Title: Jeremiah Martel Rodgers v. State Of Florida

State: florida

Issuer: Florida Supreme Court

Document:

Supreme Court of Florida 
 
____________ 
No. SC01-185 
____________ 
 
JEREMIAH MARTEL RODGERS, 
Appellant, 
vs. 
STATE OF FLORIDA, 
Appellee. 
 
[June 29, 2006] 
 
PER CURIAM. 
We have on appeal a judgment of conviction of first-degree murder and a 
sentence of death.  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const.  For the 
reasons set forth below, we affirm the conviction and reverse the sentence of death. 
FACTS 
Jeremiah Martel Rodgers was the coperpetrator of the May 7, 1998, murder 
of Jennifer Robinson.  The other coperpetrator and the codefendant in Rodgers’ 
trial for the Robinson murder was Jonathan Huey Lawrence.  Rodgers and 
Lawrence had become acquainted when both were being held at a state mental 
 
 
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hospital in Chattahoochee.  They had been released from confinement around the 
same time.  We affirmed Lawrence’s sentence of death in Lawrence v. State, 846 
So. 2d 440 (Fla. 2003). 
On May 7, 1998, eighteen-year-old Jennifer Robinson went on a date with 
Rodgers after he had picked her up at her home and met her mother.  Robinson 
never returned home that night.  The following day, Rodgers showed Polaroid 
pictures of Robinson’s desecrated body to his girlfriend, Patty Perritt, and his 
brother, Elijah Waldrup.  Shortly thereafter, Rodgers left Santa Rosa County and 
drove to Lake County to see his father and sister.  On May 9, Lake County law 
enforcement officers located Rodgers as he was driving his car, and Rodgers 
attempted to flee.  When Rodgers was finally stopped, he exited the car with his 
handgun pointed to his head, leading to an hours-long standoff.  A subsequent 
ballistics examination of the handgun revealed that it was the same weapon that 
was used to kill Robinson. 
On May 10, 1998, Rodgers told Lake County law enforcement officers that 
he took Robinson on a date, accompanied by Lawrence.  Rodgers stated that they 
took her to a wooded area, and Lawrence shot Robinson, mutilated her body, and 
took Polaroid pictures of what he had done.  Rodgers claimed that he did not 
participate in the murder or mutilation and stated that he had considered shooting 
Lawrence because he was so angered by Lawrence’s actions. 
 
 
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After being returned to Santa Rosa County, Rodgers gave a second 
statement to officers.  In his May 13, 1998, statement, Rodgers acknowledged 
taking Robinson on a date as part of a plan.  Rodgers met Robinson’s mother and 
then drove to Lawrence’s house to pick him up and use Lawrence’s truck.  
Lawrence had already purchased Everclear grain alcohol, and they stopped at a gas 
station to pick up Mountain Dew and Dr. Pepper soft drinks to mix with the 
alcohol.  They drove as far as they could into the woods and pretended to wait for 
Lawrence’s girlfriend to arrive, although Lawrence and Rodgers knew that she was 
not coming.  While pretending to wait, they mixed large portions of the alcohol 
with the soft drinks for Robinson, while drinking very little alcohol themselves.  
Rodgers and Robinson engaged in consensual sex.  While this occurred, Lawrence 
walked into the woods to fix his handgun, which had jammed.  When Lawrence 
returned, he handed the weapon to Rodgers.  Rodgers convinced Robinson to go 
with him to look at a marijuana field, which did not exist, and as they were 
walking to Lawrence’s truck, Rodgers shot her in the back of the head.  The two 
men then placed Robinson’s body in the back of the truck and drove to a place 
where they attempted to burn her clothes and then covered the body with debris. 
On July 24, 2000, Rodgers entered a plea of guilty as a principal to the first-
degree murder of Jennifer Robinson, conspiracy to commit murder, giving alcohol 
to a minor, and abusing a human corpse.  In exchange for Rodgers’ plea and 
 
 
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acknowledgment that he was responsible for the murder as a principal, the State 
agreed that it would not argue that Rodgers was the actual shooter of Robinson and 
would not object to the defense’s evidence and argument that specifically 
supported the theory that Rodgers was not the shooter.  The trial court found that a 
sufficient factual basis existed to support the plea and, following an extended 
colloquy with Rodgers, found that the plea was freely, voluntarily, and intelligently 
entered into, and that Rodgers fully understood the consequences of his plea. 
Extensive testimony and evidence were presented during the penalty phase.  
The State’s first witness in aggravation was Joe McCurdy, a detective with the 
Santa Rosa County Sheriff’s Office who investigated the Robinson murder and 
was involved in the investigations of the attempted murder of Leighton 
Smitherman and the murder of Justin Livingston.  The State then called Leighton 
Smitherman, who testified about being shot in his living room while watching 
television on March 29, 1998.  Smitherman never met either Rodgers or Lawrence.  
The State entered into evidence a certified copy of the conviction against Rodgers 
for the attempted murder of Smitherman.  The State re-called Detective McCurdy 
and played Rodgers’ May 13, 1998, tape-recorded confession to the Smitherman 
attempted murder. 
Next, the State presented evidence concerning Rodgers’ involvement in 
Justin Livingston’s murder.  The State played Rodgers’ May 13, 1998, tape-
 
 
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recorded confession to the Livingston murder and then entered into evidence 
Rodgers’ guilty plea and a certified copy of the conviction in the federal case of 
United States v. Rodgers, No. 3:98CR00073-002 (N.D. Fla. order filed June 29, 
1999).1  In his confession, Rodgers stated that he and Lawrence had decided to kill 
Livingston, so they took him out to Spencer Field to supposedly smoke a joint and 
then stabbed him multiple times.  Rodgers received a life sentence for the murder 
of Livingston. 
Finally, the State presented extensive evidence concerning the Robinson 
murder, including testimony from numerous police officers and experts concerning 
the evidence found in the Robinson murder investigation.  The State also submitted 
Rodgers’ conflicting confessions as to who killed Robinson.  Elizabeth Robinson, 
Jennifer Robinson’s mother, testified that she met Rodgers prior to his date with 
Jennifer on the night of the murder, and she read a statement about her daughter’s 
life.  The State entered into evidence various items found during a search of 
codefendant Lawrence’s property, including a Polaroid picture of a person with a 
laceration to the top of the scalp, two lists that were handwritten by Lawrence and 
found in his residence, a box for a Lorcin pistol, and two empty Polaroid film 
canisters. 
                                          
 
 
1.  Because the murder occurred on property of the United States 
government, the case was tried in federal court. 
 
 
 
