Title: In Re: Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases

State: florida

Issuer: Florida Supreme Court

Document:

Supreme Court of Florida 
 
 
____________ 
 
No. SC13-1121 
____________ 
 
 
IN RE: STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES— 
REPORT NO. 2013-04. 
 
[June 4, 2015] 
 
PER CURIAM. 
 
The Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal 
Cases (Committee) has submitted proposed changes to the standard jury 
instructions and asks that the Court authorize the amended standard instructions for 
publication and use.  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 2(a), Fla. Const. 
The Committee proposes amending the following existing standard criminal 
jury instructions:  28.4 (Leaving the Scene of a Crash Involving Death or Injury); 
28.6 (Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer); 28.7 (Fleeing to Elude a Law 
Enforcement Officer (Siren and Lights Activated)); 28.8 (Fleeing to Elude a Law 
Enforcement Officer (Siren and Lights Activated with High Speed or Reckless 
Driving)); 28.81 (Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer (Siren and Lights 
Activated with High Speed or Reckless Driving Causing Serious Bodily Injury or 
 
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Death)); 28.82 (Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding (Leaving a Crash Involving Injury 
or Death then Causing Serious Bodily Injury or Death)); 28.83 (Aggravated 
Fleeing or Eluding (Leaving a Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property 
then Causing Serious Bodily Injury or Death)); 28.84 (Aggravated Fleeing or 
Eluding (Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death then Causing Injury or 
Property Damage to Another)); 28.85 (Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding (Leaving a 
Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property then Causing Injury or Property 
Damage to Another)).  The Committee also proposes the following new jury 
instruction:  28.18 (Failure to Obey the Lawful Order of a [Police] [Fire] [Traffic] 
Official).  The Committee published its proposals in The Florida Bar News.  Two 
comments were received by the Committee.  The Court did not publish the 
proposals after they were filed. 
Having considered the Committee’s report and the comments submitted to 
the Committee, we amend the standard jury instructions as proposed by the 
Committee and authorize them for publication and use.  The majority of the 
Committee’s proposals are straightforward and do not warrant further discussion.  
With respect to instructions 28.81, 28.82, 28.83, 28.84, and 28.85, those 
instructions are renumbered 28.8(a), 28.8(b), 28.8(c), 28.8(d), and 28.8(e), 
respectively.  Instructions 28.4, 28.8(b), and 28.8(e) have been modified to reflect 
the actual knowledge element, i.e., that the defendant knew that he or she was 
 
- 3 - 
involved in a crash or accident, consistent with this Court’s decision in State v. 
Dorsett, 158 So. 3d 557, 563 (Fla. 2015). 
The new and amended criminal jury instructions, as set forth in the appendix 
to this opinion, are hereby authorized for publication and use.1  New language is 
indicated by underlining, and deleted language is indicated by struck-through type.  
In authorizing the publication and use of these instructions, we express no opinion 
on their correctness and remind all interested parties that this authorization 
forecloses neither requesting additional or alternative instructions nor contesting 
the legal correctness of the instructions.  We further caution all interested parties 
that any comments associated with the instructions reflect only the opinion of the 
Committee and are not necessarily indicative of the views of this Court as to their 
correctness or applicability.  The instructions as set forth in the appendix shall be 
effective when this opinion becomes final. 
It is so ordered. 
LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, CANADY, POLSTON, 
and PERRY, JJ., concur.  
 
                                          
 
 
1.  The amendments as reflected in the appendix are to the Criminal Jury 
Instructions as they appear on the Court’s website at www.floridasupremecourt.org 
/jury_instructions/instructions.shtml.  We recognize that there may be minor 
discrepancies between the instructions as they appear on the website and the 
published versions of the instructions.  Any discrepancies as to instructions 
authorized for publication and use after October 25, 2007, should be resolved by 
reference to the published opinion of this Court authorizing the instruction. 
 
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NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND 
IF FILED, DETERMINED.  
 
