Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries., Severstal (Russian: , "Northern Steel") is a Russian company mainly operating in the steel and mining industry, centred in the northern city of Cherepovets. Severstal is listed on the Moscow Exchange and LSE. As of 2009, it is the largest steel company in Russia according to the Metal Bulletin. The majority of the company's stock belongs to Alexey Mordashov. Severstal owns major industrial facilities in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, France, and Italy, as well as in several African countries. The company also has mining assets, thus securing its supply of raw materials., The Indian independence movement encompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule (17571858) and the British Indian Empire (18581947) in the Indian subcontinent. The movement spanned a total of 190 years (1757-1947)., Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara., A Muslim is someone who follows or practises Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion. Muslims consider the Quran (Koran), their holy book, to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet and messenger Muhammad. They also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad ("sunnah ") as recorded in traditional accounts ("hadith"). "Muslim" is an Arabic word meaning "one who submits (to God)"., A hadith (or  plural: ahadith, ) is one of various reports describing the words, actions, or habits of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The term comes from Arabic meaning a "report", "account" or "narrative". Hadith are second only to the Quran in developing Islamic jurisprudence, and regarded as important tools for understanding the Quran and commentaries ("tafsir") written on it. Some important elements of traditional Islam, such as the five salat prayers, are mentioned in hadith., A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction., Islam (' ;) is a religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ('), and, for the vast majority of adherents, the teachings and normative example (called the "sunnah", composed of accounts called "hadith") of Muhammad (5708 June 632 CE). It is the world's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population, known as Muslims. Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that upholds that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last prophet of God., Vologda is a city and the administrative, cultural, and scientific center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the Vologda River within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population: 293,046 (2002 Census); , Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a man considered the driving force behind the establishment of his country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as "Parens Patriae", was a Roman honorific meaning "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch was often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the Divine Right espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law as in Spain, where the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of the unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and demonstrated loyalty is enforced with severe criminal statutes., Sunnah (, , plural ) is the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions (or disapprovals) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as various reports about Muhammad's companions. Along with the Quran (the holy book of Islam), the Sunnah makes up the two primary sources of Islamic theology and law. The "Sunna" is also defined as "a path, a way, a manner of life"; "all the traditions and practices" of the Islamic prophet that "have become models to be followed" by Muslims., Novosibirsk is the third-most populous city in Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is the most populous city in Asian Russia, with a population of 1,473,754 as of the 2010 Census. It is the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast as well as of the Siberian Federal District. The city is located in the southwestern part of Siberia on the banks of the Ob River adjacent to the Ob River Valley, near the large water reservoir formed by the dam of the Novosibirsk Hydro Power Plant, and occupies an area of ., Sanskrit (English pronunciation:; written in Devanagari script ; : or ', originally ', "refined speech") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism and "Mahyna" Buddhism, a philosophical language in Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. It was also a literary language that was in use as a "lingua franca" in ancient and medieval South Asia. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. As one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies., Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation", although the group acknowledges that the inclusion of "the use of power" in its definition expands on the conventional understanding of the word. This definition involves intentionality with the committing of the act itself, irrespective of the outcome it produces. However, generally, anything that is excited in an injurious or damaging way may be described as violent even if not meant to be violence (by a person and against a person).
Globally, violence resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1.28 million people in 2013 up from 1.13 million in 1990. Of the deaths in 2013, roughly 842,000 were attributed to self-harm (suicide), 405,000 to interpersonal violence, and 31,000 to collective violence (war) and legal intervention. In Africa, out of every 100,000 people, each year an estimated 60.9 die a violent death. Corlin, past president of the American Medical Association said: "The United States leads the worldin the rate at which its children die from firearms." He concluded: "Gun violence is a threat to the public health of our country." For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, and thousands of doctors' appointments. Furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development.
In 2013, assault by firearm was the leading cause of death due to interpersonal violence, with 180,000 such deaths estimated to have occurred. The same year, assault by sharp object resulted in roughly 114,000 deaths, with a remaining 110,000 deaths from personal violence being attributed to other causes.
