Title: China Airlines Flight 611 Content: China Airlines Flight 611 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Taipei to Hong Kong, China. On May 25, 2002, the Boeing 747-209B airplane broke apart while flying over the Taiwan Straits and crashed into the water. It happened about 25 minutes after takeoff. The accident was caused by metal fatigue in the rear part of the plane. This was traced back to an incorrect repair that was done 22 years before the accident. All 225 people on board the plane were killed. == Aircraft history == The Boeing 747-209B that flew China Airlines Flight 611 was registered as B-1866. This was changed to B-18255 on May 18, 1999. The plane was delivered to China Airlines on July 31, 1979. It was powered by 4 Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines. At time of crash it had flown for 64,394 hours, taking off and landing 21,180 times. On February 7, 1980 the tail of the plane struck the runway while landing at Hong Kong airport.Wen-Chin Li; Don Harris, 'Where safety culture meets national culture: The how and why of the China Airlines CI-611 accident', Human Factors and Aerospace Safety, Vol. 5, Iss. 4, p. 347 The plane was then ferried back to Taipei. A temporary repair was done on February 8, 1980, while a permanent repair was done from May 23 to 26, 1980. Later it was discovered the repair was not done to Boeing repair standards."In-Flight breakup over the Taiwan Strait Northeast of Makung, Penghu Island, China Airlines Flight CI611, Boeing 747-200, B-18255, May 25, 2002. " Volume 1, Paragraph 1.6.1, Page 5. Aviation Safety Council (ASC). February 25, 2005. Retrieved March 4, 2014. It was also discovered that from 1997 a total of 29 corrosion inspections were not completed. When the repair patch was recovered from the crash site, there was evidence that deep scratches had been polished out, thinning the metal.George Bibel, Beyond the Black Box: The Forensics of Airplane Crashes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), p. 164 Several fatigue cracks were found in the scratches. Crash investigators estimate a crack of about 71 inches may have caused the plane to break up. == Crew of Flight == The captain was Yi Ching-Fung (in Traditional Chinese, 易清豐), who was 51 years old. He joined China Airlines in 1991 before becoming a captain in 1997. He had flown for 10,148 hours. First Officer Hsieh Ya Shiung (In Traditional Chinese, 謝亞雄), who was 52 years old, joined China Airlines in 1990. He had flown for a total of 10,173 hours. As the Boeing 747-200B was an older type of airplane, a flight engineer was needed. The flight engineer on this flight was Sen Kuo Chao (in Traditional Chinese, 趙盛國). He joined China Airlines in 1977 and had a total flying time of 19,117 hours. All 19 crew came from Taiwan."CAL 747 Crashes With 225 Onboard." Taipei Times, Stephanie Low and Chang Yu-jung. May 26, 2002. Retrieved April 1, 2014. (Archived) == Passengers == There were 206 passengers on the flight to Hong Kong. Of there, there were 190 Taiwanese people. Of the other 16, nine were from the People's Republic Of China and 5 were from Hong Kong. There was also one person from Singapore and one from Switzerland. == Accident == On May 25, 2002, B-18255 was actually going to be sold to Orient Thai Airlines. This was the plane's last day of service with China Airlines.Arthur J. McEvily; Jirapong Kasivitamnuay, Metal Failures: Mechanisms, Analysis, Prevention (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013), p. 20 Takeoff was at 3.07 pm, and the plane was cleared to climb to 20,000 feet. At 3.16 pm the plane was again cleared to climb and maintain 35,000 feet."In-Flight breakup over the Taiwan Strait Northeast of Makung, Penghu Island, China Airlines Flight CI611, Boeing 747-200, B-18255, May 25, 2002. " Volume II, Page 44 and 47. Aviation Safety Council. February 25, 2005. Retrieved April 1, 2014. At about 3.30 pm, the plane was about to reach 35,000 feet when it suddenly disappeared from the radar systems of the air traffic controllers. Communications were also lost. No distress signals were sent out. However, two Cathay Pacific planes nearby received flight 611's emergency location- indicator signals. Later, the investigators discovered that flight 611 broke apart in mid-air when as it was reaching 35,000 feet. All 225 people on the plane were killed. This was one of the worst disaster in aviation history involving explosive decompression.George Bibel, Beyond the Black Box: The Forensics of Airplane Crashes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), p. 163 China Airlines has had nine fatal crashes between 1970 and 2002. This is the worst record in commercial aviation.George Bibel, Beyond the Black Box: The Forensics of Airplane Crashes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), p. 165 == Recovery of Wreckage and Human Remains == Shortly after the plane vanished, Taiwan started one of the country's largest search- and-rescue operations. As the plane broke apart in mid-air, wreckage were spread over a large area and this makes it difficult to recover all the wreckage. When the search-and-rescue teams arrived, they realized they could not do anything; all 225 people onboard were dead. When there was no more hope for survivors, the teams started to recover wreckage and human remains. These were sent to Penghu Islands. There, the wreckage were numberedMayday, Season 7, Episode 1. (Scratching The Surface/Shattered In Seconds) and the human remains were sent for identification. In the end, out of 225 people on board, 175 bodies were recovered. 