ON: Civil Appeal No. 1529 of 197 1.
From the Judgment and Order dated 31.7.70 of the Calcut ta High Court in Appeal No. 29 of 1969.
G. Ramaswamy, Additional Solicitor general, A.K. Gan guli, P. Parmeshwaran and A.K. Srivastava for the Appel lants.
D.N. Mukharjee and P.K. Ghosh for the respondents.
The judgment of the Court was delivered by PATHAK, CJ.
This appeal by certificate granted by the High Court of Calcutta is directed against the judgment dated 31 July, 1970 of that High Court partly allowing a writ petition arising out of proceedings under the .
On 5 May, 1966.
noticing an advertisement in a newspaper offering imported manual and electric typewriters, adding and calculating machines, the Customs authorities raided the premises of Messrs. Typewriters and Stationery Operation Private Limited, Calcutta, on the same day and recovered fifteen typewriters, adding and calculating machines.
The machines had been sold to the company by R.N. Bagh, who in turn disclosed that he had purchased them from the crew members of some vessels.
On 7 May, 1966, the Customs Offi cers searched the residence and business premises of Messrs. Central Typewriter Company and recovered several typewriters and calculating and adding machines.
From some documents seized during the raid and statements recorded, it appeared that there was a conspiracy between the respondents and some of the crew members of certain vessels where it was agreed that the respondents would look after and maintain the families of the crew members in India while they were abroad, would advance them money and the crew members would draw their wages abroad in foreign currency and purchase with those moneys second hand typewriters, adding and calcu lating machines and then bring them to India and deliver them to the respondents after clearance under the conces sions provided in the Baggage Rules in order to circumvent the restrictions imposed under the Import Trade Control 286 Regulations.
It appeared that during the period 1961 to 1965 about 200 pieces of typewriters, adding and calculating machines had been acquired by the respondents for a sum of about Rupees one lakh and out of which forty six had been sold.
The goods were seized on 5/7 May, 1966 and notices were due to issue under section 124(a) of the within six months from that date.
Meanwhile, the Subordinate Offi cers, Customs Department, showed cause to the Additional Collector of Customs, Calcutta (who had the same powers under the Act as the Collector) for granting an extension of time for serving the show cause notice.
On 3 November, 1966, the Additional Collector granted an extension of time for a further six months in terms of the proviso to section 110(2) of the .
On 6 December, 1966 the Assistant Collector of Customs issued notice to each of the respondents calling upon him to show cause why the said seized machines should not be con fiscated under section 111(d) and section 111(o) of the read with s.3(2) of the Import and Export Control Act, 1947 and why penal action should not be taken against the respondents under section 112 of the .
On 18 April, 1967, the respondents filed a writ petition in the High Court at Calcutta challenging the proceedings initiated against them by the customs authorities including the seizure of the machines.
On 11 December, 1968 a learned Single Judge of the High Court repelled the contention of the appellants that the proceeding was administrative in nature and held that the order of extension to be made under section 110(2) of the was a quasi judicial order and as the order had been made ex parte and without notice to the owner of the goods it was in breach of the principles of Natural justice and therefore void.
He observed that as the order, moreover, was not communicated to the respondents before the expiry of six months from the date of seizure, the order of extension was invalid and the respondents had become entitled as of right to the return of the goods.
The writ petition was allowed, and the proceedings initiated by the respondents against the appellants were quashed by the learned Single Judge by his judgment and order dated 11 December, 1969.
The appellants appealed to the Appellate Bench and the Appellate Bench of the High Court by judgment dated 31 July, 1970 allowed the appeal in part, quashing the order of extension dated 3 November, 1966 and directing the appel lants to restore the machines and docu 287 ments seized from the respondents.
The Customs authorities were permitted to initiate and complete such other proceed ings against the, respondents as were open to them in law.
The appellants now appeal to this Court in so far as the judgment and order of the Appellate Bench proceeds against them.
Section 110(1) of the provides that if the proper officer has reason to believe that any goods are liable to confiscation under that Act he may seize such goods.
