Title: Jonathan E. Moore, Sr. v. William A. Moore, Sr. Workers compensation claim

State: idaho

Issuer: Idaho Supreme Court (civil)

Document:

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO 
 
Docket No. 37083 
 
 JONATHAN E. MOORE, SR., 
 
       Claimant-Appellant, 
 
v. 
 
WILLIAM A. MOORE, SR., dba MOORE 
ENTERPRISES, Employer, and STATE 
INSURANCE FUND, Surety, 
 
       Defendants-Respondents. 
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Boise, January 2011 Term 
 
2011 Opinion No. 7 
 
Filed: February 2, 2011 
 
Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk 
________________________________________ ) 
 
  
Appeal from the Industrial Commission of the State of Idaho. 
 
The decision of the Industrial Commission is affirmed.  
 
The Huntley Law Firm, PLLC, and Susan C. Brooks, Boise, for appellant. John F. 
Greenfield argued.  
 
Augustine & McKenzie, PLLC, Boise, for respondent. Paul J. Augustine argued.  
_____________________ 
 
J. JONES, Justice.  
 
Jonathan Moore, Sr., appeals the Industrial Commission’s determination that he is not 
eligible for workers’ compensation because he was an independent contractor rather than a covered 
employee when he was injured while performing work for his father, William Moore, Sr. We 
affirm.  
I. 
Factual and Procedural Background  
 
William Moore, Sr. owned and operated a wholesale tire business called Moore Enterprises 
for several years before he passed away in March of 2008.1 William’s son, Jonathan Moore, Sr. 
                                                 
1 William Moore, Sr., conducted business under the trade name Moore Enterprises. He was also the father of the 
claimant, Jonathan E. Moore, Sr. In order to avoid confusion regarding his role in these proceedings, either as the 
alleged employer or as a witness or as Claimant’s father, when reference is hereafter made to the business it will be 
called Moore Enterprises and when the deceased Mr. Moore is referred to in his role as witness or father, he will be 
referred to as William.  
 
2  
 
(Claimant), had previously worked as an employee of Moore Enterprises during high school, and 
was also an employee in 1996. Following his employment with Moore Enterprises, Claimant 
started his own tire business called Morecedes Tire. As part of his business, Claimant regrooved 
tires and sold them to various businesses. Over the years, Claimant would occasionally sell 
regrooved tires to Moore Enterprises, or repair tires for Moore Enterprises, each time acting as 
an independent contractor doing business as Morecedes Tire. There were also several occasions 
when William and Claimant traveled to other states to sell regrooved tires. At times during these 
trips, Claimant and William would sell tires on behalf of their respective businesses, and at other 
times, Claimant would sell tires on behalf of Moore Enterprises. In addition to operating 
Morecedes Tire, Claimant began working as an entertainer in 2004, performing in various 
singing and acting jobs.  
 
In the spring of 2005, Charles Jarvis, an employee at Moore Enterprises, developed carpal 
tunnel syndrome and was unable to work. Additionally, William’s health had begun to fail, and he 
was struggling to continue to operate his tire business. The only other employee at Moore 
Enterprises during this time was Delores Moore, William’s wife and Claimant’s mother, who was 
the bookkeeper. According to Claimant, William contacted him about replacing Charles Jarvis as 
an employee at Moore Enterprises, and agreed to pay him $12.00 per hour for the work.  
 
On the morning of May 17, 2005, Claimant went to William’s residence, which was also 
where Moore Enterprises was located, to accompany William on a sales trip to Montana. 
According to Claimant, this was his first day on the job as an employee at Moore Enterprises. 
While Claimant was unhooking William’s tire trailer, he was struck in the face by a jack handle. 
William was present at the time of the accident and transported Claimant to the hospital for 
medical treatment. As a result of the accident, Claimant broke several bones in his face and 
suffered a detached retina. Claimant subsequently had to undergo several surgeries as a result of 
his injuries. Claimant was never paid for the work he performed on May 17.   
  
 
Following the accident, William sought advice from his insurance agent regarding the 
possibility of filing a claim under one of Moore Enterprises’ insurance policies. William had 
several insurance policies, both business and personal, including a workers’ compensation policy. 
Following the discussions with his insurance agent, William submitted a claim through his 
personal automobile insurance policy, rather than his workers’ compensation policy, for coverage 
of Claimant’s medical expenses. Claimant’s expenses were covered through the automobile 
 
3  
 
medical policy up to the liability limits.  
 
