Title: Indiana High School Athletic Association v. Jasime S. Watson

State: indiana

Issuer: Indiana Supreme Court

Document:

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT 
Robert M. Baker III 
Indianapolis, IN 
 
ATTORNEYS FOR INTERVENOR 
Jon B. Laramore 
Indianapolis, IN 
 
Edward A. Sullivan III 
Amy M. Steketee 
South Bend, IN 
 
 
In the 
Indiana Supreme Court  
No. 71S03-1002-CV-119 
INDIANA HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC 
ASSOCIATION, INC, 
Appellant (Defendant below), 
v. 
JASMINE S. WATSON, individually, and by 
and through her mother, VALERIE K. 
WATSON, 
Appellee (Plaintiff below), 
and 
SOUTH BEND COMMUNITY SCHOOL 
CORPORATION, 
Appellee (Intervenor below). 
 
Appeal from the St. Joseph Circuit Court, No. 71C01-0811-PL-245 
The Honorable David Matsey, Special Judge 
On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 71A03-0901-CV-25 
December 17, 2010 
Shepard, Chief Justice. 
Jasmine Watson transferred from Elkhart Memorial High School to South Bend 
Washington High School and sought an athletic transfer allowing her to participate on the 
FILED
CLERK
of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
Dec 17 2010, 2:24 pm
 
2 
 
basketball and track teams.  The Indiana High School Athletic Association (―IHSAA‖) ruled her 
ineligible after determining she transferred for primarily athletic reasons.   
Jasmine‘s mother sued on Jasmine‘s behalf and sought a preliminary injunction 
preventing the IHSAA from enforcing its ruling.  The trial court held the IHSAA‘s decision was 
arbitrary and capricious, and it granted the injunction.  We conclude the trial court improperly 
reweighed the evidence, and we therefore reverse. 
Facts and Procedural History 
The details surrounding this dispute are so central to its disposition that we lay them out 
at more than the usual length.1 
Jasmine Watson is an elite athlete who participated on high school basketball and track 
teams at the varsity level beginning her freshman year.  (App. at 97.)  She was a junior Indiana 
All-Star, had interest from prominent NCAA Division I basketball programs, unanimously won 
all-conference honors her sophomore and junior years, and was on pace to become Elkhart 
Memorial High School‘s career shot-block record-holder.  (App. at 35, 97, 463, 476.)  Jasmine 
attended Elkhart schools in elementary, middle, and high school until her senior year. 
During the summer after her junior year, she played on two AAU teams with other elite 
players from around the state.  (App. at 474–75.)  The first team, called ―The Family,‖ practiced 
in Indianapolis, where its coach Kevin Merriweather also coached high school basketball.  (App. 
at 9.)  Merriweather‘s cousin Maurice ―Mo‖ Scott ran the second AAU team Jasmine played for, 
called ―The Soldiers,‖ located in South Bend.  (App. at 474–75.)  He also ran the Martin Luther 
King, Jr. Center in South Bend, where Jasmine worked out.  (App. at 474–75.)  He also served as 
head coach of the South Bend Washington High School girls junior varsity basketball team.  
(App. at 477.)  In June 2008, Washington named Scott head varsity coach.  (App. at 474.) 
                                                 
1 We describe them both favorably to the original finders of fact and on some points as found by the trial court.   
 
3 
 
As early as the end of the 2007–2008 basketball season (Jasmine‘s junior year), Jasmine 
and her family displayed displeasure with the Elkhart Memorial basketball program.2   
Toward the close of the season in 2008, Jasmine‘s grandmother visited South Bend Clay 
High School and spoke with the head basketball coach about Clay‘s basketball program.  (App. 
at 92.)  She explained to Clay‘s coach Steve Scott that ―they‖ were looking for a school for 
Jasmine to play basketball ―because Elkhart Memorial was not getting Jasmine the ball enough 
and because they weren‘t treating her right.‖  (App. at 92.)  Jasmine had told her teammates 
around this same time that she was going to use her grandmother‘s address in South Bend to play 
at South Bend Washington.  (App. at 92.)  She said she wanted to transfer to Washington in 
order to win a state championship ring.  (App. at 93.) 
About the same time, Jasmine‘s mother Valerie Watson became angry with Memorial 
because it would not help pay for an advertisement about Jasmine in the 2008 Indiana All-Star 
magazine.  (App. at 92–93.)  She told several people she planned to take Jasmine to South Bend 
Washington to play basketball.  (App. at 92–93.)  Eventually, Memorial did help pay for the ad. 
As the Watsons were communicating their frustration with Memorial, Washington 
representatives tried to convince Jasmine to transfer.  Scott regularly took Jasmine aside to talk 
about transferring saying ―it was best for her‖ and ―she would have a better chance of being 
recruited by the elite colleges if she attended and played for South Bend Washington.‖  (App. at 
93.) 
At the end of her junior track season, Jasmine‘s mother told Memorial track coach Tami 
Gregory that Washington ―was pressuring Jasmine to come to that high school to play 
basketball.‖  (App. at 94.)  On May 25, 2008, Washington assistant coach Jose Robles informed 
several area coaches that Jasmine and two or three players from Michigan City would soon 
transfer for the coming academic year.  (App. at 93.)  These players all played on the Soldiers 
AAU team.  (App. at 93.) 
                                                 
2 There appears to be little basis for differentiating among family members:  they either all wanted to move to a 
different team or none of them did.   
 
