Title: Hyatt Bros., Inc. ex rel. Hyatt v. Hyatt

State: wyoming

Issuer: Wyoming Supreme Court

Document:

Hyatt Bros., Inc. ex rel. Hyatt v. Hyatt1989 WY 32769 P.2d 329Case Number: 88-74Decided: 02/03/1989Supreme Court of Wyoming
HYATT 
BROTHERS, INC., EX REL., DOROTHY C. HYATT, A SHAREHOLDER; DOROTHY C. HYATT, AS A 
SHAREHOLDER AND INDIVIDUALLY; AND MEDICINE LODGE LIVESTOCK CORP., APPELLANTS 
(PLAINTIFFS),

 
 
v.

 
 
S. WESLEY 
HYATT, AS A DIRECTOR, OFFICER AND SHAREHOLDER IN HYATT BROTHERS, INC., AND 
INDIVIDUALLY; MARGARET F. HYATT, AS DIRECTOR AND SHAREHOLDER IN HYATT BROTHERS, 
INC., AND INDIVIDUALLY; P. MILTON HYATT, AS A DIRECTOR, OFFICER AND SHAREHOLDER 
IN HYATT BROTHERS, INC., AND INDIVIDUALLY; LORETTA D. HYATT, AS A DIRECTOR AND 
SHAREHOLDER IN HYATT BROTHERS, INC., AND INDIVIDUALLY; WESMAR RANCH, INC.; AND 
HYATT BROTHERS, INC., APPELLEES (DEFENDANTS).

 
 
Appeal from 
the District Court of Big HornCounty, John T. Dixon, 
J.

 
 
Steven F. 
Freudenthal of Freudenthal, Salzburg, Bonds & Rideout, P.C., Cheyenne, John 
P. Worrall, Davis, Donnell, Worrall & Bancroft, P.C., Worland, for appellants.

 
 
Henry A. 
Burgess and Darlene L. Reiter of Burgess & Davis, Sheridan, for appellees.

 
 
Before CARDINE, C.J., and THOMAS, URBIGKIT, MACY 
and GOLDEN, JJ.

 
 

GOLDEN, 
Justice.

 
 

[¶1.]     We hold that the trial 
court erred in striking appellants' demand for jury trial under W.R.C.P. 
38(b)(1), in an action for the recovery of money allegedly wrongfully diverted 
from a close corporation and from one of the minority shareholders of the 
corporation and for other relief.

 
 

[¶2.]     We remand the case for 
jury trial. In light of our remand, we need not answer the other questions 
raised since the matters to which they relate will be decided on 
retrial.

 
 
PARTIES

 
 

[¶3.]     The appellants 
are:

 
 
1. Hyatt 
Brothers, Inc., a close corporation, on the relation of Dorothy C. Hyatt, a 
minority shareholder (HBI);

 
 
2. Dorothy 
C. Hyatt, individually and as a shareholder (415 shares) 
(Dorothy);

 
 
3. Medicine 
Lodge Livestock Corporation, a corporation wholly owned by Dorothy (Medicine 
Lodge).

 
 

[¶4.]     The appellees 
are:

 
 
1. S. 
Wesley Hyatt, individually and as a shareholder (400 shares), a director and an 
officer of HBI (Wesley);

 
 
2. Margaret 
F. Hyatt, Wesley's wife, individually and as a shareholder (15 shares) and a 
director of HBI (Margaret);

 
 
3. P. 
Milton Hyatt, Wesley's brother, individually and as a shareholder (400 shares), 
a director, and an officer of HBI (Milton);

 
 
4. Loretta 
D. Hyatt, Milton's wife, individually and as a 
shareholder (15 shares) and a director of HBI (Loretta);

 
 
5. Wesmar 
Ranch, Inc., a corporation largely owned by Wesley and Margaret (Wesmar); 
and

 
 
6. HBI, the 
previously mentioned close corporation.

 
 
FACTS

 
 

[¶5.]     Milton, Wesley, and 
Gilbert Eugene Hyatt (Eugene), brothers, were 
born and raised on the Hyatt family home ranch on Paint Rock Creek in Big Horn County, Wyoming. Their father, Samuel C. Hyatt, took 
them into the ranch operations as they grew up. In 1948, while attending 
college, Eugene 
married Dorothy. Graduating from college, Eugene returned to the family ranch with 
Dorothy and resumed the ranch operation with his father and two brothers. In 
1956, the three brothers formed a partnership and purchased their father's ranch 
operation. In 1963, the brothers incorporated their partnership to form HBI. 
Each brother owned 415 shares of HBI stock. From 1963 to 1968, the three 
brothers shared equally the operational responsibilities of HBI, with Milton responsible for 
cattle, Wesley responsible for sheep, and Eugene responsible for the ranching 
and farming. HBI's ranching operation also included the separate ranches which 
each brother individually owned. During this time period the brothers drew no 
salaries. At monthly meetings the brothers would present all their bills, post 
them in "the black book," charge each brother's bills to each brother's account 
in the book, and have HBI pay all the bills. At the end of the year, the 
brothers tabulated and settled the accounts and shared equally any profit 
made.

