Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: The Balkan Peninsula, or the Balkans, is a peninsula and a cultural area in Eastern and Southeastern Europe with various and disputed borders. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch from the Serbia-Bulgaria border to the Black Sea., The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Latin: "Corona Regni Poloniae"), or simply the Crown, is the common name for the historic (but unconsolidated) Late Middle Ages territorial possessions of the King of Poland, including Poland proper., Magnate, from the Late Latin "magnas", a great man, itself from Latin "magnus", 'great', designates a noble or other man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities. In reference to the Middle Ages, the term is often used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords such as counts, earls, dukes, and territorial-princes from the baronage., Sigismund II Augustus (Ruthenian: "ygimont II Awgust", ) (1 August 1520  7 July 1572) was the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the only son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. Married three times, the last of the Jagiellons remained childless, and through the Union of Lublin introduced a free elective monarchy., Kraków, also Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1795; the Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846; the Grand Duchy of Cracow from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1998. It has been the capital of Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999., In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages., A duke (male) (British English: or American English: ) or duchess (female) can either be a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch. The title comes from French "duc", itself from the Latin "dux", 'leader', a term used in republican Rome to refer to a military commander without an official rank (particularly one of Germanic or Celtic origin), and later coming to mean the leading military commander of a province., Voivode (Old Slavic, literally "war-leader" or "war-lord") as a Slavic title originally denoted the principal commander of a military force. It derives from the word "vojevoda", which in early Slavic meant the "bellidux", i.e. the military commander of an area, but it usually had a greater meaning. In Byzantine times it referred to mainly military commanders of Slavic populations, especially in the Balkans. In medieval Serbia it meant a high-ranking official and - before the Ottoman conquest in the 15th century - the commander of a military area. During Ottoman times, Voivode was the title borne by the ruler of a province, whose powers included the administration, security and tax collection under a special regime. According to the chronicle of the Voutsas monastery, the Slavic title of voivode, which prevailed in certain areas of Epirus and Thessaly before the Ottoman conquest, used to denote the leader of a Vlach community or family. The same title was borne by the Ottoman official who oversaw the Chora Metzovo each time. The word gradually came to denote the governor of a province., Sigismund III Vasa (also known as "Sigismund III of Poland", , , , English exonym: "Sigmund"; 20 June 1566  30 April 1632 
) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, monarch of the united PolishLithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden (where he is known simply as "Sigismund") from 1592 as a composite monarchy until he was deposed in 1599. He was the son of King John III of Sweden and his first wife, Catherine Jagellonica of Poland., Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges (the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains) in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine and Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe and the sixth most populous member of the European Union. Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocaw, Pozna, Gdask and Szczecin., Zamo (Yiddish:  Zamoshtsh) is a city in southeastern Poland, situated in the southern part of Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), about from Lublin, from Warsaw and from the border with Ukraine. In 2014, the population was 65,149., Count (male) or countess (female) is a title in European countries for a noble of varying status, but historically deemed to convey an approximate rank intermediate between the highest and lowest titles of nobility. The word "count" came into English from the French "comte", itself from Latin "comes"in its accusative "comitem"meaning companion, and later companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor. The adjective form of the word is "". The British and Irish equivalent is an earl (whose wife is a "countess", for lack of an English term). Alternative names for the "count" rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as "Graf" in Germany and "Hakushaku" during the Japanese Imperial era., Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. Relative to its small territory, it is a diverse country distinguished by a "transitional" character, situated along cultural, geographic, climatic and other boundaries. Serbia is landlocked and borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the southwest; it also claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents, and its capital, Belgrade, ranks among the largest cities in Southeast