Title: P. v. Brookfield

State: california

Issuer: California Supreme Court

Document:

1 
Filed 8/31/09 (this opn. follows companion case, S148643, also filed 8/31/09) 
 
 
 
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 
 
THE PEOPLE, 
) 
 
 
) 
 
Plaintiff and Respondent, 
) 
 
 
) 
S147980 
 
v. 
) 
 
 
) 
Ct.App. 5 F048767 
BYRON JEROME BROOKFIELD, 
) 
 
 
) 
Kern County 
 
Defendant and Appellant. 
) 
Super. Ct. No. BF107031B 
 
____________________________________) 
 
In this case, a companion to People v. Jones (Aug. 31, 2009, S148643) ___ 
Cal.4th ___, we must interpret subdivision (e)(2) of Penal Code section 12022.53 
(section 12022.53(e)(2)).  That provision states:  ―An enhancement for 
participation in a criminal street gang . . . shall not be imposed . . . in addition to‖ 
an enhancement under Penal Code section 12022.53 for firearm use unless the 
defendant ―personally used or personally discharged a firearm in the commission 
of the offense.‖  (Italics added.) 
Here, defendant was convicted of a gang-related crime in the commission of 
which he did not personally discharge a firearm, but a companion did.  The trial 
court sentenced defendant to life imprisonment because of his participation in a 
criminal street gang; the court also imposed additional punishment because of the 
companion‘s firearm use.  We conclude that the life sentence was proper but that 
the additional punishment for firearm use was not.  We affirm the judgment of the 
Court of Appeal, which reached the same conclusion, albeit for different reasons. 
2 
I 
Freddie Mae Jackson testified that on June 14, 2004, the driver of a gray car 
fired seven or eight shots out of the car‘s passenger window at a Bakersfield 
apartment building, and she identified defendant as a passenger in the car.  
Bakersfield Police Officer Mark Herman testified that defendant was a member of 
the Bloods, a criminal street gang.  Rejecting defendant‘s alibi defense, the jury 
convicted him of shooting at an inhabited dwelling (Pen. Code, § 246)1 and of 
conspiring to commit that crime (§ 182, subd. (a)(1)).  The jury found, as to each 
of these two offenses, that defendant committed the crime ―for the benefit of, at 
the direction of, or in association with any criminal street gang, with the specific 
intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members.‖  
(§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1).)  The jury also found, as to each crime, that defendant was 
a principal in the offense and that at least one principal used a firearm within the 
meaning of subdivisions (b) and (e)(1) of section 12022.53.   
For the crime of shooting at an inhabited dwelling, the trial court — 
applying the sentencing provision in subdivision (b)(4) of section 186.22 
(pertaining to crimes committed to benefit a criminal street gang; hereafter section 
186.22(b)(4)) — sentenced defendant to life in prison, with a minimum term of 15 
years, and it added a 10-year term under subdivisions (b) and (e)(1) of section 
12022.53 because a principal in the crimes had used a firearm in committing the 
offense.  For the crime of conspiracy, the trial court imposed a five-year prison 
term, and an additional five years because defendant committed the crime to 
benefit a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)); the latter term was stayed 
under section 654, which prohibits multiple punishment for the same act. 
                                              
