Task: Text Categorization
Input (English): In one work, this thinker used the characters of Theophilius and Philalethe to rebut John Locke. This author of New Essays on Human Understanding claimed that evil was reconcilable with god in Theodicee, in which he claimed that this is the best of all possible worlds. For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote the Monadology and invented calculus independent of Isaac Newton.
Output (English): History