iminal Appeals No,%.
79 and 89 of 1959.
Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated May 6,1959, of the Allhabad High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 1224 of 1957.
A. section R. Chari, B. K. Gary, D.P. Singh, section C. Agarvial and M. K. Ramamurthi, for the appellants.
G. C. Mathur and C. P. Lal for the respondent.
77 1961.
February 15.
The judgment of the Court was delivered by SUBBA RAO, J.
These two appeals are directed against the judgment of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad dismissing the appeal preferred by the appellants and maintaining the convictions and sentences imposed on them by the learned Sessions Judge Meerut, under a. 147, section 424, section 452, section 325, read with section 149, and is.
323, read with section 149, of the Indian Penal Code.
Briefly stated the case of the prosecution is as follows: One Har Narain had obtained a decree from the court of the Additional Munsif, Ghaziabad, against one Sunehri Jogi for a sum of money.
In execution of that decree the Munsif issued a warrant for the attachment of the judgment debtor 's property.
The amin to whom the said warrant was entrusted attached, inter alia, three buffaloes and two cows, which were in the house of the judgment debtor, as his property.
The amin kept the cattle in the custody of one Chhajju, the sapurdar.
As the said sapurdar had no accommodation in his house for keeping the animals, he kept them for the night in the enclosure of the decree holder with his permission.
The next day at about 7 a. m., the nine appellants, armed with lathies, went to the enclosure of the decree bolder and began to untie two of the attached buffaloes.
The decree holder, his son and his nephew protested against the acts of the appellants whereupon the appellants struck the three inmates of the house with lathies, and when P.W. 4 intervened, they struck him also with lathies.
Thereafter, appellants 1. 2 and 3 took away the two buffaloes followed by the other appellants.
The defence version is that on June 1, 1955, at about 7 a. m. the first appellant, Tika, was taking his two buffaloes for grazing when Har Narain and 1 1 others came with the amin and forcibly snatched the said buffaloes, that when Tika objected to it, those 12 persons assaulted him with lathies, that when appellant 2, Raja Ram, came there, he was also assaulted, and that Tika and Raja Ram used their lathies in self defence.
78 The learned Sessions Judge, on a consideration of the evidence, held that the cattle were attached on the evening of May 31, 1955, and that, after their seizure, they were kept in the house of Har Narain.
The Sessions Judge disbelieved the defence version that the accused gave the beating to Har Narain and others at 11 a. m. on June 1, 1955 in self defence.
On that finding, he convicted the accused as aforesaid.
On appeal, the learned Judges of the High Court accepted the finding arrived at by the learned Sessions Judge and confirmed the convictions and the sentences passed by him on the accused, but directed the various sentences to run concurrently.
Hence the appellants have preferred these two appeals against the Judgment of the High Court.
Learned counsel for the appellants raised before us the following contentions: (1) The attachment of the buffaloes was illegal and, therefore, the appellants in taking away their own buffaloes from the possession of the decree holder did not commit any offence under section 424 of the Indian Penal Code.
(2) Even if the attachment was valid, neither the amin had any authority to keep the attached buffaloes in the custody of the sapurdar, nor the sapurdar had any power to keep them in the custody of the decree holder, and therefore the decree holder 's possession was illegal and the appellants in taking away the buffaloes did not commit any offence within the meaning of section 424 of the Indian Penal Code.
(3) The appellants also did not commit any offence under section 441 of the Indian Penal Code, as they had no intention to commit an offence or cause annoyance to the decree holder, but they entered the house of the decree holder only to recover their buffaloes from illegal custody.
(4) The appellants did not commit an offence under section 325, read with as. 147 and 149, of the Indian Penal Code, as their common object was not to cause grievous hurt to the decree holder and others, but was only to recover their buffaloes illegally detained by the decree holder.
The first two contentions may be considered together.
The material facts relevant to the said contentions may be stated.
Har Narain in execution of his 79 decree against Sunehri Jogi attached the buffaloes that were in the house of the judgment debtor.
Tika, appellant 1, filed a claim petition it is common case that subsequent to the incident his claim petition was allowed.
in the claim petition, the High Court pointed out that Tika did not question the validity of the attachment but only set up his title to the buffaloes.
Indeed, his defence in the criminal case also was not that the incident happened when the attached buffaloes were in the house of the decree holder but that the incident took place before the attachment was effected.
Before the Sessions Judge no point was taken on the basis of the illegality of the attachment.
For the first time in the High Court a point was sought to be made on the ground of the illegality of the attachment, but the learned Judges rejected the contention not only on the ground that official acts could be presumed to have been done correctly but also for the reason that the appellants did not question the legality of the attachment in the claim petition.
That apart, P.W. 1, the amin, was examined before the Sessions Judge.
