].”  Poffenberger, 290 Md. at 636-37, 431 A.2d at 681 (citation
omitted).  Implied notice occurs “when a plaintiff gains knowledge sufficient to prompt a
reasonable person to inquire further.”  Pennwalt, 314 Md. at 447, 550 A.2d at 1163.
Constructive notice or knowledge will not suffice for inquiry notice.  See Poffenberger, 290
30
Md. at 637, 431 A.2d at 681.  
In Pennwalt, we discussed that actual notice was necessary to satisfy the first prong
of the discovery rule: 
We stated in Poffenberger that a “cause of action accrues when
the claimant in fact knew or reasonably should have known of
the wrong.” The defendant conceded that the plaintiff did not
have express knowledge of the wrong . . .  but instead argued
that the plaintiff should have known of the wrong at th[e] time
[of the injury].  In particular, the defendant argued that the
plaintiff had constructive knowledge of the defendant’s breach
and negligence . . . .  We rejected this argument holding that
constructive notice is insufficient to give a plaintiff knowledge
of the wrong.  Instead, we ruled that actual knowledge, either
express or implied, is necessary.  We defined implied actual
knowledge as that knowledge that would in all probability have
resulted from a reasonably diligent investigation pursued upon
awareness of circumstances that would cause a reasonable
person to investigate.  We remanded the case to the trial court in
order to resolve a factual dispute regarding whether . . . the
plaintiff possessed knowledge from which actual notice could
be inferred. In other words, it was debatable whether the
plaintiff had knowledge of sufficient facts to cause a reasonable
person to investigate further.  In sum, Poffenberger extended the
ameliorative effects of the discovery rule . . . and set the stage
for future discussions regarding the function of implied
knowledge in relation to the workings of the discovery rule.
314 Md. at 442-43, 550 A.2d at 1160 (citation omitted) (alterations added).
The second prong, “the sufficiency of the knowledge that would have resulted from
a reasonable investigation,” requires that after a reasonable investigation of facts, a
reasonably diligent inquiry would have disclosed whether there is a causal connection
11 The issue of whether the second prong of the discovery rule was satisfied, sub
judice, was not raised on appeal in the Court of Special Appeals.  Other than a preliminary
introduction, the issue will not be discussed in this opinion. 
31
between the injury and the wrongdoing.11  Benjamin, 162 Md. App. at 193, 873 A.2d at 475;
O’Hara, 305 Md. at 302, 503 A.2d at 1324.  See Pennwalt, 314 Md. at 452, 550 A.2d at
1165; Baysinger v. Schmidt, 307 Md. 361, 367-68 514 A.2d 1, 4 (1986).  The requirement
for inquiry notice is that if a person investigates diligently, the causal connection would be
revealed.  In Re Moffett, 28 F.2d 523, 525 (Md. 1928) (“[N]otice of facts which would incite
a person of reasonable prudence to inquire is notice of all facts which reasonably diligent
inquiry would develop.”).
In Lumsden v. Design Tech Builders, Inc., 358 Md. 435, 444, 749 A.2d 796, 803
(2000), this Court applied the discovery rule to a real property statute. The statute, in
pertinent part, provided:
(d) Limitations of actions. – Any action arising under this
subtitle shall be commenced within two years after the defect
was discovered or should have been discovered . . . .
Md. Code (1974, 1996 Repl. Vol., 1999 Cum. Supp.), §10-204(b)(3)(d) of the Real Property
Article (emphasis added).  The Court in Lumsden interpreted the term “discovered” to mean
that the cause of action accrued upon discovery of the wrong.  Id. at 441, 749 A.2d at 799
(“Section 10-204(d) mandates that the period for a cause of action under this subtitle
commences when the cause of action was discovered or should have been discovered.”).  
