on of application of princi ple of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' it has to be borne in mind that it is open to the State to classify employees on the basis of qualifications, duties and responsibilities of the posts concerned.
If the classification has reasonable nexus with the objective sought to be achieved, efficiency in the administration, the State would be justified in prescribing different pay scale but if the classification does not stand the test of reasonable nexus and the classification is rounded on unreal, and unreasonable basis it would be viola tive of Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution.
Equality must be among the equals, unequals cannot claim equality.
[962G H; 963A B] & ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition (Civil) No. 4611 of 1983.
(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India) Gobinda Mukhoty and K.N. Rai for the Petitioner. A. Mariarputham for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SINGH, J.
By means of this petition under Article 32 of the Constitution the petitioner has raised a grievance that the Respondent Authorities have practised discrimination in violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution in refusing to pay him salary in the scale of pay prescribed for similarly placed employees.
He has invoked the doctrine of "Equal Pay for Equal Work" as enshrined under Article 39(d) of the Constitution.
In order to appreciate petitioner 's grievance it is necessary to refer to relevant facts giving rise to this petition.
The petitioner was initially appointed in 1967 to the post of Teacher Co ordinator in the pay scale of Rs.2 10 425 in the Research Project "Rehabilitation Unit in Audiology and Speech Pathology" a project funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research under PL 480 research scheme with the special assistance of the Social Rehabilita tion Services (formerly Vocational Rehabilitation Adminis tration).
The aforesaid unit was taken over by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences on 1.7. 1970 alongwith the staff attached to the said unit.
The petitioner 's services stood transferred to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Institute) and the petitioner continued to hold the post of Teacher Coordinator in the Institute.
On the recommendation 961 of the Head of the Department of Rehabilitation Unit the petitioner 's post was redesignated as 'Hearing Therapist ' with effect from 3.8.
1972 but he continued to draw the salary in the same scale of pay of Rs.210425.
In pursuance to the recommendations of the Third Pay Commission as adopt ed by the Institute the pay scale of Hearing Therapist was revised to Rs.425 700 with effect from 1.1.1973.
Since then the petitioner has continued to draw salary in the pay scale of Rs.425 700.
The petitioner made several representations to the respondentauthorities to revise his pay scale and to place him in the pay scale prescribed for the "Speech Pa thologist" and "Audiologist" in the pay scale of Rs.650 1200.
Since no relief was granted to him he invoked the jurisdiction of this Court by means of this petition under Article 32 of the Constitution.
The petitioner 's main grievance is that 'Hearing Thera pist ' perform the same duties and functions as 'Senior Speech Pathologist ', 'Senior Physiotherapist ', 'Senior Occupational Therapist ', 'Audiologist ', and 'Speech Patholo gist ', yet the respondents have practised discrimination in paying salary to the petitioner in a lower scale of pay.
The petitioner has asserted that the qualification prescribed for the aforesaid posts are almost similar and they are working in the same institution under the same employer but the respondent authorities have practised discrimination in refusing to accept the petitioner 's claim for equal pay.
The petitioner has further raised a grievance that the Third Pay Commission ignored the claim of 'Hearing Therapist ' although it has granted higher scale of pay for similar posts of 'Speech Therapist ', 'Senior Speech Pathologist ' and 'Audiol ogist '.
He has asserted that Speech Therapists performing similar kind of duties as performed by the petitioner have been granted higher pay scale in other organisations like Safdarjang Hospital, P.G.I. Chandigarh, Medical College Rohtak and Ali Yaver Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, Hyderabad.
The petitioner contends that the respondents have failed to implement the Directive Princi ples of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' as contained in Article 39(d) of the Constitution in violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution.
He has claimed relief for the issuance of writ of mandamus directing the respondents which include All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Union of India for fixing the petitioner 's pay in the scale of Rs.400 950 with effect from 1.1.1970 and thereafter in the scale of Rs.650 1200 with effect from 1.1.1973.
In defence the re spondents assert that the petitioner cannot compare himself with Senior Speech Therapist, Senior Physiotherapist, Senior Occupational Therapist, Audiologist or Speech Therapist as qualifications, duties and functions of those posts 962 are altogether different and distinct from those prescribed for Hearing Therapist.
