Title: William Kenneth Taylor v. Kenneth S. Tucker, etc.

State: florida

Issuer: Florida Supreme Court

Document:

Supreme Court of Florida 
 
 
____________ 
 
No. SC09-2417 
____________ 
 
WILLIAM KENNETH TAYLOR, 
Appellant, 
 
vs. 
 
STATE OF FLORIDA, 
Appellee. 
 
____________ 
 
No. SC10-2169 
____________ 
 
WILLIAM KENNETH TAYLOR, 
Petitioner, 
 
vs. 
 
KENNETH S. TUCKER, etc., 
Respondent. 
 
[March 8, 2012] 
 
PER CURIAM. 
 
William Kenneth Taylor appeals the denial of his postconviction motion to 
vacate his convictions and sentences filed under Florida Rule of Criminal 
Procedure 3.851.  Taylor‘s convictions included a conviction of first-degree 
 
 
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murder for which the trial court imposed a sentence of death.  Taylor also petitions 
this Court for a writ of habeas corpus.  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 3(b)(1), 
(9), Fla. Const.  For the reasons provided below, we affirm the denial of Taylor‘s 
rule 3.851 motion and deny his petition for a writ of habeas corpus.  
Trial Court Proceedings 
 
A jury convicted Taylor of first-degree murder and robbery with a firearm in 
connection with the death of Sandra Kushmer, attempted first-degree murder and 
robbery with a deadly weapon as to William Maddox, and armed burglary of a 
dwelling.  See Taylor v. State, 937 So. 2d 590, 596 (Fla. 2006).  The jury 
recommended death by a vote of twelve to zero.  See id. at 597.  The trial court 
followed the recommendation of the jury and sentenced Taylor to death for the 
murder of Ms. Kushmer.  See id.  On direct appeal, this Court detailed the 
following facts with regard to the crimes committed by Taylor:   
At trial, Renata Sikes established that on Friday, May 25, 2001, 
she, along with her daughter Sandra Kushmer and her son William 
Maddox, went to visit her husband in the hospital.  Kushmer and 
Maddox left the hospital in a rental car.  At approximately 10:30 p.m. 
that night, Sikes called her home and spoke to Kushmer, who advised 
that ―Ken‖ was there with Kushmer and Maddox, and, according to 
Sikes, it sounded as though she was having fun.  Thirty minutes later, 
Sikes again called home to inform her children that she would remain 
at the hospital, but there was no answer.  Sikes called her home 
repeatedly thereafter, but the calls were never answered.  At 
approximately 3:30 p.m. on Saturday, May 26, 2001, Sikes returned 
home.  Upon arriving, Sikes noticed that the rental car was gone, and 
she observed blood on the outside of her house.  In addition, Sikes 
discovered her daughter‘s medication, purse, and shoes lying outside 
 
 
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on the ground.  Upon entering the house, Sikes found Kushmer lying 
in a puddle of blood.  As Sikes walked further into the house, she 
discovered Maddox lying on the bed in a back bedroom.  Sikes 
observed that Maddox‘s face was black and blue, his pillow black 
with blood, but he was still alive.  Sikes later determined that cameras 
belonging to her husband which had been stored in the closet of 
Maddox‘s room were missing. 
Cynthia Byrnes was working at Harry‘s Country Bar on the 
night of Friday, May 25, 2001, the night of these events.  She saw 
Kushmer and Maddox enter the bar that night, while Taylor was also 
present.  According to Byrnes, Maddox was drinking the most 
expensive liquor sold at the bar, paying for his drinks with twenty-
dollar bills, and leaving good tips.  Byrnes testified that Maddox, 
Kushmer, and Taylor left the bar together. 
On Saturday, May 26, 2001, Tommy Riley awoke to see Taylor 
on his doorstep.  Later that morning, Taylor asked Riley to cash a 
$580 check, but Riley refused.  The name on the two-party check was 
William Maddox, and it was from a bank in California, where 
Maddox lived.  Later that evening, Taylor was in a bar where Riley 
worked as a bartender, paying for drinks with twenty-dollar bills.  The 
following morning, Sunday, May 27, 2001, Riley was advised by an 
employee at Harry‘s Bar, where Taylor, Kushmer, and Maddox had 
been the night of the murder, that detectives were looking for Taylor. 
Riley conveyed this information to Taylor, and he immediately left 
Riley‘s house in his pickup truck. 
The detective in charge of investigating these crimes obtained 
information that Maddox‘s credit cards had been used in Tampa, 
Florida; Valdosta, Georgia; and Memphis, Tennessee.  Based on this 
information, she contacted the United States Marshal‘s Office in 
Tampa, which then relayed the information to the Marshal‘s Office in 
Tennessee.  Deputy Marshal Scott Sanders of the Memphis office 
received the information on May 29, 2001, from the Tampa office that 
two warrants for Taylor‘s arrest for federal probation violations were 
outstanding and that Taylor might be in the Memphis area because he 
was believed to be in possession of credit cards that were being used 
in that location. 
The Tennessee marshals located Taylor‘s pickup truck at a 
motel, and he was taken into custody.  Sanders wanted to search 
Taylor‘s motel room at that time but he was unable to do so because 
he could not locate a Marshal‘s Office consent form.  He then 
 