Violence in many forms is preventable. There is a strong relationship between levels of violence and modifiable factors such as concentrated poverty, income and gender inequality, the harmful use of alcohol, and the absence of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships between children and parents. Strategies addressing the underlying causes of violence can be effective in preventing violence., Eurasia is the combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia. The term is a portmanteau of its constituent continents. Located primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and by Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The division between Europe and Asia as two different continents is a historical and cultural construct, with no clear physical separation between them; thus, in some parts of the world, Eurasia is recognized as the largest of five or six continents. In geology, Eurasia is often considered as a single rigid megablock. However, the rigidity of Eurasia is debated based on the paleomagnet data., Gujarat (""  ) is a state in Western India, sometimes referred to as the "Jewel of Western India". It has an area of with a coastline of , most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Its capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India., Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject (a federal city). Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May . In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. Between 17131728 and 17321918, Saint Petersburg was the imperial capital of Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow., Vologda Oblast is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is Vologda. Population: 1,202,444 (2010 Census). The largest city is Cherepovets, the home of the Severstal metallurgical plant, the largest industrial enterprise of the oblast., Yekaterinburg, alternatively romanised as "Ekaterinburg", is the fourth-largest city in Russia and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast, located in the middle of the Eurasian continent, on the border of Europe and Asia. At the 2010 Census, it had a population of 1,349,772., Russia is not proportionately populated between the smaller western portion (almost 25%) of the country that is considered part of Europe, and the larger eastern portion (more than 75%) that is part of Asia. European Russia contains about 77% of the country's population (110,000,000 people out of about 144,000,000) in an area comprising almost 4 million km (1.54 million mi); an average of 27.5 persons per km (70 per mi). This territory makes up 38% of Europe. Its eastern border is defined by the Ural Mountains and in the south, it is defined by the border with Kazakhstan. This area includes Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the two largest cities in Russia., Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. Civil disobedience is a symbolic or ritualistic violation of the law, rather than a rejection of the system as a whole. Civil disobedience is sometimes, though not always, defined as being nonviolent resistance., Cherepovets is a city in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located in the west of the oblast on the banks of the Sheksna River (a tributary of the Volga River) and on the shores of the Rybinsk Reservoir. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 312,310, making it the most populous city in the oblast., Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869  30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahatma (Sanskrit: "high-souled", "venerable")applied to him first in 1914 in South Africais now used worldwide. In India, he is also called Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for "father", "papa") and Gandhiji. He is unofficially called the Father of the Nation., Kunta - haji Kishiev ( Chechen :  I  -  ) ( 1829 or 1830 in Melcha Khi , Chechnya - 1867 in Ustyuzhna , Novgorod Gubernia , now Vologda Oblast , Russia ) was Chechen Muslim mystic , the founder of a Sufi branch named Zikrism , and an ideologue of nonviolence and passive resistance . He is often referred as the Chechen Mahatma Gandhi . A follower of the Qadiriyya Sufi order . Kunta - haji Kishiev ( literally son of Kishi ) was born in a Chechen lowland village of Isti - Su , also known as Melcha - Khi . Later the family moved to the mountain village of Ilskhan - Yurt in the heartland of Chechnya . In his youth he was distinguished by his hard work and sharp mental senses . Kunta received a solid religious education and was a follower of shaykh Gezi - haji from the village of Zandak . Kunta started practicing Loud Zikr : prayer with dancing , singing , rolling and recitation of divine names . According to legend , Imam Shamil was worried by the unusual practice and ordered an examination of the Koranic knowledge of the youth . After Kunta passed the examination , Shamil left him alone . By another version of the same legend , Shamil forbade Kunta Zikr and promised to execute him if he continued . Yet another legend tells that Shamil exiled Kunta to Mekka and did not allowed to come back . By the end of 1850s Kunta made his Hajj ( according to Mustafa Eldibiev ( Kunta made his first hajj at the age of 18 , thus , in 1848 ) . In his travel over the Middle East Kunta not only visited Mekka but also the tomb of Abdul - Qadir Gilani in Baghdad , and became a devoted follower of Qadiriyyah , the teachings developed by Abdul - Qadir Gilani . Kunta became a strong supporter of non-violence and peace . In the midst of the bloody Caucasian War he wrote to Chechnya from Mekka : War -- it is savagery . Remove yourself from anything that hints of ( reminds you of ) war if the enemy has n't come to take away your faith and honor . Your strength is wisdom , patience , fairness . The enemy will not withstand this strength and sooner or later will admit his defeat . No one will have the strength to defeat you and your truth if you do n't turn away from the path of your faith -- the Tariqah . and Brothers ! Because of the constant wars we are catastrophically diminished in numbers . I do not believe in help from Turkey , that Turkish sultan wants to free and save us . He is the same despot as Russian tsar . Believe me : I saw this by my own eyes as well as covering by sharia despots from Arab countries . Further war is not pleasing God . If they order you to go to the church - go , it is only a building . If they order you to wear crosses - wear them , they only iron things . You would still be Muslims in your heart and soul . But if they would rape your women , force you to forget your culture and traditions , only then rebel and fight to the last man . Defeat the evil man by your goodness and love Defeat the greedy with your generosity Defeat the treacherous with your sincerity Defeat the infidel with your fidelity