Title: Labrayere v. Bohr Farms, LLC

State: missouri

Issuer: Missouri Supreme Court

Document:

SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI 
en banc  
 
 
LINDA LABRAYERE AS TRUSTEE 
 
) 
OF THE DON E. LABRAYERE TRUST, 
) 
ET AL., 
 
 
 
 
 
) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
) 
   
 
Appellants,  
 
 
) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
) 
vs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
) 
No. SC93816 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
) 
BOHR FARMS, LLC, ET AL., 
 
 
) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
) 
 
 
Respondents.  
 
 
)  
 
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF BOONE COUNTY 
The Honorable Jodie Asel, Judge 
 
Opinion issued April 14, 2015 
 
Several landowners and other individuals (Appellants) filed suit against 
Cargill Pork LLC and Bohr Farms (Respondents) alleging damages for temporary 
nuisance, negligence, and conspiracy due to alleged offensive odors emanating 
from a concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) owned and operated by 
Bohr Farms.  Appellants alleged that their damages for temporary nuisance 
consisted solely of the loss of use and enjoyment of their property.   Appellants 
admitted that they were not claiming damages for diminution of rental value or 
documented medical conditions as authorized by section 537.296.2(2) and section 
537.296.2(3).1  Appellants also asserted that Bohr Farms was negligent, that 
Cargill was vicariously liable for the nuisance and negligence, and that Bohr 
Farms and Cargill engaged in a civil conspiracy.    
The circuit court entered summary judgment for Respondents.  The court 
determined that section 537.296 was constitutional and that the statute did not 
authorize an award of damages for Appellants’ alleged loss of use and enjoyment 
of their property.   The court also denied recovery on Appellants’ negligence and 
civil conspiracy claims.  This appeal follows. 
Appellants argue that section 537.296 is unconstitutional because the 
statute: (1) violates article I, section 28 of the Missouri Constitution by authorizing 
a private taking; (2) violates article I, section 26 of the Missouri Constitution by 
authorizing a taking for public use without just compensation; (3) violates the 
equal protection clause of the state and federal constitutions; (4) denies substantive 
due process and violates article I, section 2 of the Missouri Constitution; (5) 
violates the separation of powers required by article II, section I of the Missouri 
Constitution by statutorily defining “standing;” (6) violates the open courts 
provision of article I, section 14 of the Missouri Constitution; and (7) violates the 
prohibition against special laws set forth in article III, section 40 of the Missouri 
Constitution. Appellants also assert that the trial court erred in granting summary 
judgment on their claims for negligence and conspiracy because there was a 
                                                 
1  All statutory references are to RSMo 2000, as updated by RSMo Supp. 2011, unless 
otherwise indicated. 
 
 
3 
genuine issue of material fact regarding the level of control that Cargill exerted 
over Bohr.  
The judgment is affirmed.2 
I. Background 
 
Section 537.296 went into effect on August 28, 2011.  The statute supplants 
the common law of private nuisance in actions in which the “alleged nuisance 
emanates from property primarily used for crop or animal production purposes.”  
Unlike a common law private nuisance action, section 537.296 precludes recovery 
of non-economic damages for items such as loss of use and enjoyment, 
inconvenience, or discomfort caused by the nuisance.3  Instead, the statute only 
authorizes the recovery of economic damages in the form of diminution in the 
market value of the affected property as well as documented medical costs caused 
by the nuisance.  
 
In September 2011, just days after section 537.296 became effective, Bohr 
Farms began operating a CAFO that can accommodate more than 4,000 hogs.  
                                                 
2 This Court has jurisdiction over the appeal because Appellants challenge the validity of 
section 537.296.  MO. CONST. art. V, sec. 3.   
 
3 At common law, an action for temporary nuisance damages allowed recovery of both 
economic and non-economic damages.   McCracken v. Swift & Co., 265 S.W. 91, 92 
(Mo. 1924).   Economic damages included decrease in rental value while the nuisance 
existed as well as medical costs caused by the nuisance.  Id.; see also Frank v. Envtl. 
Sanitation Mgmt., 687 S.W.2d 876, 883 (Mo. banc 1985) (temporary nuisance damages 
include loss of rental value).  Non-economic damages included items such as 
inconvenience, discomfort and loss of quality of life.  McCracken, 265 S.W. at 92; see 
also Brown v. Cedar Creek Rod & Gun Club, 298 S.W.3d 14, 21 (Mo. App. 2009) 
(overruled on other grounds by Badaham v. Catering St. Louis, 395 S.W.3d 29 (Mo. banc 
2013).  
 
 
4 
Bohr Farms owns and operates the CAFO.  Cargill owns the hogs, and Bohr raises 
them.  The CAFO includes an on-site sewage disposal system as well as a system 
for composting deceased hogs.   
Appellants own or possess property in Callaway and Montgomery counties.  
The properties are located near the CAFO.  Appellants filed suit against Cargill 
and Bohr alleging that the CAFO causes offensive odors, particulates, pathogens, 
hazardous substances, flies, and manure to “escape” onto their property.  
Appellants alleged that the offensive emissions constitute a temporary nuisance 
that substantially impairs the “use and quiet enjoyment” of their property.  
Appellants did not claim damages for diminution in rental value or documented 
medical costs as authorized by section 537.296.2(2).   
 
