Appeal No. 264 of 1956.
Appeal by special leave from the Judgment and Order dated June 29, 1954, of the Bombay High Court in Appeal No. 127 of 1953.
A. V. Viswanatha Sastri, Hemendra Shah, section N. Andley, J. B. Dadachanji, Rameshwar Nath and P. L. Vohra, for,the Appellant.
J. C. Bhatt, C. J. Shah and Naunit Lal, for the Respondent. 1960.
November 30.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKAR, J.
The appellant is a commission agent and pucca aratiya and has been acting as such for the respondent since November 7, 1951, in the course of which various contracts were made between them in Greater Bombay.
On February 26, 1952, two of such contracts were outstanding, one of which was in respect of groundnuts and was a forward contract.
In March 1952, disputes arose between the parties as to whether these contracts had been closed, each side making a claim on the other on the basis of its own contention.
Eventually, on March 18, 1952, the appellant referred the disputes to arbitration under the arbitration clause contained in the contracts.
On October 7, 1952, the arbitrators made one composite award for Rs. 22,529 15 9 against the respondent in respect of the said disputes.
It is not very clear whether this award covered other disputes also.
This award was duly filed in the Bombay City Civil 99 782 Court under the , for a judgment being passed on it.
Thereafter, on July 17, 1953, the respondent made an application to the Bombay City Civil Court for setting aside the award contending that forward contracts in groundnuts were illegal as the making of such contracts was prohibited by the Oilseeds (Forward Contract Prohibition) Order, 1943, issued under the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946, and hence the arbitration clause con tained in the forward contract in groundnuts between the parties was null and void.
It was said that the award based on that arbitration clause was therefore a nullity.
The appellant 's answer to this contention was that the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act did not apply to Greater Bombay where forward contracts were governed by the Bombay Forward Contracts Control Act, 1947, hereafter called the Bombay Act, and as the contract in groundnuts had been made in terms of that Act, it was legal, and, therefore, the award in terms of the arbitration clause contained in it was a valid and enforceable award.
The learned Principal Judge of the Bombay City Civil Court accepted the respondent 's contention and set aside the award.
An appeal by the appellant to the High Court at Bombay against the judgment of the City Civil Court failed.
The appellant has now come to this Court in further appeal.
The only question in this appeal is whether the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, which was passed by the Central Legislature in 1946, applied to Bombay? If it did, then the Oilseeds (Forward Contract Prohibition) Order, 1943, hereafter called, the Oilseeds Order, issued under it would make the contract in groundnuts illegal and no award could be made under the arbitration clause contained in it.
This is not in dispute.
Now, the Oilseeds Order was first passed in 1943 under r. 83 of the Defence of India Rules.
The Defence of India Rules ceased to be in force on September 30, 1946.
In the meantime however, as the situation had not quite returned to normal in spite of the termination of the war, the British Parliament passed 783 an Act on March 26, 1946, called the India (Central Government and Legislature) Act, 1946 (9 & 10 Geo.
VI, Ch. 39), hereafter called the British Act.
Section 2 of this Act provided that the Central Legislature of India would have power to make laws with respect to various matters therein mentioned notwithstanding anything in the Government of India Act, 1935, and that that power could be exercised during the period mentioned in section 4 and further that the laws so made to IV he extent they could not have been otherwise made, would cease to have effect at the expiration of that period.
The Governor General under the powers reserved in section 4 and subsequently, the Constituent Assembly of India, under the powers conferred on it under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, extended the period mentioned in section 4 of the British Act from time to time and eventually up to March 31, 1951.
It would be unprofitable for our purposes to refer to the various statutory provisions and orders under which this was done for, the extension is not in dispute.
Under the powers conferred by the British Act, the Governor General promulgated the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Ordinance, 1946, which came into force on October 1, 1946.
On November 19, 1946, the Central Legislature under the same powers, passe the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946, hereafter called the Central Act, repealing the Ordinance and substantially incorporating its terms.
The Central Act originally provided that it would cease to have effect on the expiration of the period mentioned is section 4 of the British Act.
As the life of the British Act was extended from time to time, suitable amend ments were made in the Central Act extending its life also.
Our Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950 and by virtue of article 372 the Central Act was continued as one of the existing laws.
On August 16, 1950, under powers conferred by article 369 of the Constitution, Parliament passed the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Amendment Act, 1950, Act LII of 1950, amending the Central Act in various respects and extending its life up to December 31, 1952.
