Title: October 2 Content: == Events == === Up to 1900 === * 829 Theophilus becomes Byzantine Emperor. * 1187 Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule. * 1263 The Battle of Largs is fought between Scots and Norwegians. * 1535 Jacques Cartier discovers Montreal, Quebec. * 1552 Conquest of Kazan by Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible. * 1780 American Revolutionary War: British spy John Andre is hanged by American forces for his role in Benedict Arnold's plot to sell West Point to the British Army. * 1814 Battle of Rancagua: Spanish royalist troops under Mariano Osorio defeat rebel Chilean forces under Bernardo O'Higgins and Jose Miguel Carrera. * 1835 Texas Revolution begins: Battle of Gonzales – Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia. * 1836 Naturalist Charles Darwin returns to Falmouth, England aboard the HMS Beagle after a 5-year journey collecting biological data he will later use to develop his theory of evolution. * 1864 American Civil War: Battle of Saltville – Union forces attack Saltville, Virginia but are defeated by Confederate troops. * 1889 In Washington, DC, the first international Conference of American States begins. * 1889 In Colorado, Nicolas Creede strikes it rich in silver during the last great silver boom of the American Old West. === 1901 2000 === * 1919 US President Woodrow Wilson suffers a massive stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed. * 1924 The Geneva Protocol is adopted as a means to strengthen the League of Nations. * 1925 John Logie Baird performs the first test of a working television system. * 1928 The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, was founded by Saint Josemaría Escrivá. * 1935 Italy invades Abyssinia (Ethiopia). * 1937 Dominican Republic leader Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands. Around 20,000 are killed in the following few days. * 1941 World War II: Operation Typhoon – Germany begins an all-out offensive against Moscow. * 1942 World War II: Ocean liner RMS Queen Mary accidentally hits and sinks her own escort ship HMS Curacoa off Ireland. * 1944 Holocaust: Nazi troops end the Warsaw Uprising. * 1950 The comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz is first published in seven US newspapers. * 1955 The ENIAC computer is deactivated at 11:45 PM. * 1955 Alfred Hitchcock Presents debuts (last new episode aired on June 26, 1962). * 1958 Guinea declares itself independent from France. * 1959 The Twilight Zone pilot premieres. * 1962 Johnny Carson debuts as host of The Tonight Show. * 1967 Thurgood Marshall sworn in as the first African-American justice of United States Supreme Court. * 1968 A peaceful student demonstration in Mexico City ends in the Tlatelolco massacre. * 1970 A plane carrying the Wichita State University football team, administrators andsupporters crashes in Colorado, killing 31 people. * 1979 Pope John Paul II speaks at the UN. * 1984 Elisabeth Kopp becomes the first woman to be elected to the Swiss Federal Council. * 1988 The 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul come to an end. * 1990 A Chinese airline Boeing 737-247 is hijacked; after landing at Guangzhou, crashes into an empty Boeing 707-3J6B and then a Boeing 757-21B on the ground killing 132 * 1992 Hero opens in theaters, starring Dustin Hoffman. * 1992 The Carandiru Massacre takes place after a riot in the Carandiru prison system in São Paulo, Brazil. * 1993 The 1993 Moscow riots by Hardline Communists occur. * 1996 The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton. * 1996 An Aeroperu Boeing 757 crashes in Pacific Ocean shortly after takeoff from Lima, Peru killing 70. * 1997 In the European Union the Amsterdam Treaty is signed. === From 2001 === * 2001 Bankruptcy of Swissair. * 2002 The Beltway sniper attacks begin. * 2004 American Samoa joins the North American Numbering Plan. * 2005 The Ethan Allen tour boat capsizes on Lake George, Upstate New York, killing 20 people. * 2006 Five schoolgirls are killed in a shooting at an Amish school in Pennsylvania, before