Respondents filed a motion for summary judgment asserting that section 
537.296.2(2) foreclosed Appellants’ claim for use and enjoyment damages.  
Respondents also asserted that Appellants’ claim for damages for negligence and 
conspiracy was barred by section 537.296.6(1), which provides that damages for 
“annoyance, discomfort, sickness, or emotional distress” are recoverable 
“provided that such damages are awarded on the basis of other causes of action 
independent of a claim of nuisance.”  Respondents asserted that negligence and 
conspiracy claims are not “independent of a claim of nuisance” because they are 
based on the alleged nuisance.  
 
In response, Appellants asserted that section 537.296 violated several 
constitutional provisions and that there were insufficient facts to warrant summary 
 
5 
judgment on the conspiracy and negligence claims.  The trial court entered 
summary judgment in favor of Respondents.   
II. Standard of Review 
A summary judgment will be affirmed on appeal when there are no genuine 
issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of 
law.   ITT Commercial Fin. Corp. v. Mid-Am. Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d 
371, 380 (Mo. banc 1993).  Appellants’ argument that section 537.296 is 
unconstitutional raises legal issues subject to de novo review.  See State v. 
Honeycutt, 421 S.W.3d 410, 414 (Mo. banc 2013).  “Statutes are presumed 
constitutional and will be found unconstitutional only if they clearly contravene a 
constitutional provision.”  Id. “The person challenging the validity of the statute 
has the burden of proving the act clearly and undoubtedly violates the 
constitutional limitations.”  Id. 
 
III. Constitutional Arguments 
1. Section 537.296 does not authorize an unconstitutional private taking 
Appellants argue that section 537.296.2 authorizes an unconstitutional 
private taking.  Appellants argue that the statute effectuates a taking because 
limiting temporary nuisance damages to diminution of rental value requires 
Appellants to forfeit their right to the use and enjoyment of their properties for 
Respondents’ private benefit.  Appellants assert that the taking is private because 
the statute “effectively provide[s] the right of eminent domain to private 
 
6 
companies” in that the activity causing the alleged taking is a private farming 
operation rather than a public use or benefit.    
Article I, section 28 of the Missouri Constitution provides “[t]hat private 
property shall not be taken for private use with or without compensation, unless by 
consent of the owner ....” 4   
To demonstrate that section 537.296 authorizes 
an unconstitutional private taking, the text of article I, section 28 requires 
Appellants to identify: (1) “property” (2) that was “taken” (3) for “private use” (4) 
without Appellants’ consent.  Assuming for the sake of argument that the statutory  
limitations on nuisance damages constitute a taking of private property, 
Appellants’ private takings claim fails because they cannot overcome the 
presumption of constitutional validity by clearly establishing that the alleged 
taking is for private use.5  
 
The distinction between a public use and a private use is not based on 
actual use or occupation of the property by the public.  State ex rel. Jackson, et al. 
v. Dolan, 398 S.W.3d 472, 476 (Mo. banc 2013).  The fact that private parties 
benefit from a taking does not eliminate the public character of the taking so long 
as there is some benefit to “any considerable number” of the public.  Id., quoting 
In re Kansas City Ordinance No. 39946, 252 S.W. 404, 408 (Mo. banc 1923).  A 
                                                 
4 Article I, section 28 provides exceptions to the general prohibition against private 
takings by allowing for “private ways of necessity” and “drains and ditches across the 
lands of others for agricultural and sanitary purposes.” 
 
5 Article I, section 28 provides:  “when an attempt is made to take private property for a 
use alleged to be public, the question whether the contemplated use be public shall be 
judicially determined without regard to any legislative declaration that the use is public.”   
 
 
7 
use is public if it is reasonably likely to create some “public advantage” or “public 
benefit.”  Dolan, 398 S.W.3d at 476 (citing In re Coleman Highlands, 401 S.W.2d 
385, 388 (Mo. 1966)).  
 
There are two deficiencies in Appellants’ argument that section 537.296.2 
effectuates a private taking.  First, the plain language of section 537.296.2 does 
not delegate any authority to private parties or authorize any landowner to create a 
nuisance.  To the contrary, the statute provides that a nuisance is unlawful and 
authorizes the party suffering a nuisance to recover damages.  
 
