Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, or others may wield that power on behalf of the monarch. Typically a monarch either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state's sovereign rights (often referred to as "the throne" or "the crown") or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation's monarch. Alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication. , A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state that is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and shares the same person, currently Elizabeth II, as its head of state and reigning constitutional monarch, but retains a crown legally distinct from the other realms. As of 2017, there are 16 Commonwealth realms: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Jamaica, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tuvalu, Barbados, Grenada, Solomon Islands, Saint Lucia, The Bahamas, and the United Kingdom. , Jurisprudence is the science, study, and theory of law. It includes principles behind law that make the law. Scholars of jurisprudence, also known as jurists or legal theorists (including legal philosophers and social theorists of law), hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems, and of legal institutions. Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was focused on the first principles of the natural law, civil law, and the law of nations. General jurisprudence can be divided into categories both by the type of question scholars seek to answer and by the theories of jurisprudence, or schools of thought, regarding how those questions are best answered. Contemporary philosophy of law, which deals with general jurisprudence, addresses problems in two rough groups:, A personal union is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. It differs from a federation in that each constituent state has an independent government, whereas a unitary state is united by a central government. The ruler in a personal union does not need to be a hereditary monarch., The Crown dependencies are three territories of the United Kingdom: the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea, and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel. Being independently administered jurisdictions, they do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories. They are self-governing possessions of the Crown (defined uniquely in each jurisdiction). Internationally, the dependencies are considered "territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible" rather than as sovereign states. As a result, they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, they do have a relationship with the Commonwealth, the European Union, and other international organisations and are members of the BritishIrish Council. They are not part of the European Union (EU), although they are within the EU's customs area., A corporation sole is a legal entity consisting of a single ("sole") incorporated office, occupied by a single ("sole") natural person. A corporation sole is one of two types of corporation, the other being a corporation aggregate. This allows corporations (often religious corporations or Commonwealth governments) to pass without interval in time from one office holder to the next successor-in-office, giving the positions legal continuity with subsequent office holders having identical powers and possessions to their predecessors., The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th centurywhen it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdomsuntil 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain., The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their sub-divisions (such as Crown dependencies, provinces or states), although the term is not only a metonym for "the State". The Crown is a corporation sole that represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance in the monarchy of each country. These monarchies are united by the personal union of their monarch, but they are separate as states. The concept of the Crown developed first in the Kingdom of England as a separation of the literal crown and property of the nation state from the person and personal property of the monarch. The concept spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the legal lexicon of the other 15 independent realms and the three Crown dependencies. In this context it should not be confused with any physical crown, such as those of the British royal regalia., A feudal lordship is a Scottish feudal title that is held in baroneum , which Latin term means that its holder , who is called a feudal lord , is also always a feudal baron . A feudal lordship is an ancient title of nobility in Scotland . The holder may or may not be a Lord of Regality , which meant that the holder was appointed by the Crown and had the power of `` pit and gallows '' , meaning the power to authorise the death sentence . A Scottish feudal lord ranks above a Scottish feudal baron ( being a feudal baron of a higher degree ) , but below a lord of parliament which is a title in the Peerage of Scotland , and below a feudal earldom , which is a feudal barony of still higher degree than a feudal lordship . There are far fewer feudal lordships than feudal baronies , whilst feudal earldoms are very rare . While feudal barons originally sat in parliament ( along with the lords and higher nobility who made up the Peerage ) , all of the peerage , originally , was within the feudal system . Later , some of what used to be feudal lordships came to be known as peerages ( such as that of The Right Honourable The Lord Forrester ) while others were sold , inherited by greater peers , or otherwise disqualified from the modern - day peerage . The feudal rights were gradually emasculated and , with the demise of the Scottish parliament in 1707 , the right of feudal barons to sit in parliament ceased altogether , unless , that is , a feudal baron was also a Peer ( Peerage rights are dealt with elsewhere ) . Feudal lordships were all but abolished by Act of Parliament in 1747 , following the Jacobite Uprising . A feudal barony no longer carries any political power as such , although the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. ( Scotland ) Act 2000 has preserved the baronies themselves , and the quality , precedence and heraldic rights pertaining to these baronies . Between 1500 and 2000 feudal baronies may have been created , most the 15th , 16th and 17th centuries , since only about 400 baronies are identified as existing in 1405 ( ' Atlas of Scottish History to 1707 ' , Univ. of Edinburgh , 1996 ) . Because they fell into disuse , the substantiating paperwork for only a few hundred survives or has been identified . Burke 's Landed Gentry for Scotland lists only about 130 . A peer is invariably addressed as ' Lord Placename ' or ' Lord Such - and - so ' , whilst those holding a feudal lordship are addressed ' Lord of Placename ' or ' Baron of Placename ' and feudal barons are addressed as ' Baron of Placename ' or ' Placename ' . A female feudal baron is usually referred to as ' Lady Placename ' . The wife of a Lord receives the courtesy title ' Lady Placename ' , but the husband of a Lady , who holds a feudal barony in her own right , is just plain Mr. ' Surname ' . Lords of regality , feudal lords , and feudal barons are not to be confused with a manorial lordship ., A nation state is a type of state that joins the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation, from which it aims to derive its political legitimacy to rule and potentially its status as a sovereign state.
A state is specifically a political and geopolitical entity, whilst a nation is a cultural and ethnic one. The term "nation state" implies that the two coincide, in that a state has chosen to adopt and endorse a specific cultural group as associated with it., A monarchy is a form of government in which a group, usually a family called the dynasty, embodies the country's national identity and one of its members, called the monarch, exercises a role of sovereignty. The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (crowned republic), to partial and restricted ("constitutional" monarchy), to completely autocratic ("absolute" monarchy). Traditionally and in most cases, the monarch's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication, but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected. Each of these has variations: in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are, whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental capacity, and other factors. Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election. Finally, there have been cases where the term of a monarch's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved: an invasion being repulsed, for instance. Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy.
Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century, but it is no longer prevalent. Where it exists, it is now usually a constitutional monarchy, in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role, but exercises limited or no official political power: under the written or unwritten constitution, others have governing authority. Currently, 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state, 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. All European monarchies are constitutional ones, with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy, but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger. The monarchs of Cambodia, Japan, and Malaysia "reign, but do not rule" although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield. Although they reign under constitutions, the monarchs of Brunei, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations, either by constitutional mandate or by tradition., Subject: scottish feudal lordship, Relation: instance_of, Options: (A) acclamation (B) acting (C) channel (D) cohort (E) combination (F) constitutional monarchy (G) corporation (H) council (I) country (J) death (K) election (L) england (M) form of government (N) governance (O) government (P) head (Q) head of state (R) identity (S) interval (T) island (U) jurisdiction (V) jurisprudence (W) lexicon (X) may (Y) member (Z) monarch ([) monarchy (\) nation (]) part (^) person (_) philosophy (`) process (a) realm (b) reasoning (c) religion (d) result (e) rights (f) role (g) rule (h) science (i) sea (j) single (k) state (l) status (m) term (n) the crown (o) theory (p) three (q) throne (r) tradition (s) two (t) union (u) unitary state
Output (English): form of government