Title: Fischer v. State

State: kansas

Issuer: Kansas Supreme Court

Document:

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS 
 
No. 100,248 
 
CRAIG ALAN FISCHER, 
Appellant, 
 
v. 
 
STATE OF KANSAS, 
Appellee. 
 
 
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT 
 
1. 
When certain errors are alleged, K.S.A. 60-1507 controls Kansas habeas corpus 
relief for sentencing issues and collateral attacks on convictions. These postconviction 
proceedings are civil in nature and not controlled by the same constitutional requirements 
applicable to criminal cases. 
 
2. 
A prisoner has no statutory right under K.S.A. 60-1507 to attend an evidentiary 
hearing. K.S.A. 60-1507(b) provides that the district court may entertain and determine a 
motion filed under the statute without requiring the prisoner's production.  
 
3.  
When a district court considers a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion, it may:  (a) determine 
that the motion, files, and case records conclusively show the prisoner is entitled to no 
relief and deny the motion summarily; (b) determine from the motion, files, and records 
that a potentially substantial issue exists, in which case a preliminary hearing may be held 
after appointment of counsel. If the court then determines there is no substantial issue, the 
 
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court may deny the motion; or (c) determine from the motion, files, records, or 
preliminary hearing that there is a substantial issue requiring an evidentiary hearing. 
 
4. 
When a district court finds there is a substantial issue requiring an evidentiary 
hearing for a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion, Supreme Court Rule 183(h) (2012 Kan. Ct. R. 
Annot. 274) supplements the statute and makes clear the circumstances when a prisoner's 
production is required. It provides that a prisoner must be produced for a hearing when 
there are substantial issues of fact regarding events in which the prisoner participated.  
 
5. 
When a district court grants a K.S.A. 60-1507 evidentiary hearing to consider 
substantial issues of fact regarding events in which the prisoner participated, Supreme 
Court Rule 183(h) preserves the district court's discretion to determine the reasonable 
manner under the circumstances to facilitate the prisoner's production for that hearing. A 
district court may require the prisoner to be physically present in the courtroom or may 
use alternative means, if available, such as two-way interactive technology. 
 
6. 
Under Supreme Court Rule 145 (2012 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 259), a district court 
may use a telephone or other electronic conferencing means to conduct any hearing or 
conference, other than a trial on the merits. Under K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 60-243(a), for good 
cause in compelling circumstances and with appropriate safeguards, a trial court may 
permit testimony in open court by contemporaneous transmission from a different 
location. 
 
 
 
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7. 
An important consideration in using any alternative to a prisoner's physical 
presence in the courtroom for an evidentiary hearing under K.S.A. 60-1507 must be 
whether the court can give fair consideration to the particular claims in dispute, as well as 
the prisoner's ability to meaningfully participate in the proceedings. This includes the 
capability to consult privately with counsel.  
 
8. 
Judicial discretion is abused if judicial action is (a) arbitrary, fanciful, or 
unreasonable, i.e., if no reasonable person would have taken the view adopted by the trial 
court; (b) based on an error of law, i.e., if the discretion is guided by an erroneous legal 
conclusion; or (c) based on an error of fact, i.e., if substantial competent evidence does 
not support a factual finding on which a prerequisite conclusion of law or the exercise of 
discretion is based. 
 
9. 
A district court has the primary duty of providing adequate findings and 
conclusions on the record under Supreme Court Rule 165 (2012 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 262). 
But a party also has an obligation to object to inadequate findings of fact and conclusions 
of law to preserve the issue for appeal because this gives the district court an opportunity 
to correct its error. 
 
10. 
An adequate record must exist for an appellate court to determine whether a 
district court abused its discretion. Without such a record, the appellate court may remand 
for additional findings.  
 
 
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Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in Fischer v. State, 41 Kan. App. 2d 764, 206 
P.3d 13 (2009). Appeal from Hamilton District Court; MICHAEL L. QUINT, judge. Opinion filed March 1, 
2013. Judgment of the Court of Appeals reversing the district court is reversed. Judgment of the district 
court is reversed and remanded with directions.   
 
Michelle A. Davis, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the briefs 
for appellant.  
 
Lee J. Davidson, assistant attorney general, argued the cause, and Jared S. Maag, deputy solicitor 
general, and Steve Six, attorney general, were on the briefs for appellee. 
 
The opinion of the court was delivered by 
 
BILES, J.:  The State of Kansas challenges a decision by a divided Court of 
Appeals panel ordering a correctional facility inmate's physical presence at his K.S.A. 60-
1507 evidentiary hearing. The majority reversed the trial court's determination that the 
inmate would participate by telephone. The panel held that there was no discretion as a 
matter of law and ordered that the inmate be transported for new proceedings. Fischer v. 
State, 41 Kan. App. 2d 764, 765-69, 206 P.3d 13 (2009). To resolve the issue, we 
consider the circumstances under which a prisoner must be produced for such 
proceedings and the technological alternatives for fair consideration of habeas corpus 
claims, while giving prisoners reasonable—but meaningful—participation in court 
hearings affecting them.  
 
