Title: Go (board game) Content: thumb|250px|A game of Go Go is a board game for two players. It is called Wei-k'i (or Wei-chi) in Chinese, Patok or Baduk in Korean and I-go in Japanese.Murray H.J.R. 1951. A history of board games other then chess. Oxford University Press, p89. Go is played on a board with black and white game pieces called stones. Players take turns placing a stone of their color on intersections of a 19x19 square grid. The player with the black stones goes first. A normal Go board has 19 rows and columns of lines. Some players use 9x9 or 13x13 boards because smaller boards usually mean shorter, less complex games. A game of Go ends when both players pass their turns without playing. This usually happens when adding another stone to the board doesn't change the score. The winner is the player whose stones surround more empty intersections (points). To that is added captured stones and komi. Komi are points added to the second player, which in this game is the white player.Iwamoto, Kaoru 1977. Go for Beginners. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-73331-9, p.18 A game may also end when a player gives up and resigns. In a game against a skilled player, a less skilled player may be given a "handicap" of extra stones on the board at the start of the game as well as playing black. These rules help make the game and final score fair for both players. == Rules == thumb|The four liberties (empty points that are up, down, left, or right) of a single black stone (A), as White reduces those liberties by one (B, C, and D). When Black has only one liberty left (D), that stone is "in atari".Cobb, William (2002). The book of Go. Sterling Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8069-2729-9, p.12. White may capture that stone (remove from board) with a play on its last liberty (at D-1). thumb|Examples of when the Ko rule applies. If white player puts a stone in the green circles and captures a black stone, the other player cannot capture the white stone right away - they must play somewhere else on the board first. Besides the order of play (Black plays first, then White plays, then Black plays, and so on) and handicap or scoring rules, there are only two rules in Go: * Rule 1 (the rule of liberty) is that every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open "point" (an intersection, called a "liberty") next to it (up, down, left, or right), or must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point ("liberty") next to it. Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board. * Rule 2 (the "ko rule") is that the stones on the board must never repeat the way the stones were the turn before. Moves which would do so are forbidden, so only moves elsewhere on the board are allowed that turn. This is to prevent the game from going on forever. Stones cannot be removed from the board except by the opponent surrounding it. A group of stones are all "alive" as long as one stone is next to an empty intersection. Stones with no liberties (no access to empty space) are captured and removed from the board. At the end of the game, the prisoners are usually deducted from the score of the player who lost them. The second rule is called Ko (eternity). You can place stones on any clear intersection you want, as long it isn't taken off right after, or the board looks the same all over as it did before. This is to stop the game from going back and forth capturing the same stones forever. Players must make a move somewhere else on the board during a "ko fight" before they can re-capture a stone in the same position. Its original Chinese name is "" (= wei qi or wei chi). It is also popular in Japan, and its common name "Go" comes from Japanese. In Korea the game is called "baduk". In these three countries the game is an important part of the culture, like chess is in many western countries. Go and chess are both board games and games of strategy. They both have no luck or secret information, unlike some other classic games like backgammon (dice are rolled) or poker and other card games which also have secret information. There are many places to play Go on the Internet, as well as local clubs and national organizations in many countries around the world.For example, there is the All Japan Student Go Federation, Nihon Ki-in (日本棋院) and Kansai Ki-in (関西棋院) in Japan. In USA, there is the American Go Association. The United Kingdom has the British Go Association. A 2016 survey by the International Go Federation (IGF)IGF is an international Go organization formed by national and continental members. For example, the European Go Federation has continental membership. found that there are over 20 million players around the world. Most players live in East Asia. ==History== Go was invented in China but the specific time is not known. Some say it was invented more than 2,500 years ago and is the oldest board game still played today. The historian of board games, H.J.R. Murray, said: ==Famous players== ===Players active in Japan=== * Go Seigen * Eio Sakata - He holds the honorary NHK Cup * Kaku Takagawa * Hideyuki Fujisawa * Masao Sugiuchi - He used to be the oldest professional player during 2004 to 2017 * Masao Kato - former president of the International Go Federation * Utaro Hashimoto - founder of Kansai Ki-in, the largest Go organization in Osaka ====Female players==== Go to: Female Go players ===Artificial intelligence=== * AlphaGoWang, F. Y., Zhang, J. J., Zheng, X., Wang, X., Yuan, Y., Dai, X., ... & Yang, L. (2016). Where does AlphaGo go: From church-turing thesis to AlphaGo thesis and beyond. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 3(2), 113-120.Chen, J. X. (2016). The evolution of computing: AlphaGo. Computing in Science & Engineering, 18(4), 4-7.Chao, X., Kou, G., Li, T., & Peng, Y. (2018). Jie Ke versus AlphaGo: A ranking approach using decision making method for large-scale data with incomplete information. European Journal of Operational Research, 265(1), 239-247. \- made by DeepMind Technologies, a Google affiliateChang, H. S., Fu, M. C., Hu, J., & Marcus, S. I. (2016). Google Deep Mind's AlphaGo. OR/MS Today, 43(5), 24-29. * Darkforest - made by Facebook, source codes are available on GitHub