Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: A testbed (also "test bed") is a platform for conducting rigorous, transparent, and replicable testing of scientific theories, computational tools, and new technologies., In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is an emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide functionality of a physical computer. Their implementations may involve specialized hardware, software, or a combination., Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, that was established in its current form on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township. As of the 2010 United States Census, the municipality's population was 28,572, reflecting the former township's population of 16,265, along with the 12,307 in the former borough., PlanetLab is a group of computers available as a testbed for computer networking and distributed systems research. It was established in 2002 by Prof. Larry L. Peterson and Prof. David Culler, and as of June 2010, it was composed of 1090 nodes at 507 sites worldwide. Each research project has a "slice", or virtual machine access to a subset of the nodes., The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. The term "Ivy League" has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism., Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States., An intermediary (or go-between) is a third party that offers intermediation services between two parties. , The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser computer program in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland., CoDeeN is a proxy server system created at Princeton University in 2003 and deployed for general use on PlanetLab . It operates as per the following : Users set their internet caches to a nearby high bandwidth proxy that participates in the system . Requests to that proxy are then forwarded to an appropriate member of the system that is in charge of the file ( should be caching it ) and that has sent recent updates showing that it is still alive . The file is forwarded to the proxy and thence to the client . What this means for normal users is that if you use this and a server is slow , however the content is cached on the system , then ( after the first upload ) requests to that file will be fast . It also means that the request will not be satisfied by the original server , equivalent to free bandwidth . For rare files this system could be slightly slower than downloading the file itself . Especially for non-cacheable content , you may as well go to the origin host . The system 's speed is also subject to the constraint of number of participating proxies . For the case of large files requested by many peers , it uses a kind of ' multi-cast stream ' from one peer to the others , which then distribute out to their respective proxies . CoBlitz , a CDN technology firm ( 2006 -- 2009 ) , was a take - off of this , in that files are not saved in the web cache of a single member of the proxy - system , but are instead saved piece-wise across several members , and ' gathered up ' when they are requested . This allows for more sharing of disk space among proxies , and for higher fault tolerance . To access this system , URLs were prefixed with http://coblitz.codeen.org / . Verivue Inc. acquired CoBlitz in October 2010 ., In computer networks, a proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application) that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource available from a different server and the proxy server evaluates the request as a way to simplify and control its complexity. Proxies were invented to add structure and encapsulation to distributed systems. Today, most proxies are web proxies, facilitating access to content on the World Wide Web and providing anonymity., A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each other using a data link. The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet., Larry L. Peterson is a noted American computer scientist, known primarily as the Director of the PlanetLab Consortium, co-author (with Bruce Davie) of the networking textbook "Computer Networks: A Systems Approach," and for his research on the TCP Vegas congestion control algorithm and the x-kernel operating system., David Ethan Culler (born November 12, 1959) is a computer scientist and former Chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at the University of California, Berkeley. He is a Principal Investigator in the Software Defined Buildings (SDB) project at the EECS Department at Berkeley and the Faculty Director of the i4Energy Center. His research addresses networks of small, embedded wireless devices, planetary-scale internet services, parallel computer architecture, parallel programming languages, and high performance communication. This includes TinyOS, Berkeley Motes, PlanetLab, Networks of Workstations (NOW), Internet services, Active Message, Split-C, and the Threaded Abstract Machine (TAM)., Subject: codeen, Relation: instance_of, Options: (A) algorithm (B) athletic conference (C) borough (D) census (E) computer (F) computer architecture (G) county (H) department (I) director (J) eight (K) engineering (L) file (M) government (N) group (O) information (P) june (Q) league (R) machine (S) may (T) municipality (U) name (V) network (W) november (X) page (Y) party (Z) population ([) proxy server (\) research (]) research project (^) research university (_) resource (`) server (a) service (b) share (c) software (d) structure (e) subset (f) system (g) telecommunications network (h) test (i) textbook (j) township (k) university (l) virtual machine (m) web browser
Output (English): software