Title: Goldberg v. Musim

State: colorado

Issuer: Colorado Supreme Court

Document:

427 P.2d 698 (1967) Rosamond GOLDBERG, Plaintiff in Error, v. Eve MUSIM, Defendant in Error. No. 21445. Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc. May 1, 1967. Rehearing Denied May 29, 1967. *699 Charles Ginsberg, Charles Murdock, Denver, for plaintiff in error. Gelt & Grossman, Fred M. Winner, Herbert H. Galchinsky, Denver, for defendant in error. SUTTON, Justice. C.R.S.1963, 41-3-1, formerly C.R.S. '53, 41-3-1, involved in this action reads as follows: Rosamond Goldberg, plaintiff in error and plaintiff in the trial court, filed her amended complaint entitled "Damages for Impairment of Contract" on February 21, 1964, alleging as follows: To this complaint defendant in error Musim, defendant in the trial court, filed a motion to dismiss on the grounds that it failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted and that the court lacked jurisdiction over the subject matter. The trial court, after a hearing, granted the motion. It held that the statutes in question are constitutional and that the substance of plaintiff's claim was in the nature of an action for alienation of affections and therefore barred by the statute. On writ of error challenging this ruling, Goldberg claims as grounds for reversal that: The record includes a copy of a decree of separate maintenance awarded plaintiff on June 24, 1963. At that time a hearing on division of property, maintenance, costs and attorney fees was set for September 24, 1963; however, nothing in the record appears as to the disposition of the latter issues. In this regard the trial court in its ruling noted: Plaintiff's first allegation of error, viz., that the facts alleged in the complaint must be accepted as true by the court upon consideration of a motion to dismiss, is a correct statement of the law. E. g., Martinez v. Southern Ute Tribe, 150 Colo. 504, 374 P.2d 691 (1962) and Kaminsky v. Kaminsky, 145 Colo. 492, 359 P.2d 675, 95 A. L.R.2d 643 (1961). There is, however, no indication in this record that the above-cited rule was misapplied by the trial court in reaching its conclusion that the complaint failed to state a claim. We assume for this purpose that C.R.S. 1963, 41-3-1 bars the claim as in substance being one for alienation of affections; and we further assume that the complaint fails to state any other claim which is not barred by the statute. We must therefore determine the validity of C.R.S.1963, 41-3-1, and also, whether any other claim for relief has been stated outside of the act. We agree with the trial court when it concluded that this complaint sets forth what in law is a claim for alienation of affections. The injury in such an action is one of loss of affection and consortium, including loss of society, companionship and aid. See Worth v. Worth, 48 Wyo. 441, 49 P.2d 649, 103 A.L.R. 107 (1935); 27 Am.Jur., Husband and Wife § 524. The action required on the part of a defendant in such a case is simply inducing the spouse of the plaintiff to leave, or, once having left, to remain separated from the plaintiff. See French v. Deane, 19 Colo. 504, 36 P. 609, 24 L.R.A. 387 (1894). The action necessarily involves intent to induce the spouse to separate. See 27 Am.Jur., Husband and Wife § 523. With this in mind it seems clear that the facts alleged in Paragraphs II, III, IV and VI of the complaint place them squarely within the abolished action, for all that is alleged rises out of a relationship, i. e., an inducement to separate and resulting loss of society, loss of services, pain, suffering and humiliation. *702 The facts alleged in Paragraph V, however, seem to involve an injury to a purported property right belonging to plaintiff as a result of her marriage contract and which is not included within an action for alienation of affections. Assuming that the facts alleged may state a claim, we believe, however, that they are not such that the relief requested may be granted in this action. This is so because the plaintiff has already instituted an action for separate maintenance in connection with which all of her property rights arising out of the marriage should be adjudicated. A fraudulent transfer of property by the husband to Musim, if made for the purpose of depriving the wife of her rightful share in the property, should be attacked in connection with that action, or in subsequent proceedings for modification of the awards made pursuant to that action, by requesting that the transfer be set aside. See Bostron v. Bostron, 128 Colo. 535, 265 P.2d 230 (1953) and Fahey v. Fahey, 43 Colo. 354, 96 P. 251, 18 L.R.A.,N.S. 1147 (1908). In this connection we note that plaintiff has alleged transfer of property belonging solely to her husband as well as property accumulated during the marriage. In Bostron v. Bostron, supra, 128 Colo. at 539, 265 P.2d at 232, we cited with approval language employed in earlier Colorado decisions to the effect that: We, therefore, conclude that there is no merit to plaintiff in error's second ground of error. We turn now to the question of whether the statute abolishing actions for alienation of affections is constitutional; for if it is not, then we must uphold the complaint as stating a claim for which relief may be granted. Plaintiff in error claims that the act is unconstitutional on two grounds: i. e., that it is violative of the Constitution of Colorado, Art. II, Sec. 6; and, that the act is void as containing more than one subject (Art. V, Sec. 21). The first Constitutional provision in question reads: It seems clear that the above-quoted type of constitutional section applies only to injuries which result from a breach of a legal duty or an invasion or infringement upon a legal right. E. g., Vogts v. Guerrette, 142 Colo. 527, 351 P.2d 851 (1960); Randle v. Payne, 39 Ala.App. 652, 107 So. 2d 907 (1958); Scholberg