Task: Question Answering
Input (English): Question: In chromatography, the dead time can be defined as: 
 Options:  <1> The time between the injection of a sample and the appearance of a solute peak in the detector. <2> The factor that indicates the amount of time a solute spends in the stationary phase in relation to the time spent in the mobile phase. <3> The time it takes for a non-retained species to pass through a chromatographic column. <4> The time it takes for the analyte to pass through the chromatographic detector. <5> The relationship between the average linear velocity and the packing length of the column.
Output (English): 3