Task: Question Generation
Input (English): Previous studies have demonstrated deregulation of the expression and changes in the intracellular distribution of TGF-beta pathway components in human endometrial cancer (EC). The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the expression of TGF-beta cascade components, including TGF-beta receptor type I (TGF beta RI) and type II (TGF beta RII), SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and clinicopathological features--tumor grade, FIGO classification, and depth of myometrial invasion--of type I (endometrioid-type) ECs to give some insight into the role of TGF-beta cascade components in endometrial tumorigenesis.', 'The expression of TGF beta RI, TGF beta RII, SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4 was evaluated both at the mRNA and protein level using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and ELISA, respectively.', 'Infiltrating endometrial carcinomas (less and more than half of the myometrial wall thickness) express significantly higher TGF beta RII protein level compared with non-infiltrating tumors (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively). Decreased level of SMAD2 and SMAD4 mRNAs was observed in the uterine tumors infiltrating less and more than half of the myometrial wall (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively) compared with noninfiltrating ECs. Significantly higher SMAD4 protein level in the cytoplasmic fraction of ECs was found when tumor grade and depth of myometrial invasion were considered (P < 0.05). Generally, tumor progression was associated with a decreased number of cases characterized by the presence of SMADs in the nuclear fraction only.
Output (English): Is tGF-beta signaling disrupted in endometrioid-type endometrial carcinomas?