1  
All further statutory citations are to the Penal Code. 
3 
In the Court of Appeal, defendant challenged the life term that was imposed 
because his crime of shooting at an inhabited dwelling was committed to benefit a 
criminal street gang.  He relied on section 12022.53(e)(2), which provides:  ―An 
enhancement for participation in a criminal street gang . . . shall not be imposed 
. . . in addition to‖ an enhancement under section 12022.53 for firearm use unless 
the defendant personally discharged a firearm in the commission of the offense.  
Noting that he did not personally use a firearm (his companion did, and defendant 
was convicted as an accomplice), defendant argued on appeal that under this 
subdivision the trial court‘s imposition of a 10-year sentence enhancement for use 
of a firearm precluded it from also imposing a life term based on defendant‘s 
participation in a criminal street gang. 
In response to defendant‘s argument in the Court of Appeal, the Attorney 
General contended that section 12022.53(e)(2), on which defendant relied, was 
inapplicable because defendant had not committed a crime that was subject to 
additional punishment under section 12022.53, and that instead of vacating 
defendant‘s life sentence, the Court of Appeal should vacate the 10-year sentence 
enhancement under section 12022.53‘s subdivisions (b) and (e)(1), which come 
into play when a principal in the crime personally uses a firearm.  Noting that 
section 12022.53‘s additional punishments apply only to certain statutorily 
specified crimes, the Attorney General asserted in the Court of Appeal that 
defendant‘s convictions for shooting at an inhabited dwelling and for conspiracy to 
commit that offense did not fall into any of the statutorily specified categories.  
Under this view, defendant‘s life sentence (with a minimum term of 15 years) — 
imposed by the trial court under section 186.22(b)(4)‘s street gang provision — 
was valid, but imposition of the additional 10 years under subdivisions (b) and 
(e)(1) of section 12022.53 was not.   
4 
The Court of Appeal agreed with the Attorney General.  It upheld 
defendant‘s life sentence under section 186.22(b)(4), but it directed the trial court 
to vacate defendant‘s 10-year sentence enhancement imposed under subdivisions 
(b) and (e)(1) of section 12022.53.  The Court of Appeal rejected the trial court‘s 
reasoning that because defendant‘s crime of shooting at an inhabited dwelling was 
punishable by life imprisonment under section 186.22(b)(4) (pertaining to crimes 
committed to benefit a criminal street gang), it was a ―felony punishable by death 
or imprisonment in the state prison for life‖ (§ 12022.53, subd. (a)(17), italics 
added), and therefore it was an offense to which section 12022.53‘s additional 
penalties applied.  In the Court of Appeal‘s view, defendant‘s life term under 
section 186.22(b)(4) was a sentence ―enhancement‖ that was not attributable to his 
crime of shooting at an inhabited dwelling (which by itself carries a range of three 
prison terms, none of which is a life sentence); the court held that ―subdivision 
(a)(17) of section 12022.53 is only applicable where the underlying felony itself 
provides for a life sentence, without regard to enhancements that are not included 
within the definition of the felony.‖  We granted defendant‘s petition for review. 
II 
This case, like the companion case of People v. Jones, supra, ___ Cal.4th 
___, involves the interplay between two highly complex statutes:  section 186.22, 
which targets participants in criminal street gangs; and section 12022.53, also 
known as ―the 10-20-life law‖ (People v. Oates (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1048, 1052), 
which ―prescribes substantial sentence enhancements for using a firearm in the 
commission of certain listed felonies‖ (ibid.).  As we did in Jones, we begin our 
analysis of the issues with a brief overview of these two statutes. 
5 
A.  Section 186.22 
Section 186.22 was enacted in 1988 as part of the California Street 
Terrorism Enforcement and Prevention Act.  This complex legislation became 
even more so in 2000, when California‘s voters passed Proposition 21, an initiative 
measure that made many changes to laws pertaining to juvenile offenders and 
gang-related crimes.  Section 186.22 was one of the affected laws.  Pertinent here 
is that statute‘s subdivision (b), which imposes substantial penalties for anyone 
convicted of a crime committed ―for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in 
association with any criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, 
further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members.‖  (§ 186.22, subd. 
(b)(1).)2   
Under subdivision (b) of section 186.22, most felonies committed to benefit 
a criminal street gang are subject to an additional prison term of two, three, or four 
years, at the trial court‘s discretion (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(A)); if the underlying 
felony is a ―serious‖ felony, the additional prison term is five years (id., subd. 
(b)(1)(B)); and if the underlying felony is a ―violent‖ felony, the additional term is 
10 years (id., subd. (b)(1)(C)).3  If the felony that is committed to benefit a 
criminal street gang is ―a home invasion robbery . . . ; carjacking . . . ; a felony 
violation of Section 246 [the offense committed by defendant here], or a violation 
of Section 12022.55‖ (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(4)(B), italics added), the penalty is ―an 
indeterminate term of life imprisonment with a minimum term of the indeterminate 
                                              