Original Proceedings – Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in 
Criminal Cases  
 
Judge Jerri Lynn Collins, Chair, Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury 
Instructions in Criminal Cases, Sanford, Florida; Judge Joseph Anthony Bulone, 
Past Chair, Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal 
Cases, Clearwater, Florida; and Bart Neil Schneider, Staff Liaison, Office of the 
State Courts Administrator, Tallahassee, Florida,  
 
for Petitioner 
 
 
 
- 5 - 
APPENDIX 
28.4 LEAVING THE SCENE OF A CRASH INVOLVING  
[DEATH] OR [INJURY] 
§ 316.027(1), Fla. Stat.; § 316.062, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Leaving the Scene of a Crash Involving [Death] 
[Injury], the State must prove the following four elements beyond a 
reasonable doubt: 
 
1. (Defendant) was the driver of a vehicle involved in a crash or 
accident occurring on public or private property resulting in 
[injury to] [death of] any person. 
 
2. (Defendant) knew or should have knownthat [he] [she] was 
involved in a crash or accident. 
 
     Give 3a if death is charged or 3b if injury is charged. 
3. 
a.  (Defendant) knew, or should have known from all of the 
circumstances, including the nature of the crash or 
accident, of the injury to or death of the person. 
 
b.  (Defendant) knew, or should have known from all of the 
circumstances, including the nature of the crash or 
accident, of the injury to the person. 
 
 
     Give 4a, 4b, or both as applicable. 
4. 
a. (Defendant) willfully failed to stop at the scene of the crash 
or accident or as close to the crash or accident as possible 
                and remain there until [he] [she] had given “identifying 
                information” to the [injured person] [driver] [occupant] 
                [person attending the vehicle] and to any police officer  
                investigating the crash or accident. 
 
 
 
[or] 
 
 
b. (Defendant) willfully failed to render “reasonable 
assistance” to the injured person if such treatment 
appeared to be necessary or was requested by the injured 
person. 
 
- 6 - 
 
If the State proves that the defendant willfully failed to give any part of 
the “identifying information” or willfully failed to give reasonable assistance, 
the State satisfies this element of the offense. 
 
 
Definitions. Fla. Stat. § 316.003(75). 
 
A “vehicle” is every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is, or may be, transported or drawn upon a highway, except devices 
used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
 “Identifying information” means the name, address, vehicle 
registration number, and, if available and requested, the exhibition of the 
defendant’s license or permit to drive. 
 
 
“Reasonable assistance” includes carrying or making arrangements to 
carry the injured person to a physician or hospital for medical treatment. 
 
           Patterson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987).  
 
“Willfully” means knowingly, intentionally and purposely. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
 
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. 
 
LEAVING THE SCENE OF A CRASH INVOLVING DEATH OR 
INJURY — 316.027(1) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
None 
 
 
 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Comments 
  
 
See Mancuso v. State, 652 So. 2d 370 (Fla. 1995), State v. Dumas, 700 So. 
2d 1223 (Fla. 1997), and State v. Dorsett, 158 So. 3d 557 (Fla. 2015).  
 
This instruction was adopted in 1995 [665 So. 2d 212] and amended in 2008 
[SC07-1851, January 10, 2008] [973 So. 2d 432] and 2015. 
 
 
 
 
 
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28.6  FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER 
§ 316.1935(1), Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer, the 
State must prove the following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. (Defendant) was operating a vehicle upon a street or highway in 
Florida. 
 
2. A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered the defendant 
to stop or remain stopped. 
 
Give 3a or 3b as applicable. 
3. (Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been ordered to stop by a duly 
authorized law enforcement officer,  
 
a. willfully refused or failed to stop the vehicle in compliance 
with the order 
 
b. having stopped the vehicle, willfully fled in a vehicle in an 
attempt to elude the officer. 
 
Definitions. 
 
“Operator” means any person who is in actual physical control of a 
motor vehicle upon the highway [or who is exercising control over or steering 
a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle]. 
 
          Fla. Stat. § 316.003(53) 
 
“Street or highway” means the entire width between boundary lines of 
every way or place of whatever nature when any part thereof is open to the 
public for purposes of vehicular traffic. 
 
           Fla. Stat. § 316.003(75) 
 
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
 Patterson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987).  
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. 
 
 
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Lesser Included Offenses 
 
 
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER — 
316.1935(1) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Reckless Driving (if 
there was evidence 
that the fleeing was in 
a motor vehicle) 
 
None  
 
316.192(1)(b) 28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
316.072(3) 
28.18 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense, see Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 
464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2000 [765 So. 2d 692] and amended in 2008 
[976 So. 2d 1081], and 2011 [73 So. 3d 136], and 2015. 
 
