Repository: nfdi4cat/voc4cat-tool (language: python)

Issue:
Fix & improve example files
Many (all?) files in folder [example](https://github.com/nfdi4cat/voc4cat-tool/tree/main/example) fail if strict validation is enabled via `idrange.toml`.

Instead of just fixing the problems, the example files should be replaced by shorter ones that also follow best practices better.


Discussion / hints:

Fix patch:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 9a80b4b..42d91d9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           python -m coverage combine
           python -m coverage html --skip-empty --skip-covered
-          # By merging files from vocexcel coverage dropped from 100% to 93%.
+          # By merging files from vocexcel in #119 coverage dropped from 100% to 93%.
           python -m coverage report --fail-under=95
 
       - name: Upload HTML report
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 291ca98..f4d7fdc 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ repos:
   -  id: black
      args: ['--target-version', 'py38']
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.0.278
+  rev: v0.0.280
   hooks:
   - id: ruff
     args: [--fix, --exit-non-zero-on-fix]
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2d3a408..329a801 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
 # Change log
 
-## Release x.y.z (2023-MM-DD)
+## Release 0.5.0 (2023-07-27)
 
-Features:
+New features:
 
-- ...
-
-Bug fixes:
-
-- ...
+- Support for a vocabulary configuration file `idranges.toml`. Via this configuration file ranges of IDs can be assigned/reserved for individual contributors. #131, #134
+- Extended validation/checks especially useful for the CI-vocabulary pipeline of [voc4cat-template](https://github.com/nfdi4cat/voc4cat-template). The new config provides the basis for more thorough validation. #126 #134
+- Support for pylode as new documentation generator which is also the new default. #115
+- Added a central logging config. Updated code to use logging instead of print() almost everywhere.
 
 Changes:
 
-- ...
+- Merged some parts from vocexcel to remove vocexcel as a dependency. #119
+- Various code improvements. #126, #127, #129
+- Adapted and revised example files. #137
+- Switched to [ruff](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff) as code linter.
 
+Bug fixes:
 
-## Release 0.4.0 (2023-03-dd)
+- None.
 
-First public release of voc4cat on github.
+## Release 0.4.0 (2023-03-15)
 
+First public release of voc4cat on github.
 
-## Releases before 0.4.0
+## Earlier releases
 
 Before 0.4.0 the code was in alpha state and kept private.
-There was no need for a high-level documentation of changes.
 See git commit log and the issues & milestones in this repository for the early history.
 
 Just before 0.4.0 the code was migrated from a private gitlab instance to github.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 378400f..8a79b4c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ To support what is not provided by the original VocExcel project we have develop
 - Generating documentation (with [pyLODE](https://github.com/RDFLib/pyLODE) or [ontospy](http://lambdamusic.github.io/Ontospy/))
 - Support for expressing concept-hierarchies by indentation.
 
-Starting with v0.5.0 (July 2023) voc4cat uses its own internal vocexcel command line tool ([PR #119](https://github.com/nfdi4cat/voc4cat-tool/pull/119)).
+Starting with v0.5.0 (July 2023) voc4cat uses its internal converter and does no longer depend on vocexcel ([PR #119](https://github.com/nfdi4cat/voc4cat-tool/pull/119)).
 
 ## Installation
 
@@ -78,43 +78,42 @@ You may first use simple temporary IRIs like (`ex:my_term`).
 
 With voc4cat you can later replace all IDs belonging to a given prefix (here `ex`) by numeric IDs e.g. starting from 1001:
 
-`voc4cat --make-ids ex 1001 --output-directory output example/concept_hierarchy_043_4Cat.xlsx`
+`voc4cat --make-ids temp 1001 --output-directory output example/photocatalysis_example_prelim-IDs.xlsx`
 
-This will update all IRIs matching the `ex:`-prefix in the sheets "Concepts", "Additional Concept Features" and "Collections".
+This will update all IRIs matching the `temp:`-prefix in the sheets "Concepts", "Additional Concept Features" and "Collections".
 
 Manually filling the Children URI (in sheet "Concepts") and Members URI (in sheet "Collections") with lists of IRIs can be tedious.
 An easier way to express hierarchies between concepts is to use indentation.
 voc4Cat understands Excel-indentation (the default) for this purpose but can also work with other indentation formats (e.g. by 3 spaces per level).
 voc4cat supports converting between indentation-based hierarchy and Children-URI hierarchy (both directions). For example, use
 
-`voc4cat --hierarchy-from-indent --output-directory output example/indent_043_4Cat.xlsx`
+`voc4cat --hierarchy-from-indent --output-directory output example/photocatalysis_example_indented_prelim-IDs.xlsx`
 
-or if you were using 3 spaces per level
+or if you were using 3 spaces per level (this file does not exist)
 
-`voc4cat --hierarchy-from-indent --indent-separator "   " --output-directory output example/indent_3spaces_043_4Cat.xlsx`
+`voc4cat --hierarchy-from-indent --indent-separator "   " --output-directory output example/photocatalysis_example_prelim-IDs_3spaces_indent.xlsx`
 
-to convert to ChildrenURI-hierarchy. For ChildrenURI-hierarchy to Excel-indentation, use
+to convert to ChildrenURI-hierarchy. To create such a file you can convert from ChildrenURI-hierarchy to indentation by
 
-`voc4cat --hierarchy-to-indent --output-directory output example/concept_hierarchy_043_4Cat.xlsx`
+`voc4cat --hierarchy-to-indent  --indent-separator "   " --output-directory output example/photocatalysis_example_prelim-IDs.xlsx`
 
 Finally, the vocabulary file can be converted to turtle format. In this case the wrapper script forwards the job to VocExcel:
 
-`voc4cat vocabulary.xlsx`
+`voc4cat example/photocatalysis_example.xlsx`
 
-A turtle file `vocabulary.ttl` is created in the same directory where the xlsx-file is located.
+A turtle file `photocatalysis_example.ttl` is created in the same directory where the xlsx-file is located.
 
 The reverse is also possible. You can create an xlsx file from a turtle vocabulary file. Optionally a custom XLSX-template-file can be specified for this conversion:
 
 `voc4cat --template template/VocExcel-template_043_4Cat.xlsx vocabulary.ttl`
 
 Options that are specific for VocExcel can be put at the end of a `voc4cat` command.
-Here is an example that forwards the `-e 3` and `-m 3` options to VocExcel and moreover demonstrates a complex combination of options (as used in CI):
+Here is an example that forwards the `-e 3` and `-m 3` options to VocExcel and moreover demonstrates a complex combination of options:
 
 `voc4cat --check --forward --docs pylode --output-directory outbox inbox-excel-vocabs/ -e 3 -m 3`
 
-Besides `voc4cat` this project also installs its own version of the `vocexcel` command line tool (for historic reasons). To get help on how to use it type
+Besides `voc4cat` this project also installs its own version of the `vocexcel` command line tool (for historic reasons). Its use is deprecated in version 0.5.0 and it will be removed in version 0.6.0.
 
-`vocexcel --help` (or simply `vocexcel`)
 