2  
For the sake of simplicity, this opinion uses the shorthand phrase ―to benefit 
a criminal street gang‖ to refer to crimes that, in the statutory language, were 
committed ―for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with any 
criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any 
criminal conduct by gang members.‖  (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1).) 
3  
Serious felonies are defined in subdivision (c) of section 1192.7; violent 
felonies are defined in subdivision (c) of section 667.5. 
6 
sentence calculated as the greater of:  [¶]  (A)  The term determined by the court 
pursuant to Section 1170 for the underlying conviction, including any 
enhancement applicable under Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 1170) of 
Title 7 of Part 2, or any period prescribed by Section 3046 . . . . [or]  [¶]  (B) 
Imprisonment in the state prison for 15 years . . . .‖ (id., subd. (b)(4), italics added).   
B.  Section 12022.53 
Section 12022.53 imposes increasingly severe sentence enhancements for 
firearm use in the commission of certain felonies set forth in subdivision (a) of that 
section.  Among those felonies is ―[a]ny felony punishable by death or 
imprisonment in the state prison for life.‖  (§ 12022.53, subd. (a)(17), italics 
added.)  (As noted earlier, defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment based on 
the jury‘s finding that he committed the crime of shooting at an inhabited dwelling 
[§ 246] to benefit a criminal street gang [§ 186.22(b)(4)].) 
Under section 12022.53, a defendant‘s personal use of a firearm in the 
commission of a specified felony results in an additional 10-year prison term 
(§ 12022.53, subd. (b)), personal and intentional discharge of a firearm leads to an 
additional 20 years (id., subd. (c)), while personal and intentional discharge of a 
firearm resulting in death or great bodily injury to a person other than an 
accomplice adds a prison term of 25 years to life (id., subd. (d)) to the sentence for 
the underlying crime.   
Subdivision (e) of section 12022.53 explains how a trial court is to sentence 
a defendant in a case in which the provisions of sections 186.22 and 12022.53 both 
apply.  Subdivision (e)(1) of section 12022.53 provides:  ―The enhancements 
provided in this section shall apply to any person who is a principal in the 
commission of an offense if both of the following are pled and proved:  [¶]  (A)  
The person violated subdivision (b) of Section 186.22.  [¶]  (B)  Any principal in 
7 
the offense committed any act specified in subdivision (b), (c), or (d).‖  Because 
here a principal in the crime of shooting at an inhabited dwelling had personally 
used a firearm, the trial court imposed the 10-year enhancement provided for in 
subdivision (b) of section 12022.53.  And section 12022.53(e)(2) provides:  ―An 
enhancement for participation in a criminal street gang pursuant to Chapter 11 
(commencing with Section 186.20) of Title 7 of Part 1 shall not be imposed on a 
person in addition to an enhancement imposed pursuant to this subdivision, unless 
the person personally used or personally discharged a firearm in the commission of 
the offense.‖ 
Section 12022.53‘s subdivision (e)(1) has this effect:  Ordinarily, section 
12022.53‘s sentence enhancements apply only to personal use or discharge of a 
firearm in the commission of a statutorily specified offense, but when the offense 
is committed to benefit a criminal street gang, the statute‘s additional punishments 
apply even if, as in this case, the defendant did not personally use or discharge a 
firearm but another principal did.  Section 12022.53(e)(2), however, limits the 
effect of subdivision (e)(1).  A defendant who personally uses or discharges a 
firearm in the commission of a gang-related offense is subject to both the increased 
punishment provided for in section 186.22 and the increased punishment provided 
for in section 12022.53.  In contrast, when another principal in the offense uses or 
discharges a firearm but the defendant does not, there is no imposition of an 
―enhancement for participation in a criminal street gang . . . in addition to an 
enhancement imposed pursuant to‖ section 12022.53.  (§ 12022.53(e)(2).) 
III 
The threshold inquiry we need to answer is this:  When a defendant is 
sentenced to a life term for the felony of shooting at an inhabited dwelling (§ 246) 
because the defendant committed that crime to benefit a criminal street gang 
(§ 186.22, subd. (b)(4)(B)), is that offense a ―felony punishable by . . . 
8 
imprisonment in the state prison for life‖ within the meaning of subdivision (a)(17) 
of section 12022.53, thereby triggering the 10-year additional punishment under 
subdivisions (b) and (e)(1) of section 12022.53 for personal use of a firearm by a 
principal in the offense?  As we explain in the companion case of People v. Jones, 
supra, ___ Cal.4th ___, the answer to this question is ―yes.‖  Our reasoning 
follows. 
Shooting at an inhabited dwelling (§ 246) is, by itself, punishable by a term 
of three, five, or seven years in prison, at the trial court‘s discretion.  But when that 
crime is committed to benefit a criminal street gang, as the jury here found, the 
penalty is life imprisonment, with a minimum term of no less than 15 years.  
(§ 186.22(b)(4).)  As the companion case of People v. Jones, supra, ___ Cal.4th at 
page ___ [p. 11] holds, that life term does not (contrary to the Court of Appeal‘s 
conclusion in this case) constitute a sentence enhancement, because it is not 
imposed in addition to the sentence for the underlying crime (here, shooting at an 
inhabited dwelling); rather, it is an alternate penalty for that offense.  Because the 
felony that defendant committed (shooting at an inhabited dwelling) was 
punishable by a life term under section 186.22(b)(4) (because it was committed to 
benefit a criminal street gang), he committed a ―felony punishable by . . . 
imprisonment in the state prison for life‖ within the meaning of subdivision (a)(17) 
of section 12022.53.  Both defendant and the Attorney General agree on this.4 
They disagree, however, on the effect of section 12022.53(e)(2), which 
states:  ―An enhancement for participation in a criminal street gang pursuant to 
                                              