There is no equality between the petitioner and persons holding the aforesaid posts.
The Institute has created different posts with different pay scales having regard to the qualifications, duties, func tions and responsibilities of the posts.
The petitioner is not entitled to equate himself with the incumbents holding the posts of Senior Speech Therapist, Senior Physiothera pist, Senior Occupational Therapist, Audiologist and Speech Therapist.
The petitioner 's plea of discrimination is em phatically denied.
The doctrine of "Equal Pay for Equal Work" is not ex pressly declared a fundamental fight under the Constitution.
But Article 39(d) read with Articles 14 and 16 of the Con stitution declares the constitutional goal enjoining the State not to deny any person equality before law in matters relating to employment including the scales of pay.
Article 39(d) read with Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution enjoins the State that where all things are equal and person holding indentical posts, performing indentical and similar duties under the same employer should not be treated differ ently in the matter of their pay.
The doctrine of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' is not abstract one, it is open to the State to prescribe different scales of pay for different posts having regard to educational qualifications, duties and responsibilities of the post.
The principle .of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' is applicable when employees holding the same rank perform similar functions and discharge similar duties and responsibilities are treated differently.
The application of doctrine would arise where employees are equal in every respect but they are denied equality in matters relating to the scale of pay.
The principle of "Equal Pay for Equal Work" has been enforced by this Court in Randhir Singh vs Union of India & Ors., ; ; Dhirendra Chamoli & Anr.
vs State ofU. P., ; V.J. Thomas & Ors.
vs Union of India & Ors.
,[1985] (Supp.) SCC 7; P. Savita vs Union of India & Ors., [1985] (Supp.) SCR 101; Bhagwan Dass vs State of Haryana, [1987] 4 SCC 634 and Jai Pal & Ors.
vs State of Haryana & Ors.
, [1988] 3 SCC 354.
In all these cases this Court granted relief on the application of the doctrine of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work '.
While considering the question of application of prin ciple of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' it has to be borne in mind that it is open to the State to classify employees on the basis of qualifications, duties and responsibilities of the posts concerned.
If the classification has reasonable nexus with the objective sought to be achieved, efficiency in the administration, the State would be justified in prescribing 963 different pay scale but if the classification does not stand the test of reasonable nexus and the classification is rounded on unreal, and unreasonable basis it would be viola tive of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution.
Equality must be among the equals, Unequals cannot claim equality.
In the writ petition, the petitioner claimed parity with the pay scale prescribed for Senior ' Speech Therapist, Senior physiotherapist, Senior Occupational Therapist, Audiologist and Speech Pathologist but during the course of hearing Sri Gobind Mukhoty, learned counsel for the peti tioner confined the petitioner 's case for parity with 'Aud iologist ' only.
He urged that the educational qualifica tions, duties and functions of 'Hearing Therapist ' and 'Audiologist ' are similar, if not the same, and there is no reasonable justification for prescribing lower pay scale of pay to Hearing Therapist.
A Hearing Therapist is required to treat the deaf and other patients suffering from hearing defects.
His function is to help in rehabilitation of those whose hearing capacity is impaired.
The Hearing Therapist 's main function is to train the patient to facilitate maximum expressive and receptive communication skill.
An 'Audiolo gist ' pertains to the science of hearing.
His work is de signed to coordinate the separate professional skills which contribute to study, treatment and rehabilitation of persons with impaired hearing.
A person holding the post of Audiolo gist is a specialist in the non medical evaluation, habili tation and rehabilitation of those who suffer from language and speech disorders.
Generally, Hearing Therapist and Audiologist both perform duties and functions is helping rehabilitation of patients suffering from hearing disorders, their duties and functions appear to be similar, but the petitioner has not placed material before the Court to demonstrate that the duties and functions performed by Hearing Therapist is same or similar as that performed by an Audiologist.
The petitioner has placed reliance on a certif icate issued by the Head of Department of Otorhinolaryngolgy which enumerates duties, functions which the petitioner has been performing while working as Hearing Therapist.
Accord ing to this certificate the petitioner has been carrying out the following functions: "1.
