Title: In Re: Standard Jury Instructions In Criminal Cases – Report No. 2007-5

State: florida

Issuer: Florida Supreme Court

Document:

Supreme Court of Florida 
 
 
_____________ 
 
No. SC07-1420 
_____________ 
 
 
 
IN RE:  STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES—
REPORT NO. 2007-5. 
 
[May 15, 2008] 
 
PER CURIAM. 
 
We have for consideration thirteen proposed amended or new Standard Jury 
Instructions in Criminal Cases.1  The Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury 
Instructions in Criminal Cases (Committee) proposes Standard Jury Instructions 
10.19 (Use of a Self-Defense Weapon) (amended); 11.13 (Voyeurism) (amended); 
11.13(a)–(b) (Video Voyeurism) (new); 11.13(c)–(d) (Video Voyeurism 
Dissemination) (new); 11.13(e)–(g) (Commercial Video Voyeurism) (new); 14.7 
(False Verification of Ownership or False Identification to a Pawnbroker) (new); 
15.1 (Robbery) (amended); 15.2 (Carjacking) (amended); and 15.3 (Home 
Invasion Robbery) (amended). 
                                          
 
 
1.  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 2(a), Fla. Const. 
 
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The proposals were published for comment by the Court in the September 
15, 2007, edition of The Florida Bar News.  Three comments were received.  In 
response to the comments, the Committee revised several of its proposals. 
Having considered the Committee’s report, the comments that were filed, 
and the Committee’s response to those comments, we authorize the publication and 
use of all of the amended and new instructions. 2  The instructions, as authorized, 
are set forth in the appendix to this opinion.  New language is indicated by 
underlining, and deleted language is struck through.  In authorizing the instructions 
for publication and use, we express no opinion on their correctness and remind all 
interested parties that this authorization forecloses neither requesting additional or 
alternative instructions, nor contesting the legal correctness of the instructions.  We 
further caution all interested parties that any notes and comments associated with 
the instructions reflect only the opinion of the Committee and are not necessarily 
indicative of the views of this Court as to their correctness or applicability.  The 
                                          
 
 
2.  One of the comments filed with this Court raised the issue of whether 
Judge Benton’s dissenting opinion in Cliett v. State, 951 So. 2d 3 (Fla. 1st DCA 
2007), warrants amendments to instruction 15.1 (Robbery).  Judge Benton asserted 
that ―the failure to instruct the jury that it had to determine whether what [Cliett] 
said and did would have placed a reasonable person in fear . . . was fundamental 
error, in my view, requiring reversal and remand for a new trial.‖  Id. at 4.  In 
response, the Committee rejected that comment, determining that the majority 
view in Cliett was correct.  We decline to address the issue here.  Such 
determination must be left for a proper case and controversy.  
 
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instructions as set forth in the appendix3 shall be effective when this opinion 
becomes final. 
 
It is so ordered. 
LEWIS, C.J., and WELLS, ANSTEAD, PARIENTE, QUINCE, CANTERO, and 
BELL, JJ., concur. 
 
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND 
IF FILED, DETERMINED. 
 
Original Proceeding – Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases 
 
Judge Terry David Terrell, Chair, Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in 
Criminal Cases, First Judicial Circuit, Pensacola, Florida, 
 
 
for Petitioner 
 
Bart Schneider, Assistant State Attorney, Seventh Judicial Circuit, Lake Mary, 
Florida; and R. Blaise Trettis, Executive Assistant Public Defender, Eighteenth 
Judicial Circuit, Viera, Florida, 
 
 
Responding with comments 
 
                                          
 
 
3.  The amendments to the instructions as reflected in the appendix are to the 
Criminal Jury Instructions as they appear on the Court’s website at 
www.floridasupremecourt.org/jury_instructions/instructions.shtml.  We recognize 
that there may be minor discrepancies between the instructions as they appear on 
the website and the published versions of the instructions.  Any discrepancies as to 
instructions authorized for publication and use after October 25, 2007, should be 
resolved by reference to the published opinion of this Court authorizing the 
instruction. 
 
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APPENDIX 
10.19 USE OF A SELF-DEFENSE WEAPON 
§ 790.054, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of uUsing a sSelf-dDefense wWeapon against a law 
enforcement officer, the sState must prove the following four elements beyond 
a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) intentionally used a [self-defense chemical spray] 
[nonlethal stun gun] [nonlethal electric weapon] [remote dart 
firing stun gun] against (victim). 
 
2. 
(Victim) was at the time a law enforcement officer. 
 
3. 
(Defendant) knew (victim) was a law enforcement officer. 
 
4. 
At the time of the incident, (victim) was engaged in the lawful 
performance of [his] [her] duties. 
 
 
The court now instructs you that (name of official position of victim 
designated in charge) is a law enforcement officer.  Do not read the name of the 
victim in this part of the instruction. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
USE OF A SELF-DEFENSE WEAPON 
§ 790.054 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
None 
 
 
 
 
Battery 
784.03(1)(a) 
8.3 
 
Comment 
 
 
This instruction is based on section 790.054, Florida Statutes (1997).  In 
giving this instruction, do not refer to the victim by name in the last sentence of the 
instruction.  That sentence must state the class of officers to which the victim 
belongs, e.g., probation officer, correctional officer.  See Wright v. State, 586 So. 
2d 1025 (Fla. 1991). 
 
