Title: Mazzone v. Texas Roadhouse

State: idaho

Issuer: Idaho Supreme Court (civil)

Document:

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO 
Docket No. 39337 
 
 
MATTHEW MAZZONE, 
 
       Claimant-Appellant, 
 
v. 
 
TEXAS ROADHOUSE, INC., Employer, 
and HARTFORD INSURANCE 
COMPANY OF THE MIDWEST, Surety, 
 
       Defendants-Respondents. 
_____________________________________ 
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Boise, February 2013 Term 
 
2013 Opinion No.  55 
 
Filed:  April 26, 2013 
 
Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk 
    
    
 
 
Appeal from the Industrial Commission of the State of Idaho. 
 
 
The decision of the Commission is affirmed. Costs on appeal are  
awarded to Respondent. 
 
 
Stephen A. Meikle, Idaho Falls, attorney for Appellant. 
 
 
Alan R. Gardner, Boise, attorney for Respondent. 
_________________________ 
W. JONES, Justice 
I. NATURE OF THE CASE 
This is an appeal from an order of the Idaho Industrial Commission (“Commission”) 
denying Appellant, Matthew Mazzone (“Mazzone”), workers’ compensation pursuant to I.C. 
§ 72-451 for psychological injuries allegedly arising as a result of an industrial accident wherein 
Mazzone tripped and fell into a deep fat fryer while employed at Texas Roadhouse. Mazzone 
contends the Commission’s order is not based on substantial and competent evidence. 
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
On November 13, 2005, while working in the kitchen of Texas Roadhouse, Mazzone 
suffered a severe burn on his right arm when he tripped and plunged his right arm into a 360 
degree deep fat fryer. By Mazzone’s account, he was in so much pain after burning his arm that 
he simply crawled under the kitchen sink and cried. Mazzone was taken to the emergency room 
at Eastern Idaho Regional Medical Center. He was subsequently transferred to the University of 
 
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Utah Burn Center (“Burn Center”). Mazzone claims that after the incident he began to suffer 
from nightmares, night tremors, and flashbacks. 
Mazzone was at the Burn Center for four days where his burn was debrided and dressed 
daily. During his time at the Burn Center, Mazzone was twice noted in medical records to be 
exhibiting exaggerated pain behaviors.1 Between November 18 and at least November 28, 2005, 
Mazzone stayed at a hotel in Salt Lake City so as to receive follow-up care. Attending physicians 
reported on November 23, 2005, that Mazzone was healing well and that his pain was well 
controlled. He also demonstrated good range of motion and wound-healing. In a December 13, 
2005, follow-up at the Burn Center, Mazzone had quit cold turkey his opioid medication, at 
which point he began to experience nightmares and flashbacks. Mazzone was referred to a 
psychiatrist in Idaho, Dr. Brock. 
During Mazzone’s sessions with Dr. Brock, chart notes indicate that Mazzone was 
healing well, but his pain was increasing. Additionally, Mazzone had thrown away all of his pre-
injury medications and was beginning to have nightmares and was feeling more anxious. On 
June 9, 2008, Dr. Brock’s office clarified that Mazzone’s nightmares and anxiety were related to 
returning to work but noted that his arm injury was not the primary concern of their sessions. 
Mazzone was assessed a GAF score of 55/85—the same assessment he had before the industrial 
accident. 
Three months after the industrial accident, Mazzone returned to work, but he was 
allegedly so overwhelmed that he asked to transfer to another Texas Roadhouse location in 
Massachusetts because he was nervous, sick, worried, and nauseous working at the site of the 
accident. Dr. Brock’s chart notes from January 9, 2006, indicate that Mazzone had returned to 
work with anxiety, but the anxiety was worse on Wednesdays when he did inventory. Mazzone 
was also sleeping better and his nightmares were improving. Dr. Brock also modified Mazzone’s 
                                                 
1 The following was included in a counseling chart note taken on November 17, 2005: 
 
[Mazzone] presented with pressured speech, nonlinear and repetitive in questions, and had a 
difficult time keeping information straight. He seemed to have difficulty focusing and was almost 
grandiose in his impression of the injury. I continually had to re-focuss [sic] and redirect him. 
There were several times that I provided information that I know nursing had already provided and 
he states “no one has told me this before.” His wife seems to respond to his decision making by 
pulling back and not making any decisions. 
 