We reverse the Court of Appeals because its decision strips district courts of the 
discretion we hold that they have. But we reverse the district court's judgment because 
the record on appeal is inadequate for us to conclude whether the district court abused 
that discretion. We remand to the district court for further proceedings, including 
development of a more comprehensive record based on the factors discussed below as to 
 
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whether this particular inmate should be transported to the courthouse for the evidentiary 
hearing in controversy.  
 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
 
A jury convicted Craig A. Fischer of attempted first-degree murder, aggravated 
kidnapping, attempted rape, and criminal possession of a firearm. He was sentenced to an 
842-month prison term, and the convictions were affirmed on appeal. State v. Fischer, 
No. 87,740, 2004 WL 1609116 (Kan. App.) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied 278 Kan. 
848 (2004). 
 
In September 2005, Fischer filed a pro se K.S.A. 60-1507 motion for 
postconviction relief claiming ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Fischer alleged his 
attorney at the time failed to:  (1) investigate, interview, and present possible alibi 
witnesses; (2) object to allegedly prejudicial statements made by the trial judge; (3) 
present evidence of a claimed violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 
1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986) (racially-motivated peremptory challenges by State); and 
(4) object to photographs taken of Fischer by law enforcement for use in a photo lineup. 
 
In 2007, the district court scheduled an evidentiary hearing and appointed counsel 
for Fischer to advance his motion as permitted by K.S.A. 22-4506 (district court may 
appoint counsel after finding a 1507 motion presents substantial questions of law or 
triable issues of fact and movant is determined to be indigent). On the day of the hearing, 
Fischer appeared by telephone. His counsel called several witnesses to testify, who were 
in the courtroom and assisted by a Spanish translator. The testimony of another witness 
was presented by written deposition. Fischer also testified over the telephone. The State 
did not call any witnesses.  
 
 
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The record on appeal does not reflect whether Fischer filed a pre-hearing motion 
to physically appear at the hearing, nor does it explain how arrangements were made for 
Fischer to participate by telephone from the El Dorado Correctional Facility where he 
was incarcerated. At oral argument, appellate counsel for both parties were unfamiliar 
with the lower court's pre-hearing arrangements for the telephone conferencing. These 
deficiencies hamper our ability to resolve the question on appeal. 
 
But the record does reflect that once the district court called the correctional 
facility to connect with Fischer and the proceedings got under way, Fischer promptly 
objected that he was not physically present. This objection was immediately overruled 
without explanation. The entire exchange between Fischer and the district court appears 
as follows from the hearing transcript: 
 
"Mr. Fischer: Okay. I'd just like for the record—is the record going? 
"The Court: Yes, it is. 
"Mr. Fischer: I'd just like to state for the record that I'd like to object that this wasn't—
that I'm not present for this. 
"The Court: Okay. 
"Mr. Fischer: I believe it's a habeas corpus and I should have been present. 
"The Court: Okay. 
"Mr. Fischer: Okay, thank you. 
"The Court: You're preserved for [the] record."  
 
In its subsequent written decision denying the K.S.A. 60-1507 motion on its 
merits, the district court stated that Fischer was given "special permission" to appear by 
telephone and that his request to personally appear was denied "due to his two previous 
convictions for murder and the conviction of the underlying case of attempted murder." 
  
 
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The hearing transcript reflects that once the evidentiary portion of the proceedings 
began, Fischer stated four times he could not hear clearly what was being said. Initially, 
the court asked whether Fischer wanted the court to move the microphone in the 
courtroom closer to those in attendance, to which Fischer replied, "Yeah, I'm having a 
hard time hearing." The court then told the attorney speaking to "talk loud." Soon after, 
the court addressed Fischer again, asking if he could hear what the attorney was saying. 
Fischer replied, "No, I'm really having a difficult time with hearing. . . . [b]oth the 
attorneys are not coming through very well." The court replied that a microphone would 
be placed closer to the attorneys' lips to "make them talk loud." Then again, during a 
witness' direct examination, Fischer spoke up and said, "I'm sorry to interrupt, but I 
cannot hear this witness at all." The court asked the witness to get closer to the 
microphone and talk as loud as he could, telling the witness, "Don't be shy about it at all." 
Later, when Fischer was asked about something an earlier witness said, Fischer 
responded that he was unsure how to answer because he could not hear the witness. 
 
There were also three occasions when Fischer's attorney asked to consult with his 
client privately about witness testimony. The transcript suggests the court's speaker-
phone was disengaged each time to permit Fischer's attorney to pick up a telephone 
receiver to speak directly with Fischer and that the attorney's side of the conversation was 
in the presence of the court and opposing counsel. The record does not expressly state 
whether the room was emptied so Fischer and his attorney could speak with complete 
privacy. Finally, when it was Fischer's turn to testify, the judge administered the oath to 
him over the phone. The sufficiency of that method for securing his oath is not 
challenged by the parties.   
 
Fischer filed a timely appeal, arguing the district court erred by denying the 60-
1507 motion and by refusing to allow him to physically appear at the evidentiary hearing. 
A majority of the Court of Appeals panel reversed because of Fischer's participation by 
 
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telephone. The panel did not address the district court's ruling on the merits of the 60-
1507 motion. 
 