 
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obtained a consent form from the Shelby County Sheriff‘s Office, 
added the words ―and the U.S. Marshals Office‖ to the top of the 
form, and filled it out, writing in the motel name and the room number 
to be searched.  Sanders explained the form to Taylor and told him the 
consent form was for his motel room.  According to Sanders, Taylor 
did not express any hesitation in signing the form. 
The search of Taylor‘s room revealed a checkbook wallet 
containing checks in the name of Bill Maddox, three credit cards 
issued to Maddox, credit card receipts, a ticket from a pawn shop in 
Memphis, a Discover credit card issued to Sandra Kushmer, and a 
Texaco card issued to Barry Sikes, which Renate [sic] Sikes testified 
she had given to Kushmer.  Receipts dated May 29, 2001, indicated 
that the Maddox credit card had been used to purchase a gold chain 
and a wedding band.  The pawn shop ticket with the same date 
indicated that Taylor had pawned the two items. 
. . . . 
. . . [T]he lead Florida detective searched Taylor‘s truck and 
found a black bag on the floorboard which contained cameras and 
camera accessories.  The detective presented these items to Sikes, who 
identified them as belonging to her husband.  The detective then went 
to a bar in Memphis at which Taylor had used the Maddox credit 
cards and spoke with Pamela Williams, who disclosed that Taylor had 
purchased drinks for her at the bar on the night of May 28, 2001, and 
introduced himself to her as William Maddox.  She also showed the 
detective a note given to her by Taylor which he signed as ―Bill 
Maddox‖ and identified himself as the owner of his own financial 
corporation. 
After speaking with Williams, the detective returned to 
interview Taylor again.  When Taylor was advised by the detective 
that she did not believe everything he had related the day before, 
Taylor told her the interview was over.  However, Taylor continued to 
speak, and at one point, he said, ―I shot her.‖ . . .  
. . . .  
The medical examiner, Dr. Lee Miller, testified that the cause 
of Kushmer‘s death was a shotgun wound to the head that penetrated 
her arteries and veins, which caused her to bleed to death.  Based on 
the available evidence, at the time of the shooting the shotgun had 
been pressed against Kushmer‘s mouth.  The wound path was 
consistent with Kushmer having been in a sitting position. . . . 
 
 
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Additionally, the laceration on the back of Kushmer‘s head was 
consistent with being struck by the butt of a shotgun. 
A blood spatter expert opined that the blood smears on the 
outside wall of the Sikes home were likely caused by Kushmer‘s 
bloody hair.  Further, high-velocity blood spatter located to the left of 
the smears indicated that the spatter was caused by a gunshot wound.  
The impact site was consistent with a victim who had been shot in the 
mouth while sitting or kneeling at the time.  The blood patterns inside 
the Sikes home were consistent with Kushmer‘s body having been 
carried into the home and swung in an arc-like manner before being 
dropped on the floor. 
Latent fingerprints were lifted from beer bottles found in the 
garbage at the scene.  A fingerprint expert matched one latent 
fingerprint with the known print of Taylor‘s right index finger.  The 
Hillsborough County Sheriff‘s Office collected the shotgun and the 
pawn ticket from the shop where Taylor had pawned the item.  A 
different fingerprint examiner was of the opinion that a thumbprint on 
the pawn ticket from the shotgun transaction also matched the known 
fingerprints of Taylor.  The Florida Department of Law Enforcement 
tested the shotgun, and two areas tested positive for blood.  DNA 
testing on the blood from these two areas generated partial DNA 
profiles that matched the profile of Maddox at three and four genetic 
points. 
After hearing the evidence, the jury rendered a verdict finding 
Taylor guilty of first-degree murder as to the death of Kushmer, 
attempted first-degree murder as to William Maddox, robbery with a 
deadly weapon as to Maddox, robbery with a firearm as to Kushmer, 
and armed burglary of a dwelling. 
 
See Taylor, 937 So. 2d at 592-96 (footnote omitted).   
During the penalty phase, the trial court sentenced Taylor to death for the 
murder of Kushmer.  See id., 937 So. 2d at 597.  In rendering Taylor‘s sentence, 
the trial court determined that the State had proven the existence of three statutory 
aggravators:  (1) the murder was committed while Taylor was on felony probation, 
see § 921.141(5)(a), Fla. Stat. (2001); (2) Taylor had previously been convicted of 
 
