Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: The Centrosaurinae is a subfamily of ceratopsid dinosaurs named by paleontologist Lawrence Lambe, in 1915, with "Centrosaurus" as the type genus. The centrosaurines are further divided into two tribes, the centrosaurins and the pachyrhinosaurins., A neck frill is the relatively extensive margin seen on the back of the heads of reptiles with either a bony support such as those present on the skulls of dinosaurs of the suborder Marginocephalia or a cartilaginous one as in the frill-necked lizard. In technical terms, the bone-supported frill is composed of an enlarged parietal bone flanked by elongated squamosals and sometimes ringed by epoccipitals, bony knobs that gave the margin a jagged appearance. In the early 1900s, the parietal bone was known among paleontologists as the dermosupraoccipital. In some genera, such as "Triceratops", "Pentaceratops", "Centrosaurus" and "Torosaurus", this extension is very large. Despite the neck frill predominantly being made of hard bone, some neck frills are made of skin, as is the case with the frill-necked lizard of today that resides in Australia., A continent is one of several very large landmasses on Earth. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. In geology, areas of continental crust include regions covered with water., Triceratops is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsid dinosaur that first appeared during the late Maastrichtian stage of the late Cretaceous period, about 68 million years ago (mya) in what is now North America. It is one of the last known non-avian dinosaur genera, and became extinct in the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. The term "Triceratops", which literally means "three-horned face", is derived from the Greek - ("tri-") meaning "three",  ("kéras") meaning "horn", and  ("ops") meaning "face"., Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria that first appeared during the Triassic. Although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research, the current scientific consensus places their origin between 231 and 243 million years ago. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the TriassicJurassic extinction event 201 million years ago. Their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and ended when the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups 66 million years ago., The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World"., North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea., Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people., The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period Mya. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation "Kreide" (chalk)., Ceratopsidae ( sometimes spelled Ceratopidae ) is a speciose group of marginocephalian dinosaurs including Triceratops and Styracosaurus . All known species were quadrupedal herbivores from the Upper Cretaceous , mainly of Western North America ( though Sinoceratops is known from Asia ) and are characterized by beaks , rows of shearing teeth in the back of the jaw , and elaborate horns and frills . The group is divided into two subfamilies . The Ceratopsinae or Chasmosaurinae are generally characterized by long , triangular frills and well - developed brow horns . The Centrosaurinae had well - developed nasal horns or nasal bosses , shorter and more rectangular frills , and elaborate spines on the back of the frill . These horns and frills show remarkable variation and are the principal means by which the various species have been recognized . Their purpose is not entirely clear . Defense against predators is one possible purpose -- although the frills are comparatively fragile in many species -- but it is more likely that , as in modern ungulates , they may have been secondary sexual characteristics used in displays or for intraspecific combat . The massive bosses on the skulls of Pachyrhinosaurus and Achelousaurus resemble those formed by the base of the horns in modern musk oxen , suggesting that they may have butted heads . Centrosaurines have frequently been found in massive bone beds with few other species present , suggesting that the animals might have lived in large herds ., Centrosaurus is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaurs from the late Cretaceous of Canada. Their remains have been found in the Dinosaur Park Formation, dating from 76.5 to 75.5 million years ago., Chasmosaurinae is a subfamily of ceratopsid dinosaurs. "Triceratops" is a well-known example. They were one of the most successful groups of herbivores of their time. Chasmosaurines appeared in the early Campanian, and became extinct, along with all other non-avian dinosaurs, during the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event. Broadly, the most distinguishing features of chasmosaurinae are prominent brow horns and long frills lacking long spines; centrosaurines generally had short brow horns and relatively shorter frills, and often had long spines projecting from their frills. Chasmosaurines are currently known definitively from rocks in western Canada, the western United States, and northern Mexico., Styracosaurus (; meaning "spiked lizard" from the Ancient Greek "styrax/" "spike at the butt-end of a spear-shaft" and "sauros/" "lizard") was a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Cretaceous Period (Campanian stage), about 75.5 to 75 million years ago. It had four to six long horns extending from its neck frill, a smaller horn on each of its cheeks, and a single horn protruding from its nose, which may have been up to 60 centimetres (2 ft) long and 15 centimetres (6 in) wide. The function or functions of the horns and frills have been debated for many years., Lawrence Morris Lambe (18631919) was a Canadian geologist and palaeontologist from the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC).
His published work, describing the diverse and plentiful dinosaur discoveries from the fossil beds in Alberta, did much to bring dinosaurs into the public eye and helped usher in the "Golden Age of Dinosaurs" in the province. During this period, between the 1880s and World War I, dinosaur hunters from all over the world converged on Alberta. "Lambeosaurus", a well-known hadrosaur, was named after him as a tribute, in 1923., Ceratopsia or Ceratopia (or ; Greek: "horned faces") is a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America, Europe, and Asia, during the Cretaceous Period, although ancestral forms lived earlier, in the Jurassic. The earliest known ceratopsian, "Yinlong downsi", lived between 161.2 and 155.7 million years ago. The last ceratopsian species, "Triceratops prorsus", became extinct during the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event, ., The Paleogene (or ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon. The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period. , Ceratops (meaning "horn face") is a dubious genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur which lived during the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils have been found in Montana. Although poorly known, "Ceratops" is important in the history of dinosaurs, since it is the type genus for which both the Ceratopsia and the Ceratopsidae have been named. The material is too poor to be confidently referred to better specimens, and "Ceratops" is thus considered a "nomen dubium"., The Jurassic (from Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that spans 56.3 million years from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles. The start of the period is marked by the major TriassicJurassic extinction event. Two other extinction events occurred during the period: the Pliensbachian/Toarcian event in the Early Jurassic, and the Tithonian event at the end; however, neither event ranks among the "Big Five" mass extinctions., Subject: ceratopsidae, Relation: parent_taxon, Options: (A) area (B) areas (C) centrosaurinae (D) ceratopsia (E) chasmosaurinae (F) dinosaur (G) hadrosaur (H) lizard (I) marginocephalia (J) mya (K) styrax
Output (English): ceratopsia