Task: Question Generation
Input (English): Context_1 : Common law (also known as judicial precedent or judge-made law or case law) is the body of law developed by judges, courts, and similar tribunals. The defining characteristic of “common law” is that it arises as precedent. In cases where the parties disagree on what the law is, a common law court looks to past precedential decisions of relevant courts, and synthesizes the principles of those past cases as applicable to the current facts. If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is usually bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision (a principle known as "stare decisis"). If, however, the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases (called a "matter of first impression"), and legislative statutes are either silent or ambiguous on the question, judges have the authority and duty to resolve the issue (one party or the other has to win, and on disagreements of law, judges make that decision). The court states an opinion that gives reasons for the decision, and those reasons agglomerate with past decisions as precedent to bind future judges and litigants. Common law, as the body of law made by judges, stands in contrast to and on equal footing with statutes which are adopted through the legislative process, and regulations which are promulgated by the executive branch (the interactions are explained later in this article). "Stare decisis", the principle that cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar results, lies at the heart of all common law systems. Context_2 : Public-interest immunity (PII), previously known as Crown privilege, is a principle of English common law under which the English courts can grant a court order allowing one litigant to refrain from disclosing evidence to the other litigants where disclosure would be damaging to the public interest. This is an exception to the usual rule that all parties in litigation must disclose any evidence that is relevant to the proceedings. In making a PII order, the court has to balance the public interest in the administration of justice (which demands that relevant material is available to the parties to litigation) and the public interest in maintaining the confidentiality of certain documents whose disclosure would be damaging. PII orders have been used in criminal law against large organised criminal outfits and drug dealers where the identity of paid police informants could be at risk. Context_3 : Lillia and Treize (リリアとトレイズ , Riria to Toreizu ) is a Japanese light novel adventure series by Keiichi Sigsawa, with illustrations by Kohaku Kuroboshi, starring the children of the characters from "Allison". There are six light novels in the series, published by MediaWorks under their "Dengeki Bunko" label. The first novel was released on March 10, 2005, and the last novel was published on April 10, 2007; there are three stories in the six volumes, with each story taking up two volumes. The series will be followed by "Meg and Seron". A manga adaptation by Hiroki Haruse started serialization in the shōjo manga magazine "Comic Sylph" on December 9, 2006, also published by MediaWorks. An anime adaptation aired between April and October 2008 based on both the "Allison" and "Lillia and Treize" novels, known as "Allison & Lillia". Context_4 : The rule of three is a writing principle that suggests that events or characters introduced in threes are more humorous, satisfying, or effective in execution of the story and engaging the reader. The reader or audience of this form of text is also thereby more likely to remember the information conveyed. This is because having three entities combines both brevity and rhythm with having the smallest amount of information to create a pattern. It makes the author or speaker appear knowledgeable while being both simple and catchy. Context_5 : Allison Gross, a hideous witch, tries to bribe the narrator to be her "leman". She combed his hair, first. When a scarlet mantle, a silk shirt with pearls, and a golden cup all fail, she blows on a horn three times, making an oath to make him regret it; then she strikes him with a silver wand, turning him into a wyrm (dragon) bound to a tree. His sister Maisry came to him to comb his hair. One day the Seelie Court came by, and a queen stroked him three times, turning him back into his proper form. Context_6 : Allison (アリソン , Arison ) is a Japanese light novel series by Keiichi Sigsawa, with illustrations by Kouhaku Kuroboshi. There are three "Allison" novels, with the third split into two volumes, published by MediaWorks under their "Dengeki Bunko" label. The first novel was released on March 10, 2002, and the last novel was published on May 10, 2004. There is a follow-up series of light novels called "Lillia and Treize" which were released between March 2005 and April 2007. There is also an "Allison" sound novel for the Nintendo DS which was released on December 7, 2006. A manga adaptation by Hiroki Haruse started serialization in the shōnen manga magazine "Dengeki Comic Gao!" on July 27, 2007, also published by MediaWorks. The manga ended serialization in "Dengeki Comic Gao!" on January 27, 2008, but continued serialization in MediaWorks' seinen manga magazine "Dengeki Daioh" on March 21, 2008. An anime adaptation based on both the "Allison" and "Lillia and Treize" novels, known as "Allison & Lillia", aired between April and October 2008. Context_7 : Rolf William Landauer (February 4, 1927 – April 28, 1999) was a German-American physicist who made important contributions in diverse areas of the thermodynamics of information processing, condensed matter physics, and the conductivity of disordered media. In 1961 he discovered Landauer's principle, that in any logically irreversible operation that manipulates information, such as erasing a bit of memory, entropy increases and an associated amount of energy is dissipated as heat. This principle is relevant to reversible computing, quantum information and quantum computing. He also is responsible for the Landauer formula relating the electrical resistance of a conductor to its scattering properties. He won the Stuart Ballantine Medal of the Franklin Institute, the Oliver Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society and the IEEE Edison Medal, among many other honors. Context_8 : Under common law, public-interest privilege prevents the compulsory disclosure of documents or information which is against the public interest. There is a balance between public interests- if the public interest in secrecy is greater than the public interest in disclosure, it will be privileged. The public interest in disclosure is the principle that a court of justice ought not be denied access to relevant information, and that the opposing party should have access to all relevant information to make their case. Context_9 : Edward West (1782–1828) was a British economist. He is famous for his statement of the law of diminishing returns in his "Essay on the Application of Capital to Land" (1815, p. 2): “The principle is simply this, that in the progress of the improvement of cultivation the raising of rude produce becomes progressively more expensive, or, in other words, the ratio of the net produce of land to its gross produce is constantly diminishing.” (The gross produce means the value of total output and the net is the gross minus the cost of production and exclusive of profit and rent.) Context_10 : In the United States income tax system, adjusted gross income (AGI) is an individual's total gross income minus specific deductions. Taxable income is adjusted gross income minus allowances for personal exemptions and itemized deductions. For most individual tax purposes, AGI is more relevant than gross income. fact_1 : Allison Gross, a hideous witch, tries to bribe the narrator to be her "leman". fact_2 : The rule of three is a writing principle that suggests that events or characters introduced in threes are more humorous, satisfying, or effective in execution of the story and engaging the reader. Answer: rule of three
Output (English): What writing principle is relevant in a novel with Allison Gross?