On August 15, 2006, approximately fifteen months after the accident, William filed a First 
Report of Injury or Illness with the State Insurance Fund (Surety). In December of 2006, Surety 
began to voluntarily pay Claimant’s medical expenses. At some point, Surety refused to pay 
further expenses, and Claimant then filed a workers’ compensation complaint. Surety filed an 
answer to the complaint, admitting the existence of an employer/employee relationship between 
Claimant and Moore Enterprises, but asserting that the claim was barred by the statute of 
limitations because it was not filed within one year of the accident. Surety also contended that the 
compensation previously paid to Claimant was in error. After a hearing on the matter, the 
Commission found that Claimant had timely filed his complaint.2  
 
Prior to a hearing on the merits of Claimant’s workers’ compensation claim, Surety filed a 
Motion to Amend Answer and Add Issues for Hearing. In the motion, Surety asserted that two 
witnesses had been discovered who were expected to testify Claimant told them he was not 
working for William at the time he was injured but, rather, had injured himself unloading a boat 
trailer. Surety also indicated that during his deposition, Claimant had testified he was never paid by 
his father as an employee. The Referee granted the motion, and Surety filed an amended answer 
wherein it denied that (1) the accident alleged in the complaint actually occurred on or about the 
time claimed, and (2) an employer/employee relationship existed between Claimant and Moore 
Enterprises.  
 
After a hearing on the merits of the workers’ compensation claim, the Referee concluded 
that although Claimant was injured while unhooking a tire trailer for William, and not while 
unhooking a boat trailer, he was not entitled to workers’ compensation because he was an 
independent contractor, and not a covered employee, on the day he was injured. The Referee based 
this conclusion on several facts.  
 
 
First, the Referee examined Moore Enterprises’ monthly check ledgers, which were 
maintained by Delores Moore. The check ledgers were broken into columns for payments related 
to wages, tire repairs, tire purchases, and other categories of expenses. The check ledgers 
indicated that on May 6, 2005, Moore Enterprises paid Morecedes Tire $350 for a tire repair. 
Morecedes Tire was then paid $250 for a tire purchase on May 20, 2005, three days after the 
                                                 
2 The Commission found that because Moore Enterprises had willfully failed to file an initial report, the statute of 
limitations had been tolled.  
 
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accident. On two occasions in July of 2005, Moore Enterprises paid Morecedes Tire for tire 
purchases. The Referee also noted there were several other entries in the 2005 monthly ledgers 
identifying Morecedes Tire or Morecedes as the payee, but that there were no entries identifying 
any payment to Claimant, personally, for wages.  
 
Next, the Referee focused on the fact that Delores Moore prepared and filed quarterly 
federal income tax returns and unemployment insurance wage reports on behalf of Moore 
Enterprises wherein she identified employees who had earned wages. The Referee pointed out 
that none of the 2005 quarterly returns or reports identified Claimant as an employee or wage 
earner, and Moore Enterprises’ worksheet for April of 2005, through June of 2005, identified 
only Delores Moore, Ron Jacobsen,3 and Charles Jarvis as employees. Additionally, the Referee 
considered that Delores Moore prepared W-2 forms on behalf of employees at Moore 
Enterprises, but she testified that she did not prepare one for Claimant for the 2005 tax year. The 
Referee noted that Delores Moore had prepared a W-2 for Robert Couch, a previous employee, 
who had earned only $200 working for Moore Enterprises.  
 
Finally, the Referee referenced a recorded statement William had given to an investigator 
for Surety before he passed away. When William was asked whether Claimant was an employee 
of Moore Enterprises, he responded: 
 
He has been an employee of my business, he is, he is also in uh, he does uh, he’s 
got a business um well he sings at different times, and stuff like that, so he’s not 
um, he hasn’t been a, he hasn’t been a full time employee.      
The Referee noted that the investigator “did not ask Claimant’s father whether Claimant was an 
employee on May 17, 2005.”4 Based on all of the evidence, the Referee found that Claimant’s 
history of dealing with Moore Enterprises for six or seven years prior to the accident, as well as 
at all times after the accident, was as an independent contractor, and that neither Claimant nor 
William considered Claimant to be working in any other capacity on May 17. The Referee also 
pointed out that it was not until long after William’s automobile medical policy limit had been 
exhausted that either Claimant or William began to think about reasons the accident might be 
covered by workers’ compensation.  
 
