Task: Question Generation
Input (English): Context_1 : The Marshall Court (1801–1835) heard forty-one criminal law cases, slightly more than one per year. Among such cases are "United States v. Simms" (1803), "United States v. More" (1805), "Ex parte Bollman" (1807), "United States v. Hudson" (1812), "Cohens v. Virginia" (1821), "United States v. Perez" (1824), "Worcester v. Georgia" (1832), and "United States v. Wilson" (1833). Context_2 : Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302 (1989) , sanctioned the death penalty for mentally retarded offenders because the Court determined executing the mentally retarded was not "cruel and unusual punishment" under the Eighth Amendment. However, because Texas law did not allow the jury to give adequate consideration as a mitigating factor to Johnny Paul Penry's intellectual disability at the sentencing phase of his murder trial, the Court remanded the case for further proceedings. Eventually, Penry was retried for capital murder, again sentenced to death, and again the Supreme Court ruled, in "Penry v. Johnson", 532 U.S. 782 (2001) , that the jury was not able to adequately consider Penry's intellectual disability as a mitigating factor at the sentencing phase of the trial. Ultimately, Penry was spared the death penalty because of the Supreme Court's ruling in "Atkins v. Virginia", 536 U.S. 304 (2002) , which, while not directly overruling the holding in ""Penry I"", did give considerable negative treatment to "Penry" on the basis that the Eighth Amendment allowed execution of the mentally retarded. Context_3 : The Supreme Court of Virginia is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It primarily hears direct appeals in civil cases from the trial-level city and county circuit courts, as well as the criminal law, family law and administrative law cases that are initially appealed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia. It is one of the oldest continuously active judicial bodies in the United States. It was known as the Supreme Court of Appeals until 1970, when it was renamed the Supreme Court of Virginia because it has original as well as appellate jurisdiction. Context_4 : The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act (Pub.L. 65–12 , 40 Stat. 76 , enacted  18, 1917 ) authorized the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through the compulsory enlistment of people. It was envisioned in December 1916 and brought to President Woodrow Wilson's attention shortly after the break in relations with Germany in February 1917. The Act itself was drafted by then-Captain (later Brigadier General) Hugh S. Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany. The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November, 1918. The Act was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the "Selective Draft Law Cases" in 1918, a decision based partially on Vattel's "The Law of Nations" of 1758. Context_5 : Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002) , is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 6-3 that executing people with intellectual disabilities violates the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishments, but states can define who has intellectual disability. Twelve years later in "Hall v. Florida" the U.S. Supreme Court narrowed the discretion under which U.S. states can designate an individual convicted of murder as too intellectually incapacitated to be executed. Context_6 : James Lee Clark (May 13, 1968 – April 11, 2007) was an American murderer whose controversial execution by the state of Texas sparked international outcry as it was believed by many that his execution violated the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in "Atkins v. Virginia" (2002) Context_7 : This list contains an alphabetical listing of historically significant or leading case law in the area of patent law. For a list of patent law cases in just the United States, see United States patent law cases. Context_8 : Forensic engineering is the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property. The consequences of failure are dealt with by the law of product liability. The field also deals with retracing processes and procedures leading to accidents in operation of vehicles or machinery. The subject is applied most commonly in civil law cases, although it may be of use in criminal law cases. Generally, the purpose of a forensic engineering investigation is to locate cause or causes of failure with a view to improve performance or life of a component, or to assist a court in determining the facts of an accident. It can also involve investigation of intellectual property claims, especially patents. Context_9 : Arver v. United States, 245 U.S. 366 (1918) , also known as the Selective Draft Law Cases, was a United States Supreme Court decision which upheld the Selective Service Act of 1917, and more generally, upheld conscription in the United States. The Supreme Court upheld that conscription did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment's prohibition of involuntary servitude, or the First Amendment's protection of freedom of conscience. Context_10 : Moore v. Texas, 581 U. S. ___ (2017), was a United States Supreme Court decision clarifying that, in order to comply with "Atkins v. Virginia", 536 U.S. 304 (2002), courts must use legitimate medical diagnostic criteria when diagnosing mental disabilities in those on death row. The Court relied on "Atkins", which held that the execution of any individual with a mental disability is unconstitutional, in holding that "mild levels of intellectual disability ... nevertheless remain intellectual disabilities ... and States may not execute anyone in the entire category of intellectually disabled offenders." fact_1 :  The Supreme Court upheld that conscription did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment's prohibition of involuntary servitude, or the First Amendment's protection of freedom of conscience. fact_2 : Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002) , is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 6-3 that executing people with intellectual disabilities violates the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishments, but states can define who has intellectual disability. Answer: no
Output (English): Did both the Selective Draft Law Cases and Atkins v. Virginia find that the Constitution had been violated?