Task: Text Categorization
Input (English): A paper by Lalive, Luechinger, and Schmutzler about the changes to the German railway system uses traffic accident and infant mortality rates as examples of these concepts. Katz and Shapiro wrote a paper that claims that fax machines and telephones possess the network type of them. They were notably illustrated with the example of a train that makes sparks by Ronald Coase, whose namesake theorem states that, so long as transaction costs are minimal, they can be resolved through private deliberations. Pigouvian taxes seek to alleviate them, and they are usually represented graphically by adjusting a cost curve. Waste dumping and other forms of pollution are classic examples of the negative type. For 10 points, name the economic term for a cost or a benefit that was not caused by the party whom it impacts.
Output (English): Social Science