Title: S. Fla. Water Mgmt. Dist. v. RLI Live Oak, LLC

State: florida

Issuer: Florida Supreme Court

Document:

Supreme Court of Florida 
 
 
____________ 
 
No. SC12-2336 
____________ 
 
SOUTH FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT, 
Petitioner, 
 
vs. 
 
RLI LIVE OAK, LLC,  
Respondent. 
 
[May 22, 2014] 
 
LABARGA, J. 
 
This case is before the Court for review of the decision of the Fifth District 
Court of Appeal in RLI Live Oak, LLC v. South Florida Water Management 
District, 99 So. 3d 560 (Fla. 5th DCA 2012).  The South Florida Water 
Management District subsequently filed a motion for certification, which the Fifth 
District granted, certifying the following question to be of great public importance: 
UNDER THE HOLDING OF DEPARTMENT OF BANKING & 
FINANCE V. OSBORNE STERN & CO., 670 So. 2d 932 (Fla. 
1996), IS A STATE GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY WHICH 
BRINGS A CIVIL ACTION IN CIRCUIT COURT REQUIRED TO 
PROVE THE ALLEGED REGULATORY VIOLATION BY CLEAR 
AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE BEFORE THE COURT MAY 
ASSESS MONETARY PENALTIES? 
 
 
 
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37 Fla. L. Weekly D2528 (Fla. 5th DCA Oct. 26, 2012), review granted, So. Fla. 
Water Mgmt. Dist. v. RLI Live Oak, LLC, SC12-2336, 2013 Fla. LEXIS 879 (Fla. 
order entered Mar. 7, 2013).  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 3(b)(4), Fla. 
Const.  Because we conclude that the question as certified by the district court is 
too broad, we rephrase the district court’s certified question as follows: 
WHERE THE LEGISLATURE STATUTORILY AUTHORIZES A 
STATE GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY TO RECOVER A “CIVIL 
PENALTY” IN A “COURT OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION” 
BUT DOES NOT SPECIFY THE AGENCY’S BURDEN OF 
PROOF, IS THE AGENCY REQUIRED UNDER DEPARTMENT 
OF BANKING & FINANCE V. OSBORNE STERN & CO., 670 So. 
2d 932 (Fla. 1996), TO PROVE THE ALLEGED VIOLATION BY 
CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE BEFORE THE COURT 
MAY ASSESS THE CIVIL PENALTY? 
 
We answer the rephrased certified question in the negative and hold that where the 
Legislature statutorily authorizes a state governmental agency to recover a “civil 
penalty” in a “court of competent jurisdiction” but does not specify the agency’s 
burden of proof, the agency is not required under Osborne to prove the alleged 
violation by clear and convincing evidence, but rather by a preponderance of the 
evidence.  Thus, we reverse the district court’s decision. 
FACTS 
 
The underlying facts, as stated in the district court’s opinion, are as 
follows: 
RLI Live Oak, LLC (“RLI”), land developers who own 
property in Osceola County, filed suit in circuit court seeking a 
 
 
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declaratory judgment for a determination that the property it owned 
did not contain any wetlands and, therefore, was not under the 
jurisdiction of the South Florida Water Management District (“the 
District”).  The District counterclaimed against RLI alleging that RLI 
participated in unauthorized dredging, construction activity, grading, 
diking, culvert installation, and filling of wetlands without first 
obtaining the District’s approval.  After a non-jury trial, the court 
found for the District on all counts and awarded the District $81,900 
in civil penalties. 
 
RLI, 99 So. 3d at 560-61.  In its analysis, the district court considered the burden 
of proof that the District was required to satisfy in order to obtain an award of civil 
penalties.  The court stated: 
The trial court based its findings on a preponderance of the 
evidence standard and not the clear and convincing evidence standard. 
This was error.  In Department of Banking and Finance, Division of 
Securities & Investor Protection v. Osborne Stern & Co., 670 So. 2d 
932 (Fla. 1996), the Florida Supreme Court held that when a court is 
asked to impose civil fines against a party, it is necessary for the 
moving party to prove the alleged violations by clear and convincing 
evidence.  As a result of the court’s applying the improper evidentiary 
standard, we reverse the portion of the judgment imposing civil 
penalties and remand for further proceedings.  On remand, before the 
trial court may impose civil fines on RLI, the District must prove 
RLI’s alleged violations by clear and convincing evidence. 
REVERSED and REMANDED. 
 
