Title: BUSH v. STATE

State: wyoming

Issuer: Wyoming Supreme Court

Document:

BUSH v. STATE2003 WY 15679 P.3d 1178Case Number: 02-218Decided: 12/02/2003
OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2003

                                                                                                
   

TUCKER 
JAMES BUSH,

Appellant(Defendant) ,

 
 

v.

 

THE 
STATE OF WYOMING,

Appellee(Plaintiff) .

 
 

Appeal 
from the District Court of Campbell County

Representing 
Appellant:

Ken 
Koski, State Public Defender; Donna D. Domonkos, Appellate Counsel; and Ryan R. 
Roden, Senior Assistant Appellate Counsel.  
Argument by Mr. 
Roden.

 
   

Representing 
Appellee:

Patrick 
J. Crank, Wyoming Attorney General; Paul S. Rehurek, Deputy Attorney General; D. 
Michael Pauling, Senior Assistant Attorney General; and Robin Sessions Cooley, 
Senior Assistant Attorney General.  
Argument by Ms. 
Cooley.

 
   

Before HILL, C.J., and GOLDEN, LEHMAN, KITE, and VOIGT, 
JJ.

 
 
        

HILL, 
J., delivers the opinion of the court; LEHMAN, J., filed a dissenting opinion with which KITE, J., joined.

 

            
HILL, Chief Justice.

 

[¶1]      Appellant, Tucker 
James Bush (Bush), challenges the district court's sentence ordering him to pay 
$9,744.00 in restitution to the victim of his crime.  Bush entered a plea 
of guilty to stealing a 1988 Chevrolet pickup from the victim, parts from which 
he and his girlfriend, Nikki Jo Sparby (Sparby), used to rebuild her 1991 GMC 
pickup that she had damaged while driving drunk.  It is his contention that the district court 
substantially overvalued the pickup by setting restitution in an amount that 
allowed the victim to rebuild it piece by piece.  We will hold that the restitution order 
exceeds the district court's legislatively authorized sentencing authority.  Thus, we reverse 
and remand for additional proceedings consistent with this opinion.

 

[¶2]      Bush raises this 
issue:

 

Did the district court err when it ordered [Bush] to pay 
restitution to the victim for rebuilding his stolen 1988 vehicle, including 
labor costs, updating the transmission, and replacement parts, instead of 
setting the amount of restitution at the fair market value of the 1988 vehicle 
at the time it was stolen?

 

The State poses two issues for our 
consideration:

 

I.          
Whether this Court has jurisdiction to hear this appeal, as [Bush] 
knowingly and voluntarily waived the right to appeal his sentence, including 
restitution?

II.          
Whether the district court abused its discretion in its award of 
restitution to the victim?

 

[¶3]      The issues raised in 
this appeal arise from a plea bargain agreement that contained this 
language:
  

            
The Defendant has been charged with the following 
offenses:  
Count I  Wrongful Taking or Disposing of Property (concealing/disposing) 
Valued at $500.00 or More, in violation of Wyoming Statute §6-3-403(a)(i)(b), a 
felony; and Count II  Conspiracy to Wrongfully Take or Dispose of Property 
Valued at $500.00 or More, in violation of Wyoming Statute §6-1-303(a) and 
§6-3-403(a)(i)(b), a felony.

            
In consideration of the mutual terms, covenants and conditions of this 
Statement of Agreement, the respective parties agree with one another and 
respectfully submit to this Honorable Court as follows:

1)                 
The Defendant will enter a plea of guilty to Count I of the 
Felony Information:  
Wrongful Taking or Disposing of Property (concealing/disposing) Valued at 
$500.00 or More, and establish a factual basis for said plea of guilty.

2)                 
After the Court has accepted the Defendant's plea of guilty 
to Count I and entered the guilty plea of record, the State will then move the 
Court to dismiss Count II of the Felony Information.