4 
 
On May 27, 2008, Jasmine let her Memorial basketball coach Larry Fielstra know that 
Scott frequently showed her his state championship ring and told her she needed to come to 
Washington in order to win one for herself.  (App. at 93–94.) 
In response to all this, Fielstra visited the Watsons at their home on July 18, 2008 to 
discuss the rumors about Jasmine transferring to Washington.  (App. at 94.)  At the meeting, 
Jasmine again acknowledged that Scott and a Washington fan had been recruiting her.  (App. at 
94.)  She also stated that Ken ―Tennessee‖ Hunt, a coach at the Tolson Center in Elkhart, told her 
that she should go to South Bend Washington.  (App. at 94.) 
Jasmine‘s mother admitted to Fielstra that she had talked to Washington‘s coaches about 
having Jasmine‘s statistics from Memorial transferred to Washington.  (App. at 102.)  She 
learned that these would not transfer.  (App. at 102.)  She further told him that the Memorial 
coaches‘ failure to push Jasmine as much as her AAU coaches also affected Jasmine‘s departure 
from the school.  (App. at 94–95.)  Finally, she said that their home was being foreclosed and 
that she had until November to remain in her home without paying.  (App. at 95.)  She was, 
however, already looking for houses.  (App. at 95.) 
Upon learning that the Watsons would soon lose their home, Fielstra began an effort to 
keep the family in Elkhart.  On July 24, 2008, he talked to Hunt, who subsequently told Jasmine 
that she would be fine playing at either Washington or Memorial.  (App. at 95.)  Hunt also told 
Fielstra that Jasmine‘s mother had stated she would need help finding a new home and that 
Jasmine would need to ―get the ball more‖ in order for the family to stay in Elkhart.  (App. at 
95.) 
After talking to Hunt, Fielstra called Valerie and offered his help in finding housing.  
(App. at 95.)  He then contacted several people who all indicated that they or their contacts had 
rentals in Elkhart available for the Watsons.  He gave Valerie their contact information and the 
addresses of some of the rentals.  One of them, Tonda Hines, contacted Valerie, but Valerie 
never followed up with Hines or any of the other names Fielstra gave her.  (App. at 95, 103.) 
 
5 
 
During this time, Jasmine continued to play AAU basketball, including with the Family 
in Indianapolis, which participated in the Nike nationals in South Carolina.  (App. at 474.)  She 
returned home in early August.  (App. at 10.)  On August 4, Jasmine told Memorial assistant 
coach Kellie Price that she did not know if she would transfer to Washington but that her mother 
had rented a home in South Bend.  (App. at 96.)  Price offered to allow Jasmine to stay with her 
in order to remain in Elkhart.  (App. at 96.)  Jasmine replied that it was ―too bad the offer had not 
been made before‖ and that if she could not get full eligibility at Washington, she would 
definitely stay at Memorial.  (App. at 96, 103–04.)  That same day, as part of Fielstra‘s continued 
efforts to prevent Jasmine‘s transfer, he learned that a Butler University coach had known about 
her move ―for some time‖ before the two coaches‘ conversation.  (App. at 96.) 
After the Watsons moved to South Bend, Jasmine applied for an athletic transfer to 
Washington High School under IHSAA Rule 19-5, which provides for transfers due to changes 
in residence.  (App. at 5, 11.)  Washington‘s athletic director Marilyn Coddens filled out the 
transfer report.  In explanation of their move, the transfer report stated that Jasmine‘s family had 
a decrease in income, their home was in foreclosure, and the family needed support from its 
extended family located in South Bend.  (App. at 91.) 
Indeed, the family had suffered substantial financial hardship.  Jasmine‘s father had been 
incarcerated since 2005, so Valerie provided the sole income source for the family.  Her 
employer of twenty years, Irvine Shade, located on the extreme east side of Elkhart, reduced her 
hours in the face of the recession.  (App. at 97.)  Her income decreased from approximately 
$40,000 in 2006 to about $28,000 in 2008.  (App. at 97.)  She enrolled for food stamps and 
unemployment compensation.  (App. at 7, 97.) 
Due to these financial difficulties, Valerie stopped paying her mortgage payments in 
December 2007.  The mortgage company filed its foreclosure suit on June 2, 2008, and Valerie 
put her home on sale July 3, 2008.  (App. at 98.)  Additionally, Valerie has a judgment against 
her for a Visa credit card.  (App. at 8, 97.)  This judgment has resulted in her wages being 
garnished beginning March 2008.  (App. at 97.) 
 