In the divided decision, the majority held that Fischer had to be physically present 
for the proceedings and that the district court had no discretion to order otherwise. 
Fischer, 41 Kan. App. 2d 764, Syl. ¶ 1. It held that Fischer's telephone participation was 
not an adequate substitute because Fischer could not observe what was going on, assist 
his counsel in examining witnesses, or consult with counsel, and because the trial court 
was unable to personally gauge the credibility of Fischer's testimony. The panel majority 
stated:  "Although telephonic participation has been deemed sufficient in other 
proceedings, we believe that the movant's due process interest in an evidentiary hearing 
in a habeas corpus proceeding to determine whether he or she has been subject to a 
constitutional deprivation is too significant to justify an appearance by telephone." 
Fischer, 41 Kan. App. 2d at 767-68. The panel remanded for another evidentiary hearing 
and ordered that Fischer be transported from the correctional facility to the courthouse 
where his hearing would be held.  
 
In a spirited dissent, Judge Steve Leben observed:  "The court's decision in this 
case will undoubtedly become one of the most widely read decisions in every prison and 
jail library in Kansas." 41 Kan. App. 2d at 779. Judge Leben objected to what he viewed 
as the appellate court's unnecessary intrusion into a district court's discretion in 
determining when evidentiary hearings may be conducted by electronic means, as well as 
attendant concerns the majority's decision raised for public safety and expense in 
transporting inmates to distant counties, adding: 
 
"Another reality intrudes here. It's well recognized that inmates—especially those 
with long sentences—will file habeas cases in hopes of getting the closest thing available 
in their world to a vacation, a trip outside prison walls. [Citation omitted.] We rightly 
 
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grant an evidentiary hearing when an inmate's motion states facts that, if true, would 
entitle him or her to relief. [Citation omitted.] So, if we require the physical presence of 
the defendant any time he or she files a habeas motion that parrots language we've held 
merited a hearing in someone else's case, we will be letting Kansas inmates write their 
own day passes from prison at their leisure. To be sure, they'll be in custody while on this 
pseudo-vacation but at a significant cost to the taxpayer and at some risk to the public." 
41 Kan. App. 2d at 771 (Leben, J., dissenting). 
 
The State petitioned this court for review on two issues:  (1) whether Fischer was 
entitled to be physically present at his motion hearing; and (2) if not, whether his trial 
counsel was deficient. Because we remand to the district court on the first issue, we do 
not reach the merits of Fischer's 1507 motion. Our jurisdiction is conferred by K.S.A. 20-
3018(b) (review of Court of Appeals decision). 
 
ANALYSIS 
 
Fischer argues he had a right to be physically present at the K.S.A. 60-1507 
evidentiary hearing, citing this court's decision in Lujan v. State, 270 Kan. 163, 166-67, 
14 P.3d 3d 424 (2000). He argues that participation by telephone violates Lujan and he is 
entitled to a new hearing that he can attend in person. But the State argues Lujan is 
distinguishable because it did not address whether a prisoner's due process interests can 
be satisfied, i.e., a prisoner may meaningfully participate, in a K.S.A. 60-1507 
evidentiary hearing by phone. And the State petitioned this court for review of what it 
characterizes as the Court of Appeals bright-line rule that telephonic participation is 
never adequate under Lujan.   
 
 
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Standard of Review 
 
Whether Fischer has a right to be physically present for his hearing depends upon 
the interpretation of K.S.A. 60-1507 and Supreme Court Rule 183(h) (2012 Kan. Ct. R. 
Annot. 274). See Lujan, 270 Kan. at 166-67. Statutory interpretation is a question of law 
over which appellate courts have unlimited review. Unruh v. Purina Mills, 289 Kan. 
1185, 1193, 221 P. 3d 1130 (2009). Interpretation of Supreme Court rules also is a 
question of law over which this court has unlimited review. Kansas Judicial Review v. 
Stout, 287 Kan. 450, 460, 196 P.3d 1162 (2008). 
 
K.S.A. 60-1507 and Supreme Court Rule 183(h) 
 
K.S.A. 60-1507 controls a Kansas prisoner's habeas corpus relief when certain 
errors are alleged on sentencing issues and in collateral attacks on convictions. Battrick v. 
State, 267 Kan. 389, 394, 985 P.2d 707 (1999). When first enacted, the statute provided a 
postconviction remedy and in many instances superseded the procedures previously used 
for common-law habeas corpus remedies. Stahl v. Board of County Commissioners, 198 
Kan. 623, 624, 426 P.2d 134 (1967). K.S.A. 60-1507(a) states: 
 
 
"A prisoner in custody under sentence of a court of general jurisdiction claiming 
the right to be released upon the ground that the sentence was imposed in violation of the 
constitution or laws of the United States, or the constitution or laws of the state of 
Kansas, or that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence, or that the 
sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise subject to 
collateral attack, may, pursuant to the time limitations imposed by subsection (f), move 
the court which imposed the sentence to vacate, set aside or correct the sentence."   
 
The legislature enacted K.S.A. 60-1507 in 1963 as part of what was then the new 
Code of Civil Procedure. L. 1963, ch. 303, sec. 60-1507. State v. Richardson, 194 Kan. 
 