By another amendment made by Act LXV of 1952, the 784 life of the Central Act was extended till January 26, 1955.
Section 3(1) of the Central Act is in these terms: "The Central Government, so far as it appears to it to be necessary or expedient for maintaining or increasing supplies of any essential commodity, or for securing their equitable distribution and availability at fair prices, may by notified order provide for regulating or prohibiting the production, supply and distribution thereof, and trade and commerce therein.
" Section 2 of the Act provides that foodstuffs would be an essential commodity within the meaning of the Act and would include edible oilseeds.
We have earlier stated that the Oilseeds Order was originally passed under the Defence of India Rules, which expired on September 30,1946.
The Ordinance of 1946 continued in force, orders issued under the Defence of India Rules in so far as they were consistent with it and provided that such orders would be deemed to be orders made under it.
Section 17(2) of the Central Act provided that an order deemed to be made under the Ordinance and in force immediately before its commencement would continue in force and be deemed to be an order made under it.
As a result of the Ordinance and the Central Act replacing it and the extension of the life of the latter from time to time, the Oilseeds Order so far as it related to edible oilseeds including groundnuts, continued in force after the expiry of the Defence of India Rules till January 26, 1955.
That Order, as so continued, prohibited the making of forward contracts, that is to say, contracts providing for delivery at a future date, in respect of certain specified oilseeds including groundnuts.
It is the respondent 's contention that it is because of this order, read with the Central Act, that the contract in groundnuts between the parties was illegal and therefore the award made under the arbitration clause contained in it was void.
Now the British Act under which the Central Act was passed, provided in sub sec.
(4) of section 2 that, "Sub section (2) of section 107 of the Government of India Act, 1935, and sub section (2) of section 126 785 of that Act shall apply in relation to a law enacted by virtue of this section with respect to any matter being a matter with respect to which a Province has power to make laws as if that matter were a matter specified in Part 11 of the Concurrent Legislative List.
" Section 107(2) of the Government of India Act, 1935, laid down that, "Where a Provincial law with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent Legislative List contains any provision repugnantto the provisions of an earlier Federal lawthen if the Provincial law, having been reserved for the consideration of the Governor Generalhas received the assent of the Governor Generalthe Provincial law shall in that Province prevail It would follow from these provisions that if a Provincial Act which had received the assent of the Governor General, contained anything repugnant to a Central Act passed under the powers conferred by the British Act, then in the Province concerned, the Provincial Act would apply and not the Central Act.
Now, the Bombay Act which had been passed by the Provincial Legislature of Bombay in 1947, came into operation in 1948.
That Legislature had power to pass the Act and the Act had received the assent of the Governor General.
At that time the Central Act deriving its force from the British Act, was in, operation.
If, therefore, the Bombay Act was repugnant to the Central Act, in Bombay, the Bombay Act would apply and not the Central Act.
This is not in dispute.
The appellant contends that the Bombay Act is so repugnant and therefore the Central Act cannot render the forward contract in groundnuts made in, Greater Bombay, illegal and void.
The question, therefore, is whether the Bombay Act, contains any provision repugnant to the Central Act.
The preamble of the Bombay Act states that it was enacted as it was thought expedient to regulate and control forward contracts and for certain other matters.
Section 1 of this Act came into force at once and gave power to the Government to bring into force by notification the remaining sections of the Act in the 786 whole of the Province of Bombay or parts thereof on such date and in respect of such goods as might be specified.
The Government of Bombay issued notifications under this section on December 19, 1950, applying the remaining provisions of the Act to the area called Greater Bombay in respect of all varieties of oilseeds as from the said date.
Section 8 of the Bombay Act provides as follows: section 8. (1) Every forward contract for the sale or purchase of, or relating to, any goods specified in the notification under sub section (3) of section I which is entered into, made or to be performed in any notified area shall be illegal if it is not entered into, made or to be performed (a)In accordance with such bye laws, made under section 6 or 7 relating to the entering into, making or performance of such contracts, as may be specified in the bye laws, or (b) (i) between members of a recognised association, (ii) through a member of a recognised association, or (iii) with a member of a recognised association, provided that such member has previously secured the written authority or consent, which shall be in writing if the bye laws so provide, of the person entering into or making the contract, and no claim of any description in respect of such contract shall be entertained in any civil court.
