Title: April 22 Content: == Events == === Up to 1900 === * 238 - Year of the Six Emperors: The Roman Senate outlaws Emperor Maximus Thrax for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne. * 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. * 1509 – Henry VIII ascends the throne of England after the death of his father. * 1519 - Hernan Cortes establishes a settlement in Veracruz, Mexico. * 1529 – The Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal along a line 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas. * 1836 – Texas Revolution: A day after the Battle of San Jacinto forces under Texas General Sam Houston capture Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna. * 1863 – American Civil War: Grierson's Raid begins – troops under Union Colonel Benjamin Grierson attack central Mississippi. * 1864 – The United States Congress passes the Coinage Act which mandates that the inscription "In God We Trust" be placed on all coins minted as United States currency. * 1876 - The first-ever National League baseball game is played. * 1889 – Oklahoma land rush: President of the United States Benjamin Harrison opens the Unassigned Lands in what is now central Oklahoma to white settlement. * 1898 – Spanish-American War: The United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports and the USS Nashville captures a Spanish merchant ship. === 1901 2000 === * 1906 - Start of the 1906 Summer Olympics in Athens. They are not officially counted as part of the modern Olympic Games. * 1906 - End of the Mount Vesuvius eruption that started on April 4. In total, 1,000 people are estimated to have died as a result of the effects from the eruption. * 1911 - Tsinghua University, one of China's top universities, is founded. * 1912 - Pravda begins publication in Saint Petersburg, known as the "voice" of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. * 1914 – Babe Ruth, age 19, pitches his first professional game for the minor league Baltimore Orioles. * 1915 – The use of poison gas in World War I escalates when chlorine gas is released as a chemical weapon in the Second Battle of Ypres. * 1930 – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty regulating submarine warfare and limiting shipbuilding. * 1943 – Albert Hofmann writes his first report about the hallucinogenic properties of LSD. * 1944 – World War II: Operation Persecution initiated – Allied forces land in the Hollandia area of New Guinea. * 1945 – World War II: After learning that Soviet forces have taken Eberswalde without a fight, Adolf Hitler admits defeat in his underground bunker and states that suicide is his only recourse. * 1946 – The first installment of the popular Japanese comic strip, Sazae-san, is published in the Fukunichi Shimbun. * 1948 - 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Haifa is captured from Arab forces. * 1954 – Red Scare: Army-McCarthy Hearings begin. * 1964 – The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair opens for its first season. * 1969 - British yachtsman Robin Knox-Johnston completes the first solo round-the-world journey. * 1970 – The first Earth Day is celebrated. * 1971 – John Kerry, dressed in combat fatigues, testifies on his views of the Vietnam War before the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee. * 1972 – Vietnam War: Increased American bombing in Vietnam prompts antiwar protests in New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. * 1974 - A PanAm Boeing 707 crashes into a mountain on Bali, as it approaches to land. All 107 people on board are killed. * 1975 – Barbara Walters signs a five-year $5 million contract with the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), becoming the highest paid television newsperson. * 1978 – The Blues Brothers make their first appearance on Saturday Night Live. * 1979 – Brent Mydland performs his first show with the Grateful Dead at Spartan Stadium, San Jose, California. * 1980 - Filipino ferry Don Juan sinks after a collision with a tanker. * 1991 - A magnitude 7.5 earthquake in Costa Rica kills 47 people. * 1992 – Several explosions in underground canals in Guadalajara, Mexico, kill 200 people. * 1993 – In Washington, DC, the Holocaust Memorial Museum is dedicated. * 1993 – The web browser Mosaic version 1.0 is released. * 1993 - The racially motivated murder of 18-year-old Stephen Lawrence is committed in Southeast London. * 1996 – Cisco Systems acquires StrataCom for $4B * 1997 – Haouch Khemisti massacre in Algeria; 93 villagers