Europe., Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion is a raion in Volyn Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the town of Volodymyr-Volynskyi, which is not part of the district and is incorporated separately as a town of oblast significance. Population:, The Kyiv Voivodeship or "Kiev Voivodeship" was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1471 until 1569 and of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1569 until 1793, as part of Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown., Midzyrzecz is a town in western Poland with 18,459 inhabitants (January 1, 2015). The capital of Midzyrzecz County, it was part of Gorzów Voivodeship from 19751998. Since the Local Government Reorganization Act of 1998, Midzyrzecz has been situated in Lubusz Voivodeship., Epirus is a geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now shared between Greece and Albania. It lies between the Pindus Mountains and the Ionian Sea, stretching from the Bay of Vlorë and the Acroceraunian mountains in the north to the Ambracian Gulf and the ruined Roman city of Nicopolis in the south. It is currently divided between the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece and the counties of Gjirokastër, Vlorë, and Berat in southern Albania. The largest city in Epirus is Ioannina, seat of the region of Epirus, with Gjirokastër the largest city in the Albanian part of Epirus., The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR " ) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party federation, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital., A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, "governor" may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and may be either appointed or elected. The power of the individual governor can vary dramatically between political systems, with some governors having only nominal and largely ceremonial power, while others having a complete control over the entire government., Knyszyn is a town in north-eastern Poland, northwest of Biaystok. It is situated in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (since 1999), and was formerly in the Biaystok Voivodeship (1975-1998)., Ukraine (tr. ) is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland and Slovakia to the west, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of , making it the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world. It has a population of about 44.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world., Thessaly ("Thessalía"; ancient Thessalian: , "Petthalía") is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thessaly was known as Aeolia, and appears thus in Homer's "Odyssey"., Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski ( 2 February 1526 -- 13 or 23 February 1608 , also known as Kostiantyn Vasyl Ostrozky , Ukrainian :  -   , Belarusian :  i i , Lithuanian : Konstantinas Vasilijus Ostrogiškis , Polish : Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski ) was an Orthodox magnate of the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , a Ruthenian prince , starost of Volodymyr - Volynskyi , marshal of Volhynia and voivode of the Kiev Voivodeship . Ostrogski refused to help False Dmitriy I and supported Jan Zamoyski . The date of birth of Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski is disputed . According to some historians he was born around 1524/1525 . He was born probably in Turów . In the 1570s he waged a war against another magnate , Stanisaw Tarnowski , about disputed possession of estates in the area of Tarnów , in Lesser Poland . Prince Ostrogski was of Eastern Orthodox faith and he was active in supporting the Orthodox Church ( see Union of Brest ) . He was also a promoter of Eastern Christian culture in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . Around 1576 he established the Ostroh Academy , a regarded humanist educational and scholarship institution , with the instruction in Greek , Latin and Old Church Slavonic languages . In 1581 the Academy produced and published the Ostrog Bible , the first complete printed edition of the Bible in Old Church Slavonic . Ostrogski 's huge latifundium , or landed estate in the eastern Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , consisted of 100 towns and 1300 villages . It was Ostrogski who built Starokostiantyniv Castle . While Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski was the proponent of the Eastern Orthodox religion , his son Janusz Ostrogski converted to Roman Catholicism . He was married in January 1553 in Tarnów ., Volodymyr-Volynsky (, , ) is a small city located in Volyn Oblast, in north-western Ukraine. Serving as the administrative centre of the Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion, the city itself is also designated as a separate municipality within the oblast as the city of regional significance. The city is the historic centre of the region of Volhynia and the historic capital of the Principality of Volhynia. Population: , Jan Zamoyski or Zamojski (15421605) was a Polish nobleman, magnate, and the 1st "ordynat" of Zamo. Royal Secretary from 1566, Deputy Kanclerz (Chancellor) of the Crown from 1576, Lord Grand-Chancellor of the Crown from 1578, and Grand Hetman of the Crown from 1581. General Starost of Kraków from 1580 to 1585, Starost of Bez, Midzyrzecz, Krzeszów, Knyszyn and Tartu. Important advisor to Kings Sigismund II Augustus and