 
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a felony involving a threat of violence to the person, see § 921.141(5)(b), Fla. Stat. 
(2001); and (3) the murder was committed for pecuniary gain, see § 921.141(5)(f), 
Fla. Stat. (2001).  See Taylor, 937 So. 2d at 597.  The trial court assigned each of 
these factors great weight.  The court did not find any statutory mitigators, but 
found a total of thirteen nonstatutory mitigating circumstances:  (1) Taylor was 
under some mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the crime (some 
weight); (2) psychological trauma due to abuse and neglect in formative years 
(some weight); (3) psychological trauma due to deprivation in parental nurturing 
(some weight); (4) stepfather provided no emotional or parental support (modest 
weight); (5) neurological impairments affecting ability to control impulses (some 
weight); (6) learning disabilities, attention deficit problems, and problems with 
social interactions (some weight); (7) obtained GED in prison (minimum weight); 
(8) attempts to address and recover from drug dependence (modest weight); (9) 
good worker and dependable employee (minimum weight); (10) agreed to be 
interviewed and cooperated with the police (minimum weight); (11) history of 
substance abuse dating back to pre-teen years (some weight); (12) under the 
influence of alcohol at time of crime (little weight); and (13) appropriate conduct 
during trial (little weight).  See id. at 597 n.3.    
On direct appeal, this Court affirmed Taylor‘s convictions and sentences.  
See id. at 592.   
 
 
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Postconviction Proceedings 
 
On October 9, 2006, Taylor, pursuant to rule 3.851, filed a motion to vacate 
and set aside his convictions and sentences.  That motion was subsequently 
supplanted by an amended motion to vacate.  The claims in Taylor‘s amended 
motion were trial counsel were ineffective for (i) misadvising Taylor with regard to 
the procedure to move to discharge court-appointed counsel;  (ii) failure to 
investigate the effects of overmedication of Taylor; (iii) prematurely ending plea 
negotiations; (iv) failing to obtain the assistance of a mental health expert to aid 
them in their plea discussions with Taylor; (v) failing to investigate and present 
evidence with regard to the link between low levels of serotonin and violent 
behavior; (vi) failing to advise the trial court about Taylor‘s recent history of 
seizures and medications; (vii) failing to properly advise Taylor with regard to the 
option of entering a plea for only the guilt phase, or of waiving a penalty phase 
jury trial to avoid a twelve to zero jury recommendation; (viii) failing to call 
neuropsychologist Dr. Joseph Sesta, Ph.D., as a witness during the penalty phase; 
and (ix) stipulating to the existence of Taylor‘s 1977 burglary conviction from 
Elko County, Nevada.  Taylor also claimed (x) the lethal injection method of 
execution used in Florida constitutes cruel and unusual punishment and is 
unconstitutional; (xi) he will be incompetent at the time of execution, which 
 
 
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renders his execution cruel and unusual punishment and unconstitutional; and (xii) 
the cumulative errors by trial counsel deprived him of a fair trial.   
Taylor requested an evidentiary hearing for claims i-ix, and, after a Huff1 
hearing, the postconviction court granted a hearing for claims i-vi and viii.  The 
postconviction court determined that an evidentiary hearing was not required for 
claims vii and ix-xii.  After the evidentiary hearing, the postconviction court 
rendered a final order that denied all of Taylor‘s postconviction claims.  This 
appeal followed.  
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel 
 
For a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, this Court follows the 
United States Supreme Court‘s decision in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 
(1984), and requires that a defendant satisfy the following two requirements:   
First, the claimant must identify particular acts or omissions of the 
lawyer that are shown to be outside the broad range of reasonably 
competent performance under prevailing professional standards. 
Second, the clear, substantial deficiency shown must further be 
demonstrated to have so affected the fairness and reliability of the 
proceeding that confidence in the outcome is undermined.  A court 
considering a claim of ineffectiveness of counsel need not make a 
specific ruling on the performance component of the test when it is 
clear that the prejudice component is not satisfied. 
Maxwell v. Wainwright, 490 So. 2d 927, 932 (Fla. 1986) (citations omitted).   
                                         
1.  Huff v. State, 622 So. 2d 982 (Fla. 1993). 
 
 
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The Strickland test presents mixed questions of law and fact, which compels 
this Court to employ a mixed standard of review when it addresses those claims, 
deferring to the circuit court‘s factual findings that are supported by competent, 
substantial evidence, but reviewing a circuit court‘s legal conclusions de novo.  
See Seibert v. State, 64 So. 3d 67, 75 (Fla. 2010).   
When addressing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a court 
employs a strong presumption that the performance of counsel was not ineffective.  
See id.  It is the province of the defendant to overcome this presumption and the 
supposition that the challenged action was the product of sound trial strategy.  See 
Pagan v. State, 29 So. 3d 938, 949 (Fla. 2009).  Judicial scrutiny of the 
performance of counsel is, therefore, highly deferential.  See id.  
Strategic decisions of counsel do not constitute ineffective assistance of 
counsel  ― ‗if alternative courses have been considered and rejected and counsel‘s 
decision was reasonable under the norms of professional conduct.‘ ‖  Seibert, 64 
So. 3d at 79 (quoting Occhicone v. State, 768 So. 2d 1037, 1048 (Fla. 2000)).  To 
fairly assess attorney performance, a court is required to make every possible effort 
to eliminate the distortion caused by hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances 
that surrounded the challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from the 
perspective of counsel at the time counsel engaged in the challenged conduct.  See 
id. 
 
