Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: The Maghreb (or ; literally "sunset"; ', "the Arab West" previously known as Barbary Coast, derived from Berber), or the Greater Maghreb ("al-Maghrib al-Kabr"), is usually defined as much or most of the region of western North Africa or Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. The traditional definition as the region including the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, was later superseded, especially following the 1989 formation of the Arab Maghreb Union (  ), by the inclusion of Mauritania and of the disputed territory of Western Sahara (mostly controlled by Morocco). During the Al-Andalus era in Spain (7111492), the Maghreb's inhabitants, Maghrebis, were known as "Moors"; the Muslim areas of Spain in those times were usually included in contemporary definitions of the Maghrebhence the use of "Moorish" or "Moors" to describe the Muslim inhabitants of Spain in Western sources., Sultan (') is a noble title with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e., the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), albeit without claiming the overall caliphate, or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate., Rabat (  ) is the capital of Morocco and its seventh largest city centre with an urban population of approximately 580,000 (2014) and a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million. It is also the capital of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region., A Muslim is someone who follows or practises Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion. Muslims consider the Quran (Koran), their holy book, to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet and messenger Muhammad. They also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad ("sunnah ") as recorded in traditional accounts ("hadith"). "Muslim" is an Arabic word meaning "one who submits (to God)"., Casablanca (local informal name: "Kaa") is the largest city in Morocco, located in the central-western part of the country bordering the Atlantic Ocean. It is the largest city in the Maghreb, as well as one of the largest and most important cities in Africa, both economically and demographically., Spelling is a linguistic process of phonemic orthography (correct writing) with the necessary letters and diacritics present in a comprehensible order, usually with some degree of standardization; it is "the conventions which determine how the graphemes of a writing system are used to write a language". In another words it is interpretation of speech sound (phoneme) into writing (grapheme). Spelling is one of the elements of orthography, and highly standardized spelling is a prescriptive element., Abul Amlak Sidi Muhammad as-Sharif ibn 'Ali was the prince of Tafilalt from 1631 to 1636. He was born before 9 November 1589 as the sixth son of 'Ali ibn Muhammad as-Sharif al-Marrakchi., The Alaouite or Alawite dynasty ("Sullat al-Alawiyyn al-Fllyn") is the current Moroccan royal family. The name Alaouite comes from the "Al" of Al ibn Ab lib , whose descendant Sharif ibn Ali became Prince of Tafilalt in 1631. His son Mulay Al-Rashid (16641672) was able to unite and pacify the country. The Alaouite family claim descent from Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fimah az-Zahrah and her husband Al ibn Ab lib., Morocco (', lit. "The West"; '), officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco (', lit. "The Western Kingdom"; '), is a sovereign country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Geographically, Morocco is characterized by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert, and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea., North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of Africa. The United Nations definition of "North Africa" includes seven countries and territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. The countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are often collectively referred to as the Maghreb, which is the Arabic word for "sunset". Egypt lies to the northeast and encompasses part of West Asia, while Sudan is situated on the edge of the Sahel, to the south of Egypt., Damascus (' ) is the capital and likely the largest city of Syria, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the ongoing battle for the city. It is commonly known in Syria as "ash-Sham" (') and nicknamed as the "City of Jasmine" (""). In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major cultural and religious centre of the Levant. The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 ., Meknes  is one of the four Imperial cities of Morocco, located in northern central Morocco and the sixth largest city by population in the kingdom. Founded in the 11th century by the Almoravids as a military settlement, Meknes became a capital under the reign of Sultan Moulay Ismaïl (16721727), the founder of the Alaouite dynasty. Using European slave labour Sultan Moulay Ismaïl turned it into an impressive city in Spanish-Moorish style, surrounded by high walls with great doors, where the harmonious blending of the Islamic and European styles of the 17th century Maghreb are still evident today. The urban population is estimated at more than 650,000 with the metropolitan population close to 1,000,000. It is the seat of Meknès Prefecture and an important economic pole in the region of Fès-Meknès., A verbal noun is a noun formed from or otherwise corresponding to a verb. Different languages have different types of verbal noun and different ways of forming and using them. An example of a verbal noun in English is the word "singing" in the sentence "Singing is fun" (this is a noun formed from the verb "sing").