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After the State rested, the defense began its mitigation testimony by focusing 
primarily upon testimony from family and friends to establish the conditions in 
which Rodgers lived as a child.  The defense presented expert testimony 
concerning the significant mental health problems that Rodgers had exhibited 
throughout his entire life. 
The defense also sought to introduce certain evidence found in Lawrence’s 
truck, house, and property to support the conclusion that Lawrence dominated 
Rodgers in the Robinson murder and was responsible for the killing of Robinson.  
The defense re-called Detective Hand to testify about the search warrant executed 
to search Lawrence’s residence.  The court allowed into evidence items seized 
from the residence that related to the murder weapon.  During a proffer of his 
testimony, Todd Hand testified about additional items seized from Lawrence’s 
residence.  He testified that a black hood and handcuffs were found, as well as 
Lawrence’s daily work log, which was read into the record.  Hand testified about 
other items found at Lawrence’s residence, which included:  a variety of 
ammunition; a pipe bomb; an owner’s manual for a rifle; an automatic BB gun; a 
blackjack; two wooden stakes; two curved martial arts sickle knives; a screwdriver 
with a pointed end; two corkscrew devices; a temper sickle; a throwing star; 
another throwing star with four blades; handcuffs; nunchaks; a leather device with 
sixteen metallic studs; a pistol; gun cleaning kits; and a variety of receipts for guns 
 
 
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and gun supplies.  The majority of these items were denied admission into 
evidence. 
The defense presented the jury with extensive testimony from Rodgers’ 
family and friends concerning Rodgers’ abused background.  David Waldrup, the 
adoptive father of Rodgers’ brother, Elijah Waldrup, testified regarding Rodgers’ 
background, including allegations that Rodgers’ parents had a severe drug 
addiction, were very abusive, and did not want their children.  The Waldrups were 
able to adopt Elijah while he was still a baby.  Shortly before the crime, Rodgers 
stayed with the Waldrups for a few months until he moved in with Patty Perritt, 
Rodgers’ girlfriend.  Waldrup recalled how Rodgers attempted to obtain the same 
medications that he was prescribed while he was at the mental health facility while 
in prison but could not find anyone who would help him.  Elijah Waldrup, who 
was Rodgers’ biological brother, testified regarding his recent relationship with 
Rodgers.2  Elijah also testified about the day that Rodgers came to him very upset 
after the Robinson murder and told Elijah that Lawrence had shot Robinson and 
that he wanted to do the right thing. 
Next, Patty Perritt, who was Rodgers’ girlfriend at the time of the murder, 
was called as a defense witness.  She testified that she was uncomfortable with 
Rodgers spending time with Lawrence and that Lawrence made her feel uneasy.  
                                          
 
2.  Elijah did not meet Rodgers until after their mother, Janelle Rodgers, 
committed suicide. 
 
 
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Perritt also testified that Rodgers confessed to her that he was unfaithful to her 
with Robinson and told her that Lawrence had killed Robinson.  Rodgers said that 
he wanted to commit suicide and asked Perritt to take the Polaroid pictures of 
Robinson and turn them over to law enforcement authorities.  Diane Waldrup, 
Elijah Waldrup’s adoptive mother, testified to the physical and verbal abuse in the 
Rodgers household and the circumstances surrounding her adoption of Elijah.  
Mary Pruitt, Rodgers’ paternal grandmother, also testified to the horrible 
conditions in which her grandchildren lived until she took custody of the first two 
children, Tamica and Jeremiah Rodgers, for a few years.  She also testified that as 
soon as she saw Tamica, she immediately fell in love with her and felt that Tamica 
was the baby girl that Pruitt had recently lost.  However, when Rodgers was born, 
she was very concerned that she would not be able to handle two young children. 
Rodgers’ aunt, Renee Endress, testified that she and Janelle (Rodgers’ 
mother) grew up with verbal and physical abuse and that their father drank alcohol 
excessively until his premature death.  Janelle was physically beaten by Rodgers’ 
father, Steven; Janelle also had a problem with alcohol abuse and became 
aggressive and a completely different person when she drank.  Endress saw bruises 
on the children and thought Janelle was too physically rough with them.  She was 
also very sexually promiscuous and eventually committed suicide.  Endress further 
testified that all of her brothers and sisters had some sort of mental disorder or 
 
 
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emotional problem that greatly affected their lives or caused early deaths or suicide 
attempts. 
Zachariah Walker, Rodgers’ half-brother, testified about his mother’s drug 
addiction and the abuse he suffered from his mother.  Rodgers’ full sister, Tamica 
Williams, testified about the child abuse she suffered growing up and how she was 
more of a mother to Rodgers than Janelle was.  She said that Rodgers was 
punished even worse than she had been, he was often left with bruises, and Janelle 
seemed to have difficulties in stopping when she began to beat Rodgers.  She also 
felt bad because she knew she was given much more affection from their 
grandmother, and her grandmother would give her special presents and tell her that 
she was her favorite.  According to Tamica, Rodgers told her that he did not shoot 
Robinson.  She testified about Rodgers’ multiple attempts to commit suicide and 
how he would mutilate his own body. 
Finally, the defense presented testimony from numerous social workers and 
experts about Rodgers’ mental problems.  Angela Mason, a social worker, 
reviewed a variety of records from schools, institutions, hospitals, and law 
enforcement agencies.  The records contained reports that Rodgers was given his 
first beer at two years of age and that he reported sexual abuse by his mother 
numerous times, starting at age three.  At fourteen, Rodgers reported that his 
mother had full sexual intercourse with him on multiple occasions, first getting him 
 
 
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high on marijuana that was laced with formaldehyde.  Although Child Protection 
Services was called about the abuse, Mason was unable to find any investigative 
report.  Another report stated that Rodgers’ father threatened to shoot him and put 
an unloaded gun to Rodgers’ head.  At school, Rodgers was placed in a class for 
severely emotionally disturbed children.  Rodgers attempted suicide five times by 
the age of thirteen, including slitting his wrists in a bathtub which left physical 
evidence. 
David Foy, a professor of psychology at Pepperdine University, reviewed 
Rodgers’ medical records and testified that six out of the six classic risk factors for 
mental illness existed in Rodgers’ childhood home life.  Rodgers was diagnosed 
with post-traumatic stress disorder.  Dr. Sarah Deland, a psychiatrist, testified as an 
expert regarding Rodgers’ mental health.  Dr. Deland stated that Rodgers’ 
diagnoses were post-traumatic stress disorder, disassociative disorder, substance 
abuse in remission, and borderline personality disorder.  She testified in depth 
about these particular diagnoses and how Rodgers’ life events shaped his 
development. 
In rebuttal, the State called Dr. Richard Greer, who was the Chief of 
Forensic Psychiatry at the University of Florida.  According to Dr. Greer, Rodgers’ 
primary diagnosis was a personality disorder, and his secondary diagnosis was 
depression.  Finally, the State called Vickie Truel, who was a coworker with 
 
 
- 11 - 
Robinson at the Corner Quick Stop, where Robinson first met Rodgers.  Truel 
testified that Rodgers told her that the reason for the scars and cuts on his arms was 
that “if you can make people think you’re crazy, you can get by with anything.” 
At the conclusion of the penalty phase, the jury recommended death by a 
nine-to-three vote.  In a detailed sentencing order, the judge found two aggravators, 
to which he gave great weight:  prior violent felony and cold, calculated, and 
premeditated.  The court rejected Rodgers’ proffered statutory mental health 
mitigators3 but found that Rodgers had committed the crime at a relatively young 
age (twenty-one years) and afforded it little weight.  The court further found three 
nonspecified statutory mitigators4 and three nonstatutory mitigators.5  The court 
                                          
 
3.  The court rejected the following statutory mitigators argued by Rodgers: 
(1) the capital felony was committed while Rodgers was extremely mentally or 
emotionally disturbed; (2) he lacked the capacity to appreciate the criminality of 
his conduct or conform his conduct to the requirements of the law; (3) Rodgers 
was an accomplice in the capital felony, which was committed by another person 
and Rodgers’ participation was minor; and (4) he acted under extreme duress or 
substantial domination of another person. 
 