 
 

[¶6.]     In January, 1968, 
Eugene died. As 
a result of discussions with Milton and Wesley, Dorothy indicated to them she 
wanted to stay at the ranch. All of them wanted the ranch operation to continue. 
Milton and Wesley told Dorothy they would look after her interests in the ranch 
as well as their own. From September 1968, to August 1970, Dorothy commuted to 
NorthwestCommunity College in Powell, Wyoming, to attend classes. From fall 1970, to 
fall 1972, she attended classes at the University of Wyoming. From fall 1972, to January 1973, 
she was a student teacher at a school in Powell. From January 1973, to August 
1975, she had an internship through the University of Wyoming. She worked in Rock Springs from fall 
1975, to early 1976. Then she returned to Laramie and lived there until September 1977. 
She spent a month in Norway and then returned to live with 
her son and his wife at Medicine Lodge on the ranch. During this period from 
1969 through 1977, Dorothy only occasionally visited the ranch and had little 
involvement in the ranch operation. She has lived at the ranch from late 1977 or 
early 1978 to the present time.

 
 

[¶7.]     As a result of their 
brother Eugene's death in 1968, Milton and Wesley made changes in the operation 
of the ranch, including:

 
 
1. In 1968, 
they began paying themselves salaries in addition to charging expenses for the 
"meals and lodging" account. 

 
 
2. 
Beginning in 1969, they had HBI enter into identical separate written lease 
agreements with Milton, Wesley, and Dorothy under the terms of which HBI, as 
lessee, leased from each lessor all of the lessors' lands and livestock. From 
the sale of each lessor's cattle and sheep, identified as "saleable crop," HBI 
as lessee kept sixty percent of the gross income and the lessors received forty 
percent. With reference to the further division of HBI's sixty percent share of 
the gross income, Milton and Wesley devised a division formula based upon each 
lessor's percentage allocation under federal grazing permits to use lands of the 
BigHornNational 
Forest. Neither Milton nor Wesley told Dorothy about 
this formula and Dorothy claimed no one told her about it.

 
 
3. They 
gave to themselves "wage credits" that were subtracted from their personal 
expense totals tabulated at each year's end. A "wage credit," also called a 
"convenience to the employer" item under § 119, Internal Revenue Code, 
represented a sum of money paid to a corporate officer to defray costs of rent, 
utilities, gas, and the like incurred by the corporate officer required to be on 
corporate premises by the corporation. The "wage credits" received by Milton and 
Wesley from HBI were in addition to their salaries.

 
 
4. The two 
brothers allegedly:

 
 
a. used HBI 
property and employees in the operation of their separate hunting operation and 
dude ranch operation.

 
 
b. without 
Dorothy's consent, leased and then sold certain Bureau of Land Management 
grazing rights belonging to her.

 
 
c. 
wrongfully induced Dorothy to convey her interest in certain real property to a 
grantee corporation owned in part by them.

 
 
d. failed 
to return to Dorothy her cattle and money to which she believed she was entitled 
after her lease with HBI was terminated.

 
 
e. 
accumulated and kept for themselves in the form of certificates of deposit large 
sums of money derived from HBI's ranching operations.

 
 
PLEADINGS

 
 

[¶8.]     In their original and 
amended complaints, appellants demanded a jury trial under W.R.C.P. 38(b)(1). As 
finally framed in the second amended complaint, the essential nature of the 
allegations to be tried by a jury and the relief sought by appellants were as 
follows:

 
 
Count 1: 
Milton and his wife and Wesley and his wife managed HBI's affairs in derogation 
of HBI's interest and diverted to their own benefit HBI's and shareholders' 
profits and funds in excess of $210,000 and cash in the amount of $124,000. 
Appellants sought recovery of this money.

