Title: Oreze Healthcare v. Eastern Shore Community Services Bd.

State: virginia

Issuer: Virginia Supreme Court

Document:

PRESENT:  All the Justices 
 
OREZE HEALTHCARE LLC 
 
 
 
OPINION BY 
v.  Record No. 220072 
JUSTICE TERESA M. CHAFIN 
 
 
 
MAY 4, 2023 
EASTERN SHORE COMMUNITY 
SERVICES BOARD 
 
 
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH 
Brenda C. Spry, Judge 
 
Oreze Healthcare LLC (“Oreze”) appeals the circuit court’s order entering summary 
judgment in favor of Eastern Shore Community Services Board (“ESCSB”).  The circuit court 
held that Oreze’s conveyance of real property to a third party prohibited Oreze from pursuing its 
breach of contract claim against ESCSB.  For the following reasons, we reverse the circuit 
court’s judgment and remand this case for further proceedings. 
I.  BACKGROUND 
In 2016, Oreze operated an assisted living facility comprised of four buildings (A, B, C, 
and D) that housed adults with behavioral health issues.  In November 2016, the Virginia Board 
of Long-Term Care Administrators suspended the license of Oreze’s administrator.  If the facility 
ceased operations, the residents risked eviction.  To avoid this outcome, ESCSB, a political 
subdivision of the Virginia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services, 
agreed to lease the facility from Oreze and to provide interim care until a permanent solution was 
reached. 
Oreze and ESCSB entered into a commercial lease agreement (the “lease”) effective as of 
May 1, 2017.  According to the terms of the lease, ESCSB agreed to maintain the four buildings 
“in a clean, safe and tenantable condition,” and further, to “suffer no waste or injury to any part 
of the [b]uildings.”  Oreze agreed to “keep in good order and repair the mechanical, electrical, 
 
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gas, HVAC and plumbing systems, pipes and conduits that are part of the [b]uildings and, 
promptly after becoming aware of any item needing repair, . . . make repairs thereto.”  The initial 
duration of the lease was for three months beginning May 1, 2017, after which time the lease 
term would automatically renew every three months until ESCSB provided notice of termination. 
Throughout the lease period, Buildings A, B, and D were unoccupied.  In late December 
2017, the sprinkler systems in Buildings A and B froze and burst, allowing water to flood the 
buildings.  Soon after, in February 2018, Building D also flooded with water after a water filter 
behind a sink froze and burst.  The damage to the buildings had not been remedied as of July 31, 
2018, the date ESCSB terminated the lease. 
On April 27, 2020, Oreze filed an amended complaint against ESCSB for breach of 
contract.  Oreze alleged that ESCSB breached the lease through several specific actions or 
failures to act in regard to the flooded buildings, and that Oreze suffered damages as a result.  
While Oreze’s breach of contract suit against ESCSB was pending, Oreze conveyed the property 
at issue to a third party by general warranty deed (“the deed”) in June of 2021.  The deed stated 
that Oreze “does hereby give, grant, bargain, sell and convey as fee simple absolute, with 
GENERAL WARRANTY AND ENGLISH COVENANTS OF TITLE” the property 
“TOGETHER WITH all the rights, buildings, privileges and appurtenances thereunto belonging 
or in anywise appertaining.” 
ESCSB moved for summary judgment in the contract action, arguing that Oreze could no 
longer pursue its property damage claims because the deed had conveyed the claims to the third 
party.  In support of its argument, ESCSB cited to Code §§ 55.1-301 and 55.1-303, which state 
respectively that a “deed conveying land” encompasses “all the estate, right, title, and interest, 
 
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 both at law and in equity, of the grantor in or to such land” and “all buildings, privileges, and 
appurtenances of every kind belonging to such land” unless otherwise specified.  ESCSB also 
cited to Goodson v. Capehart, 232 Va. 232, 237 (1986), in which this Court held that “the 
language in a deed will be construed to pass to the grantee the greatest estate which the language 
employed is capable of conveying.”  ESCSB lastly cited to City of Lynchburg v. Mitchell, 114 
Va. 229 (1912), where this Court held that a grantor’s pre-existing claims against a third party 
were transferred to the grantee. 
Oreze opposed the motion, arguing that the holding in Mitchell did not stand for the 
proposition that a real property deed necessarily conveys to the buyer causes of action related to 
contracts or property damage.  Oreze contended that Mitchell is distinguishable in that the 
grantor in that case did not file suit before conveyance and because the damage was continuing 
in that case.  The grantor in Mitchell also went beyond simply conveying the property and 
separately assigned its claims to the purchaser.  Oreze further argued that Goodson is 
distinguishable because it involved an internal conflict between two provisions contained in a 
deed.  At the hearing on the motion, Oreze contended that the terms “right” and “privilege” in 
Code §§ 55.1-301 and 55.1-303 only encompass a grantor’s rights to the real property itself, not 
claims for prior damage. 
The circuit court granted summary judgment from the bench, holding that Oreze failed to 
reserve its claims in the deed.  Oreze filed a motion to reconsider, in which it argued for the first 
time that the lease was not merged into or extinguished by the deed, thus allowing Oreze to 
maintain its property damage claims.  After hearing further oral argument, the circuit court 
entered an order granting ESCSB summary judgment and holding “per the Deed . . . [Oreze] 
 