4.  The court found the following nonspecified statutory mitigators: (1) 
Rodgers was sexually abused by his mother; he was physically abused by his 
father; Rodgers’ parents abandoned him; his parents abused drugs and alcohol; his 
family had a legacy of domestic violence; and there was a history of suicide among 
Rodgers’ relatives (considerable weight); (2) at the age of sixteen, Rodgers was 
incarcerated as an adult and was sexually abused in prison (some weight); and (3) 
Rodgers suffered from mental illness (considerable and substantial weight). 
 
5.  The nonstatutory mitigators found by the court were: (1) Rodgers had a 
positive impact on the inmate population (little weight); (2) Rodgers expressed 
 
 
- 12 - 
sentenced Rodgers to death, finding “the two serious aggravating circumstances 
which have been proven beyond and to the exclusion of all reasonable doubt, 
greatly outweigh the mitigating circumstances.”  State v. Rodgers, No. 98-274-
CFA, order at 20 (Fla. 1st Cir. Ct. order filed Nov. 21, 2000). 
MERITS 
In his direct appeal, Rodgers raises eight claims, including challenges to his 
guilty plea and penalty-phase proceedings.  In the challenge to the guilty plea, 
Rodgers claims the trial court erred when it denied his motion to withdraw his plea 
based upon his attorneys’ conflict and unpreparedness.  Further, he claims that he 
was involuntarily absent from a hearing in the judge’s chambers while his 
attorneys’ conflict was being discussed. 
A disagreement between Rodgers’ attorneys began before the trial when 
they discussed the guilty plea.  Defense counsel disagreed as to whether Rodgers 
should enter the plea, and a recess was taken.  During the recess, the attorneys met 
together with Rodgers and explained the plea to him.  After the recess, although his 
attorneys still disagreed on the plea decision, Rodgers decided to enter the guilty 
                                                                                                                                        
remorse for the murder (some weight); and (3) he provided assistance to officers in 
solving prior crimes (some weight). 
 
 
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plea, and a lengthy colloquy occurred.6  During the plea colloquy, the court advised 
Rodgers that the decision to plead guilty was his. 
THE COURT:  All right.  And you understand, sir, that that’s a 
right personal to you.  Your attorneys may advise you as to what they 
believe is in your best interest, but your right to testify in your own 
behalf is a personal right, and it’s your decision and no one else’s 
decision.  Did you understand that? 
THE DEFENDANT:  Yes, sir. 
THE COURT:  Do you also understand, sir, that the right to a 
jury trial similarly is a right personal to you.  In other words, only you 
can waive that right.  And certainly your attorneys are educated in the 
law and experienced in these areas and you ought to give weight to 
their recommendations, but the bottom line is that this is your trial; 
and it has to be your decision.  So is it your decision to plead guilty, 
sir? 
THE DEFENDANT:  Yes, sir. 
THE COURT:  And in reaching that decision have you 
considered the advice of your Counsel? 
THE DEFENDANT:  From both sides, yes, sir. 
                                          
 
 
6.  Before accepting the plea, the judge inquired numerous times as to 
whether Rodgers understood that his plea would still subject him to the same range 
of punishment as he would face if he continued to a jury trial on the guilt phase 
(i.e., life imprisonment without the possibility of parole or the death penalty).  The 
judge questioned Rodgers relative to whether Rodgers’ attorneys had fully 
explained the consequences of the plea, whether Rodgers was satisfied with his 
attorneys’ performance, whether Rodgers had ingested any drugs or alcohol within 
the last twenty-four hours before the plea hearing, whether Rodgers’ decision to 
plead guilty was his own decision, and whether Rodgers believed that the plea was 
in his own best interest.  The judge also fully explained the consequences of the 
plea, stressed what constitutional rights Rodgers would forfeit if he chose to plead 
guilty, addressed the conditions to which the State agreed based on the plea 
agreement, and ensured that Rodgers understood these consequences and 
conditions. 
 
 
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Rodgers acknowledged the existence of a disagreement between his defense 
attorneys in his statement that he considered the advice of counsel “from both 
sides.” 
After the guilty plea, the penalty-phase portion of the trial continued through 
jury selection, opening statements, and the testimony of the first few State 
witnesses.  Defense counsel LeBoeuf then told the court that she wanted to have a 
hearing in chambers with just the attorneys.  A conference occurred in chambers, 
where LeBoeuf stated that she had a conflict with co-counsel White that “affected 
preparation” of the case.  The basis for this conflict was that the two attorneys, who 
were independent defense counsel, disagreed relative to which attorney should 
handle the cross-examination of the State’s penalty phase witnesses, many of 
whom were initially scheduled to testify during the guilt phase.  The two had 
planned for White to handle the guilt phase of the case and for LeBoeuf to handle 
the penalty phase. 
LeBoeuf said that she wanted to waive Rodgers’ presence at the hearing 
because he was “fairly unstable at the moment.  He’s very attached to Mr. White as 
his lawyer, also very attached to me as his lawyer, and not capable of 
understanding that reasonable disagreement occurs between reasonable people.”  
White and the State objected to Rodgers’ absence.  The hearing reconvened in 
chambers after lunch, at which time Rodgers was present.  The judge told Rodgers 
 
 
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that there was a conflict between White and LeBoeuf and that LeBoeuf had 
requested a hearing in Rodgers’ absence but White objected.  The court asked 
Rodgers if he minded being absent from the hearing, and Rodgers stated, “I’m 
okay with that.  I’ll just wait in the back.”  Then the court asked one more time if 
he minded “absenting [him]self,” to which he replied, “Yeah, I’ll just take the time 
out and, you know, just sit by myself.”  Rodgers waited outside of chambers in the 
judge’s waiting room while his attorneys discussed their conflict.  Both attorneys 
informed the court that based on the changed circumstances of the plea, they felt 
unprepared to proceed with the cross-examination of the penalty phase witnesses.  
The judge resolved the conflict by adjourning for the day so that the defense 
attorneys could better prepare for the penalty phase and discuss with Rodgers any 
decisions that would be necessary.  In making this decision, the court noted that the 
attorneys had already spent approximately two years preparing for trial but 
understood that in light of the change, the attorneys needed a little more time to 
discuss between themselves and their client how to best handle the cross-
examination. 
The next day, both White and LeBoeuf stated that they were ready to 
proceed, but LeBoeuf moved for a mistrial based on the record from the day 
before.  The trial court denied the motion for mistrial, and the penalty phase 
 
