Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Pinyin, or Hàny Pnyn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is normally written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones. Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters., A breve (less often  neuter form of the Latin "brevis" short, brief) is the diacritic mark , shaped like the bottom half of a circle. As used in Ancient Greek, it is also called vrachy or brachy. It resembles the caron (the wedge or "háek" in Czech) but is rounded; the caron has a sharp tip., Romanization or Latinization (or romanisation, latinisation: see spelling differences), in linguistics, is the conversion of writing from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into "phonemic transcription", which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict "phonetic transcription", which records speech sounds with precision.,  ( minuscule :  ) is a modified letter of the Latin alphabet , formed from ezh (  ) with the addition of a caron . In the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet , it represents the sound ( d ) . Following its UPA usage , it was adopted in the Skolt Sami and Laz language alphabet for the same value . It typically appears doubled , where it represents a geminate / dd / . e.g. viâd `` to fetch '' . Until 2007 it was also used by Olonets Karelian language ., Classical Latin is the modern term used to describe the form of the Latin language recognized as standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. In some later periods, it was regarded as "good" Latin, with later versions being viewed as debased or corrupt. The word "Latin" is now taken by default as meaning "Classical Latin", so that, for example, modern Latin textbooks describe classical Latin. Marcus Tullius Cicero and his contemporaries of the late republic, while using "lingua Latina" and "sermo Latinus" to mean the Latin language as opposed to the Greek or other languages, and "sermo vulgaris" or "sermo vulgi" to refer to the vernacular, regarded the speech they valued most and in which they wrote as "Latinitas", "Latinity", with the implication of good. Sometimes it is called "sermo familiaris", "speech of the good families", "sermo urbanus", "speech of the city" or rarely "sermo nobilis", "noble speech", but mainly besides "Latinitas" it was "Latine" (adverb), "in good Latin", or "Latinius" (comparative degree of adjective), "good Latin"., A writing system is any conventional method of visually representing verbal communication. While both writing and speech are useful in conveying messages, writing differs in also being a reliable form of information storage and transfer. The processes of encoding and decoding writing systems involve shared understanding between writers and readers of the meaning behind the sets of characters that make up a script. Writing is usually recorded onto a durable medium, such as paper or electronic storage, although non-durable methods may also be used, such as writing on a computer display, in sand, or by skywriting., A diacritic  also diacritical mark, diacritical point, or diacritical sign  is a glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek ("diakritikós", "distinguishing"), from ("diakrn", "to distinguish"). "Diacritic" is primarily an adjective, though sometimes used as a noun, whereas "diacritical" is only ever an adjective. Some diacritical marks, such as the acute () and grave (`), are often called "accents". Diacritical marks may appear above or below a letter, or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters., The circumflex is a diacritic in the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic scripts that is used in the written forms of many languages and in various romanization and transcription schemes. It received its English name from Latin "circumflexus" "bent around"a translation of the Greek  ("perispmén"). The circumflex in the Latin script is chevron-shaped ( ), while the Greek circumflex may be displayed either like a tilde ( ) or like an inverted breve (   )., In Slavic languages, iotation is a form of palatalization that occurs when a consonant comes into contact with a palatal approximant /j/ from the succeeding morpheme. The /j/ is represented by iota () in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Greek alphabet on which it is based. For example, "ni" in English "onion" has the sound of iotated "n". Iotation is a distinct phenomenon from Slavic first palatalization in which only the front vowels are involved, but the final result is similar., Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets., Egypt (; ', , "Kimi"), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt. It is the world's only contiguous Afrasian nation., The classical Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is a writing system originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. The Latin alphabet evolved from the visually similar Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet, which was itself descended from the Phoenician abjad, which in turn was derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics. The Etruscans who ruled early Rome adopted the Cumaean Greek alphabet which was modified over time to become the Etruscan alphabet, which was in turn adopted and further modified by the Romans to produce the Latin alphabet., The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC It was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and was the first alphabetic script to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants. It is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts. Apart from its use in writing the Greek language, in both its ancient and its modern forms, the Greek alphabet today also serves as a source of technical symbols and labels in many domains of mathematics, science and other fields., An abjad (pronounced or ) is a type of writing system where each symbol stands for a consonant, leaving the reader to supply the appropriate vowel. The name "abjad" is based on the old Arabic alphabet's first four letters - a, b, j, d, to replace the common terms "consonantary", "consonantal alphabet" or "syllabary" to refer to the family of scripts called West Semitic., A caron, háek or haek (from Czech) also known as a hachek, wedge, inverted circumflex, inverted hat, is a diacritic ( ) placed over certain letters to indicate present or historical palatalization, iotation, or postalveolar pronunciation in the orthography of some Baltic, Slavic, Finnic, Samic, Berber and other languages. The caron also indicates the third tone (falling and then rising) in the Pinyin romanization of Mandarin Chinese. It is also used to decorate symbols in mathematics, where it is often pronounced ("check").
It looks similar to a breve (), but has a sharp tip, like an inverted circumflex (), while a breve is rounded. , Subject: ezh with caron, Relation: part_of, Options: (A) 9th century (B) africa (C) arab (D) arabic (E) asia (F) bottom (G) chinese (H) city (I) computer (J) country (K) empire (L) english (M) family (N) gaza strip (O) greek alphabet (P) language (Q) latin alphabet (R) latin script (S) libya (T) linguistics (U) mathematics (V) may (W) medium (X) name (Y) phenomenon (Z) slavic languages ([) system (\) writing (]) writing system
Output (English): latin script