 ## Feedback and code contributions
 
diff --git a/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_final.ttl b/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_final.ttl
deleted file mode 100644
index 44b4ccc..0000000
--- a/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_final.ttl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1642 +0,0 @@
-@prefix cs: <https://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo_> .
-@prefix dcat: <http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#> .
-@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
-@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
-@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
-@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
-
-cs:0001002 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001002"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001030 ;
-    skos:definition "The area of the substrate covered by the deposited photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Area of deposited film"@en .
-
-cs:0001005 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001005"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001089 ;
-    skos:definition "Operation mode in which the reaction chamber is filled with the (reactant) gas(es) up to a certain pressure, and the photoreaction products acummulate over time."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Batch mode"@en .
-
-cs:0001006 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001006"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001096 ;
-    skos:definition "Measurements performed under a humidified inert gas atmosphre without the presence of CO2 but otherwise under the same conditions as a CO2 photoreduction experiment. These measurements provide an indirect proof of the origin of the carbon-containing products, as no products should be observed in the absence of CO2."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Blank measurements"@en .
-
-cs:0001007 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001007"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "https://www.suyogglassindustries.com/"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001063 ;
-    skos:definition "A type of glass with silica and boron trioxide as the main glass-forming constituents. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Borosilicate glass"@en .
-
-cs:0001008 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001008"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "BET"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "The study of physical adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface for the calculation of the specific surface area of materials."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis"@en .
-
-cs:0001010 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001010"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001059 ;
-    skos:definition "A process in which gaseous substances of known purity and concentration are introduced to the gas chromatograph and the respective area and retention time of the resulting peaks are identified. This process when concluded, allows for the calculation of concentrations of products and intermediates of the photoreaction."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Calibration of gas chromatograph"@en .
-
-cs:0001011 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001011"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001080 ;
-    skos:definition "A process in which gaseous substances of known purity and concentration are introduced to the mass spectrometer and the respective mass-to-charge ratios are identified. This process when concluded, allows for the calculation of concentrations of products and intermediates of the photoreaction."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Calibration of mass spectrometer"@en .
-
-cs:0001012 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001012"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001084 ;
-    skos:definition "A  surface made of a ceramic material (e.g., alumina) serving as a substrate for the deposition of a photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Ceramic substrate"@en .
-
-cs:0001018 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001018"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Carbon dioxide photoreduction measurement"@en,
-        "Photocatalytic CO2 reduction measurement"@en,
-        "Photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction measurement"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001096 ;
-    skos:definition "A single measurement of a CO2 photoreduction experiment performed either in flow or in batch mode. The measurement involves the collection of a gaseous sample, and its analysis employing an appropriate product identification method. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "CO2 photoreduction measurement"@en .
-
-cs:0001019 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001019"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001075 ;
-    skos:definition "Filtering of literature research to include only the most relevant sources of information for the application / experiment / catalysts of interest."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Collection of publications of interest"@en .
-
-cs:0001023 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001023"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001073 ;
-    skos:definition "The value of current (usually in A or mA) used to operate the selected light source."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Current of operation of the light source"@en .
-
-cs:0001024 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001024"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "CV"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "A technique used to study the electrochemical properties of an analyte in solution or of a molecule that is adsorbed onto the electrode. In a cyclic voltammetry experiment, the working electrode potential is ramped linearly versus time. The current at the working electrode us plotted versus the applied voltage to give the cyclic votammogram trace."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Cyclic Voltammetry"@en .
-
-cs:0001027 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001027"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Diameter of window"@en,
-        "Window diameter"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001031 ;
-    skos:definition "Diameter of the optical window allowing the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Diameter of optical window"@en .
-
-cs:0001028 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001028"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "BID"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001045 ;
-    skos:definition "Detector incorporating Ionization via a new dielectric barrier discharge He plasma."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Ionization Detector"@en .
-
-cs:0001032 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001032"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001115 ;
-    skos:definition "Height, width and depth (in cubic- or rectangular- shaped reaction chambers) or diameter and height (in cylindrer - shaped reaction chambers)"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dimensions of reaction chamber"@en .
-
-cs:0001033 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001033"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001132 ;
-    skos:definition "The diamensions (area / thickness / diameter) of the substrate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dimensions of substrate"@en .
-
-cs:0001034 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001034"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001073 ;
-    skos:definition "The distance of the light source from the reaction chamber and the photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Distance of light source from the reaction chamber / sample "@en .
-
-cs:0001035 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001035"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001026 ;
-    skos:definition "A tape-casting method used to deposit thin films of a photocatalyst onto the surface of a substrate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Doctor blading"@en .
-
-cs:0001037 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001037"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001134 ;
-    skos:definition "Duration of each synthesis step needed to synthesize the desired photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Duration of steps"@en .
-
-cs:0001038 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001038"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Soaking time"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001009 ;
-    skos:definition "Time (usually in h) for which a desired temperature is held."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dwelling time"@en .
-
-cs:0001043 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001043"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Cooling device"@en,
-        "Heating device"@en,
-        "Temperature controller"@en,
-        "Temperature gauge"@en,
-        "Temperature monitor"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001113 ;
-    skos:definition "Equipment used for controlling and/or monitoring the temperature in various parts of a photoreactor. This can include hot plates, heating elements and cryostats. Light sources in operation can also affect the temperature in the reaction chamber."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipment for controlling and monitoring operation temperature"@en .
-
-cs:0001044 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001044"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001134 ;
-    skos:definition "Equipment used in each step of the synthesis of the photocatalysts. The equipment can incude (but not limited to): crucibles, pH meters, condensers, volumetric cylinders, centrifuges, test tubes, flasks, beakers, mechanical shakers, pipettes, syringes, magenetic stirrers, heating plates, fitlers, funnels and digital balances."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipment used for synthesis"@en .
-
-cs:0001046 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001046"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001080 ;
-    skos:definition "Detectors of the mass spectrometer used to identify the reaction products and intemediates."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipped detectors of mass spectrometer"@en .
-
-cs:0001048 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001048"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001096 ;
-    skos:definition "Calculation of the concentration of the products formed in a CO2 photoreduction experiment. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Evaluation of products formed"@en .
-
-cs:0001051 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001051"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001009 ;
-    skos:definition "Final temperature of the calcination step."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Final temperature"@en .
-
-cs:0001052 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001052"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "FID"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001045 ;
-    skos:definition "The gases emerging from the column are fed into a hydrogen flame across which an electrical potential is placed. Certain molecules ionize easily in the flame and the current produced is proportional to the instantaneous flow rate of the eluted component. The detector is relatively insensitive to inorganic molecules and is most used for organic compounds. Concentrations below 1 ppmv are easily detected. The linear dynamic range is between 10E3 and 10E5."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Flame Ionization Detector"@en .
-
-cs:0001053 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001053"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Continuous flow mode"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001089 ;
-    skos:definition "A mode under which the CO2 photoreduction experiment is performed. Under flow conditions, a continuous flow of reactants is supplied to the reaction chamber and the formed products are removed and identified by an appropriate technique."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Flow mode"@en .
-
-cs:0001054 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001054"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001060 ;
-    skos:definition "The flow of gas (usually in ml min-1) used in the calcination steps during synthesis"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Flow rate of gas used for calcination"@en .
-
-cs:0001055 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001055"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001114 ;
-    skos:definition "The rate of flow of reactants (often in ml per min) in the photoreactor. Flow rates are usually controlled by mass flow controllers (MFCs)  "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Flow rates of reactants"@en .
-
-cs:0001056 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001056"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "FTO glass"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001063 ;
-    skos:definition "Transparent conductive metal oxide (fluorine doped tin oxide) that can be used in the fabrication of transparent electrodes for thin films"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass"@en .
-
-cs:0001065 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001065"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001009 ;
-    skos:definition "Rate of increasing or decreasing the temperature during the calcination step. Usually mentioned in K min-1."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Heating rate"@en .
-
-cs:0001067 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001067"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "ITO glass"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001063 ;
-    skos:definition "Transparent conductive metal oxide (indium tin oxide) that can be used in the fabrication of transparent electrodes for thin films"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Indium tin oxide coated glass"@en .
-
-cs:0001069 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001069"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001009 ;
-    skos:definition "Initial temperature of the calcination step."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Initial temperature"@en .
-
-cs:0001070 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001070"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Light intensity"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001073 ;
-    skos:definition "The light intensity (usually in mW cm-2) of the selected light source. The light intensity should be measured at the same distance as the one between the light source and the reaction chamber / sample."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Intensity of the light source"@en .
-
-cs:0001072 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001072"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001123 ;
-    skos:definition "The value of intensity of light emitted by the selected light source. The light intensity must be measured at the same distance as the light source from the reaction chamber / sample. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Light intensity"@en .
-
-cs:0001076 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001076"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001017 ;
-    skos:definition "Masses / volumes / concentrations of chemicals used for synthesis"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Masses / volumes / concentrations of chemicals used in synthesis"@en .
-
-cs:0001077 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001077"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "MFC"@en,
-        "MFCs"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001041 ;
-    skos:definition "Devices used to control and monitor gas or liquid flow rates."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mass flow controller"@en .
-
-cs:0001078 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001078"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001025 ;
-    skos:definition "Mass of material deposited onto the surface of a substrate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mass of deposited film"@en .
-
-cs:0001079 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001079"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001101 ;
-    skos:definition "Mass of a powdered photocatalyst used for a CO2 photoreduction experiment."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mass of powder used"@en .
-
-cs:0001082 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001082"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001090 ;
-    skos:definition "Material that the window is made of. The window, usually attached to the lid sealing the reaction chamber, allows for the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst. The material of the window influences the wavelenth range the the photocatalyst experieneces. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Material of optical window"@en .
-
-cs:0001083 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001083"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001115 ;
-    skos:definition "Material used for the construction of the main body of the reaction chamber."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Material of reaction chamber"@en .
-
-cs:0001085 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001085"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001084 ;
-    skos:definition "A  flat surface made of a metal (e.g., titanium, stainless steel) serving as a substrate for the deposition of a photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Metallic substrate"@en .
-
-cs:0001087 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001087"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "In semiconductor electrochemistry, a Mott-Schottky plot describes the reciprocal of the square of capacitance versus the potential difference between bulk semincoductor and bulk electrolyte. A Mott-Schottky analysis is used to determine system properties such as: flatband potential, doping density, Helmholtz capacitance, position of conduction and valence band."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mott-Schottky analysis"@en .
-
-cs:0001091 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001091"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Citation management software"@en,
-        "Literature organization"@en,
-        "Organization of literature"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001075 ;
-    skos:definition "Addition and organization of relevant literature of interest using a citation management software (e.g., Mendeley, Zotero, EndNote etc.) allowing for easy access and categorization."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Organization of literature in a citation management software"@en .
-
-cs:0001093 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001093"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001134 ;
-    skos:definition "pH value in each of the synthesis steps (if applicable)"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "pH in synthesis"@en .
-
-cs:0001102 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001102"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001073 ;
-    skos:definition "The power of the light source (usually in W or mW). The power can be calculated by the multiplication of the current and voltage used to operate the light source,"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Power output of the light source"@en .
-
-cs:0001103 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001103"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001104 ;
-    skos:definition "todo"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Pressure drop"@en .
-
-cs:0001105 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001105"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001096 ;
-    skos:definition "The pressure (range) under which the CO2 photoreduction takes place."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Pressure in a CO2 photoreduction experiment"@en .
-
-cs:0001106 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001106"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001134 ;
-    skos:definition "Pressure applied (if necessary) in any of the synthesis step. Changes in the pressure may be observed if variations in the temperature of the reaction occur (e.g., exothermic reaction) "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Pressure in synthesis"@en .
-
-cs:0001108 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001108"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001142 ;
-    skos:definition "Time for which a gas is purged through the reaction chamber."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Purging time"@en .
-
-cs:0001110 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001110"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "https://www.collinsdictionary.com/"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001063 ;
-    skos:definition "A colourless glass composed of almost pure silica, resistant to very high temperatures and transparent to near-ultraviolet radiation"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Quartz glass"@en .
-
-cs:0001117 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001117"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001119 ;
-    skos:definition "Molecular entity that acts as the electron acceptor in a photoinduced electron transfer process and is not restored in a subsequent oxidation process but is destroyed by irreversible chemical conversion."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sacrificial acceptor"@en .
-
-cs:0001118 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001118"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001119 ;
-    skos:definition "Molecular entity that acts as the electron donor in a photoinduced electron transfer process and is not restored in a subsequent reduction process but is destroyed by the irreversible chemical conversion."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sacrificial donor"@en .
-
-cs:0001120 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001120"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001096 ;
-    skos:definition "Pretreatment of the photocatalyst before its intoduction to the reaction chamber."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sample pre-treatment"@en .
-
-cs:0001124 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001124"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001096 ;
-    skos:definition "Identification of the mixture of gaseous products in a CO2 photoreduction experiment. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Selectivity"@en .
-
-cs:0001126 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001126"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001059 ;
-    skos:definition "The minimum concentration of a product or intermediate that the gas chromatograph can identify. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sensitivity of gas chromatograph"@en .
-
-cs:0001127 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001127"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001080 ;
-    skos:definition "The minimum concentration of a product or intermediate that the mass spectrometer can identify. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sensitivity of mass spectrometer"@en .
-
-cs:0001128 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001128"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001115 ;
-    skos:definition "The shape of the reaction chamber. In gas-phase CO2 photoreduction, reaction chambers have usually a cylindrical, cubical or rectangular shape."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Shape of reaction chamber"@en .
-
-cs:0001130 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001130"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001026 ;
-    skos:definition "Spin coating is a procedure used to deposit uniform thin films onto flat substrates. Usually a small amount of coating material is applied on the center of the substrate, which is either spinning at low speed or not spinning at all. The substrate is then rotated at speed up to 10,000 rpm to spread the coating material by centrifugal force."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Spin coating"@en .
-
-cs:0001131 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001131"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001026 ;
-    skos:definition "A technique in which a solution containing the photocatalyst, is forced through a nozzle whereby a fine aerosol will be formed. This aerosol is sprayed on the surface of an appropriate substrate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Spray coating"@en .
-
-cs:0001135 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001135"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:definition "The temperature (range) under which the CO2 photoreduction takes place."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Temperature in a CO2 photoreduction experiment"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-cs:0001136 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001136"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001134 ;
-    skos:definition "Temperature externally applied (if necessary) in any of the synthesis step. Higher temperature values can be observed if an exothermic reaction takes place during the synthesis."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Temperature in synthesis"@en .
-
-cs:0001137 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001137"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "TCD"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001045 ;
-    skos:definition """
-In general, two cells arranged in a bridge configuration detect the change in thermal conductivity of the gas at the output of the column. This detector is sensitive to any substance with thermal conductivity different from that of the carrier gas. The lowest detectable limit is between 0.5 and 100 ppmv. The linear dynamic range is of the order of 103. This type of detector is often used for measuring components at relatively high concentrations."""@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Thermal conductivity detector"@en .
-
-cs:0001139 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001139"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001030 ;
-    skos:definition "The thickness of the film of the deposited photocatalyst. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Thickness of deposited film"@en .
-
-cs:0001140 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001140"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Thickness of window"@en,
-        "Window thickness"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001031 ;
-    skos:definition "Thickness of the optical window allowing the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Thickness of optical window"@en .
-
-cs:0001146 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001146"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "https://www.merriam-webster.com"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Pump"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001042 ;
-    skos:definition "A pump for exhausting gas from an enclosed space"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Vacuum pump"@en .
-
-cs:0001149 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001149"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001073 ;
-    skos:definition "The value of voltage  (usually in V or mV) used to operate the selected light source."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Voltage of operation of the light source"@en .
-
-cs:0001150 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001150"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001115 ;
-    skos:definition "Volume of the reaction chamber, calculated by its dimensions. Volume of pipes and valves connected to the reaction chamber should also be calculated and added to the total volume. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Volume of the reaction chamber"@en .
-
-cs:0001156 a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001156"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:definition "General terms often used in the field of photocatalysis."@en ;
-    skos:member cs:0001001,
-        cs:0001004,
-        cs:0001014,
-        cs:0001015,
-        cs:0001016,
-        cs:0001021,
-        cs:0001022,
-        cs:0001036,
-        cs:0001040,
-        cs:0001049,
-        cs:0001050,
-        cs:0001064,
-        cs:0001066,
-        cs:0001068,
-        cs:0001086,
-        cs:0001092,
-        cs:0001094,
-        cs:0001097,
-        cs:0001100,
-        cs:0001116,
-        cs:0001125,
-        cs:0001129,
-        cs:0001144,
-        cs:0001147,
-        cs:0001148,
-        cs:0001151 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "General terms"@en .
-
-cs:0001157 a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001157"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:definition "The light-driven reduction (conversion) of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons and / or platform chemicals in presence of water. The absorption of light and the adsorption of the reactants is performed by a photocatalyst (usually a metal oxide). "@en ;
-    skos:member cs:0001013,
-        cs:0001047,
-        cs:0001099,
-        cs:0001133 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photocatalytic CO2 reduction"@en .
-
-cs:0001158 a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001158"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Details describing the construction, physical dimensions, and operation of the photoreactor used for the photocalytic CO2 reduction reactions."@en ;
-    skos:member cs:0001061,
-        cs:0001073,
-        cs:0001089,
-        cs:0001107,
-        cs:0001112,
-        cs:0001113,
-        cs:0001115 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Reactor design"@en .
-
-cs:0001159 a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001159"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:definition "The process by which one or more chemical reactions are performed with the aim of converting a reactant or starting material into a product or multiple products."@en ;
-    skos:member cs:0001017,
-        cs:0001075,
-        cs:0001134 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Synthesis of photocatalysts"@en .
-
-cs:0001160 a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001160"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:definition "A collection of techniques used to identify the (physico)chemical, morphological, structural, mechanical, optical and electrical properties of the syntesized photocatalysts. Characterization is performed after the synthesis of the photocatalysts to evaluate the success of the synthetic approach, but also after the completion of the evaluation of the materials in CO2 photoreduction to ensure their stability under the selected experimental parameters."@en ;
-    skos:member cs:0001003,
-        cs:0001029,
-        cs:0001039,
-        cs:0001058,
-        cs:0001059,
-        cs:0001074,
-        cs:0001081,
-        cs:0001088,
-        cs:0001098,
-        cs:0001111,
-        cs:0001122,
-        cs:0001138,
-        cs:0001143,
-        cs:0001145,
-        cs:0001153,
-        cs:0001154,
-        cs:0001155 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Characterization of photocatalysts"@en .
-
-cs:0001161 a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001161"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Selection of experimental parameters applied for the evaluation of the performance of a photocatalyst in CO2 photoreduction."@en ;
-    skos:member cs:0001020,
-        cs:0001057,
-        cs:0001071,
-        cs:0001073,
-        cs:0001089,
-        cs:0001109,
-        cs:0001121,
-        cs:0001142 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Evaluation of performance"@en .
-
-cs:0001001 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001001"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The process of one material (absorbate) being retained by another (absorbent); this may be the physical solution of a gas, liquid, or solid in a liquid, attachement of molecules of a gas, vapour, liquid, or dissolved substance to a solid surface by physical forces; etc. In spectrometry, absorption of light at characteristic wavelengths or bands of wavelengths is used to identify the chemical nature of molecules, atoms or ions and to measure the concentration of these species. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Absorption"@en .
-
-cs:0001003 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001003"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "AFM"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. The information is gathered by \"feeling\" or \"touching\" the surface with a mechanical probe. Piezoelectric elements that facilitate tiny but accurate and precise movements on (electronic) command enable precise scanning."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Atomic force microscopy"@en .
-
-cs:0001004 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001004"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Eg"@en,
-        "Energy bandgap"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The energy difference between the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band in a semiconductor or an insulator."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Bandgap energy"@en .
-
-cs:0001014 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001014"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel ""@en,
-        "Charge photo-generation"@en,
-        "Electron excitation"@en,
-        "Electron-hole pair"@en,
-        "Photogenerated charges"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The generation of electron - hole pairs in a semiconductor as a result of light absorption of sufficient energy to overcome the bandgap energy. Electrons (negative charge) get excited to the conduction band, while holes (positive charge) remain in the valence band. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Charge photogeneration"@en .
-
-cs:0001015 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001015"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC / Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The reverse of charge separation. The recombination of electrons and holes without them having enough time to reduce and oxidize (respectively) the adsorbed reactants, leads to lower efficiencies in CO2 photoreduction."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Charge recombination"@en .
-
-cs:0001016 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001016"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "A process in which, under the influence of a suitable driving force (e.g., provided by photoexcitation), electronic charge moves in a direction that increases the difference in local charges between donor and acceptor sites."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Charge separation"@en .
-
-cs:0001020 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001020"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001114 ;
-    skos:definition "Concentration of the reactants (e.g., CO2 and H2O) used in the photocatalytic CO2 reduction experiments"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Concentration of reactants"@en .
-
