Task: Text Categorization
Input (English): One of this philosopher's thought experiments sparked the introduction of the quus function. An extended quote from Augustine's Confessions that illustrates the power of words opens one of his books, which considers the example of a man who has a note reading "five red apples." This man's doctoral dissertation consisted of (*) seven parts and introduced its author's logical atomism. That work by this thinker states "The world is all that is the case." This man used the "beetle in the box" thought experiment to consider whether a private language is consistent with reality in his book Philosophical Investigations. For 10 points, name this Austrian philosopher who wrote Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.
Output (English): Social Science