4  
Defendant has taken this position from the outset.  The Attorney General, 
however, has taken inconsistent positions.  In the Court of Appeal, he 
characterized a life term under section 186.22(b)(4) as a sentence enhancement, 
but he now insists that it is an alternate penalty. 
9 
Chapter 11 (commencing with Section 186.20) of Title 7 of Part 1 shall not be 
imposed on a person in addition to an enhancement imposed pursuant to this 
subdivision, unless the person personally used or personally discharged a firearm 
in the commission of the offense.‖   
According to the Attorney General, section 12022.53(e)(2) does not limit 
defendant‘s sentence in this case.  Section 186.22, the Attorney General explains, 
contains not only sentence enhancements — added terms of two, three, or four 
years (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(A)); five years (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(B)); or 10 
years (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)) — but also penalty provisions.  The latter are the 
life sentence under section 186.22(b)(4), which applies here, and two others 
described in subdivisions (b)(5) and (d) of section 186.22.  Noting that section 
12022.53(e)(2), by its terms, precludes the imposition of ―[a]n enhancement for 
participation in a criminal street gang‖ (italics added) in addition to an increased 
penalty imposed under section 12022.53, the Attorney General argues that section 
12022.53(e)(2) does not prohibit imposition of a life term under section 
186.22(b)(4) in addition to a sentence enhancement under section 12022.53 (as 
occurred in this case), because the life term is not a sentence ―enhancement‖ but an 
alternate penalty for the underlying crime of shooting at an inhabited dwelling, 
which, by itself, is punishable by a prison term of three, five, or seven years, at the 
trial court‘s discretion.  
Defendant disagrees.  He argues that the term ―enhancement,‖ as used in 
section 12022.53(e)(2), encompasses not only an additional prison term but also 
any greater term of imprisonment (such as a penalty provision) that is imposed 
because the underlying crime was committed to benefit a criminal street gang.  
Under this statutory construction, when (as here) a trier of fact finds to be true an 
allegation justifying imposition of a life term under section 186.22(b)(4)‘s penalty 
provision based on street gang participation, and finds to be true a sentence 
10 
enhancement allegation under section 12022.53 for firearm use, and when (as 
here) section 12022.53‘s sentence enhancement applies because a principal other 
than the defendant used a firearm in committing the offense, the trial court may not 
impose the sentence enhancement under section 12022.53 in addition to a life term 
under section 186.22(b)(4).  As explained below, we agree with defendant. 
―In construing a statute, our role is to ascertain the Legislature‘s intent so as 
to effectuate the purpose of the law.  [Citation.]  In determining intent, we must 
look first to the words of the statute because they are the most reliable indicator of 
legislative intent.  [Citation.]‖  (People v. Lopez (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1051, 1056.)  
―We do not, however, consider the statutory language ‗in isolation.‘  [Citation.]  
Rather, we look to ‗the entire substance of the statute . . . to determine the scope 
and purpose of the provision . . . .  [Citation.]‘  [Citation.]  That is, we construe the 
words in question ‗ ―in context, keeping in mind the nature and obvious purpose of 
the statute . . . .‖ ‘ ‖  (People v. Murphy (2001) 25 Cal.4th 136, 142.) 
With these principles in mind, we examine section 12022.53(e)(2).  We 
acknowledge that decisions of this court in the last decade have, in construing 
various subdivisions of section 186.22 (the primary section referred to by the word 
―enhancement‖ in section 12022.53(e)(2)), drawn a distinction between penalty 
provisions and sentence enhancements in that section; these decisions have 
construed the word ―enhancement‖ as meaning an additional term of 
imprisonment, explaining that a penalty provision is not a sentence enhancement 
because the former provides an alternate penalty rather than an additional 
punishment.  (See People v. Briceno (2004) 34 Cal.4th 451, 460, fn. 7 
[characterizing various subdivisions of section 186.22 as either enhancements or 
penalty provisions]; Robert L. v. Superior Court (2003) 30 Cal.4th 894, 899 
[section 186.22‘s subdivision (d), which provides that any public offense 
punishable as a felony or a misdemeanor is punishable by one, two, or three years 
11 
in prison when committed to benefit punishable by one, two, or three years in 
prison when committed to benefit a criminal street gang, is a penalty provision, not 
a sentence enhancement]; People v. Jefferson (1999) 21 Cal.4th 86, 101 [§ 186.22, 
subd. (b)(4) is a penalty provision, not a sentence enhancement]; see also People 
v. Acosta (2002) 29 Cal.4th 105, 118 [25-year minimum prison term described in 
§ 667.61 is a penalty provision, not a sentence enhancement]; People v. Murphy, 
supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 154 [punishment described in § 666 is a penalty provision, 
not a sentence enhancement].)  The Attorney General urges us to give the word 
―enhancement‖ in section 12022.53(e)(2) this same meaning. 
If the cases cited in the preceding paragraph had already been decided when 
the Legislature enacted section 12022.53, it would be reasonable to infer that the 
Legislature was aware of the distinction this court has drawn between the sentence 
enhancements and the penalty provisions set forth in section 186.22, and that the 
Legislature intended the word ―enhancement‖ in the statute to have the narrow 
meaning articulated by this court.  That narrow meaning is this:  The word 
―enhancement‖ refers only to a sentence enhancement, not a penalty provision.  
But the cases in question were decided after the Legislature‘s enactment of section 
12022.53 in 1997.5  Thus, the Legislature did not have the benefit of this court‘s 
later decisions that have given the term ―enhancement‖ the narrow meaning that 
the Attorney General argues we should apply to that term in section 
12022.53(e)(2).  
                                              