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471, 472, 399 P.2d 799 (1965). One of the statute's more sweeping changes was to shift 
the burden of prisoner postconviction litigation to all courts in Kansas by directing that 
the proceedings would be in the original sentencing court, rather than in those few 
judicial districts where prisoners were incarcerated. Stahl, 198 Kan. at 624. ("The new 
procedure has this advantage—it permits alleged errors to be reviewed by the court which 
tried the prisoner and is familiar with his case. It also eliminates the congestion which 
formerly existed in judicial districts where penal institutions were located."); see Kansas 
Judicial Council Bulletin, Special Report, p. 12 (November 1962). The statute "is 
intended to provide in a sentencing court a remedy exactly commensurate with that which 
had previously been available by habeas corpus." Cox v. State, 200 Kan. 198, 200-01, 
434 P.2d 843 (1967); see Walker v. State, 216 Kan. 1, 3, 530 P.2d 1235 (1975). 
 
K.S.A. 60-1507's original language mimicked a comparable federal law made 
effective in 1948. Richardson, 194 Kan. at 472. That federal statute was passed "to meet 
practical difficulties that had arisen in administering the habeas corpus jurisdiction of the 
federal courts." United States v. Hayman, 342 U.S. 205, 219, 72 S. Ct. 263, 96 L. Ed. 232 
(1952). K.S.A. 60-1507's language is substantively unchanged since its enactment in 
1963. See L. 1963, ch. 303, sec. 60-1507. 
 
Postconviction proceedings under K.S.A. 60-1507 are civil in nature and not 
controlled by the same constitutional requirements applicable to criminal cases. State v. 
Andrews, 228 Kan. 368, 375, 614 P.2d 447 (1980). A motion such as the one in this case 
is separately docketed as an independent civil action and governed by the Rules of Civil 
Procedure. Supreme Court Rule 183(a)(1) and (a)(2). This court has previously held that 
a criminal defendant's right to be present in certain criminal proceedings does not extend 
to all postconviction hearings. See State v. Ji, 255 Kan. 101, 116, 872 P.2d 748 (1994) 
(Defendant's presence at a postconviction hearing on a motion to modify sentence is a 
matter resting within the sound discretion of the trial court.); State v. Jennings, 240 Kan. 
 
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377, 378-79, 729 P.2d 454 (1986) (noting statute provided defendant be personally 
present for correction of a sentence, but not on a motion to modify sentence); State v. 
Bryant, 227 Kan. 385, Syl. ¶ 2, 607 P.2d 66 (1980) (Convicted defendant is not entitled 
under K.S.A. 22-3405 to be present at a hearing on a new trial motion after imposition of 
sentence when the ground asserted is newly discovered evidence. Presence at such a 
hearing rests within the trial court's discretion.).  
 
K.S.A. 60-1507(b) addresses the district court's ability to decide a motion without 
requiring the movant's presence at a hearing. It states in relevant part: 
 
 
"Unless the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that 
the prisoner is entitled to no relief, the court shall cause notice thereof to be served upon 
the county attorney, grant a prompt hearing thereon, determine the issues and make 
findings of fact and conclusions of law with respect thereto. The court may entertain and 
determine such motion without requiring the production of the prisoner at the hearing." 
(Emphasis added.) 
 
So by its express terms, K.S.A. 60-1507 does not require the prisoner's production. 
Rather, the term "may" is used to describe whether a prisoner is brought to the hearing, 
indicating court discretion. See In re D.D.M., 291 Kan. 883, 891, 249 P.3d 5 (2011) (the 
use of "may" in a statute connotes district court discretion).   
 
Supreme Court Rule 183 supplements the statute. It was intended to clarify and 
make more uniform the procedure used in a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. Smith v. State, 195 
Kan. 745, 747, 408 P.2d 647 (1965) (discussing Supreme Court Rule 183's predecessor, 
Rule No. 121). Rule No. 121 was adopted by this court in 1964, the year after the 
legislature enacted K.S.A. 60-1507. 194 Kan. XXVII. And although it was renumbered in 
later years, the rule's provisions remained the same until July 1, 2012, when it was 
 
13 
 
 
 
amended. See Rule 183(h). Those revisions will be discussed below, but at the time of 
Fischer's 1507 hearing, the former rule stated: 
 
"The prisoner should be produced at the hearing on a motion attacking a sentence where 
there are substantial issues of fact as to events in which the prisoner participated. The 
sentencing court has discretion to ascertain whether the claim is substantial before 
granting a full evidentiary hearing and requiring the prisoner to be present." (Emphasis 
added.) Supreme Court Rule 183(h) (2011 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 260). 
 