He deposed that he had attached the heads of cattle from the house of the judgment debtor, Sunehri Jogi, and that he had prepared the attachment list.
He further deposed that the warrant of attachment received by him was with him.
A perusal of the cross examination of this witness discloses that no question was put to him in regard to any defects either in the warrant of attachment or in the manner of effecting the attachment.
In these circumstances, we must proceed on the assumption that the attachment had been validly made in strict compliance with all the requirements of law.
If so, the next question is, what is the effect of a valid attachment of moveables? Order XXI, rule 43, of the Code of Civil Procedure describes the mode of attachment of movable properties other than agricultural produce in the possession of the judgment debtor.
It says that the attachment of such properties shall be made by the actual seizure, and the attaching officer shall keep the attached property in his own custody or in the custody of one of his subordinates 80 and shall be responsible for the due custody thereof The relevant rule framed by the Allahabad High Court is r. 116, which reads, "Live stock which has been attached in execution of a decree shall ordinarily be left at the place where the attachment is made either in custody of the judgment debtor on his furnishing security, or in that Of some land holder or other respectable person willing to undertake the responsibility of its custody and to produce it when required by the court.
" The aforesaid rule also empowers the attaching officer to keep the animals attached in the custody of a sapurdar or any other respectable person.
Attachment by actual seizure involves a change of possession from the judgment debtor to the court; and the rule deals only with the liability of the attaching officer to the court.
Whether the amin keeps the buffaloes in his custody or entrusts them to a sapurdar, the possession of the amin or the sapurdar is in law the possession of the court and, so long as the attachment is not raised, the possession of the court continues to subsist.
Would it make any difference in the legal position if the sapurdar, for convenience or out of necessity, keeps the said animals with a responsible third party? In law the said third party would be a bailee of the sapurdar.
Would it make any difference in law when the bailee happens to be the decree holder? Obviously it cannot, for the decree holder 's custody is not in his capacity as decree holder but only as the bailee of the sapurdar.
We, therefore, hold that the decree holder 's possession of the buffaloes; in the present case was only as a bailee of the sapurdar.
But it is said that even on that assumption, appellant 1, being the owner of the buffaloes, was not guilty of an offence under section 424 of the Indian Penal Code, as he could not have acted dishonestly in trying to retrieve his buffaloes as their owner from the custody, of the court 's officer or his bailee.
This argument turns upon the provisions of section 424 of the Indian Penal Code.
The material part of a. 424 of the said Code reads: 81 "Whoever dishonestly or fraudulently removes any property of himself or any other person, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both".
The necessary condition for the application of this section is that the removal should have been made dishonestly or fraudulently.
Under section 24 of the Indian Penal Code, "Whoever does anything with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person is said to do that thing ,dishonestly '.
" Section 23 defines "wrongful gain" and "wrongful loss". "Wrongful gain" is defined as gain by unlawful means of property to which the person gaining is not legally entitled; and "wrongful loss" is the loss by unlawful means of property to which the person losing is legally entitled.
Would the owner of a thing in court 's custody have the intention of causing wrongful gain or wrongful loss within the meaning of a. 23 of the Indian Penal Code? When an attachment is made, the legal possession of a thing attached vests in the court.
So long as the attachment lasts or the claim of a person for the thing attached is not allowed, that person is not legally entitled to get possession of the thing attached.
If he unlawfully takes possession of that property to which he is not entitled he would be making a wrongful gain within the meaning of that section.
So too, till the attachment lasts the court or it officers are legally entitled to be in possession of the thing attached.
If the owner removes it by unlawful means, he is certainly causing wrongful loss to the court or its officers, as the case may be, within the meaning of the words "wrongful loss", In the present case when the owner of the buffaloes removed them unlawfully from the possession of the decree holder, the bailee of the sapurdar, he definitely caused wrongful gain to him.
self and wrongful loss to the court.
In this view, we must hold that appellant 1 dishonestly removed the buffaloes within the meaning of section 424 of the Indian Penal Code and, therefore, he was guilty under that ,section.
82 Now we shall proceed to consider some of the decisions cited at the Bar in support of the contention that under no circumstances the owner of a thing would be guilty of an offence under section 424 of the Indian Penal Code, if he removed it from an officer of a court, even if he was in possession of it under a legal attachment.
Reliance is placed upon the decision of the Court of Criminal Appeal in Rex.
vs Thomas Knight (1) where a prisoner, the owner of the fowls, ' took them away from the possession of the Sheriff 's officer, the court held that the prisoner was not guilty of larceny.
"Larceny if; the willful and wrongful taking away of the goods of another against his consent and with intent to deprive him permanently of his property".