After the fall of Shamil Kunta - hajji returned to Chechnya . His teaching became quite popular among people tired by the almost fifty years of the Caucasian war . The number of his murids reached five thousand . Kunta - haji required his murids not only to perform the five required prayers during the day , but also to repeat the prayer La ilaha ill - Allah ( There is no god but God ) at least one hundred times during the day and participate in the ritual of Loud Circular Zikr . Despite the fact that Kunta - haji repeatedly rejected the title of imam he was seen as a threat to the Imperial authorities and the official version of Islam supported by Russian authorities . By the request of the tsar 's administration , official Islamic clerics ( e.g. Abdulkadyr Khordayev and Mustafa Abdulayev ) organized public theological discussions with Kunta - haji trying to prove that his teaching contradicted Islam . Still the influence of Kunta - haji only grew . Considering Kunta - haji as a threat the Governor - General of Terek ordered his arrest . Kunta - haji and his brother , Movsar , were arrested and taken to Novocherkassk prison in January 1863 . The arrest caused the so - called Dagger Uprising ( or delo pod Shali ) , when three thousand of Kunta - haji 's murids armed only with the ceremonial daggers tried to free their teacher in Shali . The rebels were dispersed by the regular troops of General Tumanov . 160 rebels were killed . For a long time there was no information about the fate of Kunta - haji . In 1928 documents were found confirming that Kunta - haji died in exile in the town of Ustyuzhna ( then Novgorod Guberniya , now Vologda Oblast ) ., Nonviolence (from Sanskrit "ahim", non-violence, "lack of desire to harm or kill") is the personal practice of being harmless to self and others under every condition. It comes from the belief that hurting people, animals or the environment is unnecessary to achieve an outcome and refers to a general philosophy of abstention from violence based on moral, religious or spiritual principles., The Chechen Republic ( "Noxçiyn Respublika"), commonly referred to as Chechnya ( "Noxçiyçö"), also spelled "Chechnia" or "Chechenia", sometimes referred to as Ichkeria (Inner Place), is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia., Ustyuzhna is a town and the administrative center of Ustyuzhensky District in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the Mologa River, west of Vologda, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: , An oblast is a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Ukraine, and the now-defunct Soviet Union and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The term is analogous to "state" or "province"., Abd al-Qadir Gilani (, , , ,), born 29 Shaban 470 AH in the town of Na'if, district of Gilan-e Gharb, Gilan, Iran and died Monday, February 14, 1166 (11 Rabi' al-thani 561 AH), in Baghdad, (10771166 CE), was a Persian Hanbali Sunni jurist and sufi based in Baghdad. The Qadiriyya is the tariqa (Sufi order) founded by him and takes its name from him. , The Quran (; ', literally meaning "the recitation"; also romanized Qur'an or Koran"') is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God ("Allah"). It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature. The Quran is divided into chapters ("surah" in Arabic), which are then divided into verses ("ayah")., Moscow (or ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 12.2 million residents within the city limits and 16.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city., A tariqa (or "tariqah"; "") is the term for a school or order of Sufism, or especially for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking "Haqiqa", which translates as "ultimate truth"., A republic (from ) is a sovereign state, country, or government which is organized with a form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. In modern times, the definition of a republic commonly refers to a government which excludes a monarch. Currently, 147 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the word "republic" as part of their official names; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments, nor do all nations with elected governments use the word "republic" in their names., An honorific is a title that conveys esteem or respect when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the term "honorific" is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title. It is also often conflated with systems of honorific speech in linguistics, which are grammatical or morphological ways of encoding the relative social status of speakers., The Mologa is a river in Maksatikhinsky, Bezhetsky, Lesnoy, and Sandovsky Districts of Tver Oblast, Pestovsky District in Novgorod Oblast, and Ustyuzhensky and Cherepovetsky Districts in Vologda Oblast Russia. It is a left tributary of the Volga River. The lower course of the Mologa has been turned into the Rybinsk Reservoir. It is long, and the area of its basin . The principal tributaries of the Mologa are the Osen (right), the Volchina (left), the Kobozha (left), the Chagodoshcha (left) and the Sit (right, now it is a tributary of the Rybinsk Reservoir)., The Qadiriyya (, also transliterated "Qadri", "Qadriya", "Kadri", "Elkadri", "Elkadry", "Aladray", "Alkadrie", "Adray", "Kadray", "Qadiri","Quadri" or "Qadri"), are members of the Qadiri tariqa (Sufi order). This derives its name from Abdul-Qadir Gilani (10771166, also transliterated "Jilani") who was from Gilan. The order relies strongly upon adherence to the fundamentals of Islam., Nizhny Novgorod, colloquially shortened to Nizhny, is a city in the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District in Russia. From 1932 to 1990, it was known as Gorky, after the writer Maxim Gorky, who was born there. The city is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historical part of the city there are a large number of universities, theaters, museums and churches. Nizhny Novgorod is located about 400 km east of Moscow, where the Oka empties into the Volga. Population: , Subject: kunta-haji, Relation: place_of_birth, Options: (A) ahmedabad (B) atlantic ocean (C) banks (D) belarus (E) bulgaria (F) capital city (G) center (H) central (I) centre (J) chechen republic (K) cherepovets (L) die (M) enterprise (N) franca (O) gandhinagar (P) gujarat (Q) independence (R) india (S) indian ocean (T) industry (U) iran (V) legal (W) lesnoy (X) madhya pradesh (Y) maharashtra (Z) moscow ([) nizhny novgorod (\) novosibirsk (]) of (^) oka (_) pacific (`) peninsula (a) petersburg (b) rajasthan (c) republic (d) roman (e) russia (f) rybinsk (g) saint petersburg (h) samara (i) sindh (j) soviet union (k) spain (l) strong (m) sverdlovsk (n) tver (o) tver oblast (p) union (q) ustyuzhna (r) vologda (s) vologda oblast (t) yekaterinburg
Output (English): chechen republic