In the present case, petitioners contend that because the word “accrue” was omitted
32
from § 3-904(g)(2)(ii)(2), and from the survival statute § 5-113(b), the discovery rule does
not apply to either statute.  In answering this contention, we find the analysis of the Court of
Special Appeals in this case most persuasive. The intermediate appellate court explained:
In 1987, the 5-year period that was in the original enactment
was changed to the current 10 years.  Also in 1987, the
legislature enacted section 5-113 . . . .  In 1988, the enactment
was amended to add § (c), defining proximate cause.  While the
language in the two limitations/repose provisions is not the
same, i.e., section 5-113(b) provides that a claim has to be “filed
within 3 years of the discovery of facts from which it was
known or reasonably should have been known that an
occupational disease was the proximate cause of death,” and
section 3-904(g)(2)(ii)(2) provides that a claim has to be filed
“[w]ithin 3 years of the date when the cause of death was
discovered,” we conclude that, in each instance, the legislature
incorporated the discovery rule as judicially developed.   
Benjamin, 162 Md. App. at 197-98, 873 A.2d at 477 (citations omitted).  We agree.
In our view, the Legislature incorporated the discovery rule into the wrongful death
statute, § 3-904(g)(2), by using the phrase “when the cause of death was discovered.”  This
implies that the person maintaining a claim for wrongful death has a duty to discover the
wrongful act (asbestos exposure) and the antecedent disease leading to the decedent’s death
(mesothelioma).  This interpretation of the statute is consistent with the notion that the
prescribed limitations period will commence when the claimants (beneficiaries) obtain
knowledge of the injury and the cause of that injury which resulted in the decedent’s death.
Further, our investigation of the legislative intent reveals that the 1986 preamble to
Senate Bill 864, now codified as § 3-904(g)(2)(ii), states that “[a]s a matter of fundamental
33
fairness, a cause of action should not be deemed to have accrued until the date that
knowledge of the wrong upon which the action is based is discovered or should be
discovered.” Ch. 374 of the Laws Maryland 1986.  Consistent with our interpretation of the
statute in Waddell, we review the language contained in the preamble and conclude that the
Legislature intended that an occupational disease-related wrongful death action accrues when
“knowledge of the wrong upon which the action is based is discovered or should be
discovered.”  Waddell, 331 Md. at 62, 626 A.2d at 358. 
The legislative intent is further clarified in the Senate committee report, which states
that:
Under this bill, the statute of limitations would not begin to run
until facts are discovered from which it becomes known or
should become known that the occupational disease was the
cause of death . . . .  
*     *     *    *
The [legislative] intent of this bill is to provide that the 3-year
statute of limitations in a wrongful death action for a death
caused by an occupational disease does not begin to run until the
discovery of facts from which it becomes known or reasonably
should become known that the occupational disease was the
cause of death. 
Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee, Summary of Committee Report, S.B. 864 at 1-2
(Md. 1986).
Further, the Senate Bill Analysis stated that the amendment, “[r]equires that a
wrongful death action be filed within 3 years after the death of the injured person or the date
the dependents know or should have known of the wrongful act, whichever date is later.”
34
Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee, Bill Analysis, S.B. 864 at 1 (Md. 1986).
 The Legislature intended that the discovery rule apply to § 3-904(g)(2), in cases of
wrongful death caused by occupational disease, as indicated in the language of the preamble,
the bill analysis, and the committee report.  Finally, we review the decisions of other
jurisdictions that have determined that the discovery rule applies to wrongful death statutes
on the theory that the injury was discovered after the expiration of the limitations period.  
The federal district court questioned whether the discovery rule applied  to the Illinois
wrongful death statute, which provided that an action “shall be commenced within two years
after the death.” In the Johns-Manville Asbestos Cases, 511 F.Supp. 1235, 1236 (1981).
The longstanding rule in Illinois was that the limitations period prescribed in the wrongful
death statute constituted a condition precedent, thus was a 
“condition of liability, and operate[d] as a limitation of the
liability itself, and not the remedy alone.”  They are grounded
on the fact that the wrongful death action is considered “wholly
statutory”–a cause of action created by the General Assembly
where none existed at common law.  So the time period
specified in [the wrongful death statute] is considered “a
condition attached to the right to sue and . . . not merely a
statute of limitations.” 
Id. (citations omitted) (alterations added).
