Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context_1 : This schema for the novel "Ulysses" was produced by its author, James Joyce, in 1921 to help his friend, Stuart Gilbert, understand the fundamental structure of the book. Gilbert published it in 1930 in his book, "James Joyce's "Ulysses": A Study". The original copy of the Gilbert schema is housed in the Harley K. Croessmann Collection of James Joyce at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Context_2 : John Champlin Gardner Jr. (July 21, 1933 – September 14, 1982) was an American novelist, essayist, literary critic and university professor. He is best known for his 1971 novel "Grendel", a retelling of the Beowulf myth from the monster's point of view. Context_3 : James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, short story writer, and poet. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde and is regarded as one of the most influential and important authors of the 20th century. Joyce is best known for "Ulysses" (1922), a landmark work in which the episodes of Homer's "Odyssey" are paralleled in a variety of literary styles, perhaps most prominently stream of consciousness. Other well-known works are the short-story collection "Dubliners" (1914), and the novels "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" (1916) and "Finnegans Wake" (1939). His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, his published letters and occasional journalism. Context_4 : Bernard Benstock (1930 – July 14, 1994) was a literary critic and a professor of English at the University of Miami. He was an authority on British mystery writers, and Irish writers Seán O'Casey and James Joyce. He was editor of the "James Joyce Literary Supplement" and a co-founder of the International James Joyce Foundation, of which he was president for eight years. He died on July 14, 1994 at the age of 64, in Egremont, Massachusetts. Context_5 : James Joyce's Women, filmed in 1983, is a 1985 British/Irish period drama film produced by and starring Fionnula Flanagan as writer James Joyce's wife Nora and some of the real women in Joyce's life and fictional women from the writer's novels. The film is based on Fionnula Flanagan's 1977 play "James Joyce's Women". Context_6 : John Gardner (1845–1926) was a Texas Ranger, cowboy, Indian fighter, and noted trail boss who was the subject of a folklore song titled, "John Gardner's Trail Herd". It was often alleged that Gardner was a member of the Sam Bass Gang. He was the father of Joe Gardner, a noted World Roping Champion. Context_7 : William York Tindall (1903–1981) was an American James Joyce scholar with a long and distinguished teaching career at Columbia University. Several of Tindall's classic works of criticism, including "A Reader's Guide to James Joyce" and "A Reader's Guide to Finnegans Wake" are still in print. He wrote a total of thirteen books on UK and Irish authors including Joyce, Dylan Thomas, William Butler Yeats, and Samuel Beckett. Context_8 : Stephen James Joyce (born 15 February 1932) is the grandson of James Joyce and the controversial executor of Joyce's estate. He was born in France, the son of James Joyce's son, Giorgio, and Helen Joyce, née Kastor. Stephen attended Harvard University, graduating in 1958. At Harvard, he once roomed with Paul Matisse, grandson of French impressionist painter Henri Matisse, and with Sadruddin Aga Khan. Thereafter, he worked for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on African development. He retired from the OECD in 1991 to focus on managing his grandfather's estate. He and his wife, Solange Raythchine Joyce, live in the Île de Ré in France. They have no children; Stephen is James Joyce's sole living descendant. Context_9 : The Cats of Copenhagen is a posthumously-published short story written by Irish author James Joyce and illustrated by American artist Casey Sorrow. Written in 1936 for his grandson Stephen James Joyce, it was not published until 2012, when Joyce's work entered the public domain in certain jurisdictions. Context_10 : The James Joyce Award, also known as the Honorary Fellowship of the Society, is an award given by the Literary and Historical Society (L&H) of University College Dublin (UCD) for those who have achieved outstanding success in their given field; recipients have ranged from respected academics, lauded political figures, skilled actors and, like James Joyce himself, writers. It is the highest award that an Irish University society can give. It is named after one of the society's most distinguished alumni, James Joyce, the author of "Dubliners", "Ulysses", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" and "Finnegans Wake". fact_1 : John Champlin Gardner Jr. (July 21, 1933 – September 14, 1982) was an American novelist, essayist, literary critic and university professor. fact_2 : James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, short story writer, and poet. Question: John Gardner and James Joyce are both what?
Output (English): novelist