3)                 
There is no agreed upon recommendation to the Court 
regarding sentencing; the respective parties would be free to recommend to the 
Court whatever sentence they deem to be just under the circumstances of this 
case; Defendant shall pay restitution as ordered by the Court and determined by 
the State Department of Corrections, Field Services Division.

4)                 
As the plea of guilty herein is based upon this 
Agreement

and the mutual consideration contained in the Agreement 
itself, the Defendant will not file any post guilty plea/conviction motions, 
request(s) for sentence reduction, appeals, or post conviction relief 
petitions.

5)                 
This agreement will be disclosed and recommended to the 
Court pursuant to Rule 11 of the Wyoming Rules of Criminal Procedure.

6)                 
The above recitation constitutes the entire agreement 
between the respective parties.

 

[¶4]      A prison sentence was 
imposed, but suspended, and Bush was given a split sentence with probation.  At the hearing on 
Bush's change of plea, the subject of restitution came up only briefly and 
almost as an afterthought, although it was made clear to Bush that the sentence 
to be imposed was a matter within the discretion of the district court.1

 

[¶5]      At the sentencing 
hearing, the incarceration portion of the sentence was imposed, but restitution 
was set to be done another day.  Eventually, a hearing was held to determine 
the amount of restitution to be paid by Bush to the victim.  The amount was set 
at $9,744.00 ($8,954.00 owed jointly and severally with Sparby, the remainder 
was owed individually by Bush).  We will set out the restitution order in 
detail and begin by noting the district court's apt description of this case as 
one "involving the theft and subsequent dismantling of a 1988 Chevrolet Pickup, 
and the combining of many of said parts with a wrecked 1991 GMC Pickup, and the 
victim representing the 1988 Chevrolet Pickup to have unique and special value 
to him and the victim wishing to rebuild the 1988 Chevrolet Pickup and restore 
it to its former condition."  The district court then went on to make these 
findings and conclusions:

 

1.  The test which is to be applied in this 
particular matter is the one set forth in W.S. §7-9-103, specifically relating 
to determination of restitution amounts owed, which directs the Court to fix a 
reasonable amount as restitution owed to each victim for actual pecuniary 
damage, and this is the touchstone that the Court will apply in this case.

2.  Pecuniary damage means all damages which a 
victim could recover against a defendant in a civil action arising out of the 
same facts or event, including damages for wrongful death.  It does not include 
punitive damages, damages for pain and suffering, mental anguish and loss of 
consortium.

3.  As the Court pointed out in the companion 
case involving co-defendant Sparby (State v. Sparby, 
Criminal case #3759) this is not simply a case involving the theft of a motor 
vehicle; rather, the facts of this criminal action involve co-defendant Sparby 
knowing that the 1998 [sic] Chevrolet Pickup was stolen.  Ms. Sparby paid 
money for the victim's stolen vehicle, knowing she wasn't going to get a good 
title.  [Bush] 
eventually figured this out and further, was advised by Ms. Sparby that the 1988 
Chevrolet Pickup was, in fact, stolen.  The fact that someone else stole the 1988 
Chevrolet Pickup and sold it to Ms. Sparby does not give rise to any claim of 
unjust enrichment.

4.  Further, this case involves the theft of a 
vehicle for its parts and as the parts are worth more than the whole in this 
motor vehicle theft, a jury could reasonably award a damage amount that exceeds 
the book value of the 1988 Chevrolet Pickup at the time of the theft.  Book value of the 
stolen 1988 Chevrolet Pickup at the time of its theft, however, is not the 
appropriate value for the determination of restitution in this case.

5.  The Court finds that $8,700.00 is an 
appropriate restitution value for reconstruction labor in rebuilding the 1988 
Chevrolet Pickup, and that $4,434.00 is an appropriate value for the restitution 
of replacement parts.  
Further, the sum of $750.00 is a reasonable sum for transportation of 
vehicle and parts back to the victim's residence in Longmont, Colorado.  The total of these 
amounts is $13,884.00.

