Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context_1 : The Janzen–Connell hypothesis is a widely accepted explanation for the maintenance of tree species biodiversity in tropical rainforests. It was published independently in the early 1970s by Daniel Janzen and Joseph Connell. According to their hypothesis, host-specific herbivores, pathogens, or other natural enemies (often referred to as predators) make the areas near a parent tree (the seed producing tree) inhospitable for the survival of seedlings. These natural enemies are referred to as 'distance-responsive predators' if they kill seeds or seedlings near the parent tree, or 'density-dependent predators' if they kill seeds or seedlings where they are most abundant (which is typically near the parent tree). Such predators can prevent any one species from dominating the landscape, because if that species is too common, there will be few safe places for its seedlings to survive. However, because the predators are host-specific (also called specialists), they will not harm other tree species. As a result, if a species becomes very rare, then more predator-free areas will become available, giving that species' seedlings a competitive advantage. This negative feedback allows the tree species to coexist, and can be classified as a stabilizing mechanism. Context_2 : Daniel O'Connell (Irish: "Dónall Ó Conaill" ; 6 August 1775 – 15 May 1847), often referred to as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century. He campaigned for Catholic emancipation—including the right for Catholics to sit in the Westminster Parliament, denied for over 100 years—and repeal of the Act of Union which combined Great Britain and Ireland. Context_3 : Nunraw is an estate in East Lothian, Scotland. It includes the White Castle, a hillfort, situated on the edge of the Lammermuir Hills, two miles south of the village of Garvald, ( , grid reference [ NT613686] , OS Landranger No.67.) Nunraw House is now a Cistercian abbey. Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms, writing in 1905 stated that Whitecastle and Nunraw are the same place and that the lairds there were often referred to by one or the other of these territorial designations. Context_4 : Charles "Charlie" O'Connell (born April 21, 1975) is an American actor and reality television personality. He is known for his appearance on "The Bachelor", as well as appearing in several of his older brother, Jerry O'Connell's projects, including a starring role as Colin Mallory in Season 4 of the science fiction television series "Sliders". Context_5 : Sir James Fitz Edmond Cotter (; c.1630–1705) was a soldier, a colonial governor and the commander-in-chief of King James's forces, in the Irish Counties of Cork, Limerick, Tipperary and Kerry. He was a prominent political figure in the south of Ireland and was of Royalist and Jacobite sympathies. He was also a member of the Irish Cotter family of Norse-Gaelic origins. He was born around 1630, the second son of Edmond Fitz Garrett Cotter of Anngrove and Elizabeth Connell of Barryscourt, was knighted in 1685–1686, and died in 1705. Context_6 : Lieutenant-Colonel Sir James Nockells Horlick, 4th Baronet, OBE, MC (1886–1972) was the second son of Sir James Horlick, first holder of the Horlick Baronetcy, of Cowley Manor in the County of Gloucester, England, and Margaret Adelaide Burford. James, the 1st Baronet, was co-inventor (with his brother William) of Horlicks Malted Milk drink. Context_7 : Elkanah Billings (May 5, 1820 – June 14, 1876) is often referred to as Canada's first paleontologist. Billings was born on a farm by the Rideau River outside Bytown (Ottawa), now known as Billings Estate. His parents were named Lamira and Braddish Billings. His family included an older sister named Sabra and an older brother Maj Braddish Billings Jr, who practised as an architect and served in the North West Rebellion. His brother W. Ross Billings also practised as an architect. His younger siblings were Samuel, Sarah and Charles. He was originally educated in law and in 1845, he was called to the Canadian bar. In 1852, he founded the journal the "Canadian Naturalist (and Geologist)". He continued to practise law until 1856, when he was hired to be the first paleontologist for Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). In his lifetime, he identified 1065 new species and 61 new genera, including "Aspidella", the first documented fossil of the Ediacaran biota. Context_8 : Sir James O'Connell, 1st Baronet (10 January 1786 – 28 July 1872) was an Irish baronet and younger brother of Daniel O'Connell. Context_9 : Baron Rotherwick, of Tylney in the County of Southampton, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 8 June 1939 for the shipping magnate and Conservative Member of Parliament, Sir Herbert Cayzer, 1st Baronet. He had previously represented Portsmouth South in the House of Commons. Before his elevation to the peerage, he had been created a baronet, of Tylney in the County of Southampton, on 29 January 1924. Cayzer was the fifth son of Sir Charles Cayzer, 1st Baronet, of Gartmore and the younger brother of Sir August Cayzer, 1st Baronet, of Roffey Park. s of 2010 the titles are held by the first Baron's grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1996. He is one of the 92 elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act of 1999, and sits on the Conservative benches. Lord Rotherwick also succeeded to the Cayzer Baronetcy of Gartmore on the death of Sir James Arthur Cayzer, 5th Baronet on 27 February 2012. Context_10 : Sir James Muir Cameron Fletcher ONZ (25 December 1914 – 29 August 2007), often known as Jim or JC Junior, was a New Zealand industrialist known for heading Fletcher Construction, one of the country's largest firms. His father, Sir James Fletcher (Senior), founded the company in 1908. fact_1 : Sir James O'Connell, 1st Baronet (10 January 1786 – 28 July 1872) was an Irish baronet and younger brother of Daniel O'Connell. fact_2 : Daniel O'Connell (Irish: "Dónall Ó Conaill" ; 6 August 1775 – 15 May 1847), often referred to as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century. Question: The older brother of Sir James O'Connell is often referred to as what?
Output (English): The Liberator or The Emancipator