Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Jonathan ben Uzziel ( Hebrew :     ) was one of the 80 tannaim who studied under Hillel the Elder . He is the author of Targum Jonathan and a book of kabbalah known as Megadnim . Jonathan ben Uzziel is mentioned in the Talmud ( Sukkah 28a ) . According to Zev Vilnai , Rabbi Shmuel ben Shimshon wrote about the tomb in 1210 : `` There is a large tree next to it , and the Ishmaelites ( Arabs ) bring oil and light a candle in his honor and make vows in his honor . '' An illustration of Yonatan ben Uzziel 's tomb appears in `` Ancestry of fathers and prophets '' ( Hebrew :    ) , a book printed in 1537 . The tomb of ben Uzziel is located in Amuka , Galilee near Safed , Israel . It is customary to visit ben Uzziel 's tomb on Rosh Chodesh , the first day of the lunar month , and on 26 Sivan ( the day on which he died , although visitors arrive all year round . A practice that began in the 17th century was to pray at the gravesite for a good marriage partner , for children , satisfaction from one 's children , a good livelihood , health and happiness . Many unmarried men and women pray there for a match . Doing so is considered a segula ( propitious remedy ) for finding one 's mate within the coming year . In his book `` Holy Places in the Land of Israel '' ( Hebrew :      ) , Zev Vilnai offers two theories for this custom ( a ) The practice developed from the Pseudo-Jonathan translation of the Bible on Deuteronomy 24:6 , where he writes that anyone who prevents the connection between a husband and wife forfeits his portion in the world - to - come ) ) ; ( b ) The practice is based on a mistaken reading of Rashi in Yevamot 17a s.v . `` Shehakol ponim sham , '' where he writes in reference to a place called Harpania ( Aramaic : -- -- -- ) `` Everyone goes there : all ineligible men ( pesulim ) who can not find a woman turn and go there . And it is deeper ( Amuka ) : and worse than Gehinnom . '' The words `` and it is deeper ( Amuka ) '' are the headwords to Rashi 's next comment , and do not relate to his preceding comment about men going to Harpania to look for women . However , the mistaken reading connects Rashi 's words to the community named Amuka . It is also widely believed that Jonathan ben Uzziel was single or childless , so men in similar situations seek to benefit from his special powers , but nowhere in the writings of Chazal is this stated ., Jewish history (or the history of the Jewish people) is the history of the Jews, and their religion and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions and cultures. Although Judaism as a religion first appears in Greek records during the Hellenistic period (323 BCE - 31 BCE) and the earliest mention of Israel is inscribed on the Merneptah Stele dated 12131203 BCE, religious literature tells the story of Israelites going back at least as far as c. 1500 BCE. The Jewish diaspora began with the Assyrian conquest and continued on a much larger scale with the Babylonian conquest. Jews were also widespread throughout the Roman Empire, and this carried on to a lesser extent in the period of Byzantine rule in the central and eastern Mediterranean. In 638 CE the Byzantine Empire lost control of the Levant. The Arab Islamic Empire under Caliph Omar conquered Jerusalem and the lands of Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. The Golden Age of Jewish culture in Spain coincided with the Middle Ages in Europe, a period of Muslim rule throughout much of the Iberian Peninsula. During that time, Jews were generally accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed., Babylon (or ; Aramaic: , "Babel", , "Bavel", , "Bbil") was a major city of ancient Mesopotamia in the fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The city was built upon the Euphrates and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. Babylon was originally a small Semitic Akkadian city dating from the period of the Akkadian Empire c. 2300 BC., In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah. This title derives from the Hebrew word ' , meaning "My Master" (irregular plural ' ), which is the way a student would address a master of Torah. The word "master" "" literally means "great one"., Tannaim (, singular , "Tanna" "repeaters", "teachers") were the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approximately 10-220 CE. The period of the "Tannaim", also referred to as the Mishnaic period, lasted about 210 years. It came after the period of the "Zugot" ("pairs"), and was immediately followed by the period of the "Amoraim" ("interpreters")., Hillel (Hebrew: ; variously called "Hillel HaGadol", or "Hillel HaZaken", "Hillel HaBavli" or "HaBavli". was born according to tradition in Babylon c. 110 BCE, died 10 CE in Jerusalem) was a famous Jewish religious leader, one of the most important figures in Jewish history. He is associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud. Renowned within Judaism as a sage and scholar, he was the founder of the House of Hillel school for "Tannaïm" (Sages of the "Mishnah") and the founder of a dynasty of Sages who stood at the head of the Jews living in the Land of Israel until roughly the fifth century of the Common Era., Targum Jonathan (   ), otherwise referred to as Targum Yonasan/Yonatan, is the official eastern (Babylonian) targum to the Nevi'im. Its early origins, however, are western (i.e. from the Land of Israel), and the Talmudic tradition attributes its authorship to Jonathan ben Uzziel (circa 50 BCE). Its overall style is very similar to that of Targum Onkelos, though at times it seems to be a looser paraphrase., The Talmud (Hebrew: ' "instruction, learning", from a root ' "teach, study") is a central text of Rabbinic Judaism. It is also traditionally referred to as, a Hebrew abbreviation