6 
 
The move from Memorial to Washington meant Jasmine would now play with a more 
competitive team during the school year.  Although Memorial went 22–5 Jasmine‘s junior year 
and won sectional titles five years in a row, including all three years she played there, 
Washington consistently advanced further in the playoffs.  (App. at 463.)  During Jasmine‘s 
three years at Memorial, she watched Washington win a 4A state title and two runner-up 
finishes.  (App. at 463–64.)  In Jasmine‘s junior year, Washington defeated Memorial 73–56 in 
the regional final.  (App. at 463.)  During these years, Washington was led by Scott‘s step-
daughter Skylar Diggins, a nationally known star.  (App. at 477.)  In fact, many regarded Diggins 
as the top high school guard in the country, and she played on the twelve-member USA eighteen-
and-under team, which competed in Argentina in 2008.  (App. at 477.) 
Memorial, as the school which Jasmine left, had to sign off for Jasmine to have athletic 
eligibility at Washington.  (App. at 5.)  Memorial refused to approve the transfer, contending the 
move was for primarily athletic reasons in violation of IHSAA Rule 19-4 and the result of 
Scott‘s undue influence in violation of Rule 20-1.  (App. at 5, 12.) 
Rule 19-4, Transfers for Primarily Athletic Reasons, states: 
To preserve the integrity of interschool athletics and to prevent or 
minimize recruiting, proselytizing and school ‗jumping‘ for 
athletic reasons, regardless of the circumstances, student athletes 
who transfer from one school to a new school for primarily athletic 
reasons or as a result of undue influence will become ineligible to 
participate in interschool athletics in the new school for a period 
not to exceed 365 days from the date the student enrolls at the new 
school, provided, however, if a student transfers and it is not 
discovered at that time that the transfer was primarily for athletic 
reasons, then under those circumstances, the student may be 
declared ineligible for a period not to exceed 365 days following 
the date of enrollment or, may be declared ineligible for a period 
not to exceed 365 days commencing on the date that the 
Commissioner or her designee declares the student ineligible 
which was the result of a transfer for primarily athletic reasons. 
Rule 20-1, Undue Influence, provides: 
 
7 
 
The use of undue influence by any person or persons to secure or 
to retain a student, or to secure or to retain one or both of the 
parents or guardians of a student as residents, may cause the 
student to be ineligible for high school athletics for a period not to 
exceed 365 days and may jeopardize the standing of the high 
school in the Association. 
NOTE 1: Submission of false information and/or 
withholding information may result in either suspension 
from membership in the Association or probation for the 
school for a period not to exceed 365 days. 
NOTE 2: This rule shall include any undue influence that 
may be exerted by anyone on a student who has not yet 
entered the ninth grade, to enroll in a school other than their 
home school. 
(App. at 90.) 
Jasmine appealed to the IHSAA, which assigned Assistant Commissioner Bobby Cox to 
conduct an investigation.  On August 8, 2008, Cox ruled Jasmine ineligible.  Jasmine appealed 
this decision, and the IHSAA Review Committee held a hearing on October 9, 2008 to review 
Cox‘s ruling.  The Watsons presented eight witnesses, and the IHSAA presented seven.   
The Review Committee upheld Cox‘s decision, finding undue influence in violation of 
Rule 20-1 and a transfer for primarily athletic reasons in violation of Rule 19-4.  (App. at 104–
05.)  In support of its conclusion that Scott had unduly influenced Jasmine, the Review 
Committee‘s final decision stated he encouraged her to leave Memorial for Washington (though 
of course, despite Scott, Valerie, Jasmine, and Washington assistant Don Coddens denied that 
Scott ever recruited Jasmine or any other player).  (App. at 104–05.)  Instead, the Committee 
gave credence to Memorial coach Fiesltra‘s descriptions of conversations he had with other 
coaches and his own players.  (App. at 92–95.)  It similarly cited testimony at the October 9 
hearing by players who described instances of Scott‘s recruiting Jasmine.  (App. at 93, 102.) 
As for its conclusion that Jasmine had transferred for primarily athletic reasons, the 
Committee cited evidence that the family‘s economic hardship did not necessitate Valerie‘s 
decision to move to South Bend and enroll Jasmine at Washington High School.  Instead, it 
concluded that these decisions ―were done in order for Jasmine to play basketball at South Bend 
 
8 
 
Washington, and were for primarily athletic reasons.‖  (App. at 105.)  The Committee noted that 
it considered the motives both for moving from the Elkhart home and for moving to the home in 
the Washington school district.  (App. at 105.)  If either decision was athletically motivated, the 
Committee would determine that Jasmine sought the transfer for athletic reasons.  (App. at 105.)  
If the Committee concluded that the athletic reasons were the primary reasons for the transfer, 
Jasmine would lose all athletic eligibility at Washington.  (App. at 105.) 
The Committee explicitly did not suggest Valerie crafted her financial difficulties or 
orchestrated the foreclosure, but it did ―carefully scrutinize the choices a parent makes in dealing 
with such an event.‖  (App. at 106.)  It questioned the timing of Valerie‘s decision to take on the 
unnecessary burden of paying rent for the four months she could have stayed in her foreclosed 
home without payments.  (App. at 106.)  The Committee did not accept Valerie‘s explanation 
that she did not want her children to change schools after the academic year began because 
staying in the home would give her four additional months to remain in Elkhart to find a new 
home there and avoid changing schools at all.  (App. at 106.)  Instead of the family‘s stated 
reasons, the Committee concluded that the Watsons timed their move to allow Jasmine to begin 
training and practicing with her new team.  (App. at 106.) 
In questioning the move itself, the Review Committee noted that Valerie‘s commute to 
Irvine Shade would increase from seven miles from their Elkhart home to twenty-nine miles 
from their South Bend home.  (App. at 99.)  Valerie had contended that she moved to South 
Bend so that her extended family, which all lived in South Bend, could help with her children‘s 
transportation needs.  (App. at 107.)  The Committee emphasized that she could have moved to 
South Bend without moving to the part of the city most distant from Valerie‘s employer.  (App. 
at 99, 106–07.) 
The Committee also questioned Valerie‘s inability to find a satisfactory home in Elkhart, 
including her failure to accept Fielstra‘s help.  (App. at 99, 108.)  Valerie stated that she did not 
find any home in Elkhart that met her needs, namely a four-bedroom home she could afford.  
(App. at 98.)  Valerie reasoned that she needed such a large home because she was raising three 
 