v. Itnyre, 264 Wis. 211, 58 N.W.2d 698 (1953); Simons v. Kidd, 73 S.D. 41, 38 N.W.2d 883 (1949); Cason v. Baskin, 155 Fla. 198, 20 So. 2d 243, 250, 168 A.L.R. 430 (1945); Pickett v. Matthews, 238 Ala. 542, 192 So. 261 (1939). In Cason, supra, the Florida court said: It has also been recognized by this court, as well as those in other jurisdictions, that this and similar constitutional provisions are mandates to the judiciary rather than to legislatures. Vogts v. Guerrette, *703 supra; Wagoner County Election Board v. Plunkett, 305 P.2d 525 (Okl.1956) ; Pickett v. Matthews, supra. In Vogts we quoted with approval the following language from Pickett: By specific wording in C.R.S.1963, 41-3-1 and 41-3-2 our legislature has abolished the legal duties and rights of action here in question, even though they were recognized at common law, except, in one instance as to the wife, as hereinafter noted. Plaintiff in error cites Heck v. Schupp, 394 Ill. 296, 68 N.E.2d 464, 167 A.L.R. 232 (1946) and Daily v. Parker, 61 F. Supp. 701 (N.D.Ill.1945) for the proposition that abolition of actions for alienation of affections violates a provision in the Illinois Constitution which is similar to Colorado's. We note, however, that the Illinois act, concerning these actions, merely made it a criminal offense to file a suit and it did not, as does ours, abolish the claim or right of action itself. The power of the legislature to abolish substantive common law rights including those vouch-safed by the common law of England, in order to attain a permissible legislative object, has already been decided by this court in Vogts v. Guerrette, supra, and in Colorado State Board of Pharmacy v. Hallett, 88 Colo. 331, 335, 296 P. 540 (1931). In Hallett we said: See also Silver v. Silver, 280 U.S. 117, 50 S. Ct. 57, 58, 74 L. Ed. 221 (1929) in which the following language appears: In this connection, it should be noted that while marriage is a status it also is a contract, but not such a contract as is protected from impairment by the State and Federal constitutions. Rotwein v. Gersten, 160 Fla. 736, 36 So. 2d 419 (1948); Hanfgarn v. Mark, 274 N.Y. 22, 8 N.E.2d 47 (1937); Bunten v. Bunten, 15 N.J.Misc. 532, 192 A. 727 (1937). In addition, we point out that at common law a wife had no right of action for alienation of the affections of her husband. 3 Blackstone 143; Moulin v. Monteleone, 165 La. 169, 115 So. 447, 450 (1928); Howard v. Howard, 120 Me. 479, 115 A. 259 (1921), though today such a claim is recognized in some jurisdictions as to both spouses. See Young v. Young, 236 Ala. 627, 184 So. 187, 190 (1938). The legislative object in abolishing these claims which relate to the marriage status is amply set out in C.R.S.1963, 41-3-3. We hold that the legislature had the power so to act under the inherent police power of the state; therefore, C.R.S.1963, 41-3-1 is not violative of the Constitution. A fortiori plaintiff in error has no claim against defendant in error Musim. Such a holding, in our view, also comports with the *704 views of all of those states which have heretofore ruled upon similar enactments except Illinois, which we have previously mentioned. Our research reveals that to date at least fourteen states, including Colorado, have adopted some type of statute either abolishing or prohibiting actions for the alienation of affections and that, in addition, one has forbidden it by judicial decision. As to the latter see Gaines v. Poindexter, 155 F. Supp. 638 (W.D.La.1957) and Moulin v. Monteleone, supra. As to those which have adopted statutes, courts in California [Ikuta v. Ikuta, 97 Cal. App. 2d 787, 218 P.2d 854 (1950)], Florida [Rotwein v. Gersten, supra], Indiana [Pennington v. Stewart, 212 Ind. 553, 10 N.E.2d 619 (1937)], Michigan [Bean v. McFarland, 280 Mich. 19, 273 N.W. 332 (1937)], New Jersey [Bunten v. Bunten, supra], and New York [Hanfgarn v. Mark, supra] have upheld them, and the limited Pennsylvania act has also been sustained, McMullen v. Nannah, 49 Pa.Dist. & Co.R. 516 (1944), but see Wilder v. Reno, 43 F. Supp. 727 (D.C.Pa. 1942). Apparently such statutes have not yet been tested constitutionally in Alabama (Alabama Statutes, Tit. 7 § 115; but see Young v. Young, supra), Maryland (Annotated Code of Maryland, Art. 75 C § 2), Montana (Rev.Code of Montana Tit. 17 § 1201 [1965 Cum.Supp.]), Nevada (Nevada Revised Statutes § 41.380), and Wyoming (Wyoming Statutes § 1-728). Apparently Illinois is the only state which has declared such an act unconstitutional (Heck v. Schupp and Daily v. Parker, supra). Nor do we find any merit in plaintiff in error's fourth contention, i. e., that the entire act here involved violates Article V, Section 21 of the Constitution of Colorado. The latter Section provides that no bill may contain more than one subject which subject must be clearly expressed in the title. Here the bill itself (Session Laws of Colorado, 1937, Chapter 111, p. 403) was entitled: It is plaintiff in error's position that the sections included within the act that follow the aforesaid preamble cover a number of different topics. This is so to some degree; however, we have held that no violation of the mandates of the Constitution occur if the subject matter, as here, is germane to the general subject expressed in the title. Corder v. Pond, 117 Colo. 463, 190 P.2d 582 (1948); Redmon v. Davis, 115 Colo. 415, 174 P.2d 945 (1946); Gordon v. Wheatridge Water District, 107 Colo. 128, 109 P.2d 899 (1941). Here the title is a general statement of but one topic, i. e., that of promoting the public morals by the abolition and regulation of certain actions affecting domestic relations. In Gordon, supra, we said, quoting with approval from In re Breene, 14 Colo. 401, 24 P. 3 (1890): We find no error in the trial court's dismissal of this complaint. The judgment is affirmed. MOORE, C. J., dissenting. PRINGLE, J., not participating.