Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context_1 : Taking Rights Seriously is a 1977 book on philosophy of law by Ronald Dworkin. In this landmark book, Dworkin argues against the dominant philosophy of Anglo-American legal positivism as presented by H. L. A. Hart in "The Concept of Law" (1961) and utilitarianism by proposing that rights of the individual against the state exist outside of the written law and function as "trumps" against the interests or wishes of the majority. Context_2 : The Moral Constitution is a means of understanding the U.S. Constitution which emphasizes a fusion of moral philosophy and constitutional law. The most prominent proponent is Ronald Dworkin, who advances the view in "Law's Empire" and "Freedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution". Alternatively, it can be taken to mean a constitution that defines the fundamental political principles and establishes the power and duties of each government, and does so while being consistent with a moral code. The moral code can take any of the same forms as the constitution itself: written, unwritten, codified, uncodified, etc. Former Chief Justice of Indonesian Constitutional Court, Jimly Asshiddiqie, also wrote his book on "The Court of Ethics and Constitutional Ethics" (2014) advocating a new perspective on the 'rule of ethics' besides the doctrine of the 'rule of law'. Context_3 : Thinkers of the New Left is a 1985 book by the English philosopher Roger Scruton, in which the author analyses and criticizes the New Left. Scruton concentrates on 14 authors he considers representatives of the movement: E. P. Thompson, Ronald Dworkin, Michel Foucault, R. D. Laing, Raymond Williams, Rudolf Bahro, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Immanuel Wallerstein, Jürgen Habermas, Perry Anderson, György Lukács, John Kenneth Galbraith and Jean-Paul Sartre. "Thinkers of the New Left" proved controversial because of Scruton's attacks on the British left, and according to Scruton himself, its reception damaged his career. Some of the material in "Thinkers of the New Left" appeared in reworked form in a 2015 book titled "Fools, Frauds and Firebrands". Context_4 : Ronald Myles Dworkin, FBA ( ; December 11, 1931 – February 14, 2013) was an American philosopher, jurist, and scholar of United States constitutional law. At the time of his death, he was Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law and Philosophy at New York University and Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London, and had taught previously at Yale Law School and the University of Oxford, where he was the Professor of Jurisprudence, successor to Herbert Lionel Hart. An influential contributor to both philosophy of law and political philosophy, Dworkin received the 2007 Holberg International Memorial Prize in the Humanities for "his pioneering scholarly work" of "worldwide impact." According to a survey in "The Journal of Legal Studies", Dworkin was the second most-cited American legal scholar of the twentieth century. After his death, the Harvard legal scholar Cass Sunstein said Dworkin was "one of the most important legal philosophers of the last 100 years. He may well head the list." Context_5 : Law's Empire is a 1986 text in legal philosophy by the late Oxford scholar Ronald Dworkin which continues his criticism of the philosophy of legal positivism as promoted by H.L.A. Hart during the middle to late 20th century. The book notably introduces Dworkin's Judge Hercules as an idealized version of a jurist with extraordinary legal skills who is able to challenge various predominating schools of legal interpretation and legal hermeneutics prominent throughout the 20th century. Judge Hercules is eventually challenged by Judge Hermes, another idealized version of a jurist who is affected by an affinity to respecting historical legal meaning arguments which do not affect Judge Hercules in the same manner. Judge Hermes' theory of legal interpretation is found by Dworkin in the end to be inferior to the approach of Judge Hercules. Context_6 : In philosophy of law, law as integrity is a theory of law put forward by the legal philosopher Ronald Dworkin. In general, it can be described as interpreting the law according to a community. Context_7 : Michael Mandel (May 6, 1948 – October 27, 2013) was a Canadian legal academic, specializing in criminal law with a particular interest in criminal sentencing and legal theory. He was a part of Osgoode Hall Law School's faculty from 1974 until 2013, having graduated from Osgoode with his LL.B. and the silver medal. Mandel also had a B.C.L. from Oxford where he studied under the late renowned legal scholar Ronald Dworkin. Context_8 : His object in this book is to identify the distinguishing characteristics of positive law to free it from the precepts of religion and morality. The book consists of six lectures designed to be delivered in a law school setting. Although his theory did not receive significant attention in the 19th Century, it has since become central to the jurisprudential canon, and has been criticised, adapted and enlarged upon by subsequent jurists such as H. L. A. Hart and Ronald Dworkin. Context_9 : The Hart–Dworkin debate is a debate in legal philosophy between H. L. A. Hart and Ronald Dworkin. At the heart of the debate lies a Dworkinian critique of Hartian legal positivism, specifically, the theory presented in Hart's book "The Concept of Law". Context_10 : John Hart Ely (December 3, 1938 – October 25, 2003) is one of the most widely cited legal scholars in United States history, ranking just after Richard Posner, Ronald Dworkin, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., according to a 2000 study in the University of Chicago's "Journal of Legal Studies". fact_1 : In philosophy of law, law as integrity is a theory of law put forward by the legal philosopher Ronald Dworkin. fact_2 : Ronald Myles Dworkin, FBA ( ; December 11, 1931 – February 14, 2013) was an American philosopher, jurist, and scholar of United States constitutional law. Question: Who is Ronald Dworkin?
Output (English): philosopher