 
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This instruction was adopted in 2000 [765 So. 2d 692] and amended in 2008. 
 
 
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11.13 VOYEURISM 
§ 810.14, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Voyeurism, the sState must prove the following 
three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) secretly 
 
 
[observed] 
 
[photographed] 
 
[filmed] 
 
[videotaped] 
 
[recorded] 
 
 
 
(victim). 
 
2. 
The (act alleged) was done with a [lewd] [lascivious] [indecent] 
intent. 
 
3. 
When (victim) was [observed] [photographed] [filmed] 
[videotaped] [recorded] [he] [she] was in a [dwelling] [structure] 
[conveyance] in which [he] [she] had a reasonable expectation of 
privacy. 
 
 
The words lewd, lascivious, and indecent mean the same thing, a 
wicked, lustful, unchaste, licentious, or sensual intent on the part of the person 
doing the act. 
 
 
Definitions. 
 
“Dwelling” means a building [or conveyance] of any kind, including any 
attached porch, whether such building [or conveyance] is temporary or 
permanent, mobile or immobile, which has a roof over it and is designed to be 
occupied by people lodging therein at night, together with the enclosed space 
of ground and outbuildings immediately surrounding it. 
 
 
“Structure” means any kind of building, either temporary or 
permanent, that has a roof over it, together with the enclosed space of ground 
and outbuildings immediately surrounding it. 
 
 
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“Conveyance” means any motor vehicle, ship, vessel, railroad car, 
trailer, aircraft or sleeping car. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
 
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. 
 
Comment 
 
 
This instruction is based on § 810.14, Fla. Stat. (Supp. 1998.).  It is error to 
inform the jury of a prior conviction before a determination of guilt of the charged 
offense.  Therefore, do not read the allegation of prior conviction or send the 
information or indictment into the jury room.  If the defendant is convicted of the 
current charge, the historical fact of a previous conviction shall be determined 
separately.  State v. Harris, 356 So. 2d 315 (Fla. 1978). beyond a reasonable doubt 
by the jury in a bifurcated proceeding.  State v. Harbaugh, 754 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 
2000).  
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2000 [765 So. 2d 692], and amended in 
2008. 
 
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11.13(a) VIDEO VOYEURISM 
§ 810.145(2)(a) or (b), Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Video Voyeurism, the State must prove the 
following four elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
 
Give 1a or 1b as applicable. 
 
1. 
(Defendant) 
 
a. 
intentionally [used] [or] [installed] an imaging device to 
secretly [view] [broadcast] [or] [record] (victim) for [his] 
[her] own [amusement] [entertainment] [sexual arousal] 
[gratification] [or] [profit] [or] [for the purpose of 
degrading or abusing (victim)]. 
 
b. 
intentionally permitted [the use] [or] [installation] of an 
imaging device to secretly [view] [broadcast] [or] [record] 
(victim) for the [amusement] [entertainment] [sexual 
arousal] [gratification] [or] [profit] [of another or on behalf 
of another]. 
 
2. 
(Victim) was thereby [viewed] [broadcast] [or] [recorded] at a 
time when the (victim) was [dressing] [undressing] [or] [privately 
exposing [his] [her] body]. 
 
3. 
At the place and time when (victim) was [viewed] [broadcast] [or] 
[recorded] [he] [she] had a reasonable expectation of privacy. 
 
4. 
The [viewing] [broadcast] [or] [recording] of (victim) was without 
the  knowledge and consent of (victim).  
 
 
Definitions. 
 
“Broadcast” means electronically transmitting a visual image with the 
intent that it be viewed by another person. 
 
 
“Imaging device” means any mechanical, digital, or electronic viewing 
device; still camera; camcorder; motion picture camera; or any other 
instrument, equipment, or format capable of recording, storing, or 
transmitting visual images of another person. 
 
 
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“Place and time when a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy” 
means a place and time when a reasonable person would believe that he or she 
could fully disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that his or her 
undressing was being viewed, recorded, or broadcasted by another, including, 
but not limited to, the interior of a bathroom, changing room, fitting room, 
dressing room, or tanning booth. 
 
 
“Privately exposing the body” means exposing a sexual organ. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
 
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. 
 
Comment 
 
 
It is error to inform the jury of a prior conviction before a determination of 
guilt of the charged offense.  Therefore, do not read the allegation of prior 
conviction or send the information or indictment into the jury room.  If the 
defendant is convicted of the current charge, the historical fact of a previous 
conviction shall be determined beyond a reasonable doubt by the jury in a 
bifurcated proceeding.  State v. Harbaugh, 754 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 2000).  
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008. 
 
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11.13(b) VIDEO VOYEURISM 
§ 810.145(2)(c), Fla. Stat. 
 
To prove the crime of Video Voyeurism, the State must prove the 
following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) intentionally used an imaging device to secretly 
[view] [broadcast] [or] [record] [under] [or] [through] the 
clothing worn by (victim) for the [amusement] 
[entertainment] [sexual arousal] [gratification] [or] [profit] 
of [himself] [herself] [or] [another]. 
 
2. 
(Defendant’s) use of the imaging device was for the purpose 
of viewing [the body of] [or] [the undergarments worn by] 
(victim). 
 