 
                                                 
3 Ron Jacobsen was hired as an employee after the accident occurred.  
4 The Referee overlooked the investigator’s inquiry as to whether William considered Claimant an employee on 
May 17, 2005, to which William replied, “I did at that time. . .” 
 
5  
 
 
The Commission adopted the Referee’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law, 
denying Claimant’s workers’ compensation claim. Claimant timely appealed to this Court.  
II. 
Issues on Appeal  
I. 
Whether the Commission’s determination that Claimant was an independent 
contractor and thus ineligible for workers’ compensation is supported by 
substantial and competent evidence.   
 
II. 
Whether the Commission abused its discretion by failing to award Claimant 
attorney fees.  
 
III. 
Whether Claimant is entitled to attorney fees on appeal.  
  
III. 
Discussion   
 
A. 
Standard of Review  
 
When reviewing a decision by the Industrial Commission, this Court exercises free review 
over the Commission’s conclusions of law, but will not disturb the Commission’s factual 
findings if they are supported by substantial and competent evidence. Stewart v. Sun Valley Co., 
140 Idaho 381, 384, 94 P.3d 686, 689 (2004). Substantial and competent evidence is “relevant 
evidence which a reasonable mind might accept to support a conclusion.” Boise Orthopedic 
Clinic v. Idaho State Ins. Fund, 128 Idaho 161, 164, 911 P.2d 754, 757 (1996). The 
Commission’s conclusions regarding the credibility and weight of evidence will not be disturbed 
unless they are clearly erroneous. Excell Constr., Inc. v. State, Dep’t of Labor, 141 Idaho 688, 
692, 116 P.3d 18, 22 (2005). This Court will not re-weigh the evidence or consider whether it 
would have drawn a different conclusion from the evidence presented. Id.  
B. 
Employment Status  
 
Idaho Code section 72-102 defines the terms “employee” and “independent contractor.”  
Idaho Code section 72-102(12) defines an employee as “any person who has entered into the 
employment of, or who works under contract of service or apprenticeship with, an employer.” 
I.C. § 72-102(12). On the other hand, Idaho Code section 72-102(17) defines an independent 
contractor as “any person who renders service for a specified recompense for a specified result, 
under the right to control or actual control of his principal as to the result of his work only and 
not as to the means by which such result is accomplished.” I.C. § 72-102(17). An individual must 
be an employee in order to obtain coverage under Idaho’s workers’ compensation laws. 
 
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Livingston v. Ireland Bank, 128 Idaho 66, 68, 910 P.2d 738, 740 (1995).  
 
The relevant inquiry when determining whether a worker is an independent contractor or 
an employee is whether “the contract gives, or the employer assumes, the right to control the 
time, manner and method of executing the work, as distinguished from the right merely to 
require certain definite results.” Kiele v. Steve Henderson Logging, 127 Idaho 681, 683, 905 P.2d 
82, 84 (1995). This Court generally looks at four factors when analyzing whether a right to 
control exists, including: (1) direct evidence of such right; (2) the method of payment for the 
work completed; (3) the party responsible for furnishing the major items of equipment; and (4) 
the right to terminate the employment relationship at will and without liability. Hernandez v. 
Triple Ell Transport, Inc., 145 Idaho 37, 40, 175 P.3d 199, 202 (2007). While the Commission 
should consider each of the four factors, no one factor is controlling, and “the Commission must 
balance each of the elements present to determine the relative weight and importance of each.” 
Roman v. Horsley, 120 Idaho 136, 137–38, 814 P.2d 36, 37–38 (1991).  
 
Furthermore, “when a doubt exists as to whether an individual is an employee or an 
independent contractor under the workers’ compensation laws, the Act must be given a liberal 
construction by the Commission in its fact finding function in favor of finding the relationship of 
employer and employee.” Livingston, 128 Idaho at 69, 910 P.2d at 741. Although the law must 
be liberally construed in favor of finding that an employer/employee relationship exists, the facts 
need not be construed liberally in favor of the worker when there is conflicting evidence. Id. 
“Whether an injured worker is an independent contractor or employee is a factual determination 
to be made on a case-by-case basis from full consideration of the facts and circumstances.” 
Shriner v. Rausch, 141 Idaho 228, 231, 108 P.3d 375, 378 (2005) (quoting Stoica v. Pocol, 136 
Idaho 661, 663, 39 P.3d 601, 603 (2001)).  
 
