Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets., Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth, starting from a single origin of life. These processes include natural selection, common descent, and speciation., Mainstream economics is widely accepted economics as taught across prominent universities, in contrast to heterodox economics. It has been associated with neoclassical economics 
and with the neoclassical synthesis, which combines neoclassical methods and a Keynesian approach to macroeconomics., A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Resources are two types based upon their availability they are renewable and non renewable resource s.Typically resources are materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. Benefits of resource utilization may include increased wealth or wants, proper functioning of a system, or enhanced well being. From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants. From a broader biological or ecological perspective a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism (see biological resource)., Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all the organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition known as homeostasis., Introduction.
An award is something given to a person, a group of people, or an organization to recognize their excellence in a certain field; a certificate of excellence. Awards are often signified by trophies, titles, certificates, commemorative plaques, medals, badges, pins, or ribbons. An award may carry a monetary prize given to the recipient; for example, the Nobel Prize for contributions to society or the Pulitzer Prize for literary achievements. An award may also simply be a public acknowledgment of excellence, without any tangible token or prize of excellence., In game theory and economic theory, a zero-sum game is a mathematical representation of a situation in which each participant's gain or loss of utility is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the utility of the other participants. If the total gains of the participants are added up and the total losses are subtracted, they will sum to zero. Thus, cutting a cake, where taking a larger piece reduces the amount of cake available for others, is a zero-sum game if all participants value each unit of cake equally (see marginal utility). , Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules., A game is structured form of play, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements. However, the distinction is not clear-cut, and many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as jigsaw puzzles or games involving an artistic layout such as Mahjong, solitaire, or some video games)., Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor. There is evidence of common descent that all life on Earth is descended from the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). In July 2016, scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the LUCA of all organisms living on Earth., Evolutionary economics is part of mainstream economics as well as a heterodox school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology . Much like mainstream economics , it stresses complex interdependencies , competition , growth , structural change , and resource constraints but differs in the approaches which are used to analyze these phenomena . Evolutionary economics deals with the study of processes that transform economy for firms , institutions , industries , employment , production , trade and growth within , through the actions of diverse agents from experience and interactions , using evolutionary methodology . Evolutionary economics analyses the unleashing of a process of technological and institutional innovation by generating and testing a diversity of ideas which discover and accumulate more survival value for the costs incurred than competing alternatives . The evidence suggests that it could be adaptive efficiency that defines economic efficiency . Mainstream economic reasoning begins with the postulates of scarcity and rational agents ( that is , agents modeled as maximizing their individual welfare ) , with the `` rational choice '' for any agent being a straightforward exercise in mathematical optimization . There has been renewed interest in treating economic systems as evolutionary systems in the developing field of Complexity economics . Evolutionary economics does not take the characteristics of either the objects of choice or of the decision - maker as fixed . Rather its focus is on the non-equilibrium processes that transform the economy from within and their implications . The processes in turn emerge from actions of diverse agents with bounded rationality who may learn from experience and interactions and whose differences contribute to the change . The subject draws more recently on evolutionary game theory and on the evolutionary methodology of Charles Darwin and the non-equilibrium economics principle of circular and cumulative causation . It is naturalistic in purging earlier notions of economic change as teleological or necessarily improving the human condition . A different approach is to apply evolutionary psychology principles to economics which is argued to explain problems such as inconsistencies and biases in rational choice theory . Basic economic concepts such as utility may be better viewed as due to preferences that maximized evolutionary fitness in the ancestral environment but not necessarily in the current one ., Neoclassical synthesis is a postwar academic movement in economics that attempts to absorb the macroeconomic thought of John Maynard Keynes into the thought of neoclassical economics. Mainstream economics is largely dominated by the resulting synthesis, being largely Keynesian in macroeconomics and neoclassical in microeconomics., Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an individual or organization to "lead" or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations. The literature debates various viewpoints: contrasting Eastern and Western approaches to leadership, and also (within the West) US vs. European approaches. US academic environments define leadership as "a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task". Leadership seen from a European and non-academic perspective encompasses a view of a leader who can be moved not only by communitarian goals but also by the search for personal power., In economics, structural change is a shift or change in the basic ways a market or economy functions or operates. , Heterodox economics refers to schools of economic thought or methodologies that are outside "mainstream economics", often represented by expositors as contrasting with or going beyond neoclassical economics. "Heterodox economics" is an umbrella term used to cover various approaches, schools, or traditions. These include anarchist, socialist, Marxian, institutional, evolutionary, Georgist, Austrian, feminist, social, post-Keynesian (not to be confused with New Keynesian), and ecological economics among others. In the JEL classification codes developed by the "Journal of Economic Literature", heterodox economics is in the second of the 19 primary categories at:, Competition is, in general, a contest or rivalry between two or more organisms, animals, individuals, economic groups or social groups, etc., for territory, a niche, for resources, goods, for mates, for prestige, recognition, for awards, for group or social status, or for leadership and profit. It arises whenever at least two parties strive for a goal which cannot be shared, where one's gain is the other's loss (a zero-sum game)., Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in heritable traits of a population over time. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", and compared it with artificial selection., Speciation is the evolutionary process by which biological populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term 'speciation' in 1906 for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation in his 1859 book "The Origin of Species". He also identified sexual selection as a likely mechanism, but found it problematic., Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics focusing on the determination of goods, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand. This determination is often mediated through a hypothesized maximization of utility by income-constrained individuals and of profits by firms facing production costs and employing available information and factors of production, in accordance with rational choice theory., </div> War is a state of armed conflict between societies. It is generally characterized by extreme aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. An absence of war is usually called "peace". Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate military targets, and can result in massive civilian or other non-combatant casualties., Subject: evolutionary economics, Relation: part_of, Options: (A) art (B) biology (C) competition (D) earth (E) economics (F) evolution (G) game theory (H) heterodox economics (I) human (J) july (K) lead (L) literature (M) macroeconomics (N) may (O) organism (P) organization (Q) person (R) process (S) production (T) pulitzer prize (U) science (V) society (W) solar system (X) species (Y) sun (Z) supply and demand ([) system (\) universe (]) war (^) warfare (_) work
Output (English): heterodox economics