Task: Text Categorization
Input (English): In a debate with Antoine Arnauld, he was accused of fatalism and determinism for suggesting that everything that would happen to Alexander the Great followed from the latters essence. Louis Couturat later suggested that this man believed every truth to be analytic. One of this man's works was the subject of John Dewey's first philosophical work, a critical response to the empiricism of John Locke entitled New Essays on the Human Understanding. For 10 points, name this seventeenth-century German philosopher and mathematician, who talked about monads and was satirized by Voltaire as Dr. Pangloss in Candide.
Output (English): Social Science