Second, this Court has previously noted that regulations enacted to promote 
economic development generally have a valid public purpose sufficient to satisfy 
the public use requirement.  Dolan, 398 S.W.3d at 478.  More specifically, this 
Court has held that promoting the agricultural economy is a legitimate public 
purpose.  State ex rel. Webster v. Lehndorff Geneva, Inc., 744 S.W.2d 801, 806 
(Mo. banc 1988) (a statute requiring foreign corporations to sell farmland serves 
the legitimate public purpose of promoting the agricultural economy by reducing 
concentrated property ownership).  Section 537.296 is plainly aimed at promoting 
the agricultural economy to create a public advantage or benefit.  The fact that 
some parties will receive direct benefits and others will sustain direct costs does 
not negate the public purposes advanced by section 537.296.  Dolan, 398 S.W.3d 
at 476; see also Phillips Pipe Line Co. v. Brandstetter, 263 S.W.2d 880, 886 (Mo. 
App. 1954) (condemnation of property for a privately operated oil pipeline 
satisfied the public use requirement because of the resulting public benefits).  To 
 
8 
the extent, if any, that section 537.296 effectuates a taking, the taking advances a 
legitimate public purpose and, therefore, meets the “public use” requirement.  
Appellants have not overcome the presumption of constitutional validity by clearly 
establishing that section 537.296.2 constitutes a private taking. 
2. Section 537.296 does not authorize a taking for public use without just  
    compensation 
 
  
Appellants argue that section 537.296.3 authorizes an unconstitutional 
taking for a public use without just compensation because the statute requires that 
all nuisance claims subsequent to the initial temporary nuisance claim will be 
“considered a permanent nuisance.”  By requiring that all subsequent nuisance 
claims are claims for permanent nuisance, Appellants assert that the statute 
effectively amounts to the grant of an easement allowing Respondents to 
permanently interfere with Appellants’ full use and enjoyment of their properties.   
Appellants also assert that section 537.296.2(2) effectuates a regulatory taking by 
limiting temporary nuisance damages to diminution of rental value and barring 
recovery of specific damages for the loss of use and enjoyment of their 
properties.6    Article I, section 26 of the Missouri Constitution provides: “private 
                                                 
6 A regulatory taking occurs when a government regulation does not result in a physical 
invasion of property or the denial of all economically viable use but, instead, “goes too 
far” in restricting the exercise of property rights.  The Supreme Court of the United States 
has set out three factors to consider whether the regulation has gone “too far:” (1) “the 
economic impact of the regulation on the claimant;” (2) “the extent to which the 
regulation has interfered with distinct investment-backed expectations;” and (3) “the 
character of the governmental action,” particularly “whether it amounts to a physical 
invasion” or appropriation of property or instead merely affects property interests through 
“some public program adjusting the benefits and burdens of economic life to promote the 
common good.”  Penn Cent. Transp. Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978).  
 
9 
property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation.”  
Unlike article I, section 28, which categorically bars the state from taking property 
for private uses, article I, section 26 authorizes the state to take private property 
for a public use provided just compensation is paid.  See Dolan, 398 S.W.3d at 
476; State ex rel. Doniphan Tel. Co. v. Public Serv. Comm’n, 369 S.W.2d 572, 
575 (Mo. 1963) (the constitution contemplates a lawful taking of private property 
for public use).   
 
“Property is defined as including not only ownership and possession but 
also the right of use and enjoyment for lawful purposes.”  Hoffmann v. Kinealy, 
389 S.W.2d 745, 752 (Mo. banc 1965).  The state constitutional provisions barring 
the taking of private property apply “equally to the enjoyment and the possession 
of lands.”  Id. at 753.   Consequently, “[a]n arbitrary interference by the 
government, or by its authority, with the reasonable enjoyment of private lands is 
a taking of private property without due process of law, which is inhibited by the 
Constitution.”  Id.    
 
 Appellants’ argument that section 537.296.3 effectively creates an 
easement is not ripe for consideration.  Ripeness is determined by whether “the 
parties’ dispute is developed sufficiently to allow the court to make an accurate 
determination of the facts, to resolve a conflict that is presently existing, and to 
grant specific relief of a conclusive character.”  Schweich v. Nixon, 408 S.W.3d 
769, 774 (Mo. banc 2013).  While “[t]here can be a ripe controversy before a 
                                                                                                                                                 
 
 
10 
statute is enforced,” there must be “an immediate, concrete dispute” to render the 
case ripe for resolution by this Court.  See Planned Parenthood of Kansas v. 
Nixon, 220 S.W.3d 732, 738-769 (Mo. banc 2007).     
 
Section 537.296.3 applies only to “any subsequent claim against the same 
defendant or defendant’s successors for temporary nuisance related to a similar 
activity or use of the defendant’s property ….”  Appellants are seeking damages 
only for a temporary nuisance.  Section 537.296.3 does not apply to this case.  
There is no immediate, concrete dispute between the parties regarding the 
permanent nuisance provision of section 537.296.3.  Appellants’ easement 
argument is not ripe.  
 
