Title: Irish elk Content: thumb|230px|M. g. antecedens skull right|thumb|230px|Cave painting from Lascaux The Irish elk (Megaloceros giganteus) was one of the largest deer that ever lived.Geist, Valerius 1998. Megaloceros: the ice age giant and its living relatives. In Deer of the World. Stackpole Books. Lister A.M. 1987: Megaceros or Megaloceros? The nomenclature of the giant deer. Quaternary Newsletter 52: 14-16. Its range extended across Eurasia, from Ireland to east of Lake Baikal and China. The last known remains of the species have been carbon dated to about 7,700 years ago.Stuart A.J. et al 2004. Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth. Nature 431(7009): 684-689. PMID 15470427 PDF fulltext Supplementary information. Erratum in Nature 434(7031): 413, Most skeletons have been found in Irish bogs. It was not closely related to either of the living species currently called elk Alces alces (the European elk, or moose) or Cervus canadensis (the North American elk or wapiti). For this reason, the name "Giant Deer" is sometimes used. ==Description== Megaloceros giganteus first appeared about 400,000 years ago. It stood about tall at the shoulders, and had the largest antlers of any known deer (a maximum of from tip to tip and weighing up to ). In body size, the Irish Elk matched the living moose subspecies (Alces alces gigas) as the largest known deer. The Irish Elk got to a mass of about , with large specimens having weighed or more, roughly similar to the Alaskan Moose.R.D.E. McPhee Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts, and consequences. p262A View to a Kill: Investigating Middle Palaeolithic Subsistence Using an Optimal Foraging Perspective A significant collection of M. giganteus skeletons can be found at the Natural History Museum in Dublin. ==Evolution of antler size== The size of Irish Elk antlers is distinctive, and several theories have arisen as to their evolution. One theory was that their antlers, under constant and strong sexual selection, increased in size because males were using them in combat for access to females. It was also suggested that they eventually became so unwieldy that the Irish Elk could not carry on the normal business of life and so became extinct. This is simply nonsense, because no species survives that long if it is not effective in its habitat. Also, many other Pleistocene megafauna went extinct within a few thousand years of the end of the ice age. The Irish Elk is no different in that respect.Martin P.S. & Klein R.G. (eds) 1984. Quarternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution. Arizona State University Press. Larger deer species have antlers that are more than proportionately larger. This is due to allometry, or differential growth rate of body size and antler size during development.Gould, Stephen J. 1974. Origin and function of 'bizarre' structures antler size and skull size in 'Irish Elk',Megaloceros giganteus. Evolution 28(2): 191-220. This suggests that the antlers of the species' ancestors were already large to begin with. Gould concluded that the large antler size and their position on the skull was very much maintained by sexual selection. Although they were ill-suited for combat between males, they were ideal to intimidate rivals or impress females. Unlike other deer, M. giganteus did not even have to turn its head to present the antlers to best effect, but could do this by simply looking straight ahead. ==Extinction== Theories about the extinction of ice age megafauna are of two kinds. One is that climate change was primary; the other claims that hunting by man was primary. Probably both causes contributed. High amounts of calcium and phosphate compounds are needed to form antlers, and therefore large quantities of these minerals are required for the massive structures of the Irish Elk. The males (and male deer in general) met this requirement partly from their bones, replenishing them from food plants after the antlers were grown or reclaiming the nutrients from discarded antlers (as has been observed in extant deer). Thus, in the antler growth phase, Giant Deer were suffering from a condition similar to osteoporosis.Moen R.A; Pastor J. & Cohen Y. 1999. Antler growth and extinction of Irish Elk. Evolutionary Ecology Research 1: 235–249. When the climate changed at the end of the last glacial period, the vegetation in the animal's habitat also changed. However, the most recent specimen of M. giganteus in northern Siberia, dated to 8,000 years ago – well after the end of the last glacial period – shows no sign of nutrient stress. They come from a region with a continental climate where the proposed vegetation changes had not (yet) occurred.Hughes, Sandrine et al 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40(1): 285–291. PDF fulltext . Supplementary data 1, DOC fulltext Supplementary data 2, DOC fulltext Supplementary data 3, DOC fulltext The disappearance of the local populations of Irish Elk is not surprising, because as climate warmed they would be separated from each other by water.And so could not be 'resupplied' by herds from another area. The situation is less clear for the Irish Elk in continental Eurasia east of the Urals. A combination of human presence along rivers and slow decrease in habitat quality in upland areas presented the last Irish Elk with the choice of either good habitat but considerable hunting pressure, or general absence of humans in a suboptimal habitat.