5  
In a footnote in People v. Bright (1995) 12 Cal.4th 652, decided a year 
before the Legislature enacted section 12022.53, this court explained that a clause 
in section 664 imposing a penalty of life imprisonment for an attempt to commit 
willful, deliberate, and premeditated murder, is a penalty provision, not a sentence 
enhancement.  (People v. Bright, supra, 12 Cal.4th at p. 656, fn. 2.)  But that case 
did not discuss the gang-related sentence increases of section 186.22, at issue here. 
12 
It appears that the Legislature‘s use of the term ―enhancement‖ in section 
12022.53(e)(2) was intended to refer broadly to any greater term of imprisonment 
for a crime that, as here, is committed to benefit a criminal street gang.  This 
means that, as used in the statute, the word ―enhancement‖ includes not only the 
sentence enhancements in section 186.22, but also the alternate penalty provisions 
in that section.  Our reasons follow.  
Section 12022.53‘s sentencing scheme distinguishes between four types of 
offenders.  The first group consists of those offenders who personally used or 
discharged a firearm in committing a gang-related offense that is specified in section 
12022.53.  These defendants are subject to both to the harsh enhancement provisions 
of 12022.53 and the gang-related sentence increases of section 186.22.  The second 
group consists of accomplices to a gang-related offense specified in section 
12022.53 in which, as here, not the defendant but another principal personally used 
or discharges a firearm.  They are subject to additional punishment under either 
section 12022.53 or the gang-related sentence increases under section 186.22, but 
not both.  The third group consists of those who personally used or discharged a 
firearm during an offense that is specified in section 12022.53 but is not gang 
related.  They are subject to additional punishment under section 12022.53, but 
because the crime is not gang related, the gang-related sentence increases of section 
186.22 do not apply.  The fourth group consists of those who committed a crime that 
is listed in section 12022.53 but is not gang related, and who did not personally use 
or discharge a firearm.  This last group of defendants is not subject either to the 
gang-related sentence increases of section 186.22 (because the crime was not gang 
related) or to the additional punishment provisions of section 12022.53 (because the 
offender did not personally use or discharge a firearm). 
The Attorney General‘s argument here that we construe the term 
―enhancement‖ in section 12022.53(e)(2) as meaning an ―additional term of 
13 
imprisonment‖ — the narrow, technical meaning generally used in this court‘s past 
decisions — would partially nullify, in some cases, the distinction that the 
Legislature sought to draw between the first two of the four groups of offenders 
described in the preceding paragraph:  those who personally used firearms in gang-
related felonies, and those who were merely accomplices to such offenses.  To 
accept the Attorney General‘s statutory interpretation would have the following 
effect:  A defendant who in a gang-related offense personally used or discharged a 
firearm would be punished more harshly than an accomplice to such an offense in 
cases in which an increased sentence is imposed under a sentence enhancement 
provision of section 186.22; but when an increased sentence is imposed under a 
penalty provision of section 186.22, the perpetrator who personally used or 
discharged the gun and the accomplice who did not do so would receive equally 
severe penalties.  To allow such a result would be inconsistent with the 
Legislature‘s apparent goal, in section 12022.53‘s subdivision (e), of reserving the 
most severe sentences for those who personally used or discharged a firearm in the 
commission of a gang-related crime.   
Unlike the Attorney General‘s interpretation, defendant‘s construction of 
the word ―enhancement‖ in section 12022.53(e)(2) is consistent with the 
Legislative purpose described above.  Under defendant‘s statutory interpretation, a 
defendant who personally used or discharged a firearm in a gang-related felony 
specified in section 12022.53 will be subject to greater punishment for both gang 