6.  In the appropriate case and by reason of the 
wording of the statute, attorney's fees could be awarded but attorney's fees are 
not appropriate in this case, and therefore, the requested $1,100 claim for 
attorney's fees is disallowed.

7.  As parts from the victim's 1988 Chevrolet 
Pickup were combined with parts from the wrecked 1991 GMC Pickup, the Court will 
grant a credit in favor of [Bush] to be deducted from the restitution figure set 
forth in paragraph numbered 5 herein, and in this regard, a credit of $4,200.00 
shall be given for the 1991 GMC Pickup parts.

 

We note that a mathematical error occurred in the district 
court's calculation, and the restitution amount should have been set at 
$9,644.00.  
Because we reverse and remand for further proceedings, this error is of 
no consequence, but we did not want the miscalculation to appear to have gone 
unnoticed.

 

Waiver of Right to 
Appeal

 

[¶6]      The threshold 
question is whether Bush's waiver of right to appeal encompasses the right to 
appeal the district court's determination of restitution.  The State's 
contention is that the waiver was plenary and bars this appeal.  It is established 
that a defendant may waive his right to appeal, so long as that waiver is 
knowing and voluntary.  United States v. 
Hernandez, 143 F.3d 1435, 1437 (10th Cir. 1998).  However, the 
sentence imposed in such a circumstance must be within that which is authorized 
by statute.  See United States v. Glass, 15 Fed. Appx. 621 (10th Cir 2001); United States 
v. Baeza, 16 Fed. Appx. 973 (10th Cir. 2001); United 
States v. Neill, 17 Fed. Appx. 743 (10th 
Cir. 2001); and Kristine Cordier Karnezis, Annotation, Validity and Effect of Criminal Defendant's Express Waiver 
of Right to Appeal as Part of Negotiated Plea Agreement, 89 A.L.R.3d 864 
(1979 and 2002 Supp.).

 

[¶7]      We are able to 
readily conclude that Bush knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to appeal, 
in a general sense.  
However, he did not waive his right to appeal a sentence that exceeded 
the punishment prescribed by law:

 

The source of the legislature's power to limit judicial 
authority as to sentencing is found in the constitutional separation of 
powers.  The 
legislative branch has the exclusive power to define crimes and to prescribe 
punishments for those crimes.  Billis v. State, 
800 P.2d 401, 412-15 
(Wyo.1990).  
Consequently, a court may only impose a sentence of incarceration that 
falls within the minimum and maximum punishment prescribed by statute.  Williams v. State, 692 P.2d 233, 235 
(Wyo.1984).  

 

Daugherty v. State, 2002 WY 
52, ¶ 15, 44 P.3d 28, 34 ¶ 15 (Wyo. 2002).

 

[¶8]      In Ryan v. State, 988 P.2d 46, 62-63 (Wyo. 
1999), we iterated our definition of an illegal sentence:

 

"An illegal sentence is one which exceeds statutory limits, 
imposes multiple terms of imprisonment for the same offense, or otherwise 
violates constitutions or the law."  Sanchez v. State, 
982 P.2d 149, 150 (Wyo.1999) (citing Duran v. State, 
949 P.2d 885, 887 
(Wyo.1997)).  
The determination of whether a sentence is illegal is made by reference 
to the authorizing statute or applicable constitutional provisions and is, 
therefore, a matter of statutory interpretation.  Interpretation of statutes is a question of 
law, which we review de novo.  French v. Amax Coal 
West, 960 P.2d 1023, 1027 (Wyo.1998); Chevron 
U.S.A., Inc. v. State, 918 P.2d 980, 983 (Wyo.1996).