 
 
1. 
Right to Control  
 
The first factor that the Court examines is whether there is direct evidence of the 
employer’s right to control the time, manner, and method of the work. In analyzing this factor, 
the Commission found that Claimant generally controlled his own work. The Commission 
analyzed the period of time from the late 1990’s until 2008, and found that at all times before 
and after the accident, Claimant was an independent contractor who controlled his own work.  
 
On appeal, Claimant argues that (1) the Commission impermissibly considered the course 
of dealing between the parties when determining Claimant’s employment status on May 17; and 
 
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(2) regardless of whether Claimant was an independent contractor before and after the accident, 
he was an employee and under William’s direct supervision and control on the day he was 
injured.  
 
First and foremost, Claimant argues that the Commission erroneously considered the 
course of dealing between Claimant and Moore Enterprises. Claimant cites to this Court’s 
decision in Shriner v. Rausch, 141 Idaho 228, 108 P.3d 375 (2005), for the proposition that the 
only time frame relevant to determining whether a claimant is an independent contractor or an 
employee is the time of the accident, and that the Commission cannot look outside that specific 
time frame in reaching its determination. Such a reading misconstrues this Court’s holding in 
Shriner. In that case, the Court upheld the Commission’s conclusion that Shriner, who had been 
hired by Rausch to build townhouse decks, was an independent contractor rather than an 
employee. Id. at 230, 108 P.3d at 377. Shriner had previously performed work as a subcontractor 
for the construction company, E & H, when E & H had been partnered with Rausch, but had not 
previously performed work directly for Rausch. Id. The Court ultimately held that “[t]here is 
substantial and competent evidence supporting the Commission’s determination that Shriner was 
an independent contractor in his relationship with Rausch on the projects at issue. The 
relationship of Rausch and E & H on other business dealings does not change the result in this 
case.” Id. at 232, 108 P.3d at 379.  
 
Shriner does not stand for the proposition that the Commission cannot consider the 
course of dealings between the parties when conducting its analysis. Importantly, the Court in 
Shriner never indicated that the course of dealing could not be considered, but only that the 
course of dealing did not change the result in that case. If anything, the Court’s statement was an 
explicit acknowledgement that the course of dealing was properly examined, but that such 
dealings either supported, or did not contradict, the Court’s ultimate conclusion. Additionally, 
Claimant misconstrues the Court’s language. In Shriner, the Court noted that “[t]he relationship 
of Rausch and E & H on other business dealings does not change the result in this case.” Id. 
Notably, neither Rausch nor E & H was the claimant in that case and, therefore, the Court was 
referring to the relationship between the employer and a third party. Such a notation cannot be 
construed to stand for the proposition that the Court cannot consider the course of dealing 
between a claimant and the employer.  
 
8  
 
 
Nonetheless, Claimant argues that regardless of his status before and after the accident, 
he was under William’s direct supervision and control on the day he was injured. To support his 
position, Claimant argues that he was taking over as a full-time employee in place of Charles 
Jarvis, who was unable to work as a result of a carpal tunnel injury. Claimant supports his 
argument that he was hired to replace Charles Jarvis by pointing to William’s recorded statement 
wherein William states that “[i]f Charlie would not have had surgery[,] Charlie would have been 
there and Jonathan would not have been.” He further supports his argument by pointing to 
Delores Moore’s testimony5 where she indicates that, prior to the accident, William had 
contacted Claimant about coming to work for Moore Enterprises like “when he was in high 
school.” As such, Claimant argues that he was to begin work on May 17, 2005, as an employee 
and not as an independent contractor. Additionally, Claimant argues that because it was his first 
day on the job, there was no way for him to know which tires to load, or in which order to load 
them, without William’s direction. He asserts that William was directing him to operate the jack 
that ultimately caused the injury and, thus, William had the right to control his work on the day 
he was injured.   
 
The Commission acknowledged that there was testimony from Claimant that William 
told Claimant which tires to load and in which direction to load them on the day of the accident. 
However, the Commission found that such minimal instruction did not supersede the great 
weight of the evidence indicating that the relationship between the parties was that of an 
independent contractor and employer, both before and after the accident. Furthermore, the 
Commission found that Claimant’s testimony regarding his skills and judgment as a 
businessman, in addition to his experience, established that he controlled the aspects of his work 
without oversight or instruction by William. Consequently, Claimant’s argument that William 
told Claimant which tires to load and in which direction to load them, though contradictory, does 
not amount to a showing that the Commission’s finding is not supported by substantial and 
competent evidence.    
2. 
Method of Payment 
 
The next factor that the Court must analyze is the method of payment. The Commission 
found that the method of payment is unclear in this case because Claimant was never actually 
                                                 
5 The Referee made a specific finding that Delores Moore was a credible witness, but that she had no firsthand 
knowledge about the accident or Claimant’s employment status.   
 