Id. at 561.  On motion for rehearing or certification, the panel denied rehearing.  
However, the Fifth District stated that it agreed with “the South Florida Water 
Management District . . . that this case presents an issue of great public importance 
that should be addressed by the Florida Supreme Court,” and certified its question 
for a determination by this Court of the proper burden of proof.  So. Fla. Water 
 
 
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Mgmt. Dist. v. RLI Live Oak, LLC, 37 Fla. L. Weekly D2528 (Fla 5th DCA 
Oct. 26, 2012), review granted, SC12-2336, 2013 Fla. LEXIS 879 (Fla. order 
entered Mar. 7, 2013). 
In addition to the briefs filed in this Court by the South Florida Water 
Management District (District) and RLI, the Office of the Attorney General of 
Florida and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection filed amicus 
briefs in support of the District. 
ANALYSIS 
The rephrased certified question requires this Court to consider the 
appropriate burden of proof that state agencies, when pursuing a statutorily 
authorized action against an entity in a court of competent jurisdiction, must satisfy 
before civil penalties may be imposed.  Because the certified question presents a 
pure question of law, our review is de novo.  See Jackson-Shaw Co. v. Jacksonville 
Aviation Auth., 8 So. 3d 1076, 1085 (Fla. 2008) (citing Macola v. Gov’t Emp. Ins. 
Co., 953 So. 2d 451, 454 (Fla. 2006)).  We begin our analysis with an overview of 
the applicable law and a discussion of the preponderance of the evidence and the 
clear and convincing evidence standards.  We then turn to the district court’s 
reliance on Osborne.  
 
 
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The Applicable Law and Burdens of Proof 
 
“The Florida Legislature has clearly stated that it is a policy of the State to 
provide for the management of water and related land resources.”  A. Duda & 
Sons, Inc. v. St. Johns River Water Mgmt. Dist., 17 So. 3d 738, 740 (Fla. 5th DCA 
2009).  To that end, the Legislature established the “Florida Water Resources Act 
of 1972” as enumerated in chapter 373, Florida Statutes, and it authorized entities 
including the Department of Environmental Protection and the South Florida 
Water Management District to regulate and enforce compliance.  §§ 373.013, 
373.129, Fla. Stat. (2007).  Section 373.129 provides that authorized entities may 
pursue “necessary actions and proceedings in any court of competent jurisdiction,” 
and section 373.129(5) authorizes such actions and proceedings for the recovery of 
civil penalties.  The statute provides in relevant part:   
Maintenance of actions.—The department, the governing 
board of any water management district, any local board, or a local 
government to which authority has been delegated pursuant to            
s. 373.103(8), is authorized to commence and maintain proper and 
necessary actions and proceedings in any court of competent 
jurisdiction for any of the following purposes: 
. . . . 
(5)  To recover a civil penalty for each offense in an amount not 
to exceed $10,000 per offense.  Each date during which such violation 
occurs constitutes a separate offense. 
 
§ 373.129(5), Fla. Stat. (2007).   
However, while the recovery of a civil penalty is authorized under section 
373.129(5), the statute does not expressly provide the required burden of proof that 
 
 
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the complaining party must satisfy in order obtain a recovery.  Traditionally, a 
preponderance of the evidence standard is the applicable burden of proof in civil 
cases.  In Gross v. Lyons, 763 So. 2d 276, 280 n.1 (Fla. 2000), we explained that 
“[a] ‘preponderance’ of the evidence is defined as ‘the greater weight of the 
evidence,’ Black’s Law Dictionary 1201 (7th ed. 1999), or evidence that ‘more 
likely than not’ tends to prove a certain proposition.” (citing Am. Tobacco Co. v. 
State, 697 So. 2d 1249, 1254 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997) (quoting Bourjaily v. U.S., 483 
U.S. 171, 175 (1987))).1  “Because the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard 
results in a roughly equal allocation of the risk of error between litigants, we 
presume that this standard is applicable in civil actions between private litigants 
unless ‘particularly important individual interests or rights are at stake.’ ”  Grogan 
v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 286 (1991) (quoting Herman & MacLean v. Huddleston, 
459 U.S. 375, 389-90 (1983)).   
                                          
 
 
1.  Consistent with this explanation, the current edition of Black’s Law 
Dictionary defines a preponderance of the evidence as follows: 
[t]he greater weight of the evidence, not necessarily established by the 
greater number of witnesses testifying to a fact but by evidence that 
has the most convincing force; superior evidentiary weight that, 
though not sufficient to free the mind wholly from all reasonable 
doubt, is still sufficient to incline a fair and impartial mind to one side 
of the issue rather than the other. 
Black’s Law Dictionary 1301 (9th ed. 2009). 
 
