Task: Question Generation
Input (English): Context_1 : David John Chalmers ( ; born 20 April 1966) is an Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist specializing in the areas of philosophy of mind and philosophy of language. He is Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Centre for Consciousness at the Australian National University. He is also a University Professor, Professor of Philosophy and Neural Science, and a Director of the Center for Mind, Brain and Consciousness (along with Ned Block) at New York University. In 2013, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Context_2 : Hilda Judith Koopman is a professor in the department of Linguistics at the University of California, Los Angeles. She is the director of the SSWL (Syntactic and Semantic Structures of the World's Languages) database which she inherited from Chris Collins at New York University NYU, together with Dennis Shasha. The SSWL is an open-ended database of syntactic, morphological and semantic properties. Context_3 : Leonard Talmy is a professor emeritus of linguistics and philosophy at the University at Buffalo in New York. He is known for his pioneering work in cognitive linguistics, more specifically, in the relationship between semantic and formal linguistic structures and the connections between semantic typologies and universals. He also specializes in the study of Yiddish and Native American linguistics. Context_4 : Alexander Spirkin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Гео́ргиевич Спи́ркин ; 1918–2004) was a Soviet and Russian philosopher and psychologist. He was born in Saratov Governorate and graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical University. In 1959 he received his doctorate in philosophy for a dissertation on the origin of consciousness. He became a professor in 1970, and a year later was elected Vice-President of the USSR Philosophical Society. On November 26, 1974, Alexander Spirkin became a Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. His principal works deal with the problems of consciousness and self-consciousness, worldview, and the subject matter, structure and functions of philosophy. Prof. Spirkin’s "Fundamentals of Philosophy" (1988; English translation 1990) expounding Marxist–Leninist philosophy in popular form was awarded a prize at a competition of textbooks for students of higher educational establishments. Context_5 : Two-dimensionalism is an approach to semantics in analytic philosophy. It is a theory of how to determine the sense and reference of a word and the truth-value of a sentence. It is intended to resolve the puzzle: How is it possible to discover empirically that a necessary truth is true? Two-dimensionalism provides an analysis of the semantics of words and sentences that makes sense of this possibility. The theory was first developed by Robert Stalnaker, but it has been advocated by numerous philosophers since, including David Chalmers. Context_6 : Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation (UCCA) is a semantic approach to grammatical representation. It is a cross-linguistically applicable semantic representation scheme, and has demonstrated support for rapid annotation. Context_7 : Alastair Hannay (born 1932) is Professor emeritus at the University of Oslo. Educated in Edinburgh, where his early interest in philosophy was roused by John Macmurray, and London, where he studied under A. J. Ayer and Bernard Williams. In his published doctoral dissertation "Mental Images - A Defence" (1971) Hannay argues that visual images, like physical portraits, resemble visible objects. As a kind of sensation a mental image has material properties of its own which allow it to picture. He thus contradicts Gilbert Ryle and Daniel Dennett. Hannay has translated Søren Kierkegaard, and written an intellectual biography and a monograph about his philosophy. Under Hannay's direction (managing editor 1962-71, editor 1971-2002), "Inquiry" grew into a widely read philosophical journal. In "Human Consciousness" (1990), Hannay reviews contemporary theories of human consciousness while maintaining a characteristic conservatism. Hannay argues that consciousness and the first-person point of view cannot be analysed or displaced by scientific materialism, nor can they be explained functionally, a view close to that of Thomas Reid, William Hamilton, and Ferrier. Hannay's book "The Public" (2004) brings several Kierkegaardian insights to bear on contemporary political life and examines the roles of the 'public' as audience as well as political participant. Hannay is also a member of a team translating Kierkegaard's complete journals and notebooks. Context_8 : In programming language semantics, normalisation by evaluation (NBE) is a style of obtaining the normal form of terms in the λ calculus by appealing to their denotational semantics. A term is first "interpreted" into a denotational model of the λ-term structure, and then a canonical (β-normal and η-long) representative is extracted by "reifying" the denotation. Such an essentially semantic approach differs from the more traditional syntactic description of normalisation as a reductions in a term rewrite system where β-reductions are allowed deep inside λ-terms. Context_9 : Ismo Uskali Mäki (8 February 1951 Helsinki ) is a Finnish professor in the Department of Political and Economic Studies (Philosophy) at the University of Helsinki. He is also director of the "Trends and tensions in Intellectual Integration" centre, which was recently nominated "Finnish Centre of Excellence" in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences. Previous posts and roles have included his being a professor of Philosophy at the Erasmus University of Rotterdam where he directed the Erasmus Institute for Philosophy and Economics and his being the editor of the Journal of Economic Methodology. His main research interests lie in the methodology of economics and the philosophy of the sciences including social sciences with his approach typically being described as a "realist philosophy of economics". Mäki is currently serving as an Academy Professor for the Academy of Finland. Context_10 : Semantic holism is a theory in the philosophy of language to the effect that a certain part of language, be it a term or a complete sentence, can only be understood through its relations to a (previously understood) larger segment of language. There is substantial controversy, however, as to exactly what the larger segment of language in question consists of. In recent years, the debate surrounding semantic holism, which is one among the many forms of holism that are debated and discussed in contemporary philosophy, has tended to centre on the view that the "whole" in question consists of an entire language. fact_1 :  The theory was first developed by Robert Stalnaker, but it has been advocated by numerous philosophers since, including David Chalmers. fact_2 :  He is Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Centre for Consciousness at the Australian National University. Answer: Australian National University
Output (English): Twodimensionalism is a semantic approach advocated by a Professor oof Philosophy and Director of the Centre for Consciousness at what institution?