-cs:0001021 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001021"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "CB"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "A vacant or only partially occupied set of many closely spaced electronic levels resulting from an array of a large number of atoms forming a system in which the electrons can move freely or nearly so. This term is usually used to describe the properties of metals and semiconductors."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Conduction band"@en .
-
-cs:0001022 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001022"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The presence of three-dimensional order in the level of atomic dimensions."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Crystallinity"@en .
-
-cs:0001029 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001029"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "DSC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "A technique in which the difference in energy inputs into a substance (and/or its reaction product(s)) and a reference material is measured as a function of temperature whilst the substance and reference material are subjected to a controlled temperature programme."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Differential scanning calorimetry"@en .
-
-cs:0001036 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001036"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The action of adding a small amount of foreign atoms to form a solid solution in the lattice of a non-metallic catalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Doping"@en .
-
-cs:0001039 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001039"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "EELS"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Any technique in which an electron transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused electron beam and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. This energy spectrum contains features corresponding to discrete losses of energy of the transmitted electrons due to excitation of electronic or plasmon states and provides information on the identity (and in some cases) chemical bonding of the elements in the sample."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Electron energy loss spectroscopy"@en .
-
-cs:0001040 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001040"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The transfer of an electron from one molecular entity to another, or between two localized sites in the same molecular entity."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Electron transfer"@en .
-
-cs:0001041 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001041"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001061 ;
-    skos:definition "Equipment used for controlling and / or monitoring the flow of gases (reactant or inert) needed for a CO2 photoreduction experiment. Mass flow controllers (MFCs) are commonly used to controlle gas flows."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001077 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipment controlling and monitoring gas flow"@en .
-
-cs:0001042 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001042"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Pressure controller"@en,
-        "Pressure gauge"@en,
-        "Pressure monitor"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001112 ;
-    skos:definition "Equipment used for controlling and / or monitoring the pressure in various parts of a photoreactor. A vaccum pump is a typical example of such equipment."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001146 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipment for controlling and monitoring operation pressure"@en .
-
-cs:0001049 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001049"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "State of a system with energy higher than that if the ground state. This term is most commonly used to characterize a molecule  in one of its electonically excited states, but can also refer to vibrational and/or rotational excitation in the electronic ground state."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Excited state"@en .
-
-cs:0001050 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001050"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "EF"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The chemical potential of electrons in a solid (metals, semiconductors or insulators) or in an electrolyte solution."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Fermi level"@en .
-
-cs:0001058 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001058"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "FT-IR"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Measurement technique whereby spectra are collected based on measurements of the temporal coherence of an (infrared radiative source, using time-domain measurements of the electromagnetic radiation or other type of radiation."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy"@en .
-
-cs:0001060 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001060"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Calcination environment"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001009 ;
-    skos:definition "A gas flow under which the calcination step takes place (e,g,, Ar or synthetic air)"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001054 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Gaseous environment"@en .
-
-cs:0001064 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001064"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The state of lowest Gibbs energy of a system"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Ground state"@en .
-
-cs:0001066 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001066"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "Charge migration process in which the majority carriers are positively charged."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Hole transfer"@en .
-
-cs:0001071 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001071"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001142 ;
-    skos:definition "The total duration in which the photocatalyst was under irradiation by the selected light source. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Irradiation time"@en .
-
-cs:0001074 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001074"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "LC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "A separation technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. Liquid chromatography can be carried out either in a column or on a plane. Present-day liquid chromatography generally utilizing very small particles and a relatively high inlet pressure is often characterized by the term high-performance (or high-pressure) liquid chromatography, and the acronym HPLC."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Liquid chromatography"@en .
-
-cs:0001081 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001081"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "MS"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "The study of systems by causing the formation of gaseous ions, with or without fragmentation, which are then characterized by their mass-to-charge ratios and relative abundances."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mass spectroscopy"@en .
-
-cs:0001086 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001086"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Encyclopedia Britannica"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "Metal oxides are crystalline solids that contain a metal cation and an oxide anion."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Metal oxide"@en .
-
-cs:0001088 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001088"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "NMR"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy"@en .
-
-cs:0001092 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001092"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "1. The complete, net removal of one or more electrons from a molecular entity. 2. An increase in the oxidation number of any atom within any substrate. 3. Gain of oxygen and / or loss of hydrogen of an organic substrate,"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Oxidation "@en .
-
-cs:0001094 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001094"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC Gold Book"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Photocatalytic material"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "Catalyst able to produce, upon absorption of light, chemical transformations of the reaction partners. The excited state of the photocatalyst repeatedly interacts with the reaction partners forming reaction intermediates and regenerates itself after each cycle of such interactions."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photocatalyst"@en .
-
-cs:0001097 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001097"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Photo-excitation"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The production of an excited state by the adsorption of ultraviolet, visible, or infrared radiation. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photoexcitation"@en .
-
-cs:0001098 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001098"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "PL"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Luminescence from direct photoexcitation of the emitting species."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photoluminescence"@en .
-
-cs:0001100 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001100"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The distribution of pore volume with respect to pore size; alternatively, it may be defined by the related distribution of pore area with respect to pore size."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Pore size distribution"@en .
-
-cs:0001101 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001101"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001057 ;
-    skos:definition "A photocatalyst introduced to the reaction chamber in the form of a powder. Usually the powdered photocatalyst is spread inside a quartz / glass plate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001079 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Powdered photocatalyst"@en .
-
-cs:0001104 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001104"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001096 ;
-    skos:definition "When performing a CO2 photoreduction experiment in batch mode, with each sampling event, the pressure in the reaction chamber decreases. This pressure drop should be taken into consideration when calculating the concentration of formed products."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001103 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Pressure drop in a CO2 phoreduction experiment"@en .
-
-cs:0001109 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001109"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001114 ;
-    skos:definition "Purity of reactants (e.g., CO2, H2O, He) used in the photocatalytic CO2 reduction experiments. Purity is measure of the impurities contained in the reactants' supply. The highest purity reactants should be used to ensure the collection of reliable results. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Purity of reactants"@en .
-
-cs:0001111 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001111"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "RAMAN"@en,
-        "Raman"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Raman Spectroscopy"@en .
-
-cs:0001116 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001116"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "The complete transfer of one or more electrons to a molecular entity."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Reduction"@en .
-
-cs:0001121 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001121"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001142 ;
-    skos:definition "The time in between the collection of two data points."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sampling intervals"@en .
-
-cs:0001122 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001122"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "SEM"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Any analytical technique which involves the generation and evaluation of secondary electrons (and to a lesser extent back scattered electrons) by a finely focused electron beam (typically 10 nm or less) for high resolution and high depth of field imaging."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Scanning electron microscopy"@en .
-
-cs:0001125 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001125"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "Material whose conductivity, due to charges of both signs, is normally in the range between that of metals and insulators and in which the electric charge carrier density can be changed by external means."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Semiconductor"@en .
-
-cs:0001129 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001129"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "SSA"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "When the area of the interface between two phases is proportional to the mass of one of the phases (e.g., for a solid adsorbent, for an emulsion or for an aerosol), the specific surface area is defined as the surface area divided by the mass of the relevant phase. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Specific surface area"@en .
-
-cs:0001138 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001138"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "TGA"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction)"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Thermogravimetric analysis"@en .
-
-cs:0001143 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001143"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "TEM"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Any technique in which an electron transparent sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the intensity of the transmitted electrons which is determined by scattering phenomena (electron absorption phenomena) in the interior of the sample is recorded. TEM essentially provides a high resolution image of the microstructure of a thin sample. This technique is often just called electron microscopy. The term transmission electron microscopy is however recommended for the sake of a clear distinction from other electron microscopic techniques."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Transmission electron microscopy"@en .
-
-cs:0001145 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001145"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "UV-Vis"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in part of the ultraviolet and the full, adjacent visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent ranges. The absorption or reflectance in the visible range directly affects the perceived color of the chemicals involved. In this region of the spectrum, atoms and molecules undergo electronic transitions."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy"@en .
-
-cs:0001147 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001147"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "VB"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "Highest energy continuum of energy levels in a solid that is fully occupied by electrons at 0 K. The valence band is lower in energy than the conduction band and is generally completely full in semiconductors."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Valence band"@en .
-
-cs:0001151 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001151"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "λ"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062 ;
-    skos:definition "Distance in the direction of propagation of a periodic wave between two successive points where at a given the phase is the same."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Wavelength"@en .
-
-cs:0001153 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001153"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "XRD"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Any technique which utilizes the diffraction of X-rays generated in a microstructural domain of a solid under bombardment with a finely focused electron beam, thus providing an X-ray diffraction pattern of this microstructural domain."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "X-ray diffraction"@en .
-
-cs:0001154 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001154"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Dictionary of Applied Math for Engineers and Scientists, "@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "XRF"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "A kind of analysis based on the measurement of the energies and intensities of characteristic X-radiation emitted by a test portion during irradiation with electromagnetic radiation."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "X-ray fluorescence"@en .
-
-cs:0001155 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001155"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "XPS"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013 ;
-    skos:definition "Any technique in which the sample is bombarded with X-rays and photoelectrons produced by the sample are detected as a function of energy. ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) refers to the use of this technique to identify elements, their concentrations, and their chemical state within the sample."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy"@en .
-
-cs:0001017 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001017"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Chemical reagents"@en,
-        "Chemicals"@en,
-        "Reagents"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Chemical substances used in the synthesis process of a desired photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001076 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Chemical substances used for synthesis"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-cs:0001025 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001025"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001141 ;
-    skos:definition "A thin film of the photocatalyst deposited on an appropiate for the application substrate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001030,
-        cs:0001078 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Deposited film"@en .
-
-cs:0001030 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001030"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001025 ;
-    skos:definition "The diamensions (area / thickness / diameter) of the - deposited on the substrate - thin film"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001002,
-        cs:0001139 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dimensions of deposited film"@en .
-
-cs:0001031 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001031"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001090 ;
-    skos:definition "The dimension of the optical window (diameter / thickness) allowing the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001027,
-        cs:0001140 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dimensions of optical window"@en .
-
-cs:0001061 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001061"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001099 ;
-    skos:definition "Flow rates of gases used in a CO2 photoreduction experiment. Gases can have either the role of a reactant (e.g., CO2) or be inert (e.g., Ar, He). "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001041 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Gas flow"@en .
-
-cs:0001068 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001068"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "IR"@en,
-        "Ir"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062,
-        cs:0001152 ;
-    skos:definition "Region of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from 780 nm to about 20000 nm. This is the wavelength region in which absorption by a molecular entity causes excitation of its vibrational, rotational, and bending modes."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Infrared"@en .
-
-cs:0001090 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001090"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.edmundoptics.com"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001115 ;
-    skos:definition " Flat, optically transparent plates that are typically designed to maximize transmission in a specified wavelength range, while minimizing reflection and absoprtion."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001031,
-        cs:0001082 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Optical window"@en .
-
-cs:0001112 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001112"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Operation pressure"@en,
-        "Operation pressure range"@en,
-        "Pressure range"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Maximum and minimum of operation pressure range within the reactor can operate safely. Higher operation temperatures can lead to higher pressure values."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001042 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Range of operation pressure"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-cs:0001113 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001113"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Operation temperature"@en,
-        "Operation temperature range"@en,
-        "Temparature range"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001099 ;
-    skos:definition "Maximum and minimum of operation temperature range within the reactor can operate safely."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001043 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Range of operation temperature"@en .
-
-cs:0001119 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001119"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001114 ;
-    skos:definition "Electron donors or hole scavengers used to reduce the recombination tendency of electrons and holes. Sacrificial reagents are used in photocatalysis to study an oxidation or reduction reaction seperately."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001117,
-        cs:0001118 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sacrificial reagents"@en .
-
-cs:0001123 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001123"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:definition "The light source used for the irradiation of the reactants in the reaction chamber."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001072,
-        cs:0001152 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Selected light source"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-cs:0001132 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001132"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001141 ;
-    skos:definition "The substate onto which a (powdered) photocatalyst is deposited. Such substrates incude glass surfaces (e.g., borosilicate glass or conductive glass like ITO and FTO), ceramic substrates (e.g., alumina) or metal substrates (e.g., Ti foils, stainless steel etc.) "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001033,
-        cs:0001084 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Substrate"@en .
-
-cs:0001144 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001144"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "UV"@en,
-        "UV-A"@en,
-        "UV-B"@en,
-        "UV-C"@en,
-        "VUV"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062,
-        cs:0001152 ;
-    skos:definition "Region of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from about 100 nm to 400 nm. This region is divided into four sub-bands as follows: 1) Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV): 100 - 200 nm, 2) UV-C: 200 - 280 nm, 3) UV-B: 280 - 315 nm, 4) UV-A: 315 - 400 nm"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Ultraviolet"@en .
-
-cs:0001148 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001148"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "VIS"@en,
-        "Vis"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001062,
-        cs:0001152 ;
-    skos:definition "Region of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from about 400 nm to 760 nm. This is the wavelength region to which the human eye is sensitive. There are no precise limits for the spectral range of visible radiation since they depend upon the amount or radiant power reaching the retina and on the responsivity of the observer."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Visible"@en .
-
-cs:0001026 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001026"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001141 ;
-    skos:definition "A technique used to deposit (immobilize) a (powdered) photocatalyst on a substate. These techniques indlude (but are not limited to): doctor blading, spin coating, spray coating, etc."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001035,
-        cs:0001130,
-        cs:0001131 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Deposition technique"@en .
-
-cs:0001045 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001045"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001059 ;
-    skos:definition "Detectors of the gas chromatogragh used to identify the reaction products and intemediates."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001028,
-        cs:0001052,
-        cs:0001137 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipped detectors of gas chromatograph"@en .
-
-cs:0001057 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001057"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001047 ;
-    skos:definition "The form in which the photocatalyst is introduced to the reaction chamber. This can include e.g., powders, pellets or thin films deposited on a substrate. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001101,
-        cs:0001141 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Form of photocatalyst"@en .
-
-cs:0001075 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001075"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel ""@en,
-        "Publications"@en,
-        "manuscripts"@en,
-        "papers"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001133 ;
-    skos:definition "Thorough search of available literature on the research topic of interest using online research platforms (e.g, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Research Gate etc.) and / or libraries. Relevant literature can be found in the form of publications, books, abstracts and conference presentations. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001019,
-        cs:0001091 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Literature research"@en .
-
-cs:0001080 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001080"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "MS"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001107 ;
-    skos:definition "The study of systems by causing the formation of gaseous ions, with or without fragmentation, which are then characterized by their mass-to-charge ratios and relative abundances."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001011,
-        cs:0001046,
-        cs:0001127 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mass spectrometry"@en .
-
-cs:0001084 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001084"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001132 ;
-    skos:definition "The material that the substrate is made of. Common materials include: glass (conductive or not), ceramics and metal."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001012,
-        cs:0001063,
-        cs:0001085 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Material of substrate"@en .
-
-cs:0001107 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001107"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001099 ;
-    skos:definition "Spectroscopic or chromatographic methods used to qualitatively and quantitatively identify the products of the photoreaction. Such devices are usually attached to the photoreactor, or a sample is being trasfered to an identification method via another medium (e.g., gastight syringes)."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001059,
-        cs:0001080 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Product identification method"@en .
-
-cs:0001133 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001133"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001095 ;
-    skos:definition "The process by which one or more chemical reactions are performed with the aim of converting a reactant or starting material into a product or multiple products."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001075,
-        cs:0001134 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Synthesis of photocatalysts"@en .
-
-cs:0001141 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001141"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001057 ;
-    skos:definition "A photocatalyst introduced to the reaction chamber in the form of a thin film. To form a thin film, a (powdered) photocatalyst is deposited on a substrate (e.g., glass or metal) using an appropriate deposition technique. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001025,
-        cs:0001026,
-        cs:0001132 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Thin film"@en .
-
-cs:0001063 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001063"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001084 ;
-    skos:definition "A flat surface made of glass serving as a substrate for the deposition of a photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001007,
-        cs:0001056,
-        cs:0001067,
-        cs:0001110 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Glass substrate"@en .
-
-cs:0001095 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001095"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "CO2 photoreduction"@en,
-        "Carbon dioxide photoreduction"@en,
-        "Photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction"@en,
-        "artificial photosynthesis"@en ;
-    skos:definition "The light-driven reduction (conversion) of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons and / or platform chemicals in presence of water. The absorption of light and the adsorption of the reactants is performed by a photocatalyst (usually a metal oxide). "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001013,
-        cs:0001047,
-        cs:0001099,
-        cs:0001133 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photocatalytic CO2 reduction"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-cs:0001114 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001114"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001047 ;
-    skos:definition "A substance that is consumed in the course of chemical reaction. It is sometimes knonw, especially in the older literature, as a reagent, but this term is better used in a more specialized sence as a test substance that is added to a system in order to bring about a reaction or to see whether a reaction occurs (e.g., an analytical reagent)."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001020,
-        cs:0001055,
-        cs:0001109,
-        cs:0001119 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Reactants"@en .
-
-cs:0001142 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001142"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001047 ;
-    skos:definition "The total duration of an experiment"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001071,
-        cs:0001108,
-        cs:0001121 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Total duration of experiment"@en .
-
-cs:0001152 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001152"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001073,
-        cs:0001123 ;
-    skos:definition "Wavelength (single, narrow distribution or range) of the light emmited by the light source."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001068,
-        cs:0001144,
-        cs:0001148 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Wavelength range"@en .
-
-cs:0001009 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001009"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Calcination"@en,
-        "Heat treatment"@en,
-        "Heat-treatment"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001134 ;
-    skos:definition "Heat treatment to reach the desired final photocatalyst. The parameters of the heat treatment can vary between each calcination step. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001038,
-        cs:0001051,
-        cs:0001060,
-        cs:0001065,
-        cs:0001069 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Calcination steps"@en .
-
-cs:0001059 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001059"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "GC"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001013,
-        cs:0001107 ;
-    skos:definition "A separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. Gas chromatography is always carried out in a column."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001010,
-        cs:0001045,
-        cs:0001126 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Gas chromatography"@en .
-
-cs:0001089 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001089"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001047,
-        cs:0001099 ;
-    skos:definition "Operation mode under the which the experiment takes place: batch of continuous flow mode."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001005,
-        cs:0001053 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Operation mode"@en .
-
-cs:0001115 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001115"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Photoreaction chamber"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001099 ;
-    skos:definition "A construction inside of which the photocatalyst and the reactants coexist and the photoreaction takes place."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001032,
-        cs:0001083,
-        cs:0001090,
-        cs:0001128,
-        cs:0001150 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Reaction chamber"@en .
-
-cs:0001047 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001047"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001095 ;
-    skos:definition "Selection of experimental parameters applied for the evaluation of the performance of a photocatalyst in CO2 photoreduction."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001057,
-        cs:0001073,
-        cs:0001089,
-        cs:0001096,
-        cs:0001114,
-        cs:0001142 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Evaluation of performance"@en .
-
-cs:0001096 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001096"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Carbon dioxide photoreduction experiment"@en,
-        "Photocatalytic CO2 reduction experiment"@en,
-        "Photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction experiment"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001047 ;
-    skos:definition "An experiment in which a photocatalyst in the presence of H2O and under the influence of light of appropriate wavelength, converts CO2 to hydrocarbons and / or useful platform chemicals. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001006,
-        cs:0001018,
-        cs:0001048,
-        cs:0001104,
-        cs:0001105,
-        cs:0001120,
-        cs:0001124 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photocatalytic CO2 reduction experiment"@en .
-
-cs:0001099 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001099"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Photoreactor engineering"@en,
-        "Reactor design"@en,
-        "Reactor engineering"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001095 ;