participation under section 186.22 and firearm use under section 12022.53, but an 
accomplice who, as defendant here, did not personally use or discharge a firearm 
would be subject to an increased sentence under only one of those two statutes. 
Nothing in this opinion should be read as undermining the validity of the 
strict distinction this court has drawn in the past between sentence enhancements 
and penalty provisions in other contexts.  (See People v. Briceno, supra, 34 Cal.4th 
14 
at p. 460, fn. 7; Robert L. v. Superior Court, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 899; People 
v. Acosta, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 118; People v. Murphy, supra, 25 Cal.4th at 
p. 154; People v. Jefferson, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 101.)  This is a distinction that 
the Legislature may want to consider in any future legislation on the subject.   
For the reasons described above, we conclude that the word ―enhancement‖ 
in section 12022.53(e)(2) refers to both the sentence enhancements in section 186.22 
and the penalty provisions in that statute.  Thus, that provision barred the trial court 
here from imposing both the penalty of a life term under section 186.22(b)(4) and 
the 10-year sentence enhancement under subdivisions (b) and (e)(1) of section 
12022.53.  Which of the two should the court have imposed?  According to 
defendant, only the 10-year sentence enhancement.  Defendant relies on the 
language in section 12022.53(e)(2) stating that enhancements for street gang 
participation ―shall not be imposed . . . in addition to an enhancement imposed 
pursuant to this subdivision, unless the [defendant] personally used or personally 
discharged a firearm in the commission of the offense.‖  (Italics added.)  Relying on 
the italicized words in the statutory language just quoted, defendant argues that a 
trial court should impose only the applicable sentence enhancement under section 
12022.53 (here the 10-year enhancement under § 12022.53, subds. (b) and (e)(1)) 
when, as here, a defendant does not personally use or discharge a firearm; to impose 
―in addition to‖ that sentence enhancement, the life sentence called for under section 
186.22(b)(4) would, according to defendant, be improper.  We disagree. 
Defendant‘s proposed interpretation of the words would give him an unjust 
windfall, as explained below.  If the jury had found only that defendant had 
committed the crime of shooting at an inhabited dwelling (§ 246) to benefit a 
criminal street gang (§ 186.22), and nothing else, he would be subject to the 
penalty of a life term under section 186.22(b)(4).  But under defendant‘s 
reasoning, the jury‘s additional finding of firearm use would, under the ―in 
15 
addition to‖ language of section 12022.53(e)(2), preclude imposition of the life 
term set forth in section 186.22(b)(4), permitting imposition of only the 10-year 
additional punishment set forth in section 12022.53‘s subdivisions (b) and (e)(1).  
This result would be contrary to the Legislature‘s declared purpose in enacting 
section 12022.53:  to impose ―substantially longer prison sentences . . . on felons 
who use firearms in the commission of their crimes, in order to protect our citizens 
and to deter violent crime.‖  (Legislative finding, Stats. 1997, ch. 503, § 1 
[uncodified provision], italics added.)  
Moreover, defendant‘s statutory construction would be inconsistent with 
section 12022.53‘s subdivision (j).  That provision states in part:  ―When an 
enhancement specified in this section has been admitted or found to be true, the 
court shall impose punishment for that enhancement pursuant to this section rather 
than imposing punishment authorized under any other provision of law, unless 
another enhancement provides for a greater penalty or a longer term of 
imprisonment.‖  (Italics added.)  Thus, consistent with that statutory provision, the 
trial court here should have imposed the greater penalty (the life term under section 
186.22(b)(4)), rather than the lesser punishment (the 10-year sentence 
enhancement under section 12022.53‘s subdivisions (b) and (e)(1)). 
Defendant concedes that his reading of section 12022.53(e)(2) would make 