Diagnosis of the impairment of hearing cases.
(Detailed diagnosis).
Audiological evaluation i.e. heating aid evaluation, hearing and prescription and autitory training.
964 3.
Parent counselling and guidance.
Referring to different experts for their opinion such as Physiotherapist, Occupational Therapist, Clinical Psy chologist, Ear Mould Technician, Paediatrician, Paediatric Neurologist and Opthalmologist, Audiometry Technical and to ENT Specialist.
Speech and language therapy.
Integration of hearing handicapped with normal persons.
Integration of hearing loss children with normal hearing children.
Guidance to the teachers of normal schools where there is any hard of heating case is studying.
Writing of papers and books on the basis of personal experience and research.
Speech therapy to normal hearing persons as and when referred to them.
Referring the hearing handicapped children to special schools for the deaf and when a child is unable to study in a normal school.
Educational rehabilitation of any age group of hear ing loss cases. ' ' The petitioner has, however, failed to place material before the Court showing the corresponding duties and functions of an Audiologist in the Institute.
In the absence of duties and functions of an Audiologist it is not possible for the Court to record findings that the duties and functions performed by Hearing Therapist is similar to those performed by an Audiologist more so when the respondents have denied the petitioner 's claim in the counter affidavit.
The peti tioner 's claim that he performs the same duties and func tions as those performed by an Audiologist under the same employer cannot therefore be accepted.
Even assuming that the petitioner performs similar duties and functions as those performed by an Audiologist, it is not sufficient to 965 uphold his claim for equal pay.
As already observed, in judging the equality of work for the purposes of equal pay, regard must be had not only to the duties and functions but also to the educational qualifications, qualitative differ ence and the measures of responsibility prescribed for the respective posts.
Even if the duties and functions are of similar nature but if the educational qualifications pre scribed for the two posts are different and there is differ ence in measure of responsibilities, the principle of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' would not apply.
Under the relevant Rules framed by the Institute qualifications for the two class of posts, namely, Audiologist and Hearing Therapist ' are as under: Audiologist Qualifications Hearing Therapist Qualifications Essential Essential 1.
A graduate in Science/ 1.
A graduate in Science or Arts or Medicines, from Arts of a recognised Univer a recognised University.
sity in India or abroad.
Master 's degree in Audiology 2.
Trained teacher for the or Otolaryngology from a deaf, such as Certified recognised Institution/ Teacher for Deaf University (C.T.D . Dip.) 3.
Three years teaching/ 3.
Teaching experience at a research experience in recognised school for the deaf the field of Audiology.
in India for not less than three years.
Desirable 1.
Ph.D. in Audiology from a recognised University.
Practical experience of working in a speech and Hearing Rehabilitation Centre.
Journalistic or literary activity in relation to Audiology.
966 A perusal of the above chart would show that different educational qualifications are prescribed for the two posts.
For an Audiologist a Master 's Degree in Otolaryngology or Audiology is an essential qualification but no such Master 's Degree is prescribed for Hearing Therapist instead a diploma as Certified Teacher for Deaf is the essential qualification for the said post.
A comparison of the qualifications pre scribed for the two posts clearly indicates that higher qualification is prescribed for the post of Audiologist.
There appears to be qualitative difference in the responsi bilities of the two posts as an Audiologist possesses higher qualification.
It is therefore manifest that on the basis of educational qualifications two posts cannot be equated.
Even if the functions and duties of two posts are similar it is open to the State to prescribe different scales of pay on the basis of difference in educational qualifications.
Different treatment to persons belonging to the same class is a permissible classification on the basis of educational qualifications.
There are several decisions of this Court where educa tional qualifications have been recognised as a valid basis for classification.
In State of Mysore vs Narasingh Rao, ; this Court held that higher educational qualifications such as success in S.S.L.C. examination are relevant considerations for fixation of higher pay scale for tracers who had passed the S.S.L.C. examination and the classification of two grades of tracers in Mysore State, one for matriculate tracers with higher pay scale and the other for non matriculate tracers with lower pay scale, was held valid.