-    skos:definition "Details describing the construction, physical dimensions, and operation of the photoreactor used for the photocalytic CO2 reduction reactions."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001061,
-        cs:0001073,
-        cs:0001089,
-        cs:0001107,
-        cs:0001113,
-        cs:0001115 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photoreactor design"@en .
-
-cs:0001134 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001134"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001133 ;
-    skos:definition "Necessary steps needed to follow in order to reach the desired photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001009,
-        cs:0001037,
-        cs:0001044,
-        cs:0001093,
-        cs:0001106,
-        cs:0001136 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Synthesis steps"@en .
-
-cs:0001073 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001073"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001047,
-        cs:0001099 ;
-    skos:definition "Light sources used to irradiate a photocatalyst. These include sources with various intensities, powers and wavelength ranges,  including Hg/Xe lamps, Xe lamps and LEDs. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001023,
-        cs:0001034,
-        cs:0001070,
-        cs:0001102,
-        cs:0001149,
-        cs:0001152 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Light source"@en .
-
-cs:0001013 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001013"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:broader cs:0001095 ;
-    skos:definition "A collection of techniques used to identify the (physico)chemical, morphological, structural, mechanical, optical and electrical properties of the syntesized photocatalysts. Characterization is performed after the synthesis of the photocatalysts to evaluate the success of the synthetic approach, but also after the completion of the evaluation of the materials in CO2 photoreduction to ensure their stability under the selected experimental parameters."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001003,
-        cs:0001008,
-        cs:0001024,
-        cs:0001029,
-        cs:0001039,
-        cs:0001058,
-        cs:0001059,
-        cs:0001074,
-        cs:0001081,
-        cs:0001087,
-        cs:0001088,
-        cs:0001098,
-        cs:0001111,
-        cs:0001122,
-        cs:0001138,
-        cs:0001143,
-        cs:0001145,
-        cs:0001153,
-        cs:0001154,
-        cs:0001155 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Characterization of photocatalysts"@en .
-
-cs:0001062 a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_0001062"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Self"@en ;
-    skos:definition "General terms often used in the field of photocatalysis."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower cs:0001001,
-        cs:0001004,
-        cs:0001014,
-        cs:0001015,
-        cs:0001016,
-        cs:0001021,
-        cs:0001022,
-        cs:0001036,
-        cs:0001040,
-        cs:0001049,
-        cs:0001050,
-        cs:0001064,
-        cs:0001066,
-        cs:0001068,
-        cs:0001086,
-        cs:0001092,
-        cs:0001094,
-        cs:0001097,
-        cs:0001100,
-        cs:0001116,
-        cs:0001125,
-        cs:0001129,
-        cs:0001144,
-        cs:0001147,
-        cs:0001148,
-        cs:0001151 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "General terms"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-cs: a skos:ConceptScheme ;
-    dcterms:created "2022-04-13"^^xsd:date ;
-    dcterms:creator <https://www.catalysis.de/> ;
-    dcterms:hasPart cs:0001156,
-        cs:0001157,
-        cs:0001158,
-        cs:0001159,
-        cs:0001160,
-        cs:0001161 ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo_"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:modified "2022-04-13"^^xsd:date ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Heterogene Photokatalyse / Leibniz Institute für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT)"@en ;
-    dcterms:publisher <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/> ;
-    owl:versionInfo "0.1" ;
-    skos:definition "A vocabulary of the most commonly used terms in the heterogeneous photocatalytic (light-driven) reduction (conversion) of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons and / or platform chemicals"@en ;
-    skos:hasTopConcept cs:0001017,
-        cs:0001062,
-        cs:0001095,
-        cs:0001112,
-        cs:0001123,
-        cs:0001135 ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photocatalytic CO2 reduction"@en ;
-    dcat:contactPoint "Nikolaos Moustakas / David Linke / Jennifer Strunk" .
diff --git a/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_final.xlsx b/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_final.xlsx
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diff --git a/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_from-indent.xlsx b/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_from-indent.xlsx
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diff --git a/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_indent.xlsx b/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_indent.xlsx
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diff --git a/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_indent_formula.xlsx b/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_indent_formula.xlsx
deleted file mode 100644
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diff --git a/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_orig-fixed.xlsx b/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_orig-fixed.xlsx
deleted file mode 100644
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diff --git a/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_textids.xlsx b/example/Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_textids.xlsx
deleted file mode 100644
index f71b866..0000000
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diff --git a/example/README.md b/example/README.md
index da6c99a..66c3a12 100644
--- a/example/README.md
+++ b/example/README.md
@@ -1,29 +1,13 @@
-Example files showing typical conversions with voc4cat:
-
-- `Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_orig-fixed.xlsx`
-  - A draft of a photocatalysis vocabulary: This has still the original structure and contents; only spelling and link errors were fixed.
-  - The hierarchy was created with voc4cat 0.30 by the `-r` / `--add-related` option from the extra column on the right in sheets Concepts & Collections. Note, this option was removed in 0.4.0 to foster using numeric IDs.
-- `Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_textids.xlsx`
-  - Same contents as the first file but the extra column in the sheets Concepts & Collections was removed. The concepts were sorted by IRI (this was done to assign IDs in a reproducible way to demonstrate round-tripping, see below).
-- `Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_final.xlsx`
-  - This file was generate from the previous one by replacing the textual IDs with numeric ones using the `--make-ids` option added in version 0.4.0.
-- `Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_final.ttl`
-  - Results of processing the previous file with voc4cat without options (which does convert to turtle).
-
-The above example may not represent the most typical workflow.
-In practice one would start creating vocabularies from a file that does not yet have IRIs.
-In this case hierarchies may be expressed by indentation:
-
-- `Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_indent.xlsx`
-  - Same content as first file, but it uses Excel indentation to express hierarchy. It does contain temporary IRIs for concepts created from the preferred label with Excel functions.
-- `Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_from-indent.xlsx`
-  - This results from processing the previous file with voc4cat using the `--hierarchy-from-indent` option. The concepts were sorted by IRI (like above).
-- `Photocatalysis_LIKAT_template043_from-indent_final.xlsx`
-  - This results from processing the previous file with voc4cat using the `--make-ids new 1001` option which replaces the temporary IRIs with IRIs containing  numeric IDs.
-  - If this file is further processed with voc4cat without options, a turtle file is generated that is identical to the turtle file from above. - So round-tripping does work!
-
-Files demonstrating the different ways how to express concept-hierarchies:
-
-- Children URIs: `concept_hierarchy_043_4Cat.xlsx`
-- Excel indentation: `indent_043_4Cat.xlsx`
-- Three spaces for indentation: `indent_3spaces_043_4Cat.xlsx`
+### Example files showing typical conversions with voc4cat
+
+For a new vocabulary one would probably start with an xlsx file that does not yet have IRIs.
+In this case hierarchies can be expressed best by indentation:
+
+- `photocatalysis_example_indented_prelim-IDs.xlsx`
+  - This file uses Excel/xlsx-indentation to express hierarchy. It does contain temporary IRIs for concepts. At least some preliminary IRIs are required to convert the hierarchy from indentation to children-IRI form. You may also use text-based IRIs as preliminary IRIs.
+- `photocatalysis_example_prelim-IDs.xlsx`
+  - This results from processing the previous file with voc4cat using the `--hierarchy-from-indent` option.
+- `photocatalysis_example.xlsx`
+  - This results from processing the previous file with voc4cat using the `--make-ids temp 1` option which replaces the temporary "temp:###"-IRIs with IRIs containing numeric IDs starting from 1. The prefix is replaced by the concept scheme IRI from the "concept scheme" sheet and the standard 7-digit IDs are used instead of the 3 digits of the preliminary IRIs.
+  - If this file is further processed with voc4cat without options, the SKOS file `photocatalysis_example.ttl` is generated.
+  - Running voc4cat on the turtle file generates again the xlsx file. - The conversion works both ways!
diff --git a/example/idranges.toml b/example/idranges.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..175a34d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/idranges.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# ==== General Configuration ====
+# Documentation of the TOML format: https://toml.io/en/latest
+
+# Allow only a single vocabulary (default) or multiple vocabularies in the repository.
+single_vocab = false
+
+# ==== Configuration for vocabulary "myvocab" ====
+
+# The name of the vocabulary is used as section name.
+# It should match the filename-stem of the vocabulary files.
+[vocabs.photocatalysis_example]
+# Length of integer IDs in vocabulary. IDs will be left-padded with zeros to specified length.
+id_length = 7
+# permanent part of IRIs defined in the vocabulary
+permanent_iri_part = "https://example.org/"
+
+# Section to configure checks (useful in CI pipeline)
+[vocabs.photocatalysis_example.checks]
+# Deleting allowed (relevant in CI-pipeline)
+allow_delete = false
+
+[vocabs.photocatalysis_example.prefix_map]
+ex = "https://example.org/"
+
+# Section of IDranges for coordinating the allocation of numeric ID ranges to
+# contributors for each vocabulary. Each idrange contains the same keys:
+#
+# first_id = <int>            - first reserved integer ID in idrange
+# last_id = <int>             - last reserved integer ID in idrange
+# gh_name = "<string>"        - user or organisation name on github
+# orcid = "<string> or <url>" - contributor's ORCID, e.g. "0000-0002-1825-0097" or "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0097"
+# ror_id = "<url>"            - ROR identifier of home organisation, e.g. "https://ror.org/04fa4r544"
+
+[[vocabs.photocatalysis_example.id_range]]
+first_id = 1
+last_id = 5000
+gh_name = "nmoust"
+orcid = "0000-0002-6242-2167"
+ror_id = "https://ror.org/029hg0311"
+
+[[vocabs.photocatalysis_example.id_range]]
+first_id = 5001
+last_id = 5020
+gh_name = "unknown"
+orcid = ""
+ror_id = ""
+
+# Continue with as many [[myvocab.idrange]] sections as needed.
diff --git a/example/photocatalysis_example.ttl b/example/photocatalysis_example.ttl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fa55b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/photocatalysis_example.ttl
@@ -0,0 +1,1210 @@
+@prefix dcat: <http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#> .
+@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
+@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
+@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
+@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
+@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
+
+<https://example.org/0000004> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000004"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000005> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000003> ;
+    skos:definition "A chemical compound formed by the reaction of a metal with oxygen."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "metal oxide"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000006> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000006"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000007> ;
+    skos:altLabel "EF"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000005> ;
+    skos:definition "The energy level in a semiconductor where the probability of finding an electron is 0.5. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "Fermi level"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000007> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000007"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000008> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000005> ;
+    skos:definition "The degree of a three-dimensional structural order of atoms which constitute the crystal lattice of a material."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "crystallinity"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000008> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000008"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000009> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000005> ;
+    skos:definition "Pore size distribution refers to the range of pore sizes in a material. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "pore size distribution"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000009> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000009"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000010> ;
+    skos:altLabel "energy bandgap; Eg"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000005> ;
+    skos:definition "The energy difference between a semiconductor’s valence band top and conduction band bottom, which is required to excite an electron from the former to the latter.  "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "bandgap energy"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000010> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000010"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000011> ;
+    skos:altLabel "VB"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000005> ;
+    skos:definition "The band of energy levels in a solid fully occupied by electrons at 0 K (273.15 °C)."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "valence band"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000011> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000011"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000012> ;
+    skos:altLabel "CB"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000005> ;
+    skos:definition "The energy band of electronic levels of partially or fully filled mobile electrons in a metal or a semiconductor. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "conduction band"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000012> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000012"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000013> ;
+    skos:altLabel "SSA"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000005> ;
+    skos:definition "Α measure of the total surface area of a material per unit mass or volume."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "specific surface area"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000014> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000014"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000015> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000013> ;
+    skos:definition "The introduction of foreign atoms into a semiconductor leading to the formation of new energy levels and charge concentrations."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "doping"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000017> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000017"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000018> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000016> ;
+    skos:definition "Mass of a powdered photocatalyst used for an experiment."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "powder mass"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000020> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000020"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000021> ;
+    skos:altLabel "spray-coating"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000019> ;
+    skos:definition "A technique used to deposit uniform thin films onto a substrate by spraying a solution of the material onto the surface."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "spray coating"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000021> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000021"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000022> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000019> ;
+    skos:definition "A tape-casting method used to deposit thin films of a photocatalyst onto the surface of a substrate."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "doctor blading"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000022> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000022"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000023> ;
+    skos:altLabel "spin casting"@en,
+        "spin-casting"@en,
+        "spin-coating"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000019> ;
+    skos:definition "A technique used to deposit uniform thin films onto a substrate (e.g., metal or glass) by spinning at high speeds a solution (paste) of the material onto the surface."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "spin coating"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000025> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000025"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000026> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000024> ;
+    skos:definition "A  flat surface made of a metal (e.g., titanium, stainless steel) serving as a substrate for the deposition of a photocatalyst."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "metallic substrate"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000027> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000027"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000028> ;
+    skos:altLabel "FTO; FTO glass"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000026> ;
+    skos:definition "Transparent conductive metal oxide (fluorine doped tin oxide) that can be used in the fabrication of transparent electrodes for thin films."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000028> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000028"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000029> ;
+    skos:altLabel "ITO; ITO glass"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000026> ;
+    skos:definition "Transparent conductive metal oxide (indium tin oxide) that can be used in the fabrication of transparent electrodes for thin films."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "indium tin oxide coated glass"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000029> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000029"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000030> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000026> ;
+    skos:definition "A resistant to thermal shock type of glass, composed mainly of silica and boron trioxide."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "borosilicate glass"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000030> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000030"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000031> ;
+    skos:altLabel "quartz"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000026> ;
+    skos:definition "A type of pure silicon dioxide, highly crystalline glass that allows the transmission of light in the UV wavelength range."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "quartz glass"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000031> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000031"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000032> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000024> ;
+    skos:definition "A  surface made of a ceramic material (e.g., alumina) serving as a substrate for the deposition of a photocatalyst."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "ceramic substrate"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000033> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000033"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000034> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000032> ;
+    skos:definition "The width of the substrate."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "substrate width"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000034> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000034"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000035> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000032> ;
+    skos:definition "The depth of the substrate."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "substrate depth"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000035> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000035"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000036> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000032> ;
+    skos:definition "The thickness of the substrate."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "substrate thickness"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000036> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000036"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000037> ;
+    skos:altLabel "substrate surface area"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000032> ;
+    skos:definition "The surface area of the substrate."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "substrate area"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000038> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000038"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000039> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000037> ;
+    skos:definition "Mass of catalyst deposited onto the surface of a substrate."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "thin film mass"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000040> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000040"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000041> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000039> ;
+    skos:definition "The width of the film of the deposited photocatalyst."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "thin film width"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000041> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000041"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000042> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000039> ;
+    skos:definition "The thickness of the film of the deposited photocatalyst. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "thin film thickness"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000042> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000042"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000043> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000039> ;
+    skos:definition "The depth of the film of the deposited photocatalyst."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "thin film depth"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000043> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000043"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000044> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000039> ;
+    skos:definition "The area of the substrate covered by the deposited photocatalyst."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "thin film area"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000063> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000063"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000085> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000062> ;
+    skos:definition "Τhe lowest energy state of a system. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "ground state"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000064> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000064"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000086> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000062> ;
+    skos:definition "Τhe temporary state of a system with higher energy than its ground state caused by an external factor. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "excited state"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000066> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000066"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000088> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000065> ;
+    skos:definition "The transfer of an electron initiated by the absorption of a photon of sufficient energy. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "photoinduced electron transfer"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000067> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000067"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000089> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000065> ;
+    skos:definition "The transfer of a hole initiated by the absorption of a photon of sufficient energy. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "photoinduced hole transfer"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000068> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000068"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000090> ;
+    skos:altLabel "charge photogeneration; photogenerated charges; charge photo-generation; electron excitation; electron-hole pair;"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000065> ;
+    skos:definition "The generation of electron - hole pairs in a semiconductor as a result of light absorption of sufficient energy to overcome the bandgap energy. Electrons (negative charge) get excited to the conduction band, while holes (positive charge) remain in the valence band. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "photoinduced charge generation"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000069> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000069"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000091> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000065> ;
+    skos:definition "The process by which photogenerated charges (electrons and holes) in a semiconductor recombine, resulting in the dissipation of energy in the form of e.g., heat or light. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "charge recombination"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000070> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000070"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000092> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000065> ;
+    skos:definition "Absorption is the process in which energy (e.g., photons) or an absorbent (e.g., a gas) is taken up by an absorbate. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "absorption"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000071> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000071"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000093> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000065> ;
+    skos:definition "The binding (strong or weak) of a pollutant or a reactant molecule on the surface of a photocatalyst which facilitates the performance of photocatalytic reactions."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "adsorption"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000072> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000072"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000094> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000065> ;
+    skos:definition "The process under which reactants, intermediates and products are released from the surface of the photocatalyst. Desoprtion can be faciliated by an increase in temparature or a change in the pH."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "desorption"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000073> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000073"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000095> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000065> ;
+    skos:definition "The process of separating positive and negative charges in a semiconductor, typically as a result of an external force, (e.g., photoexcitation). "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "charge separation"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000074> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000074"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000096> ;
+    skos:altLabel "photo-excitation"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000065> ;
+    skos:definition "The state caused by the transition of electrons from the valence band top to the conduction band bottom by absorption of photons of sufficient energy.  "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "photoexcitation"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000075> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000075"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000097> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000065> ;
+    skos:definition "The loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state of a species. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "oxidation"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000077> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000077"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000099> ;
+    skos:altLabel "photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction; CO2 photoreduction; carbon dioxide photoreduction; artificial photosynthesis"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000076> ;
+    skos:definition "The light-driven reduction (conversion) of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons and / or platform chemicals in presence of water. The absorption of light and the adsorption of the reactants is performed by a photocatalyst (usually a metal oxide). "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "photocatalytic CO2 reduction"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000084> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000084"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000153> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000083> ;
+    skos:definition "Volume of the reaction chamber, calculated by its dimensions. Volume of pipes and valves connected to the reaction chamber should also be calculated and added to the total volume. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "reaction chamber volume"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000085> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000085"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000154> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000083> ;
+    skos:definition "Height, width and depth (in cubic- or rectangular- shaped reaction chambers) or diameter and height (in cylindrer - shaped reaction chambers)"@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "reaction chamber dimension"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000086> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000086"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000155> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000083> ;
+    skos:definition "The shape of the reaction chamber. In gas-phase reactions, reaction chambers have usually a cylindrical, cubical or rectangular shape."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "reaction chamber shape"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000087> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000087"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000156> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000083> ;
+    skos:definition "Material used for the construction of the main body of the reaction chamber."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "reaction chamber material"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000089> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000089"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000158> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000088> ;
+    skos:definition "Material that the window is made of. The window, usually attached to the lid sealing the reaction chamber, allows for the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst. The material of the window influences the wavelenth range the the photocatalyst experieneces. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "optical window material"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000091> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000091"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000160> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000090> ;
+    skos:definition "Diameter of the optical window allowing the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "optical window diameter"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000092> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000092"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000161> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000090> ;
+    skos:definition "Thickness of the optical window allowing the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "optical window thickness"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000095> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000095"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000167> ;
+    skos:altLabel "Hg-Xe lamp"@en,
+        "Hg/Xe lamp"@en,
+        "mercury xenon lamp"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000094> ;
+    skos:definition "A lamp containg a mixture of mercury (Hg) and xenon (Xe) gases. Under electric current, the gas mixture gets ionized through a discharge electric charge creating a plasma generating UV and visible light. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "mercury-xenon lamp"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000096> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000096"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000168> ;
+    skos:altLabel "Xe lamp"@en,
+        "Xe-lamp"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000094> ;
+    skos:definition "A lamp containg pure xenon (Xe) gas. Under electric current, the gas mixture gets ionized through a discharge electric charge creating a plasma generating UV and visible light. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "xenon lamp"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000097> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000097"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000169> ;
+    skos:altLabel "LED"@en,
+        "light-emitting diode"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000094> ;
+    skos:definition "A solid-state semiconductor emitting light at highly controllable (narrow) wavelength ranges."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "light emitting diode"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000099> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000099"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000171> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000098> ;
