Task: Question Generation
Input (English): Context_1 : George Blake was a former member of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1944 to 1961. For his employment contract, he had signed an Official Secrets Act 1911 declaration to disclose no information about his work. It applied after his employment ceased. In 1951, he became a Soviet agent, thus, being a double agent. He was discovered in 1961 and the British government imprisoned him in Wormwood Scrubs (HM Prison). He escaped in 1966 and fled to the Soviet Union. He wrote a book about it and his secret services work called "No Other Choice". He received a publishing contract for its release in 1989, with Jonathan Cape Ltd. The information in the book was no longer confidential. Blake received advanced payments and was entitled to more. The Crown brought an action for all the profits he made on the book including those that he had not yet received. It argued a restitutionary principle should apply. Context_2 : Stepan Fyodorovich Shutov (Russian: Степан Фёдорович Шутов; 30 January 1902 – 17 April 1963) was a Red Army Colonel and double Hero of the Soviet Union. Shutov fought in the Russian Civil War and the Polish–Soviet War. He was demobilized after recovering from Typhus in 1921 but was drafted into the Red Army again in 1924. He initially served in cavalry units and later became an officer in the tank troops. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Shutov was a tank battalion commander. He fought in the Battle of Moscow. In December 1941 he became deputy commander of a tank brigade and in August 1942 was given command of the 187th Tank Brigade of the 9th Tank Corps. Shutov was appointed commander of the 50th Separate Guards Tank Regiment in October. From May 1943 he took commanders courses at the Military Academy of the Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army. After graduation Shutov became commander of the 20th Guards Tank Brigade in August 1943. For his leadership of the brigade in the Battle of Kiev (1943), he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. During the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive the brigade captured Ploiești. For his leadership Shutov was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union a second time. In September 1944 he became 9th Guards Mechanized Corps deputy commander but a few days later was seriously wounded, resulting in the amputation of his arm while in the hospital. He retired in September 1945 and later became deputy minister for social welfare of the Belorussian SSR. Context_3 : John Cairncross (25 July 1913 – 8 October 1995) was a British civil servant who became an intelligence officer and spy during the Second World War. As a Soviet double agent, he passed to the Soviet Union the raw Tunny decrypts that influenced the Battle of Kursk. He was alleged to be the fifth member of the Cambridge Five. Context_4 : Lt. Col. Duncan Chaplin Lee (1913 – 1988) was confidential assistant to Maj. Gen. William ("Wild Bill") Donovan, founder and director of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), World War II-era predecessor of the CIA, during 1942-46. Lee is identified in the Venona project as the Soviet double agent operating inside OSS under the cover name "Koch," making him the most senior alleged source the Soviet Union ever had inside American intelligence. Context_5 : Soviet deportations from Lithuania were a series of 35 mass deportations carried out in Lithuania, a country that was occupied as a constituent socialist republic of the Soviet Union, in 1941 and 1945–1952. At least 130,000 people, 70% of them women and children, were forcibly transported to labor camps and other forced settlements in remote parts of the Soviet Union, particularly in the Irkutsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai. Among the deportees were about 4,500 Poles. These deportations do not include Lithuanian partisans or political prisoners (approximately 150,000 people) deported to Gulags (prison camps). Deportations of the civilians served a double purpose: repressing resistance to Sovietization policies in Lithuania and providing free labor in sparsely inhabited areas of the Soviet Union. Approximately 28,000 of Lithuanian deportees died in exile due to poor living conditions. After Stalin's death in 1953, the deportees were slowly and gradually released. The last deportees were released only in 1963. Some 60,000 managed to return to Lithuania, while 30,000 were prohibited from settling back in their homeland. Similar deportations took place in Latvia, Estonia, and other parts of the Soviet Union (see Soviet deportations from Estonia and population transfer in the Soviet Union). Lithuania observes the annual Mourning and Hope Day on June 14 in memory of those deported. Context_6 : Shirley Dubinsky (Born March 11, 1925) was an American citizen who attempted to defect to the Soviet Union in 1962. She refused to leave the Soviet Union when her visa expired. She was committed to a mental hospital on January 5, 1963 with a mental diagnosis of "schizophrenic break." After being hospitalized she returned to the United States on February 1, 1963. She was mentioned by the United States Congress Defector Study in 1979. Context_7 : George Blake (born George Behar 11 November 1922), is a former British spy who worked as a double agent for the Soviet Union. He became a Communist and decided to work for the KGB while a prisoner during the Korean War. Discovered in 1961 and sentenced to 42 years in prison, he escaped from Wormwood Scrubs prison in 1966 and fled to the USSR. He was not one of the Cambridge spies, although he associated with fellow traitors Donald Maclean and Kim Philby after reaching the USSR. Context_8 : Edith Tudor-Hart (née Edith Suschitzky; 1908–1973) was an Austrian-British photographer, communist-sympathiser and spy for the Soviet Union. Some of her work is in the National Gallery in London. Brought up in a family of socialists, she trained in photography at Walter Gropius's Bauhaus in Dessau, and carried her political ideals through her art. Through her connections with Arnold Deutsch, Tudor-Hart was instrumental in the recruiting of the Cambridge Spy ring which damaged British intelligence from World War II until their discovery in the late 1960s. She recommended Litzi Friedmann and Kim Philby for recruitment by the KGB and acted as an intermediary for Anthony Blunt and Bob Stewart when the "rezidentura" at the Soviet Embassy in London suspended its operations in February 1940.<ref name="Guardian 21/8/2015">The Guardian", 21 August 2015, "How MI5 failed to expose matriarch of Cambridge spy ring" by Ian Cobain</ref> Context_9 : Arnold Deutsch (1903–1942?), variously described as Austrian, Czech or Hungarian, was an academic who worked as a Soviet spy, best known for having recruited Kim Philby. Much of his life remains unknown or disputed. Context_10 : Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988) was a high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a double agent before defecting to the Soviet Union in 1963. He served as both an NKVD and KGB operative. fact_1 : Arnold Deutsch (1903–1942?) fact_2 : Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988) was a high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a double agent before defecting to the Soviet Union in 1963. Answer: 1963
Output (English): When did the double agent who was recruited by Arnold Deutsch defect to the Soviet Union ?