3. 
(Defendant’s) use of the imaging device was without the 
knowledge and consent of (victim).  
 
Definitions. 
“Broadcast” means electronically transmitting a visual image with the 
intent that it be viewed by another person. 
 
“Imaging device” means any mechanical, digital, or electronic viewing 
device; still camera; camcorder; motion picture camera; or any other 
instrument, equipment, or format capable of recording, storing, or 
transmitting visual images of another person. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. 
 
Comment 
 
 
It is error to inform the jury of a prior conviction before a determination of 
guilt of the charged offense.  Therefore, do not read the allegation of prior 
conviction or send the information or indictment into the jury room.  If the 
defendant is convicted of the current charge, the historical fact of a previous 
conviction shall be determined beyond a reasonable doubt by the jury in a 
bifurcated proceeding.  State v. Harbaugh, 754 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 2000).  
 
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This instruction was adopted in 2008. 
 
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11.13(c) VIDEO VOYEURISM DISSEMINATION  
(Image created in violation of section 810.145(2)(a) and (b)) 
§ 810.145(3), Fla. Stat. 
 
To prove the crime of Video Voyeurism Dissemination, the State must 
prove the following six elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
Give 1a or 1b as applicable. 
1. 
(Defendant) 
 
(a) 
intentionally [used] [or] [installed] an imaging device to 
secretly [view] [broadcast] [or] [record] (victim) for [his] 
[her] own [amusement] [entertainment] [sexual arousal] 
[gratification] [or] [profit] [or] [for the purpose of 
degrading or abusing (victim)]. 
 
(b)  
intentionally permitted [the use] [or] [installation] of an 
imaging device to secretly [view] [broadcast] [or] [record] 
(victim) for the [amusement] [entertainment] [sexual 
arousal] [gratification] [or] [profit] [of another or on behalf 
of another]. 
 
2. 
(Victim) was thereby [viewed] [broadcast] [or] [recorded] at a 
time when the [he] [she] was [dressing] [undressing] [or] 
[privately exposing [his] [her] body]. 
 
3. 
At the place and time when (victim) was [viewed] [broadcast] [or] 
[recorded] [he] [she] had a reasonable expectation of privacy. 
 
4. 
The [viewing] [broadcast] [or] [recording] of (victim) was without 
the  knowledge and consent of (victim).  
 
5. 
(Defendant) intentionally [disseminated] [distributed] [or] 
[transferred] an image of (victim) created in this manner to 
another person for the purpose of [amusement] [entertainment] 
[sexual arousal] [gratification] [or] [profit] [or for the purpose of 
degrading or abusing (victim)]. 
 
6. 
At the time (defendant) [disseminated] [distributed] [or] 
[transferred] the image of (victim), (defendant) knew or had reason 
 
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to believe that the image of (victim) had been created in this 
manner. 
 
Definitions. 
“Broadcast” means electronically transmitting a visual image with the 
intent that it be viewed by another person. 
 
“Imaging device” means any mechanical, digital, or electronic viewing 
device; still camera; camcorder; motion picture camera; or any other 
instrument, equipment, or format capable of recording, storing, or 
transmitting visual images of another person. 
 
“Place and time when a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy” 
means a place and time when a reasonable person would believe that he or she 
could fully disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that their undressing 
was being viewed, recorded, or broadcasted by another, including, but not 
limited to, the interior of a bathroom, changing room, fitting room, dressing 
room, or tanning booth. 
 
“Privately exposing the body” means exposing a sexual organ. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. 
 
Comment 
 
 
It is error to inform the jury of a prior conviction before a determination of 
guilt of the charged offense.  Therefore, do not read the allegation of prior 
conviction or send the information or indictment into the jury room.  If the 
defendant is convicted of the current charge, the historical fact of a previous 
conviction shall be determined beyond a reasonable doubt by the jury in a 
bifurcated proceeding.  State v. Harbaugh, 754 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 2000).  
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008. 
 
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11.13(d) VIDEO VOYEURISM DISSEMINATION 
(Image created in violation of section 810.145(2)(c)) 
§ 810.145(3), Fla. Stat. 
 
To prove the crime of Video Voyeurism Dissemination, the State must 
prove the following five elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) intentionally used an imaging device to secretly [view] 
[broadcast] [or] [record] [under] [or] [through] the clothing worn 
by (victim) for the [amusement] [entertainment] [sexual arousal] 
[gratification] [or] [profit] of [himself] [herself] [or] [another]. 
 
2. 
(Defendant’s) use of the imaging device was for the purpose of 
viewing [the body of] [or] [the undergarments worn by] (victim). 
 
3. 
(Defendant’s) use of the imaging device was without the knowledge 
and consent of (victim).  
 
4. 
(Defendant) intentionally [disseminated] [distributed] [or] 
[transferred] an image of (victim) created in this manner to 
another person for the purpose of [amusement] [entertainment] 
[sexual arousal] [gratification] [or] [profit] [or for the purpose of 
degrading or abusing (victim)]. 
 
5. 
At the time (defendant) [disseminated] [distributed] [or] 
[transferred] the image of (victim), (defendant) knew or had reason 
to believe that the image of (victim) had been created in this 
manner. 
 
Definitions. 
“Broadcast” means electronically transmitting a visual image with the 
intent that it be viewed by another person. 
 
