Task: Intent Identification
Input (English): Cohesion between sister chromatids is fundamental to ensure faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis and accurate repair of DNA damage postreplication. At the molecular level, cohesion establishment involves two defined events, a chromatin binding step and a chromatid entrapment event driven by posttranslational modifications on cohesin subunits.', "Here, we show that modification by the small ubiquitin-like protein (SUMO) is required for sister chromatid tethering after DNA damage. We find that all subunits of cohesin become SUMOylated upon exposure to DNA damaging agents or presence of a DNA double-strand break. We have mapped all lysine residues on cohesin's α-kleisin subunit Mcd1 (Scc1) where SUMO can conjugate. We demonstrate that Mcd1 SUMOylation-deficient alleles are still recruited to DSB-proximal regions but are defective in tethering sister chromatids and consequently fail to establish damage-induced cohesion both at DSBs and undamaged chromosomes. Moreover, we demonstrate that the bulk of Mcd1 SUMOylation in response to damage is carried out by the SUMO E3 ligase Nse2, a subunit of the related Smc5-Smc6 complex. SUMOylation occurs in cells with compromised Chk1 kinase activity, necessary for known posttranslational modifications on Mcd1, required for damage-induced cohesion.
Output (English): 0