Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In developing the current Constitution of France (1958), former French president Charles de Gaulle said the head of state should embody "the spirit of the nation" (""). In some countries, typically those with parliamentary governments, the head of state is a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day-to-day government activities and may not even be empowered to exercise any kind of political authority (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom). In other countries, the head of state is also the head of government, such as in the U.S., where the president is both a public figurehead and the actual highest ranking political leader who, in practice, oversees the executive branch., Random House is the largest general-interest paperback publisher in the world. 
As of 2013, it is part of Penguin Random House, which is jointly owned by German media conglomerate Bertelsmann and British global education and publishing company Pearson PLC., The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over a land area of just , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term "New York minute". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world., The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also referred to as the American War of Independence and the Revolutionary War in the United States, was an armed conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies that after onset of the war declared independence as the United States of America., Jon Ellis Meacham (born May 20, 1969) is executive editor and executive vice president at Random House. He is a former editor-in-chief of "Newsweek", a contributing editor to "Time" magazine, editor-at-large of WNET, and a commentator on politics, history, and religious faith in America. He won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for "American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House"., South Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean., Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767  June 8, 1845) was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. He was born somewhere near the then-unmarked border between North and South Carolina, into a recently immigrated Scots-Irish farming family of relatively modest means. During the American Revolutionary War, Jackson, whose family supported the revolutionary cause, acted as a courier. At age 13, he was captured and mistreated by the British army. He moved to new lands in Tennessee becoming a lawyer, planter and militia commander. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate but was not prominent there., The President of the United States (POTUS) is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces., The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America., American Lion : Andrew Jackson in the White House is a 2008 biography by Jon Meacham of Andrew Jackson , the seventh President of the United States . It won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Biography . Meacham , the editor of Newsweek magazine , said he named the book American Lion as an attempt `` not to lionize Jackson but to capture the contradictions at his core . If he were on your side , he would do all he could to protect you . If he believed you a foe , then he was a ferocious and merciless predator . '' He chose to write the book because he felt `` Jackson represents the best of us and the worst of us '' , citing Jackson 's simultaneous capacity for both kindness and cruelty . Meacham said he sought not to whitewash Jackson or `` all his sins , which are enormous '' , such as his support of slavery and Indian removal . Meacham said he believes understanding Jackson helps understand the shape of American politics , including popular campaigning techniques , media manipulation , and engaging citizens in the narrative of politics while simultaneously governing . Meacham said , `` All of these features flowered in the age of Jackson , and they all feel very contemporary . '' Meacham 's book was published within five years of the release of several books about Andrew Jackson by such authors as Sean Wilentz , Daniel Walker Howe and Andrew Burstein . Robert Roper , an author who reviewed American Lion for the Los Angeles Times , said Meacham 's book did not contest the portraits painted in those books , but rather it `` selectively enriches that version with graceful new readings of some formerly overlooked primary materials , '' including the private papers of members of Jackson 's family circle , Most of the previously unpublished correspondence was found in archives at The Hermitage , Jackson 's estate in Nashville , Tennessee . American Lion focuses a great deal on the Bank War , the federal tariff on imports , and the Petticoat affair , of which Meachem claims in his book , `` the future of the American presidency was at stake '' . American Lion received generally positive reviews . In The Washington Post , Douglas Brinkley called it `` the most readable single - volume biography ever written of our seventh president '' . The New York Times literary critic Janet Maslin called it a `` carefully analytical biography ( which ) looks past the theatrics and posturing to the essential elements of Jackson 's many showdowns '' . Presidential biographer Doris Kearns Goodwin called American Lion `` a beautifully written , absolutely riveting story '' , and historian Michael Beschloss called it `` a spellbinding , brilliant and irresistible journey ( that ) shows us how the old hero transformed both the American presidency and the nation he led . '' When the Pulitzer Prize jury awarded the book in 2009 , it called the prose `` agile '' and the book an `` unflinching portrait '' ., Head of government is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, (commonly referred to as countries, nations or nation-states) who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. The term "head of government" is often differentiated from the term "head of state", (e.g. as in article 7 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, article 1 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol list), as they may be separate positions, individuals, and/or roles depending on the country., The Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American (Hungarian-born) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, and is administered by Columbia University in New York City. Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each winner receives a certificate and a US$15,000 cash award (raised from $10,000 starting in 2017). The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal., Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine founded in 1933. It was published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region., Joseph Pulitzer (born József Pulitzer; April 10, 1847  October 29, 1911) was a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the "St. Louis Post Dispatch" and the "New York World". Pulitzer introduced the techniques of yellow journalism to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s. He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption, and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York., Columbia University (officially Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain. Columbia is the oldest college in the state of New York and the fifth chartered institution of higher learning in the country, making it one of nine colonial colleges founded before the Declaration of Independence. After the American Revolutionary War, King's College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. A 1787 charter placed the institution under a private board of trustees before it was renamed Columbia University in 1896 when the campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its current location in Morningside Heights occupying of land. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities, and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D. degree., Subject: american lion , Relation: publisher, Options: (A) columbia university (B) english (C) france (D) liberty (E) paperback (F) penguin (G) random house (H) the atlantic (I) united nations (J) united states of america
Output (English): random house