Title: April 8 Content: == Events == === Up to 1900 === * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated (and succeeded) by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 1093 - The new Winchester Cathedral is dedicated. * 1139 - Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church. * 1730 – Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated. * 1740 - War of Jenkins' Ear: Three British ships capture the Spanish third-rate HMS Princess. * 1742 – The first performance of George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah, in Dublin. * 1767 – Ayutthaya kingdom fell to Burmese invaders. * 1784 - William Herschel discovers six Galaxies. * 1820 – The Venus de Milo is discovered on the Aegean island of Melos. * 1832 – Black Hawk War: Around 300 United States 6th Infantry troops leave Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis to fight the Sauk Native Americans. * 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Mansfield - Union General Nathaniel Banks' Red River Campaign is thwarted by Confederate General Richard Taylor's forces at Mansfield, Louisiana. * 1866 - Italy and Prussia ally against the Austrian Empire. * 1886 - William Ewart Gladstone introduces the first Irish Home Rule Bill into the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. * 1893 – First recorded college basketball game occurs in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania when the Geneva College Covenanters defeated the New Brighton YMCA. * 1899 – Martha Place becomes the first woman to be executed in an electric chair. === 1901 2000 === * 1904 – France and the United Kingdom sign the Entente cordiale. * 1904 – Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times. * 1906 - Auguste Deter, the first-recorded Alzheimer's disease patient, dies at the age of 56. * 1908 - Harvard University votes to establish the Harvard Business School. * 1910 – The Los Angeles Motordome opened near Playa del Rey, California. * 1911 - Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity. * 1913 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified requiring direct election of Senators. * 1916 – In Corona, California, auto racer Bob Burman crashed through a crowd barrier at the last Boulevard Race, killing himself, his mechanic and a track policeman, and badly injuring five spectators. * 1918 – World War I: Actors Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin sell war bonds on the streets of New York City's financial district. * 1924 - Sharia courts are banned in Turkey, as part of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's reforms. * 1929 – Indian independence movement: At Delhi Central Assembly, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw handouts, and bombs in a corridor not to cause injury and courted arrest. * 1933 - A majority of voters in Western Australia chooses to secede from Australia in a referendum; the result is not recognised. * 1935 – The Works Progress Administration is formed when the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 becomes law. * 1942 – World War II: Siege of Leningrad - Soviet Union forces open a much-needed railway link to Leningrad. * 1952 – In a radio address to the nation from the White House, President Harry S. Truman calls for the seizure of all steel mills in the United States in order to prevent a nationwide strike. * 1953 – Mau Mau leader Jomo Kenyatta is convicted by Kenya's British rulers. * 1954 - A Royal Canadian Air Force Canadair Harvard aircraft collides with a Trans-Canada Airlines Canadian North Star aircraft over Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, killing 37 people. * 1954 - South African Airways Flight 201 crashes into the sea near Naples, Italy, killing 21 people. * 1960 - The Netherlands and West Germany sign an agreement to negotiate the return of German land annexed by the Dutch. * 1961 - A large explosion on board the MV Dara in