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GAF score to 65/85. A couple weeks later, Dr. Brock improved Mazzone’s GAF rating to 75/852 
after Mazzone reported that he was sleeping well without sleep medication. Even though 
Mazzone had the occasional nightmare, he was able to subsequently return to sleep. 
On February 21, 2006, Dr. Thurman, a hand surgeon, released Mazzone to begin working 
40 hours per week with two consecutive days off. The only restriction was for Mazzone to wear 
a protective glove as needed. Mazzone reported some swelling in his right hand but wanted Dr. 
Thurman to increase his work release for more hours. On March 1, 2006, Dr. Brock maintained 
Mazzone’s GAF assessment of 75/85. He noted that Mazzone had not needed Xanax for a week, 
sometimes had sleep difficulties, and had occasional waves of anxiety while at work. 
Following shifts lasting between ten and twelve hours, Mazzone experienced swelling 
and pain in his arm. On March 21, 2006, Dr. Thurman issued a new work release limiting 
Mazzone’s daily work hours. The week of April 9, 2006, without a history of seizures, Mazzone 
experienced two seizures and was treated at Madison Memorial Hospital. It was believed that the 
seizures were related to medication that Mazzone was taking. Those medications were 
discontinued after the seizures. On April 12, 2006, Dr. Brock modified Mazzone’s GAF 
assessment to 65/85, diagnosing Mazzone with major depressive disorder and generalized 
anxiety disorder. That same day, Dr. Thurman released Mazzone for a normal work schedule 
with one five-hour day. In Mazzone’s final appointment with Dr. Thurman on May 17, 2006, 
Mazzone continued to experience burning of his right hand but otherwise had no significant 
limitations. Dr. Thurman assessed a three percent (3%) permanent partial impairment of the 
whole person based on abnormal sensitivity. 
Between January 17, 2006, and March 10, 2006, Mazzone began sessions with Bret 
Wixom, a counselor. Wixon noted that Mazzone’s anxiety increased with his return to work, but 
Wixom generally encouraged Mazzone to increase his time at work and provided coping skills. 
In Mazzone’s last session with Wixom, Wixom noted that he had accomplished his treatment 
goals. 
During this time Mazzone was also attending physical therapy with Deb West. In early 
February 2006, after having missed three appointments, West discharged Mazzone from her 
                                                 
2 According to the DSM-IV-TR, a GAF score of 61–70 indicates “some mild symptoms.” A GAF score of 71–80 
indicates “if symptoms are present, they are transient and expectable reactions to psychosocial stressors; no more 
than slight impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning.” 
 
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care; however, she noted that Mazzone’s burn was well healed and Mazzone reported his 
condition was improving.  
Mazzone first sought treatment for what he described as PTSD on October 3, 2007, when 
he contacted the Department of Health and Welfare Behavioral Health Services (“Behavioral 
Health”). During an intake evaluation, Mazzone reported ongoing symptoms, which started with 
his burn injury, including nightmares, crying spells, mood instability, anxiety, flashbacks, 
intrusive memories, sleep problems, and hypersensitivity. He attributed his sleep problems to the 
industrial accident. On October 11, 2007, following a week of panic attacks, Mazzone was 
diagnosed with general anxiety disorder, PTSD, and memory loss. Mazzone continued treatment 
with Behavioral Health through January 2009, where he received medications and therapy. 
Mazzone expressed an inability to function at work in addition to sleep disorders.  
On February 21, 2008, Mazzone filed a Complaint against Texas Roadhouse and its 
Surety (“Respondents”). The matter was tried before a referee on December 9, 2010, the sole 
issue being whether Mazzone’s industrial accident included a compensable psychological 
condition under I.C. § 72-451. On July 19, 2011, the referee found that Mazzone failed to prove 
he was entitled to compensation and found that Respondents’ expert was more credible than 
Mazzone’s experts because Mazzone’s experts did not review his earlier medical history. The 
Commission approved the referee’s findings on August 5, 2011. On August 24, 2011, Mazzone 
requested a rehearing, which was denied by the Commission on September 16, 2011. On 
September 27, 2011, Mazzone filed a request for reconsideration of the order denying rehearing. 
On October 26, 2011, before Mazzone’s request for reconsideration was decided by the 
Commission, Mazzone filed a Notice of Appeal. 
III. ISSUES ON APPEAL 
1. Whether the Commission’s ruling that Mazzone did not suffer a compensable 
psychological injury pursuant to I.C. § 72-451 is supported by substantial and competent 
evidence. 
2. Whether the Commission improperly relied on evidence not properly before it. 
3. Whether either party is entitled to attorney fees on appeal. 
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW 
When reviewing a decision of the Industrial Commission, this Court exercises free 
review over questions of law. Zapata v. J.R. Simplot Co., 132 Idaho 513, 515, 975 P.2d 1178, 
 