Section 110(2) provides: "Where any goods are seized under sub section (1) and no notice in respect thereof is given under clause (a) of Section 124 within six months of the seizure of the goods, the goods shall be returned to the person from whose possession they were seized: Provided that the aforesaid period of six months may, on sufficient cause being shown, be extended by the Collector of Customs for a period not exceeding six months." Section 124(a), to which reference has been made in section 110(2), provides that no order confiscating any goods or imposing any penalty on any person shall be made under Chapter XIV unless the owner of the goods or such person is given notice in writing informing him of the grounds on which it is proposed to confiscate the goods or to impose a penalty and is given an opportunity of making a representa tion in writing, and is also given a reasonable opportunity of being heard in the matter.
It is apparent that goods liable to confiscation may be seized by virtue of section 110(1) but that those goods cannot be confiscated or penalty imposed without notice, opportunity to represent and to be heard to the owner of the goods or the person on whom penalty is proposed.
This notice must be given within six months of the seizure of the goods, as envisaged by section 110(2) of the Act, and if it is not, the goods must be returned to the person from whom the goods were seized.
The proviso to section 110(2) of the Act allows the period of six months to be extended by the Collector of Customs for a period not exceeding six months on sufficient cause being shown to him in that behalf.
The Appellate Bench of the High Court is of opinion that the 288 decision of the High Court in Assistant Collector of Customs vs Charan Das Malhotra, ; lays down the correct law and applies to the facts of this case, that there is a duty on the part of the Collector of Customs to act judicially in exercising the power conferred under the proviso to section 110(2) of the Act and that, therefore, notice should have gone to the owner of the goods before the exten sion was ordered under the proviso.
It has been held further that the order of extension should have been communicated to the owner and as that was not done the order was ineffec tive.
When this appeal came up for hearing before a Bench of this Court, reliance was placed by learned counsel for the respondents on Charan Das Malhotra, (supra).
That decision was rendered by two learned Judges of this Court.
Reference was also made in M/s Lokenath Tolaram etc.
B.N. Rangwani and Others, ; which was a decision rendered by four learned Judges of this Court, and in which reference was made to Charan Das Malhotra, (supra).
The learned Judges hearing this appeal were of the opinion that the view taken in the two cases required reconsideration, and therefore this appeal was referred to a larger Bench for a decision on the question whether the Collector is bound to issue notice to the persons from whose possession the goods are seized and to give him an opportunity to make his representation on the point whether the time for issuing notice under section 124(a) of the Act should be extended beyond six months.
That is how the appeal has come before us.
In Charan Das Malhotra, (supra) the Court referred to the consideration that seizure was authorised under section 110(1) on the mere "reasonable belief" of the concerned officer, that it was an extraordinary power and that there fore Parliament had envisaged a period of six months from the date of seizure for completing an enquiry on whether the goods should be confiscated and that if the enquiry was not completed within that period the goods must be returned.
In some cases it is possible that the enquiry requires longer than six months, and accordingly power was conferred on the Collector, an officer superior in rank and also an Appellate Authority under section 128, to extend the time subject to two conditions, that it did not exceed one year, and that suffi cient cause must be shown for such extension.
The Court observed that the Collector was not expected to propose the extension mechanically or as a matter of routine but only on being satisfied that facts exist which indicate that the investigation could not be completed for bona fide reasons within the time provided in section 110(2), and that therefore extension of the period has become neces 289 sary.
The Collector, the Court emphasized cannot extend the time unless he is satisfied on facts placed before him that there is sufficient cause necessitating extension, in which case the burden of proof would clearly lie on the Customs authorities applying for extension to show that such exten sion was necessary.
Taking these consideration into record the Court held that the words "sufficient cause being shown" required an objective examination of the matter by the Collector.
It was pointed out that ordinarily on the expiry of the period of six months from the date of seizure the owner of the goods would be entitled as of right to restora tion of the seized goods, and that right could not be de feated without notice to him that an extension was proposed.
The Court rejected the contention that the continuing inves tigation would be jeopardised if such notice was given.