 
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The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees the right 
to effective assistance of counsel at all critical stages of a criminal prosecution.  
See U.S. Const. amend. VI.  In cases where a defendant is indigent, that defendant 
is entitled to court-appointed counsel.  See Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.111(b)(1).  A 
defendant may waive the right to counsel, so long as that waiver is conducted 
knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.  See Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 
835 (1975). 
The right of a criminal defendant to effective assistance of counsel includes 
the right to competent counsel.  See McKenzie v. State, 29 So. 3d 272, 282-83 
(Fla. 2010).  Mere unhappiness or anger with the representation of counsel, or 
disagreement with regard to counsel‘s strategic decisions, does not render counsel 
ineffective.  See id.  If court-appointed counsel is alleged to be incompetent during 
the trial level proceedings, a trial court must conduct a Nelson hearing to inquire 
into the effectiveness of counsel.  See Hardwick v. State, 521 So. 2d 1071, 1074-75 
(Fla. 1988) (approving the procedure provided in Nelson v. State, 274 So. 2d 256, 
258-59 (Fla. 4th DCA 1973), for an inquiry with regard to a claim of alleged 
ineffective assistance of counsel).  However, a Nelson hearing is only required 
when the defendant provides a specific complaint to the trial court with regard to 
the ineffectiveness of counsel.  See Guardado v. State, 965 So. 2d 108, 113 (Fla. 
2007).  A generalized complaint about counsel does not trigger a required Nelson 
 
 
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hearing.  See id. (―However, any [Nelson] inquiry by the trial court can only be as 
specific as the complaints made by the defendant.  When the defendant makes 
generalized complaints about counsel, the trial court need not make a Nelson 
inquiry.‖).  If a defendant waives or discharges court-appointed counsel absent a 
finding of ineffectiveness by a trial court, the trial court is not required to appoint 
substitute counsel.  See Hardwick, 521 So. 2d at 1074-75 (quoting Nelson, 274 So. 
2d at 258-59).   
The right to effective assistance of counsel also encompasses the right to 
conflict-free counsel.  See Hunter v. State, 817 So. 2d 786, 791 (Fla. 2002).  To 
establish ineffective assistance of counsel based on an alleged conflict of interest, 
the defendant must illustrate an actual conflict of interest that adversely affected 
the performance of counsel.  See id. at 791-92.  A defendant must illustrate the 
conflict through the identification and utilization of ―specific evidence in the 
record that suggests that his or her interests were compromised.‖  Id. at 792.  A 
mere speculative or hypothetical conflict of interest is insufficient to establish 
ineffective assistance of counsel based on an alleged conflict.  See id. (quoting 
Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 350 (1980)).   
In this case, Taylor incorrectly contends that the postconviction court erred 
when it denied his claim that trial counsel were ineffective for failure to properly 
advise him with regard to how to move to discharge court-appointed counsel.  As 
 
 
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established during the evidentiary hearing and memorialized in a December 2002 
letter to Taylor, trial counsel accurately advised Taylor with regard to the proper 
mechanism for seeking the removal of counsel.  More specifically, they advised 
Taylor that his conclusive statements that a conflict of interest existed, and the fact 
that he was unhappy and dissatisfied with his representation and their strategic 
decisions, would not serve as a basis for disqualification of his current court-
appointed trial counsel and appointment of new counsel.  Rather, trial counsel 
properly advised that, to receive an appointment of new trial counsel, he must 
establish that current trial counsel had provided incompetent or otherwise 
ineffective assistance of counsel.  They also properly informed Taylor that if he 
waived counsel and did not establish ineffectiveness of his current trial counsel, the 
trial court was not required to appoint new counsel.   
Further, Taylor failed to establish prejudice caused by the advice of trial 
counsel.  As illustrated during the postconviction proceedings, if trial counsel had 
moved to withdraw based on the allegations of Taylor, the trial court would not 
have held a Nelson hearing.  That is because the only statement of Taylor that 
pertained to the purported ineffectiveness of counsel was a blank and generalized 
statement that a conflict of interest existed.  Taylor did not provide any specific 
instance or basis to support his statement of a conflict of interest, or establish how 
he was prejudiced by his failure to move to have counsel discharged.  Therefore, 
 
 
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competent, substantial evidence supports the finding of the postconviction court 
that trial counsel were not ineffective, and this claim is without merit. 
Next, Taylor contends that the postconviction court incorrectly denied his 
claim that trial counsel were ineffective for failure to properly investigate the 
effects of the alleged overmedication of Taylor.  The performance of counsel is not 
deficient, even when counsel fails to seek a competency evaluation with regard to 
the effects of psychotropic medication, so long as there is no evidence that calls 
into question the competency of the defendant.  See Groover v. State, 574 So. 2d 
97, 99 (Fla. 1991).  For example, in Groover, the defendant was administered large 
doses of Mellaril, a powerful antipsychotic medication, during his pretrial and trial 
incarceration.  See id.  This Court upheld the finding of the postconviction court 
that the failure of trial counsel to seek a competency evaluation with regard to the 
effects of this medication did not constitute deficient performance because there 
was no evidence that called the competency of the defendant into question.  See id.   
 