killed. * 1997 – A 126-day hostage crisis at the residence of the Japanese ambassador in Lima, Peru ends after government commandos storm and capture the building, rescuing 71 hostages. One hostage dies of a heart attack, two soldiers are killed from rebel fire, and all 14 rebels are slain. * 1998 - Disney's Animal Kingdom opens in Florida. * 2000 – In a predawn raid, federal agents seize six-year-old Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami, Florida. * 2000 – The Big Number Change takes place in the United Kingdom. === From 2001 === * 2001 - Hasim Rahman defeats the highly favored Lennox Lewis to win the boxing heavyweight title. * 2004 – Two fuel trains collide in Ryongchon, North Korea, killing up to 150 people. * 2005 – Mordechai Vanunu is installed as Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. * 2010 – Deepwater Horizon oil spill: After an explosion two days earlier, and a subsequent fire, the BP and Transocean operated drilling rig Deepwater Horizon sinks. 11 people are killed, and the worst oil spill in US history is caused. * 2012 – French Presidential Election: Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy goes through to the second round on May 6, along with François Hollande, who finishes ahead of him. Hollande defeats Sarkozy in the run-off on May 6. * 2018 - A bomb attack on a voter registration centre in Kabul, Afghanistan, kills at least 57 people. == Births == === Up to 1800 === * 596 – Empress Kotoku of Japan (d. 654) * 1444 - Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk (d. 1503) * 1451 – Isabella I of Castile (d. 1504) * 1610 – Pope Alexander VIII (d. 1691) * 1658 - Giuseppe Torelli, Italian composer (d. 1709) * 1690 - John Garteret, 2nd Earl Granville, English statesman (d. 1763) * 1707 – Henry Fielding, English writer (d. 1754) * 1724 – Immanuel Kant, Prussian philosopher (d. 1804) * 1744 – James Sullivan, 7th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1808) * 1757 - Alessandro Rolla, Italian composer and music teacher (d. 1841) * 1766 – Madame de Staël, French writer (d. 1817) === 1801 1900 === * 1812 – Solomon Caesar Malan, orientalist (d. 1894) * 1812 - James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie, Scottish Governor-General of India (d. 1860) * 1832 - Julius Sterling Morton, American politician (d. 1902) * 1840 – Odilon Redon, French painter (d. 1916) * 1844 – Lewis Powell, American attempted assassin (d. 1865) * 1852 – Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1912) * 1854 – Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer (d. 1943) * 1866 - Hans von Seeckt, German military officer and politician (d. 1936) * 1868 – Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria (d. 1924) * 1870 (N.S.) - Vladimir Lenin, Soviet-Russian Communist revolutionary and political leader (d. 1924) * 1872 - Princess Margaret of Prussia (d. 1954) * 1873 – Ellen Glasgow, American writer (d. 1945) * 1873 – Luigi Lucheni, Italian anarchist (d. 1910) * 1876 – Róbert Bárány, Austrian Nobel Prize winner in medicine (d. 1936) * 1881 – Alexander Kerensky, Russian politician (d. 1970) * 1884 - Otto Rank, Austrian psychologist (d. 1939) * 1891 – Harold Jeffreys, English astronomer (d. 1989) * 1891 – Nicola Sacco, anarchist (d. 1927) * 1899 – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian writer (d. 1977) === 1901 1925 === * 1902 - Megan Lloyd George, Welsh politician (d. 1966) * 1903 - Daphne Akhurst, Australian tennis player (d. 1930) * 1904 – J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist (d. 1967) * 1906 – Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Vasterbotten, Swedish royal, father of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (d. 1947) * 1906 – Snorri Hjartarson, Icelandic writer (d. 1986) * 1906 – Eddie Albert, American actor (d. 2005) * 1908 - Ivan Yefremov, Russian paleontologist and science fiction writer (d. 1972) * 1909 – Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian neurologist, Nobel Prize winner (d. 2012) * 1909 - Indro Montanelli, Italian journalist, writer and historian (d. 2001) * 1910 – Norman Steenrod, American mathematician (d. 1971) * 1912 - Kaneto Shindo, Japanese director (d. 2012) * 1912 – Kathleen Ferrier, English contralto (d. 1953) * 1914 – Jan de Hartog, Dutch writer (d. 2002) * 1916 – Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (d. 1999) * 1917 – Sidney Nolan, Australian painter (d. 1992) * 1917 - Yvette Chauviré, French actress and ballerina (d. 2016) * 1918 - William Jay