It is pertinent to note that matriculate and non matriculate tracers both constituted the same service per forming the same duties and functions, yet the Court held that higher pay scale prescribed for the matriculate tracers on the basis of higher educational qualification was not violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution.
In Union of India vs Dr. (Mrs.) S.B. Kohli, ; classification made on the basis of educational qualifica tion for purposes of promotion was upheld by this Court on the ground that the classification made on the basis of such a requirement was not without reference to the objectives sought to be achieved and there could be no question of discrimination.
In State of Jammu & Kashmir vs Triloki Nath Khose & Ors., ; cadre of Assistant Engineers included of Degree holders and Diploma holders, they consti tuted one class of service but for promotion to the post of Executive Engineers only those Assistant Engineers were eligible for promotion who possessed Bachelor 's Degree in Engineering and the Diploma holders were eligible only if they had put in 7 years minimum service no such restriction was prescribed for Degree holders.
The 967 Diploma holder Assistant Engineers challenged the validity of the rule on the ground that it denied them equal opportu nity of promotion, in violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution.
On a detailed consideration a Constitution Bench of this Court upheld the classification on the ground of difference in educational qualification.
The Court held that classification rounded on the basis of educational qualification had a reasonable nexus to achieve administra tive efficiency in Engineering Services.
The Court approv ingly referred to the decisions of the Court in State of Mysore vs Narasing Rao, ; ; Ganga Ram vs Union of India, ; and Union of India vs Dr. (Mrs.) S.B. Kohli, ; The Court upheld the classifi cation and refused to grant any relief to Diploma holder Engineers.
In Mohammad Shujat Ali & Ors.
vs Union of India & Ors.
; , another Constitution Bench of this Court upheld the classification of Supervisors into two classes, graduates and non graduates for the purpose of promotion to the post of Assistant Engineers on the ground of educational qualification although both the class of supervisors constituted the same service.
In Federation of All India Customs & Central Excise Stenographers (Recog nised) & Ors.
vs Union of India & Ors.
, ; claim of Personal Assistants and Stenographers attached to the Head of Departments in the Customs and Central Excise Department of the Ministry of Finance for equal pay in parity with the Personal Assistants and Stenographers at tached to the Joint Secretaries and Officers above them in the Ministry of Finance was rejected by this Court on the ground of the functional requirement of the work done, training, and responsibility prescribed for the two posts.
In State of U.P. & Ors.
vs Sh.
J.P. Chaurasia & Ors., ; the question arose whether it was permissible to have two different pay scales in the cadre of Bench Secre taries, for persons performing the same duties and having the same responsibilities.
In the light of the various decisions of this Court it was held that the principle of "equal pay for equal work", has no mechanical application in every case of similar work.
Articles 14 and 16 permit rea sonable classification rounded on rational basis, it is, therefore, permissible to provide two different pay scales in the same cadre on the basis of selection based on merit with due regard to experience and seniority.
The Court held that in such a situation the principle of equal pay for equal work did not apply.
We would like to emphasise that the principle of equal pay for equal work cannot be invoked invariably in every kind of service, particularly, in the area of professional services.
In Dr. C. Girijambal vs Government of Andhra Pradesh, ; it was contended 968 before the Court that medical officers holding the degree of Graduate from the College of Integrated Medicine (GCIM) and holders of Licentiate in Indigenous Medicine (LIM) performed the same functions and discharged the same duties in dispen saries and therefore on the principle of "equal pay for equal work" both class of persons were entitled to the same scale of pay.
Medical officers holding the qualifications of GCIM or the qualification of LIM or the qualification of Diploma in Ayurvedic Midicine (DAMO), being in charge of dispensaries run by Zilla Parishads were not treated alike as the State Government had prescribed different scales of pay for.
medical officers.
On behalf of the aggrieved Doc tors it was contended that the functions and duties dis charged by the three class of doctors in the dispensaries run by Zilla Parishads were the same and their qualifica tions were also similar and yet the State Government prac tised discrimination in prescribing different scale of pay for them.
This Court held that the principle of equal pay for equal work could not be invoked or applied in the area of professional services like medical practioners.
The Court observed as under: "Dealing with the first contention we would like to observe at the outset that the princi ple of equal work cannot be invoked or applied invariably in every kind of service and cer tainly it cannot be invoked in the area of professional service when these are to be compensated.
