ivil Appeal No. 1112 of 1980.
From the Judgment and Order dated 13.5.
1980 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in L.P.A. No. 521 of 1976.
Ms. Kamini Jaiswal for the Appellants.
V.M. Tarkunde, Harbans Singh and S.K. Bagga for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by CHINNAPPA REDDY, J.
Major General Gurbux Singh and his wife Gulwant Kaur were estranged and were living apart.
Their son and daughter in law were living with Gulwant Kaur at Chandigarh.
Gulwant Kaur was apparently complaining that Major General Gurbux Singh was not providing her with ade quate maintenance.
Therefore, on July 28, 1958, he wrote her a letter, the relevant parts of which are as follows:.
579 "To, Shrimati Gulwant Kaur, You have been complaining that I have not paid even a penny for maintenance for the last seven/eight months.
Here is an account from November 1957 to July, 1958, the details of which run as under: XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX Now, so far as the question of future expenses is concerned, the maintenance shall be like this: FOR YOURSELF: 1.
The land and house situated at Mangwal, which was constructed with the earning of my whole life, is entrusted to you, the half portion of which already stands in your name and in lieu of the produce thereof Madanjit shall provide to you, if not more, free lodging and boarding (expenses for maintenance).
You stay in your own home.
The land at Khurana is also entrusted to you.
Its produce, lease money, etc. will fetch you a minimum of Rs. 1200 annually i.e. Rs. 100 per month for maintenance.
I shall pay Rs. 100 every month for maintenance.
xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx XXXXXX The letter of Gurbux Singh suggested that he was making adequate provision for meeting the expenses of Gulwant Kaur even at the cost of great inconvenience and discomfort to himself and so.
Gulwant Kaur was not entitled to complain.
Gulwant Kaur apparently felt disgusted and frustrated at the tone of the letter and by her letter dated August 5, 2958, she queried if she was not to take maintenance from 580 Gurbux Singh from who else was she to get any maintenance.
She said that she was not demanding anything and made no claim on him and that everything including the land and kothi belonged to him.
The Khurana land also belonged to him.
He might give her maintenance or not give her mainte nance as he chose.
She said that she was nothing more than a heap of dust and her life was not worth living.
In another portion of the letter, she mentioned that the Khurana land had not yet been leased and that there had been some delay.
Other correspondence passed between the parties which is not important for the present case.
Later, after a few years, Gurbux Singh conceived the idea of selling the Khurana land.
The wife protested.
Her letter dated January 15, 1966 was as follows: "Most respected husband, Sat Siri Akal; Previously in the summer, Col. Gurcharan Singh told us that you want to sell the land of Khurana.
Now, on the day you visited Sangrur, it was learnt from you that you were interested in selling the land.
I also told you that we depend upon only that.
This land was given to me by you voluntarily.
You had written letters to me and Madanjit on July 28, 1958 copy whereof is being sent to you by me.
Therein, it was decided that I would continue enjoying the produce thereof till my life.
Now, on hearing that you want to sell it, I was very much shocked . . .
Now this letter is being written to you in order to impress upon you not to sell the land of Khurana because Madanjit and I depend upon it.
You are very well aware that we do not possess anything else . . . .
I fully hope that you will continue giving me this land and the maintenance grants to me as per your decision and will not think of selling this land.
You are aware how we are hardly mai ntaining ourselves.
I have made this prayer to you.
I have full right over it.
I hope that you will reply soon." Gulwant Kaur 's letter did not have any effect on Major General Gurbux Singh.
Instead of replying her, he sold the Khurana land to the plaintiff respondents on June 18, 1968.
The purchaser instituted the present suit out of which the appeal arises for an injunction restraining Gulwant Kaur and Madanjit Singh from interfering with their possession.
The defendants contested the suit initially on the ground that the 581 land had been gifted to Gulwant Kaur orally by Major General Gurbux Singh.
It was also claimed that Gulwant Kaur had acquired title by adverse possession.
Later the written statement was amended and a further plea was taken that the land in dispute had been given to Gulwant Kaur in lieu of maintenance and that she had become the absolute owner of the land under sec.
14 of the Hindu Succession Act.
All the courts found that there was no oral gift.