“Imaging device” means any mechanical, digital, or electronic viewing 
device; still camera; camcorder; motion picture camera; or any other 
instrument, equipment, or format capable of recording, storing, or 
transmitting visual images of another person. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
 
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No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. 
 
Comment 
 
 
It is error to inform the jury of a prior conviction before a determination of 
guilt of the charged offense.  Therefore, do not read the allegation of prior 
conviction or send the information or indictment into the jury room.  If the 
defendant is convicted of the current charge, the historical fact of a previous 
conviction shall be determined beyond a reasonable doubt by the jury in a 
bifurcated proceeding.  State v. Harbaugh, 754 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 2000).  
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008. 
 
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11.13(e) COMMERCIAL VIDEO VOYEURISM 
(Image created in violation of section 810.145(2)(a) or (b)) 
§ 810.145(4)(a), Fla. Stat. 
 
To prove the crime of Commercial Video Voyeurism, the State must 
prove the following six elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
Give 1a or1b as applicable. 
1. 
(Defendant) 
 
a. 
intentionally [used] [or] [installed] an imaging device to 
secretly [view] [broadcast] [or] [record] (victim) for [his] 
[her] own [amusement] [entertainment] [sexual arousal] 
[gratification] [or] [profit] [or] [for the purpose of 
degrading or abusing (victim)]. 
 
b. 
intentionally permitted [the use] [or] [installation] of an 
imaging device to secretly [view] [broadcast] [or] [record] 
(victim) for the [amusement] [entertainment] [sexual 
arousal] [gratification] [or] [profit] [of another or on behalf 
of another]. 
 
2. 
(Victim) was thereby [viewed] [broadcast] [or] [recorded] at a 
time when the (victim) was [dressing] [undressing] [or] [privately 
exposing [his] [her] body]. 
 
3. 
At the place and time when (victim) was [viewed] [broadcast] [or] 
[recorded] [he] [she] had a reasonable expectation of privacy. 
 
4. 
The [viewing] [broadcast] [or] [recording] of (victim) was without 
the  knowledge and consent of (victim).  
 
5. 
(Defendant) sold an image of (victim) created in this manner to 
another person for consideration. 
 
6. 
(Defendant) knew or had reason to believe that the image of 
(victim) sold had been created in this manner. 
 
Definitions. 
 
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“Broadcast” means electronically transmitting a visual image with the 
intent that it be viewed by another person. 
 
“Imaging device” means any mechanical, digital, or electronic viewing 
device; still camera; camcorder; motion picture camera; or any other 
instrument, equipment, or format capable of recording, storing, or 
transmitting visual images of another person. 
 
“Place and time when a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy” 
means a place and time when a reasonable person would believe that he or she 
could fully disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that their undressing 
was being viewed, recorded, or broadcasted by another, including, but not 
limited to, the interior of a bathroom, changing room, fitting room, dressing 
room, or tanning booth. 
 
“Privately exposing the body” means exposing a sexual organ. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. 
 
Comment 
 
 
It is error to inform the jury of a prior conviction before a determination of 
guilt of the charged offense.  Therefore, do not read the allegation of prior 
conviction or send the information or indictment into the jury room.  If the 
defendant is convicted of the current charge, the historical fact of a previous 
conviction shall be determined beyond a reasonable doubt by the jury in a 
bifurcated proceeding.  State v. Harbaugh, 754 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 2000).  
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008. 
 
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11.13(f) COMMERCIAL VIDEO VOYEURISM 
(Image created in violation of section 810.145(2)(c)) 
§ 810.145(4)(a), Fla. Stat. 
 
To prove the crime of Commercial Video Voyeurism, the State must 
prove the following five elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) intentionally used an imaging device to secretly [view] 
[broadcast] [or] [record] [under] [or] [through] the clothing worn 
by (victim) for the [amusement] [entertainment] [sexual arousal] 
[gratification] [or] [profit] of [himself] [herself] [or] [another]. 
 
2. 
(Defendant’s) use of the imaging device was for the purpose of 
viewing [the body of] [or] [the undergarments worn by] (victim). 
 
3. 
(Defendant’s) use of the imaging device was without the knowledge 
and consent of (victim).  
 
4. 
(Defendant) sold an image of (victim) created in this manner to 
another person for consideration. 
 
5. 
(Defendant) knew or had reason to believe that the image of 
(victim) sold had been created in this manner. 
 
Definitions. 
“Broadcast” means electronically transmitting a visual image with the 
intent that it be viewed by another person. 
 
“Imaging device” means any mechanical, digital, or electronic viewing 
device; still camera; camcorder; motion picture camera; or any other 
instrument, equipment, or format capable of recording, storing, or 
transmitting visual images of another person. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. 
 
Comment 
 
This instruction is based on section 810.145(2)(c), Florida Statutes (2004). 
 
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It is error to inform the jury of a prior conviction before a determination of 
guilt of the charged offense.  Therefore, do not read the allegation of prior 
conviction or send the information or indictment into the jury room.  If the 
defendant is convicted of the current charge, the historical fact of a previous 
conviction shall be determined beyond a reasonable doubt by the jury in a 
bifurcated proceeding.  State v. Harbaugh, 754 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 2000).  
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008. 
 
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11.13(g) COMMERCIAL VIDEO VOYEURISM  
(Image created in violation of section 810.145(2)(a) or (b)) 
§ 810.145(4)(b), Fla. Stat. 
 