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1180 (1999). This Court’s review with respect to questions of fact is limited to whether the 
Industrial Commission’s findings are supported by substantial and competent evidence; if so, 
they will not be disturbed on appeal. Id. Substantial and competent evidence is relevant evidence 
that a reasonable mind might accept to support a conclusion. Eacret v. Clearwater Forest Indus., 
136 Idaho 733, 735, 40 P.3d 91, 93 (2002). This Court will not disturb the Commission’s 
determination as to the weight and credibility of evidence unless clearly erroneous. Zapata, 132 
Idaho at 515, 975 P.2d at 1180. “Finally, in reviewing a decision of the Commission, this Court 
views all the facts and inferences in the light most favorable to the party who prevailed before 
the Commission.” Id. (internal quotations omitted).  
The terms of Idaho’s workers’ compensation statute are liberally construed in favor of the 
employee. Haldiman v. Am. Fine Foods, 117 Idaho 955, 956–57, 793 P.2d 187, 188–89 (1990). 
However, conflicting facts need not be construed liberally in favor of the worker. Bennett v. 
Bunker Hill Co., 88 Idaho 300, 305, 399 P.2d 270, 272 (1965). 
V. ANALYSIS 
A. 
The Commission’s ruling that Mazzone did not suffer a compensable 
psychological injury pursuant to I.C. § 72-451 is supported by substantial and 
competent evidence. 
1. 
The Commission’s determination that Mazzone did not suffer from a DSM-IV-TR 
psychological condition resulting from an industrial accident is supported by 
substantial and competent evidence. 
Mazzone argues the Commission’s determination that he did not suffer a psychological 
injury is not supported by substantial and competent evidence because Mazzone presented 
evidence that he suffered an industrial accident, suffered vivid nightmares and anxiety after the 
accident, and offered a medical diagnosis of PTSD. Mazzone contends he provided sufficient 
evidence to demonstrate a diagnosis of PTSD under the DSM-IV-TR manual.  
Respondents counter that the referee’s finding was supported by substantial and 
competent evidence because Mazzone did not inform his medical providers who diagnosed him 
with PTSD of his past medical problems, Mazzone exaggerated his problems, and the opinions 
of Mazzone’s experts lacked foundation. 
The Commission’s finding that Mazzone did not suffer a psychological condition 
compensable under I.C. § 72-451 was based almost entirely on the finding that Mazzone failed to 
establish that he suffered from PTSD. The referee discounted the PTSD diagnosis made by Dr. 
Murdock of Behavioral Health because “Dr. Murdock’s opinion lacks foundation and is 
 
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insufficient to establish a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of PTSD.” The referee found that Dr. Murdock 
did not accurately account for Mazzone’s psychological injury and was not “credible to 
demonstrate that [Mazzone] suffered a psychological injury, or that Mazzone’s injury arose 
during the course of employment.” The referee also discounted the testimony of Dr. Ostrom, the 
medical director at Behavioral Health, because Dr. Ostrom relied on the diagnosis of her 
colleague, Dr. Murdock, who diagnosed Mazzone with PTSD. The referee maintained that Dr. 
Ostrom inadequately reviewed Mazzone’s medical psychiatric history and did not “confirm” Dr. 
Murdock’s diagnosis of PTSD. The referee also assumed that “information [including that PTSD 
symptoms first arose in 2007] would have likely had a significant impact on Dr. Ostrom’s 
opinion . . . .” The referee therefore excluded from evidence Dr. Ostrom’s opinions.  
The referee relied entirely on the opinion of Dr. Enright, a clinical psychologist who 
twice examined Mazzone. Dr. Enright concluded that Mazzone did not satisfy the criteria for a 
diagnosis of PTSD and may have been exhibiting exaggerated pain behaviors. 
“A mental-mental claim is one in which a mental stimulus or impact results in a 
psychological condition.” Gibson v. Ada Cnty. Sheriff’s Office, 147 Idaho 491, 493 n.1, 211 P.3d 
100, 102 n.1 (2009). Idaho Code § 72-451 bars mental-mental claims. “A physical-mental claim 
is one in which a mental stimulus or impact results in a psychological condition that is 
accompanied by a physical injury.” Id. A physical-mental claim is compensable pursuant to I.C. 
§ 72-451 when the following conditions are satisfied: 
(1) The injury was caused by an accident and physical injury or occupational 
disease or psychological mishap accompanied by resultant physical injury; 
2) The injury did not arise from conditions generally inherent in every working 
situation or from a personnel related action; 
3) Such accident and injury must be the predominant cause as compared to all 
other causes combined of any consequence; 
4) The causes or injuries must exist in a real and objective sense; 
5) The condition must be one which constitutes a diagnosis under the American 
Psychiatric Association’s most recent diagnostic and statistics manual, and must 
be diagnosed by a psychologist or psychiatrist licensed in the jurisdiction in which 
treatment is rendered. 
Id. “An employer takes an employee as it finds him or her; a preexisting infirmity does not 
eliminate a workers’ compensation claim . . . .” Spivey v. Novartis Seed Inc., 137 Idaho 29, 33, 
42 P.3d 788, 792 (2002). “The Industrial Commission, as the factfinder, is free to determine the 
 
