Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Praxiteles (Greek: , etymology: " he who finishes his works") of Athens, the son of Cephisodotus the Elder, was the most renowned of the Attic sculptors of the 4th century BC. He was the first to sculpt the nude female form in a life-size statue. While no indubitably attributable sculpture by Praxiteles is extant, numerous copies of his works have survived; several authors, including Pliny the Elder, wrote of his works; and coins engraved with silhouettes of his various famous statuary types from the period still exist., Philosophy (from Greek , "philosophia", literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570  c. 495 BC). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument and systematic presentation. Classic philosophical questions include: Is it possible to know anything and to prove it? What is most real? However, philosophers might also pose more practical and concrete questions such as: Is there a best way to live? Is it better to be just or unjust (if one can get away with it)? Do humans have free will?, Athens ("Athína" ) is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years, and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus, which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BC incorporation with Athens. A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum, it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent, and in particular the Romans. In modern times, Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic, financial, industrial, maritime, political and cultural life in Greece. In 2015, Athens was ranked the world's 29th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study., The Apollo Lyceus ( Greek :   , Apolln Lukeios ) type , also known as Lycean Apollo , originating with Praxiteles and known from many full - size statue and figurine copies as well as from 1st century BCE Athenian coinage , is a statue type of Apollo showing the god resting on a support ( a tree trunk or tripod ) , his right forearm touching the top of his head and his hair fixed in braids on the top of a head in a haircut typical of childhood . It is called `` Lycean '' not after Lycia itself , but after its identification with a lost work described , though not attributed to a sculptor , by Lucian as being on show in the Lyceum , one of the gymnasia of Athens . According to Lucian , the god leaning on a support with his bow in his left hand and his right resting on his head is shown `` as if resting after long effort . '' Its main exemplar is the Apollino in Florence or Apollo Medici , in the Uffizi , Florence . The attribution , based on the type 's `` elongated proportions , elegant pose and somewhat effeminate anatomy '' , as Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway characterised it , is traditionally supported on the grounds of the type 's similarity to Praxiteles 's Hermes from Olympia - one replica of the Lycian Apollo even passed as a copy of the Hermes for a time . The comparison essentially rests on the Apollino , whose head has proportions similar to those of the Aphrodite of Cnidus and whose pronounced sfumato confirms the long - held idea that it is Praxitelean in style , in spite of the many differences amomng the extant examples . Nevertheless , most exemplars of this type exhibit a pronounced musculature which does not resemble masculine types normally attributed to Praxiteles - it has further been proposed that it is a work of his contemporary Euphranor , or of a 2nd - century BCE work The Apollino , for its part , would thus be an eclectic creation from the Roman era , mixing several styles from the `` second classicism '' ( i.e. from the 4th century BC ) . The famous pose with the arm resting on the head was so thoroughly identified with Apollo that it was used for the Hadrianic sculpture of Antinous as Apollo at Leptis Magna . With the Hellenistic and Roman depictions of a youthful Dionysus typologically not always distinguishable from Apollo , the pose seems to have been inherited by Dionysus , as in the 2nd century CE Ludovisi Dionysus , a Roman sculpture . The pose is also used in the Amazon statue types , and its long - established conventional expression of lassitude identified Sleeping Ariadne as well ., The Lycian language was the language of the ancient Lycians of the region known as Lycia in Anatolia (present day Turkey), during the Iron Age., A kouros (plural kouroi) is the modern term given to free-standing ancient Greek sculptures which first appear in the Archaic period in Greece and represent nude male youths. In Ancient Greek "kouros" means "youth, boy, especially of noble rank". The term "kouros" was first proposed for what were previously thought to be depictions of Apollo by V. I. Leonardos in 1895 in relation to the youth from Keratea, and adopted by Henri Lechat as a generic term for the standing male figure in 1904. Such statues are found across the Greek-speaking world; the preponderance of these were found in sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios, Boeotia, alone. These free-standing sculptures were typically marble, but the form is also rendered in limestone, wood, bronze, ivory and terracotta. They are typically life-sized, though early colossal examples are up to 3 meters tall., Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: , "Apolln"; Doric: , "Apelln"; Arcadocypriot: , "Apeiln"; Aeolic: , "Aploun") is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the "kouros" (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as "Apulu"., Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations to arise independently. Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer (commonly referred to as Menes). The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age., A silhouette is the image of a person, animal, object or scene represented as a solid shape of a single color, usually black, with its edges matching the outline of the subject. The interior of a silhouette is featureless, and the whole is typically presented on a light background, usually white, or none at all. The silhouette differs from an outline, which depicts the edge of an object in a linear form, while a silhouette appears as a solid shape. Silhouette images may be created in any visual artistic media, but was first used to describe pieces of cut paper, which were then stuck to a backing in a contrasting colour, and often framed., Lycia (Lycian:  "Trmmis" ) was a geopolitical region in Anatolia in what are now the provinces of Antalya and Mula on the southern coast of Turkey, and Burdur Province inland. Known to history since the records of ancient Egypt and the Hittite Empire in the Late Bronze Age, it was populated by speakers of the Luwian language group. Written records began to be inscribed in stone in the Lycian language (a later form of Luwian) after Lycia's involuntary incorporation into the Achaemenid Empire in the Iron Age. At that time (546 BC) the Luwian speakers were decimated, and Lycia received an influx of Persian speakers., Subject: lyceus, Relation: material_used, Options: (A) bronze (B) concrete (C) iron (D) limestone (E) marble (F) paper (G) stone
Output (English): marble