Clearly, the rule's then-existing language was a more forceful statement of 
expectation regarding a prisoner's presence at an evidentiary hearing than what is stated 
in K.S.A. 60-1507. And in our caselaw, the interplay between the statute and this 
procedural rule was viewed early on as affording "a full opportunity to present whatever 
substantial matters can be advanced which could affect the validity of the sentence." State 
v. Burnett, 194 Kan. 645, 647, 400 P.2d 971 (1965). This language also reflected the 
court's implementation of the then-recent United States Supreme Court holding in 
Hayman and other federal decisions that had developed as a result of 28 U.S.C. § 2255 
(1948), which was the model for K.S.A. 60-1507. See Johnson v. State, 200 Kan. 708, 
710, 438 P.2d 96 (1968); Richardson, 194 Kan. at 472-73. The language was born from 
the following quote in Hayman: 
 
 
"The existence of power to produce the prisoner does not, of course, mean that he 
should be automatically produced in every Section 2255 proceeding. This is in accord 
with procedure in habeas corpus actions. Unlike the criminal trial where the guilt of the 
defendant is in issue and his presence required by the Sixth Amendment, a proceeding 
under Section 2255 is an independent and collateral inquiry into the validity of the 
conviction. Whether the prisoner should be produced depends upon the issues raised by 
the particular case. Where, as here, there are substantial issues of fact as to events in 
which the prisoner participated, the trial court should require his production for a 
hearing." (Emphasis added.) 342 U.S. at 222-23.   
 
14 
 
 
 
In Hayman, the issue was whether the prisoner had consented to his criminal trial 
attorney's dual representation in a related case of a principal witness against the prisoner. 
The Court found the district court erred by conducting a 3-day hearing without notice to 
the prisoner, who was not present, because the issue obviously involved controverted 
facts relating to the prisoner's own knowledge, i.e., the prisoner's consent to the alleged 
conflict. 342 U.S. at 208-09. 
 
Consistent with Hayman and secondary legal commentary concerning K.S.A. 60-
1507's enactment, this court interpreted the former rule's language in an early decision to 
mean that a prisoner's presence was not essential when evidence was to be taken on a 
motion seeking relief under K.S.A. 60-1507—unless the claim for relief involved a 
substantial issue of fact concerning events in which the prisoner personally had 
participated. King v. State, 200 Kan. 461, Syl. ¶ 2, 436 P.2d 855 (1968). See Foth and 
Palmer, Post Conviction Motions Under the Kansas Revised Code of Civil Procedure, 12 
Kan. L. Rev. 493, 497 (May 1964). In emphasizing this discretionary element, the King 
court stated: 
 
 
"Whenever the trial court considers it advisable to hear evidence relating to a 
motion filed under K.S.A. 60-1507, we deem it by far the best practice for the court to 
require that the prisoner be present, even though his presence may not be essential to the 
regularity of the proceedings under every set of circumstances." (Emphasis added.) 200 
Kan. at 463.  
 
The King court distinguished between evidentiary hearings on matters involving a 
substantial issue of fact concerning events in which the prisoner personally had 
participated from those not involving such issues. 200 Kan. at 463; see also Webb v. 
State, 195 Kan. 728, 734, 408 P.2d 662 (1965) (prisoner's claim correctly found not 
substantial, so no error in failing to have prisoner produced for hearing); Brown v. State, 
196 Kan. 236, 240-41, 409 P.2d 772 (1965) (prisoner's presence required at full 
 
15 
 
 
 
evidentiary hearing because it involved a substantial issue of fact as to events in which 
the prisoner had participated). 
 
But this distinction was blurred in some later caselaw. See Burnett, 194 Kan. at 
647 (prompt hearing with counsel and prisoner's production are "indispensable in the 
protection of a movant's right to a fair and adequate hearing on questions of merit and 
substance"). And in some instances the distinction was obliterated, such as when 
reference was made incorrectly to a prisoner's "statutory right" to be present at a 1507 
evidentiary hearing. See State v. Webber, 42 Kan. App. 2d 823, 827, 218 P.3d 1191 
(2009). Rule 183(h) now provides a directive to the district courts: 
 
 
"When the movant is imprisoned, the movant must be produced at the hearing on 
a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct sentence if there are substantial issues of fact 
regarding events in which the movant participated. A sentencing court may determine 
whether a claim is substantial before granting an evidentiary hearing and requiring the 
movant to be present." (Emphasis added.) 2012 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 276.  
 
We will discuss application of the revised rule to Fischer's case because we are 
remanding it to the district court for further proceedings.  
 
Recent Kansas Caselaw 
 
As noted above, the protections providing for a prisoner's right to an adequate 
hearing were not seen to extend to trivial, frivolous, or insubstantial claims. See Redd v. 
State, 199 Kan. 431, 433, 429 P.2d 925 (1967); Perrin v. State, 196 Kan. 228, 233, 410 P. 
2d 298 (1966); Call v. State, 195 Kan. 688, 693, 408 P.2d. 668, cert. denied 384 U.S. 957 
(1966); see King, 200 Kan. at 465. In other words, not all motions filed under the statute 
merit a hearing. And as stated in the statute, a district court's initial review of the files and 
 
16 
 
 
 
record may be enough to show the issues raised do not warrant further review and the 
matter may be summarily denied. K.S.A. 60-1507(b).  
 