Smith, American poet (d. 2015) * 1919 - Antonio Nirta, Italian criminal (d. 2015) * 1919 – Donald J. Cram, American chemist (d. 2001) * 1922 – Charles Mingus, American jazz musician (d. 1979) * 1922 – Wolf V. Vishniac, American microbiologist (d. 1973) * 1923 – Bettie Page, American pin-up model (d. 2008) * 1923 – Aaron Spelling, American television producer, writer (d. 2006) * 1923 - Paula Fox, American writer (d. 2017) * 1924 - Nam Duck-woo, 12th Prime Minister of South Korea (d. 2013) * 1925 - George Cole, English actor (d. 2015) === 1926 1950 === * 1926 – James Stirling, British architect (d. 1992) * 1926 - Ted Hibberd, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2017) * 1926 – Charlotte Rae, American actress (d. 2018) * 1929 - Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Cuban writer (d. 2005) * 1930 - Enno Penno, Estonian politician (d. 2016) * 1931 - John Buchanan, Canadian politician, 20th Premier of Nova Scotia * 1932 - Isao Tomita, Japanese musician and composer (d. 2016) * 1933 - Mark Damon, American movie actor and producer * 1933 - Anthony Llewellyn, Welsh-American astronaut (d. 2013) * 1935 - Mario Machado, Chinese-American journalist and actor (d. 2013) * 1936 – Glen Campbell, American musician and singer (d. 2017) * 1937 – Jack Nicholson, American actor * 1937 – Jack Nitzsche, American composer, arranger (d. 2000) * 1939 – Theo Waigel, German politician * 1939 - John Chilcot, English civil servant * 1939 – Jason Miller, American playwright (d. 2001) * 1939 - Mel Carter, American singer and actor * 1942 - Giorgio Agamben, Italian philosopher * 1943 – Louise Glück, American poet * 1944 - Doug Jarrett, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014) * 1944 – Steve Fossett, American millionaire and adventurer (d. 2007) * 1945 - Demetrio Stratos, Italian musician (d. 1979) * 1945 - Gopal Krishna Gandhi, Indian politician, 22nd Governor of West Bengal * 1946 – John Waters, American movie maker * 1947 - Barry Guy, British composer and musician * 1947 - Neil Horan, Irish priest * 1950 – Peter Frampton, English musician === 1951 1975 === * 1951 – Robin Bartlett, American actress * 1952 – Marilyn Chambers, American erotic actress (d. 2009) * 1953 - Valeri Bondarenko, Estonian footballer and coach * 1954 – Kamla Persad-Bissessar, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago * 1957 – Donald Tusk, President of the European Council and former Prime Minister of Poland * 1959 – Ryan Stiles, Canadian-American actor, comedian * 1959 - Catherine Mary Stewart, Canadian actress * 1959 - Terry Francona, American baseball player, coach and manager * 1960 – Mart Laar, former Prime Minister of Estonia * 1960 - Gary Rhodes, English chef * 1961 - Ann McKechin, Scottish politician * 1963 - Sean Lock, English comedian and actor * 1964 - James Langevin, American politician * 1964 - Massimo Carrera, Italian footballer * 1967 - Sherri Shepherd, American comedienne, actress and talk show host * 1967 – Sheryl Lee, American actress * 1969 – Dion Dublin, English footballer * 1969 - Billy McKinlay, Scottish footballer * 1969 - Vanessa Goodwin, Australian politician (d. 2018) * 1970 - Regine Velasquez, Filipino singer, actress and producer * 1971 – Eric Mabius, American actor * 1971 – Anwar al-Awlaki, American-born Yemeni terrorist (d. 2011) * 1972 - Anna Falchi, Finnish-Italian actress * 1973 - Brian Marshall, American musician * 1974 – Shavo Odadjian, Armenian- born bassist for System of a Down === From 1976 === * 1977 – Mark van Bommel, Dutch footballer * 1977 - Ambra Angiolini, Italian actress * 1979 – Zoltán Gera, Hungarian footballer * 1981 - Jonathan Trott, South African-English cricketer * 1982 – Kaka, Brazilian footballer * 1982 - Cassidy Freeman, American actress, singer and musician * 1983 - Jos Hooiveld, Dutch footballer * 1983 - Daniel Sjolund, Finnish footballer * 1983 - Francis Capra, American actor * 1984 – Amelle Berrabah, English singer (Sugababes) * 1984 – Michelle Ryan, English actress * 1986 – Amber Heard, American actress * 1986 - Kim Noorda, Dutch model * 1987 – David Luiz, Brazilian footballer * 1987 – Mikel John Obi, Nigerian footballer * 1989 - Louis Smith, English gymnast * 1989 - Thomas James Longley, English actor and model * 1989 - Jasper Cillessen, Dutch footballer * 1990 - Victor Dubuisson, French cyclist * 1990 - Machine Gun Kelly, American rapper * 1990 – Eve Muirhead, Scottish curler * 1992 - Rolene Strauss, South African model * 1996 - Wendy Sulca, Peruvian singer == Deaths == === Up to 1900 === * 296 – Pope