that provision inconsistent with subdivision (j) of the same statute, which we 
quoted in the preceding paragraph.  To resolve this alleged inconsistency between 
the two subdivisions, defendant asserts, we should ignore subdivision (j), which is 
the more general provision, and apply only subdivision (e)(2), the more specific 
provision.  Doing so, defendant argues, would be consistent with the rule that 
―particular or specific provisions will generally take precedence over conflicting 
general provisions‖ (People v. Campbell (1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 1666, 1672, fn. 6).  
16 
But the two subdivisions just mentioned would be in conflict only if we 
were to accept defendant‘s interpretation of the phrase ―in addition to‖ in section 
12022.53(e)(2).  More persuasive is the Attorney General‘s interpretation of that 
phrase.  This is why:  (1) the Attorney General‘s interpretation is consistent with 
the objective of section 12022.53, which was to impose longer punishment for 
those committing felonies involving firearm use (see p. 15, ante); and (2) as 
explained below, under the Attorney General‘s interpretation there is no conflict 
between subdivisions (e)(2) and (j) of section 12022.53.  As construed by the 
Attorney General, the phrase ―in addition to‖ in section 12022.53(e)(2) does not 
require the trial court to select a sentence enhancement under section 12022.53 
over a sentence enhancement or a penalty provision that is set forth in section 
186.22 if application of the latter would result in a greater punishment; what the 
trial court cannot do is to impose punishment under both section 186.22 and 
section 12022.53.  In choosing which of those two provisions to apply, the trial 
court must, consistent with section 12022.53‘s subdivision (j), choose the 
provision that will result in a greater sentence.  In this case, the greater penalty 
would be the life term under the alternate penalty provision in section 
186.22(b)(4), not the 10-year sentence enhancement provided for in subdivisions 
(b) and (e)(1) of section 12022.53. 
IV.  CONCLUSION AND DISPOSITION 
The trial court erred in sentencing defendant to both the life term under 
section 186.22(b)(4) and the 10-year sentence enhancement under subdivisions (b) 
and (e)(1) of section 12022.53.  The Court of Appeal was correct in ordering the 
10-year sentence enhancement stricken, but it was incorrect in its reason for doing 
so (see pp. 7-8, ante):  that defendant had not committed a ―felony punishable by 
. . . imprisonment in the state prison for life‖ (§ 12022.53, subd. (a)(17)).  Because  
17 
the Court of Appeal‘s disposition was correct, we affirm its judgment. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
KENNARD, J. 
WE CONCUR: 
 
GEORGE, C. J. 
WERDEGAR, J. 
CHIN, J. 
MORENO, J. 
CORRIGAN, J. 
PERLUSS, J.*
                                              
* 
Presiding Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, 
Division Seven, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of 
the California Constitution. 
 
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court. 
 
Name of Opinion People v. Brookfield 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Unpublished Opinion XXX NP opn. filed 10/12/06 – 5th Dist. 
Original Appeal 
Original Proceeding 
Review Granted 
Rehearing Granted 
 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Opinion No. S147980 
Date Filed: August 31, 2009 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Court: Superior 
County: Kern 
Judge: James M. Stuart 
 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Attorneys for Appellant: 
 
Corinne S. Shulman and Mark D. Greenberg, under appointments by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and 
Appellant. 
 
 
 
 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Attorneys for Respondent: 
 
Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. 
Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Julie A. Hokans, Janet Neeley, Peter W. Thompson and Kathleen A. 
McKenna, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion): 
 
Mark D. Greenberg 
484 Lake Park Avenue, #429 
Oakland, CA  94610 
(510) 452-3126 
 
Kathleen A. McKenna 
Deputy Attorney General 
1300 I Street, Suite 125 
Sacramento, CA  94244-2550 
(916) 327-7876