Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Context: Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, regulates glucose metabolism by inducing insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon secretion. The aim of the study is to assess the levels of fasting and post-prandial GLP-1 and their risk for T2DM. A case control study was conducted at the diabetes clinic Sanglah Hospital Denpasar Bali, involving 40 subjects who were native Indonesian citizens and 18-70 years of age. Twenty subjects were allocated as the case group (subjects with T2DM) and 20 subjects were allocated as the control group (subjects with normal glucose tolerance [NGT]). Both fasting intact GLP-1 (FGLP-1) and 60\xa0minutes post-75 gram glucose loading intact GLP-1 (1hGLP-1) levels were measured.', 'Both fasting and post-prandial GLP-1 levels were significantly lower in subjects with T2DM than those with NGT (2.06\u2009±\u20090.43 vs. 2.87\u2009±\u20090.67\xa0pg/L, p\u2009<\u20090.01; and 2.49\u2009±\u20090.60 vs. 3.42\u2009±\u20090.85\xa0pg/L, p\u2009=\u20090.02; respectively). Low levels of FGLP-1 (OR, 13.5; p\u2009=\u20090.001) and 1hGLP-1 (OR, 5.667, p\u2009=\u20090.018), with no response after glucose loading (∆GLP-1), were a significant risk for T2DM. According to the ∆GLP-1, there was a tendency of decreasing response of GLP-1 after glucose loading among subjects with T2DM (∆\u2009=\u20090.43\xa0pg/L) compared to subjects with NGT (∆\u2009=\u20090.55\xa0pg/L).\Question: Is the low level of glucagon-like peptide-1 ( glp-1 ) a risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Output (English): From this study it can be concluded that levels of intact GLP-1 are an important risk factor for T2DM in the Indonesian population.