There are essential differences between the concept of larceny and that of theft; one of them being that under larceny the stolen property must be the property of someone whereas under theft it must be in the possession of someone.
It would be inappropriate to apply the decision relating to larceny to an offence constituting theft or dishonest or fraudulent removal of property under the Indian Penal Code, for the ingredients of the offenses are different.
In Sarsar Singh vs Emperor (2), Bajpai, J., held that "the mere fact that the judgment debtor, who is entitled to remove his crops which are not validly attached, has removed them does not prove that he has done so dishonestly".
There the attachment was made in derogation of the provisions of Order XXI, rule 44, Civil Procedure Code; and the Court held that the attachment was illegal and, therefore, the property would not pass from the judgment debtor to the court.
It further held that under such circumstances the court could not presume that the act of removal was done dishonestly within the meaning of section 24, I.P.C. This decision does not help the appellants, as in the present case the attachment was legal.
Sen, J., in Emperor vs Ghasi (3) went to the extent of holding that the owner cutting and removing a portion of the (1) (2) (3) All 214.
83 crops under attachment in execution of a decree and in the custody of a shehna did not constitute an offence under section 424, I.P.C. The learned Judge observed at p. 216, "If they were the owners of the crop and removed the same, their conduct was neither dishonest nor fraudulent".
The learned Judge ignored the circumstance that the attachment of the crops had the legal effect of putting them in the possession of the court.
For the reason given by us earlier, we must hold that the case was wrongly decided.
In Emperor vs Gurdial (1) Pullan, J., held that the owner by removing the attached property from the possession of the custodian and taking it into his own use, did not commit an offence under section 424, I.P.C. But in that case also the attachment was illegal.
But there is a current of judicial opinion holding that where there was a legal attachment, a third party claiming to be the owner of the moveables attached would be guilty of an offence under section 424 or section 379, I.P.C., as the case may be, if lie removed them from the possession of the court or its agent.
Where a revenue court had attached certain plots and certain persons were appointed as custodians of the crop standing on the plots and accused out and removed the crop in spite of knowledge of the promulgation of the order of attachment, the Allahabad High Court held in Dalganjan vs State (2) that the removal of the crop by the accused was dishonest and that the conviction of the accused under section 379, I.P.C. was proper.
The learned Judges said, "Since the possession passed from the accused to the custodians, the cutting of the crop by the accused in March 1951 was dishonest." In State vs Rama (3) the Rajasthan High Court held that where a person takes away the attached property from the possession of the sapurdar, to whom it is entrusted, without his consent, and with the knowledge that the property has been attached by the order of a court, he will be guilty of (1) All.
119., (2) A.I.R. 1956 All.
(3) Raj.
84 committing theft, even though he happens to be the owner of the property.
Though this was a case under s.379, I.P.C., the learned Judges considered the scope of the word "dishonestly" in section 378, which is also one of the ingredients of the offence under section 424, I.P.C. Wanchoo, C. J. observed at p. 775 thus: "There is no doubt that loss of property was caused to Daulatram inasmuch as he was made to lose the animals.
There is also no doubt that Daulatram was legally entitled to keep the animals in his possession as they were entrusted to him.
The only question is whether this loss was caused to Daulatram by unlawful means.
It is to our mind obvious that the loss in this case was caused by un lawful means because it can never be lawful for a person, even if he is the owner of an animal, to take it away after attachment from the person to whom it is entrusted without recourse to the court under whose order the attachment has been made." These observations apply with equal force to the present case.
A division bench of the Allahabad High Court in Emperor vs Kamla Pat (1) considered the meaning of the word "dishonestly" in the context of a theft of property from the possession of a receiver.
Sulaiman, J., observed at p. 372 thus: "Therefore when a property has been attached under an order of a civil court in execution of a decree, possession has legally passed to the court.
Any person who takes possession o f that property subsequent to that attachment would obviously be guilty tinder section 379 of the Indian Penal Code, if he knew that the property had been attached and was therefore necessarily acting dishonestly.
" We need not multiply decisions, as the legal position is clear, and it may be stated as follows: Where a property has been legally attached by a court, the possession of the same passes from the owner to the court or its agent.
In that situation, the owner of the said property cannot take the law into his own hands, but can file a claim petition to enforce his right.
If he resorts to force to get back his property, (1) All. 368. 85 he acts unlawfully and by taking the property from the legal possession of the court or its agent, he is causing wrongful loss to the court.
As long as the attachment is subsisting, he is not entitled to the possession of the property, and by taking that property by unlawful means he is causing wrongful gain to himself.
We are, therefore, of the view that the appellants in unlawfully taking away the cattle from the possession of the decree holder, who is only a bailee of the sapurdar, have caused wrongful loss to him and therefore they are guilty of an offence under section 424,I.P.C.