To prove the crime of Commercial Video Voyeurism, the State must 
prove the following five elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
 
Give 1a or 1b as applicable. 
1. 
(Defendant) 
 
a. 
intentionally [used] [or] [installed] an imaging device to 
secretly [view] [broadcast] [or] [record] (victim) for [his] 
[her] own [amusement] [entertainment] [sexual arousal] 
[gratification] [or] [profit] [or] [for the purpose of 
degrading or abusing (victim)]. 
 
b. 
intentionally permitted [the use] [or] [installation] of an 
imaging device to secretly [view] [broadcast] [or] [record] 
(victim) for the [amusement] [entertainment] [sexual 
arousal] [gratification] [or] [profit] [of another on behalf of 
another]. 
 
2. 
(Victim) was thereby [viewed] [broadcast] [or] [recorded] at a 
time when the (victim) was [dressing] [undressing] [or] [privately 
exposing [his] [her] body]. 
 
3. 
At the place and time when (victim) was [viewed] [broadcast] [or] 
[recorded] [he] [she] had a reasonable expectation of privacy. 
 
4. 
The [viewing] [broadcast] [or] [recording] of (victim) was without 
the knowledge and consent of (victim). 
 
5. 
(Defendant) [disseminated] [distributed] [or] [ transferred] an 
image of (victim) created in this manner to another person for 
that person to sell to others. 
 
Definitions. 
“Broadcast” means electronically transmitting a visual image with the 
intent that it be viewed by another person. 
 
 
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“Imaging device” means any mechanical, digital, or electronic viewing 
device; still camera; camcorder; motion picture camera; or any other 
instrument, equipment, or format capable of recording, storing, or 
transmitting visual images of another person. 
 
“Place and time when a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy” 
means a place and time when a reasonable person would believe that he or she 
could fully disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that their undressing 
was being viewed, recorded, or broadcasted by another, including, but not 
limited to, the interior of a bathroom, changing room, fitting room, dressing 
room, or tanning booth. 
 
“Privately exposing the body” means exposing a sexual organ. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. 
 
Comment 
 
 
It is error to inform the jury of a prior conviction before a determination of 
guilt of the charged offense.  Therefore, do not read the allegation of prior 
conviction or send the information or indictment into the jury room.  If the 
defendant is convicted of the current charge, the historical fact of a previous 
conviction shall be determined beyond a reasonable doubt by the jury in a 
bifurcated proceeding.  State v. Harbaugh, 754 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 2000).  
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008. 
 
 
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14. 7  FALSE VERIFICATION OF OWNERSHIP OR FALSE 
IDENTIFICATION TO A PAWNBROKER 
§ 539.001(8)(b)8, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of False Verification of Ownership or False 
Identification to a Pawnbroker, the State must prove the following three 
elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) sold or pledged [goods] [(property alleged)] to a 
pawnbroker. 
 
2. 
At the time, (defendant) knowingly gave [false verification of 
ownership of the [goods] [(property alleged)]] [false or altered 
identification] to the pawnbroker. 
 
3. 
(Defendant) received money from the pawnbroker for the [goods] 
[(property alleged)] sold or pledged. 
 
 
 
Enhanced penalty.  Give if applicable. 
 
If you find (defendant) guilty of false verification of ownership or false 
identification to a pawnbroker, you must then determine whether the State 
has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the value of the money received 
was $300 or more. 
 
 
Definition. 
 
§ 539.001(2)(i), Fla. Stat. 
 
“Pawnbroker” means any person who is engaged in the business of 
making pawns; who makes a public display containing the term “pawn,” 
“pawnbroker,” or “pawnshop” or any derivative thereof; or who publicly 
displays a sign or symbol historically identified with pawns.  A pawnbroker 
may also engage in the business of purchasing goods which includes 
consignment and trade. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
 
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. 
 
Comment 
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008. 
 
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15.1 ROBBERY 
§ 812.13, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Robbery, the State must prove the following four 
elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) took the (money or property described in charge) from 
the person or custody of (person alleged). 
 
2. 
Force, violence, assault, or putting in fear was used in the course 
of the taking. 
 
3. 
The property taken was of some value. 
 
4. 
The taking was with the intent to permanently or temporarily 
[deprive (victim) of [his] [her] right to the property or any benefit 
from it] [appropriate the property of (victim) to [his] [her] own 
use or to the use of any person not entitled to it]. 
 
 
Definition. 
 
“In the course of the taking” means that the act occurred prior to, 
contemporaneous with, or subsequent to the taking of the property and that 
the act and the taking of the property constitute continuous series of acts or 
events. 
 
 
Title to property. 
 
In order for a taking of property to be robbery, it is not necessary that 
the person robbed be the actual owner of the property.  It is sufficient if the 
victim has the custody of the property at the time of the offense. 
 
 
Force. Give if applicable. 
 
The taking must be by the use of force or violence or by assault so as to 
overcome the resistance of the victim, or by putting the victim in fear so that 
the victim does not resist.  The law does not require that the victim of robbery 
resist to any particular extent or that the victim offer any actual physical 
resistance if the circumstances are such that the victim is placed in fear of 
death or great bodily harm if he or she does resist.  But unless prevented by 
fear, there must be some resistance to make the taking one done by force or 
violence.  
 
