Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos, Latinized as Palaeologus ("Knstantinos XI Dragass Palaiologos"; 8 February 1405  29 May 1453) was the last reigning Byzantine Emperor, reigning as a member of the Palaiologos dynasty from 1449 to his death in battle at the fall of Constantinople. Following his death, he became a legendary figure in Greek folklore as the "Marble Emperor" who would awaken and recover the Empire and Constantinople from the Ottomans. His death marked the end of the Roman Empire, which had continued in the East for 977 years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire., George Sphrantzes , also Phrantzes or Phrantza ( Greek :   or  ; 1401 -- c. 1478 ) was a late Byzantine Greek historian and Imperial courtier . He was an attendant to Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos , protovestiarites ( `` Lord of the Imperial Wardrobe '' ) under John VIII Palaiologos , and a close confident to Constantine XI Palaiologos . He was an eyewitness of the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , made a slave by the victorious Turks , but ransomed shortly afterwards . Sphrantzes served the surviving members of the Palaiologian family for the next several years until taking monastic vows in 1472 . It was while a monk he wrote his history , which ends with the notice of Sultan Mehmed II 's attempt to capture Naupaktos , which he dates to the summer of 1477 ; Sphrantzes is assumed to have died not long after that event ., Byzantium ("Byzántion") was an ancient Greek colony on the site that later became Constantinople, and later still Istanbul. Byzantium was colonised by the Greeks from Megara in ., Tonsure is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word "tnsra" (meaning "clipping" or "shearing") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem. "Tonsure" also refers to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning., The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic., Constantinople  was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (3301204 and 12611453), and also of the brief Latin (12041261), and the later Ottoman (14531923) empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD., Manuel II Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek:   , "Manoul II Palaiologos") (27 June 1350  21 July 1425) was Byzantine Emperor from 1391 to 1425. Shortly before his death he was tonsured a monk and received the name "Matthew". He is commemorated on July 21., The Ottoman Empire ('; Modern Turkish: ' or '), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey, was an empire founded at the end of the thirteenth century in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror., The Fall of Constantinople ('; Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by the then 21-year-old Mehmed the Conqueror, the seventh sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53-day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453., Subject: george sphrantzes, Relation: languages_spoken_or_written, Options: (A) ancient greek (B) greek (C) latin (D) medieval greek (E) turkish
Output (English): ancient greek