Task: Text Completion
Input (English): or federal laws that is inflicted pursuant to official policy.” Palmer v. City of San Antonio, Texas, 810 F.2d 514, 516 (5th Cir.1987); see also Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 2036, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978) (“Congress did not intend municipalities to be held liable unless action pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature caused a constitutional tort.”). In order to establish liability in these instances, the plaintiff must identify “ ‘(1) a policy (2) of the governmental entity’s policymaker (3) that caused (4) the plaintiff to be subjected to a deprivation of constitutional right.’” Palmer, 810 F.2d at 516 (quoting Grandstaff v. City of Borger, Texas, 767 F.2d 161, 169 (5th Cir.1985)); see Monell, 436 U.S. at 690, 98 S.Ct. at 2036 (<HOLDING>). “Policy” has been defined as a “course of 
 Holding statements: (A) recognizing that courts normally give great deference to a legislative bodys determination whether or not a legitimate government purpose is served by an ordinance (B) holding that ojrdinarily when a regulation is not promulgated in compliance with the apa the regulation is invalid however when equity demands the regulation can be left in place while the agency follows the necessary procedures citation omitted (C) holding that the elements of a claim under  3729a2 are 1 that the defendant made used or caused to be made or used a record or statement to get a claim against the united states paid or approved 2 the record or statement and the claim were false or fraudulent and 3 the defendant knew that the record or statement and the claim were false or fraudulent emphasis added (D) holding that procedures that are implicit and incidental to procedures otherwise explicitly provided for in a properly adopted rule or regulation do not require further codification by a further adopted rule or regulation and to hold otherwise belies statutory intent   and that such an argument based on the lack of a rule or regulation to cover every step of the testing procedures  is not only speculative and theoretical but also hypertechnical (E) holding that the claim must be based upon the implementation or execution of a policy statement ordinance regulation or decision officially adopted and promulgated by that bodys officers
Output (English): (E)