The Court held that the power under the proviso to section 110(2) was quasi judicial, at any rate one requiring a judicial ap proach, and consequently the person from whom the goods were seized was entitled to notice before the period of six months envisaged by section 110(2) was extended.
The point was considered again in M/s. Lokenath Tolaram etc.
B.N. Rang wani and Others, (supra) by a Bench of four Judges of this Court and the Court referred to the view taken in Charan Das Malhotra, (supra) but it declined to interfere because the appellants in that case had themselves waived notice con cerning extension of the time.
The Court did not specifical ly give the stamp of approval to the law laid down in Charan Das Malhotra, (supra).
There is no doubt that the words "on sufficient cause being shown" in the proviso to section 110(2) of the Act indi cates that the Collector of Customs must apply his mind to the point whether a case for extending the period of six months is made out.
What is envisaged is an objective con sideration of the case and a decision to be rendered after considering the material placed before him to justify the request for extension.
The Customs Officer concerned who seeks the extension must show good reason for seeking the extension, and in this behalf he would probably want to establish that the investigation is not complete and it cannot yet be said whether a final order confiscating the goods should be made or not.
As more time is required for investigation, he applies for extension of time.
The Collec tor must be satisfied that the investigation is being pur sued seriously and that there is need for more time for taking it to its conclusion.
The question is whether the person claiming restoration of goods is entitled to notice before time is extended.
The right to notice flows not from the mere circumstance that there is a proceeding of a judi cial nature, but indeed it goes beyond to the basic reason which gives to the proceeding its character, and that 290 reason is that a right of a person may be effected and there may.
be prejudice to that right if he is not accorded an opportunity to put forward his case in the proceeding.
In the other words, the issue is whether there is a right in a person from whose possession goods are seized and which right may be prejudiced or placed in jeopardy unless he is heard in the matter.
It cannot be disputed that section 110 sub section (2) contemplates either notice (within six months from the date of seizure) to the person from whose possession the goods have been seized in order to determine whether the goods should be confiscated or the restoration of the goods to such person on the expiry of that period.
If the notice is not issued in the confiscation proceedings within six months from the date of seizure the person from whose pos session the goods have been seized becomes immediately entitled to the return of the goods.
It is that right to the immediate restoration of the goods upon the expiry of six months from the date of seizure that is defeated by the extension of time under the proviso to section 110(2).
When we speak of the right of the person being prejudiced or placed in jeopardy we necessarily envisage some damage or injury or hardship to that right and it becomes necessary to inquire into the nature of such damage or injury or hardship for any case to be set up by such person must indicate the damage or injury or hardship apprehended by such person.
In the present case, one possibility is that the person from whose possession the goods have been seized may want to establish the need for immediate possession, having regard to the nature of the goods and the critical conditions then pre vailing in the market or that the goods are such as are required urgently to meet an emergency in relation to a vocational or private need, and that any delay in restora tion would cause material damage or injury or hardship either by reason of some circumstance special to the person or of market conditions or of any particular quality of requirement for the preservation of the goods.
But it will not be open to him to question whether the stage of the investigation, and the need for further investigation, call for an extension of time.
It is impossible to conceive that a person from whose possession the goods have been seized with a view to confiscation should be entitled to know and to monitor, how the investigation against him is proceeding, the material collected against him at that stage, and what is the utility of pursuing the investigation further.
These are matters of a confidential nature, knowledge of which such person is entitled to only upon the investigation being completed and a decision being taken to issue notice to show cause why the goods should not be confiscated.
There can be no right in any person to be informed midway, during an investigation, of the material collected in the case against him.
Consequently, while notice may be necessary to such person to show why 291 time should not be extended he is not entitled to informa tion as to the investigation which is in process.
In such circumstances, the right of a person, from whose possession the goods have been seized, to notice of the proposed exten sion must be conceded, but the opportunity open to him on such notice cannot extend to information concerning the nature and course of the investigation.
In that sense, the opportunity which the law can contemplate upon notice to him of the application for extension must be limited by the pragmatic necessities of the case.
