Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: A planned or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary have been consciously devised for human or human-like communication, instead of having developed naturally. It is also referred to as an artificial or invented language. There are many possible reasons to create a constructed language, such as: to ease human communication (see international auxiliary language and code), to give fiction or an associated constructed setting an added layer of realism, for experimentation in the fields of linguistics, cognitive science, and machine learning, for artistic creation, and for language games., Toki Pona is a constructed language, first published as draft on the web in 2001 and then as a complete book and e-book "Toki Pona: The Language of Good" in 2014. It was designed by translator and linguist Sonja Lang (formerly Sonja Elen Kisa) of Toronto., Francis Lodwick ( or Lodowick ; 1619 -- 1694 ) was a pioneer of a priori languages ( what in the seventeenth century was called a ' philosophical language ' ) . Francis Lodwick was a merchant of Flemish origin who lived in London . His name appears in A Collection of the Names of the Merchants living in and about the City of London ( 1677 ) , with the address `` Fan - church street '' . He did not have any higher education , and was admitted as a Fellow to the Royal Society at the age of 60 . John Aubrey ( 1626 -- 1697 ) reported that there was a group of men taking up the task of constructing a philosophical language left unfinished by John Wilkins ( d. 1672 ) . This group included Lodwick , besides Andrew Paschall ( c. 1630 -- c. 1696 ) , Thomas Pigott , Robert Hooke and John Ray , the latter being former members of Wilkin 's original committee . Lodwick had been working on a universal alphabet for some time , and Wilkins had borrowed some of Lodwick 's papers for his 1668 Essay . Hooke notes in his diaryfor 12 November 1673 that Lodwick had lent him a revised version of his universal alphabet . For 10 July 1675 , Hooke notes that Lodwick had discussed the universal character with hm , and on 28 that he ( Hooke ) himself had written in the character . The group maintained correspondence until at least 1682 . Lodwick 's alphabet consists of a system of representing consonants systematically ; symbols indicating place of articulation ( labial , dental , palatal , velar , sibilant ) are modified by indication of the manner of articulation ( voiced , voiceless , aspirated , nasal ) . Vowels are added as diacritics . This approach is entirely parallel to the tengwar alphabet , developed by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 1930s . Lodwick may have been acquainted with Daniel Defoe . Francis ' nephew Charles Lodwik ( 1658 -- 1724 ) , Mayor of New York City in 1694 , signed at Defoe 's marriage as a witness , and Francis may have introduced Defoe to `` Roscommon 's Academy '' , a group founded by Lord Roscommon in 1683 ., A philosophical language is any constructed language that is constructed from first principles, like a logical language, but may entail a strong claim of absolute perfection or transcendent or even mystical truth rather than satisfaction of pragmatic goals. Philosophical languages were popular in Early Modern times, partly motivated by the goal of recovering the lost Adamic or Divine language. The term ideal language is sometimes used near-synonymously, though more modern philosophical languages such as Toki Pona are less likely to involve such an exalted claim of perfection. It may be known as a language of pure ideology. The axioms and grammars of the languages together differ from commonly spoken languages today. , Subject: francis lodwick, Relation: occupation, Options: (A) book (B) linguist (C) linguistics (D) translator
Output (English): linguist