Dressing of any injury or wound is done both by a doctor as well as a com pounder, but surely it cannot be suggested that for doing this job a doctor cannot be compensated more than the compounder.
Similar ly, a case in Court of law is argued both by a senior and a junior lawyer, but it is diffi cult to accept that in matter of remuneration both should be treated equally.
It is thus clear that in the field of rendering profes sional services at any rate the principle of equal pay for equal work would be inapplica ble.
In the instant case Medical officers holding the qualification of GCIM, or the qualification of LIM or the qualification of DAM, though in charge of dispensaries run by Zilla Parishads cannot therefore, be treat ed on par with each other and if the State Government or the Zilla Parishads prescribe different scales of pay for each category of Medical officers no fault could be found with such prescription.
" We fully agree with the above observations and accord ingly we hold that in the instant case since the Hearing Therapist and 969 Audiologist both render professional services and there is qualitative difference between the two on the basis of educational qualification the principle of equal pay for equal work cannot be invoked or applied.
The Pay Commission considered the case of Hearing Therapists and it did not accept their claim for higher scale of pay.
The Pay Commis sion was in a better position to judge the volume of work, qualitative difference and reliability and responsibility required for the two posts.
The Pay Commission made recom mendations for pay scales on the basis of value judgment which has an intelligible criteria on the basis of educa tional qualifications.
The scant material placed before the Court by the petitioner, is not sufficient to hold that the recommendations of Pay Commission are without any rational basis or that it permits discrimination.
The petitioner 's contention that Speech Therapists have been granted higher scale of pay in other Institutions, namely, Rohtak Medical College, National Institute for Hearing Handicapped, Hyderabad, Safdarjang Hospital, and P.G.I. Chandigarh cannot be taken into consideration as the petitioner has failed to place any material showing the duties and functions performed by the Speech Therapist in the aforesaid Institutions or the qualifications prescribed for the same.
Merely because Speech Therapists performing similar duties and functions in other Institutions are paid higher pay scale is no good ground to accept the petition er 's claim for equal pay.
There may be difference in educa tional qualifications, quality and volume of work required to be performed by the Hearing Therapists in other Institu tions.
In the absence of any material placed before the Court it is not possible to record findings that the peti tioner is denied equality before law.
Moreover, if the employer is not the same the principle of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' would not be applicable.
We do not consider it necessary to discuss the matter further as the petitioner has not placed requisite material before the Court for the application of the principle of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work '.
In view of the above discussion we are of the opinion that the petitioner has failed to demonstrate that any discrimination has been practised against him in the matter relating to pay, therefore the question of application of the principle of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' does not arise and the petitioner is not entitled to any relief.
The peti tion fails and is accordingly dismissed but there will be no order as to costs.
N.V.K. Petition dis missed.


Summary:
The petitioner was initially appointed in the year 1967 to the post of 'Teacher Co ordinator ' in the pay scale of Rs.210 425 in a Research Project funded by the Indian Coun cil of Medical Research.
As the unit where the petitioner was employed was taken over by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences on 1.7.1970 his services stood transferred to the said Institute and he continued to hold the post of Teacher Coordinator in the Institute.
Though the post was redesignated as 'Hearing Therapist ' with effect from 3.8.72, the same scale of pay, viz Rs.210 425 continued.
Pursuant to the recommendations of the Third Pay Commis sion the pay scale of 'Hearing Therapist was revised to Rs.425 700 with effect from 1.1.1973, and since then the petitioner continued to draw salary in the said scale.
The petitioner made several representations to the respondentauthorities to revise his pay scale and to place him in the pay scale prescribed for 'Speech Pathologist ' and 'Audiologist ' viz. Rs.650 1200.
Since no relief was granted the petitioner invoked the jurisdiction of this Court by means of a writ petition under Article 32.
The petitioner contended in his writ petition, that as 'Hearing Therapist ' he performs the same duties and func tions as 'Senior Speech Pathologist ', 'Senior Physio Thera pist ', 'Senior Audiologist ' and 958 'Speech Pathologist ' that the qualifications prescribed for the aforesaid posts are almost similar and they are working in the same institution under the same employer, yet the respondent authorities practised discrimination in refusing to accept his claim for equal pay.