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weight to be given to the testimony of a medical expert.” Eacret, 136 Idaho at 737, 40 P.3d at 95. 
“When deciding the weight to be given an expert opinion, the Commission can certainly consider 
whether the expert’s reasoning and methodology has been sufficiently disclosed and whether or 
not the opinion takes into consideration all relevant facts.” Id. When facts are conflicting, the 
Commission is not required to liberally construe the facts in favor of the worker. See Bennett, 88 
Idaho at 305, 399 P.2d at 272. 
Whether Mazzone was properly diagnosed with PTSD is a contested issue: Dr. Murdock 
diagnosed Mazzone with PTSD, a diagnosis upon which Dr. Ostrom relied; however, Dr. Enright 
found that Mazzone did not satisfy the requirements of a PTSD diagnosis. As we will discuss 
further, even though we determine that the referee improperly gave her own medical opinion 
when concluding that Dr. Murdock and Dr. Ostrom improperly found that Mazzone had PTSD; 
the referee is entitled to consider whether Dr. Enright’s or Dr. Murdock’s diagnosis was more 
credible. The referee was entitled to consider the methodologies of all the experts, their 
examination of Mazzone, their concerns with Mazzone, and their consideration of his prior 
psychiatric history in determining which medical opinion was most credible. It was not arbitrary 
for the referee to find Dr. Enright’s diagnosis more credible. Dr. Enright personally examined 
Mazzone; he administered psychological testing; he examined Mazzone’s records from his burn 
injuries; he examined earlier psychiatric history, and burn treatment; and he also considered 
whether Mazzone was exaggerating his pain.  
We therefore conclude that the Commission’s decision was supported by substantial and 
competent evidence. 
2. 
Mazzone failed to demonstrate that the industrial accident was the predominant 
cause of any PTSD from which he might suffer. 
Idaho Code § 72-451(3) requires that “[s]uch accident and injury must be the 
predominant cause as compared to all other causes combined of any consequence for which 
benefits are claimed under this section.” The Commission’s articulation of the predominant 
cause standard is as follows:  
Although an employer takes an employee as he is, in determining the predominant 
cause of a psychological condition, the contribution of all of the employee’s pre-
accident factors must be weighed against the contribution of the industrial 
accident. To be the predominant cause, the work injury must be a greater cause of 
the psychological condition than all other causes combined. 
Smith v. Garland Constr. Serv., 2009 IIC 0179, at ¶ 29 (2009).  
 
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The Commission’s articulation of the predominant factor standard is consistent with I.C. 
§ 72-451(3): like the statute, it takes into consideration all other combined causes and compares 
them to the accident. The Commission properly concluded that Mazzone failed to demonstrate 
that his industrial accident was the predominant cause of his alleged PTSD or psychological 
condition. By Mazzone’s own account, he suffered certain stressors earlier in life, including the 
still-born birth of his first child. Mazzone had a long history of psychiatric disorders prior to the 
industrial accident. He was treated in Arizona for severe psychological symptoms after a breakup 
with his girlfriend in 2002. He reported symptoms of bipolar disorder and PTSD in 2003. He 
sought medical assistance because he was suffering from insomnia in 2004. He was stressed by 
the cleft-palate and general health issues suffered by his son in 2004. Two days before the 
accident, Mazzone was evaluated by Dr. Brock for symptoms including sleep deprivation, 
difficulty concentrating, and feelings of being overwhelmed. Two days before the industrial 
accident, Dr. Brock assessed Mazzone a GAF score of 55/85.  
 