9 
 
children and one grandchild.  (App. at 25.)  The reason she gave Fielstra for rejecting a five-
bedroom house owned by Memorial football and golf coach A.J. Rodino was that it was not big 
enough.  (App. at 96, 103, 485.)  At the IHSAA hearing, however, Valerie stated she found the 
home unsatisfactory because it was next to a liquor store.  (App. at 103.)  The Committee, 
however, concluded that a three-bedroom unit would have met Valerie‘s needs.  (App. at 108.)  It 
also pointed out that advertisements for rental units in South Bend that Valerie brought to the 
hearing predated those she brought for Elkhart rentals.  (App. at 108.) 
The Committee found ―no compelling reasons for the transfer of schools,‖ that the 
decision to move to the Washington district met the family‘s real objective of Jasmine attending 
Washington and playing on the basketball team, and ―that this decision was an athletic one and 
that the move and enrollment at South Bend Washington was for primarily athletic reasons in 
violation of Rule 19-4.‖  (App. at 109.)  It also pointed out that, with Jasmine‘s senior rights, she 
could still enroll at Memorial, ―the high school she has always attended, the school where her 
friends and teammates attend and the school at which she has played basketball and been a part 
of a successful program.‖  (App. at 109–10.)  See Ind. Code § 20-26-11-2(8) (2007).  The 
Committee summarized its reasons for suspecting the family‘s motives: 
[N]othing really forced Jasmine to enroll at South Bend 
Washington, unless this student wanted to join a basketball 
program which, in 2007, beat Elkhart Memorial in the tournament 
and finished State runner-up, the program which has won the state 
championship, the program where Jasmine would ‗get the ball 
more,‘ the program where Jasmine would work harder, the 
program where Jasmine would be seen by elite college recruiters, 
and finally, the program where Jasmine would get her state 
championship ring. 
(App. at 109.) 
Valerie, on Jasmine‘s behalf, sued to for judicial review of the IHSAA decision.3  She 
also sought a preliminary injunction preventing the IHSAA from enforcing its decision.  (App. at 
                                                 
3 IHSAA Rule 17-10.1, Right to Review of Final Association Decision by Parent of a Student, provides for court 
review.  (App. at 6.) 
 
10 
 
50–86.)  On December 16, 2008, the trial court held a hearing to consider the injunction.  The 
Watsons presented one exhibit and five witnesses, including Valerie and Jasmine.  The court 
found that the IHSAA decision was arbitrary and capricious, and therefore the Watsons would be 
likely to succeed on the merits at trial.  (App. at 44.)  It granted the injunction.   
In coming to these conclusions, the court found that the IHSAA disregarded evidence, 
that it did not support hearsay testimony with any additional evidence, and that several witnesses 
denied statements or actions alleged by others.  (App. at 21–22, 25, 32.)  For instance, Jasmine 
denied admitting to anyone that Scott had been recruiting her.  (App. at 24.)  Valerie denied 
threatening to take Jasmine to Washington.  (App. at 100.)  Scott and his assistant similarly 
denied all allegations of recruiting.  (App. at 100–01, 104.)  The IHSAA based its findings on 
these events at least partly on Fielstra‘s testimony at the IHSAA hearing.  (App. at 92–95 (Butler 
coach, Jasmine said she would use her grandmother‘s address to transfer to Washington, 
Washington coach bragging about getting Jasmine, Jasmine admitting Scott recruited her, 
mother‘s statement about pushing Jasmine, Valerie telling Hunt she needed help and Jasmine 
needed the ball more).) Fielstra was supported on some of these by the testimony of two 
Memorial players: Mercedes Dues and Javanda Ruff.  (App. at 93 (Jasmine told Dues she wanted 
to go to Washington, Ruff saw Scott pull Jasmine aside ―several times‖ to talk about transferring 
and heard Scott tell Jasmine she would have better chance of being recruited by elite colleges at 
Washington), 102 (Ruff told Dues that Scott said Washington best for her), 494 (Jasmine stated 
Scott recruited her). 
The court apparently discredited Fielstra‘s testimony and that of two of Jasmine‘s 
teammates at Memorial because they admitted ―they were mad and/or disappointed that Jasmine 
had transferred to South Bend Washington.‖  (App. at 24.)  The court also seems to have 
discredited the players‘ testimonies because Fielstra had solicited them.  (App. at 12, 24.)  The 
trial court similarly noted that much of Fielstra‘s and some of Dues‘s and Ruff‘s testimonies 
were hearsay or double hearsay and credited others‘ versions of events.  (App. at 21–22, 25, 32.)  
The court found the IHSAA‘s conclusions were arbitrary and capricious because it based them 
 