If these considerations are kept in mind, we have no doubt that notice must issue to the person from whose possession the goods have been seized of the proposal to extend the period of six months.
In the normal course, notice must go to such person before the expiry of the original period of six months.
It is true that the further period of six months contemplated as the maximum period of extension is a short period, but Parliament has contemplated an original period of six months only and when it has fixed upon such period it must be assumed to have taken into consideration that the further detention of the goods can produce damage or injury or hardship to the person from whose possession the goods are seized.
We have said that notice must go to the person, from whose possession the goods have been seized, before the expiry of the original period of six months.
It is possible that while notice is issued before the expiry of that peri od, service of such notice may not be effected on the person concerned in sufficient time to enable the Collector to make the order of extension before that period expires.
Service of the notice may be postponed or delayed or rendered inef fective by reason of the person sought to be served attempt ing to avoid service of notice or for any other reason beyond the control of the Customs authorities.
In that event, it would be open to the Collector, if he finds that sufficient cause has been made out before him in that behalf to extend the time beyond the original period of six months, and thereafter, after notice has been served on the person concerned, to afford a postdecisional hearing to him in order to determine whether the order of extension should be cancelled or not.
Having regard to the seriousness and the magnitude of injury to the public interest in the case of the illicit importation of goods, and having regard to considerations of the damage to economic policy underlying the formulation of import and export planning, it seems necessary to reconcile the need to afford an opportunity to the person effected with the larger considerations of public interest.
Our attention has been drawn to Ganeshmul Channilal Gandhi 292 and another vs Collector of Central Excise and Asstt.
Col lector, Bangalore, A.I.R. where the High Court of Mysore has held that no notice is necessary to the person from whose possession the goods are seized when the Collector proceeds to consider whether the original period of six months should be extended.
Reliance has also been placed on Sheikh Mohammed Sayeed vs Assistant Collector of Customs for Preventive and others, A.I.R. 1970 Calcutta 134 which proceeds on the view that the Collector has to satisfy himself only subjectively on the point whether extension is called for.
In Karsandas Pepatlal Dhineja & Others vs Union of India and Another, the High Court de fined the implications of the use of the words "on suffi cient cause being shown" in a statutory proceeding.
None of these cases convince us that the person from whose posses sion the goods have been seized is not entitled to notice of the proposal to extend the period.
In our opinion, the person from whose possession the goods have been seized is entitled to notice of the proposal before the Collector of Customs for the extension of the original period of six months mentioned in section 110(2) of the , and he is entitled to be heard upon such pro posal but subject to the restrictions referred to earlier in regard to the need for maintaining confidentiality of the investigation proceedings.
The appeal is allowed accordingly and to the extent set forth in our judgment the orders of the High Court are modified, but there is no order as to costs.
Y. Lal Appeal al lowed.


Summary:
Acting on the basis of the information contained in an advertisement in a newspapers offering the sale of imported manual and electric typewriters, adding and calculating machines, the customs authorities raided the premises of M/s Typewriters and Stationary Operation Private Ltd., Calcutta on 5th May, 1966 and recovered fifteen typewriters, adding & calculating machines.
On inquiry it was learnt that the said machines had been sold to the Company by R.N. Bagh, who in turn disclosed that the machines in question had been pur chased from crew members of the vessels.
On 7.5.66 the customs authorities searched the business premises of the Company and found several machines from the documents seized during the search it came to light that there was a conspir acy between the Respondents and some of the crew members of certain vessels whereunder it had been agreed that the Respondents would look after the families of the crew mem bers in India and the crew personnel would draw their wages abroad in foreign currency and after purchasing the said machines.
would supply to the Respondents after clearance under the concessions provided under the Baggage Rules.
The goods in question were seized on 5/7th May, 1966 and as required by Rule 124(a) of the Customs Act, notices as to why the goods should not be confiscated were due to issue within six months thereof.
Section 110(2) of the Customs Act provided that if a notice as contemplated by Section 124(a) is not issued within a period of six months as provided thereunder, the goods shall have to be returned to the person from whose possession, they were seized.