28.7  FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER 
(Siren and Lights Activated) 
§ 316.1935(2), Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer, the 
State must prove the following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. (Defendant) was operating a vehicle upon a street or highway in 
Florida. 
 
2. (Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been directed to stop by a duly 
authorized law enforcement officer, willfully fled in a vehicle in an 
attempt to elude a law enforcement officer. 
 
3. The law enforcement officer was in an authorized law enforcement 
patrol vehicle with agency insignia and other jurisdictional markings 
 
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prominently displayed on the vehicle and with siren and lights 
activated. 
 
 
Definitions. 
 
“Operator” means any person who is in actual physical control of a 
motor vehicle upon the highway [or who is exercising control over or steering 
a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle]. 
 
           Fla. Stat. § 316.003(53) 
 
“Street or highway” means the entire width between boundary lines of 
every way or place of whatever nature when any part thereof is open to the 
public for purposes of vehicular traffic. 
 
           Fla. Stat. § 316.003(75) 
 
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
           Patterson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987). 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER — 
316.1935(2) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
Reckless Driving (if 
there is evidence that 
the fleeing was in a 
motor vehicle) 
 
316.192(1)(b) 28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
 
316.072(3) 
 
28.18 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense, see Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 
464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
- 10 - 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2000 [765 So. 2d 692] and amended in 2008 
[976 So. 2d 1081], and 2011 [73 So. 3d 136] and 2015. 
 
28.8  FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER  
(Siren and Lights Activated with High Speed or Reckless Driving) 
§ 316.1935(3)(a), Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer, the 
State must prove the following four elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. (Defendant) was operating a vehicle upon a street or highway in 
Florida. 
 
2. (Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been directed to stop by a duly 
authorized law enforcement officer, willfully fled in a vehicle in an 
attempt to elude a law enforcement officer. 
 
3. The law enforcement officer was in an authorized law enforcement 
patrol vehicle with agency insignia and other jurisdictional markings 
prominently displayed on the vehicle and with siren and lights 
activated. 
 
4. During the course of the fleeing or the attempt to elude, (defendant) 
drove at high speed or in any manner demonstrating a wanton 
disregard for the safety of persons or property. 
 
 
Definitions. 
 
“Operator” means any person who is in actual physical control of a 
motor vehicle upon the highway [or who is exercising control over or steering 
a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle]. 
 
          Fla. Stat. § 316.003(53) 
 
“Street or highway” means the entire width between boundary lines of 
every way or place of whatever nature when any part thereof is open to the 
public for purposes of vehicular traffic. 
 
          Fla. Stat. § 316.003(75) 
 
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
- 11 - 
 
          Patterson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987). 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER — 
316.1935 (3)(a) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
Reckless Driving (if 
wanton disregard for the 
safety of persons or 
property is charged or if 
there is evidence that 
the fleeing was in a 
motor vehicle) 
Reckless driving 
316.192(1) 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
 
316.072(3) 
 
28.18 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2000 [765 So. 2d 692] and amended in 2008 
[976 So. 2d 1081], and 2011 [73 So. 3d 136] and 2015. 
 
28.81(a)  FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER 
(Siren and Lights Activated with High Speed or Reckless Driving Causing  
Serious Bodily Injury or Death) 
§ 316.1935(3)(b), Fla. Stat. 
 
  
To prove the crime of Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer, the 
State must prove the following five elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. (Defendant) was operating a vehicle upon a street or highway in 
Florida. 
 
- 12 - 
 
2. (Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been directed to stop by a duly 
authorized law enforcement officer, willfully fled in a vehicle in an 
attempt to elude a law enforcement officer.  
 
3. The law enforcement officer was in an authorized law enforcement 
patrol vehicle with agency insignia and other jurisdictional markings 
prominently displayed on the vehicle and with siren and lights 
activated. 
 
4. During the course of the fleeing or the attempt to elude, (defendant) 
drove at high speed or in any manner demonstrating a wanton 
disregard for the safety of persons or property. 
 
5. As a result of (defendant’s) fleeing or eluding at high speed or wanton 
disregard for safety, [he] [she] caused [the death of] [serious bodily 
injury to] [another person] [a law enforcement officer involved in 
pursuing or otherwise attempting to stop [his] [her] vehicle]. 
 
 
Definitions. 
  