11 
 
―on hearsay statements, primarily provided by Fielstra,‖ and Memorial players and coaches, who 
again stated they were upset that Jasmine had left.  (App. at 32.) 
On the other hand, the court accepted Valerie‘s explanations for several alleged 
comments.  For instance, it accepted her explanation that she did not find the five-bedroom home 
satisfactory because it was next to a liquor store, not because it was too small.  (App. at 25.)  
Similarly, it accepted her version of Fielstra‘s July 18 visit to her home, in which she explained 
that she had meant that she had spoken with Washington coaches about transferring Jasmine‘s 
stats to any other school, not necessarily to Washington.  (App. at 25.) 
Further, the court found the IHSAA disregarded the difficulties Valerie would face if she 
had to drive Jasmine from South Bend to Elkhart for school, as the Committee suggested 
Jasmine utilize her senior rights to attend Memorial.  (App. at 30.)  Valerie begins work, when 
she works, at 5a.m. and leaves at 11 a.m.  The court also noted that this burden would be in 
addition to meeting the transportation needs of Valerie‘s other children.  (App. at 30.) 
On the subject of Valerie‘s options, the court noted that Valerie considered homes in 
Elkhart, Mishawaka, and South Bend.  (App. at 9–10.)  It accepted Valerie‘s explanation that she 
chose the west side of South Bend because she had grown up there and her extended family 
remains there.  The court discounted the importance of allegations that Scott recruited Jasmine 
because it said ―Valerie Watson, not Jasmine, made the decision to move.‖  (App. at 28.)  
Instead, it concluded that she did so ―for economic and family reasons, not because of any 
recruitment efforts allegedly made by Coach Scott.‖  (App. at 28.)  The court also found that the 
―alleged statements made by Mo Scott to Jasmine Watson had no effect on Val Watson‘s 
decision to move her family to South Bend.‖  (App. at 24.) 
 
12 
 
The IHSAA appealed, and South Bend intervened on the Watsons‘ behalf.4  A divided 
Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court.  Indiana High School Athletic Association v. Watson, 
913 N.E.2d 741 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). 
Standard of Review 
Although the IHSAA is a private, membership organization, Indiana courts review 
student challenges to its rules and determinations.  IHSAA v. Carlberg, 694 N.E.2d 222 (Ind. 
1997).  Under common law, Indiana courts have reviewed the IHSAA‘s regulation of student-
athletes in a manner analogous to the review of administrative agencies.  Carlberg, 694 N.E.2d at 
228.  The courts therefore do not review IHSAA decisions de novo and do not substitute their 
judgment for the association‘s.  Carlberg, 694 N.E.2d at 231.  Instead, courts apply an arbitrary 
and capricious standard to review IHSAA decisions.  Carlberg, 694 N.E.2d at 230–31.  They 
analyze the record as a whole to determine whether substantial evidence supports the IHSAA‘s 
findings.  Carlberg, 694 N.E.2d at 233.  They generally do not engage in their own fact-finding.  
Id. (could only present evidence that IHSAA failed to follow its rules, that student could not 
present at hearing, pertaining to IHSAA proceedings, or the omission of which not by choice or 
neglect).  Appellate courts apply the same standard in reviewing a trial court‘s judgment.5  
IHSAA v. Reyes, 659 N.E.2d 158, 163–64 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995) summarily affirmed, 694 N.E.2d 
249, 253 (Ind. 1997).  The legislature has now largely codified this ―administrative law‖ 
approach.  Ind. Code § 20-26-14-5.5 et. seq. 
An IHSAA determination is arbitrary and capricious ‗only where it is willful and 
unreasonable, without consideration and in disregard of the facts or circumstances in the case, or 
without some basis which would lead a reasonable and honest person to the same conclusion.‘ 
                                                 
4 Jasmine has since graduated and gone to the University of Massachusetts.  Under the IHSAA‘s Restitution Rule 
(Rule 17-6—Participation by Virtue of Court Action), the team‘s achievements made during Jasmine‘s time playing 
for Washington could be vacated if the IHSAA‘s appeal is successful.  (App. at 589.) 
5 The Court of Appeals wrongly applied an abuse of discretion standard, treating this as an ordinary preliminary 
injunction.  Watson, 913 N.E.2d at 751 (quoting Indiana High School Athletic Association v. Durham, 748 N.E.2d 
404, 410–11 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001)). 
 
