Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Spy fiction, a genre of literature involving espionage as an important context or plot device, emerged in the early twentieth century, inspired by rivalries and intrigues between the major powers, and the establishment of modern intelligence agencies. It was given new impetus by the development of fascism and communism in the lead-up to World War II, continued to develop during the Cold War, and received a fresh impetus from the emergence of rogue states, international criminal organizations, global terrorist networks, maritime piracy and technological sabotage and espionage as potent threats to Western societies., Leonard Cyril Deighton (born 18 February 1929), known as Len Deighton, is a British author. Deighton is considered one of the top three spy novelists of his time (along with Ian Fleming and John le Carré). In addition he is a highly acclaimed military historian, cookery writer, and graphic artist. "The IPCRESS File", his first novel, was an instant bestseller and broke the mould of thriller writing. The Sunday Times dubbed him "the poet of the spy story". Deightons first protagonist  a nameless spy christened Harry Palmer in the films  was made famous worldwide in the iconic 1960s films starring Michael Caine., Espionage (colloquially, spying) is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring (a cooperating group of spies), in the service of a government or a company, or operating independently. The practice is inherently clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a subset of "intelligence" gathering, which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources., Contraband ( 1940 ) is a wartime spy film by the British director - writer team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger , which reunited stars Conrad Veidt and Valerie Hobson after their earlier appearance in The Spy in Black the previous year . On this occasion , Veidt plays a hero , something he did not do very often , and there is also an early ( uncredited ) performance by Leo Genn . The title of the film in the United States was Blackout . Powell writes in his autobiography , A Life in Movies , as saying that the U.S. renaming was a better title and he wished he had thought of it ., Emeric Pressburger (5 December 19025 February 1988) was a Hungarian British screenwriter, film director, and producer. He is best known for his series of film collaborations with Michael Powell, in an award-winning collaboration partnership known as the Archers and produced a series of films, notably "49th Parallel" (1941), "The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp" (1943), "A Matter of Life and Death" (1946, also called "Stairway to Heaven"), "Black Narcissus" (1947), "The Red Shoes" (1948), and "The Tales of Hoffmann" (1951)., Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899  29 April 1980) was an English film director and producer, at times referred to as "The Master of Suspense". He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres. He had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as England's best director. Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939, and became a US citizen in 1955., The spy film genre deals with the subject of fictional espionage, either in a realistic way (such as the adaptations of John le Carré) or as a basis for fantasy (such as many James Bond films). Many novels in the spy fiction genre have been adapted as films, including works by John Buchan, le Carré, Ian Fleming (Bond) and Len Deighton. It is a significant aspect of British cinema, with leading British directors such as Alfred Hitchcock and Carol Reed making notable contributions and many films set in the British Secret Service., John Dennis Profumo, CBE (; 30 January 1915  9 March 2006) was a British politician whose career ended in 1963 after a sexual relationship with the 19-year-old model Christine Keeler in 1961. The scandal, which became known as the Profumo affair, led to his resignation from the Conservative government of Harold Macmillan., The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari is a 1920 German silent horror film, directed by Robert Wiene and written by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer. Considered the quintessential work of German Expressionist cinema, it tells the story of an insane hypnotist (Werner Krauss) who uses a somnambulist (Conrad Veidt) to commit murders. The film features a dark and twisted visual style, with sharp-pointed forms, oblique and curving lines, structures and landscapes that lean and twist in unusual angles, and shadows and streaks of light painted directly onto the sets., John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, (26 August 1875  11 February 1940) was a Scottish novelist, historian and Unionist politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 15th since Canadian Confederation., The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp is a 1943 romantic drama war film written, produced and directed by the British film making team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger under the production banner of The Archers. It stars Roger Livesey, Deborah Kerr and Anton Walbrook. The title derives from the satirical Colonel Blimp comic strip by David Low but the story itself is original. The film is renowned for its Technicolor cinematography., Sir Alexander Korda (born Sándor László Kellner, 16 September 1893  23 January 1956) was a Hungarian-born British film producer and director. He first worked in Hollywood during the transition to "talkies", from 1926 to 1930. The change led to divorce from his first wife, popular Hungarian actress María Corda, who could not make the transition because of her strong accent in English., Northern Ireland (; Ulster Scots: "") is a top-level constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the northeast of Ireland. It is variously described as a country, province, region, or "part" of the United Kingdom, amongst other terms. Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the UK's population. Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement, the Northern Ireland Assembly holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the British government. Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in some areas, and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to "put forward views and proposals" with "determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments"., Hans Walter Conrad Veidt (22 January 1893  3 April 1943) was a German actor best remembered for his roles in films such as "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" (1920), "The Man Who Laughs" (1928), and, after being forced to migrate to Britain by the rise of Nazism in Germany, his English-speaking roles in "The Thief of Bagdad" (1940), and, in Hollywood, "Casablanca" (1942). After a successful career in German silent film, where he was one of the best-paid stars of Ufa, he left Germany in 1933 with his new Jewish wife after the Nazis came to power. They settled in Britain, where he participated in a number of films before emigrating to the United States around 1941., World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved., A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a film's artistic and dramatic aspects, and visualizes the script while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision. The director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film., The word contraband, reported in English since 1529, from Medieval French "contrebande" "a smuggling," denotes any item that, relating to its nature, is illegal to be possessed or sold., A barrister (also known as barrister-at-law or bar-at-law) is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions who works at higher levels of court. Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation. Their tasks include taking cases in superior courts and tribunals, drafting legal pleadings, researching the philosophy, hypothesis and history of law, and giving expert legal opinions. Often, barristers are also recognised as "legal scholars"., Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908  12 August 1964) was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a wealthy family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co., and his father was the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910 until his death on the Western Front in 1917. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva, Fleming moved through several jobs before he started writing., Hollywood (, informally Tinseltown ) is an ethnically diverse, densely populated, relatively low-income neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U.S. film industry, including several of its historic studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry and the people in it., Black Narcissus is a 1947 Technicolor religious Drama film by the British writer-producer-director team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, based on the 1939 novel by Rumer Godden. It is a psychological drama about the emotional tensions of jealousy and lust within a convent of nuns in an isolated valley in the Himalayas, and features in the cast Deborah Kerr, Kathleen Byron, Sabu, David Farrar, Flora Robson, Esmond Knight, and Jean Simmons., David John Moore Cornwell, alias John le Carré , (born 19 October 1931) is a British author of espionage novels. During the 1950s and the 1960s, he worked for the Security Service and the Secret Intelligence Service, and began writing novels under his pen name. His third novel, "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" (1963), became an international best-seller, and remains one of his best-known works. Following the success of this novel, he left MI6 to become a full-time author., Valerie Hobson (14 April 1917  13 November 1998) was a British actress who appeared in a number of films during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. She was born Babette Valerie Louise Hobson in Larne, County Antrim, in present-day Northern Ireland. Her second husband was John Profumo, a government minister who became the subject of a sensational sex scandal in 1963., Michael Latham Powell (30 September 1905  19 February 1990) was an English film director, celebrated for his partnership with Emeric Pressburger. Through their production company "The Archers", they together wrote, produced and directed a series of classic British films, notably "49th Parallel" (1941), "The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp" (1943), "A Matter of Life and Death" (1946, also called "Stairway to Heaven"), "Black Narcissus" (1947), "The Red Shoes" (1948), and "The Tales of Hoffmann" (1951). His later controversial 1960 film "Peeping Tom", while today considered a classic, was so vilified on first release that his career was seriously damaged., Sir Carol Reed (30 December 1906  25 April 1976) was an English film director best known for "Odd Man Out" (1947), "The Fallen Idol" (1948) and "The Third Man" (1949). For "Oliver!" (1968), he received the Academy Award for Best Director., The Spy in Black (US: U-Boat 29) is a 1939 British film, and the first collaboration between the British filmmakers Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. They were brought together by Alexander Korda to make the World War I spy thriller by Joseph Storer Clouston into a film. Powell and Pressburger eventually made over 20 films during the course of their partnership. , Leo John Genn (9 August 1905  26 January 1978) was a British stage and film actor and barrister., Subject: contraband , Relation: main_subject, Options: (A) actor (B) canada (C) cinematography (D) company (E) death (F) design (G) divorce (H) english (I) espionage (J) family (K) fantasy (L) fiction (M) film (N) film industry (O) history (P) hollywood (Q) intelligence (R) james bond (S) journalist (T) law (U) lawyer (V) life (W) literature (X) model (Y) nature (Z) philosophy ([) piracy (\) poet (]) time (^) united kingdom (_) war (`) world war ii (a) writer
Output (English): world war ii