“Operator” means any person who is in actual physical control of a 
motor vehicle upon the highway [or who is exercising control over or 
steering a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle]. 
 
          Fla. Stat. § 316.003(53) 
  
“Street or highway” means the entire width between boundary lines of 
every way or place of whatever nature when any part thereof is open to the 
public for purposes of vehicular traffic. 
 
  
Fla. Stat. § 316.003(75) 
  
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
          Patterson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987).    
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. 
 
 
- 13 - 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER — 
316.1935(3)(b) 
CATEGORY 
ONE 
CATEGORY 
TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(3)(a) 
28.8 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
Reckless Driving 
(if wanton 
disregard for the 
safety of persons 
or property is 
charged or if there 
is evidence that 
the fleeing is in a 
motor vehicle) 
Reckless driving 
316.192(1) 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to 
Police or Fire 
Department 
Officials 
 
316.072(3) 
 
28.18 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of  Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008 [976 So. 2d 1081] and amended in 
2011 [73 So. 3d 136] and 2015. 
 
28.82(b)  AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING 
(Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death then Causing Serious  
Bodily Injury or Death)  
§ 316.1935(4)(b) and § 316.027, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding, the State must 
prove the following seven elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
 
- 14 - 
1. (Defendant) was the driver of a vehicle involved in a crash or accident 
occurring on public or private property resulting in [injury to] [the 
death of] any person. 
 
2. (Defendant) knew or should have known that [he] [she] was involved 
in a crash or accident. 
 
Give 3a if death is charged or 3b if injury is charged. 
3. 
a. 
(Defendant) knew, or should have known from all of the 
                     circumstances, including the nature of the crash or  
                     accident, of the injury to or death of the person. 
 
b. 
(Defendant) knew, or should have known from all of the 
circumstances, including the nature of the crash or 
accident, of the injury to the person. 
 
Give 4a or 4b or both as applicable. 
4. 
(Defendant) 
 
a. willfully failed to stop at the scene of the crash or accident or 
as close to the crash or accident as possible and remain there 
until [he] [she] had given “identifying information” to the 
[injured person] [driver] [occupant][person attending the 
vehicle or other damaged property] and to any police officer 
investigating the crash or accident. 
 
b. willfully failed to render “reasonable assistance” to the injured 
person if such treatment appeared to be necessary or was 
requested by the injured person. 
 
5. 
A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered (defendant) to 
stop. 
 
6. 
(Defendant), knowing [he][she] had been ordered to stop by a law 
enforcement officer, [willfully refused or failed to stop 
[his][her]vehicle in compliance with the order to stop] [and after 
having stopped in knowing compliance with the order to stop, 
willfully fled in a vehicle in an attempt to elude the law 
enforcement officer.] 
 
 
- 15 - 
7. 
As a result of (defendant) fleeing or eluding, [he] [she] caused 
[serious bodily injury to] [the death of] (name of victim). 
 
§ 316.027, Fla. Stat. 
A driver has the legal duty to immediately stop [his] [her] vehicle at the 
scene of the crash or accident or as close to the scene of the crash or accident 
as possible and provide “identifying information.” 
 
 
If the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant 
willfully failed to give any part of the “identifying information” or willfully 
failed to give reasonable assistance, the State satisfies this element of the 
offense.  
 
Definitions. 
Patterson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987). 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely.  
            
          Fla. Stat. § 316.062 
 
“Identifying information” means the name, address, vehicle registration 
number, and, if available and requested, the exhibition of the defendant’s 
license or permit to drive. 
 
 
“Reasonable assistance” includes carrying or making arrangement to 
carry the injured person to a physician or hospital for medical treatment. 
 
          Fla. Stat. § 316.003(75) 
          “Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
   
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING  
(Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death and then Causing Serious 
Injury Bodily Injury or Death) — 
316.1935(4)(b) and 316.027 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA.STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Aggravated Fleeing  
 
316.1935(4)(a) 
28.84 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
 
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Leaving Scene of a 
Crash Accident 
Involving Death  
 
316.027(1)(b) 
28.4 
Leaving Scene of a 
Crash Accident 
Involving Injury 
 
316.027(1)(a) 
28.4 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(b) 
28.81 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(a) 
28.8 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
Reckless Driving (if 
there was evidence 
that the fleeing was in 
a motor vehicle) 
Reckless Driving 
316.192(1)(b) 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
 
316.072(3) 
 
28.18 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
See Mancuso v. State, 652 So. 2d 370 (Fla. 1995),  State v. Dumas, 700 So. 
2d 1223 (Fla. 1997), and State v. Dorsett, 158 So. 3d 557 (Fla. 2015). 
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008 [976 So. 2d 1081] and amended in 
2011 [73 So. 3d 136] and 2015. 
 