13 
 
Carlberg, 694 N.E.2d at 233 (quoting Dep‘t of Natural Res. v. Ind. Coal Council, Inc., 542 
N.E.2d 1000, 1007).  Where IHSAA findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence, we 
will not find them to be arbitrary and capricious.  IHSAA v. Reyes, 659 N.E.2d at 163.  Evidence 
meets this standard when it is more than a scintilla; that is, reasonable minds might accept it as 
adequate to support the conclusion.  Midwest Minerals, Inc. v. Bd. of Zoning Appeals of Area 
Plan Dep‘t/Comm‘n of Vigo County, 880 N.E.2d 1264, 1269 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).  It need not 
reach the level of preponderance.  Id. 
I. The IHSAA’s Decision Was Not Arbitrary and Capricious.6 
In evaluating whether substantial evidence exists, a court must not reverse ―simply 
because we may have reached a different result‖ than the reviewed agency.  Filter Specialists, 
Inc. v. Brooks, 906 N.E.2d 835, 844 (Ind. 2009).  Instead, the court ―must uphold the 
organization‘s findings if it is supported by any substantial evidence.‖  Reyes, 659 N.E.2d at 163. 
The numerous statements by Jasmine, Valerie, Jasmine‘s grandmother, and others 
support the IHSAA‘s conclusion that the family contemplated moving to South Bend long before 
the family‘s home was foreclosed, let alone before Valerie claimed inability to find satisfactory 
housing in Elkhart.  (App. at 92–95, 101.)  Similarly, several witnesses attested to Scott‘s 
recruitment of Jasmine.  (App. at 93–94, 102.)  Reading the record in the light most favorable to 
the IHSAA‘s determinations, substantial evidence supports each of the IHSAA‘s conclusions.  
See Regester v. Ind. State Bd. of Nursing, 703 N.E.2d 147 (Ind. 1998) (court reads record in light 
most favorable to administrative proceedings and does not disturb agency‘s conclusions if 
substantial evidence supports them). 
The trial court repeatedly favored testimony from the Watsons and Washington coaches, 
pointing out that the IHSAA‘s version of events heavily relied on hearsay.  Of course, we held 
long ago that agency decisions may be based in part on hearsay.  C.T.S. Corp. v. Schoulton, 270 
                                                 
6 Because Jasmine has already participated in her senior basketball season and graduated, some might consider this a 
moot case.  We summarily affirm the Court of Appeals rationale on this point under Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A). 
 
14 
 
Ind. 34, 383 N.E.2d 293 (1978).  It is therefore within the IHSAA‘s purview to consider both 
direct and indirect evidence and weigh it for what it is worth.  In this case, it considered all 
evidence, including the hearsay testimony, and found the evidence pointing toward a primarily 
athletic reason to move more credible than evidence to the contrary.  The trial court labeled this 
―disregarding‖ the evidence, but it was well within the IHSAA‘s discretion.  Instead, the trial 
court improperly reconsidered the evidence in light of the fact that some was presented through 
hearsay testimony. 
South Bend Community School Corporation points out that ―[a]n administrative decision 
may be based on hearsay when there is no objection, but there still must be a ‗residuum of legal 
evidence to support the claim.‘‖  (Intervenor‘s Br. at 28–29 (quoting Schoulton, 270 Ind. at 38, 
383 N.E.2d at 295).)  We do not question this concept but conclude that substantial evidence 
supports each of the IHSAA‘s conclusions.   
South Bend argues, and the trial court concluded, that the IHSAA‘s decision 
inconsistently applied Rule 20 by ignoring the undue influence of the two Memorial coaches.  
(App. at 26, 45; Intervenor‘s Br. at 17–21.)  It cites Crane v. Ind. High Sch. Athletic Ass‘n, 975 
F.2d 1315, 1325 (7th Cir. 1992) (IHSAA cannot apply its rules arbitrarily).  The IHSAA 
responds that ―[a]ny issue as to whether Elkhart Memorial violated the Undue Influence Rule is 
irrelevant to whether Jasmine‘s transfer violated that rule or the Transfer Rule.‖  (Appellant‘s Br. 
at 30.)  It further argues that ―[t]he Undue Influence Rule applies to students and applies to 
schools, and proof of a violation of the rule can result in sanctions against either the student 
involved, or against the member school or schools involved.‖  (Appellant‘s Br. at 39.)  It 
characterizes the current proceeding as one determining whether to grant or to deny Jasmine‘s 
transfer, not whether to sanction one of the two high schools involved.  (Appellant‘s Br. at 39–
40.)  The IHSAA also asserts that for Jasmine to succeed in a Crane claim, she must offer 
evidence of the IHSAA applying the rule inconsistently to other students, which she has not 
done.  (Appellant‘s Br. at 40.) 
 
15 
 
To be sure, the IHSAA‘s decision about Jasmine‘s transfer necessarily implicates Scott.  
Still, it has not decided that Washington should be penalized as a school for those actions any 
more than it has  determined that Price and Fielstra did not violate Rule 20.  It could potentially 
decide both of these issues in the future, but it has not yet done so.  The issue is whether the 
decision is inconsistent as it stands today, and on that we do not have any evidence relating to 
whether the IHSAA treated these coaches consistently with how it has treated other coaches in 
similar situations.  While one could imagine a prosecutor or regulator charging everyone in sight, 
it is also plausible that this regulator, defending itself against Jasmine‘s suit over twenty-four 
months, might elect to let the litigation run its course before deciding what to do next. 
While the IHSAA may not enforce its rules with arbitrary inconsistency, it must possess a 
level of discretion in sanctioning schools and athletes based on the language in the rules, the 
evidence available, and the overall justice of the situation. 
The trial court announced that it applied the arbitrary and capricious standard, but it 
proceeded to reweigh evidence the IHSAA had already evaluated.  In most of its findings, the 
court cites to evidence that contradicts the IHSAA‘s evidence.  While courts must consider 
whether contradictory evidence completely invalidates evidence supporting the IHSAA‘s 
conclusions, they must not find the existence of contradictory evidence allowing for a reasonable 
debate to constitute a lack of substantial evidence.  See Filter Specialists, Inc. v. Brooks, 906 
N.E.2d 835, 844 (Ind. 2009) (courts look for substantial evidence supporting agency‘s factual 
findings).  Here, the IHSAA considered each witness‘s version of events, assessed the credibility 
of the evidence, and concluded that Jasmine‘s transfer was primarily for athletic reasons.  The 
facts, even as they are described in the IHSAA‘s ruling, could lead a reasonable person to 
disagree with its conclusions, but that does not make them arbitrary or capricious. 
Rather than inquiring whether substantial evidence existed to support the ruling, the court 
substituted its own judgment for the IHSAA‘s.  It rejected the IHSAA‘s assessment of several 
witnesses, concluded that the IHSAA incorrectly assessed evidence contrary to the ruling, and 
improperly discredited virtually all hearsay evidence. 
 