 
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The District argues that a preponderance of the evidence standard is 
sufficient in this case, while RLI maintains that based on Osborne, clear and 
convincing evidence is the proper standard.  Clear and convincing evidence is 
defined as an intermediate burden of proof that:  
requires that the evidence must be found to be credible; the facts to 
which the witnesses testify must be distinctly remembered; the 
testimony must be precise and explicit and the witnesses must be 
lacking in confusion as to the facts in issue.  The evidence must be of 
such weight that it produces in the mind of the trier of fact a firm 
belief or conviction, without hesitancy, as to the truth of the 
allegations sought to be established. 
 
Inquiry Concerning a Judge, 645 So. 2d 398, 404 (Fla. 1994) (quoting Slomowitz 
v. Walker, 429 So. 2d 797, 800 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983)).  “One typical use of the 
[clear and convincing evidence] standard is in civil cases involving allegations of 
fraud or some other quasi-criminal wrongdoing by the defendant.”  Addington v. 
Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 424 (1979).  Other contexts in which the clear and 
convincing evidence standard is applied include: involuntary civil commitment 
proceedings,2 deportation cases,3 denaturalization cases,4 civil theft,5 forfeitures,6 
                                          
 
 
2.  In re Beverly, 342 So. 2d 481 (Fla. 1977).   
 
3.  Woodby v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 385 U.S. 276 (1966). 
 
4.  Chaunt v. U.S., 364 U.S. 350 (1960). 
 
5.  Westinghouse Elec. Corp., Inc. v. Shuler Bros., Inc., 590 So. 2d 986 (Fla. 
1st DCA 1991). 
 
6.  Dep’t of Law Enf. v. Real Prop., 588 So. 2d 957 (Fla. 1991). 
 
 
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the revocation of a professional license,7 penalties for public officers under section 
112.317(1)(a), Florida Statutes,8 and campaign finance violations under chapter 
106, Florida Statutes.9   
In Osborne, this Court held that the clear and convincing evidence standard 
is the requisite burden of proof in administrative proceedings where administrative 
fines are sought for securities violations under chapter 517, Florida Statutes.  670 
So. 2d at 932.  Then in RLI, relying on Osborne, the Fifth District held that the 
clear and convincing evidence standard applies to a state agency’s pursuit of civil 
penalties in circuit court.  RLI, 99 So. 3d at 561.  We now turn to Osborne. 
Osborne 
 
The district court concluded that RLI was governed by Osborne, in which 
this Court determined the burden of proof required in an administrative proceeding 
before an administrative fine could be assessed.  In Osborne, the Department of 
Banking and Finance began administrative proceedings against Osborne Stern and 
Company for securities violations under chapter 517, Florida Statutes.  Osborne, 
670 So. 2d at 933.  The Department issued an order “requiring respondents to 
cease and desist their violations of securities laws, imposing administrative fines, 
                                          
 
 
7.  Ferris v. Turlington, 510 So. 2d 292 (Fla. 1987).       
 
8.  Latham v. Fla. Comm’n on Ethics, 694 So. 2d 83 (Fla. 1st DCA 1997). 
 
9.  Diaz de la Portilla v. Fla. Elections Comm’n, 857 So. 2d 913 (Fla. 3d 
DCA 2003). 
 
 
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and denying respondents’ application for registration to deal in securities.”  Id.   
On appeal, the district court concluded that the “same clear and convincing 
standard is applicable to disputes over the granting of a license as it is to the 
revocation or suspension of a license,” and the imposition of administrative fines is 
subject to the clear and convincing evidence standard.  Osborne Stern & Co. v. 
Dep’t of Banking and Fin., 647 So. 2d 245, 249 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994).  However, 
the First District also certified the following question to this Court: 
IN DENYING AN APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION TO 
SELL SECURITIES AND IMPOSING CIVIL FINES FOR 
ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 517 
REGULATING THE SALE OF SECURITIES, IS THE 
DEPARTMENT OF BANKING AND FINANCE REQUIRED TO 
PROVE SUCH ALLEGATIONS BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING 
EVIDENCE? 
 
Osborne, 670 So. 2d at 933.   
 