The next contention turns upon the provisions of section 441 of the Indian Penal Code.
The argument is that the appellants did not commit trespass with intention to commit an offence or intimidate, insult or annoy any person in possession of such property.
A distinction is made between intention and knowledge.
It is said that the appellants did not trespass into the house of the decree holder with any such intention as mentioned in that section.
But in this case we have no doubt, on the evidence, that the appellants entered the house of the decree holder with intent to remove the attached cattle constituting an offence under section 424 of the Indian Penal Code.
The appellants are, therefore, guilty of the offence and have been rightly convicted under section 441 of the Indian Penal Code.
The last contention is that the principal object of the accused was to get back their cattle which had been illegally attached and that their subsidiary object was to use force, if obstructed, and that in the absence of a specific charge in respect of the use of force the accused should not have been convicted of what took place in furtherance of the subsidiary object.
The relevant charge reads thus: "That you, on or about the same day at about the same time and place voluntarily caused such injuries on the persons of Om Prskash, Har Narain, Jhandu and Qabul, that if the injuries would have caused the death of Har Narain, you would have been guilty of murder and thereby committed an offence under section 307 read with section 149 86 I.P.C. and within the cognizance of the court of Sessions.
" Though section 149 of the Indian Penal Code is mentioned in the charge, it is not expressly stated therein that.
the members of the assembly know that an offence under section 325 of the Indian Penal Code was likely to be committed in prosecution of the common object of that assembly.
Under section 537 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, no sentence passed by a court of competent jurisdiction shall be reversed or altered on appeal or revision on account of any error, omission or irregularity in the charge, unless such error, omission or irregularity has in fact occasioned a failure of justice.
The question, therefore, is whether the aforesaid defect 'in the charge has in fact occasioned a failure of justice.
The accused knew from the beginning the case they had to meet.
The prosecution adduced evidence to prove that the accused armed themselves with lathies and entered the premises of the decree holder to recover their cattle and gave lathi blows to the inmates of the house causing thereby serious injuries to them.
Accused had ample opportunity to meet that case.
Both the courts below accepted the evidence and convicted the accused under section 325, read with section 149, I.P.C. The evidence leaves no room to doubt that the accused had knowledge that grievous hurt was likely to be caused to the inmates of the decree holder 's house in prosecution of their common object, namely, to recover their cattle.
We are of the opinion that there is no failure of justice in this case and that no case has been made out for interference.
No other point was raised before us.
In the result, the appeals fail and are dismissed.
Appeals dismissed.


Summary:
In execution of a decree the Amin attached, inter alia, two buffaloes from the house of the judgment debtor and entrusted them to the custody of a sapurdar.
As the sapurdar had no accommodation in his house for keeping the buffaloes he kept them for the night in the enclosure of the decree holder with his permission.
Early next morning the appellants armed with 76 lathies, went to the enclosure of the decree holder and began to untie the two.
buffaloes; the decree holder, his son and nephew protested whereupon they and another person, who tried to intervene, were beaten by the appellant with lathies and the two buffaloes were taken away.
Afterwards appellant No. 1 made a claim petition before the executing court and that court held that the two buffaloes belonged to him.
The appellants were convicted of offenses under sections 147, 452, 424, 325/149 and 323/149 Indian Penal Code.
They challenged their convictions on the grounds: (i) that the custody of the decree bolder over the buffaloes was illegal as neither the a minor had any authority to give them in the custody of the sapurdar nor had the sapurdar any power to keep them in the custody of the decree holder, (ii) that the appellants bad entered the enclosure of the decree holder only to recover their buffaloes and had not acted dishonestly.
Held, that the appellants were rightly convicted.
The decree holder 's possession of the buffaloes was as a bailee of the sapurdar.
Order 21, Rule 43 read with R. 116 (framed by the Allahabad High Court) empowered the amin to keep the attached buffaloes in the custody of a sapurdar.
The sapurdar could, for convenience or necessity, keep them with a third person as bailee and such third person could be the decree holder also.
Attachment involved a change of possession from the judgment debtor to the Court; and whoever was entrusted with the possession held it on behalf of the Court until the attachment was raised.
So long as the attachment lasted or the claim of a person for the thing attached was not allowed, that person was not legally entitled to get possession of the thing attached.
If he unlawfully took possession of that thing he caused "wrongful gain" to himself and "wrongful loss to the Court.
Rex vs Thomas Knight, , Sarsay Singh vs Emperor, and Emperor vs Gurdial, All. 119 distinguished.
Emperor vs Ghasi, All. 214, disapproved.
Dalganjan vs State, A.I.R. 1956 All.
630, State vs Rama, Raj 772 and Emperor vs Kamla Pat, All. 368, applied.