Title: Spring 1945 offensive in Italy Content: The Spring 1945 offensive in Italy was given the code name Operation Grapeshot.Jackson, p. 253 It was the Allied attack by Fifth United States Army and British 8th Army into the Lombardy Plain. It started on 6 April 1945 and ended on 2 May with the surrender of German forces in Italy. ==Background== The Allies had done their previous major attack on the Gothic Line in August 1944. The British 8th Army attacked up the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The U.S. 5th Army attacked through the central Apennine Mountains. They managed to break through the Gothic Line defences. But they failed to get into the Lombardy Plains before the winter weather stopped them. They had a hard time in the cold winter weather. They planned to attack again in the spring. ===Command changes=== Harold Alexander was promoted to Field Marshal. He was made the Allied Supreme Commander Mediterranean on 12 December. On 23 March, Albert Kesselring was appointed Commander-in-Chief Army Group West. ===Orders of battle=== In the spring, the problems of getting troops continued. The 15th Army Group had 1,334,000 menJackson, p. 230. with Eighth Army having 632,980 menJackson, p. 223. and Fifth Army 266,883. Against them were 21 much weaker German divisions and 4 Italian divisions, a total of 25.Blaxland, p. 242. ===Plan of attack=== thumb|300px|right|Allied Spring Offensive April 1945: Note that 21 ID NZ is actually New Zealand 2nd Infantry Division Clark made his plan on 18 March. He wanted destroy the maximum number of enemy forces, cross the Po and capture Verona.Jackson, p. 203. The Eighth Army was to go north west to capture Ferrara and Bondeno. The U.S. Fifth Army was to go past Bologna to surround German forces south of the Po. The Fifth Army was to go west towards Ostiglia.Jackson, p. 204. Next, the Allies would capture bridge across the Po and go north. The Fifth Army plan (Operation Craftsman) aimed to pull German reserves away from Route 65. II Corps would then attack.Jackson, p. 228. ==Battle== In the first week of April, attacks were launched on the right and left of the Allied lines. The goal was to draw German reserves away from the main attacks to come. Axis forces had to use sea, canal and river routes for supply. Axis shipping was being attacked in bombing raids. The main attack started on 6 April with an artillery bombing of the Senio defenses. On 9 April, 825 heavy bombers dropped bombs near the Senio. From 15:20 to 19:10, artillery was fired. As well, 28 Churchill Crocodiles and 127 Wasp flamethrower vehicles were sent out.Fletcher, p.35.approximately one flamethrower vehicle every 64 metres along a 8 km long front By 12 April, the 8th Indian Division was on the far side of the Santerno. The British 78th Division moved to attack Argenta. The U.S. 5th Army began its attack on 14 April. First, there was a bombing by 2,000 heavy bombers and 2,000 artillery pieces. Then troops attacked. By 20 April both corps had broken through the German defences and reached the Po valley. 10th Mountain Division went north.Popa, p. 15 By 19 April, the British 6th Armoured Division was moving to surround the German armies defending Bologna.Blaxland, pp. 267-8 Bondeno was captured on 23 April. Bologna was entered on 21 April.Blaxland, p. 271 U.S. IV Corps reached the river Po at on 22 April. They went north to Verona which they entered on 26 April. British V Corps entered Padua on 29 April. Partisans had captured the German garrison of 5,000.Blaxland, p277 ==Afterwards== Secret surrender talks between the Germans and Western Allies were held in Switzerland (Operation Crossword) in March. The Soviets did not like that the Western Allies were trying to arrange a surrender that did not include the Soviets. On 29 April, the Germans surrendered.