+    skos:definition "The distance of the light source from the reaction chamber and the photocatalyst."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "light source distance"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000100> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000100"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000172> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000098> ;
+    skos:definition "The value of current (usually in A or mA) used to operate the selected light source."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "light operation current"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000101> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000101"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000173> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000098> ;
+    skos:definition "The value of voltage  (usually in V or mV) used to operate the selected light source."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "light operation voltage"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000102> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000102"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000174> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000098> ;
+    skos:definition "The power of the light source (usually in W or mW). The power can be calculated by the multiplication of the current and voltage used to operate the light source,"@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "light power output"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000103> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000103"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000175> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000098> ;
+    skos:definition "The light intensity (usually in mW cm-2) of the selected light source. The light intensity should be measured at the same distance as the one between the light source and the reaction chamber / sample."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "light intensity"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000105> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000105"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000177> ;
+    skos:altLabel "IR; Ir"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000104> ;
+    skos:definition "Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths typically in the range of 800 nm - 20000 nm."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "infrared"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000106> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000106"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000178> ;
+    skos:altLabel "Vis; VIS"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000104> ;
+    skos:definition "Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths visible to the human eye, typically in the range of 400-800 nm. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "visible"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000107> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000107"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000179> ;
+    skos:altLabel "UV"@en,
+        "UV-A"@en,
+        "UV-B"@en,
+        "UV-C"@en,
+        "VUV"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000104> ;
+    skos:definition "Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength typically in the range of 100-400 nanometers."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "ultraviolet"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000108> a skos:Collection ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000108"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:isPartOf <https://example.org> ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    skos:definition "A collection of concepts referring to material  characterization techniques and methods to evaluate their efficiency in photocatalysis."@en ;
+    skos:member <https://example.org/0000045>,
+        <https://example.org/0000046>,
+        <https://example.org/0000047>,
+        <https://example.org/0000048>,
+        <https://example.org/0000049>,
+        <https://example.org/0000050>,
+        <https://example.org/0000051>,
+        <https://example.org/0000052>,
+        <https://example.org/0000053>,
+        <https://example.org/0000054>,
+        <https://example.org/0000055>,
+        <https://example.org/0000056>,
+        <https://example.org/0000057>,
+        <https://example.org/0000058>,
+        <https://example.org/0000059>,
+        <https://example.org/0000060>,
+        <https://example.org/0000061>,
+        <https://example.org/0000080>,
+        <https://example.org/0000081>,
+        <https://example.org/0000082> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "Characterization and evaluation techniques"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000003> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000003"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000004> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000002> ;
+    skos:definition "Broad families of semiconduction materials (e.g., metal oxides) that can be used as photocatalysts in various applications."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000004> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "categories of semiconductors"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000013> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000013"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000014> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000002> ;
+    skos:definition "Tecniques used to modify the properties of a photocatalyst, with the aim to increase its efficiency in a photocatalytic application. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000014> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "modification technique"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000016> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000016"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000017> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000015> ;
+    skos:definition "A photocatalyst introduced to the reaction chamber in the form of a powder. Usually the powdered photocatalyst is spread inside a quartz / glass plate."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000017> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "powdered photocatalyst"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000045> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000045"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000067> ;
+    skos:altLabel "X-ray emission spectrometry"@en,
+        "X-ray fluorescence spectrometry; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy"@en,
+        "XES"@en,
+        "XRES"@en,
+        "XRF"@en,
+        "XRF spectrometry"@en,
+        "XRF spectroscopy"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "A non-destructive analytical technique which uses a high-energy X-ray source to expose a material and monitors the emitted characteristic fluorescent X-Rays.  "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "X-ray fluorescence"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000046> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000046"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000068> ;
+    skos:altLabel "EELS"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "An analytical technique used to measure the energy loss of electrons passing through a sample. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "electron energy loss spectroscopy"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000047> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000047"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000069> ;
+    skos:altLabel "RAMAN"@en,
+        "Raman"@en,
+        "Raman scattering spectrometry"@en,
+        "Raman spectrometry"@en,
+        "raman scattering spectroscopy"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "A spectroscopy technique studying the vibrational modes of molecules, by measuring the intensity and frequency of scattered by the sample of monochromatic light. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "Raman spectroscopy"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000048> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000048"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000070> ;
+    skos:altLabel "AFM"@en,
+        "SFM"@en,
+        "atomic force imaging"@en,
+        "atomic-force microscopy"@en,
+        "scanning force microscopy"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "A high-resolution imaging technique that measures the interaction between a sharp probe and the sample’s surface to create a three-dimensional image of the surface’s morphology.  "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "atomic force microscopy"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000049> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000049"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000071> ;
+    skos:altLabel "DSC"@en,
+        "differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis"@en,
+        "differential scanning calorimetric analysis"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "A thermal analysis technique which compares the heat flow in a sample and a reference material under controlled applied temperature profiles. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "differential scanning calorimetry"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000050> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000050"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000072> ;
+    skos:altLabel "TG"@en,
+        "TG analysis"@en,
+        "TG measurements"@en,
+        "TGA"@en,
+        "thermal gravimetric analysis"@en,
+        "thermo-gravimetric analysis"@en,
+        "thermogravimetric (TG) analyses"@en,
+        "thermogravimetric (TG) analysis"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "A thermal analysis technique used to measure the change of a sample’s mass under the influence of controlled applied temperature profiles."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "thermogravimetric analysis"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000051> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000051"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000073> ;
+    skos:altLabel "NMR"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "A spectroscopic technique that uses a static magnetic field and radiofrequency radiation to measure the magnetic resonance of atomic nuclei protons or electrons."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000052> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000052"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000074> ;
+    skos:altLabel "PL"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "Light emission of lower energy photons from a sample upon its photoexcitation. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "photoluminescence"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000053> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000053"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000075> ;
+    skos:altLabel "SEM"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "An electron microscopy technique that produces high-resolution images under high magnification of a sample's surface by assessing the secondary and back-scattered electrons produced by a focused electron beam."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "scanning electron microscopy"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000054> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000054"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000076> ;
+    skos:altLabel "XPS"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "A technique that analyzes the chemical composition of an X-ray irradiated sample by measuring the energies of the emitted electrons."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000055> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000055"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000077> ;
+    skos:altLabel "X-ray analysis"@en,
+        "X-ray crystallographic analysis"@en,
+        "X-ray crystallography"@en,
+        "X-ray diffraction analysis"@en,
+        "X-ray diffractometry"@en,
+        "X-ray structure determination"@en,
+        "XRD"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "A technique which analyses the diffraction pattern produced when X-rays are scattered by a sample bombarded by a focused electron beam."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "X-ray diffraction"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000056> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000056"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000078> ;
+    skos:altLabel "TEM"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "Transmission electron microscopy is a technique that produces high-resolution images if the internal structure of a sample by using a beam of electrons to bombard the thin sample and measuring the intensity of the scattered transmitted electrons."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "transmission electron microscopy"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000057> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000057"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000079> ;
+    skos:altLabel "UV-Vis"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "A technique used to measure the absorption, transmission or reflectance of light by a sample in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000058> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000058"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000080> ;
+    skos:altLabel "FT-IR"@en,
+        "FT-IR spectroscopy"@en,
+        "FTIR"@en,
+        "FTIR spectrometry"@en,
+        "FTIR spectroscopy"@en,
+        "Fourier transform infra-red absoprtion spectroscopy"@en,
+        "Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry"@en,
+        "Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)"@en,
+        "Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy"@en,
+        "Fourier-transform infra-red absorption spectrometry"@en,
+        "Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "A spectroscopic technique used to study the vibrational modes of chemical bonds of a sample using infrared radiation."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "fourier transform infrared spectroscopy"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000059> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000059"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000081> ;
+    skos:altLabel "BET"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "The study of physical adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface for the calculation of the specific surface area of materials."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000060> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000060"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000082> ;
+    skos:altLabel "CV"@en,
+        "cyclovoltammetry"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "An electrochemical technique used to study the redox properties of a sample by measuring the current produced by an applied voltage sweep."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "cyclic voltammetry"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000061> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000061"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000083> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:definition "A method used in cyclic voltammetry to determine the charge carrier concentration and the flat-band potential of an electrochemical system by measuring the capacitance as a function of applied voltage."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "Mott-Schottky analysis"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000076> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000076"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000098> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000065> ;
+    skos:definition "The gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state of a species. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000077> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "reduction"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000080> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000080"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000130> ;
+    skos:altLabel "GC"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000079> ;
+    skos:definition "An analytical technique that separates and analyzes the components of a gas mixture by passing it though a stationary phase."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "gas chromatography"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000081> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000081"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000137> ;
+    skos:altLabel "MS"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000079> ;
+    skos:definition "An analytical technique which determines the mass-to-charge ratio of ions in a sample to give information about the composition of the sample."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "mass spectrometry"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000082> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000082"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000141> ;
+    skos:altLabel "LC"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000079> ;
+    skos:definition "A sepation technique that uses a liquid mobile phase to separate the components of a mixture based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "liquid chromatography"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000015> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000015"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000016> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000001> ;
+    skos:definition "The form in which the photocatalyst is introduced to the reaction chamber. This can include e.g., powders, pellets or thin films deposited on a substrate. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000016>,
+        <https://example.org/0000018> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "sample form"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000023> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000023"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000024> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000018> ;
+    skos:definition "The substrate onto which a (powdered) photocatalyst is deposited. Such substrates incude glass surfaces (e.g., borosilicate glass or conductive glass like ITO and FTO), ceramic substrates (e.g., alumina) or metal substrates (e.g., Ti foils, stainless steel etc.) "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000024>,
+        <https://example.org/0000032> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "substrate"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000037> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000037"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000038> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000018> ;
+    skos:definition "A thin film of the photocatalyst deposited on an appropiate for the application substrate."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000038>,
+        <https://example.org/0000039> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "deposited sample"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000062> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000062"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000084> ;
+    skos:definition "The energy state occupied by an electron in a photocatalyst. This state cab affect the electron's ability to participate in a photocatalytic reaction. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000063>,
+        <https://example.org/0000064> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "electronic state"@en ;
+    skos:topConceptOf <https://example.org> .
+
+<https://example.org/0000088> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000088"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000157> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000083> ;
+    skos:definition "A transparent material optimized to allow the transmission of electromagnetic radiation with low reflectance and scattering. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000089>,
+        <https://example.org/0000090> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "optical window"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000090> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000090"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000159> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000088> ;
+    skos:definition "The dimension of the optical window (diameter / thickness) allowing the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000091>,
+        <https://example.org/0000092> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "optical window dimensions"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000093> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000093"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000165> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000078> ;
+    skos:definition "The irradiation system includes all the necessary equipment needed to perform a photocatalytic experiment. The system apart from the light source can include, filters, power units, lamp cooling devices etc."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000094>,
+        <https://example.org/0000098> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "irradiation system"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000001> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000001"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000002> ;
+    skos:altLabel "photocatalytic material"@en ;
+    skos:definition "A material that absorbs photons (light) of appropriate energy and initiates or accelerates a photochemical reaction, while it regenerates itself after each reaction cycle. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000002>,
+        <https://example.org/0000015>,
+        <https://example.org/0000044> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "photocatalyst"@en ;
+    skos:topConceptOf <https://example.org> .
+
+<https://example.org/0000002> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000002"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000003> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000001> ;
+    skos:definition "A material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000003>,
+        <https://example.org/0000005>,
+        <https://example.org/0000013> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "semiconductor"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000018> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000018"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000019> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000015> ;
+    skos:definition "A photocatalyst introduced to the reaction chamber in the form of a thin film. To form a thin film, a (powdered) photocatalyst is deposited on a substrate (e.g., glass or metal) using an appropriate deposition technique. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000019>,
+        <https://example.org/0000023>,
+        <https://example.org/0000037> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "thin film"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000019> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000019"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000020> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000018> ;
+    skos:definition "A technique used to deposit (immobilize) a (powdered) photocatalyst on a substate. These techniques indlude (but are not limited to): doctor blading, spin coating, spray coating, etc."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000020>,
+        <https://example.org/0000021>,
+        <https://example.org/0000022> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "deposition technique"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000024> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000024"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000025> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000023> ;
+    skos:definition "The material that the substrate is made of. Common materials include: glass (conductive or not), ceramics and metal."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000025>,
+        <https://example.org/0000026>,
+        <https://example.org/0000031> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "substrate material"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000078> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000078"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000128> ;
+    skos:altLabel "reactor design; reactor engineering; photoreactor engineering"@en ;
+    skos:definition "Details describing the construction, physical dimensions, and operation of the photoreactor used to perform a photocatalytic reaction."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000079>,
+        <https://example.org/0000083>,
+        <https://example.org/0000093> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "photoreactor design"@en ;
+    skos:topConceptOf <https://example.org> .
+
+<https://example.org/0000079> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000079"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000129> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000078> ;
+    skos:definition "Spectroscopic or chromatographic methods used to qualitatively and quantitatively identify the products of the photoreaction. Such devices are usually attached to the photoreactor, or a sample is being trasfered to an identification method via another medium (e.g., gastight syringes)."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000080>,
+        <https://example.org/0000081>,
+        <https://example.org/0000082> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "product identification method"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000094> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000094"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000166> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000093> ;
+    skos:definition "Light source used to irradiate a photocatalyst in a reaction chamber. These include sources with various intensities, powers and wavelength ranges,  including Hg/Xe lamps, Xe lamps and LEDs. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000095>,
+        <https://example.org/0000096>,
+        <https://example.org/0000097> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "light source"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000104> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000104"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000176> ;
+    skos:altLabel "λ"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000098> ;
+    skos:definition "The distance between two successive peaks or troughs in a wave."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000105>,
+        <https://example.org/0000106>,
+        <https://example.org/0000107> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "light wavelength"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000026> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000026"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000027> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000024> ;
+    skos:definition "A flat surface made of glass serving as a substrate for the deposition of a photocatalyst."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000027>,
+        <https://example.org/0000028>,
+        <https://example.org/0000029>,
+        <https://example.org/0000030> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "glass substrate"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000032> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000032"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000033> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000023> ;
+    skos:definition "The dimensions of the substrate."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000033>,
+        <https://example.org/0000034>,
+        <https://example.org/0000035>,
+        <https://example.org/0000036> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "substrate dimension"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000039> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000039"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000040> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000037> ;
+    skos:definition "The dimensions of the - deposited on the substrate - thin film"@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000040>,
+        <https://example.org/0000041>,
+        <https://example.org/0000042>,
+        <https://example.org/0000043> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "thin film dimension"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000083> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000083"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000152> ;
+    skos:altLabel "photoreaction chamber"@en ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000078> ;
+    skos:definition "A construction inside of which the photocatalyst and the reactants coexist and the photoreaction takes place."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000084>,
+        <https://example.org/0000085>,
+        <https://example.org/0000086>,
+        <https://example.org/0000087>,
+        <https://example.org/0000088> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "reaction chamber"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000098> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000098"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000170> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000093> ;
+    skos:definition "Specific of roperties of the light source dictaning its operation and its adequacy in the studied photocatalytic reaction. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000099>,
+        <https://example.org/0000100>,
+        <https://example.org/0000101>,
+        <https://example.org/0000102>,
+        <https://example.org/0000103>,
+        <https://example.org/0000104> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "light source property"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000005> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000005"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000006> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000002> ;
+    skos:definition "Characteristic properties of a semiconductor used in the field of photocatalysis. These properties determine its performance in the studied photocatalytic application."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000006>,
+        <https://example.org/0000007>,
+        <https://example.org/0000008>,
+        <https://example.org/0000009>,
+        <https://example.org/0000010>,
+        <https://example.org/0000011>,
+        <https://example.org/0000012> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "semiconductor property"@en .
+
+<https://example.org/0000065> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000065"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000087> ;
+    skos:definition "A multi-step process iniatiated by the absorption of photons by a photocatalyst. This process involves various sub-processes that include the photogeneration and transfer of electron and hole pairs. "@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000066>,
+        <https://example.org/0000067>,
+        <https://example.org/0000068>,
+        <https://example.org/0000069>,
+        <https://example.org/0000070>,
+        <https://example.org/0000071>,
+        <https://example.org/0000072>,
+        <https://example.org/0000073>,
+        <https://example.org/0000074>,
+        <https://example.org/0000075>,
+        <https://example.org/0000076> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "photocatalytic process"@en ;
+    skos:topConceptOf <https://example.org> .
+
+<https://example.org/0000044> a skos:Concept ;
+    dcterms:identifier "0000044"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:provenance "0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas created the resource"@en ;
+    rdfs:isDefinedBy <https://w3id.org/nfdi4cat/voc4cat_0000066> ;
+    skos:broader <https://example.org/0000001> ;
+    skos:definition "A collection of techniques used to identify the (physico)chemical, morphological, structural, mechanical, optical and electrical properties of the syntesized photocatalysts. Characterization is performed after the synthesis of the photocatalysts to evaluate the success of the synthetic approach, but also after the completion of the evaluation of the materials in CO2 photoreduction to ensure their stability under the selected experimental parameters."@en ;
+    skos:inScheme <https://example.org> ;
+    skos:narrower <https://example.org/0000045>,
+        <https://example.org/0000046>,
+        <https://example.org/0000047>,
+        <https://example.org/0000048>,
+        <https://example.org/0000049>,
+        <https://example.org/0000050>,
+        <https://example.org/0000051>,
+        <https://example.org/0000052>,
+        <https://example.org/0000053>,
+        <https://example.org/0000054>,
+        <https://example.org/0000055>,
+        <https://example.org/0000056>,
+        <https://example.org/0000057>,
+        <https://example.org/0000058>,
+        <https://example.org/0000059>,
+        <https://example.org/0000060>,
+        <https://example.org/0000061> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "characterization"@en .
+
+<https://example.org> a skos:ConceptScheme ;
+    dcterms:created "2023-06-29"^^xsd:date ;
+    dcterms:creator <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/> ;
+    dcterms:hasPart <https://example.org/0000108> ;
+    dcterms:identifier "example.org"^^xsd:token ;
+    dcterms:modified "2023-06-29"^^xsd:date ;
+    dcterms:provenance """https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6242-2167 Nikolaos G. Moustakas,
+0000-0002-5898-1820 David Linke"""@en ;
+    dcterms:publisher <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/> ;
+    owl:versionInfo "v2023-06-29" ;
+    skos:definition "This serves as example to demonstrate voc4cat-tool."@en ;
+    skos:hasTopConcept <https://example.org/0000001>,
+        <https://example.org/0000062>,
+        <https://example.org/0000065>,
+        <https://example.org/0000078> ;
+    skos:prefLabel "An example with terms from photocatalysis (taken from voc4Cat)"@en ;
+    dcat:contactPoint "David Linke (orcid:0000-0002-5898-1820)" .
diff --git a/example/photocatalysis_example.xlsx b/example/photocatalysis_example.xlsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6b1c31
Binary files /dev/null and b/example/photocatalysis_example.xlsx differ
diff --git a/example/photocatalysis_example_indented_prelim-IDs.xlsx b/example/photocatalysis_example_indented_prelim-IDs.xlsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a0df50
Binary files /dev/null and b/example/photocatalysis_example_indented_prelim-IDs.xlsx differ
diff --git a/example/photocatalysis_example_prelim-IDs.xlsx b/example/photocatalysis_example_prelim-IDs.xlsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddf01fd
Binary files /dev/null and b/example/photocatalysis_example_prelim-IDs.xlsx differ
diff --git a/src/voc4cat/__init__.py b/src/voc4cat/__init__.py
index c5742af..cf8d0b3 100644
--- a/src/voc4cat/__init__.py
+++ b/src/voc4cat/__init__.py
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ def setup_logging(loglevel: int = logging.INFO, logfile: Path | None = None):
         fh.setFormatter(fh_formatter)
         logger.addHandler(fh)
 