It was further contended that the Third Pay Commission ignored the claim of 'Hearing Therapist ' although it had granted higher scale of pay for similar posts of 'Speech Therapist ', 'Senior Speech Patholo gist ', and 'Audiologist ', and that 'Speech Therapists ' performing similar types of duty as are performed by the petitioner had been granted higher pay scale in other organ isations like Safdarjung Hospital, PGI Chandigarh, and Medical College, Rohtak.
The respondents having thus failed to implement the Directive Principle of 'Equal pay for equal work ' as contained in article 39(d) of the Constitution in violation of articles 14 and 16, the petitioner claimed relief for the issuance of a writ of mandamus directing the re spondents for fixing his pay in the scale of Rs.410 950 with effect from 1.1.1970, and thereafter in the scale of Rs.650 1200 with effect from 1.1.1973.
The respondents contested the writ petition by asserting that the petitioner cannot compare himself with 'Senior Speech Therapist '. 'Senior Physio Therapist ', 'Senior Occu pational Therapist ', 'Audiologist ' or 'Senior Therapist ' as qualifications, duties and functions of these posts are altogether different and distinct from those prescribed for 'Hearing Therapist ', that there is no equality between the petitioner and the persons holding the aforesaid posts, that the Institute had created different posts with different pay scales having regard to the qualifications, duties, and responsibilities of the posts.
The petitioner 's plea of discrimination was emphatically denied.
Dismissing the writ petition, the Court, HELD: The principle of 'Equal pay for equal work ' cannot be invoked invariably in every kind of service, particular ly, in the area of professional services.
[967H] Dr. C. Girijambal vs Government of Andhra Pradesh, ; relied on.
In the instant case, even assuming that the petitioner performs similar duties and functions as those performed by an 'Audiologist ', it is not sufficient to uphold his claim for equal pay.
In judging the equality of work for the purposes of equal pay, regard must be had not only to the duties and functions but also to the educational qualifica tions, 959 qualitative difference and the measures of responsibility prescribed for the respective posts.
Even if the duties and functions are of similar nature but if the educational qualifications prescribed for the two posts are different and there is difference in measure of responsibilities, the principle of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' would not apply.
[964H; 965A B] State of Mysore vs Narasing Rao, ; ; Union of India vs Dr. (Mrs.) S.B. Kohli, ; ; Jammu & Kashmir vs Triloki Nath Khose & Ors., ; ; Ganga Ram vs Union of India, ; ; Mohammad Shujat Ali of All India Customs & Central Excise Stenographers (Recog nised) & Ors.
vs Union of India & Ors.
, ; and State of U.P. & Ors.
vs Sh.
J.P. Chaurasia & Ors., ; referred to.
Merely because Speech Therapists performing similar duties and functions in other institutions are paid higher pay scale is no good ground to accept the petitioner 's claim for equal pay.
In the absence of any material placed before the Court it is not possible to record findings that the petitioner is denied equality before the law.
Moreover, if the employer is not the same the principle of 'Equal pay for equal work ' would not be applicable.
[969E F] The doctrine of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' is not an abstract one, it is open to the State to prescribe different scales of pay for different posts having regard to educa tional qualifications, duties and responsibilities of the post.
The principle of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' is ap plicable when employees holding the same rank perform simi lar functions and discharge similar duties and responsibili ties are treated differently.
The application of the doc trine would arise where employees are equal in every respect but they are denied equality in matters relating to the scale of pay.
The principle of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work ' has been enforced by this Court.
[962D F] Randhir Singh vs Union of India & Ors., ; ; Direndra Chemoli & Anr.
vs State of U.P., ; V.J. Thomas & Ors.
vs Union of India & Ors.
, [1985] (Supp.) SCC 7; P. Savita vs Union of India & Ors., [1985] (Supp.) SCR 101; Bhagwan Dass vs State of Haryana, [1987] 4 SCC 634 and Jai Pal & Ors.
vs State of Haryana & Ors.
, [1988] 3 SCC 354, referred to.