the Persian Gulf kills 238 people. * 1967 – In Vienna, Austria, Sandie Shaw wins the twelfth Eurovision Song Contest for the United Kingdom singing "Puppet on a String". * 1970 - Israeli bombers strike an Egyptian school, killing 46 children. * 1971 – a 6-pound meteorite struck a house on Spring Street in Wethersfield, Connecticut. * 1973 - Painter and sculptor Pablo Picasso dies in Mougins, France, at the age of 91. * 1974 – At the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, Hank Aaron breaks baseball great's Babe Ruth's record by hitting his 715th home run. * 1975 – Frank Robinson of the Cleveland Indians manages his first game as major league baseball's first African American manager. * 1975 – Vietnam War: After spending a week in South Vietnam, U.S. Army Chief of Staff Frederick Weyand gives a report to the U.S. Congress that South Vietnam will fall without additional military aid. * 1985 – Bhopal disaster: India files suit against Union Carbide for the disaster which killed an estimated 2,000 and injured another 200,000. * 1986 – Clint Eastwood is elected mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California receiving 72% of the vote (voter turnout was also doubled over the previous mayoral election). * 1987 – Los Angeles Dodgers executive Al Campanis resigns amid great controversy over racially-charged remarks he had made while on Nightline. * 1989 – South Africa In Johannesburg, the Progressive Federal Party, Independent party, National Democratic Movement and the force of "Ontevrede Afrikaners" or dissatisfied Afrikaners merged to form the Democratic Party. * 1990 – Twin Peaks premieres. * 1992 – Retired tennis great Arthur Ashe announces to the world that he has AIDS, acquired from blood transfusions during one of his two heart surgeries. * 1993 - The Republic of Macedonia joins the UN. * 1994 – The body of Kurt Cobain is discovered in his Washington home. He was 27 years old. * 2000 – A U.S. Marine Corps V-22 Osprey crashes during landing at Marana, Arizona killing 19. === From 2001 === * 2002 – Ed McMahon files a US$20 million lawsuit against his insurance company and others regarding a toxic mold infecting McMahon's Beverly Hills, California home. * 2004 – Darfur conflict: The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and two rebel groups. * 2005 – Funeral of Pope John Paul II. * 2008 – Yo So-yeon becomes the first Korean woman in space. * 2013 - Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher dies aged 87 of complications from a stroke. See Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher. * 2013 - The self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant extremist group is created. * 2018 - A suspected chemical attack in Douma, Syria, kills at least 50 people. * 2018 - Hungary's general election results in Viktor Orbán winning a third term in office as Prime minister. == Births == === Up to 1900 === * 563 BC – Gautama Buddha, religious leader (d. 483 BC) * 1320 – King Peter I of Portugal (d. 1367) * 1533 - Claudio Merulo, Italian composer (d. 1604) * 1536 - Barbara of Hesse (d. 1597) * 1541 - Michele Mercati, Italian physician (d. 1593) * 1605 – King Philip IV of Spain (d. 1665) * 1641 - Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (d. 1704) * 1692 - Giuseppe Tartini, Italian composer (d. 1770) * 1732 - David Rittenhouse, American astronomer, inventor and mathematician (d. 1796) * 1761 - William Joseph Chaminade, French priest (d. 1850) * 1783 - John Claudius Loudon, Scottish botanist and garden designer (d. 1843) * 1793 - Karl Zell, German statesman and philologist (d. 1873) * 1798 - Dionysios Solomos, Greek poet (d. 1857) * 1815 - Andrew Graham, Irish astronomer (d. 1908) * 1818 – King Christian IX of Denmark (d. 1906) * 1818 - August Wilhelm von Hofmann, German chemist (d. 1892) * 1826 - Pancha Carrasco, Costa Rican soldier (d. 1890) * 1827 - Ramon Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican politician, doctor and diplomat (d. 1898) * 1842 – Elizabeth Bacon Custer, wife of George Armstrong Custer (d. 1933) * 1859 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian-German philosopher (d. 1938) * 1865 – Charles W. Woodworth, Entomologist (d. 1940) * 1869 - Harvey Williams Cushing, American neurologist (d. 1939) * 1871 - Clarence Hudson White, American photographer (d. 1925) * 1872 – Ivan Bloch, physician (d. 1922) * 1874 – Stanisław Taczak, Polish general (d. 1960) * 1875 – King Albert I of Belgium (d. 1934) * 1885 - Dimitrios Levidis, Greek composer (d. 1951) * 1888 - Dennis Chavez, American politician (d. 1962) * 1889 - Blanche Stuart Scott, American pilot (d. 1970) * 1889 – Sir Adrian Boult, English conductor (d. 1983) * 1892 – Mary Pickford, Canadian-born actress, studio founder (d. 1979) * 1892 - Richard Neutra, Austrian architect (d. 1970) * 1898 - Achille Van Acker, 33rd Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1969) * 1899 - John Christie, English serial killer (d. 1953) === 1901 1950 === * 1902 – Andrew Irvine, British mountaineer (d. 1924) * 1904 – Ron Hicks, British economist (d. 1989) * 1904 - Yves Congar, French cardinal (d. 1995) * 1905 – Helen Joseph, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 1992) * 1908 - Hugo Fregonese, Argentine director and screenwriter (d. 1987) * 1910 – George Musso, American football player (d. 2000) * 1911 – Emil Cioran, Romanian philosopher and essayist (d. 1995) * 1911 – Melvin Calvin, American chemist, 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997) * 1912 – Sonja Henie, Norwegian Olympic and World Champion figure skater (d. 1969) * 1912 - Julian Berrendero, Spanish cyclist (d. 1995) * 1912 – Alois Brunner, Austrian Nazi (date of death unknown, possibly 2001, 2009 or 2010) * 1913 – Sourou-Migan Apithy, President of Benin (d. 1989) * 1914 – María Félix, Mexican actress (d. 2002) * 1915 - Ivan Supek, Croatian physicist, philosopher and activist (d. 2007) * 1917 - Hubertus Ernst, Dutch bishop (d. 2017) * 1917 - Grigori Kuzmin, Russian-Estonian astronomer (d. 1988) * 1918 – Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (d. 2011) * 1919 – Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d. 2007) * 1919 – Virginia O'Brien, American actress (d. 2001) * 1920 - Carmen McRae, American singer, composer, pianist and actress (d. 1994) * 1921 – Franco Corelli, Italian tenor (d. 2003) * 1923 – Edward Mulhare, Irish actor (d. 1997) * 1923 - George Fisher, American cartoonist (d. 2003) * 1926 – Jürgen Moltmann, German theologian * 1926 – Shecky Greene, American comedian * 1926 - Henry N. Cobb, American architect * 1926 - Jean-Jacques Pauvert, French publisher and author (d. 2014) * 1928 – Leah Rabin, wife of Israeli Premier Yitzhak Rabin (d. 2000) * 1929 – Walter Berry, Austrian bass-baritone (d. 2000) * 1929 – Jacques Brel, Belgian singer and composer (d. 1978) * 1929 - Renzo De Felice, Italian historian (d. 1996) * 1930 – Carlos-Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2010) * 1930 - Miller Williams, American poet (d. 2015) * 1931 - John Gavin, American actor and diplomat (d. 2018) * 1932 – Iskandar of Johor, 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia (d. 2010) * 1932 - József Antall, Hungarian politician (d. 1993) * 1933 – Fred Ebb, composer (d. 2004) * 1934 - Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect (d. 2007) * 1938 – Kofi Annan, Ghanaian diplomat, former United Nations Secretary-General (d. 2018) * 1938 - John Hamm, Canadian physician and politician, 25th Premier of Nova Scotia * 1939 - Edwin Frederick O'Brien, American cardinal * 1939 - Manolis Angelopoulos, Greek singer (d. 1989) * 1940 – John Havlicek, American basketball player (d. 2019) * 1941 – Vivienne Westwood, English fashion designer * 1942 - Douglas Trumbull, American director, producer and special effects artist * 1943 – Miller Farr, American football player * 1943 – Michael