 
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continued without conflict for the remainder of the trial.  However, at the Spencer7 
hearing, attorney Tim Schardl appeared on Rodgers’ behalf to challenge the 
manner in which Rodgers had been advised of his plea, and Schardl filed a motion 
to stay the proceedings so that he could more fully explore the issues.  The court 
recited some of the prior events, including the extensive plea colloquy and the 
discussions in chambers, and denied the motion to stay.  The motion contained no 
specific information as to why Rodgers wanted to withdraw his plea except for the 
stated conflict between his attorneys.  Nevertheless, after the Spencer hearing, the 
court sua sponte entered an order scheduling a hearing to address the issues raised 
by Schardl. 
At the hearing, Rodgers was asked several questions by the court and stated 
that he learned “that the problem between these two [attorneys] was a little more 
than I knew—a lot more than I knew.”  Rodgers stated that his attorneys did not 
tell him of their problems before the date of the Spencer hearing, and he learned 
that they were “at odds all the way through” his representation.  Rodgers explained 
that he did not know “[a]nything about the plea.  I didn’t know the good to taking 
it, the bad to taking the plea.  I didn’t know anything about it.”  However, Rodgers 
was “happy with both” attorneys and did not waive the attorney-client privilege to 
allow for evidentiary development. 
                                          
 
7.  Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla. 1993). 
 
 
- 17 - 
After hearing argument by Schardl and testimony from defense attorneys 
LeBoeuf and White, the court denied the motion to withdraw the plea.  In the order 
denying Schardl’s motion to allow Rodgers to withdraw his plea, the court stated: 
After full reflection, consideration and review of the transcript 
of the prior proceedings in this matter, there is no evidence before this 
court which leads it to believe that the Defendant’s plea of guilty was 
not freely, voluntarily, and intelligently entered after the Defendant 
had the benefit and advice of counsel.  The Defendant was present 
when counsel made known their difference of opinion as to whether 
or not he should enter a plea to the charges.  The degree to which 
counsel disagreed is not material.  The fact that Defendant was aware 
of the disagreement between counsel as to whether or not he should 
enter his plea is significant.  It is clear from the record that the 
disagreement between counsel was made known to the Defendant, 
that the Defendant weighed and considered the advice of both counsel 
and that the plea which he entered was his plea after he had an 
opportunity to weigh and consider both lawyers’ advice to him. 
Rodgers has not shown error.  The withdrawal of a guilty plea is within the sound 
discretion of the trial court.  Hunt v. State, 613 So. 2d 893, 896 (Fla. 1992).  The 
trial court’s decision regarding withdrawal of a plea will generally not be disturbed 
on appeal absent a showing of an abuse of discretion.  See id.  Rodgers understood 
at the time of his plea that his attorneys disagreed on whether he should enter the 
plea.  We find no error in the trial court’s denial of the withdrawal of Rodgers’ 
plea. 
We also find that Rodgers waived the right to be present at the hearing in the 
judge’s chambers.  Although criminal defendants have a due process right to be 
physically present at all critical stages of a trial, see Muhammad v. State, 782 So. 
 
 
- 18 - 
2d 343, 351 (Fla. 2001), this right may be waived by the defendant.  Rodgers was 
advised that the in-chambers hearing would address his counsel’s internal 
disagreement and that his counsel believed it was in Rodgers’ best interest for him 
not to be at the hearing.  Rodgers then agreed to wait in the waiting room of the 
judge’s chambers so that he would not hear the discussion.  We find no error in 
Rodgers’ absence from the hearing in chambers. 
Rodgers also claims that, in violation of his rights, prison guards forced him 
to take medication while in pretrial detention.8  The issue of forced medication was 
not raised in the court below and thus not preserved for appeal.  There was no 
objection in the record about the defendant being forced by prison guards to take 
medication.  See Spann v. State, 857 So. 2d 845, 852 (Fla. 2003) (error must be 
preserved for appeal by proper objection); Conahan v. State, 844 So. 2d 629, 641 
(Fla. 2003). 
In his first penalty-phase issue, Rodgers argues that the trial court erred in its 
decision to exclude certain items of evidence that were retrieved from Lawrence’s 
residence.  Rodgers contended that these items were relevant to Rodgers’ 
mitigation theory that Lawrence had significant leadership in the murder of 
                                          
 
 
8.  To the extent that this claim could affect the voluntariness of the plea, we 
note that during the plea colloquy, Rodgers was asked if he had taken any drugs or 
alcohol within the last twenty-four hours, and he responded that he had not. 
 
 
- 19 - 
Robinson and was the dominant force in the conspiracy to which Rodgers had pled 
guilty.9 
Specifically, Rodgers’ counsel offered into evidence all of the items seized 
from Lawrence’s residence, which included: 
A small red notebook in the handwriting of Mr. Lawrence, a throwing 
knife in a sheath, a knife with a black-taped handle, a black hood, a 
pair of handcuffs, a .410 Winchester live shotgun shell, a red plastic 
container with suspect gun powder.  . . . [M]iscellaneous live and 
spent ammunition, a suspected pipe bomb that I’m told is rendered 
harmless now, a firearm cleaning record, a folding buck knife, two 
throwing stars, two wooden stakes, one pair of S & W handcuffs, one 
pair of nunchaks, one Sears screwdriver with a sharp point, one black 
leather slapjack, one knife with a black handle, one sickle, one T-
handle cork screw, two unknown type weapons with blades, one 
wood-handled chisel, one fingerless black glove, two black knives 
with sheaths, one Velcro wrist strap, one chrome spike wristband, one 
silver-sharpened piece of metal, one “Assault Weapons” book, one 
“Silencer Snipers and Assassins” book, one “Ultimate Sniper” book, 
one “Trapper and Mountainmen” book, one “Dear Mom, a Sniper’s 
Vietnam” book, one “Wild Foods Field Guide” cookbook, one 
“Sniper World of Combat” sniping book, one “U.S.M.C. Close 
Quarters Combat Manual,” one “U.S. Special Forces Conditioning 
Program” book, one “Marine Sniper” book, one “Undercover Official 
Cookbook,” one marksman BB Pistol, one Wal-Mart receipt for a 
.270 caliber Remmington rifle, one Remmington gun literature, 20 
                                          
 
9.  Rodgers pled guilty to principal to first-degree murder, and, in exchange, 
the State agreed that it would not argue that Rodgers was the actual shooter—only 
that he and the codefendant were responsible for the death.  The State recognized 
that it was still contested as to who shot the victim.  Rodgers initially told four 
people that Lawrence killed the victim.  He then changed his story and told the 
police that he killed her.  On May 13, he told his sister that he falsely took 
responsibility for killing Robinson because he was trying to kill himself.  During 
the plea colloquy, the court explained to Rodgers that based on his plea, the jury 
would have to decide during the penalty phase whether they believed that Rodgers 
was the shooter. 
 