A learned single Judge of the High Court who heard the second appeal held that the Khurana Land was given to Gulwant Kaur by her husband Major General Gurbux Singh in lieu of maintenance and that by virtue of sec.
14 of the Hindu Succession Act, she had become full owner of the property.
On an appeal under the Letters Patent, a Division Bench of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana held that Gulwant Kaur was merely al lowed to receive the proceeds of the land in dispute in order to meet her day to day expenses and that she did not at all acquire any such right or interest in the property as could be termed 'limited ownership ' so as to permit her to take the benefit of the provisions of sec.
14(1) of the Hindu Succession Act.
According to the learned Judges, "If the General had given over the land in dispute completely to the lady then the question of sending more money could not have arisen . .
The reading of the letter leaves no manner of doubt that there was never any intention on the part of the General to give away the land of village Khurana to the lady and that instead of sending the total amount in cash, the General allowed her to utilise the amount of ckakota for meeting her day to day expenses.
" The Division Bench reversed the judgment of the learned Single Judge.
We are unable to agree with the conclusions of the Division Bench of the High Court.
The question was not whether Major General Gurbux Singh intended to give away the Khurana land absolutely to Gulwant Kaur but whether the land was given to her in lieu of maintenance.
A perusal of the letter dated July 28, 1958 from Major General Gurbux Singh to Gulwant Kaur and the letter dated January 15, 1966 clear ly establish that the Khurana land was given to Gulwant Kaur by Gurbux Singh in lieu of her maintenance.
We are unable to understand the distinction made by the High Court between day today expenses and maintenance.
It was argued by Shri Tarkunde, learned counsel for the respondents that even if the land was given to Gulwant Kaur in lieu of maintenance, it must be established that what was given to her was a limited estate in the sense of ownership without the right of alienation and that under sec.
14 of the Hindu Succession Act only such a limited estate would blossom into an abso lute estate.
We are unable to agree with the submission of Shri Tarkunde.
Shri 582 Tarkunde invited our attention to some decisions of this court as supporting the preposition stated by him.
We will presently refer to all of them.
14 of the Hindu Succession Act is as follows: "(1) Any property possessed by a female Hindu, whether acquired before or after the commencement of this Act, shall be held by her as full owner thereof and not as a limited owner.
Explanation In this sub section, "property" includes both movable and immovable property acquired by a female Hindu by inheritance or devise, or at a partition, or in lieu of maintenance or arrears of maintenance, or by gift from any person, whether a relative or not, before, at or after her marriage, or by her own skill or exertion, or by purchase or by prescription, or in any other manner whatsoever, and also any such property held by her as stridhana immediately before the commencement of this Act.
(2) Nothing contained in sub section (1) shall apply to any property acquired by any of gift or under a will or any other instrument or under a decree or order of a civil court or under an award where the terms of the gift, will or other instrument or the decree, order or award prescribe a restricted estate in such property.
" It is obvious that sec.
14 is aimed at removing restric tions or limitations on the right of a female Hindu to enjoy, as a full owner, property possessed by her so long as her possession is traceable to a lawful origin, that is to say, if she has a vestige of a title.
It makes no difference whether the property is acquired by inheritance or devise or at a partition or in lieu of maintenance or arrears of maintenance or by gift or by her own skill or exertion or by purchase or by prescription or in any other manner whatsoev er.
The explanation expressly refers to property acquired in lieu of maintenance and we do not see what further title the widow is required to establish before she can claim full ownership under sec.
14(1) in respect of property given to her and possessed by her in lieu of maintenance.
The very right to receive maintenance is sufficient title to enable the ripening of possession into full ownership if she is in possession of the property in lieu of maintenance.
Sub sec.
2 of sec.
14 is in the nature of an exception to sec.
583 14(1) and provides for a situation where property is ac quired by a female Hindu under a written instrument or a decree of court and not where such acquisition is traceable to any antecedents right.
In Bramma vs Verrupanna, on the death of the last male holder, his two step mothers who had no vestige of title to the properties got possession of the properties and in answer to a suit by the rightful heirs, one of them claimed that she had become full owner of the property under sec.
14 of the Hindu Succession Act.
The Supreme Court pointed out that the object of sec.
14 was to extinguish the estate called limited estate and to make a Hindu woman who would otherwise be a limited owner, a full owner of the property but it was not to confer a title on a female Hindu, who did not in fact possess any vestige of title.
