Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context_1 : Inquiry education (sometimes known as the inquiry method) is a student-centered method of education focused on asking questions. Students are encouraged to ask questions which are meaningful to them, and which do not necessarily have easy answers; teachers are encouraged to avoid giving answers when this is possible, and in any case to avoid giving direct answers in favor of asking more questions. The method was advocated by Neil Postman and Charles Weingartner in their book "Teaching as a Subversive Activity". Context_2 : Charles Samuel Peskin (born April 15, 1946) is an American mathematician known for his work in the mathematical modeling of blood flow in the heart. Such calculations are useful in the design of artificial heart valves. From this work has emerged an original computational method for fluid-structure interaction that is now called the “immersed boundary method". The immersed boundary method allows the coupling between deformable immersed structures and fluid flows to be handled in a computationally tractable way. With his students and colleagues, Peskin also has worked on mathematical models of such systems as the inner ear, arterial pulse, blood clotting, congenital heart disease, light adaptation in the retina, control of ovulation number, control of plasmid replication, molecular dynamics, and molecular motors. Context_3 : Association mapping (genetics), also known as "linkage disequilibrium mapping", is a method of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that takes advantage of historic linkage disequilibrium to link phenotypes (observable characteristics) to genotypes (the genetic constitution of organisms), uncovering genetic associations. Context_4 : Joan Feynman (born March 31, 1927) is an American astrophysicist. She has made important contributions to the study of solar wind particles and fields; sun-Earth relations; and magnetospheric physics. In particular, Feynman is known for developing an understanding of the origin of auroras. She is also known for creating a model that predicts the number of high-energy particles likely to hit a spacecraft over its lifetime, and for uncovering a method for predicting sunspot cycles. Feynman is the younger sister of physicist Richard Feynman. Context_5 : The runoff curve number (also called a curve number or simply CN) is an empirical parameter used in hydrology for predicting direct runoff or infiltration from rainfall excess. The curve number method was developed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, which was formerly called the "Soil Conservation Service" or "SCS" — the number is still popularly known as a "SCS runoff curve number" in the literature. The runoff curve number was developed from an empirical analysis of runoff from small catchments and hillslope plots monitored by the USDA. It is widely used and is an efficient method for determining the approximate amount of direct runoff from a rainfall event in a particular area. Context_6 : Charles "Chuck" Hirshberg is an American journalist and sportswriter. He primarily writes for large-circulation magazines. His articles and columns have appeared in "Time", "Sports Illustrated", "Life", the "Los Angeles Times", the "Washington Post", "Men's Health" and other publications. As of 2002, he was an editor of "Popular Science". His mother is the astrophysicist Joan Feynman and his uncle was Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman. Context_7 : The dead-end elimination algorithm (DEE) is a method for minimizing a function over a discrete set of independent variables. The basic idea is to identify "dead ends", i.e., combinations of variables that are not necessary to define a global minimum because there is always a way of replacing such combination by a better or equivalent one. Then we can refrain from searching such combinations further. Hence, dead-end elimination is a mirror image of dynamic programming, in which "good" combinations are identified and explored further. Although the method itself is general, it has been developed and applied mainly to the problems of predicting and designing the structures of proteins. It closely related to the notion of dominance in optimization also known as substitutability in a Constraint Satisfaction Problem. The original description and proof of the dead-end elimination theorem can be found in . Context_8 : In mathematics, Dodgson condensation is a method of computing the determinants of square matrices. It is named for its inventor, Charles Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll). The method in the case of an "n" × "n" matrix is to construct an ("n" − 1) × ("n" − 1) matrix, an ("n" − 2) × ("n" − 2), and so on, finishing with a 1 × 1 matrix, which has one entry, the determinant of the original matrix. Context_9 : Charles Walmesley, OSB (best known by the pseudonyms Signor Pastorino or Pastorini; 13 January 1722 – 25 November 1797) was the Roman Catholic Titular Bishop of Rama and Vicar Apostolic of the Western District of England. He was known, especially in Ireland, for predicting the downfall of Protestantism in 1821–5 and the triumphant emergence of the Catholic Church. Context_10 : Dodgson's method is an electoral system proposed by the author, mathematician and logician Charles Dodgson, better known as Lewis Carroll. The method is to extend the Condorcet method by swapping candidates until a Condorcet winner is found. The winner is the candidate which requires the minimum number of swaps. Dodgson proposed this voting scheme in his 1876 work "A method of taking votes on more than two issues". Given an integer "k" and an election, it is NP-complete to determine whether a candidate can become a Condorcet winner with fewer than "k" swaps. fact_1 :  His mother is the astrophysicist Joan Feynman and his uncle was Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman. fact_2 :  She is also known for creating a model that predicts the number of high-energy particles likely to hit a spacecraft over its lifetime, and for uncovering a method for predicting sunspot cycles. Question: Charles Hirshberg's mother is known for uncovering a method for predicting what?
Output (English): sunspot cycles