Title: Conner v. State

State: mississippi

Issuer: Mississippi Supreme Court

Document:

632 So. 2d 1239 (1993) Ronnie Lee CONNER v. STATE of Mississippi. No. 90-DP-927. Supreme Court of Mississippi. December 2, 1993. As Modified on Denial of Rehearing March 17, 1994. *1243 James W. Craig, Jackson, Tim Wilson, Meridian, Jane Tucker Lambert, Andre de Gruy, Jackson, for appellant. Michael C. Moore, Atty. Gen., Marvin L. White, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Charlene R. Pierce, Sp. Asst. Atty. Gen., Jackson, for appellee. En Banc. McRAE, Justice, for the Court: Ronnie Lee Conner was tried in the Circuit Court of Lauderdale County, Mississippi, on a charge of capital murder, and was found guilty. In a separate hearing he was sentenced to death by lethal injection. Finding no reversible error in both the record of Conner's guilt trial and sentence hearing, we affirm his conviction and sentence. About mid-afternoon on New Year's Day of 1990, a group of children spotted a light green car parked beside a dirt road on the outskirts of Meridian, Mississippi. Upon peering inside, they saw an elderly white female slumped over on the passenger side. The woman, with slashed throat, was dead. One of the children immediately informed his mother who in turn called the police. Emergency personnel arrived on the scene shortly after 3:00 p.m. The body of the victim, later identified as Celeste Brown, was still warm. The police collected several items from the interior of the car including: (1) a four-inch, blood stained knife blade without a handle which was lying on the front floorboard; (2) a brown purse, open, with its contents strewn on the front floorboard; and (3) several shopping bags, one of which contained a receipt from Wal-Mart generated at 1:02 p.m. on New Year's Day, 1990. After talking with Celeste Brown's family, the police learned that the victim was wearing a diamond cluster ring and carrying approximately two hundred dollars in cash on the day of the murder. Both the ring and the cash were missing. Brown was supposed to have picked up a friend at the Meridian Amtrak station around 2:30 p.m. Dr. Steven Hayne, a pathologist and forensic scientist, conducted an autopsy and concluded that the neck wound, which perforated Brown's jugular vein and entered her oral cavity, caused the death. At trial, Hayne testified that given Brown's posture and the location of the injury, blood would have flowed from the wound at a relatively slow rate. Brown could have lived, in Hayne's opinion, for five to ten minutes after the attack. Hayne further thought that the wounds were inflicted by a small knife with a single edge. The following day, a black male named Earnest Stevens came to the Meridian Police Headquarters and gave a statement implicating Ronnie Conner in the murder. On the afternoon of January 2, 1990, the police procured a warrant and searched Conner's apartment. They seized as possible evidence a tan corduroy jacket and a multicolored shirt along with an aluminum can and two lengths of pipe which appeared to be crack cocaine paraphernalia. The jacket, the shirt, and several items taken from Celeste Brown's car were forwarded to the State Crime Lab. The crime lab found no blood on the seized clothing, but a hair of Caucasian origin was recovered from the corduroy coat. The hair was insufficient for comparison purposes. Several fragments of Negroid hair were recovered from the passenger seat of Celeste Brown's car and from the victim's clothing. These fragments were insufficient for comparison purposes. The spot where Celeste Brown was found dead in her car is about 2.2 miles from the Amtrak station and only a very short distance from Eastern Gardens, an apartment complex where Ronnie Lee Conner lived. Conner was carried to the police station for questioning immediately following the search. He categorically denied any knowledge of the crime and, according to Officer James Brown, gave an account of his whereabouts *1244 the previous day. Conner stated that he had awakened around 10:00 a.m. on New Year's Day and did not leave his apartment until sometime between 10:00 and 11:00 a.m. He then proceeded to the bus station where he met "Frank." He and Frank went to the Terminal Cafe and sat around drinking wine for about half an hour. Conner stated that upon leaving the Terminal Cafe, he walked to the Davis Court area and from there to the Red Line area where he stayed for about an hour. At some point after lunch, he walked back to Eastern Gardens and slept until after dark. Conner was unable to provide the names of anyone who might have seen him during his excursions. Frank Blair testified that he encountered Ronnie Conner at the Greyhound bus station on New Year's Day at about 10:00 a.m. He testified that while he and Conner were drinking wine, Conner told him that he needed some money and that "I got to get hold of a little something." Blair responded, "You ain't got to go through all of that, man." According to a written statement taken three days after the murder, Blair also told Conner, "Man, you only have a few more days before you get your check." Blair testified at trial that he could not remember saying anything about a check. Blair further testified that he saw Conner again on January 2 at the Plasma Center. Conner told him, "Man, I got into some shit." According to Blair, Conner appeared nervous. Earnest Stevens testified that sometime prior to 1:00 p.m. on New Year's Day, Conner came to the Union Hotel where Stevens had been living with Jessie Dubose. At approximately 1:00 p.m., Stevens and Conner left Dubose's apartment. While walking down the stairs, Conner showed Stevens a "blade" which looked like a silver steak knife. While standing in front of the Union Hotel, the two observed "a dude called Snuff" coming up the street. As Snuff approached, Conner told Stevens that he was "fixing to get him up" (meaning Snuff) and see if he had any money. After Snuff had passed, Stevens "talked him out of that" by telling him there "ain't no use in getting in trouble." According to Stevens, Conner then walked down the street toward the Terminal Cafe and Stevens followed a few minutes later. Stevens, Conner, and "Frank" sat in front of the Cafe and talked for about ten or fifteen minutes. Frank then left. About that time, a light green car pulled up across the street at the Amtrak station, and an old lady got out. According to Stevens, Conner walked across the street and approached the lady. After the two talked for a moment, the lady reached in her purse and gave Conner something. Conner then "put something to her in the back and just made her get off into her car." Conner then climbed into the driver's seat, and drove away. Another witness for the prosecution was Darryl Barfield, a clerk at Smitty's Grocery, a combination package/grocery store located across the street from Eastern Gardens apartments. Barfield testified that he was working the evening shift in the package store on New Year's Day, 1990. Ronnie Conner came into the package store while it "was still day." Conner showed Barfield a ring and asked him if he thought it was real. According to Barfield, the ring looked real, but it had no carat markings. He told Conner to check with a jewelry store or pawn shop. Evelyn Cole, also a clerk at Smitty's, agreed that Conner came into the store on the afternoon of January 1, 1990, at "like about three o'clock or three-thirty or somewhere along there or four o'clock." She recalled selling him some beer. Vicky Gulley, another prosecution witness, testified that on New Year's Day, 1990, she had gone to visit her uncle, Charlie Clark, at Eastern Garden apartments, the same apartment complex where Ronnie Conner lived. At some unspecified point later in the afternoon, she encountered Conner who asked her if she wanted to drink some beer. He had two quarts in a paper bag. She and Conner went inside her uncle's apartment where the three of them sat around drinking the beer for about half an hour. Gulley observed that Conner had blood on his hand, and Conner explained that he had gotten hurt at work. Gulley testified that Conner was wearing a brown corduroy coat but that the coat did not appear to have any blood on it. *1245 According to Gulley, Conner produced "a gold ring with a diamond on top." He said he had found it at work. Gulley and her uncle teased Conner about the ring not being real. Apparently convinced the ring was a fake, Conner told Gulley that she "could have the ring, because it wasn't going to do him no good if it wasn't real." Gulley also testified that in addition to the ring, Conner was carrying a large amount of cash which included "a hundred dollar bill, a fifty and some twenties." Gulley further testified that Conner asked her if she wanted to "get high," and that she agreed to do so. Conner told her that he first had to go take a shower and wash up. When asked if there was anything unusual about Conner's appearance other than the blood on his hand, Gulley responded, "He was breathing hard like he was tired or something, I don't know." After Conner walked over to his own apartment, Gulley left with a "male friend" to go to Davis Court apartments where she hoped to trade the ring Conner had given her for some cocaine. She recalled that it was beginning to get dark when she left Eastern Gardens. Gulley eventually wound up at the Chantiki Club where she sold the ring to Fred Parnell, the club owner, for fifteen dollars. Gulley used the fifteen dollars to buy a rock of crack cocaine. Afterwards, she returned to Eastern Gardens and went to Conner's apartment. At Conner's apartment she found Conner, Will McNeil, and "Rex, a guy that sells the cocaine." The air was thick with cocaine smoke. According to Gulley, Conner then boasted about committing murder that day. Charlie Clark testified that his niece, Vicky Gulley, had visited his apartment on New Year's Day, 1990. He affirmed that Ronnie Conner had also come, produced a ring, and asked Gulley if it was real. He could not remember what the ring looked like. The police recovered the ring from Fred Parnell's wife, and the prosecution introduced it as evidence. Both Clarice Williams, Celeste Brown's daughter, and Chuck Sanders, a custom jeweler who made Celeste Brown's ring, identified the ring at trial as the one belonging to Celeste Brown. Ronnie Conner relied primarily on an alibi defense. His first witness was Jimmy Evans who lived at the corner of 31st Avenue and Davis Street in Meridian. The witness testified that he saw Conner walk past his house around 10:00 a.m. on January 1, 1990. Evans did not see Conner again that day. In rebuttal, the prosecution produced witness Renee Watson, an employee at the Plasma Center, who testified that she knew Ronnie Conner because he was a regular donor at the Center. On the morning of January 1, 1990, around 10:00 a.m., she was traveling down Front Street past the Amtrak station and the Terminal Cafe on her way to a funeral. She saw Ronnie Conner standing on the street corner. T.C. Taylor, Ronnie Conner's uncle, was the defendant's second alibi witness. Taylor testified that he lived at the corner of 11th Street and 32nd Avenue in Meridian. According to his account, Conner came to his house on foot at 1:30 p.m. on January 1, 1990. Taylor was sitting on his front porch. Conner walked up the porch steps, spoke, and then strolled off in the direction of 12th Street. On cross-examination, Taylor stated that he was seventy-six years old and that his normal daily routine was to sit on his porch most of the day and "look at cars go by and people go by." "If I get sleepy," Taylor stated, "I go in the house and turn the TV on and probably take a nap or fall off to sleep." Examined further concerning how he knew Ronnie Conner had come to his house on January 1, Taylor testified, "I keep up with my calendar, because I get paid on the first and third and that is what I live by." The cross-examination continued as follows: The prosecutor also examined Taylor intensely concerning how he knew Conner had come by at 1:30 in the afternoon: Taylor also testified that he knew Conner came by at about 1:30 p.m. because he had been watching "The Price is Right" and Bob Barker on television immediately before Taylor went out to the porch on the morning of January 1, 1990. *1247 As a rebuttal witness, the prosecution called Dawn Walker, program director for WTZH-TV in Meridian. Walker testified that "The Price is Right" and Bob Barker did not air on January 1, 1990. Instead, the station ran two CBS specials: the Cotton Bowl Parade and the Tournament of Roses Parade. James Perkins, the owner of Perkins' Grocery and Pool Hall on the corner of 12th Street and 31st Avenue, testified that he saw Ronnie Conner sitting in the pool hall section of his establishment between 12:00 and 12:30 p.m. on January 1, 1992, with Dorothy Neal, another customer. Perkins saw Conner coming in and out of the store on five other occasions throughout the day. He last saw Conner at about 5:00 p.m. Perkins explained that his store is located about thirteen blocks from the Amtrak station. Dorothy Neal testified that she was Conner's sister-in-law. On January 1, 1990, Neal was with Conner at Perkins' Grocery from between 12:00 noon and 1:00 p.m. until almost 4:00 p.m. She was keenly aware of the time because she had to be somewhere at 4:00 and was keeping her eye on the clock. Neal's