Appellants also assert that section 537.296.2(2) effectuates a regulatory 
taking because the statute denies compensation for their constitutionally protected 
right to the use and enjoyment of their property.7  Assuming for the sake of 
argument only that the statute effectuates a regulatory taking, Appellants’ 
                                                 
7 Appellants’ argument that section 537.296 effectuates a taking by sanctioning the 
maintenance of a private nuisance is not inconsistent with Missouri law.  As noted, a 
taking can occur when there is an arbitrary interference by the government, or by its 
authority, with the reasonable enjoyment of private lands ….  Hoffman, 389 S.W.2d at 
753.  Subsequently, this Court tacitly recognized that a taking by inverse condemnation 
can result when the government maintains a sewer facility that emits odors sufficient to 
constitute a nuisance.  Byrom v. Little Blue Valley Sewer District, et al., 16 S.W.3d 573, 
577-578 (Mo. banc 2000).  It is, therefore, conceivable that a statute limiting recovery of 
nuisance damages could sufficiently diminish a landowner’s right to recover damages for 
an unreasonable interference with the use and enjoyment of his or her property could 
amount to a regulatory taking without just compensation.  As established, however, the 
temporary nuisance cause of action defined in section 537.296.2(2) does not authorize a 
nuisance and provides for damages consistent with constitutionally required just 
compensation.  
  
 
11 
constitutional challenge fails because diminution of rental value is the benchmark 
for awarding just compensation for a temporary taking.   
 
“Just compensation” is the amount of the fair market value of the property 
taken.  St. Louis Cnty. v. River Bend Estates Homeowners’ Ass’n, 408 S.W.3d 116, 
137 (Mo. banc 2013).  The requirement of just compensation is a minimum 
measure that must be paid, not a maximum one.  Id.  “Under this standard, the 
owner is entitled to receive ‘what a willing buyer would pay in cash to a willing 
seller’ at the time of the taking.”  Kirby Forest Indus., Inc. v. United States, 467 
U.S. 1, 10, 104 S.Ct. 2187 (1984).   
 
To determine the fair market value of the property taken, courts must 
identify the nature of the taking.  Appellants allege a taking caused by a temporary 
nuisance.  The alleged taking is, therefore, a temporary taking.8   When there is a 
temporary taking, just compensation requires payment of the “diminution in value 
of the use of occupancy” of the property for period in which the property was 
                                                 
8  The distinction between a temporary and permanent taking is not strictly based on 
temporal considerations and is, instead, based primarily on the nature of the intrusion.  
Petro-Hunt, L.L.C. v. United States, 90 Fed.Cl. 51, 64 (Fed. Cl. 2009) (quoting Bass 
Enterprises Prod. Co. v. United States, 133 F.3d 893, 896 (Fed. Cir. 1998)).  The nature 
of the intrusion is paramount because temporary takings that deny a landowner all use of 
his or her property are like permanent takings because in both instances the property 
owner is deprived of his or her property rights.  First English Evangelical Lutheran 
Church of Glendale v. Los Angeles Cnty., Cal., 482 U.S. 304, 318 (1987).   For this 
reason, the Supreme Court in First English held that a zoning ordinance was a temporary 
taking because the ordinance did not deprive the owner of all property rights and, instead, 
amounted to a restriction on use that was subject to expiration if the ordinance was 
declared unconstitutional or repealed.  Id.  Appellants’ takings theory is predicated on a 
statutory temporary nuisance claim that is based on non-permanent interference with the 
use and enjoyment of property.  Appellants’ claim is for a temporary taking.    
 
 
12 
taken or damaged.  Byrom v. Little Blue Valley Sewer District, et al., 16 S.W.3d 
573, 577 (Mo. banc 2000).  The loss of “use of occupancy” is generally measured 
as the rental value of the property for the period of the taking.  Id.; see also 
Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States, 338 U.S. 1, 7 (1949) (just compensation for 
a temporary taking “is the rental that probably could have been obtained” and not 
“the difference between the market value of the fee on the date of taking and that 
on the date of return.”).  Damages for loss of use during the temporary taking can 
be factored into the fair rental value of the property.  Byrom, 16 S.W.3d at 578. 
 
By authorizing a plaintiff to recover the diminution in rental value in a 
temporary nuisance, section 537.296.2(2) provides for the constitutionally 
required just compensation in the event that the alleged temporary nuisance 
amounts to a temporary taking of private property.  Therefore, Appellants have not 
met their burden of demonstrating that section 537.296.2(2) constitutes a taking 
for public use without just compensation.9 
3. Section 537.296.2 does not deny equal protection 
 
Appellants argue that section 537.296.2(2) denies equal protection because 
the statute does not survive strict scrutiny in that the damage limitations are not 
                                                 
9 Appellants also assert that section 537.296.5 is unconstitutional because the statute does 
not allow compensation for a person who “rightfully occupies” property.  Section 
537.296.5 provides that persons with an “ownership interest,” which includes those with 
a “leasehold interest,” have standing to file a nuisance action under the statute.  The plain 
language of section 537.296.5 refutes Appellants’ assertion that a renter would have no 
standing to sue.  An occupant who lacks an ownership interest has no property right to 
take.  Barring an occupant from asserting a nuisance action is not an unconstitutional 
taking. 
  
 
13 
necessary to advance a compelling state interest.  Appellants assert that strict 
scrutiny is required because the statute creates a suspect classification of rural 
landowners and residents and infringes on their fundamental property rights.   
 