 

Was the Restitution Order a 
Legal Sentence

 

            
The distinction between whether a defendant is making a factual challenge 
to an order of restitution or whether he is challenging the authority of the 
trial court to make a particular award of restitution is an important one.  Challenges to the 
factual basis of an award of restitution can be waived in 
certain circumstances by the defendant's voluntary actions, such as entering 
into a plea agreement, and then failing to make any objection at sentencing, as 
occurred in Meerscheidt.   See also Aldridge v. State, 956 P.2d 341, 343 
(Wyo.1998).  
Outside the context of a plea agreement, the failure to object to a 
factual determination in the awarding of restitution results in an appellate 
review for plain error.  See Gayler v. 
State, 957 P.2d 855, 857 
(Wyo.1998).  In 
contrast, a challenge by a defendant to the authority of a trial court to make a 
particular award of restitution is reviewed on appeal under a de novo statutory 
interpretation standard whether or not the defendant objected or entered into a 
plea agreement.  
Meerscheidt, 931 P.2d  at 223-224, 
226-227.   
While not explicit in our decision in Meerscheidt, the reason for conducting a de novo review 
under such circumstances is that a court has only that authority to act which is 
conferred by the subject statute.  Aldridge, 956 P.2d  at 343.  
("The trial court's exercise of discretion in ordering restitution does 
not spring from any inherent authority.  Rather that exercise, like our review, is 
circumscribed by the statutes empowering the trial court to order 
restitution.")  
(citation omitted);  see also Horn v. 
State, 556 P.2d 925, 927 
(Wyo.1976) ("[A] penal statute cannot be extended by implication or construction 
to persons or things not expressly brought within its terms, nor to cases not 
within the letter of the statute....").  An order of restitution by a trial court 
which exceeds the authority granted by the statutes governing restitution would 
be void, and a void order may be challenged at any time.  People v. Evans, 122 Ill.App.3d 733, 78 Ill.Dec. 50, 
461 N.E.2d 634, 639 (1984);  see also State ex 
rel. TRL by Avery v. RLP, 772 P.2d 1054, 1057 (Wyo.1989).

 

Merkison v. State, 996 P.2d 1138 at 1141-42 (Wyo. 2000) (emphasis in original).

 

[¶10]   We perceive Bush's argument to be both 
a challenge to the factual basis for the order of restitution, as well as one 
which challenges the authority of the district court to impose restitution such 
as that ordered.

 

[¶11]   Restitution is described by Wyo. Stat. 
Ann. § 7-9-103 (LexisNexis 2003):

 

§ 7-9-103.  Determination of amount owed; execution.

            
(a)  As part of the sentencing process including deferred 
prosecutions under W.S. 7-13-301, in any misdemeanor or felony case, the 
prosecuting attorney shall present to the court any claim for restitution 
submitted by any victim.

            
(b)  In every case in which a claim for restitution is 
submitted, the court shall fix a reasonable amount as restitution owed to each 
victim for actual pecuniary damage resulting from the defendant's criminal 
activity, and shall include its determination of the pecuniary damage as a 
special finding in the judgment of conviction or in the order placing the 
defendant on probation under W.S. 7-13-301.  In determining the amount of restitution, the 
court shall consider and include as a special finding, each victim's reasonably 
foreseeable actual pecuniary damage that will result in the future as a result 
of the defendant's criminal activity.  A long-term physical health care restitution 
order shall be entered as provided in W.S. 7-9-113 through 7-9-115.

            
(c)  The court shall order the defendant to pay all or part of 
the restitution claimed or shall state on the record specific reasons why an 
order for restitution was not entered.  If the court determines that the defendant 
has no ability to pay and that no reasonable probability exists that the 
defendant will have an ability to pay in the future, the court shall enter 
specific findings in the record supporting its determination.

            
(d)  Any order for restitution under this chapter constitutes a 
judgment by operation of law on the date it is entered.  To satisfy the 
judgment, the clerk, upon request of the victim or the district attorney, may 
issue execution in the same manner as in a civil action.

            
(e)  The court's determination of the amount of restitution 
owed under this section is not admissible as evidence in any civil action.

            
(f)  The defendant shall be given credit against his 
restitution obligation for payments made to the victim by the defendant's 
insurer for injuries arising out of the same facts or event.

