Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Ecology (from , "house", or "environment"; -, "study of") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography, and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms, as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services., Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy., The Long Now Foundation, established in 1996, is a public, non-profit organization based in San Francisco that seeks to become the seed of a very long-term cultural institution. It aims to provide a counterpoint to what it views as today's "faster/cheaper" mindset and to promote "slower/better" thinking. The Long Now Foundation hopes to "creatively foster responsibility" in the framework of the next 10,000 years, and so uses 5-digit dates to address the Year 10,000 problem (e.g., by writing "02017" rather than "2017"). The organisation's logo, a capital X with an overline, is a representation of 10,000 in Roman numerals., The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, normally shortened to The WELL, is one of the oldest virtual communities in continuous operation. As of June 2012, it had 2,693 members. It is best known for its Internet forums, but also provides email, shell accounts, and web pages. The discussion and topics on The WELL range from deeply serious to trivial, depending on the nature and interests of the participants., Alternative education is a blanket term encompassing many different pedagogical approaches differing from that of the mainstream pedagogy employed in a culture. Such alternative learning environments may be found within state, charter, and independent schools as well as home-based learning environments. Many, but not all educational alternatives emphasize small class sizes, close relationships between students and teachers and a sense of community., Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets., A manifesto is a published verbal declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government. A manifesto usually accepts a previously published opinion or public consensus and/or promotes a new idea with prescriptive notions for carrying out changes the author believes should be made. It often is political or artistic in nature, but may present an individual's life stance. Manifestos relating to religious belief are generally referred to as creeds., Whole Earth Review (Whole Earth after 1997) was a magazine which was founded in January 1985 after the merger of the "Whole Earth Software Review" (a supplement to the "Whole Earth Software Catalog") and the "CoEvolution Quarterly". All of these periodicals are descendants of Stewart Brand's "Whole Earth Catalog". , Holism (from Greek "holos" "all, whole, entire") is the idea that systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not as collections of parts. This often includes the view that systems function as wholes and that their functioning cannot be fully understood solely in terms of their component parts., Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto is the sixth book by Stewart Brand, published by Viking Penguin in 2009. He sees Earth and people propelled by three transformations: climate change (global warming), urbanization and biotechnology. Brand tackles "touchy issues" like nuclear power, genetic engineering and geoengineering, "fully aware that many of the environmentalist readers he hopes to reach will start out disagreeing with him"., Stewart Brand (born December 14, 1938) is an American writer, best known as editor of the "Whole Earth Catalog". He founded a number of organizations, including The WELL, the Global Business Network, and the Long Now Foundation. He is the author of several books, most recently "Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto"., Self-sufficiency (also called self-containment) is the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction for survival; it is a type of personal or collective autonomy. On a national scale, a totally self-sufficient economy that does not trade with the outside world is called an autarky., The Whole Earth Catalog (WEC) was an American counterculture magazine and product catalog published by Stewart Brand several times a year between 1968 and 1972, and occasionally thereafter, until 1998. The magazine featured essays and articles, but was primarily focused on product reviews. The editorial focus was on self-sufficiency, ecology, alternative education, "do it yourself" (DIY), and holism, and featured the slogan "access to tools". While WEC listed and reviewed a wide range of products (clothing, books, tools, machines, seeds, etc.), it did not sell any of the products directly. Instead, the vendor's contact information was listed alongside the item and its review. This is why, while not a regularly published periodical, numerous editions and updates were required to keep price and availability information up to date., CoEvolution Quarterly ( 1974 -- 1985 ) is a descendant of Stewart Brand 's Whole Earth Catalog . Stewart Brand founded the CoEvolution Quarterly in 1974 using proceeds from the Whole Earth Catalog . It evolved out of the original Supplement to the Whole Earth Catalog . Fred Turner notes that in 1985 , Brand merged CoEvolution Quarterly with The Whole Earth Software Review ( a supplement to The Whole Earth Software Catalog ) to create the Whole Earth Review ., Subject: coevolution quarterly, Relation: instance_of, Options: (A) belief (B) book (C) brand (D) capital (E) catalog (F) chemical (G) class (H) climate (I) climate change (J) clothing (K) collective (L) competition (M) cultural institution (N) culture (O) december (P) descendant (Q) digit (R) economy (S) ecosystem (T) editor (U) education (V) energy (W) environment (X) foundation (Y) four (Z) function ([) government (\) group (]) history (^) home (_) house (`) idea (a) internet (b) keep (c) magazine (d) manifesto (e) methodology (f) mindset (g) operation (h) opinion (i) planet (j) political party (k) population (l) problem (m) process (n) product (o) public (p) range (q) science (r) sense (s) slogan (t) software (u) state (v) study (w) system (x) three (y) training (z) will
Output (English): magazine