Mazzone has failed to demonstrate that the industrial accident was the predominant cause 
of his PTSD and symptoms; particularly in light of his prior medical history and his post-incident 
recovery. Mazzone had a history of psychiatric disorders potentially including an earlier PTSD 
diagnosis after the unfortunate still-born death of his first child. He had a variety of stressors in 
his life that caused him anxiety and sleeplessness. It is particularly noteworthy that for nearly 
two years after Mazzone’s industrial accident his recovery was very positive. In the months after 
his accident his GAF score never fell below the 55/85 that he went into the accident having; 
indeed, in his first psychiatric evaluation after the incident Mazzone was evaluated with the same 
GAF score. His other post-incident evaluations demonstrate that contrary to his accounts, he was 
coping at work, he was requesting more time, he was anxious but learning coping skills, and he 
was sleeping better than he alleges. Given Mazzone’s positive post-incident recovery and the 
many other stressors that he endured before and after the accident, substantial evidence supports 
the Commission’s determination that the predominant cause of Mazzone’s condition was not the 
accident. 
 
Finally, Mazzone’s expert, Dr. Ostrom, noted that even though she believed his PTSD 
was “related to his accident,” her testimony was not sufficient to establish that the accident was 
the predominant cause. Specifically, Dr. Ostrom testified that “[i]t’s very hard in someone who 
 
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has multiple psychiatric issues to determine how those are interacting with one another in terms 
of the severity of the illness.” 
 
Thus, the Commission’s findings that Mazzone did not suffer a compensable 
psychological condition under I.C. § 72-451 was supported by substantial and competent 
evidence.  
B. 
The Commission’s referee exceeded her role as a finder of fact. 
Mazzone argues that the Commission’s referee exceeded her fact-finding role because the 
referee relied on evidence outside of the record and subsequently supplied her own medical 
opinion in disregard of the opinions of Mazzone’s treating physicians. He further argues that the 
referee erred in considering Mazzone’s prior medical history and the DSM-IV-TR manual when 
neither was actually admitted into evidence. Based on this information, Mazzone argues the 
referee gave her unqualified medical opinion. 
Respondents argue that the referee did not improperly rely on the DSM-IV-TR manual 
because it is required by statute to investigate and rely on that manual. Respondents further argue 
that the referee did not err in examining Mazzone’s prescription history because as finder of fact, 
the referee is entitled to examine and make statements of Mazzone’s prescription history. 
The Idaho Constitution grants the Industrial Commission authority to act as finder of fact. 
Idaho Const. art. 5, § 9. This Court’s review is generally limited to questions of law. Id. 
However, if the findings of the Commission are not supported by “substantial, competent 
evidence, they are not binding or conclusive  . . . .” Dean v. Dravo Corp., 97 Idaho 158, 161, 540 
P.2d 1337, 1340 (1975). In such instances, the findings of fact will be set aside on appeal. Id. We 
have held that the referee “must accept as true the positive, uncontradicted testimony of a 
credible witness, unless this testimony is inherently improbable, or rendered so by facts and 
circumstances disclosed at the hearing or trial.” Pierstorff v. Gray’s Auto Shop, 58 Idaho 438, 
447, 72 P.2d 171, 175 (1937). This Court often requires expert testimony in matters involving 
medical disputes because such knowledge is frequently outside the ordinary knowledge of lay 
persons. See Coombs v. Curnow, 148 Idaho 129, 140, 219 P.3d 453, 464 (2009) (requiring expert 
testimony to legal causation in most medical malpractice cases). 
1. 
The referee improperly interpreted the DSM-IV-TR manual. 
We first consider whether the referee erred in considering the DSM-IV-TR 
manual. “Strict adherence to the rules of evidence is not required in Industrial Commission 
 
