Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context_1 : Majdanek, or KL Lublin, was a German concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. Although initially purposed for forced labor rather than extermination, the camp was used to kill people on an industrial scale during Operation Reinhard, the German plan to murder all Jews within their own General Government territory of Poland. The camp, which operated from October 1, 1941, until July 22, 1944, was captured nearly intact, because the rapid advance of the Soviet Red Army during "Operation Bagration" prevented the "SS" from destroying most of its infrastructure, and the inept Deputy Camp Commandant Anton Thernes failed in his task of removing incriminating evidence of war crimes. Therefore, Majdanek became the first concentration camp discovered by Allied forces. Also known to the "SS" as "Konzentrationslager Lublin", Majdanek remains the best preserved Nazi concentration camp of the Holocaust. Context_2 : Heda Margolius Kovály (15 September 1919 – 5 December 2010) was a Czech writer and translator. She survived a ghetto and Auschwitz where her parents died. She later escaped whilst being marched to Bergen-Belsen to find that no one would take her in. Her husband was made a deputy minister in Czechoslovakia and he was then hanged as a traitor. As the wife of disgraced man she married again and they were treated badly. They left for the USA in 1968 when the country was invaded by the Russians. She published her biography in 1973. She and her husband did not return to her homeland until 1996. Context_3 : Under a Cruel Star: A Life in Prague 1941-1968 was published first under this title by Plunkett Lake Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1986. The memoir was written by Heda Margolius Kovály and translated with Franci and Helen Epstein. It is now available in a Holmes & Meier, New York 1997 edition (ISBN  ), in a Plunkett Lake Press 2010 eBook edition and in a Granta, London 2012 edition (ISBN  ). "Prague Farewell" was the book title in the UK in previous editions. The memoir was originally written in Czech and published in Canada under the title "Na vlastní kůži" by 68 Publishers, a well-known publishing house for Czech expatriates, in Toronto in 1973. An English translation appeared in the same year as the first part of the book "The Victors and the Vanquished" published by Horizon Press in New York. A British edition of the book excluded the second treatise and was published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson under the title "I Do Not Want To Remember" in 1973. The book is also available in Chinese (ISBN  ), Danish (ISBN  ), Dutch (ISBN  ), French (ISBN  ), German (ISBN  ), Romanian (ISBN  ), Spanish (ISBN  ) and the original Czech editions (ISBN  ). Context_4 : The Częstochowa Ghetto was a World War II ghetto set up by Nazi Germany for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of local Jews in the city of Częstochowa during the German occupation of Poland. The approximate number of people confined to the ghetto was around 40,000 at the beginning and in late 1942 at its peak – right before mass deportations – 48,000. Most ghetto inmates were delivered by the Holocaust trains to their deaths at the Treblinka extermination camp. In June 1943, the remaining ghetto inhabitants launched the Częstochowa Ghetto uprising, which was extinguished by the "SS" after a few days of fighting. Context_5 : Plunkett Lake Press is a publishing company based in Lexington, Massachusetts. It was founded by Patrick Mehr in 2010. PLP e-publishes classics of non-fiction: biographies, memoirs and texts of historical interest with a focus on Central Europe, such as Under a Cruel Star by Heda Margolius Kovaly and Defying Hitler by Sebastian Haffner. Context_6 : The Białystok Ghetto (Polish: "getto w Białymstoku" ) was a World War II Jewish ghetto set up by Nazi Germany between July 26 and early August 1941 in the newly formed "Bezirk Bialystok" district of the Third Reich within Nazi occupied Poland. About 50,000 Jews from the vicinity of Białystok and the surrounding region were herded into a small area of the city, which was turned into the "Bezirk's" capital. The ghetto was split in two by the Biała River running through it "(see map)". Most inmates were put to work in the forced-labor enterprises for the German war effort, primarily in large textile, shoe and chemical companies operating inside and outside its boundaries. The ghetto was liquidated in November 1943 after the Białystok Ghetto uprising was crushed. All its inhabitants were either killed locally, or transported in Holocaust trains to the Majdanek and Treblinka extermination camps. Context_7 : Auschwitz concentration camp (German: "Konzentrationslager Auschwitz" , ] , also "KZ Auschwitz " or "KL Auschwitz ") was a network of German Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. It consisted of (the original camp), Auschwitz II–Birkenau (a combination concentration/extermination camp), (a labor camp to staff an IG Farben factory), and 45 satellite camps. Context_8 : Bełżec (] , in German: Belzec ) was a Nazi German extermination camp built by the SS for the purpose of implementing the secretive Operation Reinhard, the plan to eradicate Polish Jewry, a key part of the "Final Solution" which entailed the murder of some 6 million Jews in the Holocaust. The camp operated from to the end of . It was situated about 0.5 km south of the local railroad station of Bełżec, in the new "Distrikt Lublin" of the semi-colonial General Government territory of German-occupied Poland. The burning of exhumed corpses on five open-air grids and bone crushing continued until March 1943. Context_9 : Sobibór (or Sobibor , or , ] ) was a Nazi German extermination camp built and operated by the SS near the railway station of Sobibór during World War II, within the semi-colonial territory of General Government of the occupied Second Polish Republic. The camp was part of the secretive Operation Reinhard, which marked the deadliest phase of the Holocaust in German-occupied Poland. The camp was situated near the rural county's major town of Włodawa (called "Wolzek" by the Germans), 85 km south of the provincial capital, Brest-on-the-Bug (Brześć nad Bugiem in Polish). Its official German name was "SS-Sonderkommando Sobibór". Jews from Poland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union (including Jewish-Soviet POWs), were transported to Sobibór by rail. Most were suffocated in gas chambers fed by the exhaust of a large petrol engine. Up to 200,000 people were murdered at Sobibór and possibly more. At the postwar trial against the former "SS" personnel of Sobibór, held in Hagen two decades into the Cold War, Professor Wolfgang Scheffler estimated the number of murdered Jews totalled a minimum of 250,000. This would make it the fourth worst extermination camp, after Bełżec, Treblinka, and Auschwitz. Context_10 : The Umschlagplatz (German: "collection point or reloading point" ) was a holding area set up by Nazi Germany adjacent to a railway station in occupied Poland, where the ghettoised Jews were assembled for deportation to death camps during the ghetto liquidation. The largest such collection point consisted of a city square in occupied Warsaw next to the Warsaw Ghetto, used for several months during daily deportations of 254,000 – 265,000 Warsaw Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. A monument was erected in 1988 on Stawki Street, where the "Umschlagplatz" was located, to commemorate the deportation victims. Another prominent example included the Radogoszcz station "Umschlagplatz" adjacent to the Łódź Ghetto where prisoners were brought under military escort for deportations directly to Chełmno (Kulmhof) and Auschwitz extermination camps. fact_1 :  She survived a ghetto and Auschwitz where her parents died. fact_2 : Auschwitz concentration camp (German: "Konzentrationslager Auschwitz" , ] , also "KZ Auschwitz " or "KL Auschwitz ") was a network of German Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. Question: Heda Margolius Kovály survived a ghetto at the extermination camp built by the Third Reich in which nation's lands?
Output (English): Polish