Stephen Báthory, he was one of the major opponents of Bathory's successor, Sigismund III Vasa, and one of the most skilled diplomats, politicians and statesmen of his time, standing as a major figure in the politics of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth throughout his life., Belarus ( lat. ', ), officially the Republic of Belarus, formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia (though this name is no longer used in Belarus itself, even in Russian language), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital and most populous city is Minsk. Over 40% of its is forested. Its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing. Until the 20th century, different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus, including the Principality of Polotsk (11th to 14th centuries), the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire., Tartu (South Estonian: "Tarto") is the second largest city of Estonia, following Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn., The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 13th century until 1795. The state was founded by the Lithuanians, one of the polytheistic Baltic tribes from Aukštaitija., Volhynia, Volynia, or Volyn ("Volýn", , "Volyn" or ' , or ' (Volhynian German: "Wolhinien" or "Wolinien")) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe straddling Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus. The alternate name for the region is Lodomeria after the city of Volodymyr-Volynsky (Vo-Lodymer), which once was a political capital of the medieval Volhynian Principality. It has changed hands numerous times throughout history and been divided among competing powers. Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, it has been part of the independent nation of Ukraine., The Principality of Volhynia was a western Kievan Rus' principality founded by the Rurik dynasty in 987 centered in the region of Volhynia in modern-day Ukraine. From 1069 to 1118 it belong to Izyaslavychi who primarily ruled from Turov (see Principality of Turov). After losing Turov to Monomakhovychi in 1105, the descendents of Izyaslav Yaroslavovych for few years continued to rule in Volhynia. From 1154 to 1199 the principality was named Principality of Volodymyr when the Principality of Lutsk (1154-1228) was separated., Dmitriy I (historically known as Pseudo-Demetrius I; 19 October 1582  17 May 1606) was the Tsar of Russia from 10 June 1605 until his death on 17 May 1606 under the name of Dimitriy Ivanovich. He is sometimes referred to as False Dmitriy I. According to historian Chester L. Dunning, Dmitriy was "the only Tsar ever raised to the throne by means of a military campaign and popular uprisings"., A province is almost always an administrative division, within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman "provincia", which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries, and in those with no actual provinces, it has come to mean "outside the capital city". While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of federal authority, especially in Canada. In other countries, like China, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy., Volyn Oblast (translit. "Volynska oblast", ; also referred to as Volyn or Woy) is an oblast (province) in north-western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Lutsk. Kovel is the westernmost town and the last station in Ukraine of the rail line running from Kiev to Warsaw. Population: , Stephen Báthory (27 September 1533  12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (157176), Prince of Transylvania (157686), from 1576 Queen Anna Jagiellon's husband and "jure uxoris" King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586)., Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population in July 2015 was (though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press), making Kiev the 7th most populous city in Europe., An earl is a member of the nobility. The title is Anglo-Saxon in origin, akin to the Scandinavian form jarl, and meant "chieftain", particularly a chieftain set to rule a territory in a king's stead. In Scandinavia, it became obsolete in the Middle Ages and was replaced by duke ("hertig"/"hertug"/"hertog"). In later medieval Britain, it became the equivalent of the continental count (in England in the earlier period, it was more akin to a duke; in Scotland it assimilated the concept of mormaer). However, earlier in Scandinavia, "jarl" could also mean a sovereign prince. For example, the rulers of several of the petty kingdoms of Norway had the title of "jarl" and in many cases they had no less power than their neighbours who had the title of king. Alternative names for the "Earl/Count" rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as Hakushaku during the Japanese Imperial era., Subject: konstanty wasyl ostrogski, Relation: country_of_citizenship, Options: (A) american (B) belarus (C) bosnia (D) british (E) canada (F) croatia (G) crown of the kingdom of poland (H) czech republic (I) england (J) epirus (K) estonia (L) free city of kraków (M) grand duchy of lithuania (N) greece (O) hungary (P) italy (Q) kievan rus ' (R) latvia (S) lithuania (T) macedonia (U) moldova (V) montenegro (W) poland (X) politician (Y) roman empire (Z) russia ([) russian empire (\) scotland (]) serbia (^) slovakia (_) soviet union (`) transylvania (a) ukraine
Output (English): grand duchy of lithuania