This court, in an effort to distinguish the processes for addressing prisoner claims 
that were trivial or insubstantial from those meriting greater scrutiny and resources, 
outlined "three avenues of approach" a trial court could take in 1507 proceedings. Lujan, 
270 Kan. at 170. We quote from the Lujan court's language because its wording 
prompted the Court of Appeals majority's outcome in Fischer's case. Lujan described 
three possible scenarios for a district court considering a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion as 
follows: 
 
"First, it may determine that the motion, files, and records of the case conclusively show 
that the petitioner is entitled to no relief, in which case it will summarily deny the 
petitioner's motion. Second, the court may determine from the motion, files, and record 
that a substantial issue or issues are presented, requiring a full evidentiary hearing with 
the presence of the petitioner. Third, the court may determine that a potentially 
substantial issue or issues of fact are raised in the motion, supported by the files and 
record, and hold a preliminary hearing after appointment of counsel to determine whether 
in fact the issues in the motion are substantial. In the event the court determines that the 
issue or issues are not substantial, the court may move to a final decision without the 
presence of the petitioner. If the issue or issues are substantial, involving events in which 
the petitioner participated, the court must proceed with a hearing involving the presence 
of the petitioner." Lujan, 270 Kan. at 170-71. 
 
 
Lujan has been cited numerous times for this three-prong sequencing. See, e.g., 
Bellamy v. State, 285 Kan. 346, 353, 172 P.3d 10 (2007); Swenson v. State, 284 Kan. 931, 
935, 169 P.3d 298 (2007); State v. Hoge, 283 Kan. 219, 224, 150 P.3d 905 (2007); 
Laymon v. State, 280 Kan. 430, 436, 122 P.3d 326 (2005); Love v. State, 280 Kan. 553, 
557, 124 P.3d 32 (2005); Gaudina v. State, 278 Kan. 103, 107, 92 P.3d 574 (2004). 
Fischer latches onto the language in the second prong to argue that Lujan requires a 
 
17 
 
 
 
prisoner's physical presence at every 1507 evidentiary hearing, and the Court of Appeals 
majority reached the same conclusion. It held that it was obligated to follow this court's 
Lujan and Bellamy decisions, and telephonic participation was insufficient to satisfy the 
requirement that the full evidentiary hearing occur "'with the presence of the petitioner.'" 
Fischer, 41 Kan. App. 2d at 766-67. 
 
Lujan dealt with a circumstance—much like in Fischer's case—in which the 
district court had previously determined the ineffective assistance of counsel issues in 
controversy were substantial enough to warrant a full evidentiary hearing. The district 
court's error, as the Lujan court emphasized, was in deciding over the prisoner's objection 
that his presence was unnecessary because an affidavit containing his proposed testimony 
would suffice. 270 Kan. at 171. Our court agreed, stating:  "Under the circumstances of 
this case, the presence of the petitioner was not a question subject to the court's 
discretion. The petitioner was entitled to be present under the law of this state." 270 Kan. 
at 171. The court continued by explaining what the prisoner's presence at the hearing 
might have added to the proceedings beyond providing his admittedly uncorroborated 
testimony. It noted Lujan's absence precluded him from responding to the evidence 
presented at the hearing, assisting his counsel with cross-examination, and directly 
rebutting testimony that contradicted his affidavit. As the Lujan court stated:  "The 
affidavit that Lujan was allowed to present was not a proper substitute for his presence." 
270 Kan. at 172.  
 
In Fischer, the Court of Appeals majority seized upon Lujan and interpreted the 
word "presence," which appeared in both the statute and the rule, to require that Fischer 
be transported to the evidentiary hearing rather than participating by telephone. And in 
doing so, the panel majority seems to create a bright-line rule prohibiting telephone 
conferencing for any K.S.A. 60-1507 evidentiary proceeding. Judge Leben's dissent 
interpreted the majority's decision as being so broad as to prohibit any other electronic 
 
18 
 
 
 
conferencing capabilities as well. Fischer, 41 Kan. App. 2d at 771-72. The majority 
stated: 
 
 
"We conclude that 'presence' of a 60-1507 movant at a full evidentiary hearing 
does not include mere telephone participation where: (1) the record fails to cite any basis 
for denial of physical presence other than the nature of the movant's conviction; and (2) 
the record reflects substantial difficulty in the movant's ability to hear the proceedings. 
First, we note that Rule 183(h) does not contemplate mere telephone participation; the 
Rule states that the movant 'should be produced.' Production of the movant clearly means 
physical presence.  
 
 
"Second, we do not believe the term 'presence' includes mere telephonic 
participation. 'Presence' is 'the fact or condition of being present.' Webster's Third New 
International Dictionary 1793 (1993). Black's Law Dictionary defines 'presence' as 'the 
state or fact of being in a particular place and time.' Black's Law Dictionary 1221 (8th ed. 
2004). Although telephonic participation has been deemed sufficient in other 
proceedings, we believe that the movant's due process interest in an evidentiary hearing 
in a habeas corpus proceeding to determine whether he or she has been subject to a 
constitutional deprivation is too significant to justify an appearance by telephone. 
[Citation omitted.] 
 
 
"We are persuaded that mere telephonic participation in an evidentiary hearing 
does not enable the movant to hear and observe witnesses, attorneys, or the judge, and 
certainly does not enable the manner of assistance to his or her own counsel that could be 
critical to such a hearing. We acknowledge that Fischer was consulted by his attorney on 
several occasions during the hearing, but the record seems to reflect that these 
consultations were made with his attorney's side of the conversation spoken in open 
court. If the movant is entitled to be present at such a hearing, telephonic participation is 
a poor substitute." 41 Kan. App. 2d at 767-68. 
 