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paid for his work on May 17. However, the Commission found that every entry in Moore 
Enterprises’ books for more than a year before and after the accident demonstrates Claimant was 
always paid as a separate business for work he performed for Moore Enterprises.6 The 
Commission also noted Moore Enterprises’ books showed that another employee was properly 
identified for tax withholding even when that employee had earned as little as $200 in one year 
and, thus, if Claimant’s status as an independent contractor was to have changed, it would have 
been reflected in Moore Enterprises’ books.  
 
Claimant asserts that because the evidence did not clearly indicate the precise method of 
payment on the date of the accident, the Commission should not have considered the course of 
dealing between the parties to determine the usual method of payment. However, as noted 
previously, the Commission rightfully considered the course of dealing between the parties. 
Although the Claimant may be correct that the course of dealing between the parties may 
become less relevant the more distant in time that the Commission analyzes the information, it is 
illogical to suggest that the Commission cannot consider any period of time apart from the day of 
the accident. Indeed, taking Claimant’s argument to the logical extreme, Claimant is asserting 
that the Commission could not consider the method of payment the day before or the day after 
the accident.  
Furthermore, this Court has previously found that “[t]he method of payment test 
generally refers to whether income and social security taxes are withheld from a person’s wages. 
Withholding is customary in an employer-employee relationship.” Livingston, 128 Idaho at 69, 
910 P.2d at 741. Thus, the Commission was well within its discretion to look to Moore 
Enterprises’ tax returns and books when analyzing the method of payment factor. William, in his 
recorded statement, indicated that he did not report Claimant on his payroll and never withheld 
taxes from the money that was paid to him. More specifically, the conversation between William 
and the investigator was as follows: 
Investigator: Did you report your son on Jonathan on your business’ payroll? 
William: 
I didn’t. 
Investigator: Okay, Why not? 
                                                 
6 Claimant also concedes in briefing that Moore Enterprises’ business records indicate he was an independent 
contractor both before and after the accident.  
 
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William: 
Well because, because he was mostly of what he did at the time like I said  
 
 
 
was groove tires. 
 
Investigator: Right 
William: 
I just had him to pay his own taxes on that, be responsible for his own  
 
 
 
taxes on that. 
Investigator: Okay 
William: 
I mean I reported him as, as someone, whom I, whom I got to do a, a  
 
 
 
specific job for, he was paid by the piece.     
Additionally, there is not one single document in Moore Enterprises’ business records that would 
indicate Claimant was an employee. All of the payments made to Claimant, both before and 
immediately after the accident, were made to Morecedes Tire and, notably, these payments were 
not for wages. In fact, three days after the accident, a payment was made to Morecedes Tire for a 
tire purchase, which further demonstrates that Claimant’s employment status did not change on 
May 17 from that of an independent contractor to that of an employee.7 Moreover, a W-2 form 
was never filled out on Claimant’s behalf, taxes were never withheld from the money paid to 
Claimant’s company, and Moore Enterprises’ reports, listing the employees of Moore 
Enterprises, did not list Claimant as an employee. Therefore, the Commission’s finding that the 
method of payment factor strongly indicates Claimant was an independent contractor on May 17 
is supported by substantial and competent evidence.  
Claimant argues that he should have been paid for the work he completed on May 17, but 
that he was not paid because Delores Moore mistakenly forgot to pay him. He cites to the 
testimony of Delores Moore where, when asked if Claimant was paid for his work on the day of 
the accident, she responded “[t]hat was the last thing on my mind. I wasn’t – I wasn’t thinking I 
mean, I didn’t even think about it.” Claimant also points to William’s recorded statement, 
wherein William indicated that he considered Claimant an employee of Moore Enterprises on 
May 17. While this evidence may conceivably support Claimant’s argument, this Court is not in 
a position to reweigh evidence. It is the Commission’s responsibility to weigh conflicting 
                                                 
7 The record does not reflect when the tire was actually transferred, but it is clear payment was made on May 20, 
2005. It is also worth noting that the check ledgers from 2005 denote payments to Morecedes Tire each and every 
month from July of 2005, through December of 2005. Additionally, the check ledgers from 2006 denote payments to 
Morecedes Tire nearly every month in 2006, except February, July, August, September, and October. However, 
none of these payments were made to Claimant personally, and none of the payments were for wages.          
 