Verbal nouns may be non-finite verb forms such as infinitives or gerunds in English (or Latin) usage. They may also be "pure" verbal nouns, formed from verbs, but behaving grammatically entirely like nouns rather than verbs (not taking direct objects, for example). Such cases may also be called deverbal nouns., The Atlas Mountains ("Daran Dyrin" "Idurar n Walas") are mountain range in the Maghreb. It stretches around through Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. The range's highest peak is Jebel Toubkal, with an elevation of in southwestern Morocco. It separates the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines from the Sahara Desert. The Atlas mountains are primarily inhabited by Berber populations. The terms for 'mountain' in some Berber languages are "adrar" and "adras", which are believed to be cognates of the toponym "Atlas"., A caliphate ("khilfa") is an area containing an Islamic steward known as a caliph ("" )a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad (Muhammad ibn Abdullh), and a leader of the entire Muslim community. The Rashidun caliphs, who directly succeeded Muhammad as leaders of the Muslim community, were chosen through "shura, "a process of community consultation that some consider to be an early form of Islamic democracy. During the history of Islam after the Rashidun period, many Muslim states, almost all of them hereditary monarchies, have claimed to be caliphates., Tafilalt or Tafilet (Berber: Tafilalt, ), historically Sijilmasa, is a region and the largest oasis in Morocco., The imperial cities of Morocco are the four historical capital cities of Morocco: Fes, Marrakesh, Meknes and Rabat., Meknès Prefecture is a prefecture in the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco. It was created from the former prefectures of Meknès-El Menzeh and Al Ismaïlia. The prefecture is divided administratively into the following:, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ("Abd al-Malik ibn Marwn", 646  8 October 705) was the 5th Umayyad caliph. He was born in Medina, Hejaz, Abd al-Malik was a well-educated man and capable ruler who was able to solve many political problems that impeded his rule. The 14th-century Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun stated that "`Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan is one of the greatest Arab and Muslim Caliphs. He followed in the footsteps of `Umar ibn al-Khattab, the Commander of the Believers, in regulating state affairs"., Al-Andalus (trans.   Berber: "Andalus"), also known as Muslim Spain or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal. At its greatest geographical extent in the eighth century, southern FranceSeptimaniawas briefly under its control. The name more generally describes parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors) at various times between 711 and 1492, though the boundaries changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed., Arabic (' or ' ) is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the "lingua franca" of the Arab world. Arabic also is a liturgical language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, and from northwestern Arabia to the Sinai in the south., Tangier ("anjah"; Berber: anja; old Berber name: Tingi, ; adapted to Roman: "Tingis"; other English name: Tangiers) is a major city in northwestern Morocco. It is located on the Maghreb coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region, as well as the Tangier-Assilah prefecture of Morocco., The Mediterranean Sea (pronounced ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water., Not to be confused with Abd al - Rahman I Moulay Abd al - Rahman ibn Hisham ( Marrakesh , 1778 -- Meknes , 28 August 1859 ) ( Arabic :    ) was the sultan of Morocco from 1822 to 1859 . He was a member of the Alaouite dynasty ., A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, "governor" may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and may be either appointed or elected. The power of the individual governor can vary dramatically between political systems, with some governors having only nominal and largely ceremonial power, while others having a complete control over the entire government., Abd al-Rahman I, more fully Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (731788), was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries (including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba). At the time it was known by the Arabs as al-Andalus. Abd al-Rahman's establishment of a government in al-Andalus represented a branching from the rest of the Caliphate of Damascus, which had been brought under the Abbasid following the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty from Damascus in 750., The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World"., Marrakesh, also known by the French spelling Marrakech (or  "Murrkuš"), is a major city of the Kingdom of Morocco. It is the fourth largest city in the country, after Casablanca, Fes and Tangier. It is the capital city of the mid-southwestern region of Marrakesh-Safi. Located to the north of the foothills of the snow-capped Atlas Mountains, Marrakesh is located southwest of Tangier, southwest of the Moroccan capital of Rabat, south of Casablanca, and northeast of Agadir., Agadir (Berber: Agadir; Moroccan Arabic: ) is a major city in Morocco, located on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean near the foot of the Atlas Mountains, just north of the point where the Sous River flows into the ocean. It is at a distance of 508 km to the south of Casablanca. It is the capital of the Agadir-Ida Ou Tanane Prefecture and of the Souss-Massa economic region. A majority of its inhabitants speak Shilha/Tashelhit, a Berber language of the Atlas branch, as their first language., Subject: abd al-rahman of morocco, Relation: place_of_birth, Options: (A) 11th century (B) africa (C) agadir (D) aleppo (E) algeria (F) anatolia (G) atlantic ocean (H) casablanca (I) central (J) centre (K) damascus (L) egypt (M) fes (N) franca (O) fully (P) gibraltar (Q) hejaz (R) iberia (S) iberian (T) ismaïlia (U) marrakesh (V) massa (W) mauritania (X) medina (Y) meknes (Z) mesopotamia ([) morocco (\) most (]) north africa (^) of (_) rabat (`) reconquista (a) roman (b) safi (c) salé (d) spain (e) sudan (f) tafilalt (g) tangier (h) union (i) walls
Output (English): fes