In Johns-Manville, several plaintiffs filed wrongful death actions seeking damages
after the two-year limitations period had run, and argued that the discovery rule should apply
because the injury was discovered after the limitations period.  Id.  The defendants asserted
that application of the discovery rule would be at odds with the statutory directive and the
35
statute should be strictly construed.  Id. at 1237.  The court in Johns-Manville discussed
several cases, including two Illinois wrongful death cases in which the discovery rule was
applied after the two-year limitations period had expired.  Id.  See Fure v. Sherman Hospital,
380 N.E.2d 1376, 1385 (Ill. 1978) (holding that the discovery rule should not be barred for
wrongful death, if allowed for “mere wounding or injury”); Praznik v. Sport Aero, Inc.,  355
N.E.2d 686, 690 (Ill. 1976) (“While a wrongful death action is a right created by statute, and
. . . may not be ignored, we are not convinced that in all cases the two-year period must begin
to run at the moment of death . . . .”).  The Court in Johns-Manville considered the latent
disease factor and held that
“[w]e are of the opinion that in a case such as this, where the
injury occurred over a long period of time and not as a result of
one sudden traumatic event, the preferred rule is that the cause
of action accrues when the plaintiff knows or should know of an
injury and that injury was probably caused by the wrongful acts
of another.” 
Id. at 1238 (citation omitted); Eisenmann v. Cantor, 567 F.Supp. 1347, 1354 (1983) (holding
that although the Illinois wrongful death statute was a condition precedent to liability, the
discovery rule applied); White v. Johns-Manville, 693 P.2d 687, 693 (1985) (en banc)
(holding, in a case involving  mesothelioma, asbestos exposure, a condition precedent to the
wrongful death statute and the discovery rule, that the “wrongful death action ‘accrues’ at
the time the decedent’s personal representative discovered or should have discovered the
cause of action”). 
Accordingly, we hold that a person bringing a wrongful death action under § 3-
36
904(g)(2) has ten years from the time of the decedent’s death to bring an action, or three
years from the time the claimant(s) discover or should have discovered that an “occupational
disease” contributed to or caused the decedent’s death.
Further, sufficient evidence existed to generate a genuine dispute as to the material
facts.   The evidence submitted was that  Mrs. Benjamin, Carol Jeffers, and Robert Benjamin,
III, were on inquiry notice for the first time in 2001 when Carol Jeffers discovered the
connection between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma.  Mrs. Benjamin’s knowledge of
her husband’s cancer diagnosis and the asbestos exposure are matters in dispute and are not
subject to resolution by summary judgment.  Thus, we affirm the Court of Special Appeals’
holding that the trial court erred when it granted the petitioner’s motion for summary
judgment on the wrongful death action.
 SURVIVAL ACTION
Mrs. Benjamin, personal representative on behalf of the Estate of Robert L. Benjamin,
Sr., contends that the intermediate appellate court erred when it held that sufficient evidence
existed to imply that Mr. Benjamin was on inquiry notice.  According to Mrs. Benjamin,
simply because Mr. Benjamin discussed his previous asbestos exposure with his physicians
and he had express knowledge of the mesothelioma, does not equate to notice sufficient for
a reasonable person to conduct an investigation to find a link between asbestos exposure and
mesothelioma.  Mrs. Benjamin maintains that the decedent did not have actual notice that the
mesothelioma was caused by his exposure to asbestos.  Therefore, she concludes that the first
12 The Court of Special Appeals also addressed the issue of whether the survival suit
could be brought by Mrs. Benjamin in 2001, since Mr. Benjamin died in 1997.  Benjamin,
162 Md. App. at 190-91, 873 A.2d at 473.  “[Mr. Benjamin] discovered his cause of action
in early 1997 and died in May of the same year.”  Id.  Thus, at the time of decedent’s death,
the statute of limitations had not yet run on his claim.  Id.  Mrs. Benjamin, as personal
representative, brought the decedent’s action for personal injuries when she discovered the
causal connection between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma, more than three years after
her husband’s death.  Id.  If Mr. Benjamin had lived, the last date on which he could have
brought a claim against the defendants for personal injuries relating to his occupational
disease would have been early 2000.  Accordingly, we agree with the intermediate appellate
court that Mr. Benjamin’s survival action accrued before his death, “because the claim
[arose] out of personal injuries sustained by the decedent during his lifetime.”  Id. at 203, 873
A.2d at 480.  Thus, the knowledge obtained by Mr. Benjamin during his lifetime cut short
the limitations period which continued to run following his death.  