 
- 20 - 
rounds of .270 caliber Hornaday live ammo box––ammo in a box, 19 
rounds of .12 gauge live ammunition, one U.M.C. .380 caliber 
ammunition in a box with four live rounds, one gun cleaning kit, one 
receipt for the Lorcin .380 serial number 480849, one box with 
Derringer percussion serial number 176962 “jukar” . . . , one nipple-
cap, one ramrod with powder measurer. 
Jury Trial Proceedings, vol. 9, at 1580-81.  The State objected to their admission 
on relevance grounds. 
 
Rodgers’ counsel argued to the trial judge the following: 
 
Your Honor, in order to argue culpability we need to be able to 
argue about a person’s knowledge of weapons, the use of weapons, 
and things of that nature. 
 
The testimony will be that Mr. Rodgers was in prison until 
approximately Thanksgiving of ’98 – ’97.  And then this offence 
occurred on May 7, 1998.  For the rest of that period of his adult life 
he was incarcerated in prison. 
 
On the other hand, Mr. Lawrence has a number of things that 
point to him having tremendous knowledge about weapons, the use of 
weapons, about woods, or the forest area, and the ability to survive in 
that area.  These weapons and the literature that is here that we have 
listed for the Court is the same stuff, the same material, the same 
guns, ammunition, and literature that were introduced in the Lawrence 
case.  Apparently they had some relevance in that case to show the 
same thing. 
 
We are seeking to introduce this to show that Mr. Lawrence had 
knowledge of weapons, knowledge of the use of weapons, knowledge 
of ammunition, knowledge of the use of ammunition, and to show that 
his knowledge of these things allowed him to be the dominant force in 
the conspiracy to which Mr. Rodgers has pled. 
 
These things have tremendous relevance in this case.  We 
believe––although I can’t certify it because I was not there––we 
believe the State used these same items in the Lawrence case to prove 
the same thing. 
 
 
- 21 - 
 
The trial court admitted the receipt for the purchase of the Lorcin handgun 
and the ammunition, stating: 
I’m going to allow that in.  I’m going to allow the evidence regarding 
the boxes [of] .380 ammunition, since that’s the same caliber of this 
Lorcin semi-automatic; but all the other items that were seized at Mr. 
Lawrence’s home, the Court is not going to allow those.  But I will 
allow the Defense to introduce the sales receipt of the Lorcin semi-
automatic and also the box of the .380 ammunition. 
The Court subsequently allowed into evidence the cleaning kit because the 
cleaning kit could be used to clean a pistol, which was the murder weapon. 
 
In this appeal, Rodgers argues that the decision by the trial judge to deny the 
admission of the items found at Lawrence’s residence was contrary to Lockett v. 
Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978) (plurality opinion), in which the Supreme Court stated: 
[W]e conclude that the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments require 
that the sentencer, in all but the rarest kind of capital case, not be 
precluded from considering, as a mitigating factor, any aspect of a 
defendant’s character or record any of the circumstances of the 
offense that the defendant proffers as a basis for a sentence less than 
death. 
Id. at 604. 
 
Rodgers further points out that we approved the admission of this same 
material from Lawrence’s residence for consideration by the sentencing judge at 
the time of Lawrence’s capital sentencing trial.  Lawrence v. State, 846 So. 2d 440, 
448-49 (Fla. 2003).  Specifically, during the sentencing phase of Lawrence’s trial, 
Lawrence contended that Rodgers had been the dominant force in the murder.  At a 
hearing pursuant to Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla. 1993), in the Lawrence 
 
 
- 22 - 
case, the State introduced many of the very same items that were excluded in 
Rodgers’ trial, including the following books: (1) William Powell, “The Anarchist 
Cookbook,” (1971); (2) Time-Life Books, “Serial Killers” (1992); and (3) five 
books about snipers including John L. Plaster, “The Ultimate Sniper: An Advanced 
Training Manual For Military & Police Snipers” (1993), and J. David Truby, 
“Silencers, Snipers & Assassins: An Overview of Whispering Death” (1972).  See 
Lawrence, 846 So. 2d at 448-49.  The State also introduced a scrapbook that 
Lawrence had compiled that included numerous articles about serial killers, many 
of which predated Lawrence’s involvement with Rodgers, and it introduced the 
book, The Incredible Machine, which provided detailed information about the 
human body.  When reviewing the codefendants’ relevant participation, the trial 
judge in Lawrence’s case found the above information relevant, noting: “The 
books and the scrapbook reveal Lawrence’s interests and support the State’s 
contention that he would have actively participated in the murder.” Lawrence, 846 
So. 2d at 449 (quoting the sentencing order).  The judge also found that because 
several sections of The Incredible Machine were marked with a pen, including a 
picture of the calf muscle on a female body, possession of this book indicated that 
Lawrence initiated and carried out the plan to cut the calf muscle that was found in 
Lawrence’s freezer.  Id. at 449.  Although the evidence was admitted in 
Lawrence’s trial to rebut Lawrence’s contention that Rodgers was the dominant 
 
 
- 23 - 
force in the murders, the trial court permitted it because the evidence was relevant 
as to which defendant was active in what parts of the planning and implementation 
of the murder plan.  As addressed above, we did not disapprove of the trial judge’s 
rulings on this matter in Lawrence’s case. 
 
Under section 921.141(6)(e), Florida Statutes (1997), the fact that the 
defendant acted under “the substantial domination of another person” is a statutory 
mitigating circumstance.  We conclude that Rodgers was entitled to have the jury 
consider the proffered Lawrence evidence in support of Rodgers’ theory that at the 
time of the murder, he was under the domination of Lawrence.  Moreover, Rodgers 
was entitled to have considered by the jury the evidence as to whether, under the 
circumstances of the Robinson murder, Rodgers was so less culpable than 
Lawrence for the murder of Robinson that Rodgers should not be sentenced to 
death.  The relative culpability of Rodgers and Lawrence was relevant in this 
penalty phase.  See Hertz v. State, 803 So. 2d 629, 653 (Fla. 2001).  This was 
clearly relevant here since the State stipulated as part of Rodgers’ plea bargain that 
the State would not argue that Rodgers was the actual shooter of Robinson.10  
                                          
 
 
10.  In fact, the sentencing order in Rodgers implies the relevancy of the 
excluded items.  Specifically, when reviewing this very prong in his sentencing 
order, the trial judge stated: “It is not unusual for people with common interests to 
associate with one another while not being under their domination or control.  In 
this case, defendant’s attraction to Jonathan Lawrence and vice versa was their 
passion for the senseless killing and attempted killing of human beings.”  
(Emphasis added.)  The materials which were excluded specifically showed that 
 
 
- 24 - 
Given the extensive mitigation which was presented in the case, including 
Rodgers’ significant mental health history, we cannot say that the State has shown 
that there is no reasonable possibility that that the error in excluding this evidence 
did not contribute to the sentence of death.  See State v. DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d 1129, 
1135 (Fla. 1986).  Therefore, we find that the denial of the admission of the 
specified evidence from the Lawrence residence was harmful error and requires a 
new penalty phase. 
 