In this case, trial counsel testified during the evidentiary hearing that they 
did not investigate the effects of Taylor‘s medication because Taylor displayed no 
outward signs that his medication had any negative effects on his cognitive 
functions.  According to trial counsel, Taylor appeared to be coherent and in full 
possession of his faculties, and he was engaged and active during the pretrial and 
 
 
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trial proceedings.  Trial counsel also testified that they did not notice any odd 
behavior that was indicative of a medication overdose. 
The testimony of Dr. Donald Taylor, M.D., during the postconviction 
evidentiary hearing bolstered the validity of the testimony of trial counsel.  Dr. 
Taylor testified concerning his four-hour competency evaluation of Taylor that 
occurred between the guilt and penalty phases of trial.  Dr. Taylor stated that 
Taylor displayed no evidence of cognitive impairment or overmedication during 
this time.  According to Dr. Taylor, Taylor appeared alert and engaged for the 
duration of the evaluation, and was able to relay to Dr. Taylor a detailed life and 
medical history, as well as an accurate description of the type and dosage of 
medication he was prescribed.   We hold that competent, substantial evidence 
supports the postconviction court‘s finding that trial counsel were not ineffective 
for their decision not to investigate the alleged overmedication of Taylor.   
Taylor also claims that the postconviction court erred when it denied his 
claim that trial counsel were ineffective for prematurely ending plea discussions 
and for their failure to use a mental health expert during the plea discussions.  A 
criminal defendant is entitled to effective assistance of counsel during the plea 
process.  See Cottle v. State, 733 So. 2d 963, 965 (Fla. 1999).  To establish 
ineffective assistance of counsel based upon the failure of trial counsel to convey a 
plea to a defendant, the defendant must prove that:   
 
 
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(1) counsel failed to communicate a plea offer or misinformed 
defendant concerning the penalty faced, (2) defendant would have 
accepted the plea offer but for the inadequate notice, and (3) 
acceptance of the State‘s plea offer would have resulted in a lesser 
sentence. 
 
Id. at 967 (emphasis added).   
 
Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.171(c) provides the obligations of trial 
counsel in connection with plea negotiations and the entry of a plea:   
(c) Responsibilities of Defense Counsel. 
 
(1) Defense counsel shall not conclude any plea agreement on 
behalf of a defendant-client without the client‘s full and complete 
consent thereto, being certain that any decision to plead guilty or nolo 
contendere is made by the defendant. 
(2) Defense counsel shall advise defendant of: 
(A) all plea offers; and 
(B) all pertinent matters bearing on the choice of which plea 
to enter and the particulars attendant upon each plea and the 
likely results thereof, as well as any possible alternatives that 
may be open to the defendant. 
 
(Emphasis added.)  In accordance with this rule, defense counsel have a duty to 
obtain the consent of a defendant before they execute a plea agreement on behalf 
of that defendant, and to advise the defendant of all plea offers and pertinent 
matters with regard to a plea.  See Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.171.  There is, however, no 
explicit, delineated duty provided in rule 3.171 that requires counsel to ever seek 
the aid of a third party or mental health expert during the plea discussions.  See id.   
In this case, the postconviction court‘s finding that trial counsel were not 
ineffective during the plea negotiations was supported by competent, substantial 
 
 
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evidence.  As established during the postconviction evidentiary hearing, trial 
counsel believed that it was in the best interest of Taylor to plead guilty in 
exchange for a life sentence to avoid the death penalty.  In February 2003, trial 
counsel—with the consent of Taylor—explored such a plea offer with the State.  
However, before the State responded, Taylor decided to rescind his consent to 
explore a plea offer.  Regardless of Taylor‘s actions, the State and its homicide 
committee rejected that offer before it could be withdrawn by trial counsel.  Then, 
in March 2004, immediately before the start of trial, the State approached defense 
counsel concerning the possibility of a plea offer, contingent on the assurance of 
Taylor that he would accept such a formal offer if made.  When defense counsel 
approached Taylor, he rejected that plea possibility, which resulted in the State‘s 
decision to not proceed further with any formal plea offer.   
The actions of trial counsel during the plea discussions were in accord with 
prevailing professional norms and they followed rule 3.171, i.e., trial counsel did 
not make or accept a plea offer without the consent of Taylor.  Further, trial 
counsel cannot be held ineffective for their actions during the plea process because 
Taylor has failed to establish prejudice, i.e., that he would have accepted a formal 
plea offer if one was made.  See Cottle, 733 So. 2d at 967.  Rather, all evidence 
presented during the postconviction proceedings illustrated that Taylor wavered 
between whether to accept a plea or reject a plea, which resulted in a decision to 
 