37
prong of the discovery rule was not satisfied.
The trial court determined that evidence in Mr. Benjamin’s medical report indicated
specific examples and several references to asbestos exposure and the diagnosis of
mesothelioma.  The trial judge found that the evidence was sufficient to put Mr. Benjamin
on inquiry notice, and held that
[w]hen a patient volunteers information about his condition
there can be no explanation other than he believes it is
significant. The proffered facts may or may not be relevant to
the patient[’]s disease – but he has a duty to investigate. He
cannot raise the issue then ignore it.
The Court of Special Appeals reviewed the trial court’s finding regarding the survival
action and held that Mr. Benjamin had express knowledge of his mesothelioma and asbestos
exposure, and the evidence was sufficient for the trial court to find that the decedent was on
inquiry notice prior to his death in 1997.12  Benjamin, 162 Md. App. at 205, 873 A.2d at 481.
The court held that a reasonable person would have investigated and discovered a causal
38
connection between mesothelioma and asbestos exposure by the state of general knowledge
of occupational diseases and asbestos exposure at the time.  See id. 
Under the survival statute, if an occupational disease was the proximate cause of a
claimant’s death, damages can be claimed “within three years from the date” the action
accrues “but not later than 10 years from the date of death.”   Md. Code (1974, 2002 Repl.
Vol.), § 5-113 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings.  Maryland has applied both the
discovery rule and the statute of limitations to survival claims for close to a century.  See
Geisz, supra,  313 Md. at 306, 545 A.2d at 660 (and cases cited therein).  See Trimper, supra,
305 Md. at  35-36, 501 A.2d at 457-58 (holding that the statute of limitations applies to
survival actions).
Mr. Benjamin’s express knowledge of his exposure to 
asbestos products, coupled with
his express knowledge of his diagnosis of mesothelioma, was sufficient to put him on inquiry
notice during his lifetime.  See O’Hara, supra, 305 Md. at 302, 503 A.2d at 1324 (noting that
a plaintiff is on notice when he has “knowledge of circumstances which would cause a
reasonable person in the position of the plaintiff[] to undertake an investigation which, if
pursued with reasonable diligence, would have led to knowledge of the alleged [tort].”).   We
agree with the Court of Special Appeals that, given the state of the general knowledge of
occupational diseases and asbestos exposure in 1997, “[a]ll of the facts necessary to make
a claim were in existence at the time of the diagnosis of mesothelioma, and a reasonable
inquiry would have disclosed a cause of action.”  Benjamin, 162 Md. App. at 204, 873 A.2d
39
at 481; See Globe American, supra, 76 Md. App. at 534, 547 A.2d at 658 (noting that in a
survival action, the cause of action accrues during the victim’s lifetime); Trimper, 305 Md.
at 52, 501 A.2d at 457-58 (“[I]nvolving latent development of disease, any cause of action
of the injured person accrues either (1) when he ascertains, or through the exercise of
reasonable care and diligence should have ascertained,  the nature and cause of his injury,
or (2) at death, whichever first occurs.”). 
The decedent’s cause of action for personal injuries accrued in 1997, during his
lifetime, when he was placed on inquiry notice.  The survival action was not filed until 2003.
The personal representative’s cause of action, filed on behalf of Mr. Benjamin, under the
survival statute, is barred by limitations because the claim was brought more than three years
after the date of accrual.  Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting petitioners’
motion for summary judgment concerning the survival action. 
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL
APPEALS AFFIRMED. THE PARTIES
ABIDE THEIR COSTS.