(2) Any person entering into or making such illegal contract shall, on conviction, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine or with both. "Recognised association" is defined in the Bombay Act as an association recognised by the Provincial Government and on December 19, 1950, the Bombay Oilseeds Exchange Limited was recognised as such an association by the Government of Bombay.
The appellant is a member of this association.
The contracts between the parties were all expressly made subject to the rules and regulations of this Association.
The case before us has proceeded on the basis that the impugned contract in groundnut had been made in compliance 787 with the requirements of section 8 and there is no finding to the contrary by the Courts below.
We have hence to proceed on the same basis.
The appellant contends that section 8 of the Bombay Act and section 3 of the Central Act are repugnant to each other.
Now section 8 of the Bombay Act, it will, be noticed, does not purport to make any contract legal.
Its only effect is to render forward contracts in all varieties of oilseeds illegal if not made in compliance with its terms.
The learned Advocate for the appellant says that the effect of section 8 was to render a forward contract in all oilseeds made in terms of it, legal and, therefore, a repugnancy arose between its terms and the terms of the Oilseeds Order issued under the Central Act which made forward contracts in edible oilseeds illegal.
The learned Advocate referred to various other provisions of the Bombay Act and the bye laws of the Association made in terms of the Act to show that the Bombay Act was intended to cover the entire field of forward contracts with respect to all varieties of oilseeds and was therefore intended to oust the operation of the Central Act in Greater Bombay with regard to the forward contracts covered by the former.
It does not seem to us that a reference to the other provisions in the Bombay Act or to the bye laws, is relevant in deciding the question.
If the effect of section 8 of the Bombay Act was not to render forward contracts made in terms of it legal, then no question of repugnancy with the Central Act can arise whatever may be the scope of the Bombay Act and the provisions in the bye laws.
Therefore, it seems to us that the question is whether section 8 of the Bombay Act by its terms makes any forward contract legal.
Section 3 of the Central Act, as already seen, gives power to the Central Government to prohibit trade and commerce in oilseeds.
That Act, therefore, enable& the Central Government to make forward contracts in essential commodities as defined in it, illegal.
That is what the Central Government did by the Oilseeds Order in so far as edible oilseeds are concerned.
We find nothing in section 8 from which it can be said 788 that it rendered any contract legal.
Its only intent and effect is to declare certain forward contracts illegal.
We think that the matter was very correctly put by Chagla, C. J., who delivered the judgment of the High Court.
He said, "All that Sec. 8 does is to declare that forward contracts will be illegal unless they comply with the procedure laid down in Sec. 8.
But it is one thing to declare a certain contract illegal.
It is entirely another thing to declare an illegal contract legal.
Sec. 8 does not even make an attempt to declare that forward contracts declared illegal by the Central legislation shall be legal if they comply with the technicalities laid down in Sec. 8.
The assumption underlying Sec. 8, it seems to us, is that forward contracts which the Legislature is dealing with are legal contracts, but even if they are legal they are declared to be illegal unless they are performed or made or entered into in the manner laid down in Sec. 8".
With these observations we fully agree.
In regard to the contention that section 8 of the Bombay Act necessarily implies that contracts made in terms of it would be legal, it seems to us that there is no such necessity indicated in the Act.
The Act clearly intends only to create an illegality, that is to say, as Chagla, C. J. said, it takes a legal contract and imposes on it certain conditions and makes it illegal if those conditions are not fulfilled.
If a contract is already illegal, there is no scope for applying the Bombay Act.
Furthermore, the Bombay Act deals with all kinds of goods.
Sub section (4) of section 2 of this Act defines goods as any kind of movable property including securities but not including money or actionable claims.
Now the Central Act only applies to essential commodities as defined in it.
Therefore, there would be many contracts to which the Central Act would not apply and such contracts may be rendered illegal by the Bombay Act if they come within its scope and are made in disregard of the conditions laid down in section 8.
We, therefore, come to the conclusion that there is no repugnancy between the Bombay Act and the Central Act.
It follows that there is no scope for 789 applying the provisions of section 107(2) of the Government of India Act, 1935.
That would be the position in 1948, when the Bombay Act came into force and the Central Act was already in existence.
Both the Acts would then be applying to Greater Bombay as there is no inconsistency between them.
Article 372 of the Constitution continued both these Acts after the Constitution came into force and there is nothing in the Constitution which provides that any one of two existing laws, both of which had applied up to the coming into force of the Constitution, would apply to the exclusion of the other.
