Task: Question Generation
Input (English): The apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 allele has been implicated in a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. The present research examined if the 4 allele of the APOE gene moderated the effect of combat exposure on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. Participants included 765 non-Hispanic White (NHW) and 859 non-Hispanic Black (NHB) Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. A structured interview established psychiatric diagnoses. Combat exposure and PTSD symptom severity were assessed via self-report. The most common lifetime diagnoses were depression (39.2%), PTSD (38.4%), and alcohol dependence (24.38%). After correcting for multiple comparisons, no significant effects were observed on any of the outcomes among the NHW sample; however, within the NHB sample, significant gene environment (G E) interactions were observed for lifetime PTSD (P = .0029) and PTSD symptom severity (P = .0009). In each case, the APOE 4 allele had no effect on the outcomes when combat exposure was low; however, when combat exposure was high, an additive effect was observed such that 4 homozygotes exposed to high levels of combat reported the highest rates of PTSD (92%) and the worst symptom severity scores on the Davidson Trauma Scale (M = 79.5). Although preliminary, these findings suggest that the APOE 4 allele, in conjunction with exposure to high levels of combat exposure, may increase veterans' risk for developing PTSD.
Output (English): Symptoms of which disorder are evaluated with the Davidson Trauma Scale?