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conveyed all of its rights in connection with the property, including its rights to maintain the 
current claims, during such sale.” 
Oreze appealed to this Court. 
II.  ANALYSIS 
 
Challenging the entry of summary judgment, Oreze argues that the circuit court erred in 
determining that Oreze lacked the right to pursue its contract action because it failed to reserve 
the claim in the deed conveying the property at issue to the third party.  For the reasons that 
follow, we reverse the circuit court’s decision granting summary judgment and remand for 
further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 
“[S]ummary judgment shall not be entered unless no material fact is genuinely in dispute 
on a controlling issue or issues and the moving party is entitled to such judgment as a matter of 
law.”  La Bella Dona Skin Care, Inc. v. Belle Femme Enters., LLC, 294 Va. 243, 253 (2017) 
(quoting Mount Aldie, LLC v. Land Trust of Va., Inc., 293 Va. 190, 196 (2017)).  Therefore, 
when an appeal, such as the one before us, arises from a “decision awarding summary judgment, 
the trial court’s determination that no genuinely disputed material facts exist and its application 
of law to the facts present issues of law subject to de novo review.”  Id. (quoting Mount Aldie, 
293 Va. at 196-97)). 
 
 Though Oreze contends that the circuit court wrongly disregarded Virginia’s merger 
doctrine in finding that Oreze failed to reserve its breach of contract claim, this argument is 
misplaced for several reasons.  The merger doctrine—“long-recognized by this Court”—“‘deals 
with extinguishing a previous contract by an instrument of higher dignity,’ the deed.”  Abi-Najm 
v. Concord Condo., LLC, 280 Va. 350, 357 (2010) (quoting Empire Mgmt. & Dev. Co. v. 
Greenville Assocs., 255 Va. 49, 52 (1998)); see also Devine v. Buki, 289 Va. 162, 173-74 (2015).  
 
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“The deed is the final expression of the agreements between the parties as to every subject which 
it undertakes to deal with, and any conflicts between the terms of prior agreements and the terms 
of the deed are resolved by the deed.”  Abi-Najm, 280 Va. at 357 (quoting Beck v. Smith, 260 Va. 
452, 456 (2000)). 
 
The merger doctrine simply does not apply here.  It is concerned with agreements 
pertaining to a conveyance between a grantor and grantee, of which ESCSB is neither.  
Furthermore, the lease was not a collateral agreement “made in connection with the sale.”  See 
id. at 359.  Even more pertinently, however, a deed could not extinguish an agreement that had 
already been terminated.  The lease between Oreze and ESCSB was terminated in 2018, and the 
deed was not executed until 2021.  A contract no longer existed for the deed to extinguish. 
In this case, the issue is not whether the lease merged with the deed.  Instead, the issue is 
whether the deed extinguished or transferred Oreze’s right to sue ESCSB for property damage 
arising from an alleged breach of the lease.  We conclude that it did not do so. 
 
The breach of contract claim alleged by Oreze arose from the contractual landlord-tenant 
relationship between Oreze and ESCSB under the lease.  At early common law, if a landlord sold 
property before the expiration of a lease, the landlord could not transfer to the buyer the right to 
enforce the tenant’s covenant to pay rent because the buyer was considered a “stranger” to the 
lease.  3 Andrew R. Berman, Friedman on Leases § 36:1, at 36-2 (6th ed. 2017).  This changed 
during the reign of Henry VIII with the adoption of a statute allowing lease covenants—and the 
ability to enforce or recover upon them—to transfer to the successors of landlords and tenants if 
certain conditions were satisfied.  Id. (citing 32 Henry VIII ch. 34 (1541)). 
The sweeping rights granted by the statute, however, did not apply to a “covenant that 
was broken before a transfer made by the party who was wronged by [such] breach.”  Id. at  
 
