Title: Woodbury v. Nichols

State: wyoming

Issuer: Wyoming Supreme Court

Document:

Woodbury v. Nichols1990 WY 93797 P.2d 556Case Number: 89-257Decided: 09/13/1990Supreme Court of Wyoming
CHARLES T. WOODBURY, AS 
PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF MICHAEL J. WOODBURY, DECEASED, AND AS ADMINISTRATOR 
OF THE ESTATE OF MICHAEL J. WOODBURY, DECEASED, AND ON BEHALF OF CHARLES T. 
WOODBURY, INDIVIDUALLY, NANCY GROSSHART, AND ON BEHALF OF CHARLES T. WOODBURY, 
AS GUARDIAN AND GUARDIAN AD LITEM OF JOSHUA R. WOODBURY, A MINOR, 

APPELLANT 
(PLAINTIFF),

v.

THOMAS NICHOLS, 

APPELLEE 
(DEFENDANT).

Appeal from the District 
Court of Uinta County, John D. Troughton, J.

Daniel M. Hesse 
(argued) of Meyer & Williams, Jackson, for appellant.

Ford T. Bussart 
(argued), of Greenhalgh, Bussart, West & Rossetti, Rock Springs, and Lisa A. 
Botham, Green River, for appellee.

Before 
CARDINE, C.J.*, and THOMAS, URBIGKIT, MACY and GOLDEN, 
JJ.

* Chief Justice at time of 
oral argument.

CARDINE, Justice.

[¶1]      Charles T. 
Woodbury (father), Nancy Grosshart (mother), and Joshua R. Woodbury (brother), 
appellants (Woodburys), sued Thomas Nichols to recover damages for the wrongful 
death of Michael J. Woodbury. The jury found Thomas Nichols, appellee (Nichols), 
55 percent negligent in causing the death of Michael J. Woodbury. However, the 
jury found that the Woodbury damages were $0.00 (zero). The Woodburys challenge 
the verdict and the judgment entered thereon asserting that such damages are 
inadequate as a matter of law. The Woodburys also contend they were entitled to 
a directed verdict on the issue of whether Nichols' negligence was willful and 
wanton as a matter of law.

[¶2]      We 
affirm.

[¶3]      Woodburys present 
these issues:

"If the great weight of 
evidence shows appellee's willful and wanton misconduct was the proximate cause 
of appellants' decedent's death, and that appellants suffered damages thereby, 
is an award of zero damages inadequate as a matter of law?

"If reasonable minds 
could not differ, and if but one inference could be drawn from the evidence 
regarding appellee's willful and wanton misconduct, were appellants entitled to 
a directed verdict on that issue?"

Nichols argues 
in counterpoint that the jury's award of zero damages is adequately supported by 
the evidence and that the district court properly denied the Woodburys' motion 
for a directed verdict on the issue of his willful and wanton 
negligence.

[¶4]      Michael Woodbury, 
18 years old at the time, was killed in this tragic one-car accident on the 
night of February 16-17, 1987. He and his friend Thomas Nichols, who was 19 
years old, began drinking beer, peppermint schnapps and whiskey at about 8:30 
p.m. the evening of the accident. At about 11:00 p.m., the boys decided to go 
for a ride in Michael Woodbury's car. Michael gave the keys to Nichols and 
suggested that he drive. Nichols drove the car up a dirt lane to U.S. Highway 
30. Once on the highway, he was driving the car at a speed which may have been 
as high as 134 miles per hour. The drive did not last long. Nichols lost control 
of the car at about 11:10 p.m. It went off the roadway; skidded across a county 
road, shearing off a stop sign; went back onto the roadway for a short distance 
and then back into the ditch; and rolled one and one-half times, finally coming 
to rest on its roof against the highway right-of-way fence approximately 1,000 
feet from the point where the car first went off the roadway. Nichols was not 
seriously injured in the accident, but Michael was trapped in the car upside 
down and his neck was broken by the impact. The highway patrolman who 
investigated the accident ascertained immediately that his injuries were very 
serious. Michael was removed from the car by firemen. EMT's were at the scene 
very shortly after the accident. Michael was pronounced dead several hours later 
at an Evanston hospital.

[¶5]      The Woodburys 
sought damages for the loss of companionship, society and comfort both past 
(from the occurrence of his death until the date of trial) and future for the 
wrongful death of Michael Woodbury. The jury found that neither boy had been 
willfully and wantonly negligent, but that both had been negligent, attributing 
55% of the negligence to Nichols and 45% to Michael Woodbury, and that the three 
plaintiffs had sustained zero damages. Woodburys contend here that the damage 
award is unconscionable and is inadequate as a matter of law.

[¶6]      The assessment of 
damages is an issue for jury determination when a case is tried to a jury. We, 
therefore, begin our analysis with our standard for reviewing fact findings of a 
jury:

"We assume the evidence 
in favor of the successful party to be true, leaving out of consideration 
entirely the evidence in conflict, and assigning every favorable inference to 
the evidence of the successful party that can be reasonably and fairly drawn 
from it. In addition, when reviewing a jury verdict, we leave to the jury the 
duty of ascertaining the facts, reconciling conflicts therein and drawing its 
own inferences if more than one inference is permissible. Also, when the facts 
permit the drawing of more than one inference, then it is for the jury to choose 
which one will be utilized and, if supported by substantial evidence, the jury's 
choice will be held by us to be conclusive." Reese v. Dow Chemical Co., 728 P.2d 1118, 1120 (Wyo. 1986) (quoting from Crown Cork & Seal Co., Inc. v. Admiral 
Beverage Corp., 638 P.2d 1272, 1274-75 (Wyo. 1982)).