But contrary to the panel majority's strict reading of Lujan, that case did not 
address whether telephone conferencing or other interactive electronic means might have 
 
19 
 
 
 
provided a proper substitute for Lujan's physical presence at his hearing. To that extent, 
the panel majority extended Lujan beyond its facts.  
 
We are persuaded that when a particular case warrants further review by the 
district court, our rules and our existing caselaw allow a court discretionary authority 
when determining whether a prisoner must be physically transported for any K.S.A. 60-
1507 evidentiary hearing, and if not, what alternatives there may be. See Supreme Court 
Rule 145 (2012 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 259) (authorizing a court in its discretion to use a 
telephone or other electronic conference to conduct any hearing other than a trial on the 
merits).  
 
Drawing from Lujan and our recent revision to Rule 183, we reiterate that district 
courts have three options when faced with a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion:  (1) The court may 
determine that the motion, files, and case records conclusively show the prisoner is 
entitled to no relief and deny the motion summarily; (2) the court may determine from the 
motion, files, and records that a potentially substantial issue exists, in which case a 
preliminary hearing may be held. If the court then determines there is no substantial 
issue, the court may deny the motion; or (3) the court may determine from the motion, 
files, records, or preliminary hearing that a substantial issue is presented requiring a full 
hearing. And if the district court decides a hearing is required, the recent revisions to 
Supreme Court Rule 183(h) set out two scenarios. 
 
In the first, the motion would not concern a substantial issue of fact regarding 
events involving the prisoner. In those instances, the rule is silent as to whether the 
prisoner must be produced; but under K.S.A. 60-1507, the district court may exercise its 
discretion and order the prisoner's production if it deems such production is warranted. In 
the second scenario, the motion would concern a substantial issue of fact regarding events 
in which the prisoner participated and the rule requires the district court provide for the 
 
20 
 
 
 
prisoner's production. But this production does not necessarily require a prisoner's 
physical presence. 
 
It is within the court's discretion to determine the means of production under the 
rule. In some circumstances, physical presence may be necessary; but in others, 
alternative means such as two-way interactive technology may suffice. See Supreme 
Court Rule 145; K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 60-243(a) (for good cause in compelling 
circumstances and with appropriate safeguards, a trial court may permit testimony in 
open court by contemporaneous transmission from a different location). In making this 
discretionary determination as to the manner of production, the district court must protect 
a prisoner's ability to reasonably—but meaningfully—participate in the proceedings on 
substantially equal terms with the State after considering the issues presented and any 
other circumstances deemed relevant by the court. And in the exercise of this discretion, 
the district court must justify its ruling on the record. See Supreme Court Rule 165 (2012 
Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 262) (In contested matters, the judge must state the facts and legal 
principles controlling the decision.).  
  
Fischer relies on Bellamy to advance an argument that his physical presence is 
always required at any evidentiary hearing. But the case does not stand for that 
proposition. The principal focus of Bellamy was the standard of review that appellate 
courts must apply for each of the "three avenues of approach" articulated in Lujan. 285 
Kan. at 354-55. The case does not address whether there was an adequate substitute for 
Bellamy's physical presence at the hearing in controversy and did not create a hard-and-
fast rule requiring a prisoner's physical presence at all evidentiary hearings. Bellamy 
simply recited Lujan's language while deciding the standard of review questions 
presented under its facts. 
 
 
21 
 
 
 
To summarize, on the question whether a prisoner must be physically present at a 
K.S.A. 60-1507 evidentiary hearing, we adhere to a principle that closely balances the 
statutory language and Rule 183(h). Both the statute and the rule provide discretion for 
the district court to decide how a prisoner will be produced for a hearing in those 
instances requiring it. There is no bright-line rule as suggested by the majority panel 
mandating physical presence in all instances. The statute expressly states that a court may 
decide a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion "without requiring the production of the prisoner at the 
hearing." K.S.A. 60-1507(b). And Rule 183(h), which is intended to complement the 
statute's operation, states that the prisoner must be produced at a hearing when there are 
substantial issues of fact regarding events in which the prisoner participated. In that 
instance, the district court has discretion to determine whether a prisoner must be 
physically transported to the courthouse or can meaningfully participate by interactive 
electronic means. 
 
A nonexclusive list of factors that may be relevant for Kansas courts to consider 
when faced with this question include:  (1) whether the prisoner's physical presence 
substantially furthers resolution of the issues presented; (2) whether the nature of the 
hearing requires the prisoner to privately communicate with his or her attorney and 
whether that communication may be accommodated; (3) whether the technology 
available to the court (closed circuit television, telephone, internet connection) can 
reliably connect to the prisoner's location; (4) transportation costs; (5) personnel 
availability; (6) security risks; and (7) the hearing's expected length. But other factors 
surely will arise depending on the issues being pursued in a particular hearing. See Hall 
v. Hall, 128 Mich. App. 757, 762, 341 N.W.2d 206 (1983) (listing factors one and six); 
see also Poulin, Criminal Justice and Videoconferencing Technology: The Remote 
Defendant, 78 Tul. L. Rev. 1089, 1108-12 (2004) (discussing some advantages and 
disadvantages of using technology instead of transporting the prisoner to the hearing); 
Raburn-Remfry, Due Process Concerns in Video Production of Defendants, 23 Stetson L. 
 