 
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reject a plea offer, as well as a decision to not pursue a possible plea offer by the 
State.   
Furthermore, competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction 
court‘s finding that trial counsel were not ineffective in their decision not to engage 
the assistance of a mental health expert during the plea discussions with Taylor.  
As previously discussed, Taylor appeared competent and engaged during the trial 
proceedings.  Dr. Taylor also testified that when he interviewed the defendant in 
2004, Taylor was competent and displayed no sign of cognitive impairment.  Thus, 
trial counsel did not perform deficiently when they did not obtain the assistance of 
a mental health expert during the plea negotiations because trial counsel reasonably 
concluded that the aid of such a mental health expert was not needed due to the 
apparent competency of Taylor during the plea negotiations.   
Taylor has also failed to establish prejudice from trial counsel‘s decision not 
to utilize the assistance of a mental health expert during plea negotiations.  More 
specifically, Taylor did not present evidence to establish that the outcome of the 
trial court proceedings would have been different if plea discussions included a 
third party expert, i.e., he did not establish that, if a mental health expert had 
participated in the plea discussions, he would have altered his decision to reject a 
plea possibility and would have accepted a plea offer.  Accordingly, Taylor fails 
under the prejudice prong of Strickland.  See Cottle, 733 So. 2d at 967 (stating that 
 
 
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to prove ineffective assistance of counsel with regard to plea discussions, the 
defendant must establish that if counsel acted differently, he or she would have 
accepted a possible plea).   
Taylor further contends that the postconviction court incorrectly denied his 
claim that trial counsel were ineffective for their failure to investigate the alleged 
link between Taylor‘s low levels of serotonin and his violent behavior, and for 
their failure to present evidence of Taylor‘s alleged seizures and seizure 
medication.  To determine if counsel was ineffective for failure to present evidence 
of mitigation, a court will examine not only the failure to investigate and present 
possibly mitigating evidence, but the reasons for doing so.  See Jones v. State, 998 
So. 2d 573, 582 (Fla. 2008).  The defendant must also establish that the 
performance of counsel deprived him or her of a reliable penalty proceeding.  See 
id.   
 
Although counsel is not required to conduct a mental health evaluation for 
mitigation purposes in every capital case, he or she does have a strict duty to 
reasonably investigate the background of a defendant for possible mitigating 
evidence.  See id. at 583.  When available information points to the existence of 
mental health issues, an evaluation is fundamental to a proper defense against the 
death penalty.  See id.  However, a mere conclusive allegation that the presentation 
of mental health evidence would have changed the outcome of a proceeding is 
 
 
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insufficient to prove prejudice.  See id. at 584.  Rather, the defendant must 
establish that had the evidence been presented, there was a reasonable probability 
that the outcome of the relevant proceeding would have been different.  See id.  
More specifically, in the context of deficient performance during the penalty phase, 
a defendant establishes prejudice by showing that, absent the deficient 
performance, there is a reasonable probability that the trial court‘s balancing of 
aggravators and mitigators would have been different, or that confidence in the 
outcome of the penalty phase has been substantially impaired or undermined.  See 
id. at 585; see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694 (―A reasonable probability is a 
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.‖).   
 
In this case, competent, substantial evidence supports the finding of the 
postconviction court that trial counsel did not act deficiently when they did not 
present evidence with regard to the alleged low levels of serotonin of Taylor at the 
time of the homicide.  Although Dr. James R. Merikangas, M.D., testified at the 
postconviction evidentiary hearing that Taylor may have low serotonin, Taylor 
failed to establish that in fact he had low serotonin either permanently or at the 
time of the homicide.  In fact, during the postconviction evidentiary hearing, Dr. 
Merikangas could not confirm that Taylor ever had low serotonin and admitted that 
the serotonin levels of Taylor had never been physically tested.  Dr. Joseph John 
Sesta, Ph.D., also testified during the evidentiary hearing and stated that he could 
 
 
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not confirm to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that Taylor ever had low 
levels of serotonin, or that such a serotonin deficiency existed at the time of the 
homicide.   
 
Further, Taylor failed to establish how the decision of trial counsel to not 
present evidence of his alleged low serotonin prejudiced him.  He did not provide 
testimony as to how the presentation of such evidence would have led to the 
mitigation of his sentence, or how its absence exacerbated the severity of the 
recommended sentence of the jury.  It is also a dubious proposition that testimony 
with regard to low serotonin would have altered the jury‘s unanimous 
recommended sentence of death, especially given the penalty phase evidence 
presented with regard to the mental health issues of Taylor.  That evidence 
included the testimony of Dr. Harry Krop, Ph.D., which provided a detailed 
description of the asserted cognitive impairments of Taylor that included frontal 
lobe syndrome and brain injuries, as well as a litany of mental health diagnoses 
that included adjustment disorder, depression, borderline personality disorder, and 
antisocial personality disorder.  Dr. Krop also testified during the penalty phase 
that Taylor abused alcohol and was intoxicated at the time of the homicide, which, 
along with his mental health disorders, affected his ability to conform his conduct 
to the requirements of law.  Included in Dr. Krop‘s testimony were factors with 
regard to the emotional and physical abuse Taylor suffered as a child.  
 
