Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Social history, often called the new social history, is a field of history that looks at the lived experience of the past. In its "golden age" it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments in Britain, Canada, France, Germany, and the United States. In the two decades from 1975 to 1995, the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history rose from 31% to 41%, while the proportion of political historians fell from 40% to 30%. In the history departments of British and Irish universities in 2014, of the 3410 faculty members reporting, 878 (26%) identified themselves with social history while political history came next with 841 (25%)., A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is a historian of prehistory. Although "historian" can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, it is reserved more recently for those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline. Some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience. "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany and elsewhere., Historiography is the study of the methodology of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiography of a specific topic covers how historians have studied that topic using particular sources, techniques, and theoretical approaches. Scholars discuss historiography by topic  such as the "Historiography of the United Kingdom", the "Historiography of Canada", "Historiography of the British Empire", the "historiography of early Islam", the "historiography of China"  and different approaches and genres, such as political history and social history. Beginning in the nineteenth century, with the ascent of academic history, there developed a body of historiographic literature. The extent to which historians are influenced by their own groups and loyalties  such as to their nation state  is a debated question., Sir Herbert Butterfield ( 7 October 1900 , Oxenhope , Yorkshire -- 20 July 1979 , Sawston , Cambridgeshire ) was Regius Professor of History and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge . As a British historian and philosopher of history , he is remembered chiefly for two books , a short volume early in his career entitled The Whig Interpretation of History ( 1931 ) and his Origins of Modern Science ( 1949 ) . Over the course of his career , Butterfield turned increasingly to historiography and man 's developing view of the past . Butterfield was a devout Christian and reflected at length on Christian influences in historical perspectives . Butterfield thought that individual personalities were more important than great systems of government or economics in historical study . His Christian beliefs in personal sin , salvation , and providence heavily influenced his writings , a fact he freely admitted . At the same time , Butterfield 's early works emphasized the limits of a historian 's moral conclusions : `` If history can do anything it is to remind us that all our judgments are merely relative to time and circumstance . '', The historiography of the British Empire refers to the studies, sources, critical methods and interpretations used by scholars. Historians and their ideas are the focus here; specific lands and historical dates and episodes are covered in the article on the British Empire. Scholars have long studied the Empire, looking at the causes for its formation, its relations to the French and other empires, and the kinds of people who became imperialists or anti-imperialists, together with their mindsets. The history of the breakdown of the Empire has attracted scholars of the histories of the United States (which broke away in 1776), India (independent in 1947), and the African colonies (independent in the 1960s).
John Darwin (2013) identifies four imperial goals: colonizing, civilizing, converting, and commerce., History (from Greek , "historia", meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians., An academic history can be a large, multivolume work such as the "Cambridge Modern History", written collaboratively under some central editorial control. , Expert is defined differently in varying academic fields. Psychology defines an expert using superior performance; sociology considers that expertise is a label given to an individual by a group and is interested in the power held by experts; philosophy stresses the kind of knowledge held by experts but not novices. Informally, an expert is someone widely recognized as a reliable source of technique or skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely is accorded authority and status by peers or the public in a specific well-distinguished domain. An expert, more generally, is a person with extensive knowledge or ability based on research, experience, or occupation and in a particular area of study. Experts are called in for advice on their respective subject, but they do not always agree on the particulars of a field of study. An expert can be believed, by virtue of credential, training, education, profession, publication or experience, to have special knowledge of a subject beyond that of the average person, sufficient that others may officially (and legally) rely upon the individual's opinion. Historically, an expert was referred to as a sage (Sophos). The individual was usually a profound thinker distinguished for wisdom and sound judgment., Professor (commonly abbreviated as "prof.") is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, "professor" derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences, a teacher of the highest rank., The historiography of early Islam refers to the study of the early history of Islam during the 7th century, 
from Muhammad's first revelations in AD 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in AD 661, 
and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century., Subject: herbert butterfield, Relation: country_of_citizenship, Options: (A) academic (B) british (C) british empire (D) canada (E) france (F) germany (G) rashidun caliphate (H) umayyad caliphate (I) united kingdom
Output (English): united kingdom