 
 
Count 2: 
Appellees breached an agreement dated March 1, 1970, among all HBI shareholders 
which provided, among other things, that if a shareholder decided to sell his or 
her individual property which was included in HBI's ranch operation, then he or 
she would first offer the property to the remaining shareholders on terms 
specified in the agreements. Appellants sought sale of HBI without offering 
Dorothy the right to purchase HBI at the highest bid.

 
 
Count 3: 
Milton and Wesley retained for their personal benefit all profits resulting from 
a lease of Grey Bluffs Ranch to third parties; that ranch included HBI's 201 
animal unit months and Milton and Wesley sold those 201 animal unit months and 
retained the proceeds in derogation of HBI's and Dorothy's ownership interest in 
them. Appellants sought payment to Dorothy and her corporation of lease profits 
and sales proceeds.

 
 
Count 4: 
Milton and Wesley fraudulently caused Dorothy to convey to one of their 
corporations a one-fifth undivided interest in a 280-acre ranch in return for 
which she received nothing. She sought the return of the property to 
her.

 
 
Count 5: 
Milton and Wesley caused HBI, as lessee, to terminate its lease with Dorothy and 
Medicine Lodge, as lessors, after which Wesley and Milton wrongfully retained 
cattle owned by Dorothy and Medicine Lodge. She sought payment for these 
cattle.

 
 
Count 6: 
Milton and Wesley caused HBI, in conjunction with themselves and Wesmar, as 
lessors, to enter into a management agreement or lease with third parties, as 
lessees, under the terms of which Milton, Wesley, and Wesmar are receiving 
disproportionate economic benefits to the detriment of HBI and Dorothy. 
Appellants sought cancellation or revision of the management agreement or lease 
to fairly compensate HBI.

 
 

[¶9.]     In addition to the 
above-described relief sought, appellants also asked for a court-appointed 
receiver to render an accounting of HBI affairs from January 1, 1968, to the 
present; punitive damages; costs and attorney fees; a permanent injunction 
enjoining Milton and Wesley and their spouses from interfering with Dorothy and 
her corporation's property rights and interests. Appellees answered generally 
denying the allegations. They also moved to strike appellants' jury demand on 
the grounds that the relief sought was primarily equitable in 
character.

 
 
DENIAL OF 
JURY TRIAL

 
 

[¶10.]  In striking appellants' jury demand, on 
appellees' motion, the trial court determined that appellants' claims were 
equitable, not legal, in nature; therefore, a right to a jury trial on those 
issues did not exist. The trial court identified counts 1, 3, 5, and 6 of the 
second amended complaint as stockholder's derivative counts which were 
historically equitable in nature. Relying on Pelfrey v. Bank of Greer, 270 S.C. 
691, 244 S.E.2d 315 (1978), the trial court found no right to a jury trial in a 
stockholder derivative action. Additionally, the trial court believed that 
appellants were generally asserting that Wesley and Milton, as HBI directors, 
had violated fiduciary duties and appellants were seeking an accounting, which 
was equitable in nature especially where the resolution of factual issues 
required close examination and reconstruction of complicated accounts. The trial 
court identified count 4 of the second amended complaint as also seeking an 
accounting and cancellation of Dorothy's deed of conveyance relating to her 
undivided one-fifth interest in a 280-acre ranch. The trial court relied on 
Davidek v. Wyoming Investment Company, 77 Wyo. 141, 308 P.2d 941, 946 (1957), 
for the rule that a suit to cancel, set aside, or reform an instrument is 
equitable in nature and no right to jury trial exists in such a matter. 
Id. Finally, 
the trial court identified count 2 of the second amended complaint, relating to 
the defendant's alleged breach of the shareholder's agreement, as seeking 
specific performance of the agreement for which no right to jury trial exists 
under Goodson v. Smith, 69 Wyo. 439, 243 P.2d 163, 175 
(1952).

 
 

[¶11.]  The right to a jury trial in civil 
actions arises out of Wyo. Const. art. 1, § 91 and W.R.C.P. 38.2 Our most recent case determining 
whether a jury trial should have been granted in a case involving both equitable 
and legal issues was Ferguson v. Ferguson, 739 P.2d 754, 758-59 (Wyo. 1987). In 
Ferguson, the 
plaintiff brought an action for the partition of real property. The defendant 
answered the partition action and counterclaimed alleging affirmative defenses 
of estoppel, unjust enrichment, and breach of an oral contract. He asked for 
specific performance of an oral contract and requested a jury trial on the 
issues set out in the counterclaim. The trial court granted a partial summary 
judgment on one of the issues in defendant's counterclaim and struck the jury 
demand on the rest finding them to be primarily equitable in nature. Id. at 
756.