In view of our conclusion in respect to this first argument, all other penalty-
phase issues are moot.  However, we do write further to point out that there is an 
error in the statutory aggravator in respect to the attempted murder conviction for 
the crime in which Leighton Smitherman was the victim.  From the document filed 
with this Court, we see that in the Smitherman case, the caption of the information 
filed on January 24, 1998, stated: 
1) 
attempted first-degree felony murder 
2) 
shooting at, into or within a building 
However, the body of the information charged attempted first-degree premeditated 
murder: 
Jeremiah Martel Rodgers, on or about March 29, 1998, at and in Santa 
Rosa County, Florida, did unlawfully from a premeditated design to 
                                                                                                                                        
Lawrence had a passion for killing and death.  The fact that Rodgers did not 
possess any weapons or books could be used to show that he did not share the 
same passion or interest and that his involvement was based solely upon his 
relationship with Lawrence. 
 
 
- 25 - 
effect the death of a human being; to-wit:  Leighton Smitherman, did 
attempt to kill and murder said Leighton Smitherman by shooting him 
with a .380 pistol and did in the process, use, carry, or possess a 
weapon, to-wit:  a .380 caliber pistol, in violation of Sections 782.04 
and 777.04, Florida Statutes. 
Count two alleged the crime of shooting into a building, a violation of section 
790.19, Florida Statutes (1997). 
 
A jury found Rodgers guilty as charged, and he was sentenced in February 
2000 to thirteen years and five months in prison.  The sentencing document listed 
the attempted murder crime as follows:  “MURDER ATTEMPT 1ST DEGREE 
782.04, 777.04.”  That conviction was used as one of the bases for the prior violent 
felony conviction aggravator in the penalty phase of this case. 
 
The First District Court of Appeal subsequently overturned the attempted 
first-degree murder conviction for reasons not presently material.  See Rodgers v. 
State, 869 So. 2d 604 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004).  Rodgers thereafter agreed to plead no 
contest to the crime of “attempted murder with a firearm” and receive the same 
sentence imposed previously.  The plea hearing was conducted on June 7, 2004.  
Rodgers affirmed to the court that he was pleading guilty11 and that the facts and 
charges as alleged in the information were true and correct: 
 
COURT:  And, sir, do you understand that by an admission of 
guilt that what you’re saying is that the facts, as they are alleged in the 
                                          
 
11.  The plea agreement stated that Rodgers would plead no contest.  At the 
hearing, however, Rodgers insisted, even after consultation with defense counsel, 
on pleading guilty to the information as charged. 
 
 
- 26 - 
Information, are true and correct?  And you are guilty and you 
actually committed those two offenses in the way that they were 
described in the Information? 
 
RODGERS:  That’s what I am pleading to. 
Sentencing Hearing at 13-14, State v. Rodgers, No. 98-332 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct. June 7, 
2004).  The alleged facts were stated by the assistant state attorney and based in 
part on Rodgers’ confession that Rodgers and Lawrence decided to shoot someone 
and that Rodgers fired at Smitherman, a stranger, who was sitting in a chair 
watching television with his family.  The court again expressly asked Rodgers if he 
admitted the facts, and Rodgers responded, “Yes, sir.”  Id. at 15.  The court 
accepted the plea and adjudicated Rodgers guilty as follows: 
 
Mr. Rodgers, based upon your plea of guilty to Count 1, Case 
Number 98-322, the attempted murder with a firearm of Mr. 
Smitherman, Count 2, the shooting into a dwelling, the Court is going 
to find that the plea of guilty on both counts is freely, voluntarily, and 
intelligently entered after you’ve had the benefit and advice of 
counsel. 
 
The Court is going to adjudicate you guilty on both Counts 1 
and 2. 
Id. at 19. 
 
The court sentenced Rodgers to concurrent sentences of 161 months in 
prison and imposed a mandatory minimum of three years for the use of a firearm.  
The 2004 judgment stated that Rodgers pled guilty “to the following crimes” and 
listed the attempted murder crime as follows:  “ATTEMPTED 1ST DEGREE 
FELONY MURD[ER] 782.04, 777.04.” 
 
 
- 27 - 
 
Rodgers’ attorney in this death appeal, Mark Olive,12 appealed the attempted 
murder conviction to the First District Court of Appeal.  The initial brief raised two 
issues.  First, counsel argued that Rodgers was charged only with attempted 
premeditated murder but pled guilty to attempted felony murder.  Appellate 
counsel claimed this was error because Rodgers stood convicted of a crime with 
which he was not charged.  Citing Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.610 
(Motion for Arrest of Judgment), counsel claimed that the information did not 
actually charge attempted felony murder and did not cite section 782.051, Florida 
Statutes.  The district court per curiam affirmed.  Rodgers v. State, 903 So. 2d 941 
(Fla. 1st DCA 2004). 
 
However, while acknowledging the finality of Rodgers’ conviction for the 
Smitherman crime, we conclude that it would not be accurate for the jury in the 
new penalty phase to consider the written final judgment which reflects that 
Rodgers pled guilty to attempted felony murder.  Rather, it is clear beyond a 
reasonable doubt that Rodgers pled guilty to attempted first-degree premeditated 
murder with a firearm, in violation of sections 782.04 and 777.04, Florida Statutes 
(1997).  This error is to be corrected by the sentencing court in the Smitherman 
case before the written judgment of conviction is admitted in the new penalty 
phase.  See Boggs v. Wainwright, 223 So. 2d 316, 317 (Fla. 1969) (court of record 
                                          
 
12.  Another attorney represented Rodgers in his plea. 
 
 
- 28 - 
may, even after term has expired, correct clerical mistakes in its own judgments 
and records, nunc pro tunc; such corrections generally relate back and take effect 
as of date of judgment, decree, order, writ, or other record so corrected). 
CONCLUSION 
 
We affirm Rodgers’ conviction based upon Rodgers’ plea of guilty.  We 
reverse Rodgers’ sentence of death and order a new penalty-phase proceeding 
before a jury. 
It is so ordered. 
PARIENTE, C.J., and WELLS, ANSTEAD, and LEWIS, JJ., concur. 
CANTERO, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion, in which 
QUINCE, J., concurs. 
BELL, J., recused. 
 
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND 
IF FILED, DETERMINED. 
 
 
CANTERO, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part. 
 
Although I concur in affirming Rodgers’s conviction, I dissent from the 
majority’s reversal of his sentence and remand for a new penalty phase.  The 
evidence the majority concludes is relevant to mitigation was confiscated not from 
Rodgers’s home, but from codefendant Lawrence’s.  The majority nevertheless 
concludes that the evidence was relevant to Rodgers’s claim that he was under 
Lawrence’s domination and that he was “less culpable” in Jennifer Robinson’s 
murder.  Majority op. at 23.  Then, without further discussion, the majority finds 
 
 
- 29 - 
the evidence’s exclusion was “harmful error.”  In my view, the trial court did not 
abuse its discretion in excluding the evidence as irrelevant.  But even if the trial 
court was wrong, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 
I.  RELEVANCE IS ESSENTIAL 
 
“To be admissible . . .  evidence must be relevant, and the admission of 
evidence is within the trial court's wide discretion.”  Chandler v. State, 534 So. 2d 
701, 703 (Fla. 1988) (citations omitted); see also LaMarca v. State, 785 So. 2d 
1209, 1212 (Fla. 2001) (stating the “admissibility of evidence generally turns on 
relevance”).  The admissibility of evidence is within the sound discretion of the 
trial court, and the trial court's determination will not be disturbed on appellate 
review absent a clear abuse of that discretion.  Brooks v. State, 918 So. 2d 181, 188 
(Fla. 2005).  That is, the court’s ruling must be unreasonable or arbitrary.  See Huff 
v. State, 569 So. 2d 1247, 1249 (Fla. 1990). 
 