+    # Silence noisy loggers from used packages
+    logging.getLogger("PIL.PngImagePlugin").propagate = False
+
 
 # At some point it seemed that we need this on gh-actions but we don't.
 # @atexit.register
diff --git a/src/voc4cat/blank_043.xlsx b/src/voc4cat/blank_043.xlsx
index 5de5ccb..f7dc6bc 100644
Binary files a/src/voc4cat/blank_043.xlsx and b/src/voc4cat/blank_043.xlsx differ
diff --git a/src/voc4cat/wrapper.py b/src/voc4cat/wrapper.py
index c354a20..539b307 100644
--- a/src/voc4cat/wrapper.py
+++ b/src/voc4cat/wrapper.py
@@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ def may_overwrite(no_warn, xlf, outfile, func):
 
 def make_ids(fpath, outfile, search_prefix, start_id):
     """
-    Replace all prefix:suffix CURIs using IDs counting up from start_id
+    Replace all prefix:suffix CURIEs using IDs counting up from start_id
 
     If new_prefix is None the new IRI is a concatenation of VOC_BASE_IRI and ID.
-    If new_prefix is given the new IRI is the CURI new_prefix:ID.
+    If new_prefix is given the new IRI is the CURIE new_prefix:ID.
     """
-    logger.info("\nReplacing {search_prefix}:... IRIs.")
+    logger.info("\nReplacing '%s' IRIs.", search_prefix)
     # Load in data_only mode to get cell values not formulas.
     wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(fpath, data_only=True)
     is_supported_template(wb)
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ def make_ids(fpath, outfile, search_prefix, start_id):
                     iri_new = replaced_iris[iri]
                 else:
                     iri_new = voc_base_iri + f"{next(id_gen):07d}"
-                    msg = f"[{sheet}] Replaced CURI {iri} by {iri_new}"
+                    msg = f"[{sheet}] Replaced CURIE {iri} by {iri_new}"
                     logger.debug(msg)
                     replaced_iris[iri] = iri_new
                 row[0].value = iri_new
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ def hierarchy_to_indent(fpath, outfile, sep):
             if iri in row_by_iri:  # merge needed
                 # compare fields, merge if one is empty, error if different values
                 new_data = [row[col_no] for col_no in range(6, col_last)]
-                old_data = row_by_iri[iri][list(row_by_iri[iri].keys())[0]][5:]
+                old_data = row_by_iri[iri][next(iter(row_by_iri[iri].keys()))][5:]
                 merged = []
                 for old, new in zip(old_data, new_data):
                     if (old and new) and (old != new):
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ def main_cli(args=None):
         "--make-ids",
         help=(
             "Specify prefix to search and replace by ID-based vocabulary IRIs. "
-            "The prefix and a start ID (positive integer) are required."
+            "The prefix and a start ID (positive integer) are required. "
             "The IDs have a length of 7 and are left padded with 0 if shorter."
         ),
         nargs=2,
@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ def main_cli(args=None):
         if xlsx_files:
             logger.info("Calling convert for xlsx files")
         for xlf in xlsx_files:
-            logger.debug("-> %", xlf)
+            logger.debug("-> %s", xlf)
             locargs = list(vocexcel_args)
             locargs.append(xlf)
             fprefix, fsuffix = str(xlf).rsplit(".", 1)
diff --git a/templates/README.md b/templates/README.md
index d9b3ed9..a16e324 100644
--- a/templates/README.md
+++ b/templates/README.md
@@ -1,16 +1,22 @@
-# Excel templates
+# File templates
 
-The templates here match structure-wise with the templates in [VocExcel](https://github.com/nfdi4cat/VocExcel) of the same version number.
+## Excel templates
 
-## Version 0.4.3
+The identical template `voc4cat_template_043.xlsx` is included in [voc4cat-tool/templates](https://github.com/nfdi4cat/voc4cat-template/tree/main/templates).
+
+The 0.4.3-templates here still match structure-wise with the templates in [VocExcel](https://github.com/rdflib/VocExcel) of the same version number.
+
+### Version 0.4.3
 
-### Revision 2023-06a
+#### Revision 2023-07a
 
-The following has changed compared to the last revision.
+- Fixed typos.
+
+#### Revision 2023-06a
 
 - Corrected the pre-defined prefix for voc4cat.
 
-### Revision 2023-03a
+#### Revision 2023-03a
 
 The following is different in the voc4cat-template (`voc4cat_template_043.xlsx`):
 
@@ -22,14 +28,12 @@ The following is different in the voc4cat-template (`voc4cat_template_043.xlsx`)
 - Sheet "Additional Concept Features": Removed Excel formula in Concept-IRI-column since the formula could easily lead to mixing-up previously added relations.
 - Sheet "Prefix Sheet": Added a xlsx-validation rule to check that prefixes do not end with a colon.
 
-The identical template `voc4cat_template_043.xlsx` is included in [voc4cat-tool/templates](https://github.com/nfdi4cat/voc4cat-template/tree/main/templates).
-
-## Earlier template versions
+### Earlier template versions
 
 Earlier template versions which are not listed here should not be used.
 
-# Vocabulary configuration file template "idranges.toml"
+## Vocabulary configuration file template "idranges.toml"
 