 
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Accordingly, competent, substantial evidence exists to support the postconviction 
court‘s finding that trial counsel were not ineffective in their failure to present 
evidence of Taylor‘s alleged low serotonin.   
There is also competent, substantial evidence to support the postconviction 
court‘s finding that trial counsel were not deficient in their failure to advise the 
trial court about the alleged recent history of Taylor‘s seizures and his seizure 
medications.  During the evidentiary hearing, there was a third-party report that 
Taylor suffered a seizure while he was incarcerated in 2001, as well as evidence 
presented of seizure medications prescribed to Taylor while incarcerated for this 
crime, i.e., Dilantin and Depakote.  During the postconviction hearing, Dr. 
Merikangas opined that Taylor had a seizure disorder.  Despite this evidence, given 
the medical history of Taylor, uncertainty existed nonetheless as to whether Taylor 
even suffered from a seizure disorder.  More specifically, Taylor, while 
incarcerated from 1991 to 2000, was not prescribed seizure medication because an 
EEG exam performed on him in 1991 revealed no seizure disorder and normal 
brain activity.  The testimony of Dr. Taylor compounded the uncertainty as to the 
existence of a seizure disorder.  He testified that in 2006 Taylor reported to him 
that he suffered no recent seizures and questioned whether he even suffered from a 
seizure disorder because all he ever experienced were mere blackout spells.   
 
 
- 22 - 
Therefore, given the disputed evidence that surrounded the alleged seizure 
disorder, there was competent, substantial evidence to support the finding that trial 
counsel did not act deficiently when they failed to advise the trial court about 
Taylor‘s alleged recent seizures and seizure medications.  Even if trial counsel 
were deficient, Taylor failed to establish how he was prejudiced by the 
performance of trial counsel.  As supported by the record, trial counsel presented 
extensive mitigation evidence of Taylor‘s mental health, emotional, and physical 
issues during the penalty phase.  Taylor has failed to establish how the mere 
addition of equivocal and disputed evidence of alleged recent seizures and seizure 
prescriptions would have altered the unanimous recommendation of the death 
penalty by the jury.  Therefore, the postconviction court was correct in finding that 
Taylor is not entitled to relief.   
In Taylor‘s next claim, he contends that the postconviction court incorrectly 
denied his claim that trial counsel were ineffective for their failure to present Dr. 
Sesta as a witness during the penalty phase.  This Court has consistently held that 
the strategic decision of trial counsel not to present a certain witness does not 
constitute ineffective assistance of counsel if that decision was the product of a 
reasonable trial strategy.  See Everett v. State, 54 So. 3d 464, 474 (Fla. 2010).  For 
example, in Bowles v. State, 979 So. 2d 182, 188 (Fla. 2008), this Court held that 
the decision to not present a mental health expert did not constitute ineffective 
 
 
- 23 - 
assistance of counsel because that decision, given the possible damaging effects of 
the witness‘s testimony, was based on a reasonable trial strategy. 
 
As addressed during the postconviction evidentiary hearing, trial counsel, 
although they respected Dr. Sesta and his credentials, strategically did not think 
that Dr. Sesta would have been a positive witness for Taylor.  Among the 
numerous reasons was that Dr. Sesta unilaterally conducted psychological testing 
of Taylor that trial counsel did not consider helpful or useful to the disposition of 
Taylor‘s case, i.e., Dr. Sesta performed a personality test on Taylor even though 
trial counsel did not request this testing.  It was also established at the evidentiary 
hearing that trial counsel did not consider the prospect of Dr. Sesta‘s testimony or 
results of his testing—along with his accompanying diagnosis of Taylor—to be 
beneficial to Taylor because the opinion would have conflicted with the testimony 
of other defense witnesses, Dr. Krop and Dr. David McCraney, M.D.  More 
specifically, Dr. Sesta‘s testimony would have conflicted with that of Dr. 
McCraney and Dr. Krop with regard to the brain impairment of Taylor—i.e., its 
severity, etiology, and time of occurrence—with Dr. McCraney and Dr. Krop 
finding the brain damage of Taylor to be more severe.  Therefore, to avoid a 
conflict in opinion testimony with regard to the personality disorder and brain 
impairment of Taylor, trial counsel made a reasonable strategic decision to present 
the testimony of Dr. Krop and Dr. McCraney, and not Dr. Sesta.   
 