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§ 36:1, at 36-4 (emphasis added).  In general, a “successor to the interest of a landlord or tenant 
is not liable for breaches by his predecessor and may not sue for breaches by the other party 
preceding the transfer or assignment.”  Id. (quoting Plaza Inv. Co. v. Abel, 153 N.W.2d 379, 382 
(Mich. Ct. App. 1967)).  Thus, the right to recover upon a broken covenant does not follow the 
land; rather “[i]t remains a chose in action.”  Id. 
A chose in action is “intangible personal property.”  Jones v. Phillips, 299 Va. 285, 309 
(2020) (quoting Huaman v. Aquino, 272 Va. 170, 175 (2006)).  In Virginia, “[a]ny right which 
has not been reduced to possession is a chose in action,” id. (quoting First Nat’l Bank of 
Richmond v. Holland, 99 Va. 495, 503 (1901)), a “classic example” of which is a “contractual 
right,” id. (citing 17 Samuel Williston & Richard A. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts § 
49:119, at 106-07 (4th ed. 2015)).  Such a right is “‘owned’ by the possessor of the right to 
recover.”  Huaman, 272 Va. at 175.  As personal property owned by the possessor, that right can 
be assigned.  See e.g., Mitchell, 114 Va. at 232. 
 
In this case, as a result of the lease between Oreze and ESCSB, Oreze possessed the right 
to recover damages arising from a breach by ESCSB.  Oreze’s breach of contract claim against 
ESCSB was therefore a chose in action “owned” by Oreze that did not transfer to the third party 
as successor in interest simply by execution of the deed.  While Oreze could have assigned its 
right to the breach of contract claim to the third party, the deed conveying the property was silent 
as to that claim.  Absent provisions effecting an assignment, the deed could neither extinguish 
Oreze’s right to pursue the claim nor transfer the claim to the third party. 
ESCSB does not find support in its cited authority.  As in the circuit court, ESCSB argues 
that Code §§ 55.1-301 and 55.1-303 favor summary judgment because the statutes provide that 
rights and privileges related to the land are conveyed unless excepted or provided for in the deed.  
 
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The present claim was not a right appurtenant or belonging to the land but was a chose in action 
that belonged to Oreze.  Reliance on Code §§ 55.1-301 and 55.1-303 is misplaced because these 
statutes govern rights attached to the land.  For the same reason, the rationale in Goodson that a 
deed passes the “greatest estate which the language employed is capable of conveying” is 
inapposite to a right that is not part of the estate.  Goodson, 232 Va. at 237. 
We also find that the present case is readily distinguishable from Mitchell, in which there 
was an additional assignment of all claims for damages to the property.  In Mitchell, the City 
diverted water from land upon which stood a water mill.  Mitchell, 114 Va. at 230.  After the 
diversion, the owners sold the property to the plaintiffs for less than half of the property’s pre-
diversion value, and separately “assigned to [plaintiffs] all their rights to and claim for the 
damages resulting from the diversion.”  Id. at 231.  “The plaintiffs were thus clothed as grantees 
and assignees with all the rights which belonged to the owners of the property at the time of the 
diversion, and had the right to recover damages resulting from the diversion.”  Id. (emphasis 
added).  The City argued that the plaintiffs were not entitled to judgment for the reduction in 
value because they did not own the property at the time of the diversion.  This Court held that the 
plaintiffs “did not, as grantees of the real estate, become entitled to the damages,” but “they did 
acquire by assignment all their grantor’s claim to the damages, and were therefore, as assignees 
of their vendor’s rights, clearly entitled under our decisions to recover the same.”  Id. at 232.  In 
other words, the previous owners not only conveyed the property, but additionally assigned the 
rights to any claim against the City for damages.  The same cannot be said here, where Oreze 
conveyed the property by general warranty deed with no assignment to the third party of claims 
that Oreze possessed against ESCSB. 
 
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As a chose in action that belonged to Oreze that did not run with the land, the breach of 
contract claim did not transfer with the property upon execution of the deed, and it was 
unnecessary for Oreze to expressly reserve the claim.  The deed contains no indication that Oreze 
assigned any existing claims to the third party.  Therefore, Oreze retained the right to pursue its 
breach of contract claim against ESCSB.  Consequently, ESCSB was not entitled to summary 
judgment as a matter of law.* 
III.  CONCLUSION 
 
For the reasons stated, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand this case 
for further proceedings. 
Reversed and remanded. 
 
 
*  Because this case is before us on summary judgment, we express no opinion on the 
merits of the underlying claim.  Additionally, Oreze requests an award of attorney’s fees and 
costs associated with the circuit court proceedings on the motion for summary judgment and the 
present appeal, pursuant to the terms of the lease.  As we are remanding this case to the circuit 
court for further proceedings, we will not address Oreze’s request for attorney’s fees at this time.