The Reese case 
deals with an issue quite similar to that in this case. In Reese, the plaintiff 
sought damages for wrongful termination of his employment. The jury found that 
Dow Chemical was negligent in performing a contractual duty and attributed 60% 
of the negligence to Dow Chemical and 40% of it to Reese. However, the jury 
found that Reese's damages were zero. In that case, we were able to reconcile 
the jury's findings and held that the evidence was sufficient to support the 
jury's determination. See also Canyon View Ranch v. Basin Electric Power Corp., 
628 P.2d 530, 541 (Wyo. 1981). We note that the proposition contended by 
Woodburys is not without support in the case law and commentaries. Carter v. 
Chicago & Illinois Midland Railway, 168 Ill. App.3d 652, 119 Ill.Dec. 194, 
522 N.E.2d 856 (1988); Putter v. Bowman, 7 Kan. App. 2d 323, 641 P.2d 411, 46 
A.L.R.4th 211 (1982); Toole v. Toole, 260 S.C. 235, 195 S.E.2d 389 (1973); and 
see Annotation, Excessiveness or Adequacy of Damages Awarded for Parents' 
Noneconomic Loss Caused by Personal Injury or Death of Child, 61 A.L.R.4th 413, 
§ 10(e) (1988). However, our analysis of these authorities convinces us that 
appellate courts should interfere with such a verdict only where the evidence of 
damages is uncontradicted.

[¶7]      In this case, the 
evidence of damage is conflicting. Although each of the family members testified 
to the essentially loving and close relationship that existed between them all, 
on cross-examination it was revealed: that the father had virtually never paid 
child support to Michael's mother for the support of Michael as required by a 
divorce decree; that Michael was sent by his mother to Wyoming to live with his 
father and complete high school because she was unable to keep him in school and 
out of trouble; and that there had been only infrequent contact between Michael 
and his brother during the years just preceding Michael's death. In addition, 
each of the family members testified that money was not the object of the suit, 
but rather they had brought suit to put out a message about the incredible price 
their son and brother had paid as a result of drinking and driving. Counsel for 
the Woodburys made similar statements in his argument to the jury. The jury, at 
least in part, may have taken them at their word. Moreover, the testimony at 
trial included evidence that Nichols had been subjected to criminal proceedings 
arising out of this accident, that he was convicted in those criminal 
proceedings, and that as a result of the criminal proceedings he was paying 
restitution to the Woodburys. Finally, the evidence disclosed that these two 
boys were the best of friends and Nichols suffered greatly, and continues to 
suffer greatly, the horror of having caused his best friend's death. In light of 
all these unusual circumstances, the testimony showing lack of loss of 
companionship, society and comfort, and appellant's admission that suit was 
brought to send a message about drinking and driving, the conscience of this 
court is not shocked nor can we conclude that the zero damage award was 
inadequate as a matter of law. See Caterpillar Tractor Co. v. Donahue, 674 P.2d 1276, 1289 (Wyo. 1983).

[¶8]      The Woodburys 
also contend that the district court should have directed a verdict in their 
favor on the issue of willful and wanton negligence. The district court refused 
to direct the verdict or to grant post-verdict relief. Woodburys claim the 
evidence which showed Nichols had a high blood alcohol content and was driving 
at 134 miles per hour establishes the existence of willful and wanton misconduct 
on his part. Our precedents are clear that, except for the most unusual of 
circumstances, the trial court should, as was done in this case, present the 
question of willful and wanton misconduct to the jury. Danculovich v. Brown, 593 P.2d 187, 191 (Wyo. 1979); Krahn v. LaMeres, 483 P.2d 522, 525-26 (Wyo. 1971); 
Severin v. Hayes, 372 P.2d 1017, 1020 (Wyo. 1962); Meyer v. Culley, 69 Wyo. 285, 
241 P.2d 87, 96 (1952); and see Annotation, Speed, Alone or in Connection with 
Other Circumstances, as Gross Negligence, Wantonness, Recklessness, or the Like, 
under Automobile Guest Statute, 6 A.L.R.3d 769 (1966). The tragedy of young 
people drinking and driving - and dying - on our highways is repeated over and 
over again. The legislature has reacted to this problem in many ways: harsher 
penalties such as heavier fines, loss of driving privileges, and jail sentences. 
Vehicular homicide is now a crime of such magnitude as to serve as an effectual 
deterrent. Enforcement of the laws governing driving while under the influence 
of intoxicants has been enhanced. And, educational programs to alert young 
people to the devastating numbers of deaths and maiming injuries which result 
from drinking and driving are universally a part of school curricula and make 
frequent appearances in public fora, e.g., magazines, newspapers, television, 
and motion pictures. Michael Woodbury was a minor and Nichols an adult, but 
there was only a matter of a few months' difference in their ages. The jury 
might have considered that here was yet another case where young people were 
playing out the tragedy of drinking and driving, but that neither was acting 
with a state of mind that could be considered to have an element of an intent to 
do harm to one another. We can think of no substitute for the deliberation of a 
jury to unravel the virtually irreducible question of whether such cases as this 
are accompanied by willfulness and wantonness. We continue to hold that the 
question is one for the jury.

[¶9]      
Affirmed.