Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Fear conditioning is a behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events . It is a form of learning in which an aversive stimulus ( e.g. an electrical shock ) is associated with a particular neutral context ( e.g. , a room ) or neutral stimulus ( e.g. , a tone ) , resulting in the expression of fear responses to the originally neutral stimulus or context . This can be done by pairing the neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus ( e.g. , a shock , loud noise , or unpleasant odor ) . Eventually , the neutral stimulus alone can elicit the state of fear . In the vocabulary of classical conditioning , the neutral stimulus or context is the `` conditional stimulus '' ( CS ) , the aversive stimulus is the `` unconditional stimulus '' ( US ) , and the fear is the `` conditional response '' ( CR ) . Fear conditioning has been studied in numerous species , from snails to humans . In humans , conditioned fear is often measured with verbal report and galvanic skin response . In other animals , conditioned fear is often measured with freezing ( a period of watchful immobility ) or fear potentiated startle ( the augmentation of the startle reflex by a fearful stimulus ) . Changes in heart rate , breathing , and muscle responses via electromyography can also be used to measure conditioned fear . A number of theorists have argued that conditioned fear coincides substantially with the mechanisms , both functional and neural , of clinical anxiety disorders . Research into the acquisition , consolidation and extinction of conditioned fear promises to inform new drug based and psychotherapeutic treatments for an array of pathological conditions such as dissociation , phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder ., Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning., Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell). It also refers to the learning process that results from this pairing, through which the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response (e.g. salivation) that is usually similar to the one elicited by the potent stimulus. These basic facts, which require many qualifications (see below), were first studied in detail by Ivan Pavlov through experiments with dogs. Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the practice of psychological therapy and the study of animal behavior. Classical conditioning is now the best understood of the basic learning processes, and its neural substrates are beginning to be understood., Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which he referred to as "the instinct for research". Inspired by the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860s, and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the University of Saint Petersburg in order to study natural science. Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904, becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate. A "Review of General Psychology" survey, published in 2002, ranked Pavlov as the 24th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Pavlov's principles of classical conditioning have been found to operate across a variety of experimental and clinical settings, including educational classrooms., Learning is the act of acquiring new, or modifying and reinforcing existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences which may lead to a potential change in synthesizing information, depth of the knowledge, attitude or behavior relative to the type and range of experience. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, plants and some machines. Progress over time tends to follow a learning curve. Learning does not happen all at once, but it builds upon and is shaped by previous knowledge. To that end, learning may be viewed as a process, rather than a collection of factual and procedural knowledge. Learning produces changes in the organism and the changes produced are relatively permanent., Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is a systematic approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior. It assumes that all behaviors are either reflexes produced by a response to certain stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual's current motivational state and controlling stimuli. Thus, although behaviorists generally accept the important role of inheritance in determining behavior, they focus primarily on environmental factors.
Behaviorism combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and psychological theory. It emerged in the late nineteenth century as a reaction to depth psychology and other traditional forms of psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested experimentally. The earliest derivatives of Behaviorism can be traced back to the late 1800s where Edward Thorndike pioneered the law of effect (a process that involved strengthening behavior through the use of reinforcement)., A learning curve is a graphical representation of the increase of learning (vertical axis) with experience (horizontal axis)., Operant conditioning (also called "instrumental conditioning") is a type of learning in which (a) the strength of a behavior is modified by the behavior's consequences, such as reward or punishment, and (b) the behavior is controlled by antecedents called "discriminative stimuli" which come to signal those consequences. , Subject: fear conditioning, Relation: facet_of, Options: (A) 1904 (B) 1936 (C) behaviorism (D) human (E) learning (F) mathematics (G) medicine (H) process (I) research (J) university
Output (English): behaviorism