Task: Text Categorization
Input (English): In one work, this man uses an analogy of a crate of oranges to explain that the scientific person would argue that if a sample is bad, the whole population is likely bad. He uses the color of his table to critique both Descartes' cogito ergo sum argument and Berkeley's idealism in the first three chapters of another work, whose other chapters include "How A Priori Knowledge is Possible" and "The Limits of Philosophical Knowledge. " This author of the introduction to Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus introduces the proposition C(x) such that C(everything) means that "C(x) is always true" and C(nothing) means that "'C(x) is false' is always true" in a work arguing against theories of Frege and Meinong. For 10 points, name this author of Why I Am Not a Christian," The Problems of Philosophy, and "On Denoting," also noted for the "Man's Peril" speech and being a co-author of Principia Mathematica.  
Output (English): Social Science