28.83(c)  AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING  
(Leaving a Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property then Causing  
Serious Bodily Injury or Death) 
§ 316.1935(4)(b) and § 316.061, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding, the State must 
prove the following seven elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. (Defendant) was the driver of a vehicle involved in a crash resulting 
only in damage [to a vehicle] [to property other than a vehicle] which 
was driven or attended by a person. 
 
 
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2. (Defendant) knew or should have known that [he] [she] was involved 
in a crash The crash resulted only in damage to a vehicle or other 
property. 
 
3. (Defendant) knew or should have known of the damage to [the 
vehicle] [the attended property] The [vehicle] [other property] was 
[driven] [attended] by [a person] [(name of person)]. 
 
4. (Defendant) willfully failed to stop at the scene of the crash or as close 
to the crash as possible and remain there until [he] [she] had given 
“identifying information” to the [driver or occupant of the damaged 
vehicle] [person attending the damaged vehicle or property] [and to 
any police officer at the scene of the crash or who is investigating the 
crash. 
 
5. A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered (defendant) to 
stop. 
 
6. (Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been ordered to stop by a law 
enforcement officer, [willfully refused or failed to stop [his] [her] 
vehicle in compliance with the order to stop] [and after having 
stopped in knowing compliance with the order to stop, willfully fled 
in a vehicle in an attempt to elude the law enforcement officer]. 
 
7. As a result of (defendant) fleeing or eluding, [he] she] caused [serious 
bodily injury to] [the death of] (name of victim). 
§ 316.061, Fla. Stat. 
A driver has the legal duty to immediately stop [his] [her] vehicle at the 
scene of the crash or as close to the scene of the crash as possible and provide 
“identifying information.” 
 
 
If the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant 
willfully failed to give any part of the “identifying information,” the State 
satisfies this element of the offense. 
 
Definitions. 
Patterson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987).  
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely.  
 
 
- 18 - 
Fla. Stat. § 316.062(1).  
 
“Identifying information” means the name, address, vehicle registration 
number, and, if available and requested, the exhibition of the defendant’s 
license or permit to drive. 
 
Fla. Stat. § 316.003(75) 
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING  
(Leaving a Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property then Causing 
Serious Bodily Injury or Death) — 316.1935(4)(b) and 316.061 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA.STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Aggravated Fleeing  
 
316.1935(4)(a) 
28.85 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
Leaving the Scene of a 
Crash Involving 
Damage to Vehicle or 
Property 
 
316.061 
28.4(a) 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(b) 
28.81 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(a) 
28.8 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
Reckless Driving (if 
there was evidence 
that the fleeing was in 
a motor vehicle) 
Reckless Driving 
316.192(1)(b) 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
316.072(3) 
28.18 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
- 19 - 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008 [976 So. 2d 1081] and amended in 
2011 [73 So. 3d  136] and 2015. 
 
28.84(d)  AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING 
(Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death then Causing Injury or  
Property Damage to Another) 
§ 316.1935(4)(a) and § 316.027 Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding, the State must 
prove the following seven elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. (Defendant) was the driver of a vehicle involved in a crash or accident 
occurring on public or private property resulting in [injury to] [the 
death of] any person. 
 
2. (Defendant) knew or should have known that [he] [she] was involved 
in a crash or accident. 
 
Give 3a if death is charged or 3b if injury is charged. 
3. 
a. 
(Defendant) knew, or should have known from all of the 
                     circumstances, including the nature of the crash or 
                     accident, of the injury to or death of the person. 
 
b. 
(Defendant) knew, or should have known from all of the 
circumstances, including the nature of the crash or 
accident, of the injury to the person. 
 
 
Give 4a or 4b or both as applicable. 
4. 
(Defendant) 
 
a. willfully failed to stop at the scene of the crash or accident or 
as close to the crash or accident as possible and remain there 
until [he] [she] had given “identifying information” to the 
[injured person] [driver] [occupant] [person attending the 
vehicle or other damaged property] and to any police officer 
investigating the crash or accident. 
 
b. willfully failed to render “reasonable assistance” to the injured 
person if such treatment appeared to be necessary or was 
requested by the injured person. 
 