 

A part of the analytic process for construing a statute is 
this:

 

Applicable general principles of statutory construction 
include:  if 
the language is clear and unambiguous, we must abide by the plain meaning of the 
statute; if a statute is ambiguous, we may resort to general principles of 
construction; an ambiguous statute is one whose meaning is uncertain and 
susceptible of more than one meaning; and in a criminal statute, an ambiguity 
should be resolved in favor of lenity.

Mazurek v. State, 10 P.3d 531, 540-41 (Wyo.2000) (quoting Pierson v. 
State, 956 P.2d 1119, 1125 
(Wyo.1998)).  
We analyze statutes with the objective of ascertaining the legislature's 
intent, commencing with an inquiry into the ordinary and obvious meaning of the 
words employed according to their arrangement and connection.  Misenheimer v. State, 2001 WY 65, ¶ 7, 27 P.3d 273, ¶ 7 
(Wyo.2001).  
"We construe the statute as a whole, giving effect to every word, clause, 
and sentence, and we construe together all parts of the statute in pari materia so that no part will be inoperative or 
superfluous."  
Id. (quoting Capshaw 
v. State, 10 P.3d 560, 564 
(Wyo.2000)) (citing Fall v. State, 963 P.2d 981, 983 
(Wyo.1998)).  
We will not construe a statute in a way that leaves any portion 
meaningless or produces an absurd result.  Mazurek, 10 P.3d  
at 541; Pierson, 956 P.2d  at 1125.

 

State v. Nelson, 2002 WY 
99, ¶ 6, 49 P.3d 185, ¶ 6 (Wyo. 2002).

 

[¶12]   By its own words, the governing statute 
articulates that restitution shall be fixed at a "reasonable amount."  The district court 
is required to determine the "pecuniary damage" suffered by the victim.  "Pecuniary damage" 
means:  "[A]ll 
damages which a victim could recover against the defendant in a civil action 
arising out of the same facts or event, including damages for wrongful 
death.  It does 
not include punitive damages and damages for pain, suffering, mental anguish and 
loss of consortium[.]"  Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-9-101 (a) (iii) 
(LexisNexis 2003).

 

[¶13]   With respect to restitution, the ABA Standards for Criminal Justice: Sentencing (3rd ed. 1994), provides this guidance:

 

(c)  The agency performing the intermediate 
function should guide sentencing courts in the appropriate use of restitution 
and reparation.

(i)  The sanction should be limited to the 
greater of the benefit to an offender or actual loss to identified persons or 
entities.  
Claimants seeking general, exemplary, or punitive damages, or asserting 
losses that require estimation of consequential damages, such as pain and 
suffering or lost profits, should be limited to their civil remedies.

(ii)  The agency should provide that sentencing 
courts may require offenders to pay the full amount of the sanction forthwith 
or, taking into account the financial circumstances of an offender, to pay the 
amount in scheduled installments.

(d)  The legislature should enact appropriate 
provisions to integrate the criminal sanction of restitution or reparation with 
a victim's right of civil action against an offender.  The legislature 
should authorize sentencing courts to allow a defense or plea in bar, which 
might have been raised in a civil proceeding by a victim against an offender, as 
appropriate and relevant to liability imposed in the criminal proceeding.

(e)  The legislature should authorize a 
sentencing court to retain jurisdiction over an offender sentenced to a 
restitution or reparation sanction until the sanction is satisfied or the 
sentence is rescinded.

(f)  The legislature should place responsibility 
for enforcement of orders of restitution or reparation on a designated public 
official.  The 
legislature should authorize that official to enforce the court order by use of 
any method available to enforce a civil judgment.

 

As can readily be perceived, Wyoming's restitution statute 
is largely in consonance with the ABA Standard.