of ', the "six orders", a reference to the six orders of the Mishnah. The term "Talmud" normally refers to the collection of writings named specifically the Babylonian Talmud "(Talmud Bavli)", although there is also an earlier collection known as the Jerusalem Talmud, or Palestinian Talmud"' "(Talmud Yerushalmi)". When referring to post-biblical periods, namely those of the creation of the Talmud, the Talmudic academies and the Babylonian exilarchate, Jewish sources use the term "Babylonia" long after it had become obsolete in geopolitical terms., The targumim (singular: "targum") were spoken paraphrases, explanations and expansions of the Jewish scriptures (also called the Tanakh) that a Rabbi would give in the common language of the listeners, which was then often Aramaic. That had become necessary near the end of the 1st century BCE, as the common language was in transition and Hebrew was used for little more than schooling and worship. Eventually, it became necessary to give explanations and paraphrases in the common language after the Hebrew scripture was read. The noun Targum is derived from early semitic quadriliteral root 'trgm', and the Akkadian term 'targummanu' refers to "translator, interpreter". It occurs in the Hebrew Bible in Ezra 4:7 "... and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian tongue and interpreted ('tirgam') in the Syrian tongue." Besides denoting the translations of the Bible, the term Targum also denote the oral rendering of Bible lections in synagogue, while the translator of the Bible was simply called as hammeturgem (he who translates). Other than the meaning "translate" the verb Tirgem also means "to explain". The word Targum refers to "translation" and argumentation or "explanation"., The House of Hillel ("Beit Hillel", also known as the Academy of Hillel), was a school of Jewish law and thought founded by the famed Hillel the Elder which thrived in 1st century B.C. Jerusalem. The House of Hillel is most widely known for its hundreds of disputes with the House of Shammai ("Beit Shammai"), founded by Shammai, a contemporary of Hillel's. Most of the disputes between the two schools involve Halakha (Jewish law); however, some involve arguments of Jewish philosophy. The final law almost always coincides with Beit Hillel because they constituted the majority, also because the House of Hillel studied the view of their opponents; indeed, sometimes it is considered improper, according to Jewish law, to follow the views of Beit Shammai. According to a statement on "Eruvin" 13b, the House of Hillel merited that halakhah be set according to them since they were calm and humble: not only did they teach the House of Shammai's teachings, but they said them first before their own.
Although Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel have hundreds of disputes in the Talmud, Hillel and Shammai themselves only have three recorded disputes. Indeed, the Talmud notes that, with the advent of Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel, ""ne'estah hatorah kishtei torot"" -- the Torah (Jewish law) became like two Torahs. It is the ninth most frequently mentioned in the Mishnah., Common Era or Current Era, abbreviated CE, is a calendar era that is used as an alternative naming of the "Anno Domini" era ("in the year of the Lord"), abbreviated AD. 
The system uses BCE as an abbreviation for "before the Common (or Current) Era" and CE as an abbreviation for "Common Era". The CE/BCE designation uses the same numeric values as the "Anno Domini" year-numbering system first used by the 6th-century Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus. Neither notation includes a year zero, and the two notations (CE/BCE and AD/BC) are numerically equivalent; thus " CE" corresponds to "AD ", and "400 BCE" corresponds to "400 BC". The Gregorian calendar and the year-numbering system associated with it is the calendar system with most widespread use in the world today. For decades, it has been the global standard, recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations and the Universal Postal Union., Zugot "Pairs" ("tqufath hazzughoth") refers to the hundred-year period during the time of the Second Temple (515 BCE  70 CE), in which the spiritual leadership of the Jews was in the hands of five successive generations of "zugoth" ("pairs") of religious teachers., The Mishnah or Mishna ("study by repetition"), from the verb "shanah" , or "to study and review", also "secondary", is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions known as the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic literature., Jerusalem , is a city located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. One of the oldest cities in the world, Jerusalem was named as ""Urusalima"" on ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets, probably meaning "City of Shalem" after a Canaanite deity, during the early Canaanite period (approximately 2400 BCE). During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 9th century BCE (Iron Age II), and in the 8th century the city developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah. It is considered a holy city in the three major Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam., Targum Onkelos (or Onqelos), , is the official eastern (Babylonian) targum (Aramaic translation) to the Torah. However, its early origins may have been western, in Israel. Its authorship is attributed to Onkelos, a famous convert to Judaism in Tannaic times (c. 35120 CE)., Subject: jonathan ben uzziel, Relation: occupation, Options: (A) author (B) construction (C) founder (D) islam (E) leader (F) major (G) master (H) monk (I) official (J) rabbi (K) religion (L) religious (M) student (N) teach (O) teacher (P) translation (Q) translator
Output (English): translator