- 20 - 
 
5. 
A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered (defendant) to 
stop. 
 
6. 
(Defendant), knowing [he][she] had been ordered to stop by a law 
enforcement officer, [willfully refused or failed to stop 
[his][her]vehicle in compliance with the order to stop][and after 
having stopped in knowing compliance with the order to stop, 
willfully fled in a vehicle in an attempt to elude the law 
enforcement officer.] 
 
7. 
As a result of (defendant) fleeing or eluding, [he] [she] caused [an 
injury to] [damage to the property of] (name of victim). 
 
§ 316.027, Fla. Stat. 
A driver has the legal duty to immediately stop [his] [her] vehicle at the 
scene of the crash or accident or as close to the scene of the crash or accident 
as possible and provide “identifying information.” 
 
 
If the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant 
willfully failed to give any part of the “identifying information” or willfully 
failed to give reasonable assistance, the State satisfies this element of the 
offense.  
 
Definitions. 
 
Patterson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987). 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely.  
           
           Fla. Stat. § 316.062 
 
“Identifying information” means the name, address, vehicle registration 
number, and, if available and requested, the exhibition of the defendant’s 
license or permit to drive. 
 
 
“Reasonable assistance” includes carrying or making arrangement to 
carry the injured person to a physician or hospital for medical treatment. 
 
 
Fla. Stat. § 316.003(75) 
 
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
- 21 - 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING  
(Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death and then Causing Injury or 
Property Damage to Another) — 316.1935(4)(a) and § 316.027 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA.STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
Leaving Scene of a 
Crash Accident 
Involving Death 
 
316.027(1)(b) 
28.4 
Leaving Scene of a 
Crash Accident 
Involving Injury 
 
316.027(1)(a) 
28.4 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(b) 
28.81 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(a) 
28.8 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
Reckless Driving (if 
there was evidence 
that the fleeing was in 
a motor vehicle) 
Reckless Driving 
316.192(1)(b) 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
 
316.072(3) 
 
28.18 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
See Mancuso v. State, 652 So. 2d 370 (Fla. 1995),  State v. Dumas, 700 So. 
2d 1223 (Fla. 1997), and State v. Dorsett, 158 So. 3d 557 (Fla. 2015). 
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008 [976 So. 2d 1081] and amended in 
2011 [73 So. 3d 136] and 2015. 
 
 
- 22 - 
28.85(e)  AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING 
(Leaving a Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property then Causing 
Injury or Property Damage to Another) 
§ 316.1935(4)(a) and § 316.061, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding, the State must 
prove the following seven elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. (Defendant) was the driver of a vehicle involved in a crashresulting 
only in damage [to a vehicle] [to property other than a vehicle] which 
was driven or attended by a person. 
 
2. (Defendant) knew or should have known that [he] [she] was involved 
in a crashThe crash resulted only in damage to a vehicle or other 
property. 
 
3. (Defendant) knew or should have known of the damage to [the 
vehicle] [the attended property]The [vehicle] [other property] was 
[driven] [attended] by [a person] [(name of person)]. 
 
4. (Defendant) willfully failed to stop at the scene of the crash or as close 
to the crash as possible and remain there until [he] [she] had given 
“identifying information” to the [driver or occupant of the damaged 
vehicle] [person attending the damaged vehicle or property] [and to 
any police officer at the scene of the crash or who is investigating the 
crash]. 
 
5. A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered (defendant) to 
stop. 
 
6. (Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been ordered to stop by a law 
enforcement officer, [willfully refused or failed to stop [his] [her] 
vehicle in compliance with the order to stop] [and after having 
stopped in knowing compliance with the order to stop, willfully fled 
in a vehicle in an attempt to elude the law enforcement officer]. 
 
7. As a result of (defendant) fleeing or eluding, [he] [she] caused [injury 
to] [damage to the property of] (name of victim). 
 
 
- 23 - 
§ 316.061, Fla. Stat. 
A driver has the legal duty to immediately stop [his] [her] vehicle at the 
scene of the crash or as close to the scene of the crash as possible and provide 
“identifying information.” 
 