 
 

[¶12.]  In affirming the trial court's action in 
striking the defendant/counterclaimant's jury demand we first noted that, under 
W.R.C.P. 38, purely equitable actions remained triable by the trial court unless 
it ordered an issue tried to a jury. Ferguson, 
739 P.2d  at 756 (quoting from True v. Hi-Plains Elevator Machinery, Inc., 577 P.2d 991, 1003 (Wyo. 1978)). See also Hein v. Lee, 549 P.2d 286, 290 (Wyo. 1976); and Lellman v. Mills, 15 
Wyo. 149, 87 P. 985 (1906). We then held that the right to a jury trial in cases involving 
mixed issues of law and equity would be resolved by examining the entire 
pleadings and all the issues raised to determine whether the action is primarily legal in nature or primarily 
equitable in nature. Ferguson, 739 P.2d  at 
758 (citing Davidek v. Wyoming Investment Company, 77 Wyo. 141, 308 P.2d 941, 
946 (1957)). This test requires that we take a hard look at the substance of the 
issues raised and rather than blindly swallowing one party's characterization of 
them as inherently or historically equitable. Cf. Dairy Queen, Inc. v. Wood, 369 U.S. 469, 476-477, 82 S. Ct. 894, 899, 
8 L. Ed. 2d 44, 50 (1962). Under our test, when mixed issues of law and equity are 
present, the right to a civil jury trial under W.R.C.P. 38 does not turn on the 
presence of a single issue that can be styled as historically equitable; 
instead, it turns on the primary nature of the action considered in its 
entirety.

 
 
Stockholders' 
Derivative Actions and Accountings

 
 

[¶13.]  The propriety of allowing a jury trial in 
a stockholders' derivative action has received varying treatment in federal and 
state courts since law and equity have been merged. See F.R.C.P. 2. In Ross v. 
Bernhard, 396 U.S. 531, 90 S. Ct. 733, 24 L. Ed. 2d 729 (1970), a stockholders' 
derivative action in federal court against the directors of their closed-end 
investment company and the company's brokers, the stockholders accused the 
directors of converting corporate assets, gross abuse of trust, gross 
misconduct, willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, breaches of 
fiduciary duty, and breach of contract. The relief sought was money damages. The 
Court held that the Seventh Amendment, which preserves the right of jury trial 
in common law suits where the value in dispute exceeds twenty dollars, 
guarantees the right to a jury trial in stockholders' derivative actions.3 The Court reviewed the historical 
rule, which on the one hand refused to permit stockholders to call corporate 
managers to account in actions at law although the corporation's suit to enforce 
a legal right was an action at law, and which on the other hand, allowed 
stockholders by way of a derivative suit in equity to enforce the corporate 
cause of action against corporate managers. Recognizing the impact of the 
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure under which only one action - a "civil action" 
- now exists in which all claims may be joined and all remedies are available, 
the Court found the historical rule to be obsolete. See F.R.C.P. 2. The Court 
said:

 
 
After 
adoption of the rules there is no longer any procedural obstacle to the 
assertion of legal rights before juries, however the party may have acquired 
standing to assert those rights. Given the availability in a derivative action 
of both legal and equitable remedies, we think the Seventh Amendment preserves 
to the parties in a stockholder's suit the same right to a jury trial that 
historically belonged to the corporation and to those against whom the 
corporation pressed its legal claims.

 
 
396 U.S.  at 542, 90 S. Ct.  at 740, 24 L. Ed. 2d  at 738. 

 
 

[¶14.]  The Ross Court found support in Dairy 
Queen; Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500, 79 S. Ct. 948, 3 L. Ed. 2d 988 (1959); and DePinto v. Provident Security Life Ins. Co., 323 F.2d 826 (9th 
Cir. 1963), cert. denied sub nom. Gorsuch v. DePinto, 376 U.S. 950, 84 S. Ct. 965, 11 L. Ed. 2d 969 (1964).