Caius * 536 – Pope Agapetus I * 1592 – Bartolomeo Ammanati, Italian architect and sculptor (b. 1511) * 1672 – Georg Stiernhielm, Swedish poet (b. 1598) * 1699 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (b. 1646) * 1758 – Antoine de Jussieu, French naturalist (b. 1686) * 1778 - James Hargreaves, English inventor (b. 1720) * 1806 – Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, French admiral (stabbed) (b. 1763) * 1827 – Thomas Rowlandson, English painter and caricaturist (b. 1756) * 1833 – Richard Trevithick, English inventor (b. 1771) * 1854 - Nicolas Bravo, 11th President of Mexico (b. 1786) * 1884 - Marie Taglioni, Swedish ballerina (b. 1804) * 1892 – Edouard Lalo, French composer (b. 1823) * 1893 – Chaim Aronson, Lithuanian inventor and academic (b. 1825) * 1896 – Thomas Meik, British civil engineer (b. 1812) === 1901 2000 === * 1908 – Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1836) * 1925 – André Caplet, French composer (b. 1878) * 1930 – Jeppe Aakjaer, Danish poet and novelist (b. 1866) * 1933 – Henry Royce, British automobile manufacturer (b. 1863) * 1945 – Käthe Kollwitz, German artist (b. 1867) * 1946 – Harlan F. Stone, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (b. 1872) * 1951 – Horace Donisthorpe, British entomologist (b. 1870) * 1968 – Stephen H. Sholes, American recording executive (b. 1911) * 1978 – Will Geer, American actor and activist (b. 1902) * 1980 – Fritz Strassmann, German physicist (b. 1902) * 1980 - Jane Froman, American actress (b. 1907) * 1983 – Earl "Fatha" Hines, American jazz pianist (b. 1903) * 1984 – Ansel Adams, American photographer (b. 1902) * 1986 – Mircea Eliade, Romanian writer and philosopher (b. 1907) * 1989 - Emilio G. Segre, Italian-American physicist (b. 1905) * 1990 - Albert Salmi, American actor (b. 1928) * 1993 - Stephen Lawrence, English student (b. 1974) * 1994 – Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (b. 1913) * 1995 – Maggie Kuhn, American activist (b. 1905) * 1996 – Erma Bombeck, American humorist and writer (b. 1927) * 1999 - Apostolos Nikolaidis, Greek singer (b. 1938) === From 2001 === * 2002 – Linda Lovelace, American actress (b. 1949) * 2003 – Martha Griffiths, U.S. Congresswoman (b. 1912) * 2003 – Michael Larrabee, American athlete (b. 1933) * 2004 – Pat Tillman, American football player and U.S. Army Ranger (killed in action) (b. 1976) * 2005 – Philip Morrison, American physicist (b. 1915) * 2005 – Eduardo Paolozzi, Scottish artist and sculptor (b. 1924) * 2006 - Alida Valli, Italian actress (b. 1921) * 2009 – Jack Cardiff, English director (b. 1914) * 2009 – Ken Annakin, English director (b. 1914) * 2013 - Richie Havens, American folk singer and guitarist (b. 1941) * 2013 - Vivi Bach, Danish actress (b. 1939) * 2014 - Oswaldo Vigas, Venezuelan painter (b. 1924) * 2015 - Lois Lilienstein, Canadian singer and musician (Sharon, Lois & Bram) (b. 1936) * 2015 - Dick Balharry, Scottish conservationist, writer and wildlife photographer (b. 1937) * 2015 - Gennadi Vengerov, Belarussian-born actor (b. 1959) * 2015 - Dorothy Custer, American comedienne (b. 1911) * 2016 - Jory Prum, American audio engineer and video game developer (b. 1975) * 2016 - Peter Sellers, New Zealand broadcaster (b. 1921) * 2017 - Hubert Dreyfus, American philosopher (b. 1929) * 2017 - William Hjortsberg, American writer and screenwriter (b. 1941) * 2017 - Jess Kersey, American basketball official (b. 1941) * 2017 - Erin Moran, American actress (b. 1960) * 2017 - Attilio Nicora, Italian cardinal (b. 1937) * 2017 - Witold Pyrkosz, Polish actor (b. 1926) * 2017 - Gustavo Rojo, Uruguayan actor (b. 1923) * 2017 - Michele Scarponi, Italian racing cyclist (b. 1979) * 2018 - Demeter Bitenc, Slovenian actor (b. 1922) * 2018 - Nino Khurtsidze, Georgian chess player (b. 1975) * 2018 - Dave Nelson, American baseball player (b. 1944) * 2019 - Krasimir Bezinski, Bulgarian footballer (b. 1961) * 2019 - Robert L. Butler, American politician (b. 1927) * 2019 - Heather Harper, Northern Irish soprano (b. 1930) * 2019 - Ventseslav Konstantinov, Bulgarian writer and translator (b. 1940) * 2019 - Le Duc Anh, former President of Vietnam (b. 1920) * 2019 - Billy McNeill, Scottish footballer (b. 1940) * 2019 - Oiva Toikka, Finnish glass designer (b. 1931) * 2019 - Julio César Toresani, Argentine footballer (b. 1967) == Observances == * Arbor Day in parts of the United States * Earth Day * Discovery Day (Brazil) * Stephen Lawrence Day (United Kingdom), to be observed from 2019 Category:Days of the year