 
- 24 - 
In addition, Taylor contends that the postconviction court acted incorrectly 
when it denied his claim that the cumulative errors of trial counsel deprived him of 
a fair trial.  Taylor has failed to establish any meritorious claim of ineffective 
assistance of trial counsel.  Therefore, there are no cumulative errors of trial 
counsel that equate to a degradation of his fundamental right to a fair trial.  See 
Bradley v. State, 33 So. 3d 664, 684 (Fla. 2010) (holding that when the errors 
raised by a defendant are meritless, procedurally barred, or fail to meet the 
Strickland requirements, the contention of cumulative error is without merit).   
Lastly, Taylor contends that he will be subject to cruel and unusual 
punishment at the time of execution because he is not legally competent.  Taylor 
concedes that this claim is not ripe for review by this Court.  Therefore, no relief is 
warranted.  See Anderson v. State, 18 So. 3d 501, 522 (Fla. 2009) (stating that 
when a defendant concedes that a claim is not ripe for review because he has not 
been declared incompetent and no death warrant has been signed, and that he has 
raised it only for preservation purposes, no relief is warranted).   
Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus 
 
 
In his petition for writ of habeas corpus, Taylor contends that his counsel on 
direct appeal was ineffective because she raised only boilerplate issues on direct 
appeal, improperly contested the constitutionality of the standard penalty phase 
 
 
- 25 - 
jury instructions when a special instruction was given, and failed to raise 
meritorious issues that had been presented before the trial court. 
A claimant appropriately raises a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate 
counsel in a petition for writ of habeas corpus.  See Freeman v. State, 761 So. 2d 
1055, 1069 (Fla. 2000).  Consistent with the Strickland standard, to grant habeas 
relief based on ineffectiveness of appellate counsel, this Court must determine 
first, whether the alleged omissions are of such magnitude as to 
constitute a serious error or substantial deficiency falling measurably 
outside the range of professionally acceptable performance and, 
second, whether the deficiency in performance compromised the 
appellate process to such a degree as to undermine confidence in the 
correctness of the result.  
Pope v. Wainwright, 496 So. 2d 798, 800 (Fla. 1986).  In raising such a claim, the 
defendant bears the burden to allege specific, serious omissions or overt acts upon 
which a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel may be based.  See 
Freeman, 761 So. 2d at 1069; see also Knight v. State, 394 So. 2d 997, 1001 (Fla. 
1981).   
In this case, appellate counsel performed deficiently when she challenged the 
constitutionality of a standard penalty phase jury instruction on direct appeal 
because that instruction was not given by the trial court.  More specifically, on 
direct appeal, this Court rejected the challenge to the standard jury instruction by 
appellate counsel because we have repeatedly determined that the specific 
instruction did not shift the burden of proof to the defendant and was 
 
 
- 26 - 
constitutional.  See Taylor v. State, 937 So. 2d 590, 600 (Fla. 2006).  This Court 
also rejected that challenge because the trial court did not use the standard jury 
instruction, but rather, used a special instruction that informed the jury that it could 
recommend a sentence of death only if it found that the aggravating circumstances 
outweighed the mitigating circumstances.  See id.  Thus, when appellate counsel 
contested the standard jury instruction instead of the special instruction that had 
been given by the trial court, she performed deficiently because a reasonable 
attorney who acted within professional norms would not have contested the 
validity of a jury instruction that was not read by the trial court.   
 
However, Taylor has failed to establish how the deficient performance of 
appellate counsel prejudiced him to such a degree that it undermined confidence in 
the correctness of the result of his direct appeal.  Taylor has failed to establish how 
the decision to contest the standard instruction deprived him of a meaningful direct 
appeal, or how the decision of appellate counsel negatively affected the result of 
his direct appeal.  Even if appellate counsel had contested the special instruction, 
the outcome of Taylor‘s direct appeal would not have been altered because the 
more detailed, special instruction would probably have been affirmed as proper.   
Lastly, Taylor has failed to sufficiently establish either deficient 
performance or prejudice emanating from the alleged error by appellate counsel for 
raising boilerplate issues rather than allegedly meritorious issues on direct appeal.  
 
 
- 27 - 
Taylor merely lists an abundance of claims that appellate counsel could have raised 
on direct appeal.  He does not provide a factual or legal basis as to why appellate 
counsel was ineffective for failing to raise those claims.  Therefore, Taylor has 
failed to provide a sufficient basis for which this Court may grant relief.   
Conclusion 
 
 
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the postconviction court‘s denial of 
Taylor‘s rule 3.851 motion and deny Taylor‘s petition for a writ of habeas corpus.    
 
It is so ordered.  
CANADY, C.J., and LEWIS, QUINCE, POLSTON, LABARGA, and  PERRY, 
JJ., concur. 
PARIENTE, J., concurs in result. 
 
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND 
IF FILED, DETERMINED. 
 
Two Cases: 
 
An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Hillsborugh County,  
Anthony Kerrol Black, Judge - Case No. 01-CF-00-8692A 
And an Original Proceeding – Habeas Corpus 
 
Bill Jennings, Capital Collateral Regional Counsel, Maria Perinetti and Mark S. 
Gruber, Assistant CCR Counsel, Middle Region, Tampa, Florida, 
 
 
for Appellant/Petitioner 
 
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Carol M. Dittmar, 
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, Florida, 
 
 
for Appellee/Respondent