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proceedings and admission of evidence in such proceedings is more relaxed.” Hagler v. Micron 
Tech., 118 Idaho 596, 598, 798 P.2d 55, 57 (1990) (emphasis in original). The policies of 
Industrial Commission proceedings are simplicity, accommodation of claimants, and justice. Id. 
at 599, 798 P.2d at 58. The legislature intended the industrial commission to have the 
“discretionary power to consider any type of reliable, trustworthy evidence having probative 
value . . . even though that evidence may not be admissible in a court of law.” Hite v. Kulhenak 
Bldg. Contractor, 96 Idaho 70, 72, 524 P.2d 531, 533 (1974). “[I]n those areas in which the 
Industrial Commission possesses recognized expertise, it may in its discretion consider evidence 
not ordinarily admissible in a court of law.” Id. (permitting the admission of guides prepared by 
experts in the field of disability compensation because the guides were trustworthy and reliable. 
Nonetheless, such guides must still be introduced through a witness able to testify as to its 
authority). This Court clarified that it was not holding “that the Industrial Commission can take 
notice of anything it desires. Only, that recognized treatises or works dealing with topics in 
which the commission possesses expertise may be admitted into evidence through witnesses to 
be used as substantive evidence.” Id. 
Idaho Code § 72-451(5) provides that a psychological condition must be “based on a 
condition sufficient to constitute a diagnosis under the terminology and criteria of the American 
psychiatric association’s diagnostic and statistics manual of mental disorders. . . . .” The statute 
further requires that the diagnosis of psychological injury “must be made by a psychologist, or 
psychiatrist duly licensed to practice in the jurisdiction in which treatment is rendered . . . .” I.C. 
§ 72-451(5). Idaho Code § 72-714 governs hearings in the Industrial Commission. Sub-section 
(3) provides that “[t]he commission, or member thereof, or a hearing officer, referee or examiner, 
to whom the matter has been assigned, shall make such inquiries and investigations as may be 
deemed necessary.” I.C. § 72-714(3). This Court has interpreted this statute as permitting the 
Commission to demand additional evidence if it finds that satisfactory evidence on a question of 
material fact is lacking. See, e.g., Hartman v. Double L Mfg., 141 Idaho 456, 458, 111 P.3d 141, 
143 (2005) (holding that statute grants the Commission the authority to “request that [the parties] 
present adequate evidence . . .”); Lay v. Idaho State Sch. & Colony, 64 Idaho 455, 462, 133 P.2d 
923, 926 (1943) (“It becomes the duty of the board to make full and exhaustive inquiry, and to 
that end the board may not only examine any competent witness at the conclusion of his direct 
and cross examination upon all matters material and relevant to any issue, but it may also 
 
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subpoena and examine other competent witnesses.”) This Court has permitted the Commission to 
consider authoritative, trustworthy, and reliable medical guides; however, those guides must be 
introduced into evidence by witnesses able to testify that the guide is the recognized authority. 
Pomerinke v. Excel Trucking Transp., Inc., 124 Idaho 301, 306, 859 P.2d 337, 342 (1993). The 
Commission is not entitled to use medical guides to assess claimants and formulate its own 
opinions regarding a claimant’s health. See id. (holding the Commission properly considered a 
medical guide because it was used merely to support expert testimony and not to assess and 
formulate its own impairment rating for claimant). 
We conclude that the referee improperly interpreted the DSM-IV-TR manual to arrive at 
unqualified medical opinions. Certainly, the statute permits the referee to look at the manual and 
use the manual to weigh the methodology of conflicting medical experts. However, a referee is 
not at liberty to interpret the manual to form his or her own unqualified medical opinions. For 
that, a qualified witness is necessary. Here, the referee exceeded her authority and interpreted the 
manual to form her own medical opinion.  
The referee used the DSM-IV-TR manual to raise issues relating to whether Mazzone 
experienced any “dread” on the first anniversary of the accident. The Commission’s referee also 
improperly “excluded from evidence” medical opinions with which she seemingly disagreed. In 
so excluding the medical opinions that Mazzone had PTSD, the referee exceeded her role as a 
finder of fact and engaged in medical diagnosis. The referee effectively examined the criteria for 
PTSD in the DSM-IV-TR manual, added emphasis to characteristics she thought were most 
important, and applied her own understanding of this document to the facts before her. She 
expressed in her findings of fact that Dr. Murdock “diagnosed PTSD without confirming 
symptoms sufficient to establish that diagnosis under the DSM-IV-TR.” Indeed, the referee used 
her own understanding of the DSM-IV-TR manual to determine that Dr. Murdock failed “to 
establish a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of PTSD.” 
The referee excluded Dr. Ostrom’s opinions because she believed that Dr. Ostrom’s 
opinions would change if she had considered additional evidence. A referee may not undiagnose 
a claimant before the Commission based on the referee’s own lay understanding of what the 
referee believes would change a qualified medical professional’s diagnosis and professional 
opinion. Like Dr. Murdock, the referee found that Dr. Ostrom’s professional opinion that 
Mazzone suffered from PTSD was “insufficient to establish a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of PTSD.”  
 