 

[¶14]   Wyoming's restitution statute requires 
that restitution be "reasonable" and that it address the victim's "actual 
pecuniary damage resulting from the defendant's criminal activity."  The determination 
of "actual pecuniary damage" is usually a fairly simple and direct calculation 
based on fair market value, or some other similar test.  See generally, George Blum, Annotation, Measure and Elements of Restitution to Which Victim is 
Entitled Under State Criminal Statute, 15 A.L.R.5th 391 (1993 and Supp. 
2001).  In this 
instance, the district court did not rely on market value or book value to 
ascertain an appropriate amount of restitution.  Instead, the district court recognized the 
special value this particular 1988 Chevrolet pickup had to the victim and set 
the restitution in an amount that would allow him to rebuild a 1988 Chevrolet 
pickup from "the ground up."  The record is clear that it is not possible 
for the 1988 Chevrolet pickup to be reassembled using its original parts, as 
many, if not most of them, are gone.  The record does not reveal the source of the 
victim's special attachment to the pickup in question.  As a general rule, 
an individual cannot receive an award of damages for his subjective sense of 
value about personal property:

 

            
If personal property had a market value, no recovery can be had on the 
basis of its value to the owner individually, apart from its market value.  But if the market 
value would not be a fair compensation for a personal loss, a plaintiff is 
sometimes permitted to recover the value of the item to him.  Also, it is 
sometimes provided by statute that the peculiar value to the owner which certain 
property may have may be deemed to be its value under certain circumstances, 
such as where the wrongdoer had advance notice of the special value or was 
guilty of a willful tort.

22 Am.Jur.2D Damages § 437 
(1988).

            
In some cases, the plaintiff is denied all recovery for his claimed 
injury to those property interests which have no market value on the basis that 
the plaintiff cannot recover for sentimental or fanciful losses.  But the rule 
denying recovery for sentimental value of personal property is not applicable if 
the items have primarily sentimental value.  Sentimental value may be associated with  feelings  generated  by  such  items  
as  family heirlooms, photographs, and papers, handicrafts, and 
trophies, as these items are generally capable of generating sentimental 
feelings.  But 
the courts will not allow a substantial recovery for injuries to property 
interests in things when the specific owner has an atypical sentimental 
connection with the item involved.

 

22 Am.Jur.2D Damages § 439 
(1988).

 

[¶15]   In this instance the record will not 
support a finding that the 1988 Chevrolet pickup involved in this case had a 
"special," "unique," or "sentimental" value in an objective sense, or even in a 
subjective sense vis- -vis the victim.  In addition, we conclude that a 1988 
Chevrolet pickup has a readily ascertainable fair market value that equates with 
the statutory directive that the victim of a crime be recompensed for "actual 
pecuniary loss."  
The restitution statute provides for a civil action to collect such 
"special" damages as those sought by this victim.  Because issues such as whether the pickup was 
special, unique, or of sentimental value, and what that value might be, if any, 
are very difficult fact questions, they are better suited for civil litigation 
and jury resolution.

 

[¶16]   Based on this analysis, we hold that 
Bush did not waive his right to appeal his sentence to the extent that the 
sentence was not authorized by the restitution statute.  Furthermore, we 
hold that the district court did impose an illegal sentence in fashioning the 
restitution award.  
This matter is remanded to the district court with directions that 
restitution be set in an amount that reasonably compensates the victim for his 
actual pecuniary damage, i.e., the fair market value 
of his 1988 Chevrolet pickup. 
LEHMAN, Justice, 
dissenting, with whom KITE , Justice, 
joins.

 

[¶17]   I must respectfully dissent.

 

[¶18]   The majority finds the order of 
restitution in this matter constitutes an illegal sentence.  The basis of the 
majority's finding appears to be that the majority does not agree that the 
"pecuniary damages" in this case can be something other than the pickup's 
readily ascertainable fair market value at the time of theft.  The majority thus 
concludes that the amount of restitution ordered by the district court is not 
reasonable.  In 
reaching this conclusion, the majority has substituted its own determination of 
reasonable restitution for that of the district court.  