It follows that in 1951 or 1952, when the contract in groundnuts which it is not disputed, was a forward contract within the meaning of both the Acts was made, both the Acts applied to it.
The Constitution had not affected such application.
That being the position, the contract in groundnuts must be held to be illegal under the Central Act which clearly prohibited the making of it.
The Bombay Act could not make it legal for, as we have said, it was not intended to make any contract legal.
It would follow that the arbitration clause contained in that contract was of no effect.
It has therefore to be held that the award made under that arbitration clause is a nullity and has been rightly set aside.
The award, it will have been noticed, was however in respect of disputes under several contracts, one of which we have found to be void.
But as the award was one and is not severable in respect of the different disputes covered by it, some of which may have been legally and validly referred, the whole award was rightly set aside.
The appeal, therefore, fails and is dismissed with costs.
Appeal dismissed.
100 619 of the Act.
These rules are called the Bihar Preservation and Improvement of Animals Rules, 1960.
The provisions of r. 3 have also been impugned by the.
petitioners by an amendment petition filed by them.
Rule 3 so far as it is material.
for our purpose is in these terms: "3(1).
For the purpose of section 3 of the Act, the Veterinary Officer and the Chairman or Chief Officer, as the case may be, shall be the prescribed authority: Provided that where there is no Chairman or Chief Officer in respect of any area, the Veterinary Officer shall be the sole prescribed authority.
(2) Where the authority prescribed under subrule (1) or sub rule (5) refuses to issue a certificate under the proviso to section 3, it shall record the reasons for the refusal and no such refusal shall be made unless the person 'applying for the certificate has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard.
(3). . . . . . . . . . (4)A bull, bullock or she buffalo in respect of which a certificate has been issued under section 3 shall not be slaughtered at any place other than the place indicated in the certificate and it shall be slaughtered within 20 days of the date of the receipt of the certificate by the person in whose favour it is issued.
(5) In case of difference of opinion between the Veterinary Officer and the Chairman or Chief Officer, the matter shall be referred to the Sub divisional Animal Husbandry Officer or the District Animal Husbandry Officer, as the case may be, and the certificate shall be issued or refused according to the decision of the Sub divisional Animal Husbandry Officer or the District Animal Husbandry Officer, as the case may be.


Summary:
Various contracts for sale of goods had been made between the parties in Bombay each of which contained an arbitration clause.
Disputes having arisen in March, 1952, in respect of these contracts, they were referred to arbitration and a composite award was made on October 7, 1952, against the respondent.
One of these disputes had arisen out of a forward contract in groundnuts.
The respondent applied to have the award set aside on the ground that the forward contract in groundnuts was illegal as such a contract was prohibited by the Oilseeds (Forward Contract Prohibition) Order, 1943, issued under the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946, passed by the Central Legislature.
The appellant contended that the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946, was repugnant to the Bombay Forward Contracts Control Act, 1947, passed by the Provincial Legislature of Bombay which had received the assent of the Governor General of India and therefore under section 107(2) of the Government of India Act, 1935, which applied, the Bombay Act prevailed in Bombay in preference to the Central Act and under the Bombay Act Forward Contract in groundnut was valid.
The High Court accepted the contention of the respondent and set aside the award.
Section 8 of the Bombay Act provided: "Every forward con tract for the sale or purchase of, or relating to, any goods specified in the notification under sub section (3) of section 1 which is entered into, made or to be performed in any notified area shall be illegal if it is not entered into, made or to be performed" and thereafter, set out the manner in which and the persons between whom such contracts could be made and also made punishable a person making a contract declared illegal.
Section 3 of the Central Act provided, "The Central Govern ment may by notified order provide for prohibiting trade and commerce" in any essential commodity.
Under this section the Oilseeds (Forward Contract Prohibition) Order was passed prohibiting forward contracts in groundnuts, which was one of the essential commodities specified in the Central Act.
Held, The Bombay Act did not make any contract legal.
Its only effect was to render certain forward contracts illegal if not 781 made in compliance with its terms while the Central Act made the contracts to which it applied, illegal.
There was, therefore, no repugnancy between the Bombay Act and the Central Act and both of them applied to Bombay.
Article 372 of the Constitution continued both these Acts, and so there is no provision in the Constitution under which any one of them may be said to apply to the exclusion of the other.
A composite award in respect of more than one dispute which is not severable, must be set aside as a whole if any of the disputes had been illegally referred.