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The referee did not merely use the manual to weigh the methodologies of two qualified 
doctors. Rather, she used her own understanding of the manual and its requirements to determine 
that Dr. Murdock and Dr. Ostrom had improperly diagnosed Mazzone. Where there is both a 
positive and negative diagnosis between two qualified doctors, the fact finder may examine the 
methodologies of both physicians to determine which physician is more credible. However, to 
use one’s own lay understanding of a medical document, which requires specialized expertise to 
understand and interpret, to conclude that a person with that specialized knowledge improperly 
made a medical diagnosis is improper.  
Thus, we conclude that the referee improperly interpreted the DSM-IV-TR manual. 
2. 
The referee improperly interpreted Mazzone’s prescription history. 
We next examine whether the referee improperly relied on Mazzone’s prescription 
history from before the industrial accident. We conclude that the referee erred in considering and 
drawing opinions from Mazzone’s Walgreen’s Pharmacy prescription history. The referee 
considered Mazzone’s prescriptions from Walgreen’s and drew opinions from those 
prescriptions based on what they were “commonly prescribed for.” None of the medical experts 
testified to, or otherwise expressed an opinion regarding, Mazzone’s prescription history. There 
was no expert who testified to the accuracy of the prescription history or why the medicine was 
prescribed. There is no evidence in the record indicating whether these prescriptions were 
prescribed for off-label uses. Indeed, the Walgreen’s prescription history was not referenced at 
all during the hearing, or by any of the experts in this matter.3 Unlike chart notes, the 
prescription history does not itself explain the medical reason for its use. The referee exceeded 
her authority as a finder of fact when the referee made findings regarding Mazzone’s prior 
medical condition based on her own assessment of his prescription history. This Court has held 
that the Commission cannot take notice of whatever it likes and witnesses are still necessary. See 
Pomerinke, 124 Idaho at 306, 859 P.2d at 342; Hite, 96 Idaho at 72, 524 P.2d at 533. 
Therefore, we conclude that the Commission’s referee improperly relied on Mazzone’s 
pharmacy prescription history. 
3. 
The referee’s error is harmless. 
                                                 
3 It is mysterious how the Walgreen’s prescription history made it into the record at all since it is private information 
and would be protected under HIPAA. Nonetheless, it was presented to the referee but was not admitted into 
evidence, nor did any of the experts discuss or offer any testimony on the prescription history. The prescription 
history should not have been relied on by the referee. 
 
13 
Even though the referee improperly interpreted the DSM-IV-TR manual and Mazzone’s 
prescription history, the referee’s error was nonetheless harmless. This Court will not reverse the 
decision of the Industrial Commission when evidentiary errors are harmless. See Hagler, 118 
Idaho at 58, 798 P.2d at 599. Ultimately, there were medical experts who positively and 
negatively diagnosed Mazzone with PTSD. The referee was entitled to look at the methodologies 
and opinions of the various experts to determine which expert was most credible and/or 
persuasive. The referee, therefore, did not err when she found Dr. Enright’s conclusion that 
Mazzone did not suffer from PTSD more credible than the opinions of Dr. Murdock and Dr. 
Ostrom who concluded Mazzone did suffer from PTSD. Nor did the referee err in concluding 
that the industrial accident was not the predominant cause of Mazzone’s condition because there 
was significant evidence of Mazzone’s pre-incident condition. 
4. 
The Commission’s referee is a finder of fact. 
We hold that the Commission’s referee exceeded her role as a finder of fact and engaged 
in medical diagnosis. Even though we determine that the error was ultimately harmless, we take 
this moment to reaffirm that the role of the Commission’s referee is that of a finder of fact and 
not a medical expert. When a referee exceeds his or her role as a finder of fact and injects his or 
her own medical opinions into the proceeding, we are concerned that claimants who come to the 
Commission with a history of medical issues might not receive the most competent adjudication 
to which they are entitled.  
Often in the area of administrative law, an administrative agency or board may have 
members who by education, training, or experience have acquired expertise in their particular 
area of administrative law. There is, however, a line between use of that expertise and the 
adjudicative function of resolving factual disputes in administrative proceedings. For example, 
the United State Supreme Court has established that administrative officers acting in a quasi-
judicial capacity may not “act on their own information, as could jurors in primitive days.” 
Interstate Commerce Comm’n v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co., 227 U.S. 88, 93 (1913). The 
United States Supreme Court further held that an agency that uses its specialized knowledge as a 
substitute for evidence will not have its order sustained. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co. v. United 
States, 264 U.S. 258, 263 (1924). Simply, for an agency to rely on facts withheld from the record 
is a denial of due process. Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 301 U.S. 292, 302–03 
(1937). Stated another way, an agency “may not use its specialized knowledge as a substitute for 
 
