Title: Latin music Content: thumb|right|260px|A conjunto from the west of Cuba in 1926. The instruments are of Spanish, African and Indian origin Latin music is a form of popular music played by from Latin America. For practical purposes that includes the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Much Latin music is accompanied by song in Spanish. Latin music is a part of world music, which is the study of popular and traditional music in all countries.Broughton, Simon & Ellingham, Mark 2000.World music. Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. London: The Rough Guide. Hanly, Francis & May, Tim 1989. Rhythms of the world. London: BBC Books. Also part of the story is the influence of Latin music in other parts of the world, especially North America.Roberts, John Storm 1979. The latin tinge: the impact of latin american music on the United States. Oxford University press. Roberts, John Storm 1999. Latin jazz: the first of the fusions, 1880s to today. New York: Schirmer. In discussing Latin music these themes are extremely important: # Place: the country and sometimes the region of origin. # The former European colonial power and its policies # The culture of the former aboriginal inhabitants (the Indian tribes) # The culture of the slaves brought from Africa # Musical style. For instance the church music will be different from art music, and different again from popular music. In this article we shall be mostly concerned with popular music. So, differences in the music of Peru from that of Brazil are influenced or caused by these differences in their place of origin: # Peru had few African slaves. Its colonial power was Spain, and its Indian culture was and is quite strong. Most of the population is of Indian descent. # Brazil had many African slaves, especially in Bahia province, and today has many people of mixed descent. Its colonial power was Portugal, and its people speak Portuguese, not Spanish. It is also geographically a vastly different country from Peru. == The influence of Europe == The influence of Europe, and in particular Spain, to Latin music is as follows: # Musical notation. Not only does this allow music to be played by any groups who wish to, it enables composers to earn a living. In turn, this encourages musicians to take the trouble to write down the music and get it published. The published music also gives us a record of music which is no longer played regularly. # European musical instruments. In every single South American and most Caribbean islands, the Spanish guitar is the most common instrument. In addition, variations of the guitar such as the Cuban tres and the Puerto Rican quattro, are widespread. Other important instruments are the cornet (later, the trumpet), the piano, the double bass, the violin and other instruments. # Systematic teaching for composers, musicians and singers began with the first cathedral in Cuba (in Santiago de Cuba). The idea of systematic instruction is used widely today to get a kind of uniformity, so that a band can replace a musician with another one who can perform to a similar standard. == The influence of Africa == The influence of Africa comes mostly from the Yoruba, Dahomey and Congo peoples of that great continent. Its importance in a Latin country varies according to the number of slaves imported to that country. The freeing of slaves took place at various times from the middle to the end of the 19th century.Thomas, Hugh 1997. The slave trade: the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440-1870. Picador, London. In Latin music its influence was # Percussion: most types of percussion, especially drums. In Cuba there were originally about 100 different types of drum.Ortiz, Fernando 1952. Los instrumentos de la musica Afrocubana. 5 volumes, La Habana. This has been watered down to only three in common use, the conga drums, the bongos, and the timbales. The first two are of African origin. Other examples of African percussion instruments are the clavés,short hardwood sticks and the shekeres.hollow gourds with a network of beads on the outside. Even more important is the extra weight given to percussion in almost any Afro-Latin group or orchestra. It is common for a conjunto (musical group) of ten or 12 musicians to have half of them playing percussion, and for even the stringed instruments to be plucked rather than bowed. # Call and response in both music and song is normal. A famous example is in the film Casablanca between Sam and the band in the song Knock On Wood: CALL: Who's got trouble? RESPONSE: We've got trouble! CALL: How much trouble? RESPONSE: Too much trouble! # Just as the Spanish brought the Catholic church, so the slaves brought their African religions, which today go by various names. The word santería means the fusion of catholic saints and African spirits, so for example the African orisha (spirit) Babalú is the counterpart of the Catholic saint San Lazaro.Murphy, Joseph M. 1988. Santería: an African religion in America. Boston: Beacon Press. Canizares, Raul 1993. Walking the night: the afro-cuban world of santeria. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny. The Yoruban religion in Cuba is usually called regla de ocha, while the Brazilian version of the same religion is called conbomblé. The relevance of this to music is that the ancient religions were not just a set of beliefs. They were the centre of life in an uncertain world. The slaves brought their beliefs, their dances, their music, their instruments and their ceremonies with them in their minds. Where their masters allowed it, they reproduced the culture they had left behind. And it has fed popular music in the Afro-Latin countries ever since.Sublette, Ned 2004. Cuba and its music: from the first drums to the mambo. Chicago Review Press, Part III Afro-Cuba p159 et seq. == Influence of the indigenous peoples == West of the Andes, the music is clearly influence by the indigenous Indian peoples. The panpipes and flutes of Peru are distinctive, as is their most popular rhythms. In Ecuador forms of the flute occur, but most of the music is influenced by the European waltz (as the pasillo) and by various Afro-Latin styles from the Caribbean. Chile has the cueca, introduced in 1824. It was the "most popular air of Chile".La Tonada Despite this, the influence of the indigenous Indian peoples on Latin music is much less noticeable than the influence of European and African music. There are dozens of folk rhythms which survive,Box, Ben (1992 [and subsequent editions]). South American Handbook. New York City: Trade & Travel. At the beginning of each chapter (except the Guianas) is a section on "Music and Dance" written by Nigel Gallop, an Englishman, fluent in Spanish and Portuguese, who lived and worked in almost every country of South America. but usually they have had had little or no effect outside their particular locale, whereas the influence of the Spanish and African peoples is seen almost everywhere. Even in the Argentine, the famous tango uses a rhythmical device known as the cinquillo. This is a syncopated rhythm similar to that in the Cuban habanera.habanera: a Cuban rhythm and dance of the second half of the 19th century. Its music is, like most Cuban music, Afro-latin in style. Syncopation and polyrhythms are unmistakable signs of Africa. The Argentine has a number of folktunes and rhythms of Indian origin, but the tango is dominant and the other rhythms are not. == Post-1970 in the U.S.A. == Lydia Mendoza (19162007), a singer of Mexican descent, became the first American- born Hispanic to record a song in Spanish (1928).Associated Press. "Talented Texans to be honored," Houston Chronicle, February 7, 2003, page 2."Thanks for telling the story of Texas through the arts" (editorial), Austin American- Statesman, February 9, 2003."Legislature honors 13 artists, patrons," San Antonio Express-News, March 26, 2003, page 2B. Hispanics recording music was rare during the early 1900s. In 1960s, Tejano music (in Southern United States, Mexico), Spanish folk (in Spain), salsa (in Puerto Rico), cumbia (in South America), and bachata (in Dominican Republic) were the most popular forms of Latin music at the time. In the 1970s, bolero became a popular music genre in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican singer Hector Lavoe became one of its important musicians. In the United States, speaking Spanish was not well liked and many Hispanics were discriminated against for speaking Spanish. Because of this, many children and young adults favored English music such as rock and roll and tried not to speak Spanish outside of their home. In the 1980s, Latin music started becoming popular. American music magazine, Billboard added several Latin music-categories. These include Top Latin Albums, Regional Mexican Albums, Tropical Albums and the Latin Pop Albums chart. Because of this, younger generations became interested in recording Latin music. However, during the late 1980s, freestyle music became the most popular Latin music genre. Freestyle music was rarely recorded in Spanish. In the 1990s, artists including Selena, Gloria Estefan, Luis Miguel, and Thalía became popular in this decade. They helped Latin music and recording Latin music popular for young children and adults. Selena became the most popular Latin artist of the United States in 1995, when she was murdered at 23. She became the first and only Latin artist to peak an album that contained mostly Spanish music at number one on the Billboard 200 chart. At the time of her death, she was competing with Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson with her album Dreaming of You (1995) which sold 3,000,000 copies its first year. Enrique Iglesias, Shakira, Marc Anthony,Marc Anthony Iconos Nuevo Disco 2010 – Blog SonicoMusica.com para escuchar buena musica online . Sonicomusica.info (February 22, 1999). Retrieved 2011-10-01. Ricky Martin, and Jennifer Lopez became popular in the mid and late 1990s. In the 2000s, Latin music began to see a decrease of music sales. Tejano music began to become unpopular, though its "Queen of Tejano music", Selena became the "Top Latin Artist of the Decade" by Billboard magazine in 1999. Shakira,[ Chart Positions US CA: Laundry Service] allmusic. Retrieved April 29, 2008. Ricky Martin,Billboard peak positions . Retrieved January 25, 2011. and Jennifer Lopez continued to become more popular and had number one singles and albums in the Billboard 200. Marc Anthony, Aventura, Don Omar, and Enrique Iglesias remained popular in the Latin scene. In the 2010s, Prince Royce, Pitbull, Romeo Santos, and Wisin & Yandel became popular during this decade. Jennifer Lopez, Ricky Martin, and Shakira crossover into English music with some Spanish releases. In the 2010s, bachata music became popular because of Prince Royce and Romeo Santos. While reggaeton continued to dominate Latin music radios since the mid 2000s. As of 2012, Selena remains the best-selling Latin artist with 60,000,000 copies sold worldwide. Jennifer Lopez is second with 55,000,000 copies sold worldwide.