Bennett, American dancer, choreographer, theater director (d. 1987) * 1943 – Tony Banks, British politician (d. 2006) * 1943 - James Herbert, British writer (d. 2013) * 1944 - Tariana Turia, New Zealand politician * 1944 - Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor (d. 2017) * 1946 – Catfish Hunter, American baseball pitcher (d. 1999) * 1946 – Tim Thomerson, American actor * 1947 – Tom DeLay, American politician * 1947 - Steve Howe, English rock guitarist * 1947 - Robert Kiyosaki, American author * 1947 - Pascal Lamy, French politician * 1947 - Larry Norman, American musician (d. 2008) * 1948 - Danuta Hübner, Polish politician * 1949 – John Madden, director * 1949 - Joe Royle, English footballer and manager * 1950 – Grzegorz Lato, Polish footballer === 1951 1975 === * 1951 – Geir Haarde, former Prime Minister of Iceland * 1951 - Joan Sebastian, Mexican singer and actor (d. 2015) * 1954 – Gary Carter, American baseball catcher * 1955 – Barbara Kingsolver, novelist * 1955 – Gerrie Coetzee, South African boxer * 1955 - Jim Fleeting, Scottish footballer * 1955 - Kane Hodder, American stuntman and actor * 1957 – Andrea Ypsilanti, German politician * 1960 – John Schneider, actor * 1960 - Gordon Chisholm, Scottish footballer and manager * 1961 - Brian McDermott, English footballer and manager * 1962 – Izzy Stradlin, American musician * 1963 – Julian Lennon, English musician and singer * 1963 – Alec Stewart, English cricketer * 1964 - Dordi Nordby, Norwegian curler * 1966 - Charlotte Dawson, New Zealand-Australian television personality (d. 2014) * 1966 – Robin Wright, American actress * 1966 – Mazinho, Brazilian footballer * 1966 - Iveta Bartosova, Czech singer and actress (d. 2014) * 1968 – Patricia Arquette, American actress * 1968 - Susana Harp, Mexican musician * 1970 - Care Santos, Catalan writer * 1972 - Lisa Cameron, Scottish politician * 1972 – Paul Gray, American musician (Slipknot) (d. 2010) * 1972 - Sergei Magnitsky, Russian lawyer (d. 2009) * 1973 - Khaled Badra, Tunisian footballer * 1973 - Emma Caulfield, American actress * 1974 - Holger Hott, Norwegian orienteering competitor * 1974 - Nnedi Okorafor, Nigerian-American writer * 1975 - Anouk, Dutch singer === From 1976 === * 1977 – Mark Spencer, computer programmer * 1980 – Manuel Ortega, Austrian singer * 1980 - Katee Sackhoff, American actress * 1981 - Nikolay Kruglov, Jr., Russian biathlete * 1981 – Taylor Kitsch, Canadian actor and model * 1981 - Kelly Schafer, Scottish curler * 1982 - Gennady Golovkin, Kazakhstani boxer * 1983 - Allu Arjun, Indian actor * 1983 – Edson Braafheid, Dutch footballer * 1984 – Taran Noah Smith, American actor * 1986 - Erika Sawajiri, Japanese actress and model * 1986 - Bridget Kelly, American singer and songwriter * 1986 – Igor Akinfeev, Russian footballer * 1987 – Royston Drenthe, Dutch footballer * 1987 - Dario Vidosic, Australian footballer * 1987 - Abdelhamid Abaaoud, Belgian-Moroccan terrorist (d. 2015) * 1988 - Jenni Asserholt, Swedish ice hockey player * 1989 - Hitomi Takahashi, Japanese actress and singer * 1989 - Gabriella Wilde, English actress and model * 1990 - Kim Jong-hyun, South Korean singer-songwriter, dancer and actor (d. 2017) * 1990 - Karim Bellarabi, German footballer * 1991 - Minami Takahashi, Japanese actress and singer * 1993 - Trent Sullivan, Australian actor * 1994 – Sonya Singha, Thai actress * 1999 - Ty Panitz, American actor * 2002 - Skai Jackson, American actress == Deaths == === Up to 1900 === *217 – Caracalla, Roman Emperor (b. 188) *622 - Prince Shotoku of Japan (b. 574) *632 - Charibert, Frankish king (b. 607) *956 - Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy *1143 - John II Komnenos, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 1087) *1364 - King John II of France (b. 1319) *1450 - Sejong the Great, King of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (b. 1397) *1461 - Georg