However a proviso to Sec.
110(2) makes a provision that the period of six months can be extended, 283 on sufficient cause being shown, by the Collector for a period not exceeding six months.
The officers of the Customs Department showed cause to the Additional Collector of Customs, Calcutta for extension of time to serve a show cause notice on Respondents and extension of six months was granted for the purpose under the proviso to Section 110(2) of the Customs Act.
No notice of the proceedings relating to the said extension was given to the persons from whose custody the goods were seized.
On 6th December 1966, the Assistant Collector of Customs issued a notice to each of the Respondents calling upon them to show cause why the goods should not be confiscated.
On April 18, 1967, the Respondents filed a Writ Petition in the High Court at Calcutta challenging the proceedings initiated against them by Customs Authorities.
The learned Single Judge of the High Court who heard the Writ Petition held that the Order of extension to be made under Section 110(2) of the Customs Act is not an administrative order but a quasi judicial order and as the order has been passed ex parte without notice to the owner of the goods, it was in breach of principle of Natural Justice.
The order of exten sion was accordingly quashed and it was held that the owner was entitled to the return of his goods.
The appellants appealed to the Appellate Bench.
The appellate Bench allowed the appeal in part, quashed the order of extension dated 3rd November, 1966 directed the appellants to restore the machines and documents seized from the Respondents.
However the Customs Authorities were per mitted to initiate and complete such other proceedings against the Respondents as were open to them in law.
The appellate Bench was of the opinion that the decision in Assistant Collector of Customs vs Charan Das, ; lays down the correct law and notice of extension should have been given to the owner of the goods before the Order of extension had been passed.
Hence this appeal by the Customs Department.
At the hearing of the appeal Respondents placed reliance upon Charan Das Malhotra, (supra).
Reference was also made to the decision in M/s Lokenath Tolaram etc.
B.N. Rangwani appeal were of the opinion that the view taken in the said two cases required reconsideration and the 284 appeal has been referred to a larger Bench for a decision on the question whether the Collector is bound to issue notice to the persons from whose possession the goods were seized and to give him an opportunity to make his representation on the point whether the time for issuing notice under Section 124(a) of the Act should be extended beyond six months.
Partly allowing the appeal this Court, HELD: The words "on sufficient cause being shown" in the proviso to Section 110(2) of the Customs Act indicates that the Collector of Customs must apply his mind to the point whether a case for extending the period of six months is made out.
[289E F] The right to notice flows not from the mere circumstance that there is a proceeding of a judicial nature, but indeed it goes beyond to the basic reason which gives to the pro ceeding its character, and that reason is that a right of a person may be affected and there may be prejudice to that right if he is not afforded an opportunity to put forward his case in the proceeding.
If the notice is not issued in the confiscation proceedings within six months from the date of the seizure the person from whose possession the goods have been seized becomes immediately entitled to the return of goods.
It is that right to the immediate restoration of goods upon the expiry of six months from the date of the seizure that is defeated by the extension of time under the provio to Section 110(2).
[289H; 290B C] There can be no right in any person to be informed midway, during an investigation, of the material collected in the case against him.
While notice may be necessary to such person to show why time should not be extended, he is not entitled to information as to the investigation which is in process.
[290H; 291A] The person from whose possession the goods have been seized is, therefore, entitled to notice of the proposal before the Collector of Customs for the extension of the original period of six months mentioned in Section 110(2) of the Customs Act and he is entitled to be heard upon such proposal but subject to the restrictions in regard to the need for maintaining confidentiality of the investigation proceedings.
[292D E] Ganeshmul Channilal Gandhi & Anr., vs Collector of Central Excise and Asstt.
Collector, Bangalore, A.I.R. , Sheikh 285 Mohammed Sayeed vs Assistant Collector of Customs for Pre ventive & Others, A.I.R. 1970 Calcutta 134 and Karsandas Pepatlal Dhineja & Ors., vs Union of India & Anr., not applicable.