11  
 
evidence and determine whether a claimant is an independent contractor or an employee.8 
Because there is substantial and competent evidence to support the Commission’s findings, the 
findings will not be disturbed on appeal.   
 
 
3. 
Furnishing Major Items of Equipment  
 
The third factor for the Court to consider is which party was responsible for furnishing 
the major items of equipment. The Commission found that the major item of equipment used in 
both Moore Enterprises’ and Claimant’s businesses was a regrooving machine, and that Claimant 
and Moore Enterprises each owned one. The Commission went on to find that, although Moore 
Enterprises owned the truck, trailer, and jack that were used on the day of the accident, such fact 
was of de minimis importance given that the sales trips, such as the one they planned to go on the 
day of the accident, were typically joint ventures.  
 
Claimant argues that the major items of equipment factor is important proof of an 
employer/employee relationship, and the Commission should not have marginalized the fact that 
Moore Enterprises owned the equipment that was actually being used on the day of the accident. 
Claimant also asserts that the Commission erroneously found that a regrooving machine was the 
major item of equipment used in Moore Enterprises’ business because it was not used by either 
party on the day of the accident. Finally, Claimant contends, once again, that the Commission 
violated this Court’s rule in Shriner by considering evidence related to the past business 
relationship between Claimant and Moore Enterprises.9  
 
Claimant’s arguments are unavailing for several reasons. First, it is the Commission’s 
responsibility to determine the relative weight and importance of each factor in the analysis, and 
                                                 
8 While the Referee may have overlooked William’s statement that he considered Claimant an employee on May 17, 
2005, that  response was tied into the premise that Claimant was an employee because Charles Jarvis was unable to 
work on that date as a result of his carpal tunnel injury. The Referee was aware of this latter contention. Considering 
the totality of William’s statement to the investigator, wherein he was rather equivocal about Claimant’s 
employment status, where he stated Claimant took care of his own taxes out of each payment he received, and where 
he testified Claimant was not reported as an employee on the company books, the response overlooked by the 
Referee is not particularly significant.  
9 Claimant also argues that the Referee erred by refusing to admit photographs that an insurance investigator took of 
the truck, trailer, and jack eight days after the accident. The Referee declined to admit the photographs because they 
had not been disclosed to Surety within ten days of the hearing as required by Commission rules. Claimant argues 
that this was in error because the photographs were impeachment evidence offered to discredit the witness who 
testified that Claimant had previously said he was injured while unloading a boat trailer. Claimant asks this Court to 
reverse the Referee’s ruling and examine the photographs during this appeal. However, Claimant’s argument is 
completely irrelevant to the issues before this Court. The Commission made a specific finding that the testimony 
regarding Claimant being injured while unloading a boat trailer was not credible. In fact, the Commission 
specifically found that Claimant was injured while loading a tire trailer for William. Thus, the witness’ testimony 
was thoroughly impeached, and the issue of how Claimant was injured is not in question.   
 
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this Court will not disturb the findings unless they are not supported by substantial and 
competent evidence. In reaching its conclusion that the ownership of the truck, trailer, and jack 
on the day of the accident was of de minimis importance, the Commission referenced Claimant’s 
testimony where he described the sales trips that Claimant and William had previously taken 
together. Claimant testified that on their sales trips, before and after the accident, they would 
travel to various locations and both sell their own tires. Claimant and William would then 
determine how much each had made out of the total sales, and apportion the costs of the trip 
according to the percentage of the profits made. Thus, Claimant’s testimony supports the 
Commission’s conclusion that the sales trips that Claimant and William typically took were joint 
ventures.  
 
Additionally, at his deposition, Claimant testified that he would occasionally accompany 
William on sales trips, or travel alone, to sell Moore Enterprises’ tires without being 
compensated. Claimant later changed his testimony and testified at the hearing that he was 
compensated by Moore Enterprises when he went alone to sell Moore Enterprises’ tires. Given 
the evidence indicating that the business relationship before and after the accident was not that of 
an employer and employee, the Commission did not err in finding that the issue of who owned 
the truck, trailer, and jack on the day of the accident was of little importance. Furthermore, even 
though Claimant might be correct that a regrooving machine was not a major item of equipment 
used on the day of the accident, the fact that Claimant owned specialized equipment that he used 
to operate his own tire business simply adds support to the conclusion that the business 
relationship between Claimant and Moore Enterprises was that of an independent contractor and 
employer. Finally, Claimant’s citation to Shriner and his argument that this Court cannot 
consider the course of dealing between the parties fails for the reasons mentioned above.   
 
