Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the mid-1950s in Britain and the late 1950s in the United States. Among the early artists that shaped the pop art movement were Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard Hamilton in Britain, and Larry Rivers, Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns among others in the United States. Pop art presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular culture such as advertising and news. In pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, and/or combined with unrelated material., Jasper Johns (born May 15, 1930) is an American painter, sculptor and printmaker associated with Abstract expressionism, Neo-Dada, and Pop art., Neo-Dada was a movement with audio, visual and literary manifestations that had similarities in method or intent with earlier Dada artwork. In the United States the term was popularized by Barbara Rose in the 1960s and refers primarily, although not exclusively, to work created in that and the preceding decade. There was also an international dimension to the movement, particularly in Japan and in Europe, serving as the foundation of Fluxus, Pop Art and Nouveau réalisme., Abstract expressionism is a postWorld War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in the 1940s. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris. Although the term "abstract expressionism" was first applied to American art in 1946 by the art critic Robert Coates, it had been first used in Germany in 1919 in the magazine "Der Sturm", regarding German Expressionism. In the United States, Alfred Barr was the first to use this term in 1929 in relation to works by Wassily Kandinsky., Edwin Parker `` Cy '' Twombly , Jr. ( / sa twmbli / ; April 25 , 1928 -- July 5 , 2011 ) was an American painter , sculptor and photographer . He belonged to the generation of Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns but made the specific choice to live in Europe ( Italy ) after 1957 . His paintings of large - scale , freely scribbled , calligraphic and graffiti - like works on solid fields of mostly gray , tan , or off - white colors are in the permanent collections of most of the museums of modern art around the world , including the Menil Collection in Houston , the Tate Modern in London or the New York 's Museum of Modern Art. He was also commissioned for the ceiling of a room of the Musée du Louvre in Paris . Many of his later paintings and works on paper shifted toward `` romantic symbolism '' , and their titles can be interpreted visually through shapes and forms and words . Twombly often quoted the poets as Stéphane Mallarmé , Rainer Maria Rilke , John Keats ... , as well as many classical myths and allegories in his works . Examples of this are his Apollo and The Artist and a series of eight drawings consisting solely of inscriptions of the word `` VIRGIL '' . In a 1994 retrospective , curator Kirk Varnedoe described Twombly 's work as `` influential among artists , discomfiting to many critics and truculently difficult not just for a broad public , but for sophisticated initiates of postwar art as well . '' After acquiring Twombly 's Three Studies from the Temeraire ( 1998 -- 99 ) , the Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales said , `` Sometimes people need a little bit of help in recognising a great work of art that might be a bit unfamiliar . '' Twombly is said to have influenced younger artists such as Jean - Michel Basquiat , Anselm Kiefer , Francesco Clemente , and Julian Schnabel ., Milton Ernest "Robert" Rauschenberg (October 22, 1925  May 12, 2008) was an American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated the pop art movement. Rauschenberg is well known for his "Combines" of the 1950s, in which non-traditional materials and objects were employed in innovative combinations. Rauschenberg was both a painter and a sculptor and the Combines are a combination of both, but he also worked with photography, printmaking, papermaking, and performance. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1993. He became the recipient of the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts in 1995 in recognition of his more than 40 years of fruitful artmaking., Subject: cy twombly, Relation: movement, Options: (A) abstract expressionism (B) expressionism (C) fluxus (D) pop
Output (English): abstract expressionism