cousin Michael Helen arrived at about 2:30, and the three of them sat around talking until about 3:15, when Helen left. On cross-examination, Neal acknowledged that she saw Conner's mother every day, but stated that they had talked about the murder charge only "two or three times at the most." Michael Helen testified he arrived at Perkins' Grocery at about 2:00 or 2:30 p.m. on January 1, 1990. He remembers it was New Year's Day because he did not work that day. He saw Conner and Dorothy Neal sitting at a table in the pool hall and joined them for a beer. On cross-examination, Helen stated that he was a regular customer at Perkins', going there on an average of five days a week. He knew he arrived at Perkins' at 2:30 on January 1, 1990 because, "I have a watch on my arm and I am always looking at my watch." Helen could not remember when he left Perkins' on January 1, and he could not remember whether he left on foot or by car. He stated that he and Neal had never discussed what happened on January 1, 1990, but he acknowledged that he had spoken to Conner's family prior to giving a statement. He could not recall what he had done on Christmas Day, 1989. Robert Brown testified that he lived with T.C. Taylor, the uncle who allegedly saw Conner at 1:30 on his front porch. Brown spent most of January 1 sitting in his bedroom listening to music. Around 4:30 p.m., Conner came by, went into Brown's bedroom, and left a bag of nails for "Pooky," Taylor's son. On cross-examination, Brown stated that he had no clock in his room and did not own a watch. He knew what time Conner came by, however, "Because I always go in Taylor's room and check the time." Brown testified that someone else had come by that day and had drunk beer with him in his room, but he could not remember who it was. Brown acknowledged that the first time he mentioned Conner's January 1 visit to anyone was seven months later, about a week before trial. During the period around January 1, 1990, Brown was unemployed and stayed home in his room most of every day; he could think of nothing that would have impressed January 1, 1990, upon his memory more than any other day. After hearing all the evidence, the jury retired and found Conner guilty of capital murder. Conner insists that, although he did not request a competency hearing at or before trial, the trial court had reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant was mentally incapable of standing trial and should have ordered a competency hearing sua sponte. Rule 4.08(1) of the Uniform Criminal Rules of Circuit Court Practice provides: The State argues that, since Conner failed to request a competency hearing below, his claim is procedurally barred. This argument is defeated by both the case law and the explicit language of Rule 4.08(1). Rule 4.08(1) disjunctively states that a competency hearing may occur upon motion of counsel or upon the court's own motion. Further, the United States Supreme Court in Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 384, 86 S. Ct. 836, 841, 15 L. Ed. 2d 815 (1966), held that "it is contradictory to argue that a defendant may be incompetent, and yet knowingly or intelligently `waive' his right to have the court determine his capacity to stand trial." Pate, 383 U.S. at 384, 86 S. Ct. at 841. See also Gothard v. State, 452 So. 2d 889, 893 (Ala.Ct.Crim.App. 1984) ("Even where the issue of competency to stand trial has not been raised by defense counsel, the trial judge has an ongoing and continuing responsibility to prevent the trial of an accused unable to assist in his defense"). The real question, therefore, is whether "reasonable grounds" existed to believe that Conner was insane. If so, then Rule 4.08 mandates a competency hearing. The determination of what is "reasonable," of course, rests largely within the discretion of the trial judge. He sees the evidence first hand; he observes the demeanor and behavior of the defendant. For purposes of reviewing a decision to forego a competency hearing, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals has suggested the following test: Did the trial judge receive information which, objectively considered, should reasonably have raised a doubt about defendant's competence and alerted him to the possibility that the defendant could neither understand the proceedings, appreciate their significance, nor rationally aid his attorney in his defense? Lokos v. Capps, 625 F.2d 1258, 1261 (5th Cir.1980). The United States Supreme Court in Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 180, 95 S. Ct. 896, 903, 43 L. Ed. 2d 103, 118 (1975), indicated that "evidence of a defendant's irrational behavior, his demeanor at trial, and any prior medical opinion on competence to stand trial are all relevant in determining whether further inquiry is required." In trying to show that he was entitled to a competency hearing, Conner relies on a set of five criteria which, according to the American Bar Association, collectively define a competent defendant as one: (1) who is able to perceive and understand the nature of the proceedings; (2) who is able to rationally communicate with his attorney about the case; (3) who is able to recall relevant facts; (4) who is able to testify in his own defense if appropriate; and (5) whose ability to satisfy the foregoing criteria is commensurate with the severity and complexity of the case.[1]*1249 Conner insists that he does not meet factors two through five. To support his claim, he gleans the following from the record: (1) Conner takes medication for schizophrenia; (2) He made a suicide "gesture" and allegedly "hears voices;" a "voice" once prompted him to jump off a moving train; (3) Records from the Weems Community Health Center indicate that Conner functions at a "low average" intellectual level and that he is considered incompetent to manage his finances; (4) At a pretrial hearing, defense counsel complained, "A lot of these things I am having a great deal of difficulty getting because Ronnie does have a mental problem and he is not able to assist me as to where to go and look for things and ask for things;" (5) When the court asked Conner whether he understood he had a right to testify, Conner responded affirmatively but insisted, "I'm in no shape to testify;" and (6) On cross-examination, Conner recalled virtually no facts concerning the case; could not relate the ages or birthdays of his family members; the substance of his January 2, 1990, statement; how long he had known his defense attorney; and responses he had made to questions a few minutes before on direct examination. The following exchange is characteristic of Conner's performance on cross-examination: *1250 Conner's memory appears to have served him much better on direct examination: Before the defense rested in the trial on guilt or innocence, the trial judge thoroughly examined Conner concerning whether his decision not to testify in his own defense was voluntary and intelligent. Judging from the transcript, Conner was lucid and engaged in the exchange. He responded positively to each of the judge's question, once asking the judge to repeat a statement he did not understand; he stated that he and his attorney had discussed whether it would be in his best interests to testify; he indicated that he was satisfied with the services of his attorney. About a month after his arrest, the trial court ordered that Conner be admitted to the state mental hospital for an evaluation of his competency to stand trial. In a May 3, 1990, letter to the trial judge, the hospital reported: The Court must assume that the trial court objectively considered all the facts and circumstances, including those which are not available to this Court, which bore upon Conner's competence to stand trial. There is nothing in the record which, considered in context, leads inexorably to the conclusion that Conner "could neither understand the proceedings or appreciate their significance, nor rationally aid his attorney in his defense." The trial court did not manifestly err in not ordering a competency hearing. Conner argues on appeal that the state failed to put on sufficient evidence to *1252 prove the charge of capital murder with its component offenses of murder, kidnapping, and robbery. Given the abundance of evidence in the record, this argument is clearly specious. Earnest Stevens testified as an eyewitness to the kidnapping. Vicky Gulley testified that Conner had Celeste Brown's ring and a large amount of cash in his possession soon after the murder and robbery occurred. Gulley also repeated Conner's boast about having killed someone. In addition to the eyewitness accounts of Stevens and Gulley, the record is replete with circumstantial evidence, much of which tends to corroborate the testimony of Stevens and Gulley. Several witnesses, including Celeste Brown's daughter and the jeweler who made Celeste Brown's ring, confirmed that the ring Gulley sold at the Chantiki Club belonged to Celeste Brown. Frank Blair confirmed that Conner was in the vicinity of the Amtrak station near noon on the day of the murder and testified that Conner appeared nervous the next day and told him that he had "got into some shit." Darryl Barfield, a clerk at the package store across from Eastern Gardens, testified that Conner showed him Celeste Brown's ring the day of the murder. Conner, according to Evelyn Cole's testimony, purchased beer from Smitty's Grocery during the afternoon following the crime. Since Gulley testified that Conner had two quarts of beer when she met him near Smitty's, Evelyn Cole's story helps to substantiate Vicky Gulley's account. Other evidence which serves to corroborate Vicky Gulley's story includes the fact that the police found the coat Conner was wearing on January 1 hanging on a shower rod the next day. Gulley testified that Conner went home to shower after giving her the ring. The seizure of crack cocaine paraphernalia in Conner's apartment the day after the murder lends credence to Gulley's testimony statement that Conner and others were smoking cocaine in Conner's apartment when he told her about committing the murder. Other evidence tending to tie Conner to the crimes include the Caucasian hair found on his coat and the bloody knife blade found in Celeste Brown's car which could fit the description of the knife Earnest Stevens saw on Conner's person shortly before the murder. A conviction can stand only if the record contains sufficient evidence to establish the elements of the charge. Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203, 212 (Miss. 1985). Conner points out that the State's case rests principally upon the testimony of Earnest Stevens and Vicky Gulley. The testimony of these witnesses is insufficient to support a conviction, Conner insists, because Stevens' testimony "lacks any credibility" and Gulley's testimony supplies "no direct evidence" of robbery. Conner's argument is without merit. It is axiomatic that the jury is the sole judge of credibility, [Jowers v. State, 593 So. 2d 46, 47 (Miss. 1992); Dixon v. State, 519 So. 2d 1226, 1228 (Miss. 1988)] and the jury in this case apparently believed the testimony of Earnest Stevens. Further, direct evidence is unnecessary to support a conviction so long as sufficient circumstantial evidence exists to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Fleming v. State, 604 So. 2d 280, 288-289 (Miss. 1992); Tolbert v. State, 407 So. 2d 815, 820 (Miss. 1981). The evidence contained in the record, both direct and circumstantial, is sufficient to support Conner's conviction of capital murder. The Mississippi Code defines "capital murder" as "[t]he killing of a human being ... by any person engaged in the commission of the crime of rape, burglary, kidnapping, arson, [or] robbery...." Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19 (1984 amendment). Ronnie Conner was charged with killing while engaged in the commission of the crimes of kidnapping and robbery. Jury Instruction S-1, however, told the jury that they should find the defendant guilty of capital murder if it found that he killed Celeste Brown while committing the crimes of kidnapping "or" robbery. This instruction, Conner contends, permitted the jury to return a less-than-unanimous verdict finding him guilty of capital murder. The *1253 defense contended, theoretically, that some members of the jury could have found him guilty of kidnapping but not guilty of robbery, while other members could find him guilty of robbery but not guilty of kidnapping. The net result could be a capital murder verdict lacking unanimity. Miss. Const. art. III, § 31 (1890) guarantees that a criminal defendant can be convicted only upon a unanimous verdict by twelve jurors. See Markham v. State, 209 Miss. 135, 46 So. 2d 88 (1950) (criminal defendant entitled to unanimous jury as part of his constitutional right to trial by jury). The State argues that Conner waived any error arising out of Instruction S-1 by failing to object to it at trial. The State further notes that Conner's own proposed instructions D-1 and D-2, both refused, contained the same disjunctive language. This Court has often stated that a party is barred from appealing on grounds of a jury instruction to which he made no contemporaneous objection below, even in a death penalty case. Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114, 142 (Miss. 1991), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 1970, 118 L. Ed. 2d 570 (1992); Cole v. State, 525 So. 2d 365, 371 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 934, 109 S. Ct. 330, 102 L. Ed. 2d 348 (1988); Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1317 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1210, 108 S. Ct. 2858, 101 L. Ed. 2d 895 (1988); Stringer v. State, 500 So. 2d 928 (Miss. 1986). It has been held, however, albeit long ago, that a defendant cannot waive his right to a twelve-member jury. See Hunt v. State, 61 Miss. 577, 580 (1884), overruled on other grounds, Arbuckle v. State, 80 Miss. 15, 20, 31 So. 437 (1901). Even if Conner retained his right to contest Instruction S-1, despite his failure to raise the issue until appealing, the defective instruction does not require reversal. The jury's sentencing verdict clearly finds that Conner was engaged in committing the crimes of both kidnapping and robbery when he killed Celeste Brown. Any error involving concern over whether the jury's guilty verdict was unanimous thus stands cured. See B-W Acceptance Corp. v. Porter, 568 F.2d 1179 (5th Cir.1978) (error resulting from misleading instruction cured where verdict indicates that jury was not misled). In response to this proposition, Conner notes that in his closing argument in the sentencing trial, the prosecutor stated that the previous day's guilty verdict included a finding that Conner was guilty of both kidnapping and robbery. Consequently, Conner reasons, the language in the sentencing verdict may reflect the prosecutor's argument, not an actual unanimous finding that Conner was guilty of both kidnapping and robbery. Conner's argument has no merit. The trial court instructed the jury concerning the possible aggravating circumstances, including the contemporaneous commission of kidnapping and robbery, and explicitly informed the jury that (emphasis added). Having received this instruction, the jury could not reasonably have assumed that Conner's guilt of kidnapping and robbery was a settled and foregone conclusion unless the jury had unanimously found Conner guilty of these crimes in reaching its previous verdict. Further, we note that all three crimes of which Conner is accused occurred as part of a single transaction and are essentially inseparable. Given the facts and circumstances of this case, it is highly unlikely that any reasonable juror could have found Conner guilty of one crime but not the others. As such, the error, if any, is harmless. See Davis v. State, 204 So. 2d 270 (Miss. 1967), rev'd on other grounds, 394 U.S. 721, 89 S. Ct. 1394, 22 L. Ed. 2d 676 (1969); Lancaster v. State, 200 So. 721 (Miss. 1941). Conner contends that the jury should have been instructed concerning the lesser-included offense of simple murder. In *1254 McGowan v. State, 541 So. 2d 1027, 1028 (Miss. 1989), we ruled that In Welch v. State, 566 So. 2d 680, 684 (Miss. 1990), we again stated: As these precedents illustrate, Mississippi law strongly favors the granting of lesser-included offense instructions. However, the trial court's failure to grant one in the instant case does not constitute reversible error for two reasons: (1) Conner never requested a lesser-included offense instruction and failed to object to the Court's failure to give one, and (2) the record contains no evidentiary foundation to support such an instruction. In Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114, 141-42 (Miss. 1991), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 1970, 118 L. Ed. 2d 570 (1992), the Court held that where a trial court fails to grant a non-capital murder instruction in a capital murder case, the defendant is barred from raising the issue on appeal unless he requested such an instruction in the lower court. Conner argues that his proposed form-of-verdict instruction (No. D-5), represents an "inartful" attempt at a lesser-included offense instruction which the trial court should have reshaped into a valid instruction. Mease v. State, 539 So. 2d 1324, 1335 (Miss. 1989), holds that where "a disputed instruction relates to a central feature of the case and where there is no other instruction before the court which treats the matter," the trial court is obliged to reform the instruction if it is merely "deficient in form." Accord Harper v. State, 478 So. 2d 1017, 1022-23 (Miss. 1985). Instruction D-5, which the trial court refused, stated: The Court instructs the Jury as follows: The defense tendered no instruction defining simple murder, nor did it ask the trial court to explain to the jury that it could convict the defendant of a lesser crime than capital murder. Conner argues that under Mease and Harper, the trial court is duty-bound not only to revise technically flawed instructions but also to advise defense counsel that a definitional instruction would also have to be submitted and then provide an opportunity to prepare such an instruction. Mease and Harper should not be read so broadly. The case law does not impose upon a trial court a duty to instruct the jury sua sponte, nor is a court required to suggest instructions in addition to those which the parties tender. Conner offered no substantive instruction pertaining to a lesser-included offense, and "the fact that ... [he] requested no lesser included instruction controls." Hansen, 592 So. 2d at 142. Even if Mease and Harper were applicable here, Conner waived any resulting error by failing to raise a pertinent objection to Instruction S-12-A, the State's form-of-verdict instruction which the trial court accepted in lieu of defense Instruction D-5. Instruction S-12-A states: The defense objected to this instruction, but not on grounds that it did not envision a verdict finding Conner guilty of a lesser-included offense. The transcript reflects the following exchange between defense counsel and the judge: An objection on one or more specific grounds constitutes a waiver of all other grounds. Stringer v. State, 279 So. 2d 156, 158 (Miss. 1973); see McGarrh v. State, 249 Miss. 247, 276, 148 So. 2d 494, 506 (1963) (objection cannot be enlarged in reviewing court to embrace omission not complained of at trial), cert. denied, 375 U.S. 816, 84 S. Ct. 50, 11 L. Ed. 2d 51 (1963). Since Conner failed to object to the State's form-of-verdict instruction on grounds that it was incomplete, he is procedurally barred from raising the point here. In any event, the evidence in the record does not support Conner's assertion that he was entitled to a lesser-included offense instruction. The evidence of the three component crimes in the capital murder charge are so intertwined as to be virtually inseparable. For example, Earnest Stevens' testimony which accused Conner of forcing the "old lady" into the "green car" at knife point and driving away supports not only the kidnapping charge but also, by inference, the murder charge. Likewise, the testimony of witnesses who reported seeing Celeste Brown's ring and large quantities of cash in Conner's possession immediately following the murder support both the robbery and murder charges. If the jury had believed that someone other than Conner abducted Celeste Brown and stole her property, then it is difficult to conceive how a reasonable jury could have believed that Conner committed the murder. Given these circumstances, the trial court would have been justified in refusing a lesser-included offense instruction under McGowan. Moreover, Instruction S-1 informed the jury that they could find Conner guilty of capital murder only if they found Conner to be guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of every element in the charge. The instruction specified as one of the required elements: Thus, even if the trial court erred in failing to give a lesser-included offense instruction, the error was cured by the jury's verdict which by necessary implication finds Conner guilty of simple murder. See Toliver v. State, 600 So. 2d 186, 191 (Miss. 1992) (issue of lesser-included offense instruction becomes moot when jury verdict, in finding defendant guilty of greater offense, finds him guilty of elements which constitute lesser offense). In determining whether a circumstantial evidence instruction should be given, we have stated the following: Keys v. State, 478 So. 2d 266, 267 (Miss. 1985). Relying upon this principle, Conner sought to offer jury instruction D-2 which states: The Court instructs the Jury as follows: The trial court refused the instruction on grounds that the Earnest Stevens' eyewitness account constituted direct evidence in support of the prosecution's charge. According to Conner, Earnest Stevens' testimony does not count. He cites McNeal v. State, 551 So. 2d 151, 158-59 (Miss. 1989), wherein this Court questioned in dicta whether the account of a jail-house informant "should be considered as direct evidence which would prevent the granting of a circumstantial evidence instruction." In McNeal, a prisoner testified against the defendant in exchange for a reduced sentence. The Court observed that under such circumstances, the testimony was potentially unreliable. Conner emphasizes that Earnest Stevens was confined to the municipal jail on a contempt charge at the time of Conner's trial. Stevens was not, however, a "jailhouse informant." When he first gave a statement and became a witness in the case on January 2, 1990, he was a free man. Nothing in the record suggests that Stevens testified in exchange for some favor. McNeal is thus inapplicable. Further, Stevens' testimony is not the only direct evidence linking Conner to the crime. There is also Conner's admission to Vicky Gulley that he had killed someone. In Mack v. State, 481 So. 2d 793, 795 (Miss. 1985), the Court stated: While Conner did not expressly identify Celeste Brown to Vicky Gulley, his statement nevertheless qualifies as direct evidence. According to Mack, "an admission ... [is] a statement by the accused it may be direct or implied of facts pertinent to the issue and tending in connection with other facts to prove his guilt." Mack, 481 So. 2d at 795 (citing Reed v. State, 229 Miss. 440, 91 So. 2d 269 (1956). The direct evidence in the record now before the Court, consisting principally of Stevens' eyewitness testimony and Gulley's repetition of Conner's admission, obviates the need for Conner's circumstantial evidence instruction. Conner argues alternatively that the trial court should have granted Instruction D-2 on grounds that it "contained language essential to the definition of the `beyond a reasonable doubt' standard applicable to all cases, direct or circumstantial." He cites Cage v. Louisiana, 498 U.S. 39, 111 S. Ct. 328, 112 L. Ed. 2d 339 (1990), for the proposition that the failure to properly instruct the jury on the definition of "beyond a reasonable doubt" offends the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. *1257 This argument is specious. First, there is nothing in Instruction D-2, previously quoted in full, which defines the term "beyond a reasonable doubt." Secondly, Instruction C-7 fully explains the manner in which the jury should apply the reasonable-doubt standard to the evidence: The assignment of error is meritless. When Earnest Stevens gave his January 2, 1990, statement, he agreed to take a polygraph test. The record does not disclose whether he ever took the test or, if so, what the result was. At trial, the prosecutor made two references to Stevens' willingness to take the test. The first occurred during the direct examination of Detective James Brown. Later, during closing arguments, the prosecution stated: "Earnest Stevens was confident. He agreed to take a lie detector test and voluntarily came to Al Brown." Conner maintains that by putting on evidence that Earnest Stevens agreed to take a polygraph test, the prosecution impermissibly bolstered the testimony of its star witness and unfairly prejudiced the defense. This Court has often held that neither the results of a lie detector test nor the fact that one was taken is admissible as evidence, and that the introduction of such evidence constitutes reversible error. See Pennington v. State, 437 So. 2d 37, 40 (Miss. 1983); Jordan v. State, 365 So. 2d 1198 (Miss. 1978), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 885, 100 S. Ct. 175, 62 L. Ed. 2d 114 (1979); Mattox v. State, 240 Miss. 544, 128 So. 2d 368 (1961). However, where the focus is not on the exam itself but instead on one's willingness or reluctance to submit to a polygraph exam, the Court has arrived at a different conclusion. In Stringer v. State, 454 So. 2d 468 (Miss. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1230, 105 S. Ct. 1231, 84 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1985), we held that Stringer, 454 So.2d at 474-75; see also Garrett v. State, 549 So. 2d 1325, 1330-31 (Miss. 1989) (where document disclosing defendant's willingness to take lie detector test was inadvertently *1258 delivered to jury, Court ruled that, under Stringer, no reversible error occurred). It is of course the rule in virtually all jurisdictions that a witness's unimpeached or unquestioned credibility may not be bolstered by any means, including references to polygraphic evidence. See, e.g., Tiner v. State, 214 Miss. 551, 59 So. 2d 287 (1952) (testimony supporting veracity of witness is inadmissible where veracity of witness has not been assailed); Sparks v. State, 820 S.W.2d 924, 929 (Tex. Ct. App. 1991) (prosecution impermissibly bolstered witness's testimony by asking, "Did you agree to take a polygraph examination?" where only purpose of question was to add credence to witness's earlier, unimpeached testimony); United States v. Vigliatura, 878 F.2d 1346, 1349 (11th Cir.1989) ("a witness's or defendant's willingness to submit to a polygraph examination is inadmissible to prevent bolstering of credibility"). Subject to certain limitations, however, a party is permitted to introduce evidence supporting the truthfulness of his witness once the witness's veracity has been attacked. See M.R.E. Rule 608. A growing contingent of courts, particularly those in the federal realm, have concluded that polygraphic evidence is acceptable for such purposes, particularly where the evidence consists merely of a witness's willingness to submit to a polygraph exam. See, e.g., Underwood v. Colonial Penn Ins. Co., 888 F.2d 588 (8th Cir.1989); United States v. Miller, 874 F.2d 1255, 1261-62 (9th Cir.1989); United States v. Piccinonna, 885 F.2d 1529, 1535 (11th Cir.1989). Many such decisions adopt the rationale that where polygraphic evidence is used for the non-substantive purpose of restoring the credibility of an impeached witness, the traditional reasons for eschewing such evidence lose force. As one writer explained in Brennan, Mark, Reexamining Polygraph Admissibility: United States v. Piccinonna Underwood, 56 Mo. L.Rev. 143, 161 (1991): In the instant case, the prosecutor appeared to be seeking to corroborate Earnest Stevens' testimony when he prompted Detective Brown to mention Stevens' agreement to submit to a lie detector test. It is important to note, however, that the defense had already sought to impeach Stevens' veracity while cross-examining Stevens. The defense first sought to establish that Stevens had lied under oath when pleading guilty to a simple assault charge. Later, the defense attorney tried a different tack: M.R.E. 608(b) states that once a witness's integrity has been impugned, The second exception found in Rule 608(b) would applies in the instant case. When Detective Brown testified about Stevens' agreement to take a polygraph exam, the defense had already launched an attack on Stevens' credibility. Further, Detective Brown was in the midst of testifying about the means by which the police had sought to verify the truth of Stevens' statement. The only question remaining is whether an agreement to submit to a lie detector test is "probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness." While the reliability of lie detector results is subject to debate, it is probably true that a person's willingness to submit to such a test, particularly where he has little to lose by not taking it, tends to indicate that the person believes he is telling the truth. The person's subjective response to the prospect of polygraphic examination, regardless of whether he takes one, amounts to a specific instance of conduct which is probative on the issue of truthfulness. Although this Court has never explicitly held that references to polygraph tests are admissible when used to rehabilitate an impeached witness, the Court did find in Pittman v. State, 236 Miss. 592, 111 So. 2d 415 (1959), that a reference to such a test on redirect examination, where the results of the test were not disclosed, did not amount to reversible error. See Pittman, 236 Miss. at 597-98, 111 So. 2d at 417. In light of Stringer, Pittman, and M.R.E. Rule 608, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by permitting the prosecution to introduce evidence concerning Earnest Stevens' agreement to take a lie detector test. A separate but related question is whether the prosecution's reference in closing argument to Stevens' willingness to take a lie detector test constituted reversible error. We hold that it did not. Since the trial court did not err in admitting the evidence, then the prosecutor can hardly be faulted for referring to it in closing argument. Frank Blair's testimony at trial differed somewhat from what he said in his statement given on January 4, 1990. The first divergence concerned the amount of money Conner had when Blair saw him on the morning *1260 of January 1, 1990. At trial, Blair testified that when he saw Conner at the Plasma Center on January 2, 1990, Conner had six cents. He could not recall whether Conner had any money on January 1. In his January 4 statement, Blair said that Conner had only six cents on January 1 and that Conner did not show him any money on January 2. The second conflict concerns the conversation which transpired between Blair and Conner on New Year's Day. In his statement, Blair related the following: At trial, Blair could not remember saying "Man you only have a few more days before you get your check." Thirdly, Blair testified at trial that Conner had a pocket knife on January 2. In his statement, he indicated that he saw the knife in Conner's possession on the first day of January. After reviewing his written statement, Blair acknowledged that he remembered more about what happened on New Year's Day when he gave the statement than he did on the day of trial. He also conceded that the statement was more accurate than his trial testimony. The State introduced the January 4 statement into evidence as a prior inconsistent statement. Conner argues that since Blair admitted making the prior inconsistent statements, the court erred by admitting the prior written statement into evidence. In Moffett v. State, 456 So. 2d 714 (Miss. 1984), this Court held: Id., at 719 (quoting Davis v. State, 431 So. 2d 468, 473 (Miss. 1983)). The Court noted that unsworn, out-of-court statements are not admissible except for impeachment, and that where the witness admits making past statements which contradict his trial testimony, the witness stands impeached without introducing the writing into evidence. Moffett, 456 So. 2d at 719-20. The Court recently reaffirmed Moffett, a pre-rules case, in Brown v. State, 556 So. 2d 338 (Miss. 1990). Contrary to what the State argues, Moffett and Brown do not appear to contradict M.R.E. Rule 613(b) which states: Even under Rule 613, once a witness "explains" a prior inconsistent statement by admitting it, the statement cannot be admitted into evidence. See Marcum v. Mississippi Valley Gas Co., 587 So. 2d 223 (Miss. 1991), overruled on other grounds, Whigham v. State, 611 So. 2d 988 (Miss. 1992). It is therefore apparent that the trial court erred by admitting Frank Blair's written statement into evidence. The trial court cured its error, however, by instructing the jury that the statement could not be considered as substantive evidence. Instruction D-16 provides: The Court instructs the Jury as follows: The trial court in Moffett gave a similar instruction. According to this Court: Moffett, 456 So. 2d at 720 (emphasis added). In Brown, the jury was not instructed concerning how they should view the improperly admitted statement. The Court found that "[e]ven if a limiting instruction had been given, however, we doubt that it would have sufficed to cure the error, because without these statements, there simply was no case." Brown, 556 So. 2d at 340 (emphasis added). The instant case is far different. The statements Frank Blair could not recall making were certainly not "the sole support for a central issue in the case," nor was the prosecution left with "simply no case" in their absence. Further, the prosecution in closing argument made at most a glancing reference to the conflict between Blair's trial testimony and his prior statement: Moreover, Blair's testimony supplied much of the information the State sought to introduce even without benefit of the prior statement. Blair's trial testimony clearly implies that Conner was desperate for money on January 1, and it includes Conner's admission on January 2 that he had "got into some shit." Additionally, Blair testified that he saw Conner with a pocket knife. Regardless of whether Conner had the knife on January 1 or January 2, the testimony serves to refute Conner's later testimony that he owned nothing but "butter knives." We find that Instruction D-16 cured any error which may have resulted from the admission of Frank Blair's written statement into evidence. The written statement Ronnie Conner gave to the police on the day following the crime is hopelessly at odds with the alibi defense he presented at trial. Although the writing was not introduced as evidence, the prosecution made repeated references to it throughout the trial. Conner contends that the trial court should have excluded all evidence relating to the statement. Conner first characterizes the statement as a "confession" and argues that use of the statement is prohibited by Agee v. State, 185 So. 2d 671 (Miss. 1966), which holds that where the voluntariness of a confession is contested, all law enforcement officials present at the scene of the confession must appear at trial. Agee is obviously inapplicable since Conner's statement is by no stretch of the imagination a "confession." In fact, he categorically denied committing the crime when he made the statement. Conner also contends that the trial court erred in allowing the prosecution to use the statement as a tool to impeach his alibi witnesses. Conner cites Ray v. State, 503 So. 2d 222 (Miss. 1986), a case in which the State used the defendant's notice of alibi to impeach a defense witness. This Court held: Ray, 503 So. 2d at 225 (emphasis added). Ray obviously does not help Conner. A notice of alibi is fundamentally different from a statement given to the police. As the Court in Ray observed: Ray, 503 So. 2d at 225. When an accused makes a statement before the police, he is not crafting a legal document, the prime aim of which is to facilitate trial strategy. Instead, he is making representations of personal knowledge which are presumed to be true until proven otherwise. As for the requirement of a predicate, Detective James Brown testified that the contents of Conner's statement came from Conner's own mouth. Since Conner provided the "specific information contained" in the statement, the trial court did not err in permitting the prosecution to use the statement for impeachment purposes. Conner argues that the State impermissibly impeached two of his alibi witnesses on collateral matters. According to Kelly v. State, 278 So. 2d 400, 402 (Miss. 1973): "The rule is well settled in this state that it is error to contradict a witness about an immaterial or collateral matter." The first witness Conner deems to have been wrongfully impeached was Dorothy Neal. According to Neal, she knew exactly the time at which the defendant arrived at and departed from Perkins Grocery because she was watching the clock in anticipation of a four o'clock appointment. Cross-examining Neal about the appointment, the prosecutor questioned her as follows: The State concedes in its appellate brief that the place of Peterson's employment was a collateral matter. Unquestionably, therefore, it was error to permit the prosecution to impeach Dorothy Neal on that point. We find that the impeachment, though improper, was harmless. Even before the prosecutor tried to impeach her, Dorothy Neal acknowledged that she was uncertain about Peterson's place of employment. In fact, Neal never said that Peterson was employed at East Mississippi in January of 1990. After the prosecution's attempt at impeachment, Neal offered a very reasonable clarification of her earlier statement. We can say with confidence that the prosecution's attempt to impeach Dorothy Neal by questioning her about Horace Peterson's employment did not prejudice the defendant. Secondly, Conner attacks the prosecution's impeachment of T.C. Taylor. Taylor testified that he knew that Conner came by his house at 1:30 p.m. on the day of the murder because "I had my watch on" and because he had gone out onto the porch after watching "The Price is Right" and then getting dressed. The prosecution sought to impeach Taylor by having Dawn Walker, the program director for WTZH-TV in Meridian, testify that "The Price is Right" and Bob Barker did not air on New Year's Day, 1990. Conner insists that TV programming on the day of the murder is a collateral matter "because Mr. Taylor never testified that he watched these particular programs on that day." Conner's reading of the record is inaccurate. The cross-examination of T.C. Taylor ended with the following exchange: There is no merit in Conner's contention that the prosecution improperly impeached T.C. Taylor's testimony on a collateral matter. While cross-examining Earnest Stevens, defense counsel asked him if he had been employed within the past two years. Stevens indicated that he had worked "four or five or six" months the year before for his cousin Velma Griffin, a roofer. The defense later sought to call Griffin as a witness, purportedly to testify that Stevens had not worked for him. In proceedings outside the jury's presence, the trial court refused to permit Griffin to testify on grounds that Earnest Stevens' employment was a collateral issue not subject to impeachment. According to Conner, the trial court's refusal to let him impeach Stevens on the employment issue amounts to a deprivation of his constitutional right to confront Stevens, his accuser. It is true that the accused has a broad right to confront and cross-examine the witnesses against him. See Williamson v. State, 512 So. 2d 868 (Miss. 1987); Hamburg v. State, 248 So. 2d 430 (Miss. 1971). That broad right, however, applies only to issues pertinent to the crime with which the defendant is charged. Stringer v. State, 500 So. 2d 928, 933 (Miss. 1986). The general rule that a party may not impeach a witness on collateral matters still applies. Whether a particular issue is material to the issues of the case or merely collateral is a matter committed to the discretion of the trial court under Rule 103 of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence. See Barnes v. State, 532 So. 2d 1231, 1234 (Miss. 1988). Conner strenuously argues in Issue IX, supra, that Dorothy Neal's testimony about Horace Peterson's employment related *1264 to a collateral issue. There is no good reason why Velma Griffin's proposed testimony about Earnest Stevens' employment should be classified differently. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to permit Velma Griffin to testify. Conner complains on appeal that during jury selection, the prosecution exercised all five of its peremptory challenges against females, three of whom were black. The empaneled jury had one black member and at least four females. We cannot address this issue because Conner never objected to the prosecution's peremptory challenges. This Court has often held that a party waives any and all claims regarding the composition of his jury if he fails to raise an objection before the jury is sworn. See Shaw v. State, 540 So. 2d 26, 27 (Miss. 1989); Thomas v. State, 517 So. 2d 1285, 1827 (Miss. 1987); Pickett v. State, 443 So. 2d 796, 799 (Miss. 1983). The error, if any, is precluded from review. In the concluding segment of its closing argument, the prosecution stated the following: (emphasis added). Conner maintains that the phrase "they haven't shown it" shifted the burden of proof to the defendant and deprived him of his right to a presumption of innocence. It is well settled that the burden of proof never shifts from the state in a criminal case. Brown v. State, 556 So. 2d 338, 339 (Miss. 1990); McVeay v. State, 355 So. 2d 1389, 1391 (Miss. 1978). Moreover, Gray v. Lucas, 677 F.2d 1086, 1105-06 (5th Cir.1982). Upon reading the phrase "they haven't shown it" in context, one immediately realizes that the prosecutor's closing argument does not involve a shift in the burden of proof. The prosecutor did not tell the jury (or even imply) that a failure on the part of Conner to establish his alibi should automatically translate into a verdict of guilty. The prosecutor merely stated that defense had not proven or "shown" that Conner was "in a place so remote and distant that he could not have committed the offense" at the time when the crime occurred. Whether the State proved that Conner was at the scene of the crime is a different matter altogether. The assignment of error has no merit. Finding no reversible error in the trial below, the conviction for capital murder is affirmed. The defendant raises fifteen issues on appeal in the sentencing phase. They are discussed below as Sections XIII to XXVII. In all cases involving a sentence of death, Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-105 requires this *1265 Court to determine "[w]hether the sentence of death is excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases, considering both the crime and the defendant." See Irving v. State, 361 So. 2d 1360, 1361 (Miss. 1978) (proportionality review involves comparison to other death penalty cases since Jackson v. State, 337 So. 2d 1242 (Miss. 1976), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 913, 99 S. Ct. 2014, 60 L. Ed. 2d 386 (1979); see also Gray v. State, 472 So. 2d 409, 423 (Miss. 1985) (proportionality review insures that "the penalty is neither wanton, freakish, excessive, nor disproportionate"), rev'd. on other grounds, Gray v. Mississippi, 481 U.S. 648, 107 S. Ct. 2045, 95 L. Ed. 2d 622 (1987). Conner argues that in the instant case, his mental condition and emotional history mitigate against a sentence of death. See Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 318, 109 S. Ct. 2934, 2947, 106 L. Ed. 2d 256 (1989) (mental problems and emotional impairment can lessen culpability for criminal acts). Conner emphasizes that he was diagnosed by the Weems Community Health Center as schizophrenic and that he hears "voices." He asserts that he once jumped off of a moving train at the bidding of one such "voice" and fractured his clavicle. Conner also points to his purported lack of long- and short-term memory, his pre-trial suicidal "gesture," his "limited intelligence," and his dependence on his mother to manage his finances. The staff of Whitfield State Mental Hospital, which examined Conner prior to trial, portrayed Conner somewhat differently. The Whitfield report stated that Conner exhibited "few if any" symptoms of schizophrenia. In contrast to his professed amnesia at trial, Conner, at Whitfield, "described the time period surrounding the crime and he showed no impairment in his memory for that period." The Whitfield examination occurred three or four months after the crime. Regarding Conner's intellectual capacity, the Whitfield report found that Conner The Weems Community Health Center placed Conner's level of intelligence on the low side of "average." In contrast to the Weems suggestion that Conner could not control his antisocial behavior, the staff at Whitfield "was unanimous in the opinion that he [Conner] knew the difference between right and wrong in relation to his actions." Conner compares his case to Edwards v. State, 441 So. 2d 84 (Miss. 1983), a case wherein a three-member plurality of this Court found that, although the defendant apparently knew the difference between right and wrong, his death sentence could not stand due to his "long history of suffering from the mental disease schizophrenia of a paranoid type." Edwards, 441 So. 2d at 93. Edwards is of no precedential value to us since it represents a plurality vote. In the recent case of Churchill v. Pearl River Basin Development District, 619 So. 2d 900 (Miss. 1993), we stated that "normally a majority vote of all sitting judges is required to create precedent" and it follows that a plurality vote does "not create a binding result." Churchill, 619 So. 2d at 904. Edwards is also inapplicable here since the record does not indicate that Conner was ever diagnosed as suffering from paranoid schizophrenia. There is absolutely nothing to indicate that he felt he was "being maligned, mistreated, or perhaps in danger of losing his life in totally imaginary ways at the hands of" Celeste Brown. Conner's condition finds a closer parallel in Lanier v. State, 533 So. 2d 473 (Miss. 1988). Examining the proportionality of the defendant's death sentence, the Court in Lanier stated: Lanier, 533 So. 2d at 492. The death penalty is not so disproportionate to Ronnie Conner's crime as to require reversal. During the direct examination of Dorothy Conner, the defendant's sister, defense counsel asked: "Could you give us some examples of when he heard voices?" The prosecution successfully objected on grounds of hearsay. Conner maintains that the trial court erred in sustaining the prosecution's objection and argues that under Green v. Georgia, 442 U.S. 95, 99 S. Ct. 2150, 60 L. Ed. 2d 738 (1979), a state evidentiary rule cannot operate to exclude otherwise relevant mitigating evidence. Conner reads Green too broadly. In Green, two co-defendants, Moore and Green, were tried separately for murder. Moore was tried first. A witness who testified for the State in Moore's trial was called to testify for the defense in Green's trial. The witness was prepared to testify that, according to Moore's own admission, Moore had actually killed the victim while Green was away on an errand. Upon a hearsay objection from the prosecution, the trial court refused to admit the testimony. The State then urged the jury to infer that Green was directly involved in the murder because more than one bullet was fired into the body of the victim. On appeal, the U.S. Supreme Court held: Green, 442 U.S. at 97, 99 S. Ct. at 2151-52 (emphasis added). No such "unique circumstances" exist in the instant case. The indicia of reliability attendant to the hearsay statement in Green would not be present in whatever Dorothy Conner might have said about the voices her brother heard. Further, the testimony at issue here, unlike that in Green and Chambers, is not of the type that would virtually compel a different result were it admitted into evidence. Moreover, the statements do not fall with the boundaries of M.R.E. 701 which allows opinion testimony by a lay witnesses. Rule 701 states that non-expert witnesses will be allowed to give their opinion as to the sanity of the defendant only if they first detail relevant facts known to them, based on events which they have observed, on which the opinion will be based. Groseclose v. *1267 State, 440 So. 2d 297, 301 (Miss. 1983); Harvey v. State, 207 So. 2d 108, 117-18 (Miss. 1968); McGarrh v. State, 249 Miss. 247, 257, 148 So. 2d 494, 497, cert. denied, 375 U.S. 816, 84 S. Ct. 50, 11 L. Ed. 2d 51 (1963); Keeler v. State, 226 Miss. 199, 205, 84 So. 2d 153, 156 (1956). Standing in the way to the introduction of this evidence is one of the two "hurdles" that must be crossed before opinion testimony by a lay witness will be admissible pursuant to M.R.E. Rule 701. Lay opinions will be admissible when two considerations are met: Official Comment to M.R.E. Rule 701. It is the consideration as to first-hand knowledge which is of concern. When did the alleged train incident occur ten years ago five years ago? Dorothy Conner did not demonstrate to the trial court that she had first-hand knowledge of any of the events which she described. The defense laid no predicate which would indicate that she was present at any of the events which she began to describe. Defense counsel did specifically ask Dorothy to describe "some things that you have personally observed and heard involving Ronnie hearing voices" but did not ask her the appropriate questions, leading up to his asking for the description, for this Court to say that a proper foundation was laid for introduction of this opinion. From everything that can be understood from the record it appears that Dorothy Conner was testifying to events of which she had knowledge only because her brother, Ronnie, told her about them. Because a proper foundation for this opinion was not laid, the trial court had no reason to believe that Dorothy Conner had any independent knowledge of the events which she described aside from her brother's telling her about them. As such, this evidence was garden variety hearsay and rightfully excluded. Lastly, in the case sub judice no medical experts testified on Conner's behalf. The defense used no medical testimony to support its position that Conner was mentally incompetent. Thus, no extrinsic evidence on this matter could be allowed since it would be "find[ing] additional facts" rather than merely trying to evaluate complex medical testimony that had been elicited at trial. The only medical evidence related to this matter whatsoever appears in the very last exhibit introduced at trial. Exhibit 29 contained several documents from Weems Community Mental Health Center in Meridian, Mississippi, where Conner had apparently received treatment of some type. All the documents were filed by a "W.M. Wood, M.D.," but Dr. Wood was not called to testify at trial. Nowhere in any of the documents does Dr. Wood describe Conner as being diagnosed as a "schizophrenic." The only medical document that refers to Conner being diagnosed as "schizophrenic" is a letter, dated May 1, 1990, from the Mississippi State Hospital at Whitfield, Mississippi, written by Helen C. Robertson, Ph.D. and Margie Lancaster, M.D., which was filed in response to a request from the trial court asking if Conner was competent to stand trial. The letter states: The letter further stated: Trial was held on July 23, 1990. As stated previously, no testimony was adduced at trial from either of these doctors. They, in their letter, merely refer to the fact that Conner was at one time diagnosed as schizophrenic, but they comment that they saw very little which indicated to them that he was "schizophrenic." In sum, the record is devoid of any medical testimony that indicated Conner was schizophrenic at the time of the murder. Likewise, there is no affirmative statement in the record that Conner was ever "diagnosed" as schizophrenic aside from the inference which could be gathered from the passing reference to such in the letter from the Mississippi State Hospital received by the trial court several months before trial. His mental condition was determined prior to trial when the doctors stated that he knew the difference between right and wrong and could assist counsel in the preparation of his defense. For all the foregoing reasons, this assignment of error has no merit. Instruction S-17 enumerated five aggravating factors the jury could consider when deciding whether to impose the death penalty: Instruction S-18 informed the jury that "Robbery is a crime of violence." Conner argues on appeal that Instruction S-18 created an irrebuttable presumption that the attempted robbery he admitted committing in 1986 was a violent act and thus compelled the jury to find the fifth aggravating factor. He further contends that his 1986 crime was in fact non-violent. Conner's argument cannot withstand analysis. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-73 (1972) defines the crime of robbery as the act of taking "the personal property of another, in his presence or from his person and against his will, by violence to his person or by putting such person in fear of some immediate injury to his person." (Emphasis added). This is the statute under which Conner was charged in 1986, and it is the statute under which he pled guilty. The 1986 crime involved an attempt by Conner to snatch cash from a cash register in a liquor store. While the record does not indicate that Conner had a weapon on that particular occasion, Conner acknowledged in his sentencing trial below that the cash register attendant grabbed him and held him at bay with a gun until the police could arrive. Weapon or no weapon, it is unreasonable to argue that the incident did not involve at least the implied threat of violence. The very act of reaching across a store counter in the presence of a clerk and seizing money from a cash register intimates a willingness to resort to violence. This Court has expressly held that robbery is per se a crime of violence. See Rome v. State, 562 So. 2d 121, 123 (Miss. 1990) ("Robbery is a crime of violence by definition."); Magee v. State, 542 So. 2d 228 (Miss. 1989); Ashley v. State, 538 So. 2d 1181 (Miss. 1989). Conner cites Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S. Ct. 2450, 61 L. Ed. 2d 39 (1979), for the proposition that such a characterization vitiates the constitutional requirement that a conviction be supported by proof of every fact necessary to constitute the crime charged. See In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, *1269 364, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1072, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970) (due process protects against conviction except upon proof beyond reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute crime). Sandstrom, however, addresses an issue quite different from the one now before the Court. In Sandstrom, the defendant was charged with "purposefully and knowingly" causing the death of the decedent. The trial court instructed the jury that "the law presumes that a person intends the ordinary consequences of his voluntary acts." The United States Supreme Court held that this instruction relieved the State from the responsibility of proving specific intent, a necessary element of the crime charged. Sandstrom, 442 U.S. at 524, 99 S. Ct. at 2459. The assignment of error is without merit. Conner contends that the trial court erred by allowing the jury to consider his previous robbery conviction along with the "pecuniary gain" motive as separate aggravating factors in determining whether to impose the death penalty. At the time of Conner's trial, an instruction allowing the jury to consider both factors was permissible. See Ladner v. State, 584 So. 2d 743 (Miss.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 663, 116 L. Ed. 2d 754 (1991); Wiley v. State, 484 So. 2d 339, 351 (Miss.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 906, 107 S. Ct. 304, 93 L. Ed. 2d 278 (1986). In Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660 (Miss. 1991), this Court announced a new rule: Willie, 585 So. 2d at 681. Although Willie expressly made the new rule prospective in application, Conner defines "prospective" as applying to "all cases tried after the trial in the case that announces the new rule." Willie was tried in 1989; Conner was tried in 1990. Therefore, Conner argues, the rule announced in Willie should apply to him. The Court's express language in Willie defeats this argument. The Court ruled that the new rule "is to be prospective and will take effect from this date forward." Willie, So.2d at 681. The words "this date," of course, refer to July 24, 1991, the day on which Willie was decided. Conner was tried long before the effective date of the Willie rule regarding the dual use of pecuniary gain and robbery as aggravating factors. Conner further argues that rules of the type announced in Willie must apply retroactively as a matter of federal law. He cites Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 300, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 1069, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1989), which holds that "once a new rule is applied to the defendant in the case announcing the rule, evenhanded justice requires that it be applied ... to all who are similarly situated." See also Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 107 S. Ct. 708, 93 L. Ed. 2d 649 (1987). Conner misses the point of Teague. The United States Supreme Court in Teague prohibited "selective prospectivity," i.e., the practice of applying the new rule to the defendant in the case where the rule is announced but not to other defendants whose cases arose prior to the announcement. Teague in no way forbids the practice of "pure prospectivity," in which the new rule is applied neither to the defendant in the case where the rule is announced nor to other defendants whose cases arose before the new rule was announced. Since the defendant in Willie did not benefit from the ruling in that case, Teague does not apply here. The trial court did not err in permitting the jury to consider both robbery and the quest for pecuniary gain as aggravating factors. At issue in this assignment of error is Instruction S-15, which reads: This limiting instruction was given in conjunction with Instruction C-10 which listed "Whether the capital offense was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel" as a potential aggravating factor. Conner insists on appeal that the definitions of "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel" contained in the limiting instruction are unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. The United States Supreme Court in Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 738, 110 S. Ct. 1441, 108 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1990), found that the phrase "especially heinous, atrocious, and cruel," when designated as an aggravating factor in a death penalty case, gives a jury an unconstitutional degree of discretion when unaccompanied by a proper limiting instruction. See Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 428, 100 S. Ct. 1759, 1765, 64 L. Ed. 2d 398 (1980) (instructions defining aggravating circumstances must set forth "clear and objective standards"). In Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887, 905-06 (Miss. 1989), rev. in part, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1990), this Court approved a limiting instruction which provided: On appellate review, the United States Supreme Court found that adding this particular limiting instruction was not enough: "Although the trial court in this case used a limiting instruction to define the `especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel' factor, that instruction is not constitutionally sufficient." Shell v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1990). In light of Shell v. Mississippi, it is apparent that the first sentence of Instruction S-15, standing alone, does not meet constitutional requirements of clarity and objectivity. The U.S. Supreme Court implicitly approved language similar to the second sentence of Instruction S-15 as a proper limiting instruction in Clemons v. Mississippi. Referring to this Court's previous opinion in that case, the U.S. Supreme Court noted: Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. at 750-52, 110 S. Ct. at 1449-50, 108 L. Ed. 2d at 740 (emphasis added). Upon turning to 535 So. 2d at 1363, the cite at which the U.S. Supreme Court found what it called a "proper definition," one finds the following: 378 So. 2d at 648. Clemons v. State, 535 So. 2d 1354, 1363-64 (Miss. 1988), vacated, 494 U.S. 738, 110 S. Ct. 1441, 108 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1990). Spinkellink v. Wainwright, 578 F.2d 582 (5th Cir.1978), the case on which the Clemons and Coleman definition was based, sets out the following construction: Spinkellink, 578 F.2d at 611, cert. denied, 440 U.S. 976, 99 S. Ct. 1548, 59 L. Ed. 2d 796 (1979). The close parallel between the language approved by the U.S. Supreme Court as quoted in Clemons v. State and the second sentence in Instruction S-15 suggests that the sentence is sufficiently clear and specific to pass constitutional muster. The third sentence in Instruction S-15 explains that a "conscienceless or pitiless crime which is unnecessarily torturous to the victim" can encompass such elements as "serious mutilation" or "dismemberment," the infliction of "physical or mental pain" or "mental torture and aggravation before death" and the perpetration of "a lingering or torturous death." The U.S. Supreme Court implicitly approved a limiting instruction of this type in Maynard v. Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356, 363-65, 108 S. Ct. 1853, 1859-60, 100 L. Ed. 2d 372, 382 (1988), where it stated: Maynard v. Cartwright, 486 U.S. at 365, 108 S. Ct. at 1859. The Court could not have said that such an instruction is not the "only" kind which "is" acceptable unless such an instruction were itself acceptable. In the final analysis, it appears that the jury in the instant case received constitutionally adequate instruction on the "especially heinous, atrocious and cruel" aggravating factor. The bare "especially heinous, atrocious and cruel" language alone is constitutionally vague and overbroad under Clemons v. Mississippi. According to Shell v. Mississippi, the first sentence of Instruction S-15, the limiting instruction, does not sufficiently narrow the scope of the factor. The second and third sentences, however, provide additional specificity and detail sufficient to meet the demands of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. See Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114, 150-51 (Miss. 1991) (approving limiting instruction which included Coleman language), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 1970, 118 L. Ed. 2d 570 (1992); Pinkney v. State, 602 So. 2d 1177, 1179 (Miss. 1992) (opining that U.S. Supreme Court had implicitly approved Coleman language). This assignment therefore is without merit. Conner argues that the language of Instruction S-17 could have misled the jury to believe that a finding of mitigating circumstances must be unanimous. The United States Supreme Court in McKoy v. North *1272 Carolina, 494 U.S. 433, 442-43, 110 S. Ct. 1227, 1233, 108 L. Ed. 2d 369, 381 (1980), found that a jury instruction which requires the jury to unanimously find mitigating circumstances in the balancing process "impermissibly limits jury's consideration of mitigating evidence" and violates the Eighth Amendment. 494 U.S. at 444, 110 S. Ct. at 1234. Instruction S-17 provides a step-by-step guide for the jury in arriving at its sentencing verdict. Sub-section (A) of the instruction requires the jury to "unanimously" find the elements of murder. Sub-section (B) told the jury that it must find that mitigating circumstances do not outweigh aggravating circumstances in order to return the death penalty. Sub-section (C) listed the available aggravating circumstances and indicated that a finding of one or more aggravating circumstances must be "unanimous." Sub-section (C) also listed the available mitigating circumstances but imposed no requirement of unanimity in finding them. Conner argues that a reasonable juror might have concluded that, since everything else required a unanimous finding, mitigating circumstances required one as well. Conner cites McNeil v. State, 327 N.C. 388, 395 S.E.2d 106 (1990), a case which the United States Supreme Court had remanded to the North Carolina Supreme Court for further consideration in light of McKoy. The North Carolina Court in McNeil concluded that where a jury is informed that aggravating circumstances must be found unanimously but receives no instruction concerning the degree of consensus required for finding the existence of mitigating circumstances, reasonable jurors would believe that the finding of mitigating circumstances must also be unanimous. This Court expressly rejected this view in Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114 (Miss. 1991), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 1970, 118 L. Ed. 2d 570 (1992). The Hansen Court ruled as follows: Hansen, 592 So. 2d at 149-150. In light of Hansen, this assignment of error has no merit. Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(7) (Supp. 1990) provides: In the instant case, the jury found the following in its sentencing verdict: Conner takes offense at the word "or" and maintains that the verdict's disjunctive form suggests a lack of unanimity on any one particular fact. He cites Shell v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1990) (Marshall, J., concurring), and Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359, 369-70, 51 S. Ct. 532, 535-36, 75 L. Ed. 1117 (1931), for the proposition that where a jury could have based its verdict on two separate legal theories, the reviewing court cannot attempt to guess on which theory the verdict rests. The State first notes that Conner waived this assignment of error by failing to object to the form of verdict at trial. See Cole v. State, 525 So. 2d 365, 369 (Miss. 1987) (rule that preservation of error requires contemporaneous objection is applicable to capital cases), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 934, 109 S. Ct. 330, 102 L. Ed. 2d 348 (1988). The State also insists that the word "or," found also in Instruction C-10, is a mere scrivener's error which the jury copied into its verdict. Given the circumstances of this case, there is no way that a reasonable juror who found any of the factors could have failed to find the first factor in the list. Either Ronnie Conner killed Celeste Brown or he did not. The evidence permits no reasonable alternative conclusion. If there exists any error, it is harmless. The assignment of error lacks merit. In this assignment or error, relating more to the guilt phase of trial than to the sentencing phase, Conner argues that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his cocaine use at or around the time of Celeste Brown's death. Specifically, he objects (1) to Vicky Gulley's testimony about his smoking crack cocaine on the night of January 1, 1990, when she visited his apartment, and (2) to the testimony of Detective James Brown concerning the seizure of crack cocaine paraphernalia at Conner's apartment the day after the murder. Conner contends that the evidence regarding cocaine use was irrelevant and tended to mislead the jurors by diverting their minds from the issue of whether the defendant was innocent or guilty of the crime at bar. See Elmore v. State, 510 So. 2d 127, 130 (Miss. 1987); West v. State, 463 So. 2d 1048, 1052 (Miss. 1985). He further asserts that the evidence was inadmissible by virtue of M.R.E. Rule 404(b) which governs the admissibility of evidence concerning collateral "bad acts." That rule provides as follows: Conner's arguments notwithstanding, the evidence at issue is admissible under M.R.E. 404(b). The prosecution did not introduce evidence relating to Conner's cocaine use in order to show bad character. Instead, the prosecution used the evidence to help establish Conner's motive for committing the crime. During the course of the trial, the prosecution sought to contrast Conner's virtually penniless condition before the crime with his improved financial situation thereafter. Before the crime Frank Blair loaned Conner money with which to buy Thunderbird wine for the two of them to drink; after the crime, Conner asked Vicky Gully if she wanted to get high and later hosted a party where "a lot" of cocaine was smoked. Gulley's testimony concerning Conner's cocaine use thus assisted the State in proving a pecuniary motive for the crime. Detective Brown's testimony about seizing cocaine paraphernalia the next day after the murder at Conner's apartment serves to corroborate Vicky Gully's testimony concerning what happened the night before. Obviously, the testimony about Conner's drug use is genuinely relevant to the core issue of whether Conner committed the crime with which he is charged. Accordingly, the evidence was not misleading or unfairly prejudicial and the trial court committed no error in this regard. Conner next argues that the prosecution denied him a fair trial by cross-examining him concerning "a crime about which there is no evidence whatsoever." He refers to the following exchange: If there was no factual basis for the prosecution's implication that Conner had previously been convicted of displaying a knife, the reference may well have constituted reversible error. See Hosford v. State, 525 So. 2d 789 (Miss. 1988) (prosecutor's unfounded insinuation that defendant had "fooled with" his stepchildren required reversal). As it stands, however, the issue is waived since Conner did not object at trial. See Cole, 525 So. 2d at 369. Prior to trial, Conner filed a motion to compel disclosure of aggravating circumstances and information relating to mitigating circumstances. The trial judge declined, observing: Counsel for defense persisted: The trial court was unable to recall any authority requiring the State to gather mitigation evidence, and, judging from the appellant's briefs, defense and appellate counsel could not think of any either. Conner cites several cases dealing with suppression of evidence, none of which have anything to do with the issue at hand. The issue is specious and unworthy of review. The trial court afforded the defense forty-five minutes at the guilt/innocence phase of the trial and fifteen minutes at the sentencing phase for closing arguments. Citing Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660 (Miss. 1991), Conner argues that these time constraints unconstitutionally limited the presentation of his case and denied him effective assistance of counsel. See Gray v. State, 351 So. 2d 1342 (Miss. 1977); Ray v. State, 330 So. 2d 580 (Miss. 1976); Wingo v. State, 62 Miss. 311 (1884) (undue limitation on closing arguments can constitute reversible error). The appellant in Willie, like Conner, complained on appeal that the trial court had erred in limiting closing arguments in the sentencing phase of his trial to fifteen minutes for each party. Willie, 585 So. 2d at 675. In its analysis, the Court first observed that Willie, 585 So. 2d at 676. The instant case is readily distinguishable from Willie. Where Willie demonstrated to the trial court what he would have argued had he been given extra time, Conner made no such proffer. Prior to this appeal, Conner never suggested that he would have argued additional points in closing. This Court would be justified in concluding that Conner, far removed from the scene of trial and given the benefit of twenty-twenty hindsight, has decided that he would argue more loquaciously if he had a chance to do it again. Of course, as Conner points out in his brief, Willie does not set out a rigid formula for appellants to follow in preserving for appeal the issue of unreasonable time restrictions on closing arguments. Willie does suggest, however, that even a very short time limit does not constitute reversible error unless the defendant suffers prejudice. In the instant case, Conner gave no indication whatsoever at trial that the time limits which the court set were less than adequate. He never raised an objection, he never asked for a longer time in which to argue. Even in his motion for a new trial, he makes no mention of the issue. Under these circumstances, this Court could not find that the trial judge abused his discretion in limiting closing arguments as he did. During closing arguments, the prosecutor portrayed Celeste Brown as a "grandmother" who left home "wearing her mother's day present ring on her finger." When summing up his case, the prosecutor counseled the jury that "[i]n considering justice, I ask you not to forget Celeste Brown, who was the victim in this case, because she deserves justice." Conner characterizes these statements as a "blatant attempt to elicit sympathy for the victim and her family ... [in] violation of state law and the eighth and fourteenth amendments to the federal constitution." Conner's argument falls flat for two reasons. First, he never objected to the comments at trial and therefore waived them for purposes of appeal. Willie, 585 So. 2d at 679; Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 657, 672 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 910, 111 S. Ct. 1695, 114 L. Ed. 2d 89 (1991); Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887, 901 (Miss. 1989), rev'd. on other grounds, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1990). Secondly, the United States Supreme Court in Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, ___, 111 S. Ct. 2597, 2606, 115 L. Ed. 2d 720, 736 (1991), recently held that the federal constitution does not prohibit the introduction of evidence concerning the background and character of the victim and the impact of the crime on the victim's family. This Court adopted the Payne holding in Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114 (1991), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 1970, 118 L. Ed. 2d 570 (1992), and noted: Hansen, 592 So. 2d at 146. The assignment of error is without merit. Conner seeks reversal since the jury failed to make findings of mitigating circumstances. However, Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(3) requires: Section 99-19-103, styled "Instructions; aggravating circumstances shall be designated by jury in writing; effect of jury's failure to agree on punishment," provides in part: There is no corresponding provision for a written enumeration of mitigating circumstances. In the case sub judice, the jury's sentencing verdict reads in part: Conner's grievance with this portion of the verdict is twofold. First, he argues that the jury's use of the word "whether" at the beginning of each clause indicates that the jury merely "parroted" the jury instruction and failed to engage in the mandatory fact-finding process. Secondly, he complains that the verdict violates the statutory written-findings requirement by failing to include a list of mitigating circumstances. Conner doomed this assignment of error before he ever raised it by failing to object to the verdict's form at trial. See Cole, 525 So. 2d 365, 369 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 934, 109 S. Ct. 330, 102 L. Ed. 2d 348 (1988); Pinkney v. State, 538 So. 2d 329, 338 (Miss. 1988), vacated on other grounds, 494 U.S. 1075, 110 S. Ct. 1800, 108 L. Ed. 2d 931 (1990). But, even if the objection were preserved, it has no merit. No one can reasonably conclude, on grounds that the word "whether" repeatedly appears in the verdict, that the jury did not fulfil its fact-finding duties. The verdict would certainly win no grammar award, but its meaning is perfectly clear. The jury found that all five aggravating circumstances existed and that the aggravating circumstances carried more weight than did mitigating circumstances. The absence of a list of mitigating circumstances likewise ranks as a non-issue. See Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 738, 110 S. Ct. 1441, 108 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1990) ("Nor are we impressed with the claim that without written jury findings concerning mitigating circumstances, appellate courts cannot perform their proper role."). This Court has never read Miss.Code §§ 99-19-101, et seq., as requiring an express written list of all the mitigating circumstances which members of the jury may find extant. Since the law *1278 requires no consensus among the jury members regarding mitigating factors, listing the jury's findings on such factors would often prove impracticable. The assignment of error is without merit. At trial, Conner objected to the language in Instruction S-17 which provided in part: He argued then, as now, that a proper instruction would permit imposition of the death penalty only where the jury finds that aggravating circumstances outweigh mitigating circumstances, not vice versa. This argument was thoroughly weighed and found wanting in Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887, 904 (Miss. 1989), rev'd. on other grounds, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1990); see also Jordan v. State, 365 So. 2d 1198, 1206 (Miss. 1978), cert denied, 444 U.S. 885, 100 S. Ct. 175, 62 L. Ed. 2d 114 (1979); Gray v. Lucas, 677 F.2d 1086, 1105-06 (Miss. 1986). "It is true that in capital cases, although no error, standing alone, requires reversal, the aggregate effect of various errors may create such an atmosphere of bias, passion and prejudice that they effectively deny the defendant a fundamentally fair trial." Woodward v. State, 533 So. 2d 418, 432 (Miss. 1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1028, 109 S. Ct. 1767, 104 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1989); See Stringer v. State, 500 So. 2d 928, 939 (Miss. 1986); Williams v. State, 445 So. 2d 798, 814 (Miss. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1117, 105 S. Ct. 803, 83 L. Ed. 2d 795 (1985). In this case, the errors are few and are not of that variety which, harmless in isolation, cumulatively infect a trial with bias and prejudice; therefore, the aggregate error is insufficient to undercut the jury's verdict and sentence. From a thorough review and analysis of the record, we conclude that the trial court did not err in imposing the death sentence. Considering the crime committed, the manner in which it was committed, and the defendant himself, we find that no prejudice, passion or any other whimsical or capricious factors were contemplated by the trial court. The death penalty inflicted upon Conner is consistent with other like cases, and all procedures applied in the sentencing phase were necessary and correct. The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed and Wednesday, January 19, 1994, is set for the execution of the sentence by the infliction of the death penalty in the manner provided by law. CONVICTION FOR CAPITAL MURDER AND SENTENCE TO DEATH BY LETHAL INJECTION AFFIRMED. WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 19, 1994, SET FOR INFLICTION OF THE DEATH PENALTY AS PROVIDED BY LAW. As to guilt phase: HAWKINS, C.J., DAN M. LEE, PRATHER, P.JJ., and SULLIVAN, PITTMAN, BANKS, ROBERTS and SMITH, JJ., concur. As to sentencing phase: DAN M. LEE, P.J., and PITTMAN, ROBERTS and SMITH, JJ., concur. HAWKINS, C.J., dissents to part XIV with separate written opinion joined by PRATHER, P.J., and SULLIVAN and BANKS, JJ. Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114 (Miss. 1991). [*]Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887 (Miss. 1989), Shell v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1990) reversing, in part, and remanding, Shell v. State, 595 So. 2d 1323 (Miss. 1992) remanding for new sentencing hearing. Davis v. State, 551 So. 2d 165 (Miss. 1989). Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77 (Miss. 1989). [*]Pinkney v. State, 538 So. 2d 329 (Miss. 1989), Pinkney v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 1075, 110 S. Ct. 1800, 108 L. Ed. 2d 931 (1990) vacating and remanding, Pinkney v. State, 602 So. 2d 1177 (Miss. 1992) remanding for new sentencing hearing. [*]Clemons v. State, 535 So. 2d 1354 (Miss. 1988), Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 738, 110 S. Ct. 1441, 108 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1990) vacating and remanding, Clemons v. State, 593 So. 2d 1004 (Miss. 1992) remanding for new sentencing hearing. Woodward v. State, 533 So. 2d 418 (Miss. 1988). Nixon v. State, 533 So. 2d 1078 (Miss. 1987). Cole v. State, 525 So. 2d 365 (Miss. 1987). Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1346 (Miss. 1987). Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1317 (Miss. 1987). Faraga v. State, 514 So. 2d 295 (Miss. 1987). [*]Jones v. State, 517 So. 2d 1295 (Miss. 1987), Jones v. Mississippi, 487 U.S. 1230, 108 S. Ct. 2891, 101 L. Ed. 2d 925 (1988) vacating and remanding, Jones v. State, 602 So. 2d 1170 (Miss. 1992) remanding for new sentencing hearing. Wiley v. State, 484 So. 2d 339 (Miss. 1986). Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196 (Miss. 1985). Gray v. State, 472 So. 2d 409 (Miss. 1985). Cabello v. State, 471 So. 2d 332 (Miss. 1985). Jordan v. State, 464 So. 2d 475 (Miss. 1985). Wilcher v. State, 455 So. 2d 727 (Miss. 1984). Billiot v. State, 454 So. 2d 445 (Miss. 1984). Stringer v. State, 454 So. 2d 468 (Miss. 1984). Dufour v. State, 453 So. 2d 337 (Miss. 1984). Neal v. State, 451 So. 2d 743 (Miss. 1984). Booker v. State, 449 So. 2d 209 (Miss. 1984). Wilcher v. State, 448 So. 2d 927 (Miss. 1984). Caldwell v. State, 443 So. 2d 806 (Miss. 1983). Irving v. State, 441 So. 2d 846 (Miss. 1983). Tokman v. State, 435 So. 2d 664 (Miss. 1983). Leatherwood v. State, 435 So. 2d 645 (Miss. 1983). Hill v. State, 432 So. 2d 427 (Miss. 1983). Pruett v. State, 431 So. 2d 1101 (Miss. 1983). Gilliard v. State, 428 So. 2d 576 (Miss. 1983). Evans v. State, 422 So. 2d 737 (Miss. 1982). King v. State, 421 So. 2d 1009 (Miss. 1982). Wheat v. State, 420 So. 2d 229 (Miss. 1982). Smith v. State, 419 So. 2d 563 (Miss. 1982). Johnson v. State, 416 So. 2d 383 (Miss. 1982). Edwards v. State, 413 So. 2d 1007 (Miss. 1982). Bullock v. State, 391 So. 2d 601 (Miss. 1980). Reddix v. State, 381 So. 2d 999 (Miss. 1980). Jones v. State, 381 So. 2d 983 (Miss. 1980). Culberson v. State, 379 So. 2d 499 (Miss. 1979). Gray v. State, 375 So. 2d 994 (Miss. 1979). Jordan v. State, 365 So. 2d 1198 (Miss. 1978). Voyles v. State, 362 So. 2d 1236 (Miss. 1978). Irving v. State, 361 So. 2d 1360 (Miss. 1978). Washington v. State, 361 So. 2d 61 (Miss. 1978). Bell v. State, 360 So. 2d 1206 (Miss. 1978). Butler v. State, 608 So. 2d 314 (Miss. 1992). Jenkins v. State, 607 So. 2d 1171 (Miss. 1992). *1280 Abram v. State, 606 So. 2d 1015 (Miss. 1992). Balfour v. State, 598 So. 2d 731 (Miss. 1992). Griffin v. State, 557 So. 2d 542 (Miss. 1990). Bevill v. State, 556 So. 2d 699 (Miss. 1990). West v. State, 553 So. 2d 8 (Miss. 1989). Leatherwood v. State, 548 So. 2d 389 (Miss. 1989). Mease v. State, 539 So. 2d 1324 (Miss. 1989). Houston v. State, 531 So. 2d 598 (Miss. 1988). West v. State, 519 So. 2d 418 (Miss. 1988). Davis v. State, 512 So. 2d 1291 (Miss. 1987). Williamson v. State, 512 So. 2d 868 (Miss. 1987). Foster v. State, 508 So. 2d 1111 (Miss. 1987). Smith v. State, 499 So. 2d 750 (Miss. 1986). West v. State, 485 So. 2d 681 (Miss. 1985). Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203 (Miss. 1985). Johnson v. State, 476 So. 2d 1195 (Miss. 1985). Fuselier v. State, 468 So. 2d 45 (Miss. 1985). West v. State, 463 So. 2d 1048 (Miss. 1985). Jones v. State, 461 So. 2d 686 (Miss. 1984). Moffett v. State, 456 So. 2d 714 (Miss. 1984). Lanier v. State, 450 So. 2d 69 (Miss. 1984). Laney v. State, 421 So. 2d 1216 (Miss. 1982). Reddix v. State, 547 So. 2d 792 (Miss. 1989). Wheeler v. State, 536 So. 2d 1341 (Miss. 1988). White v. State, 532 So. 2d 1207 (Miss. 1988). Bullock v. State, 525 So. 2d 764 (Miss. 1987). Edwards v. State, 441 So. 2d 84 (Miss. 1983). Dycus v. State, 440 So. 2d 246 (Miss. 1983). Coleman v. State, 378 So. 2d 640 (Miss. 1979). [*]Pinkney v. State, 538 So. 2d 329 (Miss. 1989), Pinkney v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 1075, 110 S. Ct. 1800, 108 L. Ed. 2d 931 (1990) vacating and remanding, Pinkney v. State, 602 So. 2d 1177 (Miss. 1992) remanding for new sentencing hearing. [*]Clemons v. State, 535 So. 2d 1354 (Miss. 1988), Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 738, 110 S. Ct. 1441, 108 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1990) vacating and remanding, Clemons v. State, 593 So. 2d 1004 (Miss. 1992) remanding for new sentencing hearing. [*]Jones v. State, 517 So. 2d 1295 (Miss. 1987), Jones v. Mississippi, 487 U.S. 1230, 108 S. Ct. 2891, 101 L. Ed. 2d 925 (1988) vacating and remanding, Jones v. State, 602 So. 2d 1170 (Miss. 1992) remanding for new sentencing hearing. Russell v. State, 607 So. 2d 1107 (Miss. 1992). Holland v. State, 587 So. 2d 848 (Miss. 1991). Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660 (Miss. 1991). Ladner v. State, 584 So. 2d 743 (Miss. 1991). Mackbee v. State, 575 So. 2d 16 (Miss. 1990). Berry v. State, 575 So. 2d 1 (Miss. 1990). Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 657 (Miss. 1990). State v. Tokman, 564 So. 2d 1339 (Miss. 1990). Johnson v. State, 547 So. 2d 59 (Miss. 1989). Williams v. State, 544 So. 2d 782 (Miss. 1989). Lanier v. State, 533 So. 2d 473 (Miss. 1988). Stringer v. State, 500 So. 2d 928 (Miss. 1986). Pinkton v. State, 481 So. 2d 306 (Miss. 1985). Mhoon v. State, 464 So. 2d 77 (Miss. 1985). *1281 Cannaday v. State, 455 So. 2d 713 (Miss. 1984). Wiley v. State, 449 So. 2d 756 (Miss. 1984). Williams v. State, 445 So. 2d 798 (Miss. 1984). HAWKINS, Chief Justice, dissenting as to part XIV: I respectfully dissent on the exclusion of mitigation testimony of Dorothy Conner. In the sentencing phase, the first witness called for the defense was Conner's sister, Dorothy, thirty-two years of age and one year older than Conner. She testified that Conner had for many years been going to the Weems Mental Health Clinic, and that he "hears voices when he gets off his medication. He hears voices and gets nervous and he just don't feel normal." Defense counsel proceeded: (R. 641-642) On appeal Conner assigns the exclusion of this testimony as error. The record reveals that Conner had been diagnosed as a schizophrenic.[1] One of the classic symptoms of schizophrenia is hearing voices. Dorland's Medical Dictionary gives the following definitions: The Encyclopedia Brittanica states: The American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2d Ed. 1968 (DSM-2), defines the diseases as follows: (1) Psychosis Alexander D. Brooks in his book Law, Psychiatry and the Mental Health System, makes the following observations about a paranoid schizophrenic: See also Gill v. State, 488 So. 2d 801 (Miss. 1986). Mississippi Rules of Evidence (MRE) 801 defines hearsay: The following definitions apply under this article: Dorothy's testimony as to observing Conner when he was "hearing voices" was not hearsay, but describing behavior she observed firsthand. It was relevant and had a material bearing upon whether Conner "was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance," at the time of the commission of the crime. Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(6)(b) (Supp. 1990). Excluding this testimony from consideration by the jury was error. Moreover, it has always been the rule of evidence in this State that lay witnesses may express opinions as to a person's insanity, but only after giving specific examples of what they have observed. See, e.g., Groseclose v. State, 440 So. 2d 297 (Miss. 1983); Harvey v. State, 207 So. 2d 108 (Miss. 1968); McGarrh v. State, 249 Miss. 247, 148 So. 2d 494 (1963); Keeler v. State, 226 Miss. 199, 84 So. 2d 153 (1956). See also Miss.R.Evid. 701. Just as a witness may testify from observing bizarre behavior that it exemplifies conduct of an insane person, a jury can make the same evaluation. The final paragraph of the majority rejecting this assignment of error has the following commentary: Majority Opinion at 1248. It was, of course, a matter for the jury to determine whether Dorothy's testimony about Conner's strange behavior, classic symptoms of the psychosis of schizophrenia, indicated that he was a person under "extreme mental disturbance" as provided by Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(6). The jury was deprived of this testimony. The basis for the majority's categorical statement that "it had nothing to do with Conner's condition at the time of the murder," escapes me. Does schizophrenia come and go? The majority continues that simply because there has been medical testimony that a man passes the M'Naghten test of knowing the difference between "right and wrong," and it has been determined that he has the competence, barely, to stand trial, that a jury is not entitled to hear testimony, in determining whether he should be put to death or sentenced to life imprisonment, that the prisoner has a serious mental illness as evidenced by extraordinarily strange behavior. I was unaware the first two tests eliminated the accused's right to have the jury consider "whether he was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance." Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(6)(b) (Supp. 1990). The "voices" he was hearing were part and parcel of his behavior which she was asked to describe, and vital to the jury in making an informed determination as to whether Conner was laboring under a mental disturbance. Such testimony took on critical importance when being placed before a jury which had the awesome responsibility of deciding whether or not Conner would be sentenced to death. Dorothy should have been permitted to testify to what she heard her brother say he was hearing, and the jury to determine from this whether Conner was under any mental disturbances and its extent. It was reversible error to deprive the jury of this evidence. Therefore, I respectfully dissent. PRATHER, P.J., and SULLIVAN and BANKS, JJ., join this opinion. [1] Specifically, the ABA standards embody the following criteria: 1. Defendants should have a perception of the process not distorted by mental illness or disability. Whether phrased in terms of a) an ability to perceive rationally and without distortion, b) an "understanding" of the process, or c) an "awareness" of the charge and possible verdicts, or d) couched in a codified requirement that defendants understand that there is a judge on the bench, who will defend against criminal charges, the thrust of the requirement is that defendants understand the nature of the process and their functions as participants within that process free from undue perceptual distortion. 2. Defendants require a capacity to maintain the attorney-client relationship, embracing an ability to discuss the facts of a case with counsel "without paranoid distrust," to advise and accept advice from counsel rationally about a pending case which is something more than a superficial capacity to converse with others. 3. A third requirement ... bears on the ability to recall and relate factual information. If a primary purpose of the prohibition against trying incompetent defendants is to preserve accuracy in factfinding, then defendants must be able to recall and relate factual occurrences. If they are not, they cannot reveal exonerating circumstances to their attorneys. This requirement has been variously phrased: that a defendant have "sufficient memory to relate answers to questions posed: to him or her, that "he can follow the testimony reasonably well," and there be a "capacity to realistically challenge prosecution witnesses." Without that capacity, defendants realistically are unable to exercise the rights to consult with counsel, testify in personal defense, and confront accusers. 4. Defendants should be capable of testifying in personal defense if that should prove appropriate. 5. A final factor is a defendant's abilities to meet the competency criteria in the setting of the particular charges, the extent of the defendant's participation in trial proceedings, and the complexity of the case. Therefore, an evaluator should consider a defendant's mental ability in relation to the severity of the charge and the complexity of the case. Commentary to ABA Criminal Mental Health Standards 7-4.1 at 174-75. [*] Case was originally affirmed in this Court but on remand from U.S. Supreme Court, case was remanded by this Court for a new sentencing hearing. [1] The May 1, 1990, report of Margie Lancaster, M.D., of the Mississippi State Hospital, to the circuit judge notes that the Mental Health Center had for a number of years diagnosed Conner as a schizophrenic, and the hospital had "retained this diagnosis."