Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: England and Wales is a legal jurisdiction covering England and Wales, two of the four countries of the United Kingdom, which form the constitutional successor to the former Kingdom of England and follow a single legal system, known as English law., The Lord Chancellor, formally the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, is a senior functionary in the government of the United Kingdom. They are appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Lord Chancellor is the second highest ranking of the Great Officers of State, ranking after only the Lord High Steward. Prior to the Union there were separate Lords Chancellor for England and Wales and for Scotland., Nicolaus Copernicus (; 19 February 1473  24 May 1543) was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, likely independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier. , Her Majesty's Government (HMG), commonly referred to as the UK government or British government, is the central government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland., Francis Bacon , 1st Viscount St Alban PC KC ( / bekn / ; 22 January 1561 -- 9 April 1626 ) was an English philosopher , statesman , scientist , jurist , orator , and author . He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England . After his death , he remained extremely influential through his works , especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution . Bacon has been called the father of empiricism . His works argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive and careful observation of events in nature . Most importantly , he argued this could be achieved by use of a skeptical and methodical approach whereby scientists aim to avoid misleading themselves . While his own practical ideas about such a method , the Baconian method , did not have a long lasting influence , the general idea of the importance and possibility of a skeptical methodology makes Bacon the father of scientific method . This marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science , the practical details of which are still central in debates about science and methodology today . Bacon was generally neglected at court by Queen Elizabeth , but after the ascension of King James I in 1603 , Bacon was knighted . He was later created Baron Verulam in 1618 and Viscount St. Alban in 1621 . Because he had no heirs , both titles became extinct upon his death in 1626 , at 65 years of age . Bacon died of pneumonia , with one account by John Aubrey stating that he had contracted the condition while studying the effects of freezing on the preservation of meat ., The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age., The position of Lord High Steward is the first of the Great Officers of State in England, nominally ranking above the Lord Chancellor., The scientific revolution is a concept used by historians to describe the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and transformed the views of society about nature. The scientific revolution took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. While its dates are debated, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus's "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres") is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution., Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It applies mathematics, physics, and chemistry, in an effort to explain the origin of those objects and phenomena and their evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, galaxies, and comets; while the phenomena include supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally, all astronomical phenomena that originate outside Earth's atmosphere are within the purview of astronomy. A related but distinct subject, physical cosmology, is concerned with the study of the Universe as a whole., De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres") is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the Renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (14731543). The book, first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire, offered an alternative model of the universe to Ptolemy's geocentric system, which had been widely accepted since ancient times., Subject: francis bacon, Relation: country_of_citizenship, Options: (A) british (B) earth (C) england (D) great britain (E) ireland (F) italy (G) kingdom of england (H) roman empire (I) scotland (J) united kingdom
Output (English): kingdom of england