This Court concluded that the certified question required the determination 
of the appropriate burden of proof in two separate contexts, that of applicant 
registration and that of the imposition of fines.  Therefore, this Court rephrased the 
question certified by the district court.  Importantly, we observe that in the second 
part of the question, this Court rephrased the term “civil fines” as “administrative 
fines” and articulated the issues as follows: 
Issue 1:  Must the Department of Banking and Finance prove by clear 
and convincing evidence that an applicant has violated provisions of 
chapter 517, regulating the sale of securities, in order to deny the 
applicant’s registration to sell securities because of those violations? 
 
 
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Issue 2:  Must the Department of Banking and Finance prove by clear 
and convincing evidence alleged violations of chapter 517, regulating 
the sale of securities, in order to impose administrative fines upon any 
person for those violations? 
 
Osborne, 670 So. 2d at 933 (emphasis added).  This Court concluded that 
satisfaction of the clear and convincing evidence standard was not required in 
denying an application for registration to sell securities, but it was required in order 
to assess administrative fines for securities violations under chapter 517.  Id.  
In the present case, the District, the Attorney General, and the Florida 
Department of Environmental Protection argue that the district court overextended 
Osborne when it concluded that the clear and convincing evidence standard applied 
to the circuit court’s assessment of civil penalties against RLI.  The District 
maintains that the circuit court was only bound to apply the preponderance of the 
evidence standard.  RLI argues that the circuit court was bound by the clear and 
convincing evidence standard as stated in Osborne.      
Was Osborne Overextended? 
RLI misstates this Court’s holding in Osborne by saying that “the Florida 
Supreme Court held that when a court is asked to impose civil fines against a party, 
it is necessary for the moving party to prove the alleged violations by clear and 
convincing evidence.”  99 So. 3d at 561 (emphasis added).  In fact, Osborne 
discarded the term “civil fines” when it rephrased the certified question and 
 
 
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utilized the term “administrative fines.”  670 So. 2d at 933.  Further, RLI makes no 
distinction between the “administrative fines” in Osborne and the “civil penalties” 
in RLI.  99 So. 3d at 560-61.  The question certified by the district court merges 
these distinct terms under the umbrella of “monetary penalties.”  Id. at 561.  
However, Osborne is distinguishable from RLI.   
Osborne arose in the context of securities violations under chapter 517, 
Florida Statutes.  Section 517.221(3) authorized the Department of Banking and 
Finance to “impose and collect an administrative fine.”  § 517.221(3), Fla. Stat. 
(1993).  Consistent with the applicable statute, Osborne repeatedly refers to 
administrative fines.  Indeed, the relevant section in Osborne is entitled 
“Administrative Fines,” and this relatively short section makes five separate 
references to administrative fines.  670 So. 2d at 935.  Osborne also states that “the 
existence of evidence in the record supporting the hearing officer’s findings is 
irrelevant to whether the fact-finder held the Department to the correct standard of 
proof at the administrative proceeding.”  Id. (emphasis added).  This limiting 
language in Osborne leads us to conclude that the clear and convincing standard 
applicable to the imposition of administrative fines does not extend to the circuit 
court’s award of civil penalties in RLI.       
 
 
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CONCLUSION 
 
For the foregoing reasons, we answer the rephrased certified question in the 
negative.  When the Legislature statutorily authorizes a state governmental agency 
to recover a “civil penalty” in a “court of competent jurisdiction” but does not 
specify the agency’s burden of proof, the agency is not required under Osborne to 
prove the alleged violation by clear and convincing evidence, but rather by a 
preponderance of the evidence.  We reverse the district court’s decision for further 
proceedings consistent with this opinion.   
 
It is so ordered.  
 
POLSTON, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, CANADY, and PERRY, JJ., 
concur. 
 
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND 
IF FILED, DETERMINED. 
 
Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal - Certified 
Great Public Importance  
 
Fifth District - Case No. 5D11-2329 
 
(Osceola County) 
  
Carolyn Stroud Ansay, James Edward Nutt, Ruth A. Holmes, and Alison L. Kelly 
of the South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, Florida,  
 
for Petitioner  
 
M. Christopher Bryant and Kenneth G. Oertel of Oertel, Fernandez, Bryant & 
Atkinson, P.A., Tallahassee, Florida,  
 
for Respondent  
 
 
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Matthew Zane Leopold, General Counsel, and Barney J. Chisolm, Jr., Deputy 
General Counsel, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, 
Florida, 
 
 
for Amicus Curiae, Florida Department of Environmental Protection 
 
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Allen C. Winsor, Solicitor General, and Leah 
A. Sevi, Deputy Solicitor General, Tallahassee, Florida 
 
 
for Amicus Curiae, State of Florida