The evidence Rodgers sought to admit consisted of various weapons and 
books, none of which were used in the murder but which were found on 
codefendant Lawrence’s property.  See majority op. at 19-20 (listing items).  
Rodgers argued that the evidence supported two statutory mitigating factors: minor 
participation in the murder and acting under the substantial domination of another.  
See § 921.141(6)(d)-(e), Fla. Stat. (1997).  The trial court concluded, however, that 
the items were not relevant to these factors. 
 
 
- 30 - 
 
I acknowledge that courts must allow defendants facing a possible death 
penalty to introduce all evidence of possible mitigation.  In Lockett v. Ohio, 438 
U.S. 586, 604 (1978) (plurality opinion), the Supreme Court held that “the Eighth 
and Fourteenth Amendments require that the sentencer, in all but the rarest kind of 
capital case, not be precluded from considering, as a mitigating factor, any aspect 
of a defendant's character or record and any of the circumstances of the offense 
that the defendant proffers as a basis for a sentence less than death.”  But the 
requirement of relevance applies just as much to mitigation evidence as to any 
other.  After Lockett, the Supreme Court emphasized that “[j]ust as the State may 
not by statute preclude the sentencer from considering any mitigating factor, 
neither may the sentencer refuse to consider, as a matter of law, any relevant 
mitigating evidence.”  Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 113-14 (1982) (second 
emphasis added).  We have held that Lockett requires the “admission of evidence 
that establishes facts relevant to the defendant's character, his prior record, and the 
circumstances of the offense in issue.”  Hess v. State, 794 So. 2d 1249, 1269 (Fla. 
2001) (emphasis added) (quoting Herring v. State, 446 So. 2d 1049 (Fla. 1984)).  
Thus, in the penalty phase, “a defendant has a right to present evidence that is 
relevant to the nature and circumstances of the crime,” such as evidence “that the 
defendant played a relatively minor role in the murder compared to the other 
participants.”  Way v. State, 760 So. 2d 903, 917 (Fla. 2000) (emphasis added); 
 
 
- 31 - 
see, e.g., Gore v. Dugger, 532 So. 2d 1048, 1050 (Fla. 1988) (finding that evidence 
of a cousin’s longtime influence on the defendant was irrelevant on the issue of 
substantial domination under facts of the case, but under Lockett concluded that “it 
was [not] totally unrelated to [Gore’s] character”).  “[T]he defendant can also 
introduce evidence that is relevant to any of the statutory aggravating 
circumstances the State seeks to establish or to any statutory or nonstatutory 
mitigation.”  Way, 760 So. 2d at 917 (emphasis added).  These cases teach that, 
while the defendant must be allowed to introduce all mitigating evidence, the 
penalty phase is not a free-for-all.  The judge retains a gatekeeping role, ensuring 
that evidence offered to support mitigation is actually relevant to that issue. 
 
In this case, Rodgers offered the evidence found in Lawrence’s home to 
support the mitigating factors of substantial domination by another and that 
Rodgers played a comparatively minor role and was therefore less culpable in the 
murder.  Rodgers failed to connect the books and weapons found in Lawrence’s 
home to his claim that Lawrence coerced, threatened, or intimidated him or that 
Rodgers was less culpable.   
 
The majority notes our approval of the admission of “this same material 
from Lawrence’s residence” during Lawrence’s Spencer hearing, majority op. at 
21, suggesting that if it was admissible there, it should be admissible here.  This 
comparison is flawed.  First, the evidence from Lawrence’s case was not the same.  
 
 
- 32 - 
In our opinion in Lawrence, we discuss books, not weapons, that were admitted.  
846 So. 2d at 448.  Lawrence’s books on serial killers and snipers were admitted to 
rebut his claim that Rodgers dominated him in the Robinson murder.  We 
concluded the evidence was relevant because it “reveal[ed] Lawrence’s interests 
and support[ed] the State’s contention that he would have actively participated in 
the murder.”  Id. at 449 (quoting trial court’s order).  In other words, the evidence 
was relevant to show that Lawrence voluntarily participated in the murder and was 
not acting under duress, threat, or coercion.  Id.  Evidence suggesting that 
Lawrence acted voluntarily, however, and that Rodgers did not dominate him, does 
not support the converse inference that Lawrence instead dominated Rodgers.  
Further, there is no evidence that Rodgers even knew about the books or the 
weapons, that Lawrence discussed them with Rodgers, or that they influenced 
Rodgers’s behavior in the murder. 
   
The majority also concludes that the evidence was relevant to show that 
Rodgers was less culpable than Lawrence in Robinson’s murder.  Majority op. at 
23.  Again, however, I see no link between Lawrence’s possession of books on 
snipers and serial killers, and his possession of various weapons, and Lawrence’s 
and Rodgers’s comparative roles in the murder.  That Lawrence had “a sick 
fascination with killing,” as Rodgers states in his brief, does not make Rodgers 
himself less culpable.  The trial court did not abuse its discretion. 
 
 
- 33 - 
II.  HARMLESS ERROR 
 
Even if the materials taken from Lawrence’s home were somehow relevant 
to the circumstances of the offense, any error in denying their admission was 
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.  See Doorbal v. State, 837 So. 2d 940, 959-60 
(Fla. 2003) (applying harmless error analysis to alleged Lockett error).  
 
First, the jury reviewed evidence, some of it offered by the State and some 
by Rodgers, that, as Rodgers’s counsel argued, related to Rodgers’s claims of 
substantial domination and minor role or lesser culpability.  The jury heard 
evidence that Rodgers knew Lawrence from when they were together in the state 
mental hospital for prisoners.  Then, when Rodgers settled in the town of Pace, he 
began spending an increasing amount of time with Lawrence, despite the 
disapproval of his brother and girlfriend.  The trial court admitted Lawrence’s 
pistol (which was both the murder weapon here and the weapon used to shoot 
Smitherman), evidence that Lawrence bought the gun illegally through a third 
party, and related items seized from Lawrence: ammunition of the same type used 
in the murder weapon; sales receipts for the gun and ammunition; and a pistol 
cleaning kit.  The court also admitted other evidence directly related to Lawrence’s 
role in the murder: two notes handwritten by Lawrence containing a plan of action 
(e.g., “get Jeremiah to make phone calls,” “get her very drunk,” “dissect 
completely,” and “bag up edible meats”) and listing items needed to effectuate the 
 
 
- 34 - 
plan (e.g., Everclear, film for a Polaroid camera, scalpels, and a shovel); the flesh 
Lawrence excised from the victim’s leg, which Lawrence kept in his freezer; 
pictures of the victim; a Polaroid camera; empty Polaroid film canisters; and an ice 
chest that once contained human remains.  The defense also entered a May 10 
statement by Rodgers that Lawrence shot Robinson while Rodgers was in the 
woods urinating, and that Rodgers did not know Lawrence planned to murder her.  
 