 
- 24 - 
 
Victim unconscious. Give if applicable. 
 
It is also robbery if a person, with intent to take the property from a 
victim, administers any substance to another so that the victim becomes 
unconscious and then takes the property from the person or custody of the 
victim. 
 
 
Taking. 
 
In order for a taking by force, violence, or putting in fear to be robbery, 
it is not necessary that the taking be from the person of the victim.  It is 
sufficient if the property taken is under the actual control of the victim so that 
it cannot be taken without the use of force, violence, or intimidation directed 
against the victim. 
 
 
Enhanced penalty. Give if applicable. 
 
The punishment provided by law for If you find the defendant guilty of 
the crime of robbery, then you must further determine beyond a reasonable 
doubt is greater if “in the course of committing the robbery” the defendant 
carried some kind of weapon.  An act is “in the course of committing the 
robbery” if it occurs in an attempt to commit robbery or in flight after the 
attempt or commission.  Therefore, if you find the defendant guilty of 
robbery, you must then consider whether the State has further proved those 
aggravating circumstances and reflect this in your verdict. 
 
With a firearm. 
If you find that the defendant carried a firearm in the course of 
committing the robbery, you should find [him] [her] guilty of robbery with a 
firearm. 
 
With a deadly weapon. 
If you find that the defendant carried a (deadly weapon described in 
charge) in the course of committing the robbery and that the (deadly weapon 
described in charge) was a deadly weapon, you should find [him] [her] guilty of 
robbery with a deadly weapon. 
 
With other weapon. 
If you find that the defendant carried a weapon that was not a [firearm] 
[deadly weapon] in the course of committing the robbery, you should find 
[him] [her] guilty of robbery with a weapon. 
 
With no firearm or weapon. 
 
- 25 - 
If you find that the defendant carried no firearm or weapon in the 
course of committing the robbery, but did commit the robbery, you should 
find [him] [her] guilty only of robbery. 
 
 
Definitions. 
 
A “firearm” is legally defined as (adapt from § 790.001(6), Fla. Stat., as 
required by allegations). 
 
 
A weapon is a “deadly weapon” if it is used or threatened to be used in a 
way likely to produce death or great bodily harm. 
 
 
A “weapon” is legally defined to mean any object that could be used to 
cause death or inflict serious bodily harm. 
 
 
Also define “attempt” (see 5.1). 
 
 
- 26 - 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
ROBBERY WITH A FIREARM OR DEADLY WEAPON — 
812.13(2)(a) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Robbery with a 
weapon 
 
812.13(2)(b) 
15.1 
Robbery 
 
812.13(2)(c) 
15.1 
Petit theft - second 
degree 
 
812.014(3)(a) 
14.1 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Robbery by sudden 
snatching with a 
firearm or deadly 
weapon 
812.131(2)(a) 
15.4 
 
Robbery by sudden 
snatching 
812.131(2)(b) 15.4 
 
Grand theft — first 
degree 
812.014(2)(a) 
14.1 
 
Grand theft — second 
degree 
812.014(2)(b) 14.1 
 
Grand theft — third 
degree 
812.014(2)(c) 
14.1 
 
Petit theft — first 
degree 
812.014(2)(e) 
14.1 
 
Battery 
784.03 
8.3 
 
Aggravated battery 
784.045 
8.4 
 
Assault 
784.011 
8.1 
 
Aggravated assault 
784.021 
8.2 
 
Display of firearm 
790.07 
10.3 or .4 
 
Resisting a merchant 
812.015(6) 
14.4 
 
 
 
- 27 - 
ROBBERY WITH A WEAPON — 812.13(2)(b) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Robbery 
 
812.13(2)(c) 
15.1 
Petit theft – second 
degree 
 
812.014(3)(a) 
14.1 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Robbery by sudden 
snatching with a 
firearm or deadly 
weapon 
812.131(2)(a) 
15.4 
 
Robbery by sudden 
snatching 
812.131(2)(b) 15.4 
 
Grand theft — first 
degree 
812.014(2)(a) 
14.1 
 
Grand theft — second 
degree 
812.014(2)(b) 14.1 
 
Grand theft — third 
degree 
812.014(2)(c) 
14.1 
 
Petit theft – first 
degree 
812.014(2)(e) 
14.1 
 
Battery 
784.03 
8.3 
 
Aggravated battery 
784.045 
8.4 
 
Assault 
784.011 
8.1 
 
Display of weapon 
790.07(1) 
10.3 
 
Resisting a merchant 
812.015(6) 
14.4 
 
 
 
- 28 - 
ROBBERY — 812.13(2)(c) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Petit theft –second 
degree 
 
812.014(3)(a) 
14.1 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Robbery By Sudden 
Snatching 
812.131(2)(b) 15.4 
 
Grand theft — first 
degree 
812.014(2)(a) 
14.1 
 
Grand theft — second 
degree 
812.014(2)(b) 14.1 
 
Grand theft — third 
degree 
812.014(2)(c) 
14.1 
 
Petit theft – first 
degree 
812.014(2)(e) 
14.1 
 
Battery 
784.03 
8.3 
 
Assault 
784.011 
8.1 
 
Aggravated assault 
784.021 
8.2 
 
Resisting a merchant 
812.015(6) 
14.4 
 
Comment 
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 1981 and amended in 1985 [477 So.2d 985], 
1989, [543 So.2d 1205] and 1995, [665 So.2d 212], and 2008. 
 