 
4. 
Right to Terminate Employment Relationship at Will  
 
The last factor to consider is the right to terminate the employment relationship at will 
and without liability. The Commission found that analyzing whether either party had the right to 
terminate the employment relationship at will was a neutral factor because the issue of whether 
the relationship was an at will employment relationship, or involved independent businesses in a 
joint venture, was not adequately addressed by the facts in the record. The Commission pointed 
out that the record did not contain a written employment agreement or joint venture agreement.  
 
13  
 
 
Claimant argues that the evidence supports a finding that he was an at will employee 
because Delores Moore had testified that prior to the accident, William had contacted Claimant 
about coming to work for Moore Enterprises like “when he was in high school.” Claimant argues 
that because his 1996 W-2 form indicates he was an at will employee, he was similarly an at will 
employee on May 17. Additionally, Claimant asserts that because he was hired to replace 
Charles Jarvis, whose 2003, 2004, and 2005 W-2 forms demonstrate that he was an at will 
employee, he was also an at will employee on the day he was injured.  
 
The Court has noted that, “[o]nly in cases where either party had the right to terminate 
the relationship at will and without liability has this Court held such evidence to be indicative of 
an employee-employer relationship.” Kiele, 127 Idaho at 684, 905 P.2d at 85. However, the 
Court has also recognized that although this factor may have been important to the analysis in the 
past, it is becoming less and less determinative of whether an employee/employer relationship 
exists. J.R. Simplot Co. v. State Dep’t of Employment, 110 Idaho 762, 765, 718 P.2d 1200, 1203 
(1986). The evidence propounded by Claimant does not give the Court any indication of whether 
either party had the right to terminate the employment relationship at will. Claimant simply 
repeats the arguments he makes under the other factors of the right to control test, and generally 
attempts to assert the existence of an employee/employer relationship. Claimant’s arguments, 
however, do not establish whether there was an express or implied agreement regarding whether 
Claimant could terminate the relationship at will. Thus, the Commission did not err in finding 
that this factor did not weigh in favor of either party.   
 
C.  
Claimant’s Credibility  
 
Claimant also argues that the Referee improperly discredited his testimony as unreliable. 
When analyzing whether Claimant was entitled to workers’ compensation, the Referee 
determined that Claimant was not a credible witness and “by both demeanor and substance, 
Claimant’s testimony [was] impeached.” The Referee noted that Claimant’s demeanor at the 
second hearing had changed from the first hearing before the Referee, he was evasive when 
answering questions, and there were several inconsistencies in his testimony. The Referee also 
noted that Claimant, “instead of giving factual answers to factual questions, [] responded by 
expressing his opinions about related subjects or by challenging how the questioner would have 
responded in such a situation.” The Commission adopted all of the Referee’s findings regarding 
 
14  
 
credibility. On appeal, Claimant argues that the findings with regard to his credibility are not 
supported by substantial and competent evidence.  
 
Determining the credibility of witnesses and evidence is a matter within the province of 
the Commission. Stevens-McAtee v. Potlatch Corp., 145 Idaho 325, 331, 179 P.3d 288, 294 
(2008). When analyzing the Commission’s findings regarding credibility, this Court has 
bifurcated the issue into two categories, “observational credibility” and “substantive credibility.” 
Painter v. Potlatch Corp., 138 Idaho 309, 313, 63 P.3d 435, 439 (2003). Observational 
credibility “goes to the demeanor of the appellant on the witness stand and it requires that the 
Commission actually be present for the hearing in order to judge it.” Id. On the other hand, 
substantive credibility “may be judged on the grounds of numerous inaccuracies or conflicting 
facts and does not require the presence of the Commission at the hearing.” Id. This Court will not 
disturb the Commission’s findings regarding credibility if the findings are supported by 
substantial and competent evidence. Id.      
 
In this case, the findings regarding Claimant’s demeanor are properly classified as 
findings of observational credibility, while the findings regarding inconsistencies in the 
Claimant’s testimony relate to substantive credibility. First, with regard to observational 
credibility, Claimant argues that there is not substantial and competent evidence to support the 
conclusion that he was not a credible witness because his demeanor was more subdued and less 
animated than it was at the first hearing. The Referee noted that Claimant attributed his change in 
demeanor at the second hearing to a severe headache caused by the cloudy weather. Claimant 
argues that because his doctor testified that changes in the weather could trigger the kind of 
severe sinus headaches he had been suffering from since the accident, it was unreasonable for the 
Referee to base its credibility determination on the difference in his demeanor.  
 