 

[¶19]   As the majority stated, our review of 
an order of restitution "is confined to a search for procedural error or a clear 
abuse of discretion."  
¶9 (citing Brown v. State, 2003 WY 72, ¶9 70 P.3d 238, ¶9 (Wyo. 
2003)).  When 
considering an abuse of discretion, we must determine whether the district court 
could reasonably conclude as it did.  Herrera v. State, 
2003 WY 25, ¶10, 64 P.3d 724 ¶10 (Wyo. 2003).  We look to see whether the district court 
exercised sound judgment with regard to what is right under the circumstances 
without doing so arbitrarily or capriciously.  Brown, ¶9.  Specifically, the 
applicable statutes require us to determine whether the damages awarded could 
have been recovered in a civil action arising out of the same facts or 
events.  See 
Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-9-103 (b); Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-9-101 (iii); Alcaraz v. State, 2002 WY 57, ¶¶14-15, 44 P.3d 68, ¶¶14-15 (Wyo. 2002) (holding that a portion but not all of the cost of 
video surveillance equipment could be allocated to the defendant charged with 
felony larceny).    

 

[¶20]   The oral pronouncements from the bench 
as well as the restitution order indicate that the district court was cognizant 
of this requirement and sought to ascertain the damages accordingly.   Indeed, I 
find that the amount of restitution ordered in this case falls within the 
confines of what could have been recovered in a civil trial.  Therefore, we must 
not substitute our judgment of reasonable restitution for that of the district 
court.  I 
believe the district court could reasonably conclude as it did and did so 
without acting arbitrarily or capriciously, and I would therefore uphold the 
district court's restitution order.

 

[¶21]  As was the case in Alcaraz, neither party suggests a civil cause of action 
which could arise out of the same facts.  Alcaraz, at 
¶8.  Similarly, 
however, an applicable civil cause of action would be conversion.  Conversion is a 
distinct act of dominion wrongfully executed over one's property in denial of 
his right or inconsistent with it.  Id.  The proper measure 
of damages in a conversion case can include various components.  For instance, in a 
conversion case involving a road grader, the plaintiff was awarded the return of 
his road grader, $10,000 to repair the engine, $400 to replace the cutting edge 
and batteries, $900 for tire replacement, $4,600 for the cost of attempted 
recovery of the grader, and $67,500 for the loss of use of his grader.  Cross v. Berg Lumber Co., 7 P.3d 922, 931 (Wyo. 2000).  As can be seen, the plaintiff was given back 
his road grader and also awarded an allowance to repair his grader.    

  

[¶22]   We have further indicated that the 
injured party should receive full compensation for his actual losses whether it 
is by repair to the property or some other measure.  Alcaraz, at ¶8.  In conversion cases, damages are generally 
the sum of money necessary to compensate the plaintiff for all actual losses or 
injuries sustained as a natural and proximate result of the defendant's 
wrong.  Alcaraz, at ¶8.  Indeed, special damages may be recovered in 
an action for conversion for any injury proximately resulting from the 
conversion.  Id.  The question then becomes the valuation of 
the injured party's actual damages.  
   

[¶23]   In making this determination, I 
consider what we have said regarding both restitution and civil damages in 
general.  The 
purpose of an order of restitution is to compensate the victim for his 
loss.  In 
describing this purpose we have said:
  

            
The goal in awarding damages is to make the injured party whole to the 
extent that it is possible to measure an injury in terms of money.  22 Am.Jur.2d Damages § 26 (1988).  This occurs when the victim is in the same 
financial position he would have been in had the wrong not been committed.  Id.  We have said, "In computing damages, the 
primary objective [is] to determine the amount of loss, applying whatever rule 
is best situated to that purpose.'" Cross, 7 P.3d  at 
933 (quoting O's Gold Seed Company v. United 
Agri-Products Financial Services, Inc., 761 P.2d 673, 676 (Wyo. 
1988)).    

    

Alcaraz at ¶15.  

 

[¶24]   As can be seen by the above quote, the 
determination of restitution based on the amount of loss is not an exact 
science.  
Rather, this determination can be reached through the application of 
different rules.  
The appropriate measurement will vary depending on the 
circumstances.  
We have stated, "[i]n cases where property is destroyed, the proper 
damage amount is the item's market value at the time it was destroyed.  The retail market 
value is used when the victim intends to replace the property."  Meerscheidt v. State, 931 P.2d 220, 226 (Wyo. 
1997) (citation omitted).  