The case did not deal with the case of Hindu a woman who was given property in lieu of maintenance and in whom therefore a right or interest was created in the property.
In Badri Pershad v, Smt, Kanso Devi; , The Court pointed out that a Hindu widow who after the death of her husband obtained properties under a partition award between herself and her sons, would be entitled to an abso lute estate under sec.
14(1) of the Act and that merely because the partition was by means of an arbitration award, sec.
14(2) would not be attracted.
It was made clear that sec.
14(2) was in the nature of a proviso or an exception to sec.
14(1) and that it came into operation only if the Hindu woman required the property in any of the methods indicated therein for the first time without their being any pre existing right in her to the property.
The principle of the case far from supporting Shri Tarkunde 's submission supports the submission of the appellants, In Naraini Devi vs Smt.
Rano Devi and Ors.
, ; the case of Badri Pershad vs Smt.
Kanso Devi (supra) was distinguished on the ground that the widow had no pre exist ing right in the property which she obtained under an award and therefore, the case fell squarely within sec.
14(2) of the Hindu Succession Act.
In Tulasamma vs Sesha Reddi, ; , it was clearly laid down that sec.
14(1) would be applicable to property given to a female Hindu in lieu of maintenance.
It was also made clear that sec.
14(2) would apply only to cases where the acquisition of property was made by a Hindu female without any pre existing right.
It was said.
"It will, therefore, be seen that sub sec.
(1) of sec.
584 14 is large in its amplitude and covers every kind of acqui sition of property by a female Hindu including acquisition in lieu of maintenance and where such property was possessed by her at the date of commencement of the Act or subsequently acquired and possessed, she would become the full owner of the property.
Now, sub section (2) of sec.
14 provides that nothing contained in sub sec.
(1) shall apply to another property acquired by way of gift or under a will or any instrument or under a decree by order of a civil court or under an award when the terms of the gift, will or other instrument or the decree, order or award prescribed a restricted estate in such property.
This provision is more in the nature of a proviso or an exception to sub sec.
(1) and it was regarded as such by this court in Badri Pershad vs Kanso Devi (supra) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
It is, therefore, clear that under the Shastric Hindu Law a widow has a right to be maintained out of joint family property and this right would ripen into a charge if the widow takes the necessary steps for having her maintenance ascertained and specifically charged in the joint family property and even if no specific charge is created, this right would be enforceable against joint family property in the hands of a volunteer or a purchaser taking it with notice of her claim.
The right of the widow to be maintained is of course not a jus in rem, since it does not give her any interest in the joint family property but it is certain ly jus ad rem, i.e., a right against the joint family property.
Therefore, when specific property is allotted to the widow in lieu of her claim for maintenance, the allot ment would be in satisfaction of her jus ad rem, namely, the right to be maintained out of the joint family property.
It would not be a grant for the first time without any preex isting right, in the widow.
The widow would be getting the property in virtue of her pre existing right, the instrument giving the property being merely a document effectuating such pre existing right and not making a grant of the property to her for the first time without any antecedent right 'or title.
There is also another consideration which is very relevant to this issue and it is that, even if the instrument were silent as to the nature of the interest given 585 to the widow in the property and did not, in so many terms, prescribe that she would have a limited interest, she would have no more than a limited interest in the property under the Hindu Law 'as it stood prior to the enactment of the Act and hence a provision in the instrument prescribing that she would have only a limited interest in the property would be, to quote the words of this Court in Nirmal Chand 's case (supra), "merely recording the true legal position" and that would not attract the applicability of sub section (2) but would be governed by sub section (1) of section 14.
The conclusion is, therefore, inescapable that where property is allotted to a widow under an instrument, decree, order or award prescribes a restricted estate for her in the property and sub section (2) of section 14 would have no application in such a case." In Bai Vajia vs Thakorbhai Chelabhai, ; , the court referred to the earlier judgment in Tulsamma 's case and said, "All the three Judges were thus unanimous in accepting the appeal on the ground that Tulsamma 's right to maintenance was a pre existing right, that it was in recognition of such a right that she obtained property under the compromise and that the compromise therefore did not fall within the ambit of sub section (2) of section 14 of the Act but would attract the provisions of sub section (1) thereof coupled with the Explanation thereto.