In closing, defense counsel argued as follows: 
And the State says that Jeremiah and Jonathan had this elaborate 
scheme and they had written a plan. . . .  Jonathan Lawrence made 
those notes[,]  . . . made those plans[,] . . . [and] had an idea in his 
head. . . .  And yet there is not one shred of evidence that Jeremiah 
Rodgers participated in the procurement of the items [on the lists]. 
 
Defense counsel also listed the evidentiary items related to the Robinson murder 
found at Lawrence’s place, emphasizing they all belonged to Lawrence.  Thus, 
although Rodgers pled guilty to being a principal in the murder, defense counsel 
argued that Lawrence initiated, planned, and obtained the items for the murder and 
then shot Robinson.  In light of the evidence admitted on their comparative roles, 
the excluded items would add nothing.  
 
In rejecting the statutory mitigators of minor participation and substantial 
domination by another, the trial court found that even if Lawrence was the shooter, 
Rodgers’s participation was not minor.  In his May 13 statement, Rodgers admitted 
that he knew about the plan in advance: “John made a list of the things he would 
 
 
- 35 - 
bring, you know.  He kind of planned it by himself when I was at home or 
wherever I was at, and he showed me the list before we even met up with Jennifer 
and took her out.”  Rodgers even listed the items contained in the notes, and his 
recitation of the course of events of the evening conforms to the written plan.  The 
trial court noted that even though Rodgers knew about the plan in advance, he 
made the date with Robinson anyway and took her to Lawrence’s home.  Then, 
together they took her into the woods.  Rodgers participated in intoxicating the 
victim, had sex with her, and after she had been killed, sliced her head.  He and 
Lawrence together placed the body in the back of the truck, drove to a place where 
they attempted to burn her clothes, and covered the body with debris.  In his May 
13 statement, Rodgers admitted he was the shooter.  In fact, when he was arrested, 
he was carrying the murder weapon.  Given the overwhelming evidence that 
Rodgers’s participation in the murder was far from minor, the exclusion of books 
and weapons found in a codefendant’s home, with no connection whatsoever to 
Rodgers, even if somehow erroneous, constitutes harmless error. 
 
As to the factor of substantial domination, the court found that Rodgers’s 
“attraction to Jonathan Lawrence and vice versa was their passion for the senseless 
killing and attempted killing of human beings.”  The court noted that even under 
Rodgers’s May 10 statement in which he alleged surprise at Lawrence’s action, 
Rodgers claimed he took the gun from Lawrence and considered killing him.  
 
 
- 36 - 
Further, in the attempted murder of Smitherman, Rodgers gave the orders; and in 
the prior murder of Jonathan Livingston he was the first to stab the victim. 
 
I would add that in that same May 10 statement, Rodgers was asked whether 
Lawrence had previously mentioned the idea of killing Robinson.  Rodgers 
responded, “No, [Lawrence] stopped when I said that, you know, ‘cause he knew I 
meant it.  He usually listened to me.”  (Emphasis added.)  In fact, Rodgers never 
suggested—in his statements to his girlfriend, to his brother, or even to police—
that Lawrence intimidated or coerced him into acting.  In both statements to law 
enforcement officers, Rodgers said that, although he had the gun and expressed his 
disgust with Lawrence’s desecration of Robinson’s body, he helped Lawrence put 
her body in the truck to transport it to another site and helped put her body near a 
tree.  When Lawrence’s truck would not start, he and Lawrence walked to a 
convenience store and called Rodgers’s girlfriend.  She took them to Lawrence’s 
place; then Rodgers and Lawrence returned to the site where they had left 
Robinson so they could burn her belongings.  Then Lawrence went to work, and 
Rodgers went home to sleep. 
 
Again, given the scant evidence of Lawrence’s domination of Rodgers, and 
the fact that the books and weapons found in Lawrence’s home do not tend to 
prove that Lawrence dominated him, even if exclusion of the evidence was 
somehow erroneous, any error was harmless. 
 
 
- 37 - 
 
The trial court found and gave great weight to two serious aggravating 
factors: that Rodgers had committed a prior violent felony and that the Robinson 
murder was cold, calculated, and premeditated (CCP).  The prior violent felony 
aggravator in turn was based on two serious violent felonies: attempted murder and 
first-degree murder.  In fact, the murder of Jennifer Robinson in May 1998 was the 
culmination of a three-month spree of violence:  they had shot Smitherman on 
March 29 and murdered Livingston on April 9.13 
 
In light of the mitigating evidence presented, and especially in light of the 
admitted evidence on relative culpability, the excluded evidence would have 
provided minimal mitigation at best.  The court ascribed great weight to the 
Livingston murder and Smitherman attempted murder and to the CCP aggravator, 
determining that they “greatly outweigh the mitigating circumstances.”  
Accordingly, I conclude that the failure to admit the evidence was harmless beyond 
a reasonable doubt.  See Douglas v. State, 878 So. 2d 1246, 1258 (Fla. 2004) 
(noting that “even if we were to conclude that the trial court erred in rejecting this 
mitigation, this error would be harmless given the other mitigating evidence 
considered and weighed by the trial court and the minimal amount of additional 
                                          
 
13.  In his May 13 statement, Rodgers told officers about the Livingston 
murder.  Rodgers explained that Livingston, Lawrence, and he were at Lawrence’s 
house watching Lawrence’s relatives repair a truck, when Lawrence signaled that 
they should kill Livingston.  Rodgers shrugged his shoulders to indicate that he 
“didn’t care.”  After dark they told Livingston that they had some marijuana and 
drove off in Lawrence’s truck to a field, where they stabbed him to death. 
 
 
- 38 - 
mitigation these factors would have provided”), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1061 
(2005); Taylor v. State, 855 So. 2d 1, 30 (Fla. 2003) (stating that “even if the trial 
judge erred in rejecting this factor as nonmitigating or in failing to assign it any 
weight, any error would be harmless, given the minimal amount of mitigation this 
factor would have provided”), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 905 (2004). 
III.  CONCLUSION 
 
As explained above, the trial court’s decision should be affirmed.  The 
evidence that the majority finds so pivotal was irrelevant, and even if deemed 
relevant, its value as mitigation is minimal.  Thus, any error in excluding it was 
harmless.  
QUINCE, J., concurs. 
 
 
 
An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Santa Rosa County,  
Paul Rasmussen, Judge - Case No. 98-274-CFA 
 
Mark E. Olive, Tallahassee, Florida, 
 
 
for Appellant 
 
Charles J. Crist, Jr., Attorney General, and Curtis M. French, Assistant Attorney 
General, Tallahassee, Florida, 
 
 
for Appellee