 
 

[¶15.]  In Dairy Queen, a dispute between the 
owner of a trademark and the licensee under a written licensing contract in 
which the owner sought an injunction and an accounting for profits for trademark 
misuse, the Court held that a jury trial was required even though both the 
accounting for profits and the injunction were equitable remedies in a 
historical sense. Noting that the right to trial by jury does not depend upon 
the choice of words used in the pleadings, the Court viewed the complaint as 
presenting a claim for a money judgment which is wholly legal in nature. 
Dismissing the assertion that the accounts between the parties were of such a 
complicated nature that only a court of equity could unravel them, the Court 
said, "the legal remedy cannot be characterized as inadequate merely because the 
measure of damages may necessitate a look into petitioner's business records." 
369 U.S.  at 478-79, 82 S. Ct.  at 900, 8 L. Ed. 2d  at 52.

 
 

[¶16.]  In Beacon, a dispute between competing 
theatre operators concerning threatened anti-trust claims relating to valuable 
first-run contracts with movie distributors, one operator sued to enjoin the 
other from suing under the anti-trust laws and to obtain a declaration that the 
plaintiff's operations were legal. The defendant operator counterclaimed 
alleging anti-trust violations and seeking treble damages. The Court held that 
where both legal and equitable issues are presented in a single case, "only 
under the most imperative circumstances * * * can the right to a jury trial of 
legal issues be lost through prior determination of equitable claims." 359 U.S.  at 510-11, 79 S. Ct.  at 957, 3 L. Ed. 2d  at 997-98.

 
 

[¶17.]  In DePinto, the stockholder's theory of 
suit was that corporate assets had been diverted by corporate managers' fraud, 
negligence and breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and conversion. The 
relief sought was money damages. Holding that the corporate managers were 
entitled to a jury trial in this derivative action, the court explored the 
nature of a director's fiduciary duty. A director is required to discharge his 
duty with good faith, exercise diligent care and skill, devote reasonable 
attention to the corporate affairs, take reasonable precautions against neglect 
and fraud, supervise corporate affairs, and attend to the business of the 
company. The Court held that:

 
 
[W]here a 
claim of breach of fiduciary duty is predicated upon underlying conduct, such as 
negligence, which is actionable in a direct suit at common law, the issue of 
whether there has been such a breach is, subject to appropriate instructions, a 
jury question.

 
 
323 F.2d  at 
837.

 
 

[¶18.]  Considered together, Dairy Queen, Beacon, 
and DePinto present a remedy approach to the question whether a jury trial is 
required where both legal and equitable issues arise in a case. D. Dobbs, 
Remedies, at 69-70 (1973). As Professor Dobbs observes:

 
 
In general, 
this approach treats as equitable only 
those questions involving an in personam order (such as an injunction). 
All money remedies and the declaratory judgment are treated as legal, even if, 
historically, equity courts had jurisdiction over the particular kind of claim. 
If both legal relief (declaratory judgment, for example) and equitable relief 
(injunction) are involved, the jury decides the facts involved in the legal 
matter, and the judge then may add such equitable relief as may be consistent 
with the jury's determination.

 
 

Id. at 70 
(some emphasis added). Cf. Pelfry, 244 S.E.2d  at 316-17 (relying on Ross, 396 U.S.  at 545, 90 S. Ct.  at 741, 24 L. Ed. 2d  at 740 (Stewart, J., dissenting) (where Justice Stewart explained that 
historically a stockholders' derivative action has been treated as an equitable 
action).

 
 

[¶19.]  A similar approach can be applied to 
stockholders' derivative actions in which the plaintiff requests an accounting. 
There certainly will be suits in which a shareholder who qualifies under W.S. 
17-1-141.1 (June 1987 Repl.) and W.R.C.P. 23.1 will assert a purely equitable 
claim for the benefit of the corporation against the directors and officers of 
the corporation to render an accounting for their handling of corporate funds. 
See H. McClintock, Handbook On the Principles of Equity, § 201 at 539 (1948). 
When that type of claim is intermingled with numerous other contract based 
claims for damages, or is requested as an alternative form of relief to other 
legal claims, Ferguson allows the trial court to look to the substance of those 
claims and to balance that substance in the context of the pleadings and 
determine the primary nature of the claims containing the request for an 
accounting and the lawsuit as a whole.

 
 

[¶20.]  Of interest in this regard is the holding 
in Fedoryszyn v. Weiss, 62 Misc.2d 889, 310 N.Y.2d 55, 59 (1970), a 
stockholders' derivative action, in which the court held, "[w]hether the cause 
of action * * * is described in fraud, misappropriation, conversion, money had 
and received, etc., the fact remains that the sole relief demanded is a judgment 
for a sum of money." The plaintiffs' reference in the pleading "that a defendant 
be made to `account' adds nothing to the basic nature of his complaint. It is 
not an action in accounting and he seeks no relief which a court of equity alone 
may grant." Id. 310 N.Y.S.2d  at 59-60. See also Dairy 
Queen, 469 U.S.  at 477-79, 82 S. Ct.  at 899-900, 
8 L. Ed. 2d  at 50-51.