16 
 
Conclusion 
We reverse the trial court. 
Sullivan, and David, JJ., concur. 
Dickson, J., dissents with separate opinion in which Rucker, J., concurs. 
 
 
 
Dickson, Justice, dissenting. 
 
 
The trial court in this case was convinced that the Indiana High School Athletic 
Association (―IHSAA‖) erroneously attempted to prohibit Jasmine Watson from participating in 
athletics during her senior year at South Bend Washington High School and that the IHSAA‘s 
decision was arbitrary and capricious.  As a result Judge David Matsey, serving as a special 
judge brought in from outside St. Joseph County, enjoined enforcement of the IHSAA decision 
in a comprehensive, 47-page decision that included 151 detailed findings of fact and 26 
conclusions of law.  The Court of Appeals agreed and affirmed, emphasizing that there was ―no 
evidence in the record whatsoever that Jasmine violated any IHSAA eligibility rules.‖  Ind. High 
Sch. Athletic Ass‘n, Inc. v. Watson, 913 N.E.2d 741, 757 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).  Undaunted, the 
IHSAA sought transfer to this Court.  In the meantime, Jasmine completed her senior year at 
Washington High School and graduated.  And after the Court of Appeals decision and the filing 
of the IHSAA‘s transfer petition, the Indiana General Assembly enacted legislation requiring that 
in the future such disputes be submitted to an independent, outside review panel with enhanced 
powers to reverse, modify, or affirm IHSAA rulings.  The new legislation effectively removes 
from the IHSAA the ultimate interpretation and application of IHSAA rules affecting a student‘s 
athletic eligibility.  Because Jasmine has graduated and the procedure for review of IHSAA 
decisions has been altered by statute for all future cases, this appeal is moot and thus should be 
dismissed.   
 
 
A majority of this Court prefers not only to take jurisdiction but also to apply this Court‘s 
recent decisions that virtually immunize IHSAA decisions from meaningful judicial review.  I 
strongly disagree.  The IHSAA‘s rules and enforcement practices impinge upon parental 
authority and responsibility to select the schools most appropriate for the interests and talents of 
their children.  And the IHSAA‘s policies and actions can also, as here, engulf students whose 
change of schools is motivated or compelled by personal circumstances not principally related to 
athletic considerations.  The IHSAA‘s robust enforcement of its rules and policies often produces 
an understandably intense reaction from affected student athletes and parents who are seeking to 
develop and maximize the student‘s talents and, if possible, employ such gifts to facilitate 
college admission and financial aid.  When the IHSAA declares a student ineligible for varsity 
 
2 
 
athletic competition, the ―now or never‖ consequences upon the student and parents can be 
catastrophic to the career opportunities of the student athlete who may as a result lose a crucial 
year—often the senior year—of athletic development and exposure to college athletic recruiters.  
Parents and students disagreeing with the IHSAA actions, such as the plaintiffs here, often turn 
to Indiana courts for immediate injunctive relief. 
 
 
But when such relief has been granted by our trial courts, upon appellate review, this 
Court has for the past decade been extremely deferential to the IHSAA‘s decision-making and 
has refused to invalidate its decisions as arbitrary or capricious.  Not surprisingly, legislative 
intervention has ensued.  After our opinions in Indiana High School Athletic Ass‘n, Inc. v. 
Carlberg, 694 N.E.2d 222 (Ind. 1997), and Indiana High School Athletic Ass‘n, Inc. v. Reyes, 
694 N.E.2d 249 (Ind. 1997), the Indiana General Assembly in 2000 enacted a special optional 
procedure permitting aggrieved parents to seek review by a nine-member case review panel1 
independent from IHSAA control and appointed by the State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction.  See Ind. Code § 20-26-14-6 (formerly § 20-5-63-7).  Because the case review panel 
is expressly authorized to ―[c]ollect testimony and information on the case,‖ Ind. Code § 20-26-
14-6(c)(1), the statute empowers the panel to make determinations de novo rather than to review 
deferentially IHSAA rulings and actions.  Jasmine Watson and her mother did not utilize this 
optional procedure but rather elected to seek and obtain immediate judicial injunctive relief from 
the IHSAA‘s decision to enable Jasmine‘s athletic participation during her senior year.  
(Appellant‘s Br. at 47.) 
 