There are two steps to an equal protection analysis.  Amick v. Director of 
Revenue, 428 S.W.3d 638, 640 (Mo. banc 2014).  The first step requires a court to 
identify the classification at issue to ascertain the appropriate level of scrutiny.  Id. 
If the challenged law draws a distinction on the basis of a suspect classification or 
curtails the exercise of a fundamental right, then strict scrutiny applies.  Id.  If 
there is no suspect classification or fundamental right at issue, a court will apply 
rational-basis review to determine whether the challenged law is rationally related 
to some legitimate end.  Id.10 
A. Suspect classification 
 
Appellants assert that rural landowners and residents have been “effectively 
marginalized as a suspect class” because they lack the political influence and 
attendant power of urban residents to “push the nuisance away from their 
boundaries through the representative process.”  Even assuming that section 
537.296 creates a classification based on residency, Appellants have not cited a 
single case that holds or even hints that rural landowners and residents are a 
suspect class.   
                                                 
10  Gender-based classifications are subject to intermediate scrutiny.  Comm. for Educ. 
Equality v. State, 294 S.W.3d 477, 496, n. 4 (Mo. banc 2009).   
 
14 
 
“Suspect classes are classes such as race, national origin, or illegitimacy 
that ‘command extraordinary protection from the majoritarian political process’ 
for historical reasons.”  State v. Young, 362 S.W.3d 386, 397 (Mo. banc 2012) 
(quoting Etling v. Westport Heating & Cooling Services, Inc., 92 S.W.3d 771, 774 
(Mo. banc 2003)).  Appellants do not argue that rural landowners, the very people 
who played a central role in founding and forging this country, are a historically 
marginalized class in need of protection from the majoritarian political process.  
Further, Appellants overlook the fact that section 537.296 provides obvious 
benefits to the large number of rural landowners who devote their property 
primarily to agriculture.  There is no basis for concluding that section 537.296 
creates a suspect classification requiring strict scrutiny. 
B. Fundamental rights 
 
Appellants also argue that section 537.296 is subject to strict scrutiny 
because the statute “impinges on fundamental rights” to property.  The 
fundamental rights requiring strict scrutiny are the rights to interstate travel, to 
vote, free speech, and other rights explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the 
constitution.  In re Marriage of Woodson, 92 S.W.3d 780, 784 (Mo. banc 2003).  
Appellants cite no cases holding that a statute that regulates private property is 
subject to strict scrutiny. 
 
There is no doubt that individuals have a fundamental constitutional right to 
use and enjoy property free from arbitrary governmental interference.  See MO. 
CONST. art. I, sec. 26 (private property shall not be taken for public use without 
 
15 
just compensation); Hoffman, 389 S.W.2d at 753.  If, as Appellants argue, a statute 
that restricts property rights is subject to strict scrutiny, then the state would have 
to justify all property regulations and its exercise of eminent domain on grounds 
that the action was necessary to achieve a compelling state interest.  Land use 
regulations are not subject to heightened judicial scrutiny under the equal 
protection clause.  See City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 440 
(1985) (applying rational basis review in an equal protection challenge to a zoning 
ordinance); see also Wrigley Properties, Inc. v. City of Ladue, 369 S.W.2d 397, 
400 (Mo. 1963) (zoning ordinance substantially restricting land use is 
constitutional if the reasonableness of the restrictions are fairly debatable).  
Further, adopting Appellants’ strict scrutiny argument would conflict with long-
established takings jurisprudence providing that the state can directly confiscate 
private property for public use as long as the taking is shown to “substantially 
advance[s] a legitimate state interest.”  Nollan v. California Coastal Comm’n, 483 
U.S. 825, 834 (1987).  Section 537.296 is not subject to strict scrutiny.  The statute 
is subject to rational basis review. 
C. Section 537.296 is rationally related to a legitimate state purpose 
 
 
When applying rational-basis review, this Court presumes that a statute has 
a rational basis, and the party challenging the statute must overcome this 
presumption by a “clear showing of arbitrariness and irrationality.”  Amick, 428 
S.W.3d at 640, quoting Foster v. St. Louis Cnty., 239 S.W.3d 599, 602 (Mo. banc 
2007).  The issue is not whether the reviewing court perceives the challenged law 
 
16 
as wise or desirable.  The issue is whether the challenger has demonstrated that the 
law is completely irrational.  Id.  
 
“It is within the province of the legislature to enact a statute which 
regulates the balance of competitive economic forces in the field of agricultural 
production and commerce, thereby protecting the welfare of its citizens 
comprising the traditional farming community, and such statute is rationally 
related to a legitimate state interest.”  Lehndorff Geneva, Inc., 744 S.W.2d 801 at 
806; see also Linton v. Missouri Veterinary Med. Bd., 988 S.W.2d 513, 516 (Mo. 
banc 1999) (licensing requirements for veterinarians advance the legitimate state 
interest in “a sound agricultural economy”).  Irrespective of the perceived 
desirability of section 537.296, the statute rationally advances the legitimate state 
interest in promoting the agricultural economy by reducing the litigation risk faced 
by Missouri farmers while permitting nearby landowners to recover the diminution 
in property value caused by agricultural operations.  Appellants have not 
established that section 537.296 is completely irrational and unrelated to 
advancing a legitimate state interest.  
 