 
 

[¶21.]  We conclude that this approach to 
determining the substance of a stockholders' derivative action, or a 
stockholder's derivative action that seeks an accounting, in terms of the right 
to a civil jury trial is consistent with our holding in Ferguson that we look for 
the primary nature of the issues at 
hand. In Wyoming, for purposes of determining whether a 
party has a right to a jury trial, stockholders' derivative actions, even if 
they include a request for an accounting, are not automatically considered 
actions purely in equity. Rather, the substance of the issues underlying the 
derivative action, as evidenced by the entire pleadings, will control the 
court's characterization of the derivative action as primarily legal or 
equitable in nature.

 
 

[¶22.]  This leaves us with the task of examining 
the six counts in the amended complaint, along with the other pleadings, to 
discern whether they raised issues sufficiently equitable in character to 
indicate that appellants' lawsuit was primarily equitable in nature and not 
susceptible to a jury trial. It is clear, under the above reasoning, that counts 
1, 3, 5, and 6 are not necessarily equitable by virtue of being stockholders' 
derivative actions. In our view, in counts 1, 3, 4, and 5 of the second amended 
complaint, appellants are substantially seeking the recovery of money or 
property. Count 2 alleges breach of contract and requests specific performance, 
an equitable remedy, or money damages. In their memorandum opposing appellees' 
motion to strike their jury demand, appellants admit that by seeking voidance or 
revision of the management agreement with third parties, count 6 presents an 
equitable claim. Appellants also admit that certain aspects of all six counts might be triable to the trial court in 
equity. Among these are the issue in count 6 whether the percentage division of 
proceeds from operation of the ranch that was based on each lessors' allocation 
of federal grazing lands under Forest Service permits was a fair lease term 
intended to be detrimental to the benefit of the minority shareholders. Further, 
miscellaneous aspects of counts 1, 5, and 6, some of which are requested in the 
alternative, concerning alleged breach of fiduciary duties and fraudulent 
conduct by appellees as officers, directors, and shareholders in the 
corporation, and the request for an injunction, are equitable. Somewhere within 
all of these issues, considered together in light of the entire pleadings, lies 
the primary nature of this action.

 
 

[¶23.]  Having examined the six counts in the 
context of the entire pleadings and all the issues raised and having identified 
and considered the nature of the remedies sought by appellants, we conclude that 
appellants' action is primarily legal in nature, and, thus, one in which a jury 
trial must be granted. Appellees did raise issues and make requests for certain 
kinds of equitable relief; those issues and requests, however, appear secondary 
to the primary claims seeking money damages under legal theories. We hold that 
under the standard set out in Ferguson, and described above, the totality of 
the pleadings, issues, and remedies show the substance of appellants' action to 
be primarily legal in nature.

 
 

[¶24.]  REMANDED FOR JURY 
TRIAL.

 
 
FOOTNOTES

 
 

1 Wyo. Const. art. 1, § 9, 
provides in pertinent part:

 
 
The right to trial by 
jury shall remain inviolate in criminal cases, but a jury in civil cases in all 
courts or in criminal cases in courts not of record, may consist of twelve men, 
as may be prescribed by law * * *.

 
 

2 W.R.C.P. 38(a) 
provides:

 
 
Issues of law must be 
tried by the court, unless referred as hereinafter provided; and issues of fact 
arising in actions for the recovery of money only, or specific real or personal 
property, shall be tried by a jury unless a jury trial be waived, or a reference 
be ordered. All other issues of fact shall be tried by the court, subject to its 
power to order any issue tried by jury, or referred.

 
 
     As we analyze the 
problem before us, we are mindful that by adoption of the Wyoming Rules of Civil 
Procedure "the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity has been 
abolished." W.R.C.P. 2. See Thickman v. Schunk, 391 P.2d 939, 944 (Wyo. 1964). One result of 
this abolition was seen in Thickman in which this court approved the use of 
summary judgment in a suit to dissolve a partnership, an action historically 
equitable in nature.

 
 

3 A state is not bound 
to follow this federal precedent. Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad Company 
v. Bombolis, 241 U.S. 211, 217, 36 S. Ct. 595, 596-97, 
60 L. Ed. 961, 963 (1916).