Purbach, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1423) *1551 - Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (b. 1510) *1586 - Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer and theologian (b. 1522) *1612 - Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (b. 1575) *1691 - Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1611) *1704 - Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (b. 1641) *1735 - Francis II Rakoczi, Hungarian aristocrat (b. 1676) *1835 - Wilhelm von Humboldt, Prussian statesman (b. 1757) *1848 – Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (b. 1797) *1861 - Elisha Otis, American inventor (b. 1811) *1870 - Charles Auguste de Bériot, Belgian violinist and composer (b. 1802) *1894 - Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Indian author (b. 1838) === 1901 2000 === *1906 – Auguste Deter, first-recorded victim of Alzheimer's disease (b. 1850) *1919 - Lorand Eotvos, Hungarian physicist (b. 1848) *1931 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer (b. 1864) *1936 – Robert Bárány, Austrian doctor, won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1876) *1950 - Vaslav Nijinsky, Polish-Russian ballet dancer and choreographer (b. 1890) *1958 - Ethel Turner, Australian writer (b. 1872) *1962 - Juan Belmonte, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1892) *1973 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1881) *1974 - Ferruccio Novo, Italian football manager (b. 1899) *1978 - Ford Frick, American baseball commissioner (b. 1894) *1981 – Omar Bradley, American general (b. 1893) *1983 - Isamu Kosuga, Japanese actor and director (b. 1904) *1984 – Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist (b. 1894) *1986 - Yukiko Okada, Japanese actress, singer and model (b. 1967) *1990 - Ryan White, American activist (b. 1971) *1992 – Daniel Bovet, Swiss pharmacologist (b. 1907) *1993 – Marian Anderson, American contralto (b. 1897) *1994 – Kurt Cobain, American musician (Nirvana) (b. 1967) *1997 - Laura Nyro, American singer, pianist and composer (b. 1967) === From 2001 === *2002 - María Félix, Mexican actress (b. 1914) *2009 – Piotr Morawski, Polish mountaineer (b. 1976) *2010 – Malcolm McLaren, British music manager (b. 1946) *2010 – Abel Muzorewa, Zimbabwean politician (b. 1924) *2012 - Jack Tramiel, Polish-born American entrepreneur and computer pioneer (b. 1928) *2013 - Sara Montiel, Spanish actress and singer (b. 1928) *2013 - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1925) *2013 - Annette Funicello, American actress and singer (b. 1942) *2014 - Karlheinz Deschner, German writer and activist (b. 1924) *2014 - Emmanuel III Delly, Iraqi Patriarch (b. 1927) *2014 - The Ultimate Warrior, American professional wrestler (b. 1959) *2015 - Jayakanthan, Indian Tamil author (b. 1934) *2015 - Jean-Claude Turcotte, Canadian cardinal (b. 1936) *2016 - Mircea Albulescu, Romanian actor and writer (b. 1934) *2016 - Wei Chueh, Taiwanese Buddhist monk (b. 1928) *2016 - Dick Alban, American football player (b. 1929) *2017 - Fishman, Mexican professional wrestler (b. 1951) *2017 - Georgy Grechko, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1931) *2017 - Brian Matthew, English radio and television presenter (b. 1928) *2017 - Donald Sarason, American mathematician (b. 1933) *2018 - Leila Abashidze, Georgian actress, film director and screenwriter (b. 1929) *2018 - Michael Goolaerts, Belgian racing cyclist (b. 1994) *2018 - Juraj Herz, Slovakian film director, actor and screenwriter (b. 1934) *2018 - Chuck McCann, American actor (b. 1934) *2018 - John Miles, British racing driver (b. 1943) *2019 - Josine Ianco-Starrels, Romanian-American art curator (b. 1926) *2019 - Vasily Likhachyov, Russian politician (b. 1952) *2019 - Nadja Regin, Serbian actress (b. 1931) *2020 - Rick May, Canadian-American actor and voice actor (b. 1940) == Observances == * Buddha's Birthday (Japan) * International Day of the Roma April 08