4.  Section 537.296.2 does not violate due process 
 
Appellants argue that section 537.296 violates article I, section 2 of the 
Missouri Constitution and the “substantive due process standards inherent therein” 
because the statutory damage limits destroy the guarantee of the right to the 
enjoyment of one’s own industry.  Appellants’ argument is premised on the 
proposition that the statute deprives them of fundamental property rights and is 
 
17 
unrelated to a legitimate state interest.  The same reasons that foreclosed 
Appellants’ equal protection arguments also foreclose Appellants’ arguments that 
the statute denies substantive due process and violates the constitutional right to 
the gains of one’s own industry.   
5.  Separation of powers 
 
 
Appellants assert that section 537.296.5 unconstitutionally delegates the 
standing determination to the legislature by providing that no person shall have 
standing unless he or she has an “ownership interest” in the affected property.  
Appellants assert that standing is a judicial doctrine that is not subject to 
legislative definition.   
 
 
Appellants do not assert that the claims of any litigants in this case were 
dismissed for lack of standing due to the lack of an “ownership interest” as 
required by section 537.296.5.  Appellants’ separation of powers argument is 
premised on a theoretical possibility rather than the record of undisputed facts in 
this case.  This Court will not declare a statute unconstitutional absent an actual or 
threatened application of the statute to a party challenging the statute.  See State v. 
Richard, 298 S.W.3d 529, 533 (Mo. banc 2009) (party challenging the 
constitutional validity of a statute prohibiting possession of a loaded firearm while 
intoxicated had “no standing to raise hypothetical instances” in which it might be 
applied unconstitutionally).  Consequently, Appellants do not have standing to 
challenge the validity of section 537.296.5 because they have not demonstrated the 
requisite “personal stake arising from a threatened or actual injury” from 
 
18 
application of the statute.  Schweich v. Nixon, 408 S.W.3d  774 (Mo. banc 2013) 
(quoting State ex rel. Williams v. Mauer, 722 S.W.2d 296, 298 (Mo. banc 1986).   
6.  Appellants have not demonstrated that section 537.296.2 violates the open  
     courts clause 
 
 
 
Appellants argue that section 537.296 violates the open courts provision of 
article I, section 14 of the Missouri Constitution because the statute “denies access 
to the courts to lawful possessors and occupiers of land.”  The open courts 
provision of the Missouri Constitution guarantees “the right to pursue in the courts 
the causes of action the substantive law recognizes.”  Harrell v. Total Health 
Care, Inc., 781 S.W.2d 58, 62 (Mo. banc 1989).   Appellants do not argue that 
section 537.296 restricts access to the courts to pursue a recognized cause of 
action.   Therefore, Appellants’ arguments do not implicate the interests protected 
by article I, section 14, and Appellants have not demonstrated that section 537.296 
violates article I, section 14. 
7.  Section 537.296.2 is not an unconstitutional special law 
 
Appellants assert that section 537.296 is an unconstitutional “special law” 
in violation of article III, section 40 of the Missouri Constitution.  Appellants 
argue that section 537.296 “benefits only the corporate farming industry” by 
specifically limiting temporary nuisance damages “where the alleged nuisance 
emanates from property primarily used for crop or animal production purposes.”  
Section 537.296.2.  This argument is without merit. 
 
19 
   
Article III, section 40 prohibits the legislature from enacting “special laws” 
when a general law can be made applicable.  Special laws are “statutes that apply 
to localities rather than to the state as a whole and statutes that benefit individuals 
rather than the general public.”  Glossip v. Missouri Dep’t of Transp. and Highway 
Patrol Employees’ Ret. Sys., 411 S.W.3d 796, 808 (Mo. banc 2013) (citing 
Jefferson Cnty. Fire Prot. Districts Ass’n v. Blunt, 205 S.W.3d 866, 868-71 (Mo. 
banc 2006)).  In other words, a special law “includes less than all who are 
similarly situated ... but a law is not special if it applies to all of a given class alike 
and the classification is made on a reasonable basis.”  Glossip, 411 S.W.3d at 808 
(quoting Savannah R-III Sch. Dist. v. Pub. Sch. Ret. Sys. of Mo., 950 S.W.2d 854, 
859 (Mo. banc 1997)). 
 
When a law is based on open-ended characteristics, it is not facially special 
and is presumed to be constitutional.  Glossip, 411 S.W.3d at 808.  Classifications 
are open-ended if it is possible that the status of members of the class could 
change.  Id.  An open-ended law is not special as long as the classification is 
reasonable.  Id.  
 