 
After the Court of Appeals affirmed the injunctive relief and the IHSAA filed its request 
for this Court to accept jurisdiction, the legislature reacted swiftly and on March 18, 2010, by a 
unanimous vote in both houses, modified the statutory optional independent review panel 
procedure to make it mandatory in future cases.  Ind. Code § 20-26-14-6(b); see also 2010 Ind. 
Acts 1095–99.  The 2010 amendment also provides that a parent or the IHSAA may appeal a 
decision of the case review panel by filing a legal action.  In such an action, the statute authorizes 
                                                 
1 The members of the panel are the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, or a designee, as 
chairperson, plus four parents of high school students, two high school principals, and two high school 
athletic directors.  Ind. Code § 20-26-14-6(a) (formerly § 20-5-63-7(a)).   
 
3 
 
the trial court to affirm, modify, or reverse the panel‘s decision on any one of six grounds2 based 
―upon its own review of the facts and issues involved.‖  Ind. Code § 20-26-14-7(c).  It is 
significant that, upon such judicial review, the trial court is not reviewing the basis of the 
IHSAA‘s ruling but rather that of the independent case review panel, thus further confirming the 
de novo nature of the panel‘s function.  The legislature has interceded and stripped from the 
IHSAA its previous power to make unilateral student athletic eligibility determinations that had 
become shielded from meaningful judicial intervention.   
 
 
As noted above, I believe that this appeal should be dismissed because the student athlete 
has graduated from high school and because our legislature has intervened and now requires that 
challenges to IHSAA eligibility rulings be redetermined by an independent case review panel.  
Because the majority disagrees and has chosen to take jurisdiction and to reverse the trial court, I 
further dissent, believing that the trial court judge and the Court of Appeals were correct and 
should be affirmed.  Writing for the Court of Appeals, Chief Judge Baker, seeking to ―observe 
the forest, rather than the trees,‖ summarized the salient facts as follows: 
 
Over the course of two years, Valerie—a single mother supporting three children 
and one grandchild—had a salary that was nearly halved and a work schedule that 
was drastically curtailed because of our struggling economy.  She struggled to pay 
her bills, began using food stamps, and, finally, stopped making regular mortgage 
payments.  She received a notice of foreclosure in the summertime.  Though she 
could have remained in the home for several more months, she chose to move so 
that her children would not have to be uprooted in the middle of the school year.  
She searched for a suitable home in Elkhart but was unable to find one that would 
accept her as a tenant with a low credit rating.  She also searched in South Bend 
and finally found a home that was big enough, in a safe location, within her price 
range, and close enough to her extended family that they could lend much needed 
                                                 
2 A decision of the independent case review panel may be reversed by the trial court if the court 
determines that the panel‘s decision is:  
(1) not a fair and logical interpretation or application of the association‘s rule; 
(2) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law; 
(3) contrary to a constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity; 
(4) in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short of statutory right; 
(5) without observance of procedure required by law; or 
(6) unsupported by substantial evidence.   
Ind. Code § 20-26-14-7(c). 
 
 
4 
 
support to the struggling family.  
 
     And what does the IHSAA believe she should have done instead?  Among 
other things, the IHSAA seems to have concluded that the better course for 
Valerie would have been to have: (1) remained in her foreclosed home until she 
was kicked out, presumably to give herself a longer period of time to find a home 
in Elkhart, notwithstanding the risk she was running that her children would have 
had to transfer schools in the middle of the school year; (2) settled for a home in 
Elkhart that was too small, too expensive, or situated right next to a liquor store; 
(3) permitted her teenage daughter to live with her basketball coach, in another 
town; (4) drastically rearranged her life and minimized the needs of her other 
children, her grandchild, and herself, spending her precious free time driving 
Jasmine to and from a school located in another town; and/or (5) overlooked the 
ready, willing, and able family members located in South Bend who were able to 
provide much needed assistance to the Watsons.  
 
     The standard that the IHSAA applied to the Watsons was unreasonable, 
untenable, and unrealistic.  Even if we assumed all of the IHSAA‘s evidence to be 
true, we cannot find that the trial court erred by concluding that the evidence in 
the record does not, in any way, establish that this move occurred for primarily 
athletic reasons.  It is certainly possible that athletics played a role, but to say that 
athletics played a primary role is to ignore and disregard the evidence in the 
record that this family was struggling and that Valerie did what she believed to be 
the best thing for her children.  The IHSAA found Valerie‘s decision to be 
―unusual.‖  Appellant‘s App. p. 711.  Perhaps it was, but only because she found 
herself in unusually trying circumstances.  
 
     We find that the record amply supports the trial court‘s conclusions that the 
IHSAA‘s conduct rose to the level of willful and unreasonable decision-making 
that was in disregard of the facts and circumstances before it and that, 
consequently, it acted arbitrarily and capriciously.          
 
Watson, 913 N.E.2d at 755–56.  I wholeheartedly agree and believe that we should affirm the 
trial court‘s preliminary injunction restraining the IHSAA‘s action against Jasmine Watson.     
 
Rucker, J., concurs.