With respect we find ourselves in complete agreement with the conclusions arrived at by Bhagwati and Fazal Ali, JJ., as also the reasons which weighed with them in coming to those conclusions.
" Shri Tarkunde particulary relied on the following passage in Bai Vajia vs Thakorbhai 's case: "A plain reading of sub section(1) makes it clear that the concerned Hindu female must have limited ownership in property, which limited ownership would get enlarged by the operation of that sub section.
If it was intended to enlarge any sort of a right which could in no sense be described as ownership, the expression "and not as a limited owner" would not have been used at all and becomes redundant, which is against the well recognised 586 principle of interpretation of statutes that the Legislature does not employ meaningless language.
" We do not understand the court as laying down that what was enlarged by sub sec. 1 of sec.
14 into a full estate was the Hindu woman 's estate known to Hindu law.
When the court uses the word 'limited estate ', the words are used to connote a right in the property to which the possession of the female Hindu may be legitimately traced, but which is not a full right of ownership.
If a female Hindu is put in possession of property pursuant to or in recognition of a right to maintenance, it cannot be denied that she has acquired a limited right or interest in the property and once that position is accepted, it follows that the right gets en larged to full ownership under sec.
14(1) of the Act.
That seems to us to follow clearly from the language of sec.
14(1) of the Act.
In Sellammal vs Nellammal, AIR 1977 SC 1265, the court held that property allotted to a Hindu widow in lieu of her maintenance in recognition of her pre existing right became her the asbolute property.
In Santnanam vs Subramanya, AIR 1977 SC 2024, it was again held that property in the possession of a widow of the deceased coparcener which had been allotted to her for life in lieu of maintenance without power of alienation became her absolute property under section 14(1) of the Act with powers of alienation.
In Krishna Das vs Venkayya, AIR 1978 SC 36 1, it was reiterated that where a widow was put in possession of joint family property in lieu of her right to maintenance, her right to the property became enlarged into an absolute estate under section 14(1).
We, therefore, think that it is rather late in the day for Shri Tarkunde to contend that the Khurana land which was given to Gulwant Kaur in lieu of maintenance did not vest in her absolutely.
We may finally refer to a recent decision of this Court in Jagannathan Pillai vs Kunjithapadam Pillai, ; where Thakkar and Ray, JJ. pointed out.
" On an analysis of Section 14(1) of the Hindu Succession Act of 1955, it is evident that the legislature has abolished the concept of limited ownership in respect of a Hindu female and has enacted that any property possessed by her would thereafter be held by her as a full owner.
Section 14(1) would come into operation if the property 587 (Sic) at the point of time when she has an occasion to claim or assert a title thereto.
Or, in other words, at the point of time when her right to the said property is called into question.
The legal effect of section 14(1) would be that after the coming into operation of the Act there would be no property in respect of which it could be contended by anyone that a Hindu female is only a limited owner and not a full owner.
(We are for the moment not concerned with the fact that sub section(2) of section 14 which provides that Section 14(1) will not prevent creating a restricted estate in favour of a Hindu female either by gift or will or any instrument or decree of a civil court or award provided the very document creating title unto her confers a restricted estate on her).
There is nothing in Section 14 which supports the proposition that a Hindu female should be in actual physical possession or in constructive possession of any property on the date of the coming into operation of the Act.
The expression 'proposed ' has been used in the sense of having a right to the property or control over the property.
The expression 'any property possessed by a Hindu female whether acquired before or after the commencement of the Act ' on an analysis yields to the following interpretation: (1) Any property possessed by a Hindu female acquired before the commencement of the Act will be held by her as a full owner thereof and not as a limited owner.
(2) Any property possessed by a Hindu female acquired after the commencement of the Act will be held as a full owner thereof and not as a limited owner.
" In view of the foregoing discussion, we allow the ap peal, set aside the judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court and restore that of the learned single Judge.
N.P.V. Appeal allowed.


Summary:
The appellant wife and her husband were estranged and living apart.
The husband, by a letter dated July 28, 1956, entrusted.to the appellant the land in dispute alongwith another piece of land and a house and agreed to pay a sum of Rs.100 per mouth for her maintenance.