 
If the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant 
willfully failed to give any part of the “identifying information,” the State 
satisfies this element of the offense. 
 
Definitions. 
Patterson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987) 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. 
 
Fla. Stat. § 316.062(1)  
 
“Identifying information” means the name, address, vehicle registration 
number, and, if available and requested, the exhibition of the defendant’s 
license or permit to drive. 
 
Fla. Stat. § 316.003(75) 
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING  
(Leaving A Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property then Causing 
Injury or Property Damage to Another) — 316.1935(4)(a) and 316.061 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA.STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
Leaving the Scene of a 
Crash Involving  
Damage to Vehicle or 
Property 
 
316.061 
28.4(a) 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(b) 
28.81 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(a) 
28.8 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
 
- 24 - 
Reckless Driving (if 
there was evidence 
that the fleeing was in 
a motor vehicle) 
Reckless Driving 
316.192(1)(b) 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
316.072(3) 
28.18 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).  
  
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008 [976 So. 2d 1081] and amended in 
2011 [73 So. 3d 136], and 2015. 
 
28.18  FAILURE TO OBEY THE LAWFUL ORDER OF A [POLICE] 
[FIRE] [TRAFFIC] OFFICIAL 
§ 316.072(3), Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Failure to Obey the Lawful Order of a (insert type 
of official from the list in § 316.072(3) Fla. Stat.), the State must prove the 
following five elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
2. 
(Defendant) was [operating a [vehicle] [bicycle]] [walking] upon [a 
state-maintained highway] [county-maintained highway] 
[municipal street or alley] [place where vehicles have the right to 
travel]. 
 
3. 
(Name of official) gave a lawful [order] [or] [direction] to 
(defendant) regarding the operation of a vehicle or bicycle or the 
movement of a pedestrian. 
 
4. 
At the time, (name of official) was acting in [his] [her] capacity as 
a [law enforcement officer] [traffic crash investigation officer] 
[traffic infraction enforcement officer] [member of the fire 
department who was at the scene of a fire, rescue operation, or 
other emergency]. 
 
 
- 25 - 
5. 
(Defendant) knew that [he] [she] had been given a[n] [order] 
[direction] by a [law enforcement officer] [traffic crash 
investigation officer] [traffic infraction enforcement officer] 
[member of the fire department who was at the scene of a fire, 
rescue operation, or other emergency].  
 
6. 
(Defendant) willfully failed to obey [or] [willfully refused to 
comply] with the [order] [or] [direction] given.      
 
 
Definitions. Give as applicable. 
           § 316.003(75), Fla. Stat. 
             A “vehicle” is every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
        Patterson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987). 
        “Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. 
 
 
§ 316.003(2), Fla. Stat. 
           A “bicycle” is every vehicle propelled solely by human power, and 
every motorized bicycle propelled by a combination of human power and an 
electric helper motor capable of propelling the vehicle at a speed of not more 
than 20 miles per hour on level ground upon which any person may ride, 
having two tandem wheels, and including any device generally recognized as a 
bicycle though equipped with two front or two rear wheels. The term does not 
include such a vehicle with a seat height of no more than 25 inches from the 
ground when the seat is adjusted to its highest position or a scooter or similar 
device.  
 
 
§ 316.640, Fla. Stat. 
 
A “traffic crash investigation officer” is an individual who successfully 
completed instruction in traffic accident investigation and court presentation 
through the Selective Traffic Enforcement Program as approved by the 
Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission and funded through 
the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration or a similar program 
approved by the Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission, and 
who is employed by (insert relevant agency listed in § 316.640, Fla. Stat.). 
  
 
- 26 - 
§ 316.640, Fla. Stat. 
 
A “traffic infraction enforcement officer” is an individual who 
successfully completed instruction in traffic enforcement procedures and 
court presentation through the Selective Traffic Enforcement Program as 
approved by the Division of Criminal Justice Standards and Training of the 
Department of Law Enforcement, or through a similar program, and who is 
employed by (insert relevant agency listed in § 316.640, Fla. Stat.). 
 
 
Note to judge: A special instruction may be necessary when the defendant 
claims the order or direction was not lawful.  
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
FAILURE TO OBEY — 316.072(3) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
None 
 
 
 
 
Attempt 
777.04(1) 
5.1 
 
Comment 
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2015.