Appellants argue that section 537.296 creates a presumptively 
unconstitutional closed-ended classification because the statute “classifies on the 
basis of who the tortfeasors are.”  Section 537.296 does not create a facially 
unconstitutional closed-ended classification because providing some protection 
from nuisance lawsuits for those who devote their property primarily for 
agriculture creates an open-ended classification based on current land use.  This 
 
20 
class is open-ended because landowners and land uses can change.  Just as a 
classification based on occupation such as real estate broker, attorney, or an 
auctioneer is open-ended, classifications based on current land use are open-ended 
and not facially special because the class is not based on an immutable 
characteristic.  Kansas City Premier Apartments, Inc., v. Missouri Real Estate 
Comm’n, 344 S.W.3d 160, 171 (Mo. banc 2011).  
 
The open-ended classification in this case is reasonable.  As established 
above, section 537.296 advances the legitimate state purpose of promoting the 
agricultural economy.  Section 537.296 is not an unconstitutional special law.  
IV. The trial court did not err in granting judgment on Appellants’ claims for 
negligence and conspiracy against Cargill 
 
 
Appellants’ final argument is that the trial court erred by entering judgment 
on their negligence and conspiracy claims.  Appellants assert that they are entitled 
to recover “use and enjoyment” damages pursuant to a negligence or conspiracy 
cause of action.  They also assert that the undisputed facts are insufficient to show 
that Cargill was not vicariously liable for Bohr’s alleged negligence.  
 
Section 537.296.6(1) provides that section 537.296 does not “[p]rohibit a 
person from recovering damages for annoyance, discomfort, sickness, or 
emotional distress; provided that such damages are awarded on the basis of other 
causes of action independent of a claim of nuisance.”  This language means that 
Appellants can recover their alleged non-economic “use and enjoyment” damages 
 
21 
only if their negligence and conspiracy claims are “independent of a claim of 
nuisance.”     
 
The nature of an alleged cause of action is based on the substance of the 
pleading, not the title.  See Gunter v. City of St. James, 189 S.W.3d 667, 677-678 
(Mo. App. 2006).  The substance of Appellants’ negligence, conspiracy and 
vicarious liability claims is that operation of the CAFO created offensive odors 
and particulates that substantially interfere with the use and enjoyment of their 
properties.  In other words, the negligence, conspiracy and vicarious liability 
claims are based on the same facts forming the basis of the nuisance claim.  
Appellants’ negligence, conspiracy and vicarious liability claims are not 
“independent of a claim of nuisance” because those claims are, in fact, dependent 
on the nuisance allegations.  Given the allegations in this case, Appellants’ 
nuisance, conspiracy and vicarious liability claims are inseparable from the 
nuisance allegations and are barred by section 537.296.6(1).     
V. Conclusion 
 
The judgment is affirmed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
_________________________________  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Richard B. Teitelman, Judge 
Stith and Draper, JJ., and Journey, 
Sp.J., concur; Fischer, J., concurs  
in separate opinion filed; Russell, 
C.J., and Wilson, J., concur in  
opinion of Fischer, J.  Breckenridge, 
J., not participating. 
 
 
SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI 
en banc 
LINDA LABRAYERE AS TRUSTEE OF ) 
 
 
THE DON E. LABREYERE TRUST, 
) 
ET AL., 
) 
 
) 
 
 
 
 
Appellants, 
) 
 
) 
               v. 
) 
 
No. SC93816 
 
) 
 
 
 
 
 
BOHR FARMS, LLC, ET AL., 
) 
 
) 
Respondents. 
) 
 
CONCURRING OPINION 
 
 
"No man [or woman] should be allowed to be the [judge] who does not understand 
hogs, or hasn’t been around a manure pile."1  I do, I have, and I concur in the principal 
opinion.  Assuming the State has taken property by enacting § 537.296.2,2 it did so for 
public use and provided just compensation.  But in my view, there has been no taking.3 
 
Prior to the enactment of § 537.296, the common law nuisance cause of action 
provided for damages due to loss of use and enjoyment.  Byrom v. Little Blue Valley 
                                              
  1 Harry S. Truman, who completed one year of law school at the University of Missouri-Kansas 
City School of Law, my alma mater, suggested this as a requirement to be president of the 
United States.      
2 Statutory citations are to RSMo Supp. 2013. 
3 This Court may affirm summary judgment on any appropriate theory supported by the record.  
Columbia Cas. Co. v. HIAR Holding, L.L.C., 411 S.W.3d 258, 264 (Mo. banc 2013).  Section 
537.296.2 sets out the compensatory nuisance damages recoverable from crop and animal 
 
2 
Sewer Dist., 16 S.W.3d 573, 576 (Mo. banc 2000); McCracken v. Swift & Co., 265 S.W. 
91, 92 (Mo. 1924).  The appellants argue that the State of Missouri has taken their 
property because § 537.296 prohibits recovery of use and enjoyment damages from crop 
and animal producers.  They cite Hoffmann v. Kinealy, 389 S.W.2d 745, 752-53 (Mo. 
banc 1965), in which this Court defined "property," for purposes of determining whether 
a taking has occurred, to include "the right of use and enjoyment" of property.   
 
