Title: Novial Content: Novial is a constructed international auxiliary language (IAL) for universal communication between speakers of different native languages. It was created by Otto Jespersen, a Danish linguist. He who had been involved in the Ido movement, and later in the development of Interlingua. Its vocabulary is based on the Germanic and Romance languages. Its grammar is influenced by English. == History == Jespersen introduced Novial in his book An International Language in 1928. He updated it in his dictionary Novial Lexike in 1930. He proposed several modifications in the 1930s. However, the language became dormant with Jespersen's death in 1943. In the 1990s, with the revival of interest in constructed languages brought on by the Internet, some people rediscovered Novial. == Grammar == Novial has a simple and regular grammar. The main word order is SVO. There is no grammatical gender (but the sex or gender of referrents can be marked). Verbs don't change according to person or number, and don't have exceptions. ===Articles=== The definite article is li which doesn't change. It is used as in English. There is no indefinite article, although un (one) can be used. ===Nouns=== Nouns mainly end in e, a, o, u or um in singular. The plural noun is formed by adding –s to the singular (-es after a consonant). There is also a form for indefinite number, expressed by removing the ending of the noun in singular (leone – lion, leon es kruel – a/the lion is cruel, or lions are cruel).Jespersen, O: An International Language (p. 89) If a noun refers to a living being, then the form ending in -e is neutral in regards to sex, the one ending in -a female, and the one ending in -o male. If the noun is based on an adjective, nouns referring to living beings can be made with the previously mentioned rule, and furthermore nouns referring to concrete objects with -u, and abstractions with -um. The third person pronouns follows the same rule, together with the definite article. The genitive is formed with the ending -n (-en after a consonant) with the plural being -sen (-esen after a consonant) or with the preposition de. Other cases are formed with prepositions. ===Adjectives=== All adjectives end in -i, but this may be dropped if it is easy enough to pronounce and no confusion will be caused. Adjectives precede the noun. Adjectives do not agree with the noun but may be given noun endings if there is no noun present to receive them. Comparative adjectives are formed by placing various particles (plu, tam, and min) in front of the adjective receiving the comparison. Likewise, the superlative particles (maxim and minim) precede the adjective. The adjective does not receive an inflection to its ending. ===Personal pronouns, subject and object===  ===Adverbs=== An adjective is converted to a corresponding adverb by adding -m after the -i ending of the adjective. Comparative and superlative adverbs are formed in the same manner as comparative and superlative adjectives: by placing a specific particle before the adverb receiving the comparison. == Novialides == Novialide is a term used for languages derivatives of Novial and an artificial language for describing a language project based on or inspired by Novial. Some Novialides are: * Novial by the Novial Revisione Komite (a.k.k. "Grupe Novial", "Novial98") * Novial by James Chandler * Novial Pro by Marcos Franco * Eurial by B. Phillip Jonsson * Novial by Jay Bowks * Proyo * Reformad Novial by Vicente Costalago