 

[¶25]   In various civil actions we have also 
recognized the varying measures of damages.  We have said, "[t]he measure of damages to 
property which can be repaired and substantially restored to its former 
condition is the reasonable cost of repair or restoration."  Kirby Bldg. Sys. v. Mineral Explorations Co., 704 P.2d 1266, 1269 (Wyo. 
1985) (quoting South Cheyenne Water & Sewer Dist. v. 
Stundon, 483 P.2d 240, 243 (Wyo. 
1971)).  
Additionally,

 

            
In Meredith GMC, Inc. v. Garner, 78 Wyo. 396, 
328 P.2d 371, 373-374 
(1958), we discussed the issue of how damages to a motor vehicle which is not 
totally destroyed are to be calculated. Surveying Wyoming precedent and various 
scholarly works, we concluded that damages could be calculated by using either 
the cost-of-repairs method or the decrease-in-market-value method. We indicated 
that the choice between these two methods should be determined "as the occasion 
may require."  
Id., 328 P.2d  at 374.  

 

Aetna Casualty & Sur. Co. v. Langdon, 624 P.2d 240, 242 (Wyo. 1981).  It thus appears that the method for 
determining the damages varies depending on the circumstances, and there is no 
absolute rule.  
Therefore, the district court should be given wide latitude in making 
such a determination.

 

[¶26]   In this instance, the district court 
held a hearing regarding restitution.  The testimony was specific and detailed 
relating to the damages incurred and the work and parts it would take to restore 
the pickup.  
While this testimony came mostly from the victim, "where an owner has 
sufficient knowledge to establish the value of his own property, he may properly 
serve as a witness."  
Brown, ¶10.  The victim in this case is a certified 
automobile mechanic and thus situated to have knowledge of these values.  The trial court 
clearly considered the testimony regarding the value of the damage incurred to 
the victim's pickup and the cost of needed repairs.  The district court 
offset this amount with a credit for the parts that the victim could sell 
because they would not be needed or they were duplicate parts.  The trial court 
additionally ordered that Bush's obligation be joint and several with Sparby's 
ordered restitution to assure that the victim would not receive a windfall.  

 

[¶27]   A review of the testimony and the 
thorough considerations of the district court clearly indicates to me that the 
restitution order was not an illegal order.  The amount of restitution fixed by the trial 
court was supported by evidence sufficient to afford a reasonable basis for 
estimating the loss and was an amount that could be awarded in a civil suit. See 
Brown, ¶9.  The majority bases much of its reasoning on 
the district court's mention of a unique and special value to the victim.  My review of the 
testimony and the order indicates that this does not appear to be a significant 
basis of the district court's determination.  It appears to me that the district court was 
not compensating the victim for this "subjective sense of value."  Rather, it appears 
the district court simply sought to allow the victim to be made whole through 
the repair of his truck.  Considering the circumstances, such a 
determination is reasonable.   

 

[¶28]   Perhaps the definition of what is 
reasonable will differ from one person to another, but under no circumstances 
can that difference alone form the basis of an abuse of discretion.  In this case, the 
majority simply did not agree with the district court's method of calculating 
reasonable damages.  
However, this does not mean the district court abused its discretion and 
it certainly does not mean that there was an illegal sentence.  As long as the 
district court's determination was reasonable and in an amount that could be 
awarded in a civil action it is not arbitrary or capricious and should be 
upheld.

 

FOOTNOTES

 

   1More 
specifically, the district court warned:  "Now I've already mentioned this once.  If I accept your 
plea, the sentence that is imposed in your case is entirely within my 
discretion.  
After that sentence is imposed you won't be able to change your mind, you 
won't be able to appeal, and you'll have to accept that sentence, even if you 
think it's unfair or too harsh."