-With this cofig file ranges of integer IDs can be pre-allocated to specific contributors.
-Also ORCID and ROR ID can be specified for each contributor.
-The file moreover holds other config parameters for a vocabulary, e.g. the length of the ID.
+With this config file ranges of integer IDs can be pre-allocated to specific contributors.
+Also ORCID, GitHub username and optionally ROR ID can be specified for each contributor.
+In addition, a few other parameters can be specified for vocabularies, e.g. the length of the ID.
diff --git a/templates/voc4cat_template_043.xlsx b/templates/voc4cat_template_043.xlsx
index 29aeb75..4709b58 100644
Binary files a/templates/voc4cat_template_043.xlsx and b/templates/voc4cat_template_043.xlsx differ
diff --git a/vocabularies/Photocatalysis_LIKAT.ttl b/vocabularies/Photocatalysis_LIKAT.ttl
deleted file mode 100644
index 97d7479..0000000
--- a/vocabularies/Photocatalysis_LIKAT.ttl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1533 +0,0 @@
-@prefix cs: <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo> .
-@prefix dcat: <http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#> .
-@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
-@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
-@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
-@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/absorption> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "absorption"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The process of one material (absorbate) being retained by another (absorbent); this may be the physical solution of a gas, liquid, or solid in a liquid, attachement of molecules of a gas, vapour, liquid, or dissolved substance to a solid surface by physical forces; etc. In spectrometry, absorption of light at characteristic wavelengths or bands of wavelengths is used to identify the chemical nature of molecules, atoms or ions and to measure the concentration of these species. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Absorption"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/area-of-deposited-film> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "area-of-deposited-film"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-deposited-film> ;
-    skos:definition "The area of the substrate covered by the deposited photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Area of deposited film"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/atomic-force-microscopy> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "atomic-force-microscopy"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "AFM"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. The information is gathered by \"feeling\" or \"touching\" the surface with a mechanical probe. Piezoelectric elements that facilitate tiny but accurate and precise movements on (electronic) command enable precise scanning."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Atomic force microscopy"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/bandgap-energy> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "bandgap-energy"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Energy bandgap; Eg"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The energy difference between the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band in a semiconductor or an insulator."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Bandgap energy"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/batch-mode> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "batch-mode"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/operation-mode> ;
-    skos:definition "Operation mode in which the reaction chamber is filled with the (reactant) gas(es) up to a certain pressure, and the photoreaction products acummulate over time."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Batch mode"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/blank-measurements> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "blank-measurements"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction-experiment> ;
-    skos:definition "Measurements performed under a humidified inert gas atmosphre without the presence of CO2 but otherwise under the same conditions as a CO2 photoreduction experiment. These measurements provide an indirect proof of the origin of the carbon-containing products, as no products should be observed in the absence of CO2."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Blank measurements"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/borosilicate-glass> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "borosilicate-glass"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "https://www.suyogglassindustries.com/"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/glass-substrate> ;
-    skos:definition "A type of glass with silica and boron trioxide as the main glass-forming constituents. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Borosilicate glass"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/brunauer-emmett-teller-surface-area-analysis> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "brunauer-emmett-teller-surface-area-analysis"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "BET"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "The study of physical adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface for the calculation of the specific surface area of materials."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/calibration-of-gas-chromatograph> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "calibration-of-gas-chromatograph"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/gas-chromatography> ;
-    skos:definition "A process in which gaseous substances of known purity and concentration are introduced to the gas chromatograph and the respective area and retention time of the resulting peaks are identified. This process when concluded, allows for the calculation of concentrations of products and intermediates of the photoreaction."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Calibration of gas chromatograph"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/calibration-of-mass-spectrometer> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "calibration-of-mass-spectrometer"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-spectrometry> ;
-    skos:definition "A process in which gaseous substances of known purity and concentration are introduced to the mass spectrometer and the respective mass-to-charge ratios are identified. This process when concluded, allows for the calculation of concentrations of products and intermediates of the photoreaction."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Calibration of mass spectrometer"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/ceramic-substrate> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "ceramic-substrate"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/material-of-substrate> ;
-    skos:definition "A  surface made of a ceramic material (e.g., alumina) serving as a substrate for the deposition of a photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Ceramic substrate"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/charge-photogeneration> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "charge-photogeneration"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Photogenerated charges; Charge photo-generation; Electron excitation; Electron-hole pair;"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The generation of electron - hole pairs in a semiconductor as a result of light absorption of sufficient energy to overcome the bandgap energy. Electrons (negative charge) get excited to the conduction band, while holes (positive charge) remain in the valence band. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Charge photogeneration"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/charge-recombination> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "charge-recombination"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC / Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The reverse of charge separation. The recombination of electrons and holes without them having enough time to reduce and oxidize (respectively) the adsorbed reactants, leads to lower efficiencies in CO2 photoreduction."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Charge recombination"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/charge-separation> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "charge-separation"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "A process in which, under the influence of a suitable driving force (e.g., provided by photoexcitation), electronic charge moves in a direction that increases the difference in local charges between donor and acceptor sites."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Charge separation"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/co2-photoreduction-measurement> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "co2-photoreduction-measurement"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Carbon dioxide photoreduction measurement; Photocatalytic CO2 reduction measurement; Photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction measurement"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction-experiment> ;
-    skos:definition "A single measurement of a CO2 photoreduction experiment performed either in flow or in batch mode. The measurement involves the collection of a gaseous sample, and its analysis employing an appropriate product identification method. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "CO2 photoreduction measurement"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/collection-of-publications-of-interest> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "collection-of-publications-of-interest"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/literature-research> ;
-    skos:definition "Filtering of literature research to include only the most relevant sources of information for the application / experiment / catalysts of interest."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Collection of publications of interest"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/concentration-of-reactants> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "concentration-of-reactants"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reactants> ;
-    skos:definition "Concentration of the reactants (e.g., CO2 and H2O) used in the photocatalytic CO2 reduction experiments"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Concentration of reactants"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/conduction-band> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "conduction-band"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "CB"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "A vacant or only partially occupied set of many closely spaced electronic levels resulting from an array of a large number of atoms forming a system in which the electrons can move freely or nearly so. This term is usually used to describe the properties of metals and semiconductors."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Conduction band"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/crystallinity> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "crystallinity"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The presence of three-dimensional order in the level of atomic dimensions."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Crystallinity"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/current-of-operation-of-the-light-source> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "current-of-operation-of-the-light-source"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/light-source> ;
-    skos:definition "The value of current (usually in A or mA) used to operate the selected light source."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Current of operation of the light source"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/cyclic-voltammetry> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "cyclic-voltammetry"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "CV"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "A technique used to study the electrochemical properties of an analyte in solution or of a molecule that is adsorbed onto the electrode. In a cyclic voltammetry experiment, the working electrode potential is ramped linearly versus time. The current at the working electrode us plotted versus the applied voltage to give the cyclic votammogram trace."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Cyclic Voltammetry"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/diameter-of-optical-window> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "diameter-of-optical-window"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Diameter of window; Window diameter"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-optical-window> ;
-    skos:definition "Diameter of the optical window allowing the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Diameter of optical window"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dielectric-barrier-discharge-ionization-detector> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "dielectric-barrier-discharge-ionization-detector"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "BID"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Detector incorporating Ionization via a new dielectric barrier discharge He plasma."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Ionization Detector"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/differential-scanning-calorimetry> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "differential-scanning-calorimetry"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "DSC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "A technique in which the difference in energy inputs into a substance (and/or its reaction product(s)) and a reference material is measured as a function of temperature whilst the substance and reference material are subjected to a controlled temperature programme."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Differential scanning calorimetry"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-reaction-chamber> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "dimensions-of-reaction-chamber"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reaction-chamber> ;
-    skos:definition "Height, width and depth (in cubic- or rectangular- shaped reaction chambers) or diameter and height (in cylindrer - shaped reaction chambers)"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dimensions of reaction chamber"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-substrate> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "dimensions-of-substrate"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/substrate> ;
-    skos:definition "The diamensions (area / thickness / diameter) of the substrate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dimensions of substrate"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/distance-of-light-source-from-the-reaction-chamber-sample> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "distance-of-light-source-from-the-reaction-chamber-sample"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/light-source> ;
-    skos:definition "The distance of the light source from the reaction chamber and the photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Distance of light source from the reaction chamber / sample "@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/doctor-blading> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "doctor-blading"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/deposition-technique> ;
-    skos:definition "A tape-casting method used to deposit thin films of a photocatalyst onto the surface of a substrate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Doctor blading"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/doping> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "doping"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The action of adding a small amount of foreign atoms to form a solid solution in the lattice of a non-metallic catalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Doping"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/duration-of-steps> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "duration-of-steps"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-steps> ;
-    skos:definition "Duration of each synthesis step needed to synthesize the desired photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Duration of steps"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dwelling-time> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "dwelling-time"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Soaking time"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/calcination-steps> ;
-    skos:definition "Time (usually in h) for which a desired temperature is held."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dwelling time"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "EELS"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Any technique in which an electron transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused electron beam and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. This energy spectrum contains features corresponding to discrete losses of energy of the transmitted electrons due to excitation of electronic or plasmon states and provides information on the identity (and in some cases) chemical bonding of the elements in the sample."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Electron energy loss spectroscopy"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/electron-transfer> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "electron-transfer"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The transfer of an electron from one molecular entity to another, or between two localized sites in the same molecular entity."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Electron transfer"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipment-for-controlling-and-monitoring-operation-temperature> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "equipment-for-controlling-and-monitoring-operation-temperature"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Temperature controller; Temperature gauge; Temperature monitor; Heating device; Cooling device"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/range-of-operation-temperature> ;
-    skos:definition "Equipment used for controlling and/or monitoring the temperature in various parts of a photoreactor. This can include hot plates, heating elements and cryostats. Light sources in operation can also affect the temperature in the reaction chamber."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipment for controlling and monitoring operation temperature"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipment-used-for-synthesis> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "equipment-used-for-synthesis"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-steps> ;
-    skos:definition "Equipment used in each step of the synthesis of the photocatalysts. The equipment can incude (but not limited to): crucibles, pH meters, condensers, volumetric cylinders, centrifuges, test tubes, flasks, beakers, mechanical shakers, pipettes, syringes, magenetic stirrers, heating plates, fitlers, funnels and digital balances."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipment used for synthesis"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipped-detectors-of-mass-spectrometer> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "equipped-detectors-of-mass-spectrometer"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Detectors of the mass spectrometer used to identify the reaction products and intemediates."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipped detectors of mass spectrometer"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-products-formed> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "evaluation-of-products-formed"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction-experiment> ;
-    skos:definition "Calculation of the concentration of the products formed in a CO2 photoreduction experiment. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Evaluation of products formed"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/excited-state> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "excited-state"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "State of a system with energy higher than that if the ground state. This term is most commonly used to characterize a molecule  in one of its electonically excited states, but can also refer to vibrational and/or rotational excitation in the electronic ground state."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Excited state"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/fermi-level> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "fermi-level"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "EF"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The chemical potential of electrons in a solid (metals, semiconductors or insulators) or in an electrolyte solution."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Fermi level"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/final-temperature> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "final-temperature"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/calcination-steps> ;
-    skos:definition "Final temperature of the calcination step."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Final temperature"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/flame-ionization-detector> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "flame-ionization-detector"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "FID"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipped-detectors-of-gas-chromatograph> ;
-    skos:definition "The gases emerging from the column are fed into a hydrogen flame across which an electrical potential is placed. Certain molecules ionize easily in the flame and the current produced is proportional to the instantaneous flow rate of the eluted component. The detector is relatively insensitive to inorganic molecules and is most used for organic compounds. Concentrations below 1 ppmv are easily detected. The linear dynamic range is between 10E3 and 10E5."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Flame Ionization Detector"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/flow-mode> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "flow-mode"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Continuous flow mode"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/operation-mode> ;
-    skos:definition "A mode under which the CO2 photoreduction experiment is performed. Under flow conditions, a continuous flow of reactants is supplied to the reaction chamber and the formed products are removed and identified by an appropriate technique."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Flow mode"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/flow-rate-of-gas-used-for-calcination> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "flow-rate-of-gas-used-for-calcination"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/gaseous-enviroment> ;
-    skos:definition "The flow of gas (usually in ml min-1) used in the calcination steps during synthesis"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Flow rate of gas used for calcination"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/flow-rates-of-reactants> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "flow-rates-of-reactants"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reactants> ;
-    skos:definition "The rate of flow of reactants (often in ml per min) in the photoreactor. Flow rates are usually controlled by mass flow controllers (MFCs)  "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Flow rates of reactants"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/fluorine-doped-tin-oxide-coated-glass> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "fluorine-doped-tin-oxide-coated-glass"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "FTO glass"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/glass-substrate> ;
-    skos:definition "Transparent conductive metal oxide (fluorine doped tin oxide) that can be used in the fabrication of transparent electrodes for thin films"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "FT-IR"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Measurement technique whereby spectra are collected based on measurements of the temporal coherence of an (infrared radiative source, using time-domain measurements of the electromagnetic radiation or other type of radiation."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms-coll> a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "general-terms-coll"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "General terms often used in the field of photocatalysis."@en ;
-    skos:prefLabel "General terms"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/ground-state> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "ground-state"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The state of lowest Gibbs energy of a system"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Ground state"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/heating-rate> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "heating-rate"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/calcination-steps> ;
-    skos:definition "Rate of increasing or decreasing the temperature during the calcination step. Usually mentioned in K min-1."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Heating rate"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/hole-tranfer> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "hole-tranfer"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Charge migration process in which the majority carriers are positively charged."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Hole tranfer"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/indium-tin-oxide-coated-glass> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "indium-tin-oxide-coated-glass"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "ITO glass"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/glass-substrate> ;
-    skos:definition "Transparent conductive metal oxide (indium tin oxide) that can be used in the fabrication of transparent electrodes for thin films"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Indium tin oxide coated glass"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/initial-temperature> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "initial-temperature"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/calcination-steps> ;
-    skos:definition "Initial temperature of the calcination step."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Initial temperature"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/intensity-of-the-light-source> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "intensity-of-the-light-source"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Light intensity"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/light-source> ;
-    skos:definition "The light intensity (usually in mW cm-2) of the selected light source. The light intensity should be measured at the same distance as the one between the light source and the reaction chamber / sample."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Intensity of the light source"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/irradiation-time> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "irradiation-time"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/total-duration-of-experiment> ;
-    skos:definition "The total duration in which the photocatalyst was under irradiation by the selected light source. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Irradiation time"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/light-intensity> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "light-intensity"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/selected-light-source> ;
-    skos:definition "The value of intensity of light emitted by the selected light source. The light intensity must be measured at the same distance as the light source from the reaction chamber / sample. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Light intensity"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/liquid-chromatography> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "liquid-chromatography"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "LC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "A separation technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. Liquid chromatography can be carried out either in a column or on a plane. Present-day liquid chromatography generally utilizing very small particles and a relatively high inlet pressure is often characterized by the term high-performance (or high-pressure) liquid chromatography, and the acronym HPLC."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Liquid chromatography"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-flow-controller> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "mass-flow-controller"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "MFC; MFCs"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipment-controlling-and-monitoring-gas-flow> ;
-    skos:definition "Devices used to control and monitor gas or liquid flow rates."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mass flow controller"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-of-deposited-catalyst> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "mass-of-deposited-catalyst"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Mass of catalyst deposited onto the surface of a substrate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mass of deposited catalyst"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-of-powder-used> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "mass-of-powder-used"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/powdered-photocatalyst> ;
-    skos:definition "Mass of a powdered photocatalyst used for a CO2 photoreduction experiment."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mass of powder used"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-spectroscopy> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "mass-spectroscopy"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "MS"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "The study of systems by causing the formation of gaseous ions, with or without fragmentation, which are then characterized by their mass-to-charge ratios and relative abundances."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mass spectroscopy"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/masses-volumes-concentrations-of-chemicals-used-in-synthesis> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "masses-volumes-concentrations-of-chemicals-used-in-synthesis"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/chemical-substances-used-for-synthesis> ;
-    skos:definition "Masses / volumes / concentrations of chemicals used for synthesis"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Masses / volumes / concentrations of chemicals used in synthesis"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/material-of-optical-window> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "material-of-optical-window"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/optical-window> ;
-    skos:definition "Material that the window is made of. The window, usually attached to the lid sealing the reaction chamber, allows for the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst. The material of the window influences the wavelenth range the the photocatalyst experieneces. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Material of optical window"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/material-of-reaction-chamber> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "material-of-reaction-chamber"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reaction-chamber> ;
-    skos:definition "Material used for the construction of the main body of the reaction chamber."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Material of reaction chamber"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/metal-oxide> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "metal-oxide"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Encyclopedia Britannica"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "Metal oxides are crystalline solids that contain a metal cation and an oxide anion."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Metal oxide"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/metallic-substrate> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "metallic-substrate"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/material-of-substrate> ;
-    skos:definition "A  flat surface made of a metal (e.g., titanium, stainless steel) serving as a substrate for the deposition of a photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Metallic substrate"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mott-schottky-analysis> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "mott-schottky-analysis"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "In semiconductor electrochemistry, a Mott-Schottky plot describes the reciprocal of the square of capacitance versus the potential difference between bulk semincoductor and bulk electrolyte. A Mott-Schottky analysis is used to determine system properties such as: flatband potential, doping density, Helmholtz capacitance, position of conduction and valence band."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mott-Schottky analysis"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "NMR"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/organization-of-literature-in-a-citation-management-software> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "organization-of-literature-in-a-citation-management-software"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Literature organization; Organization of literature; Citation management software"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/literature-research> ;
-    skos:definition "Addition and organization of relevant literature of interest using a citation management software (e.g., Mendeley, Zotero, EndNote etc.) allowing for easy access and categorization."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Organization of literature in a citation management software"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/oxidation> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "oxidation"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "1. The complete, net removal of one or more electrons from a molecular entity. 2. An increase in the oxidation number of any atom within any substrate. 3. Gain of oxygen and / or loss of hydrogen of an organic substrate,"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Oxidation "@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/ph-in-synthesis> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "ph-in-synthesis"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-steps> ;
-    skos:definition "pH value in each of the synthesis steps (if applicable)"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "pH in synthesis"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalyst> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photocatalyst"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC Gold Book"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Photocatalytic material"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "Catalyst able to produce, upon absorption of light, chemical transformations of the reaction partners. The excited state of the photocatalyst repeatedly interacts with the reaction partners forming reaction intermediates and regenerates itself after each cycle of such interactions."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photocatalyst"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction-coll> a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photocatalytic-co2-reduction-coll"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "The light-driven reduction (conversion) of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons and / or platform chemicals in presence of water. The absorption of light and the adsorption of the reactants is performed by a photocatalyst (usually a metal oxide). "@en ;
-    skos:member <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts-coll>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-performance-coll>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reactor-design-coll> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photocatalytic CO2 reduction"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoexcitation> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photoexcitation"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Photo-excitation"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The production of an excited state by the adsorption of ultraviolet, visible, or infrared radiation. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photoexcitation"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoluminescence> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photoluminescence"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "PL"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Luminescence from direct photoexcitation of the emitting species."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photoluminescence"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/pore-size-distribution> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "pore-size-distribution"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The distribution of pore volume with respect to pore size; alternatively, it may be defined by the related distribution of pore area with respect to pore size."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Pore size distribution"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/power-output-of-the-light-source> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "power-output-of-the-light-source"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/light-source> ;
-    skos:definition "The power of the light source (usually in W or mW). The power can be calculated by the multiplication of the current and voltage used to operate the light source,"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Power output of the light source"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/pressure-drop-in-a-co2-phoreduction-experiment> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "pressure-drop-in-a-co2-phoreduction-experiment"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "When performing a CO2 photoreduction experiment in batch mode, with each sampling event, the pressure in the reaction chamber decreases. This pressure drop should be taken into consideration when calculating the concentration of formed products."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Pressure drop in a CO2 phoreduction experiment"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/pressure-in-a-co2-photoreduction-experiment> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "pressure-in-a-co2-photoreduction-experiment"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction-experiment> ;
-    skos:definition "The pressure (range) under which the CO2 photoreduction takes place."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Pressure in a CO2 photoreduction experiment"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/pressure-in-synthesis> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "pressure-in-synthesis"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-steps> ;
-    skos:definition "Pressure applied (if necessary) in any of the synthesis step. Changes in the pressure may be observed if variations in the temperature of the reaction occur (e.g., exothermic reaction) "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Pressure in synthesis"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/purging-time> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "purging-time"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/total-duration-of-experiment> ;
-    skos:definition "Time for which a gas is purged through the reaction chamber."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Purging time"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/purity-of-reactants> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "purity-of-reactants"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reactants> ;
-    skos:definition "Purity of reactants (e.g., CO2, H2O, He) used in the photocatalytic CO2 reduction experiments. Purity is measure of the impurities contained in the reactants' supply. The highest purity reactants should be used to ensure the collection of reliable results. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Purity of reactants"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/quartz> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "quartz"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "https://www.collinsdictionary.com/"@en ;
-    skos:definition "A colourless glass composed of almost pure silica, resistant to very high temperatures and transparent to near-ultraviolet radiation"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Quartz"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/raman-spectroscopy> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "raman-spectroscopy"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "RAMAN"@en,
-        "Raman"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Raman Spectroscopy"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reduction> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "reduction"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "The complete transfer of one or more electrons to a molecular entity."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Reduction"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sacrificial-acceptor> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "sacrificial-acceptor"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sacrificial-reagents> ;
-    skos:definition "Molecular entity that acts as the electron acceptor in a photoinduced electron transfer process and is not restored in a subsequent oxidation process but is destroyed by irreversible chemical conversion."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sacrificial acceptor"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sacrificial-donor> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "sacrificial-donor"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sacrificial-reagents> ;
-    skos:definition "Molecular entity that acts as the electron donor in a photoinduced electron transfer process and is not restored in a subsequent reduction process but is destroyed by the irreversible chemical conversion."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sacrificial donor"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sample-pre-treatment> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "sample-pre-treatment"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction-experiment> ;
-    skos:definition "Pretreatment of the photocatalyst before its intoduction to the reaction chamber."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sample pre-treatment"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sampling-intervals> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "sampling-intervals"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/total-duration-of-experiment> ;
-    skos:definition "The time in between the collection of two data points."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sampling intervals"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/scanning-electron-microscopy> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "scanning-electron-microscopy"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "SEM"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Any analytical technique which involves the generation and evaluation of secondary electrons (and to a lesser extent back scattered electrons) by a finely focused electron beam (typically 10 nm or less) for high resolution and high depth of field imaging."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Scanning electron microscopy"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/selectivity> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "selectivity"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction-experiment> ;
-    skos:definition "Identification of the mixture of gaseous products in a CO2 photoreduction experiment. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Selectivity"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/semiconductor> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "semiconductor"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "Material whose conductivity, due to charges of both signs, is normally in the range between that of metals and insulators and in which the electric charge carrier density can be changed by external means."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Semiconductor"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sensitivity-of-gas-chromatograph> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "sensitivity-of-gas-chromatograph"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/gas-chromatography> ;
-    skos:definition "The minimum concentration of a product or intermediate that the gas chromatograph can identify. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sensitivity of gas chromatograph"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sensitivity-of-mass-spectrometer> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "sensitivity-of-mass-spectrometer"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-spectrometry> ;
-    skos:definition "The minimum concentration of a product or intermediate that the mass spectrometer can identify. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sensitivity of mass spectrometer"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/shape-of-reaction-chamber> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "shape-of-reaction-chamber"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reaction-chamber> ;
-    skos:definition "The shape of the reaction chamber. In gas-phase CO2 photoreduction, reaction chambers have usually a cylindrical, cubical or rectangular shape."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Shape of reaction chamber"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/specific-surface-area> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "specific-surface-area"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "SSA"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "When the area of the interface between two phases is proportional to the mass of one of the phases (e.g., for a solid adsorbent, for an emulsion or for an aerosol), the specific surface area is defined as the surface area divided by the mass of the relevant phase. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Specific surface area"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/spin-coating> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "spin-coating"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/deposition-technique> ;
