Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: August von Hayek (14 December 1871  11 June 1928) was an Austrian physician and botanist born in Vienna. He was the son of naturalist Gustav von Hayek and the father of economist Friedrich Hayek (18991992)., Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636, whose history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the world's most prestigious universities., The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict., Bratislava (or  also known by ) is the capital of Slovakia, and with a population of about 450,000, the country's largest city. The greater metropolitan area is home to more than 650,000 people. Bratislava is in southwestern Slovakia, occupying both banks of the River Danube and the left bank of the River Morava. Bordering Austria and Hungary, it is the only national capital that borders two sovereign states., Eugen Böhm Ritter von Bawerk (born "Eugen Böhm"; 12 February 1851  27 August 1914) was an Austrian economist who made important contributions to the development of the Austrian School of economics., Karl Gunnar Myrdal (6 December 1898  17 May 1987) was a Swedish economist, sociologist and politician. In 1974, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Friedrich Hayek for "their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena." He is best known in the United States for his study of race relations, which culminated in his book "". The study was influential in the 1954 landmark U.S. Supreme Court Decision "Brown v. Board of Education". In Sweden his work and political influence were important to the establishment of the Folkhemmet and the welfare state. , Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. It covers an area of , situated in the Carpathian Basin and bordered by Slovakia to the north, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, Slovenia to the west, Austria to the northwest, and Ukraine to the northeast. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world. Hungary's capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, classified as an Alpha- global city. Major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Gyr., World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved., Joseph Alois Schumpeter (8 February 1883  8 January 1950) was an Austrian-born American economist and political scientist. He briefly served as Finance Minister of Austria in 1919. In 1932 he became a professor at Harvard University where he remained until the end of his career. One of the most influential economists of the 20th century, Schumpeter popularized the term "creative destruction" in economics., David Ricardo (18 April 1772  11 September 1823) was a British political economist. He was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and James Mill., Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser ( German : ( viz ) ; July 10 , 1851 -- July 22 , 1926 ) was an early ( so - called `` first generation '' ) economist of the Austrian School of economics . Born in Vienna , the son of Privy Councillor Leopold von Wieser , a high official in the war ministry , he first trained in sociology and law . In 1872 , the year he took his degree , he encountered Austrian - school founder Carl Menger 's Grundsätze and switched his interest to economic theory . Wieser held posts at the universities of Vienna and Prague until succeeding Menger in Vienna in 1903 , where , with brother - in - law Eugen von Böhm - Bawerk , he shaped the next generation of Austrian economists including Ludwig von Mises , Friedrich Hayek and Joseph Schumpeter in the late 1890s and early 20th century . He became Austrian finance minister in 1917 . Wieser is renowned for two main works , Natural Value , which carefully details the alternative - cost doctrine and the theory of imputation , and his Social Economics ( 1914 ) , an ambitious attempt to apply it to the real world . His explanation of marginal utility theory was decisive , at least terminologically : It was his term Grenznutzen ( building on von Thünen 's Grenzkosten ) that developed into the standard term , `` marginal utility , '' not William Stanley Jevons 's `` final degree of utility '' or Menger 's `` value . '' His use of the modifier `` natural '' indicates that he regarded value as a `` natural category '' that would pertain to any society , no matter what institutions of property had been established . The economic calculation debate started with his notion of the paramount importance of accurate calculation to economic efficiency . Prices to him represented , above all , information about market conditions , and are thus necessary for any sort of economic activity . A socialist economy , therefore , would require a price system in order to operate . He also stressed the importance of the entrepreneur to economic change , which he saw as being brought about by `` the heroic intervention of individual men who appear as leaders toward new economic shores . '' This idea of leadership was later taken up by Joseph Schumpeter in his treatment of economic innovation . Unlike most other Austrian School economists , he rejected classical liberalism , writing that `` freedom has to be superseded by a system of order . '' This vision -- and his general solution to the role of the individual in history -- is best expressed in his final book , The Law of Power , published in his last year of life , a sociological examination of political order ., Edler was until 1919 the lowest rank of nobility in Austria-Hungary and Germany, just beneath a "Ritter" (hereditary knight), but above untitled nobles, who used only the nobiliary particle "von" before their surname. It was mostly given to civil servants and military officers, as well as those upon whom the lower rank of an Order had been conferred. The noun "Edler" comes from the adjective "edel" ("noble"), and translated literally means "noble [person]". In accordance with the rules of German grammar, the word can also appear as "Edle", "Edlem", or "Edlen" depending on case, gender, and number. , Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and lands represented in the Imperial Council, or "Cisleithania") and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or "Transleithania") that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867. Austria-Hungary consisted of two monarchies (Austria and Hungary), and one autonomous region: the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the Hungarian crown, which negotiated the CroatianHungarian Settlement ("Nagodba") in 1868. It was ruled by the House of Habsburg, and constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy. Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and the Hungarian states were co-equal. Foreign affairs and the military came under joint oversight, but all other governmental faculties were divided between respective states., Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of Austria's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Until the beginning of the 20th century, it was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site., International Organization is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the entire field of international affairs. It was established in 1947 and is published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the International Organization Foundation. The editor-in-chief is Jon Pevehouse (University of WisconsinMadison)., Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. Slovakia's territory spans about and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks. The capital and largest city is Bratislava. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family., The Czech Republic, also known by the short name Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of with mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia., Friedrich Hayek CH (8 May 189923 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his "pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena.", The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency., The Austrian School is a school of economic thought that is based on the concept of methodological individualism  that social phenomena result from the motivations and actions of individuals. It originated in late-19th and early-20th century Vienna with the work of Carl Menger, Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Friedrich von Wieser, and others. It was methodologically opposed to the Prussian Historical School (in a dispute known as Methodenstreit). Current-day economists working in this tradition are located in many different countries, but their work is still referred to as Austrian economics., Adam Smith (16 June 1723 NS  17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher, and author. He was a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and was a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era. He is best known for two classic works: "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" (1759), and "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as "The Wealth of Nations", is considered his "magnum opus" and the first modern work of economics., Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (29 September 1881  10 October 1973) was a theoretical Austrian School economist. Mises wrote and lectured extensively on behalf of classical liberalism. He is best known for his work on praxeology, a study of human choice and action., Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser (10 July 1851  22 July 1926) was an early (so-called "first generation") economist of the Austrian School of economics. Born in Vienna, the son of Privy Councillor Leopold von Wieser, a high official in the war ministry, he first trained in sociology and law. In 1872, the year he took his degree, he encountered Austrian-school founder Carl Menger's "Grundsätze" and switched his interest to economic theory. Wieser held posts at the universities of Vienna and Prague until succeeding Menger in Vienna in 1903, where, with brother-in-law Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, he shaped the next generation of Austrian economists including Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek and Joseph Schumpeter in the late 1890s and early 20th century. He became Austrian finance minister in 1917., Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, , or OPEP in several other languages) is an intergovernmental organization of 13 nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna. As of 2015, the 13 countries accounted for an estimated 42 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world's "proven" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by American-dominated multinational oil companies., Carl Menger (February 23, 1840  February 26, 1921) was an Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics. Menger contributed to the development of the theory of marginalism, (marginal utility), which rejected the cost-of-production theories of value, such as were developed by the classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Menger used his Subjective Theory of Value to arrive at what he considered one of the most powerful insights in economics: both sides gain from exchange., Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million people, Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about 6 million residents from more than 180 nations. Due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes., Subject: friedrich von wieser, Relation: date_of_birth, Options: (A) 1 (B) 10 (C) 10 july 1851 (D) 11 (E) 11 june 1928 (F) 11 november 1918 (G) 12 (H) 14 (I) 1636 (J) 17 (K) 17 may 1987 (L) 1723 (M) 1790 (N) 18 (O) 18 april 1772 (P) 1823 (Q) 1851 (R) 1867 (S) 1868 (T) 1871 (U) 1881 (V) 1898 (W) 19 (X) 1903 (Y) 1914 (Z) 1919 ([) 1921 (\) 1926 (]) 1928 (^) 193 (_) 1947 (`) 1960 (a) 1965 (b) 2 (c) 2001 (d) 2002 (e) 22 (f) 22 july 1926 (g) 23 (h) 28 (i) 28 july 1914 (j) 29 september 1881 (k) 3 (l) 450 (m) 5 (n) 510 (o) 6 (p) 6 december 1898 (q) 73 (r) 8 (s) 8 february 1883 (t) 8 january 1950 (u) august 1914 (v) december 1898 (w) july 1790 (x) july 1914 (y) june 1928 (z) march 1867 ({) november 1918 (|) october 1945 (}) october 1973
Output (English): 10 july 1851