Title: Mercia Content: thumb|right|400px| Mercia was one of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of the Heptarchy. It was in the region now known as the English Midlands now East Midlands & West Midlands. Mercia was centered on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries. Settled by Angles, their name is the root of the name 'England'. Their neighbors included other Angles, Saxons and Jutes all from Germany. Mercia bordered on Northumbria, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia. To the west were Britons in Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales. Its capital was Tamworth, which is today part of Staffordshire. == Early history == Archaeological discoveries show the first Anglian settlements were in the Trent river valley.Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe, eds. Michelle P Brown; Carol A Farr (London: Continuum International Pub. Group, 2005), p. 147 The original kingdom of Mercia had a variety of different kinds of land. Most of it would not have been the first choice of anyone wishing to settle there. Not if better land was available elsewhere.Frank Stenton, Anglo- Saxon England, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 42 The name 'Mercia' comes from the tribal name Mierce, which means 'boundary folk.'Frank Stenton, Anglo- Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 40 It was probably a name already known in the English midlands and was adopted by the Angles who settled there. The Angles, according to Bede, came from Angulus in northern Germany. They were of the same stock as the East Anglians and the Northumbrians.John Cannon; Ralph Griffiths, The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 6 The invasion of England by the Germanic tribes was relatively quick. By England was a large collection of small kingdoms each having a warlord or petty king.John Cannon; Ralph Griffiths, The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 8 Within 200 years of their arrival in England, the late seventh century, emerged the Heptarchy: the seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England. Mercia was the dominant power among the Anglo-Saxons from the middle of the seventh century to the early ninth century.Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe, eds. Michelle P Brown; Carol A Farr (London: Continuum International Pub. Group, 2005), p. 2 Several Mercian noblewomen played an important role in Mercian affairs.Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe, eds. Michelle P Brown; Carol A Farr (London: Continuum International Pub. Group, 2005), p. 3 This is in contrast to Wessex where women rarely had an active role in the government.Pauline Stafford, 'The King's Wife in Wessex 800-1066', Past & Present, No. 91 (May, 1981), p. 4 During the seventh and eighth centuries Mercia struggled mainly with Northumbria.Histories of England, France, Germany, and Holland from the Encyclopaedia Britannica (New York: Scribner, 1883), p. 282 By the ninth century Wessex was the dominant power in the region. King Egbert of Wessex (802–839) was the overlord and for the first time passed this position down to his heirs. From this time on until they ceased to exist as a kingdom, Mercia was a vassal kingdom to Wessex. In the last quarter of the ninth century Mercia lost much of its territory in the midlands to Danish settlers. Christianity was introduced into Mercia in the 650s.Roger Collins, Early Medieval Europe; 300–1000, Second Edition (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 189 The first monks were Irish followed by Northumbrians. By 653 a single bishopric was established and a series of Irish trained bishops followed. In 674 a second diocese was established for eastern Mercia. == Notable kings == Penda (–655) was a pagan king of Mercia.Roger Collins, Early Medieval Europe; 300–1000, Second Edition (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 187 He was able to put together a confederacy of a number of smaller kingdoms and from that he created Mercia. But in the 630s he was not able to compete with the larger Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that were around his. Northumberland was threatening to expand into the territory of Mercia. Penda found it convenient to ally with Gwynedd, the dominant British kingdom to the west. It was an unusual cooperation between Christians and pagans, but it worked. Together they defeated the Northumbrian king, Edwin, who died at the battle of Hatfield Chase. Athelred I (675–716) was the third of Penda's sons to be king of Mercia.John Cannon; Anne Hargreaves, Oxford The Kings and Queens of Britain (Oxford; New York: The Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 46 He ravaged Kent to prevent them from breaking away from his rule. In 679 he was at war with Northumbria. According to Bede, Theodore Archbishop of Canterbury mediated between the two kings to restore peace. He married Ostryth, daughter of the king of Bernicia. He was a Christian king who founded several churches and monasteries. He stepped down as king in 704 and passed the crown to his nephew Cenred. He was abbot of the monastery of Bardsey and appears to have died about 716. Offa (757–796), was the first of the Anglo- Saxon kings who might rightly be called "king of the English".Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New york: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 257 He was the son of Thingfrith, the brother of Penda. He struggled to gain control of Mercia having come to power just after a civil war. But he proved to be ruthless, bold and creative in bringing Kent, Sussex and Essex under his control.John Cannon; Ralph Griffiths, The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 26 Offa had diplomatic relations with Charlemagne. He was one of the few Anglo-Saxon monarchs to have dealings with continental rulers.Roger Collins, Early Medieval Europe; 300–1000, Second Edition (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 192 Letters and presents were exchanged. But when Offa sought a marriage of his son to one of Charlemagne's daughters, relations were quickly cut off. Frankish ports were closed to British ships. Offa, very involved in church affairs, presided over church councils personally in 786-7.John Cannon; Ralph Griffiths, The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 22 In 787 he convinced the pope to create the position of archbishop of Lichfield in Mercia.John Cannon; Ralph Griffiths, The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 23 He wanted his own archbishop who was closer at hand than the Archbishop of Canterbury. He reorganized the defenses of his kingdom. One of these defenses, Offa's Dyke was a massive earthworks between Mercia and the Welsh kingdoms to the west. Offa died in 796. His son, Ecgfrith, lasted only 141 days as king. Mercia was never again as powerful as it was during Offa's reign. == Viking invasions == A new Mercian king, Raedwulf, was killed by Viking raiders in 844.Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford University Press, 1971, pp. 243-44 In 855 Viking bands were recorded as being in Mercia near Wrekin.Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 243 But the year 865 saw a major change in activity by the Scandinavian invaders.D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, Second Edition (London; New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 178 This was a much larger military force than had been seen before. The arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia.D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, Second Edition (London; New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 173 For a time the Danes (Vikings) were more interested in Northumbria. They gained control of York and moved south into Mercia then camped for the winter in Nottingham. In the spring of 868 a combined Mercian and West Saxon army came against the Vikings, but there was no battle.Roger Collins, Early Medieval Europe; 300–1000, Second Edition (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 380 The Mercian king Burghred made a peace treaty with the invaders, who then moved north to York. In 873 Burghred was forced out of Mercia by the Vikings who then set their own choice of King, Ceowulf.Roger Collins, Early Medieval Europe; 300–1000, Second Edition (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 381 In 874 the heathen army split with Halfdan, one of the leaders taking his band north. In 878 the Vikings in Mercia were attacked and defeated by King Alfred of Wessex. They converted to Christianity and settled on the land in East Anglia. == Decline as a kingdom == The ninth century saw the decline of Mercia as a kingdom. In 873-74 Mercia was conquered by the heathen army. In the 880s Wessex formed a marriage alliance with Mercia.Barbara Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 150 Alfred's daughter, Ethelflaeda, married Ethelstan (II), of Mercia. When Ethelstan died, in 912, Edward the Elder appointed Ethelflaeda (his sister) 'Lady of the Mercians.'The Eclectic Review, Vol. 8 (London: Thomas Ward & Co., 1843), p. 553 When Ethelflaeda died in 918, the Mercian nobles now thought themselves free of Wessex rule. Edward stepped in and appointed Ethelflaeda's daughter, Aelfwynn, to rule Mercia as his representative.Frank Stenton, Anglo- Saxon England, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 330 But in 919 Edward brought her back to Wessex. After that Mercia was considered just another shire under his rule. A series of ealdormen (similar to a count in Europe) followed. Under Canute in 1017, Mercia became one of the four divisions of England.Benjamin Thorpe, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (London: Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts, 1861), p. 124, year 1017