-    skos:definition "Spin coating is a procedure used to deposit uniform thin films onto flat substrates. Usually a small amount of coating material is applied on the center of the substrate, which is either spinning at low speed or not spinning at all. The substrate is then rotated at speed up to 10,000 rpm to spread the coating material by centrifugal force."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Spin coating"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/spray-coating> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "spray-coating"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/deposition-technique> ;
-    skos:definition "A technique in which a solution containing the photocatalyst, is forced through a nozzle whereby a fine aerosol will be formed. This aerosol is sprayed on the surface of an appropriate substrate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Spray coating"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-of-photocatalysts-coll> a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "synthesis-of-photocatalysts-coll"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "The process by which one or more chemical reactions are performed with the aim of converting a reactant or starting material into a product or multiple products."@en ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Synthesis of photocatalysts"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/temperature-in-a-co2-photoreduction-experiment> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "temperature-in-a-co2-photoreduction-experiment"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "The temperature (range) under which the CO2 photoreduction takes place."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Temperature in a CO2 photoreduction experiment"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/temperature-in-synthesis> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "temperature-in-synthesis"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-steps> ;
-    skos:definition "Temperature externally applied (if necessary) in any of the synthesis step. Higher temperature values can be observed if an exothermic reaction takes place during the synthesis."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Temperature in synthesis"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thermal-conductivity-detector> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "thermal-conductivity-detector"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "TCD"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipped-detectors-of-gas-chromatograph> ;
-    skos:definition """
-In general, two cells arranged in a bridge configuration detect the change in thermal conductivity of the gas at the output of the column. This detector is sensitive to any substance with thermal conductivity different from that of the carrier gas. The lowest detectable limit is between 0.5 and 100 ppmv. The linear dynamic range is of the order of 103. This type of detector is often used for measuring components at relatively high concentrations."""@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Thermal conductivity detector"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thermogravimetric-analysis> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "thermogravimetric-analysis"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "TGA"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction)"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Thermogravimetric analysis"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thickness-of-deposited-film> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "thickness-of-deposited-film"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-deposited-film> ;
-    skos:definition "The thickness of the film of the deposited photocatalyst. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Thickness of deposited film"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thickness-of-optical-window> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "thickness-of-optical-window"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Thickness of window; Window thickness"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-optical-window> ;
-    skos:definition "Thickness of the optical window allowing the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Thickness of optical window"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/transmission-electron-microscopy> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "transmission-electron-microscopy"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "TEM"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Any technique in which an electron transparent sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the intensity of the transmitted electrons which is determined by scattering phenomena (electron absorption phenomena) in the interior of the sample is recorded. TEM essentially provides a high resolution image of the microstructure of a thin sample. This technique is often just called electron microscopy. The term transmission electron microscopy is however recommended for the sake of a clear distinction from other electron microscopic techniques."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Transmission electron microscopy"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/ultraviolet-visible-spectroscopy> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "ultraviolet-visible-spectroscopy"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.wikipedia.org"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "UV-Vis"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in part of the ultraviolet and the full, adjacent visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent ranges. The absorption or reflectance in the visible range directly affects the perceived color of the chemicals involved. In this region of the spectrum, atoms and molecules undergo electronic transitions."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/vacuum-pump> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "vacuum-pump"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "https://www.merriam-webster.com"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Pump"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipment-for-controlling-and-monitoring-operation-pressure> ;
-    skos:definition "A pump for exhausting gas from an enclosed space"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Vacuum pump"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/valence-band> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "valence-band"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "VB"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "Highest energy continuum of energy levels in a solid that is fully occupied by electrons at 0 K. The valence band is lower in energy than the conduction band and is generally completely full in semiconductors."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Valence band"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/voltage-of-operation-of-the-light-source> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "voltage-of-operation-of-the-light-source"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/light-source> ;
-    skos:definition "The value of voltage  (usually in V or mV) used to operate the selected light source."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Voltage of operation of the light source"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/volume-of-the-reaction-chamber> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "volume-of-the-reaction-chamber"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reaction-chamber> ;
-    skos:definition "Volume of the reaction chamber, calculated by its dimensions. Volume of pipes and valves connected to the reaction chamber should also be calculated and added to the total volume. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Volume of the reaction chamber"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/wavelength> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "wavelength"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "λ"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> ;
-    skos:definition "Distance in the direction of propagation of a periodic wave between two successive points where at a given the phase is the same."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Wavelength"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/x-ray-diffraction> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "x-ray-diffraction"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "XRD"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Any technique which utilizes the diffraction of X-rays generated in a microstructural domain of a solid under bombardment with a finely focused electron beam, thus providing an X-ray diffraction pattern of this microstructural domain."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "X-ray diffraction"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/x-ray-fluorescence> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "x-ray-fluorescence"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Dictionary of Applied Math for Engineers and Scientists, "@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "XRF"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "A kind of analysis based on the measurement of the energies and intensities of characteristic X-radiation emitted by a test portion during irradiation with electromagnetic radiation."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "X-ray fluorescence"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "XPS"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Any technique in which the sample is bombarded with X-rays and photoelectrons produced by the sample are detected as a function of energy. ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) refers to the use of this technique to identify elements, their concentrations, and their chemical state within the sample."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts-coll> a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "characterization-of-photocatalysts-coll"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "A collection of techniques used to identify the (physico)chemical, morphological, structural, mechanical, optical and electrical properties of the syntesized photocatalysts. Characterization is performed after the synthesis of the photocatalysts to evaluate the success of the synthetic approach, but also after the completion of the evaluation of the materials in CO2 photoreduction to ensure their stability under the selected experimental parameters."@en ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Characterization of photocatalysts"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/chemical-substances-used-for-synthesis> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "chemical-substances-used-for-synthesis"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Chemicals; Chemical reagents; Reagents"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Chemical substances used in the synthesis process of a desired photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/masses-volumes-concentrations-of-chemicals-used-in-synthesis> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Chemical substances used for synthesis"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/deposited-film> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "deposited-film"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thin-film> ;
-    skos:definition "A thin film of the photocatalyst deposited on an appropiate for the application substrate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-deposited-film> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Deposited film"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipment-controlling-and-monitoring-gas-flow> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "equipment-controlling-and-monitoring-gas-flow"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/gas-flow> ;
-    skos:definition "Equipment used for controlling and / or monitoring the flow of gases (reactant or inert) needed for a CO2 photoreduction experiment. Mass flow controllers (MFCs) are commonly used to controlle gas flows."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-flow-controller> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipment controlling and monitoring gas flow"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipment-for-controlling-and-monitoring-operation-pressure> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "equipment-for-controlling-and-monitoring-operation-pressure"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Pressure controller; Pressure gauge; Pressure monitor"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/range-of-operation-pressure> ;
-    skos:definition "Equipment used for controlling and / or monitoring the pressure in various parts of a photoreactor. A vaccum pump is a typical example of such equipment."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/vacuum-pump> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipment for controlling and monitoring operation pressure"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-performance-coll> a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "evaluation-of-performance-coll"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Selection of experimental parameters applied for the evaluation of the performance of a photocatalyst in CO2 photoreduction."@en ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Evaluation of performance"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/gas-flow> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "gas-flow"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoreactor-design> ;
-    skos:definition "Flow rates of gases used in a CO2 photoreduction experiment. Gases can have either the role of a reactant (e.g., CO2) or be inert (e.g., Ar, He). "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipment-controlling-and-monitoring-gas-flow> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Gas flow"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/gaseous-enviroment> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "gaseous-enviroment"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Calcination environment"@en ;
-    skos:definition "A gas flow under which the calcination step takes place (e,g,, Ar or synthetic air)"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/flow-rate-of-gas-used-for-calcination> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Gaseous enviroment"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/infrared> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "infrared"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "IR; Ir"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/wavelength-range> ;
-    skos:definition "Region of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from 780 nm to about 20000 nm. This is the wavelength region in which absorption by a molecular entity causes excitation of its vibrational, rotational, and bending modes."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Infrared"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/powdered-photocatalyst> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "powdered-photocatalyst"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/form-of-photocatalyst> ;
-    skos:definition "A photocatalyst introduced to the reaction chamber in the form of a powder. Usually the powdered photocatalyst is spread inside a quartz / glass plate."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-of-powder-used> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Powdered photocatalyst"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/range-of-operation-pressure> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "range-of-operation-pressure"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Operation pressure; Operation pressure range; Pressure range"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Maximum and minimum of operation pressure range within the reactor can operate safely. Higher operation temperatures can lead to higher pressure values."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipment-for-controlling-and-monitoring-operation-pressure> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Range of operation pressure"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/range-of-operation-temperature> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "range-of-operation-temperature"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Operation temperature; Operation temperature range; Temparature range"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoreactor-design> ;
-    skos:definition "Maximum and minimum of operation temperature range within the reactor can operate safely."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipment-for-controlling-and-monitoring-operation-temperature> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Range of operation temperature"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reactor-design-coll> a skos:Collection ;
-    dcterms:identifier "reactor-design-coll"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:isPartOf cs: ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Details describing the construction, physical dimensions, and operation of the photoreactor used for the photocalytic CO2 reduction reactions."@en ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Reactor design"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/ultraviolet> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "ultraviolet"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "UV"@en,
-        "UV-A"@en,
-        "UV-B"@en,
-        "UV-C"@en,
-        "VUV"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/wavelength-range> ;
-    skos:definition "Region of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from about 100 nm to 400 nm. This region is divided into four sub-bands as follows: 1) Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV): 100 - 200 nm, 2) UV-C: 200 - 280 nm, 3) UV-B: 280 - 315 nm, 4) UV-A: 315 - 400 nm"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Ultraviolet"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/visible> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "visible"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Vis; VIS"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/wavelength-range> ;
-    skos:definition "Region of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from about 400 nm to 760 nm. This is the wavelength region to which the human eye is sensitive. There are no precise limits for the spectral range of visible radiation since they depend upon the amount or radiant power reaching the retina and on the responsivity of the observer."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Visible"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-deposited-film> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "dimensions-of-deposited-film"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/deposited-film> ;
-    skos:definition "The diamensions (area / thickness / diameter) of the - deposited on the substrate - thin film"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/area-of-deposited-film>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thickness-of-deposited-film> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dimensions of deposited film"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-optical-window> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "dimensions-of-optical-window"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/optical-window> ;
-    skos:definition "The dimension of the optical window (diameter / thickness) allowing the incoming light to enter the reaction chamber and interact with the photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/diameter-of-optical-window>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thickness-of-optical-window> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Dimensions of optical window"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipped-detectors-of-gas-chromatograph> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "equipped-detectors-of-gas-chromatograph"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Detectors of the gas chromatogragh used to identify the reaction products and intemediates."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/flame-ionization-detector>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thermal-conductivity-detector> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Equipped detectors of gas chromatograph"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/form-of-photocatalyst> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "form-of-photocatalyst"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-performance> ;
-    skos:definition "The form in which the photocatalyst is introduced to the reaction chamber. This can include e.g., powders, pellets or thin films deposited on a substrate. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/powdered-photocatalyst>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thin-film> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Form of photocatalyst"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/literature-research> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "literature-research"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Publications; papers; manuscripts;"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Thorough search of available literature on the research topic of interest using online research platforms (e.g, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Research Gate etc.) and / or libraries. Relevant literature can be found in the form of publications, books, abstracts and conference presentations. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/collection-of-publications-of-interest>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/organization-of-literature-in-a-citation-management-software> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Literature research"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-spectrometry> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "mass-spectrometry"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "MS"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/product-identification-method> ;
-    skos:definition "The study of systems by causing the formation of gaseous ions, with or without fragmentation, which are then characterized by their mass-to-charge ratios and relative abundances."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/calibration-of-mass-spectrometer>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sensitivity-of-mass-spectrometer> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Mass spectrometry"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/optical-window> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "optical-window"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "www.edmundoptics.com"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reaction-chamber> ;
-    skos:definition " Flat, optically transparent plates that are typically designed to maximize transmission in a specified wavelength range, while minimizing reflection and absoprtion."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-optical-window>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/material-of-optical-window> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Optical window"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/product-identification-method> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "product-identification-method"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoreactor-design> ;
-    skos:definition "Spectroscopic or chromatographic methods used to qualitatively and quantitatively identify the products of the photoreaction. Such devices are usually attached to the photoreactor, or a sample is being trasfered to an identification method via another medium (e.g., gastight syringes)."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/gas-chromatography>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-spectrometry> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Product identification method"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sacrificial-reagents> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "sacrificial-reagents"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reactants> ;
-    skos:definition "Electron donors or hole scavengers used to reduce the recombination tendency of electrons and holes. Sacrificial reagents are used in photocatalysis to study an oxidation or reduction reaction seperately."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sacrificial-acceptor>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sacrificial-donor> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Sacrificial reagents"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/selected-light-source> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "selected-light-source"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "The light source used for the irradiation of the reactants in the reaction chamber."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/light-intensity>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/wavelength-range> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Selected light source"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/substrate> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "substrate"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thin-film> ;
-    skos:definition "The substate onto which a (powdered) photocatalyst is deposited. Such substrates incude glass surfaces (e.g., borosilicate glass or conductive glass like ITO and FTO), ceramic substrates (e.g., alumina) or metal substrates (e.g., Ti foils, stainless steel etc.) "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-substrate>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/material-of-substrate> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Substrate"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-of-photocatalysts> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "synthesis-of-photocatalysts"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction> ;
-    skos:definition "The process by which one or more chemical reactions are performed with the aim of converting a reactant or starting material into a product or multiple products."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/literature-research>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-steps> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Synthesis of photocatalysts"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/deposition-technique> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "deposition-technique"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thin-film> ;
-    skos:definition "A technique used to deposit (immobilize) a (powdered) photocatalyst on a substate. These techniques indlude (but are not limited to): doctor blading, spin coating, spray coating, etc."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/doctor-blading>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/spin-coating>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/spray-coating> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Deposition technique"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/gas-chromatography> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "gas-chromatography"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "GC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/product-identification-method> ;
-    skos:definition "A separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. Gas chromatography is always carried out in a column."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/calibration-of-gas-chromatograph>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sensitivity-of-gas-chromatograph> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Gas chromatography"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/glass-substrate> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "glass-substrate"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/material-of-substrate> ;
-    skos:definition "A flat surface made of glass serving as a substrate for the deposition of a photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/borosilicate-glass>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/fluorine-doped-tin-oxide-coated-glass>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/indium-tin-oxide-coated-glass> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Glass substrate"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/material-of-substrate> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "material-of-substrate"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/substrate> ;
-    skos:definition "The material that the substrate is made of. Common materials include: glass (conductive or not), ceramics and metal."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/ceramic-substrate>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/glass-substrate>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/metallic-substrate> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Material of substrate"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/operation-mode> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "operation-mode"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-performance>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoreactor-design> ;
-    skos:definition "Operation mode under the which the experiment takes place: batch of continuous flow mode."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/batch-mode>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/flow-mode> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Operation mode"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photocatalytic-co2-reduction"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction; CO2 photoreduction; Carbon dioxide photoreduction; artificial photosynthesis"@en ;
-    skos:definition "The light-driven reduction (conversion) of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons and / or platform chemicals in presence of water. The absorption of light and the adsorption of the reactants is performed by a photocatalyst (usually a metal oxide). "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-performance>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photocatalytic CO2 reduction"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thin-film> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "thin-film"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/form-of-photocatalyst> ;
-    skos:definition "A photocatalyst introduced to the reaction chamber in the form of a thin film. To form a thin film, a (powdered) photocatalyst is deposited on a substrate (e.g., glass or metal) using an appropriate deposition technique. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/deposited-film>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/deposition-technique>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/substrate> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Thin film"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/total-duration-of-experiment> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "total-duration-of-experiment"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-performance> ;
-    skos:definition "The total duration of an experiment"@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/irradiation-time>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/purging-time>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sampling-intervals> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Total duration of experiment"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/calcination-steps> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "calcination-steps"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Heat treatment; Heat-treatment; Calcination"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-steps> ;
-    skos:definition "Heat treatment to reach the desired final photocatalyst. The parameters of the heat treatment can vary between each calcination step. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dwelling-time>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/final-temperature>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/heating-rate>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/initial-temperature> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Calcination steps"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reactants> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "reactants"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "IUPAC"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-performance> ;
-    skos:definition "A substance that is consumed in the course of chemical reaction. It is sometimes knonw, especially in the older literature, as a reagent, but this term is better used in a more specialized sence as a test substance that is added to a system in order to bring about a reaction or to see whether a reaction occurs (e.g., an analytical reagent)."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/concentration-of-reactants>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/flow-rates-of-reactants>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/purity-of-reactants>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sacrificial-reagents> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Reactants"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/wavelength-range> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "wavelength-range"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/light-source>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/selected-light-source> ;
-    skos:definition "Wavelength (single, narrow distribution or range) of the light emmited by the light source."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/infrared>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/ultraviolet>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/visible> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Wavelength range"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reaction-chamber> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "reaction-chamber"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Photoreaction chamber"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoreactor-design> ;
-    skos:definition "A construction inside of which the photocatalyst and the reactants coexist and the photoreaction takes place."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dimensions-of-reaction-chamber>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/material-of-reaction-chamber>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/optical-window>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/shape-of-reaction-chamber>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/volume-of-the-reaction-chamber> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Reaction chamber"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-performance> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "evaluation-of-performance"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction> ;
-    skos:definition "Selection of experimental parameters applied for the evaluation of the performance of a photocatalyst in CO2 photoreduction."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/form-of-photocatalyst>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/light-source>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/operation-mode>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction-experiment>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reactants>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/total-duration-of-experiment> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Evaluation of performance"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction-experiment> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photocatalytic-co2-reduction-experiment"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Carbon dioxide photoreduction experiment; Photocatalytic CO2 reduction experiment; Photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction experiment"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-performance> ;
-    skos:definition "An experiment in which a photocatalyst in the presence of H2O and under the influence of light of appropriate wavelength, converts CO2 to hydrocarbons and / or useful platform chemicals. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/blank-measurements>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/co2-photoreduction-measurement>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-products-formed>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/pressure-in-a-co2-photoreduction-experiment>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/sample-pre-treatment>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/selectivity> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photocatalytic CO2 reduction experiment"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoreactor-design> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photoreactor-design"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:altLabel "Reactor design; Reactor engineering; Photoreactor engineering"@en ;
-    skos:definition "Details describing the construction, physical dimensions, and operation of the photoreactor used for the photocalytic CO2 reduction reactions."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/gas-flow>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/light-source>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/operation-mode>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/product-identification-method>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/range-of-operation-temperature>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reaction-chamber> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photoreactor design"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-steps> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "synthesis-steps"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-of-photocatalysts> ;
-    skos:definition "Necessary steps needed to follow in order to reach the desired photocatalyst."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/calcination-steps>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/duration-of-steps>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipment-used-for-synthesis>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/ph-in-synthesis>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/pressure-in-synthesis>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/temperature-in-synthesis> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Synthesis steps"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/light-source> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "light-source"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-performance>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoreactor-design> ;
-    skos:definition "Light sources used to irradiate a photocatalyst. These include sources with various intensities, powers and wavelength ranges,  including Hg/Xe lamps, Xe lamps and LEDs. "@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/current-of-operation-of-the-light-source>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/distance-of-light-source-from-the-reaction-chamber-sample>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/intensity-of-the-light-source>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/power-output-of-the-light-source>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/voltage-of-operation-of-the-light-source>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/wavelength-range> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Light source"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "characterization-of-photocatalysts"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:broader <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction> ;
-    skos:definition "A collection of techniques used to identify the (physico)chemical, morphological, structural, mechanical, optical and electrical properties of the syntesized photocatalysts. Characterization is performed after the synthesis of the photocatalysts to evaluate the success of the synthetic approach, but also after the completion of the evaluation of the materials in CO2 photoreduction to ensure their stability under the selected experimental parameters."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/atomic-force-microscopy>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/brunauer-emmett-teller-surface-area-analysis>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/cyclic-voltammetry>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/differential-scanning-calorimetry>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/gas-chromatography>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/liquid-chromatography>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-spectroscopy>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mott-schottky-analysis>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoluminescence>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/raman-spectroscopy>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/scanning-electron-microscopy>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/thermogravimetric-analysis>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/transmission-electron-microscopy>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/ultraviolet-visible-spectroscopy>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/x-ray-diffraction>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/x-ray-fluorescence>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Characterization of photocatalysts"@en .
-
-<http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms> a skos:Concept ;
-    dcterms:identifier "general-terms"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Nikolaos Moustakas"@en ;
-    skos:definition "General terms often used in the field of photocatalysis."@en ;
-    skos:inScheme cs: ;
-    skos:narrower <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/absorption>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/bandgap-energy>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/charge-photogeneration>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/charge-recombination>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/charge-separation>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/conduction-band>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/crystallinity>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/doping>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/electron-transfer>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/excited-state>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/fermi-level>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/ground-state>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/infrared>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/metal-oxide>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/oxidation>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalyst>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoexcitation>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/pore-size-distribution>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reduction>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/semiconductor>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/specific-surface-area>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/ultraviolet>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/valence-band>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/visible>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/wavelength> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "General terms"@en ;
-    skos:topConceptOf cs: .
-
-cs: a skos:ConceptScheme ;
-    dcterms:created "2022-04-13"^^xsd:date ;
-    dcterms:creator <https://www.catalysis.de/> ;
-    dcterms:hasPart <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/characterization-of-photocatalysts-coll>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/evaluation-of-performance-coll>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms-coll>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction-coll>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/reactor-design-coll>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/synthesis-of-photocatalysts-coll> ;
-    dcterms:identifier "photo"^^xsd:token ;
-    dcterms:modified "2022-04-13"^^xsd:date ;
-    dcterms:provenance "Heterogene Photokatalyse / Leibniz Institute für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT)"@en ;
-    dcterms:publisher <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/> ;
-    owl:versionInfo "0.1" ;
-    skos:definition "A vocabulary of the most commonly used terms in the heterogeneous photocatalytic (light-driven) reduction (conversion) of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons and / or platform chemicals"@en ;
-    skos:hasTopConcept <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/chemical-substances-used-for-synthesis>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/dielectric-barrier-discharge-ionization-detector>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipped-detectors-of-gas-chromatograph>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/equipped-detectors-of-mass-spectrometer>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/gaseous-enviroment>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/general-terms>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/hole-tranfer>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/mass-of-deposited-catalyst>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photocatalytic-co2-reduction>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/photoreactor-design>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/pressure-drop-in-a-co2-phoreduction-experiment>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/quartz>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/range-of-operation-pressure>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/selected-light-source>,
-        <http://example.org/nfdi4cat/photo/temperature-in-a-co2-photoreduction-experiment> ;
-    skos:prefLabel "Photocatalytic CO2 reduction"@en ;
-    dcat:contactPoint "Nikolaos Moustakas / David Linke / Jennifer Strunk" .
diff --git a/vocabularies/README.md b/vocabularies/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f137588..0000000
--- a/vocabularies/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1 +0,0 @@
-Directory to collect the vocabularies in rdf/turtle format that were created using the voc4cat-workflow and its CI/CD pipeline.


Test patch:
diff --git a/tests/test_checks.py b/tests/test_checks.py
index 17546ca..d1f1b68 100644
--- a/tests/test_checks.py
+++ b/tests/test_checks.py
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ def test_check_for_removed_iris(  # noqa: PLR0913
     # Prepare data with removed concept
     g = Graph()
     g.parse(original, format="turtle")
-    one_uri = list(g.subjects(RDF.type, skos_el))[0]
+    one_uri = next(iter(g.subjects(RDF.type, skos_el)))
     g.remove((one_uri, None, None))
     reduced = tmp_path / (str(original.stem) + "_reduced.turtle")
     g.serialize(destination=reduced, format="turtle")