Title: Smithsonian Institution Content: The Smithsonian Institution is an educational and research institute and museum complex. Most of the institution is in Washington, D.C., but its 19 museums, zoo, and eight research centers include sites in New York City, Virginia, Panama, and elsewhere. It has over 137 million items in its collections. A monthly magazine published by the Smithsonian Institution is also named the Smithsonian. ==History== The Smithsonian Institution was founded for the "increase and diffusion" of knowledge by a bequest to the United States by the British scientist James Smithson (1765–1829), who had never visited the United States himself. In Smithson's will, he stated that should his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, die without heirs, the Smithson estate would go to the United States of America for creating an "Establishment for the increase & diffusion of Knowledge among men". After the nephew died without heirs in 1835, President Andrew Jackson informed Congress of the bequest, which amounted to 104,960 gold sovereigns, or USD 500,000 ($9,235,277 in 2005 U.S. dollars after inflation). Eight years later, Congress passed an act establishing the Smithsonian Institution. It is administered and funded by the U.S. government, and by funds from its endowment, contributions, and profits from its shops and magazine. The Smithsonian Institution Building on the National Mall is known as "The Castle", because its design looks similar to a European castle. Though the Smithsonian's first leader (called "Secretary"), Joseph Henry, wanted the Institution to be a center for scientific research, before long it became the depository for various Washington and U.S. government collections. The voyage of the U.S. Navy went around the world between 1838 and 1842. The United States Exploring Expedition collected thousands of animal specimens, herbs, shells, minerals, tropical birds, jars of seawater and ethnographic specimens from the South Pacific. These specimens and artefacts became part of the Smithsonian collections. So did those collected by the military and civilian surveys in the American West. == Smithsonian museums == ===Washington, DC=== * Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture * Arthur M. Sackler Gallery * Arts and Industries Building * Freer Gallery of Art * Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden * National Air and Space Museum (Mall museum) * National Museum of African American History and Culture * National Museum of African Art * National Museum of American History * National Museum of the American Indian (Mall museum) * National Museum of Natural History * National Portrait Gallery * National Postal Museum * S. Dillon Ripley Center * Smithsonian American Art Museum * Smithsonian Institution Building * Smithsonian National Zoological Park (National Zoo) * The National Gallery of Art is affiliated with the Smithsonian, but it is run by a separate charter. ===New York City, NY=== * Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum * National Museum of the American Indian's George Gustav Heye Center ===Chantilly, VA=== * National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center In addition, there are many museums that are Smithsonian affiliates.