 
- 29 - 
15.2 CARJACKING 
§ 812.133, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Carjacking, the State must prove the following 
three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) took the motor vehicle from the person or custody of 
(victim). 
 
2. 
Force, violence, assault, or putting in fear was used in the course 
of the taking. 
 
3. 
The taking was with the intent to temporarily or permanently 
[deprive (victim) of [his] [her] right to the motor vehicle or any 
benefit from it] [appropriate the motor vehicle of (victim) to [his] 
[her] own use or to the use of any person not entitled to it]. 
 
 
Definition. 
 
“In the course of the taking” means that the act occurred before, 
during, or after the taking of the motor vehicle and that the act and the taking 
of the motor vehicle constitute a continuous series of acts or events. 
 
 
Title to motor vehicle property. 
 
In order for a taking of the motor vehicle property to be carjacking, it is 
not necessary that the victim be the actual owner of the property motor 
vehicle.  It is sufficient if the victim has the custody of the property motor 
vehicle at the time of the offense. 
 
 
Force.  Give if applicable. 
 
The taking must be by the use of force or violence or by assault so as to 
overcome the resistance of the victim, or by putting the victim in fear so that 
the victim does not resist.  The law does not require that the victim of 
carjacking resist to any particular extent or that the victim offer any actual 
physical resistance if the circumstances are such that the victim is placed in 
fear of death or great bodily harm if he or she does resist.  But unless 
prevented by fear, there must be some resistance to make the taking one done 
by force or violence. 
 
 
Victim unconscious.  Give if applicable. 
 
- 30 - 
 
It is also carjacking if a person, with intent to take the property motor 
vehicle from a victim, administers any substance to the victim so that [he] 
[she] becomes unconscious and then takes the property motor vehicle from the 
person or custody of the victim. 
 
 
Enhanced penalty.  Give if applicable. 
 
The punishment provided by law for If you find the defendant guilty of 
the crime of carjacking, then you must further determine beyond a reasonable 
doubt is greater if “in the course of committing the carjacking” the defendant 
carried some kind of weapon.  An act is “in the course of committing the 
carjacking” if it occurs in an attempt to commit carjacking or in flight after 
the attempt or commission.  Therefore, if you find the defendant guilty of 
carjacking, you must then consider whether the State has further proved 
those aggravating circumstances and reflect this in your verdict. 
 
With a firearm or deadly weapon. 
If you find that the defendant carried a firearm or other deadly weapon 
in the course of committing the carjacking, you should find [him] [her] guilty 
of carjacking with a firearm or deadly weapon. 
 
With no firearm or weapon. 
If you find that the defendant carried no firearm or weapon in the 
course of committing the carjacking, but did commit the carjacking, you 
should find [him] [her] guilty only of carjacking. 
 
 
The only enhancement under the statute is for carrying a firearm or other 
deadly weapon, not for carrying a nondeadly weapon as in the robbery statute. 
 
 
Definitions. 
 
A “firearm” is legally defined as (adapt from § 790.001(6), Fla. Stat., as 
required by allegations). 
 
 
A weapon is a “deadly weapon” if it is used or threatened to be used in a 
way likely to produce death or great bodily harm. 
 
- 31 - 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
CARJACKING — 812.133 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Robbery 
 
812.13(2)(c) 
15.1 
Grand theft-  motor 
vehicle 
 
812.014(2)(c)6 
14.1 
Petit theft 
 
812.014(3)(a) 
14.1 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Grand theft — first 
degree 
812.014(2)(a) 
14.1 
 
Grand theft — second 
degree 
812.014(2)(b) 
14.1 
 
Grand theft — third 
degree  
812.014(2)(c) 
14.1 
 
Petit theft — first 
degree 
812.014(2)(e) 
14.1 
 
Petit theft — second 
degree 
812.014(3)(a) 
14.1 
 
Battery 
784.03 
8.3 
 
Assault 
784.011 
8.1 
 
Aggravated assault 
784.021 
8.2 
 
 
Comment 
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 1997 [697 So.2d 84] and amended in 2008. 
 
 
- 32 - 
15.3 HOME-INVASION ROBBERY 
§ 812.135, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Home-Invasion Robbery, the State must prove 
the following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) entered the dwelling of (victim). 
 
2. 
At the time (defendant) entered the dwelling, [he] [she] intended to 
commit robbery. 
 
3. 
While inside the dwelling, (defendant) did commit robbery. 
 
 
Now define robbery by reading 15.1. , omitting the section regarding 
enhanced penalties. 
 
 
Definition. 
 
“Dwelling” means a building [or conveyance] of any kind, including any 
attached porch, whether such building [or conveyance] is temporary or 
permanent, mobile or immobile, which has a roof over it and is designed to be 
occupied by people lodging therein at night, together with the enclosed space 
of ground and outbuildings immediately surrounding it. 
 
 
Enhanced penalty.  Give if applicable. 
 
If you find the defendant guilty of the crime of home-invasion robbery, 
then you must further determine beyond a reasonable doubt if “in the course 
of committing the home-invasion robbery” the defendant carried some kind of 
weapon.  
 