The takings provisions in the Missouri Constitution are nearly identical to the 
federal takings protections embodied in the Fifth Amendment,4 and the appellants do not 
argue that this Court should interpret the Missouri provisions differently.  See U.S. Const. 
amend. V; Mo. Const. art. I, §§ 26, 28; Kelo, 545 U.S. at 477-78; State ex rel. Jackson v. 
Dolan, 398 S.W.3d 472, 478 (Mo. banc 2013).  Under United States Supreme Court 
precedent, takings generally fall into three categories: (1) permanent physical invasions 
of property by the government; (2) governmental deprivations of "all economically 
beneficial use" of property; and (3) "regulatory" takings of property under the Penn 
Central balancing test.  See Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc., 544 U.S. 528, 538-39 (2005) 
(emphasis, alterations, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted).   
 
The takings analysis necessarily begins, however, with whether the government's 
action actually interfered with constitutionally protected property rights, known as the 
"bundle of rights."  Sunrise Corp. of Myrtle Beach v. City of Myrtle Beach, 420 F.3d 322, 
                                                                                                                                                  
producers.  Because that provision defeats all of the appellants' claims, I would not reach their 
challenges to other subsections of the statute, including the separation of powers claim. 
4 The Fifth Amendment Takings Clause applies to the states through the Fourteenth 
Amendment.  Kelo v. City of New London, Connecticut, 545 U.S. 469, 472 n.1 (2005). 
 
3 
330 (4th Cir. 2005).  If the government has not interfered with this bundle of rights, there 
has been no taking.  Id. 
 
Here, the State has not interfered with the appellants' bundle of rights.  Section 
537.296.2 does not take the appellants' rights to use and enjoy property.  It eliminates a 
category of damages for certain nuisances.  The right to seek injunctive relief is still 
intact.  See Clutter v. Blankenship, 144 S.W.2d 119 (Mo. 1940); Edmunds v. Sigma 
Chapter of Alpha Kappa Lambda Fraternity, Inc., 87 S.W.3d 21 (Mo. App. 2002); 
Hulshof v. Noranda Aluminum, Inc., 835 S.W.2d 411, 419 (Mo. App. 1992).  This makes 
abundantly clear that the State continues to recognize and give effect to the appellants' 
rights to use and enjoy their property, to the exclusion of crop and animal producers.   
 
The principal opinion states that it is "conceivable that a statute limiting recovery 
of nuisance damages could sufficiently diminish a landowner's right to recover damages 
for an unreasonable interference with the use and enjoyment of his or her property that 
the statute could amount to a regulatory taking . . . ."  Slip op. at 10 n.7.  Viewing             
§ 537.296.2 as effectuating a taking would be erroneous because it does not infringe on 
the appellants' bundle of rights.  See Sunrise, 420 F.3d at 330.  Also, unlike in the cases 
cited by the principal opinion, the State itself did not invade the appellants' land, see 
Byrom, 16 S.W.3d at 575, 577-78 (involving a public sewer district's noxious odors), or 
attempt to dictate how appellants use their land, see Hoffmann, 389 S.W.2d at 746, 753 
(involving the denial of a land use permit).  The State did not "delegate" the power of 
eminent domain to private crop and animal producers, as the appellants contend.  And by 
restricting the nuisance damages recoverable for temporary nuisance, it did not convert 
 
4 
that cause of action into one for permanent nuisance—regardless of the analogy drawn 
previously by this Court, cleverly spun by the appellants, that a permanent nuisance 
judgment is like a grant of an easement.  See Owen v. City of Springfield, 741 S.W.2d 16, 
18 (Mo. banc 1987). 
 
The State's action here was to enact legislation modifying a common law cause of 
action.  Except as to vested rights, the General Assembly is free to "'design the 
framework of the substantive law' by abolishing or modifying common law or statutorily 
based claims."  Kilmer v. Mun, 17 S.W.3d 545, 550 (Mo. banc 2000); see also De May v. 
Liberty Foundry Co., 37 S.W.2d 640, 647 (Mo. 1931).  When § 537.296 went into effect, 
the farm had not yet populated its CAFO with swine.  The State could not have taken any 
vested property rights in the appellants' temporary nuisance claims because those claims 
had not yet accrued.  See Kilmer, 17 S.W.3d at 550; De May, 37 S.W.2d at 647. 
 
In my view, there was no taking.  Although I concur in the principal opinion's 
analyses of private/public use and just compensation, the Court need not reach those 
issues.  Section 537.296.2 sets out the nuisance damages recoverable from crop and 
animal producers.  It does not purport to take the appellants' rights to use and enjoy their 
property, and the State still recognizes and enforces those rights through injunctive relief.  
Because the appellants' bundle of rights has not been disturbed, the State has not taken 
their property.  See Sunrise, 420 F.3d at 330.   
 
___________________________ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Zel M. Fischer, Judge