50 remain in the sea."CI 611 Accident Investigation Factual Data Group Report, Injury Documentation Group " Aviation Safety Council, June 3, 2003. Retrieved April 2, 2014. thumb|Seat map of flight 611; 1-empty seat; 2-Body not recovered; 3-Body Recovered; 4-Galley; 5-Storage; 6-Toilet; 7-Stairs == Investigation == The investigation of the crash was by Aviation Safety Council (ASC) of Taiwan. During the investigation, it was found that the crash of China Airlines Flight 611 was similar with another crash, TWA flight 800. Investigators found out that both crashes had similar points such as: * Both planes were Boeing 747s * Both planes took off in a very hot weather * Both planes broke apart without warning; and * Both planes broke apart while they were reaching or at cruising altitude. However, unlike flight 800, investigators determined that flight 611 was not caused by a fuel tank explosion."In-Flight breakup over the Taiwan Strait Northeast of Makung, Penghu Island, China Airlines Flight CI611, Boeing 747-200, B-18255, May 25, 2002. " Volume 1, Paragraph 2.1.5, Page 136. Aviation Safety Council (ASC). February 25, 2005. Retrieved April 2, 2014. As the investigation continues, both recorders of the flight were recovered. However, investigators could not find any possible cause from the recorders as the flight data recorder showed that the plane was working properly before it broke up. The cockpit voice recorder also showed nothing unusual. The recorder started ten minutes before the flight. After a last sentence said by captain Yi Ching-Fung, "two thousand" at 3.26pm, the recorder recorded nothing more spoken. Then, the sound of the plane breaking up was heard at about 3.29pm."In-Flight breakup over the Taiwan Strait Northeast of Makung, Penghu Island, China Airlines Flight CI611, Boeing 747-200, B-18255, May 25, 2002. " Volume II, Page 50. Aviation Safety Council, February 25, 2005. Retrieved April 2, 2014. With nothing possible showing up, investigators decided to use a method that the investigators of TWA Flight 800 used. Using several pieces of wreckage, investigators were able to use a computer and find out which piece fell off first. This provided a major clue-the wreckage from the back of the plane fell first. So, investigators began looking for wreckage from the back of the plane. Finally, investigators managed to find a piece of wreckage which was damaged in the tailstrike incident in 1980. A doubler plate was placed over the scratches that the tailstrike caused. The piece, item number 640, was sent to Taipei for further examination. == Cause == When investigators removed the doubler that was over Item 640, they found out that the scratches were still there. They had been caused by the tail strike 22 years ago. The damage from the tail strike had not been correctly fixed. From thism investigators found out what had happened 22 years ago. According to the Boeing SRM (Structural Repair Manual), the scratches should be sanded down. But as the scratches caused by the tailstrike were too deep, the correct way to repair is to cut out the damaged section, then put a doubler plate that is 30% larger than the section that was cut out. However, in the repair of the accident plane, the workers did not follow the instructions. Instead they just placed a doubler plate over the damaged section, which was not 30% larger than the section that was supposed to be cut out. This weakened the structure behind the doubler. The workers then made one more mistake. They wrote in the repair log that the repair was done correctly. Anyone reading the log book would assume that the repair was done correctly and that the workers had cut out the damaged section and replaced it."In-Flight breakup over the Taiwan Strait Northeast of Makung, Penghu Island, China Airlines Flight CI611, Boeing 747-200, B-18255, May 25, 2002. " Volume 1, Paragraph 3.1, Page 220. Aviation Safety Council (ASC). February 25, 2005. Retrieved April 3, 2014. Over the years, the cracks under the doubler grew worse and worse. Every time the plane took off and landed the cracks increased in length, in the end reaching 2.3 metres. Then, on May 25, 2002, the cracks reached the breaking point. It grew in all directions and caused the whole tail to break away from the plane. The plane went into a dive and was torn apart. == China Airlines Maintenance == Another possible reason why the mistake were not found out is the maintenance procedures of China Airlines. In 1988, the roof of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 peeled off when the plane was cruising, causing explosive decompression. The plane landed safely. After the accident, the FAA ordered that the airlines evaluate again all the previous repairs that was done on planes. China Airlines began evaluating the repairs in 2001. The workers took photographs of 31 different doublers on different 747s. These included the one on B-18255. Although there was a stain on the doubler, the workers chose to ignore it. The stain was actually caused by smoke as passengers were allowed to smoke until 1995. The smoke was forced out through the crack and nicotine stained the skin of plane. It was said in Mayday that if China Airlines went on to find out how the stain formed, they may have found the cracks and prevented the crash. The workers then scheduled the next maintenance check on November 2, 2002. The check would have led the workers to find the cracks. However, the plane crashed 5 months before the check. == After the crash == China Airlines no longer uses 611 as its flight number. == Similar crashes == * Japan Airlines Flight 123 – also caused by incorrect repair after a tailstrike which in the end caused loss of control * Aloha Airlines Flight 243 – also caused by metal fatigue * BOAC Flight 781 * South African Airways Flight 201