Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: The Section d'Or ("Golden Section"), also known as Groupe de Puteaux (or Puteaux Group), was a collective of painters, sculptors, poets and critics associated with Cubism and Orphism. Based in the Parisian suburbs, the group held regular meetings at the home of the Duchamp brothers in Puteaux and at the studio of Albert Gleizes in Courbevoie. Active from 1911 to around 1914, members of the collective came to prominence in the wake of their controversial showing at the Salon des Indépendants in the spring of 1911. This showing by Albert Gleizes, Jean Metzinger, Robert Delaunay, Henri le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Marie Laurencin (at the request of Apollinaire), created a scandal that brought Cubism to the attention of the general public for the first time., Neo-Impressionism is a term coined by French art critic Félix Fénéon in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat. Seurats greatest masterpiece, "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte", marked the beginning of this movement when it first made its appearance at an exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants (Salon des Indépendants) in Paris. Around this time, the peak of Frances modern era emerged and many painters were in search of new methods. Followers of Neo-Impressionism, in particular, were drawn to modern urban scenes as well as landscapes and seashores. Science-based interpretation of lines and colors influenced Neo-Impressionists' characterization of their own contemporary art. The Pointillist and Divisionist techniques are often mentioned in this context, because it was the dominant technique in the beginning of the Neo-impressionist movement., Montmartre is a large hill in Paris's 18th arrondissement. It is 130 metres (430 feet) high and gives its name to the surrounding district, part of the Right Bank in the northern section of the city. The historic district established by the City of Paris in 1995 is bordered by "rue Caulaincourt" and "rue Custine" on the north; "rue de Clignancourt" on the east; "boulevard de Clichy" and "boulevard de Rochechouart" to the south. containing sixty hectares. Montmartre is primarily known for the white-domed Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur on its summit and as a nightclub district. The other, older, church on the hill is Saint Pierre de Montmartre, which claims to be the location at which the Jesuit order of priests was founded., Georges-Pierre Seurat (2 December 1859  29 March 1891) was a French post-Impressionist painter and draftsman. He is noted for his innovative use of drawing media and for devising the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism. Seurat's artistic personality was compounded of qualities which are usually supposed to be opposed and incompatible: on the one hand, his extreme and delicate sensibility; on the other, a passion for logical abstraction and an almost mathematical precision of mind. His large-scale work, "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" (18841886), altered the direction of modern art by initiating Neo-impressionism, and is one of the icons of late 19th-century painting., Félix Fénéon (22 June 1861, Turin, Italy  29 February 1944, Châtenay-Malabry) was a Parisian anarchist and art critic during the late 19th century. He coined the term "Neo-Impressionism" in 1886 to identify a group of artists led by Georges Seurat, and ardently promoted them., Abstraction-Création was a loose association of artists formed in Paris in 1931 to counteract the influence of the Surrealist group led by André Breton., Montparnasse() is an area of Paris, France, on the left bank of the river Seine, centred at the crossroads of the Boulevard du Montparnasse and the Rue de Rennes, between the Rue de Rennes and boulevard Raspail. Montparnasse was absorbed into the capital's 14th arrondissement in 1669 ., Staatliches Bauhaus, commonly known simply as Bauhaus, was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicised and taught., Albert Gleizes (8 December 1881  23 June 1953) was a French artist, theoretician, philosopher, a self-proclaimed founder of Cubism and an influence on the School of Paris. Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger wrote the first major treatise on Cubism, "Du "Cubisme"", 1912. Gleizes was a founding member of the Section d'Or group of artists. He was also a member of Der Sturm, and his many theoretical writings were originally most appreciated in Germany, where especially at the Bauhaus his ideas were given thoughtful consideration. Gleizes spent four crucial years in New York, and played an important role in making America aware of modern art. He was a member of the Society of Independent Artists, founder of the Ernest-Renan Association, and both a founder and participant in the Abbaye de Créteil. Gleizes exhibited regularly at Léonce Rosenbergs "Galerie de lEffort Moderne" in Paris; he was also a founder, organizer and director of Abstraction-Création. From the mid-1920s to the late 1930s much of his energy went into writing, e.g., "La Peinture et ses lois" (Paris, 1923), "Vers une conscience plastique: La Forme et lhistoire" (Paris, 1932) and "Homocentrisme" (Sablons, 1937)., Paris (French: ) is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of and a population in 2013 of 2,229,621 within its administrative limits. The city is both a commune and department, and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an area of and a population in 2014 of 12,005,077, comprising 18.2 percent of the population of France., Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century. The term is broadly used in association with a wide variety of art produced in Paris (Montmartre, Montparnasse and Puteaux) during the 1910s and extending through the 1920s., The Société des Artistes Indépendants ("Society of Independent Artists"), Salon des Indépendants was formed in Paris on 29 July 1884. The association began with the organization of massive exhibitions in Paris, choosing the slogan ""sans jury ni récompense"" ("without jury nor reward"). Albert Dubois-Pillet, Odilon Redon, Georges Seurat and Paul Signac were among its founders. For the following three decades their annual exhibitions set the trends in art of the early 20th century, along with the Salon d'Automne. This is where artworks were often first displayed and widely discussed. World War I brought a closure to the salon, though the "Artistes Indépendants" remained active. Since 1920, the headquarters is located in the vast basements of the Grand Palais (next door to the "Société des Artistes Français", the "Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts", the Société du Salon d'Automne, and others)., Der Sturm was a German art and literary magazine covering Expressionism, Cubism, Dada and Surrealism, among other artistic movements. It was published between 1910 and 1932., Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf., Pointillism is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image. Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the technique in 1886, branching from Impressionism. The term "Pointillism" was first coined by art critics in the late 1880s to ridicule the works of these artists, and is now used without its earlier mocking connotation. The movement Seurat began with this technique is known as Neo-Impressionism. The Divisionists, too, used a similar technique of patterns to form images, though with larger cube-like brushstrokes., A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte painted in 1884, is one of Georges Seurat's most famous works. It is a leading example of pointillism technique, executed on a large canvas. Seurat's composition includes a number of Parisians at a park on the banks of the River Seine., Society of Independent Artists was an association of American artists founded in 1916 and based in New York., Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger ( June 24 , 1883 -- November 3 , 1956 ) was a major 20th - century French painter , theorist , writer , critic and poet , who along with Albert Gleizes , developed the theoretical foundations of Cubism . His earliest works , from 1900 to 1904 , were influenced by the Neo-impressionism of Georges Seurat and Henri - Edmond Cross . Between 1904 and 1907 Metzinger worked in the Divisionist and Fauvist styles with a strong Cézannian component , leading to some of the first proto - Cubist works . From 1908 Metzinger experimented with the faceting of form , a style that would soon become known as Cubism . His early involvement in Cubism saw him both as an influential artist and principal theorist of the movement . The idea of moving around an object in order to see it from different view - points is treated , for the first time , in Metzinger 's Note sur la Peinture , published in 1910 . Before the emergence of Cubism , painters worked from the limiting factor of a single view - point . Metzinger , for the first time , in Note sur la peinture , enunciated the interest in representing objects as remembered from successive and subjective experiences within the context of both space and time . Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote the first major treatise on Cubism in 1912 , entitled Du `` Cubisme '' . Metzinger was a founding member of the Section d'Or group of artists . Metzinger was at the center of Cubism both because of his participation and identification of the movement when it first emerged , because of his role as intermediary among the Bateau - Lavoir group and the Section d'Or Cubists , and above all because of his artistic personality . During the First World War Metzinger furthered his role as a leading Cubist with his co-founding of the second phase of the movement , referred to as Crystal Cubism . He recognized the importance of mathematics in art , through a radical geometrization of form as an underlying architectural basis for his wartime compositions . The establishing of the basis of this new perspective , and the principles upon which an essentially non-representational art could be built , led to La Peinture et ses lois ( Painting and its Laws ) , written by Albert Gleizes in 1922 - 23 . As post-war reconstruction began , a series of exhibitions at Léonce Rosenberg 's Galerie de L'Effort Moderne were to highlight order and allegiance to the aesthetically pure . The collective phenomenon of Cubism -- now in its advanced revisionist form -- became part of a widely discussed development in French culture , with Metzinger at its helm . Crystal Cubism was the culmination of a continuous narrowing of scope in the name of a return to order ; based upon the observation of the artists relation to nature , rather than on the nature of reality itself . In terms of the separation of culture and life , this period emerges as the most important in the history of Modernism . For Metzinger , the classical vision had been an incomplete representation of real things , based on an incomplete set of laws , postulates and theorems . He believed the world was dynamic and changing in time , that it appeared different depending on the point of view of the observer . Each of these viewpoints were equally valid according to underlying symmetries inherent in nature . For inspiration , Niels Bohr , the Danish physicist and one of the principle founders of quantum mechanics , hung in his office a large painting by Metzinger , La Femme au Cheval , a conspicuous early example of ' mobile perspective ' implementation ( also called simultaneity ) ., Henri-Edmond Cross, born Henri-Edmond-Joseph Delacroix, (20 May 1856  16 May 1910) was a French painter and printmaker. He is most acclaimed as a master of Neo-Impressionism and he played an important role in shaping the second phase of that movement. He was a significant influence on Henri Matisse and many other artists. His work was instrumental in the development of Fauvism., Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse (31 December 1869  3 November 1954) was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter., Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (24 June 1883  3 November 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote a theoretical work on Cubism. His earliest works, from 1900 to 1904, were influenced by the Neo-impressionism of Georges Seurat and Henri-Edmond Cross. Between 1904 and 1907 Metzinger worked in the Divisionist and Fauvist styles with a strong Cézannian component, leading to some of the first proto-Cubist works., L'Abbaye de Créteil or Abbaye group was a utopian artistic and literary community founded during the month of October, 1906. It was named after the Créteil Abbey, as most gatherings took place in that suburb of Paris., Subject: jean metzinger, Relation: date_of_death, Options: (A) 12 (B) 130 (C) 16 (D) 1669 (E) 1856 (F) 1859 (G) 1861 (H) 1883 (I) 1884 (J) 1886 (K) 1891 (L) 1900 (M) 1906 (N) 1910 (O) 1911 (P) 1914 (Q) 1916 (R) 1919 (S) 1931 (T) 1932 (U) 1933 (V) 1944 (W) 1953 (X) 1956 (Y) 2 (Z) 2 december 1859 ([) 20 (\) 20 may 1856 (]) 2013 (^) 22 june 1861 (_) 229 (`) 24 (a) 29 (b) 29 march 1891 (c) 3 november 1956 (d) 31 december 1869 (e) 430 (f) 8 (g) 82 (h) february 1944 (i) july 1884 (j) june 1953
Output (English): 3 november 1956