With a firearm. 
If you find that the defendant carried a firearm in the course of 
committing the home-invasion robbery, you should find [him] [her] guilty of 
home-invasion robbery with a firearm. 
 
With a deadly weapon. 
If you find that the defendant carried a (deadly weapon described in 
charge) in the course of committing the home-invasion robbery and that the 
(deadly weapon described in charge) was a deadly weapon, you should find 
[him] [her] guilty of home-invasion robbery with a deadly weapon. 
 
 
- 33 - 
With other weapon. 
If you find that the defendant carried a weapon that was not a [firearm] 
[deadly weapon] in the course of committing the home-invasion robbery, you 
should find [him] [her] guilty of home-invasion robbery with a weapon. 
 
With no firearm or weapon. 
If you find that the defendant carried no firearm or weapon in the 
course of committing the home-invasion robbery, but did commit the home-
invasion robbery, you should find [him] [her] guilty only of home-invasion 
robbery. 
 
 
Definitions. 
 
A “firearm” is defined as (adapt from § 790.001(6), Fla. Stat., as required 
by allegations). 
 
 
A weapon is a “deadly weapon” if it is used or threatened to be used in a 
way likely to produce death or great bodily harm. 
 
 
A “weapon” is defined to mean any object that could be used to cause 
death or inflict serious bodily harm. 
 
 
Also define “attempt” (see 5.1). 
 
 
 
- 34 - 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
HOME INVASION ROBBERY — 812.135 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Robbery with a 
weapon 
 
812.13(2)(b) 
 
Robbery 
 
812.13(2)(c) 
15.1 
Burglary 
 
810.02(4) 
13.1 
 
Aggravated battery 
784.045 
8.4 
 
Battery 
784.03 
8.3 
 
Aggravated assault 
784.021 
8.2 
 
Assault 
784.011 
8.1 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Burglary 
810.02(3) 
13.1 
 
Trespass 
810.08 
13.3 
Petit theft 
 
812.014(3)(a) 
14.1 
 
Petit theft 
812.014(2)(e) 
14.1 
 
 
BURGLARY WITH ASSAULT OR BATTERY OR WHILE ARMED 
810.02(2) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Burglary 
 
810.02(4) 
13.1 
 
Aggravated battery 
784.045 
8.4 
 
Battery 
784.03 
8.3 
 
Aggravated assault 
784.021 
8.2 
 
Assault 
784.011 
8.1 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Burglary 
810.02(3) 
13.1 
 
Trespass 
810.08 
13.3 
 
 
- 35 - 
 
BURGLARY OF DWELLING; BURGLARY OF STRUCTURE OR 
CONVEYANCE WITH HUMAN BEING INSIDE — 810.02(3) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Burglary 
 
810.02(4) 
13.1 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Burglary 
810.02(3) 
13.1 
 
Trespass 
810.08(2)(a) 
13.3 
 
Trespass 
810.08(2)(b) 
13.3 
 
 
BURGLARY — 810.02(4) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
None 
 
 
 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Trespass 
810.08(2)(a) 
13.3 
 
 
- 36 - 
 
ROBBERY WITH A FIREARM OR DEADLY WEAPON — 
812.13(2)(a) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Robbery with a 
weapon 
 
812.13(2)(b) 
 
Robbery 
 
812.13(2)(c) 
15.1 
Petit theft — second 
degree 
 
812.014(3)(a) 
 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Grand theft — first 
degree 
812.014(2)(a) 
 
 
Grand theft — second 
degree 
812.014(2)(b)  
 
Grand theft — third 
degree 
812.014(2)(c) 
 
 
Petit theft — first 
degree 
812.014(2)(e) 
 
 
Battery 
784.03 
8.3 
 
Aggravated battery 
784.045 
8.4 
 
Assault 
784.011 
8.1 
 
Aggravated assault 
784.021 
8.2 
 
Display of firearm 
790.07 
10.3 or .4 
 
Resisting a merchant 
812.015(6) 
14.4 
 
 
- 37 - 
 
ROBBERY WITH A WEAPON — 812.13(2)(b) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Robbery 
 
812.13(2)(c) 
15.1 
Petit theft 
 
812.014(3)(a) 
 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Grand theft — first 
degree 
812.014(2)(a) 
 
 
Grand theft — second 
degree 
812.014(2)(b)  
 
Grand theft — third 
degree 
812.014(2)(c) 
 
 
Petit theft 
812.014(2)(e) 
 
 
Battery 
784.03 
8.3 
 
Aggravated battery 
784.045 
8.4 
 
Assault 
784.011 
8.1 
 
Display of weapon 
790.07(1) 
10.3 
 
Resisting a merchant 
812.015(6) 
14.4 
 
 
ROBBERY — 812.13(2)(c) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Petit theft 
 
812.014(3)(a) 
 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Grand theft — first 
degree 
812.014(2)(a) 
 
 
Grand theft — second 
degree 
812.014(2)(b)  
 
Grand theft — third 
degree 
812.014(2)(c) 
 
 
Petit theft 
812.014(2)(e) 
 
 
Battery 
784.03 
8.3 
 
Assault 
784.011 
8.1 
 
Aggravated assault 
784.021 
8.2 
 
Resisting a merchant 
812.015(6) 
14.4 
 
Comment 
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 1997 [697 So.2d 84] and amended in 2008.