22 
 
 
 
Rev. 805, 811-12 (1994) (describing advantages of technology, including that video 
production lessens security concerns).  
 
In any given case, the parties will need to argue those factors they believe should 
enter into the court's decision. The district court's resolution of the question should 
articulate the factors it considered in its ruling on the record. And on review by an 
appellate court, the district court's decisions regarding whether and how the prisoner is 
produced will be scrutinized under an abuse of discretion standard. With these factors in 
mind, we must still decide whether the district court in this case properly exercised its 
discretion when it decided to have Fischer produced by telephone. 
 
Judicial discretion is abused if judicial action is (1) arbitrary, fanciful, or 
unreasonable, i.e., if no reasonable person would have taken the view adopted by the trial 
court; (2) based on an error of law, i.e., if the discretion is guided by an erroneous legal 
conclusion; or (3) based on an error of fact, i.e., if substantial competent evidence does 
not support a factual finding on which a prerequisite conclusion of law or the exercise of 
discretion is based. State v. Ward, 292 Kan. 541, 550, 256 P.3d 801 (2011), cert. denied 
132 S. Ct. 1594 (2012).   
 
Supreme Court Rule 165 places on the district court the primary duty to provide 
adequate findings and conclusions on the record of the court's decision on contested 
matters. But a party also has the obligation to object to inadequate findings of fact and 
conclusions of law in order to preserve an issue for appeal because this gives the trial 
court an opportunity to correct any findings or conclusions that are argued to be 
inadequate. When faced with an incomplete record, an appellate court may remand for 
additional findings and conclusions. DeWerff v. Schwartz, 12 Kan. App. 2d 553, 559, 751 
P.2d 1047 (1988).   
 
 
23 
 
 
 
The record in Fischer's case is inadequate to make the necessary findings. It is 
unclear, for example, what occurred prior to the evidentiary hearing to connect Fischer to 
the proceedings by telephone. Certainly something must have happened because 
advanced arrangements were made to call the El Dorado Correctional Facility and for 
Fischer to be available. The record also does not explain whether Fischer's counsel 
agreed to or acquiesced in the decision to have his client participate by telephone and 
does not explain what factors the district court considered in deciding that phone 
participation was adequate, as opposed to some other alternative. 
 
What the record does reflect is that the district court gave only a very brief, after-
the-fact, and cursory reasoning for denying Fischer's request to be physically present. In 
its decision denying the K.S.A. 60-1507 motion, the district court stated only that it had 
given Fischer "special permission" to appear by telephone because of two previous 
murder convictions and the conviction in the underlying case of attempted murder. And 
while we agree that Fischer's prior convictions enter into the court's exercise of 
discretion, we cannot see how its self-described "special permission" reconciles with 
Rule 183(h)'s expectations as we have detailed them. After all, in deciding to hold the 
evidentiary hearing, the district court necessarily found at least one issue (ineffective 
assistance of counsel on the alibi defense) that was substantial in nature, and that issue 
clearly concerned events in which Fischer was involved. 
 
Under the newer version of Rule 183(h), such findings would trigger a mandate 
that Fischer be produced in some fashion for the hearing. Under the rule as it existed at 
the time, the prisoner should have been produced. The district court's rulings do not 
explain how the court thought it could meet that expectation or give Fischer fair 
consideration of the issues on their merits by having him on the telephone. 
 
 
24 
 
 
 
In addition, we are unable to evaluate Fischer's multiple complaints that he had 
difficulty hearing what was being said in the courtroom over the telephone, as well as the 
arrangements made for Fischer to speak privately with his attorney. The district court did 
nothing to make a record as to whether Fischer's protests were valid or whether the 
positioning of counsel and witnesses closer to a courtroom microphone was effective. 
One solution to this would have been to have someone at the prisoner's location verify 
whether there are technical difficulties. Otherwise, the district court has no way of 
knowing whether the complaints are credible. And since this was not done, we cannot 
discern whether any communication difficulties actually impacted Fischer's ability to 
meaningfully participate in the proceedings. 
 
Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not adequately support its decision 
to have Fischer participate by telephone, and it did not appropriately address whether 
Fischer's complaints about being unable to hear portions of the proceedings adversely 
impacted in a material way the presentation of his arguments. We reverse the district 
court's judgment and remand to the district court for further proceedings. This is to 
include development of a more comprehensive record as to whether this particular inmate 
should be transported to the courthouse or whether alternative means of his production, 
such as the telephone conferencing originally ordered, will be sufficient based on the 
considerations described above. 
 
The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed. The decision of the district court 
is reversed and remanded with directions.  
 
MORITZ, J., not participating. 
 
KIM W. CUDNEY, District Judge, assigned.1 
 
 
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1REPORTER'S NOTE: District Judge Cudney was appointed to hear case No. 100,248 
vice Justice Moritz pursuant to the authority vested in the Supreme Court by Art. 3, § 6(f) 
of the Kansas Constitution.