After a few years, the husband conceived the idea of selling the land in dispute.
The appellant protested by her letter dated June 15, 1966 and implored him not to sell the land.
Despite this, the husband sold the said land to the plaintiff respondents.
The purchaser instituted a suit for an injunction re straining the appellants from interfering with possession, which was contested initially on the ground that the land had been gifted to the appellant orally by the husband, and that title had been acquired by adverse possession.
Later, the written statement was amended and a further plea was taken that the said land had been given in lieu of mainte nance and that she had become the absolute owner of the land under Section 14 of the Hindu Succession Act.
All courts found that there was no oral gift.
A Single Judge of the High Court held that the land was given to the appellant by her husband in lieu of maintenance and that by Section 14 of the Hindu Succession Act, she had become full owner of the property.
On appeal under the Letters Patent, a Division Bench of the High Court held that "The reading of the letter left no meaning of doubt that there was never any intention on the part of the husband to give away the land to the lady and that instead of sending the total amount in cash he allowed her to utilise the amount of ckakota for meeting her day to day expenses", that she did not at all acquire any such right or interest in the property as could be termed 'limit ed ownership ' so as to permit 577 her to take the benefit of the provisions of Section 14(1) of the Hindu Succession Act, that "if the husband had given over the land in dispute completely to the lady, then the question of sending more money could not have arisen" and reversed the Judgment of the Single Judge.
The appellant appealed to this Court.
On behalf of the respondents, it was contended that even if the land was given to the appellant in lieu of maintenance, it must be established that what was given to her was a limited estate in the sense of ownership without the right of alienation and that under Section 14 of the Hindu Succession Act only such a limited estate would blossom into an absolute estate.
Allowing the appeal, this Court, HELD: 1.1 Section 14 is aimed at removing restrictions or limitations on the right of a female Hindu to enjoy, as a full owner, property possessed by her so long as her posses sion is traceable to a lawful origin, that is to say, if she has a vestige of a title.
It makes no difference whether the property is acquired by inheritance or devise or at a parti tion or in lieu of maintenance or arrears of maintenance or by gift or by her own skill or exertion or by purchase or by prescription or in any other manner whatsoever.
The Explana tion to the Section expressly refers to property acquired in lieu of maintenance and the widow is not required to estab lish her further title before she could claim full owner ship, under Section 14(1) in respect of property given to her and possessed by her in lieu of maintenance.
[582F H] 1.2 The very right to receive maintenance is sufficient title to enable the ripening of possession into full owner ship if she is in possession of the property in lieu of maintenance.
Sub section (2) of Section 14 is in the nature of an exception to Section 14(1) and provides for a situa tion where property is acquired by a female Hindu under a written instrument or a decree of court and not where such acquisition is traceable to any antecedent right.
[582H; 583A] 2.
If a female Hindu is put in possession of property pursuant to or in recognition of a right to maintenance, it cannot be denied that she has acquired a limited right or interest in the property and once that position is accepted, it follows that the right gets enlarged to full ownership under Section 14(1) of the Act.
That is clear from the language of Section 14(1) of the Act.
[586B C] 3.1 In the instant case, the question was not whether the husband 578 intended to give away the land in dispute absolutely but whether the land was given to her in lieu of maintenance.
A perusal of the letters exchanged between the husband and the appellant wife clearly establishes that the land in dispute was given by the husband in lieu of maintenance.
The Divi sion Bench of the High Court was wrong in making distinction between day to day expenses and maintenance.
[581F G] 3.2 It is rather late in the day to contend that the land which was given to the appellant in lieu of maintenance did not vest in her absolutely.
[586F] [The Judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court set aside and that of the Single Judge restored. ] Eramma vs Verrupanna & Ors., , distin guished.
Badri Pershad vs Smt.
Kanso Devi, ; ; Naraini Devi vs Smt.
Rano Devi and Ors., ; ; V. Tulasamma & Ors.
vs V. Sesha Reddi (Dead) by L.Rs.; , ; Bai Vajia (Dead) by L.Rs.
vs Thakorbhai Chelabhai and Ors., ; ; Santhanam vs Subramanya AIR 1977 SC 2024 and Jagannathan Pillai vs Kunjithapadam Pillai, ; , referred to.