14 
evidence presented at a hearing.” Kyu Son Yi v. State Bd. of Veterinary Med., 960 A.2d 864, 870 
(Pa. Commw. Ct. 2008) (citing 42 Am. Jur. Publ. Admin. Law §130). An agency may, however, 
utilize its expertise in drawing inferences from the facts or record or to resolve conflicts in the 
evidence. Radio Officers’ Union, C.T.U. v. NLRB, 347 U.S. 17, 49–50 (1954); Travelers Indem. 
Co. v. Ins. Dep’t, 558 A.2d 568, 571 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1989). As stated by the Oregon Supreme 
Court 
It is one thing . . . to say that an agency may employ its experience and expertise 
to evaluate and understand evidence and quite another to allow it to use its special 
knowledge as a substitute for evidence presented at a hearing. A fundamental 
premise of administrative law is that the quality and efficiency of the regulatory 
process will be enhanced by delegating authority to experienced, expert 
administrators. Just as fundamental, however, is the principle that factfinding in 
contested cases is governed exclusively by the record of the hearing.  
Drew v. Psychiatric Sec. Review Bd., 909 P.2d 1211, 1214 (Or. 1996). The Oregon Supreme 
Court went on to explain that the substantial evidence rule “loses its meaning if it is interpreted 
as leaving to the ‘expertise’ of an agency personnel, rather than to the external scrutiny of 
appellate courts, the critical question [of] whether the facts of the case permit the administrative 
choice involved.” Id. at 1215.  
It is the law in Idaho that “our [workers’] compensation law does not limit awards to 
workmen who, prior to the injury were in sound emotion and perfect health. Rather, an employer 
takes an employee as he finds him.” Wynn v. J.R. Simplot Co., 105 Idaho 102, 104, 666 P.2d 629, 
631 (1983). When the Commission’s referee is charged with making findings of fact, the referee 
is charged with taking an independent role as an adjudicator, must listen to the testimony of 
experts, and must render an impartial decision based upon the evidence in the record and the law 
that an employer takes an employee as he or she is found. When a finder of fact exceeds this role 
and engages in medical diagnosis, this Court loses confidence that the Commission’s referee is 
not rejecting or discounting admissible and competent evidence offered by the claimant based 
merely on the referee’s own unqualified medical opinions. Haldiman, 117 Idaho at 956–57, 793 
P.2d at 188–189. Permitting a referee to exceed his or her role as a finder of fact undermines the 
legal purpose of Industrial Commission proceedings to accommodate claimants and promote 
justice in simple proceedings. See Hagler, 118 Idaho at 599, 798 P.2d at 58 (1990). 
C. 
Neither party is entitled to attorney fees. 
 
15 
Mazzone requests attorney fees on appeal pursuant to I.C. § 72-804. Respondent requests 
attorney fees on appeal pursuant to Idaho Appellate Rule 11.2.  
Idaho Code § 72-804 permits the award of attorney fees if it is determined that an 
employer or its surety contested a workers’ compensation claim without reasonable ground. We 
hold that Mazzone is not entitled to attorney fees because he is not the prevailing party and was 
not entitled to compensation. 
Idaho Appellate Rule 11.2 provides as follows: 
Every notice of appeal, petition, motion, brief and other document of a party 
represented by an attorney shall be signed by at least one (1) licensed attorney of 
record of the state of Idaho, in the attorney’s individual name, whose address shall 
be stated before the same may be filed. A party who is not represented by an 
attorney shall sign the notice of appeal, petition, motion, brief or other document 
and state the party’s address. The signature of an attorney or party constitutes a 
certificate that the attorney or party has read the notice of appeal, petition, motion, 
brief or other document; that to the best of the signer’s knowledge, information, 
and belief after reasonable inquiry it is well grounded in fact and is warranted by 
existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal 
of existing law, and that it is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to 
harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation. 
If the notice of appeal, petition, motion, brief, or other document is signed in 
violation of this rule, the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative, shall 
impose upon the person who signed it, a represented party, or both, an appropriate 
sanction, which may include an order to pay to the other party or parties the 
amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the notice of 
appeal, petition, motion, brief or other document including a reasonable attorney’s 
fee. 
I.A.R. 11.2. An appeal is brought without reasonable basis where the appellant simply asks this 
Court to “reweigh the evidence presented to the Commission, and implicitly, to substitute our 
view of the evidence for that of the commission.” Gibson v. Ada Cnty. Sheriff’s Office, 147 Idaho 
491, 497, 211 P.3d 100, 106 (2009). 
 
We hold that Respondents are not entitled to attorney fees on appeal because this case 
was brought for reasons beyond merely asking this Court to reweigh the evidence. Indeed the 
referee improperly drew her own medical conclusions from that record. However, that error was 
harmless. Thus, neither party is entitled to attorney fees on appeal.  
VI. CONCLUSION 
 
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We affirm the Commission’s determination that Mazzone did not suffer a compensable 
psychological injury pursuant to I.C. § 72-451. Costs on appeal are awarded to Respondents as 
the prevailing party. 
Chief Justice BURDICK, Justices EISMANN, J. JONES and HORTON CONCUR.