Title: Ethnic cleansing Content: Ethnic cleansing is where ethnic or religious groups are forced to leave an area by another ethnic group. The goal of an ethnic cleansing is to remove one ethnic group from a certain geographical area. In an ethnic cleansing, They may force people to move; deport people; threaten them until they leave; and use rape and mass murder. Ethnic genocide is a form of ethnic cleansing but not all cases of ethnic cleansing are ethnic genocide ==Definitions== The United Nations defines ethnic cleansing this way:Hayden, Robert M. (1996). Schindler's Fate: Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and Population Transfers. Slavic Review 55 (4): 727-48. * It is done on purpose, as part of a plan * It is done by one ethnic or religious group * That group uses violence and terror to force other ethnic or religious groups to leave certain areas * The goal is to make sure that only the perpetrators' ethnic or religious group lives in those areas A report by United Nations experts said that ethnic cleansing has been done in many different ways, including: * Murder * Torture * Arresting innocent people and putting them in jail * Executing people without a trial * Rape and sexual assault * Forcing people to live in ghettoes * Forced migration and deportation * Attacking civilians and civilian areas (like homes and schools) * Destroying property Experts say that ethnic cleansing is different than genocide. In a genocide, a group tries to kill every member of a certain group, so that group no longer exists on the earth. In an ethnic cleansing, the perpetrators are trying to get rid of other groups in specific areas.Case of Jorgic v. Germany: Judgment §45 (European Court of Human Rights, December 10, 2007). Citing Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro § 190 (International Court of Justice). European Court of Human Rights. Council of Europe. Retrieved April 9, 2016. ==International law== There is no official legal definition of ethnic cleansing.Ferdinandusse, Ward (2004). The Interaction of National and International Approaches in the Repression of International Crimes. The European Journal of International Law 15 (4): 1041-1053. . Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. However, both the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) define deporting a population from its home as a crime against humanity.Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . Article 7: Crimes against humanity. pp. 3-4. January 16, 2002. Retrieved April 9, 2016.Updated Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Article 5. p. 6. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. United Nations. September 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2016. Other crimes that happen during ethnic cleansing are treated as separate crimes that may fit under the definitions of genocide or crimes against humanity.Shraga, Daphna; & Zacklin, Ralph (2004). The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The European Journal of International Law 15 (3): 360-380. Retrieved April 9, 2016. For example, murdering, raping, and persecuting large groups of people are all crimes against humanity under the International Criminal Court's laws. ==Examples of ethnic cleansing== ===Jews in ancient and medieval history=== During ancient and medieval history, Jewish people were victims of ethnic cleansing in many countries. For example, around 1290 AD, King Edward I of England ordered all of the Jews in the country to leave. Hundreds of elderly Jews were executed. Next, France and some German states did the same. Finally, in 1492, Spain ordered its Jews to convert to Catholicism or leave the country. Any Jew who stayed in the country would be executed without a trial. Between 40,000 and 100,000 Jews were forced to leave Spain. Ten years later, in 1502, Spain also forced its Muslims to leave the country. File:Expulsion judios-en.svg|Ethnic cleansing of Jews in Europe from 1100 1600 File:BritLibCottonNeroDiiFol183vPersecutedJews.jpg|"Jews being Persecuted" (England, 13th century) File:French Jews executed by burning.jpg|Drawing of French Jews being burned to death (1410) File:Alhambra Decree.jpg|Spain's original law requiring Jews to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain File:An auto-da-fé of the Spanish Inquisition and the execution o Wellcome V0041892.jpg|Jews who refused to convert or leave Spain were called heretics and could be burned to death on a stake ===Early modern history: Ireland=== In 1652, Oliver Cromwell and the English military took over Ireland. Historians Brendan O'Leary and John McGarry write: "Oliver Cromwell offered Irish Catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer." Cromwell wanted all of the Irish Catholics to leave eastern Ireland and move to the northwest.Norbrook, David (2000).Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627–1660. Cambridge University Press. p. 245. . With Cromwell in charge, the English military forced many Irish Catholics to leave eastern Ireland, and killed many of the people who refused to leave. They did this by: * Threatening to execute Irish people who fought back against the EnglishParliament of England (August 12, 1652). Act for the Settlement of Ireland. Constitution Society. Retrieved April 9, 2016. * Taking away about 40% of the land owned by Irish Catholics, and giving it to English Protestants * Massacring Irish Catholics * Burning Irish crops with the goal of starving the Irish CatholicsStewart, Frances (2000). War and Underdevelopment: Economic and Social Consequences of Conflict, Volume I. Oxford University Press. p. 51. . Historian John Morrill says that England's actions were "the greatest episode of ethnic cleansing ever attempted in Western Europe."Morrill, John (December 2003). Rewriting Cromwell – A Case of Deafening Silences. Canadian Journal of History 38 (3): 553. About 600,000 Irish people died 43% of the Irish population. Because of this, historians do not agree on whether this was an ethnic cleansingLutz, James M.; & Lutz, Brenda J. (2004). Global Terrorism. Routledge. p. 193. .Levene, Mark (2005). Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State. I.B.Tauris. pp. 55-57. . or a genocide.Coogan, Tim Pat (2002). The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 6. .Axelrod, Alan (2002). Profiles in Leadership. Prentice Hall Press. p. 122. .Ellis, Peter Berresford (2002). Eyewitness to Irish History. John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 108. . File:Oliver Cromwell Gaspard de Crayer.jpg|Oliver Cromwell led the program to ethnically 'cleanse' eastern Ireland of Irish Catholics File:Map of Ireland in 1609.gif|Map showing Irish-controlled areas in green before Cromwell invaded File:PRENDERGAST(1870) p 415 Map of the Settlement of Ireland by the Act of 26th September, 1653.jpg|In 1653, Cromwell ruled that all Irish Catholics had to move to the green areas on this map File:Massacre at Drogheda.jpeg|English soldiers massacre Irish Catholic civilians ===The 19th century: Native Americans removal=== In the 19th century, the United States government committed an ethnic cleansing against Native American tribes. At this time, the United States was growing. Many people in the country wanted to take over what is now the Southern United States. However, this land had always belonged to Native American tribes, like the Cherokee Nation. In the early 1800s, the United States government started a program of removing these tribes from the South. The government wanted these tribes to move west, outside the United States. Under Andrew Jackson, the United States military took land away from Creek and Seminole Indians. Some tribes signed treaties and agreed to move. However, other tribes refused to leave the land that had always been theirs. In 1829, Andrew Jackson became President. The next year, he signed the Indian Removal Act. Jackson used this law to force tribes that were still in the South to leave the United States.Prucha, Francis Paul (1984). The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians, Volume I. University of Nebraska Press. p. 206. ASIN B002DIAUDE. The Cherokee Nation refused to leave their homes. In 1838, President Martin van Buren ordered the military to force them to leave.p. 41 Soldiers forced about 15,000 Cherokees and 2,000 of their slaves to leave their land. At first, the Cherokees were all forced into internment camps, where 353 Cherokee died from diseases during one summer.pp. 41–42 After that, the Cherokee were forced to walk from the South to what is now Oklahoma and Arkansas. Most historians say that about 4,000 people died on the way. This was one out of every four people in the Cherokee population. Because so many people died, this forced migration is now called the Trail of Tears. File:0000001c.jpg|Map showing the U.S. states (in red) and Indian territory before Indian Removal started File:Hunting Indians in Florida.jpg|Drawing called "Hunting Indians in Florida with Bloodhounds" (1848) File:Trails of Tears en.png|Map showing the forced migration of Indian tribes File:Fort Marr.JPG|Part of the internment camp the Cherokee were forced into File:Village Creek State Park Wynne AR 61.jpg|Drawing of the Trail of Tears File:Trail of tears map NPS.jpg|Map of the routes the Cherokee had to travel on the Trail of Tears ===The 20th century: Poles during The Holocaust=== In 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. This started World War II. After taking over part of Poland, Nazi Germany committed an ethnic cleansing against the Polish people. They did this in many ways: * The Nazis deported at least 1.5 million Polish people out of Poland. They did this for two reasons: ** So Germans could move into Poland and have it for themselves; and ** So Polish people could be used as forced labor in areas that Germany controlled * The Nazis sent hundreds of thousands of Polish people to concentration camps * They killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians * They killed at least 3 million Polish Jews File:Bydgoszcz 1939 Polish priests and civilians at the Old Market.jpg|Public execution of innocent Polish civilians (1939) File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-133-0703-19, Polen, Litzmannstadt, Juden hinter Stacheldraht.jpg|Jews inside a Polish ghetto (1941) File:Deportation to Treblinka from ghetto in Siedlce 1942.jpg|Polish Jews who were deported from a ghetto to a death camp (1942) File:Czeslawakwoka.jpg|A Polish child who died after 3 months in Auschwitz (1942) File:German officer executes Jewish women who survived a mass shooting outside the Mizocz ghetto, 14 October 1942.jpg|Nazi Einsatzgruppen massacre Polish civilians (1942) File:Polish farmers killed by German forces, German-occupied Poland, 1943.jpg|Polish farmers murdered by Nazis (1943) ===The 21st century: Darfur=== Starting in 2003, the government of Sudan has been accused of committing an ethnic cleansing against black ethnic groups in Darfur.Power, Samantha (August 23, 2004). "Dying in Darfur: Can the ethnic cleansing in Sudan be stopped?" The New Yorker. Archived from the original on December 4, 2004. Retrieved April 10, 2016.Andersson, Hilary (May 27, 2004). "Ethnic cleansing blights Sudan." BBC News Online. BBC. Retrieved April 10, 2016. The Sudanese military, police, and a militia called the Janjaweed have done this by:Collins, Robert O. (2005). Civil Wars and Revolution in the Sudan: Essays on the Sudan, Southern Sudan, and Darfur, 1962–2004. Tsehai Publishers. p. 156. . * Attacking and massacring civilians * Bombing and burning down villages * Forcing people to leave Darfur, then giving their villages to Arab people * Raping and sexually assaulting thousands of women and girls As of 2007, about 450,000 black Darfurians had been killed, and about 800 villages had been destroyed. As of April 2008, about 2.5 million people one-third of Darfur's population were living in refugee camps. These people had been forced to leave their homes, either by soldiers, or because their villages had been destroyed. File:Darfur map.png|Map showing Darfur (in green) File:Darfur report - Page 1 Image 1.jpg|A village that was burned down (2004) File:Darfur report - Page 5 Image 1.jpg|More than 40,000 refugees lived in this camp in Sudan (2004) File:Darfur refugee camp in Chad.jpg|A refugee camp in Chad for Darfurians (2005) File:North Darfur IDP malnourished child.jpg|A starving refugee child File:Satellite image of the burning of Tajalei, March 6, 2011.jpg|Satellite photo of a burned village (2011)