Next, with regard to substantive credibility, Claimant argues that the Referee misstated 
and misconstrued his testimony when determining that various aspects of it were inconsistent. 
However, the Referee pointed to specific examples of when Claimant’s testimony was 
inconsistent. First, the Referee noted that Claimant gave inconsistent testimony about how many 
trips he took after the accident and about how many days he worked. The Referee also pointed 
out that Claimant’s testimony about being unable to work after the accident was undercut by 
Moore Enterprises’ business records, which showed that Claimant continued to do business with 
Moore Enterprises as an independent contractor shortly after the accident.   
 
15  
 
 
While Claimant may be correct that there may have been a medical explanation for his 
change in demeanor from the first hearing to the second hearing, there is substantial and 
competent evidence in the record to support the finding that Claimant’s testimony was 
inconsistent and, thus, he was not a credible witness. First and foremost, Claimant, in his answers 
to various interrogatories verified under oath, claimed that after the accident, he “did not resume 
work until 11/26/07,” and that “in 2006, and almost all of 2007, [he] could not work in any 
capacity.” However, Claimant later admitted, during the second hearing, that he operated his tire 
business in 2006 and 2007. Additionally, Moore Enterprises’ business records indicate that 
Claimant continued to do business as an independent contractor very shortly after the accident. 
More specifically, Moore Enterprises’ check ledgers demonstrate that on May 20, 2005, 
Claimant was paid $250 as an independent contractor, and beginning in July of 2005, through 
June of 2006, Claimant was paid several thousands of dollars as an independent contractor doing 
business as Morecedes Tire. Moreover, Claimant obtained an acting job as an extra in July of 
2005, flew to California for an audition in January of 2006, and obtained various other acting 
jobs up through October of 2007. Claimant also testified during his deposition and in his verified 
answers to interrogatories that William had agreed to pay him $12.00 per hour for his work, but 
later testified that William had agreed to pay him $350 per week, which equals $8.75 per hour 
for a 40-hour week. Also, when William filled out his First Report of Injury or Illness, he left 
blank the portion of the form indicating the Claimant’s wage, which further supports the 
Commission’s conclusion that there was no agreement between Claimant and Moore Enterprises 
regarding wages as Claimant had testified. Thus, there is substantial and competent evidence to 
support the finding that Claimant was not a credible witness.    
 
In sum, there is substantial and competent evidence to support the Commission’s 
conclusion that Claimant was an independent contractor and not an employee for workers’ 
compensation purposes. While Claimant points to evidence supporting his position that he was 
hired to replace Charles Jarvis as an employee at Moore Enterprises, such evidence is, at most, 
conflicting. Because there is substantial and competent evidence to support the Commission’s 
finding, this Court affirms the Commission’s decision to deny Claimant workers’ compensation.    
 
 
 
 
16  
 
 
D. 
Attorney Fees for the Proceedings Before the Commission 
 
Claimant argues that if this Court finds that the Commission erred in denying him 
workers’ compensation, the Commission abused its discretion by failing to award him attorney 
fees pursuant to Idaho Code section 72-804. Idaho Code section 72-804 authorizes attorney fees 
to be paid to a claimant when the employer or surety contests a claim for compensation without 
reasonable grounds to do so. I.C. § 72-804. However, because we find there is substantial and 
competent evidence to support the Commission’s decision to deny Claimant workers’ 
compensation, the Commission did not abuse its discretion in declining to award Claimant 
attorney fees.  
 
E. 
Attorney Fees on Appeal  
 
Claimant also requests attorney fees on appeal pursuant to Idaho Code section 72-804 
and Idaho Appellate Rule 41, arguing that Surety refused to pay workers’ compensation benefits 
without reasonable grounds to do so. Because we affirm the Commission’s decision to deny 
workers’ compensation, Claimant is not entitled to attorney fees on appeal.  
IV. 
Conclusion  
 
There is substantial and competent evidence in the record to support the Commission’s 
conclusion that Claimant was an independent contractor and not a covered employee on the day 
he was injured. Thus, we affirm the Commission’s determination that Claimant is not entitled to 
workers’ compensation.  Costs to Respondents. 
 
 
Chief Justice EISMANN, and Justices BURDICK, W. JONES and HORTON CONCUR.