the gunman commits suicide. * 2007 President of South Korea Roh Moo-hyun walks across the Military Demarcation Line in North Korea, on his way to the inter-Korean summit meeting with Kim Jong-il. * 2009 Rio de Janeiro is chosen to host the 2016 Summer Olympics. * 2009 Voters in Ireland support the EU's Lisbon Treaty in a second referendum. * 2016 Dozens of people are killed in a protest in Ethiopia's Oromia region. * 2016 Voters in Colombia reject a peace deal between their government and FARC by a narrow margin. * 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics: Donna Strickland becomes the 3rd woman to win the award for Physics, while Arthur Ashkin becomes the oldest-ever Nobel laureate, at age 96 (until John B. Goodenough wins the following year's Chemistry Prize at age 97); They share it with Gérard Mourou. * 2018 Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi is murdered in Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul, Turkey. == Births == === Up to 1900 === * 1452 King Richard III of England (d. 1485) * 1470 Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (d. 1498) * 1470 Isabella of Naples, Duchess of Milan (d. 1524) * 1538 Charles Borromeo, Italian Catholic Saint (d. 1584) * 1718 Elizabeth Montagu, English social reformer, patron of the arts, literary critic and writer (d. 1800) * 1722 Leopold Widhalm, Austrian instrument maker (d. 1776) * 1724 Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, French philosopher and statesman (d. 1840) * 1737 Francis Hopkinson, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1791) * 1768 William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, British general and politician (d. 1854) * 1781 William Wyatt Bibb, Governor of Missouri (d. 1820) * 1798 Charles Albert of Sardinia (d. 1849) * 1800 Nat Turner, American revolutionary (d. 1831) * 1815 James Agnew, Irish-Australian politician, 16th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1901) * 1821 Nino Bixio, Italian freedom fighter (d. 1873) * 1828 Charles Floquet, 55th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896) * 1832 Edward Burnett Tylor, British anthropologist (d. 1917) * 1833 William Corby, American Catholic priest (d. 1897) * 1839 Hans Thoma, German painter (d. 1924) * 1847 Paul von Hindenburg, German politician and military officer (d. 1934) * 1851 Ferdinand Foch, French soldier (d. 1929) * 1852 William Ramsay, Scottish chemist (d. 1916) * 1854 Patrick Geddes, Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer and town planner (d. 1932) * 1864 Alfred Roller, Austrian painter (d. 1935) * 1867 Theodore F. Green, Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1966) * 1869 Mahatma Gandhi, Indian spiritual leader and advocate of non-violent resistance (d. 1948) * 1871 Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State (d. 1955) * 1871 Martha Brookes Hutcheson, American landscape architect (d. 1959) * 1879 Wallace Stevens, American poet (d. 1955) * 1882 Boris Shaposhnikov, Russian military commander (d. 1945) * 1890 Groucho Marx, American actor and comedian (d. 1977) * 1893 Leroy Shield, American movie score and radio composer (d. 1962) * 1895 Bud Abbott, American actor and comedian (d. 1974) === 1901 1950 === * 1901 Alice Prin, French singer and artist (d. 1953) * 1902 Leopold Figl, Austrian politician (d. 1965) * 1904 Graham Greene, English writer (d. 1991) * 1904 Lal Bahadur Shastri, 2nd Prime Minister of India (d. 1966) * 1905 Enchi Fumiko, Japanese writer (d. 1986) * 1907 Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Bolivian politician (d. 2001) * 1907 Alexander Todd, Baron Todd, Scottish chemist (d. 1997) * 1909 Alex Raymond, American comic artist (d. 1956) * 1910 Aldo Olivieri, Italian footballer (d. 2001) * 1911 Tilly Fleischer, German javelin thrower (d. 2005) * 1913 Annette Rogers, American athlete (d. 2006) * 1914 Yuri Levitan, Soviet radio announcer (d. 1983) * 1914 John Whiteside Parsons, American rocket scientist, writer and occultist (d. 1952) * 1915 Chubby Wise, American bluegrass fiddler (d. 1996) * 1916 Angel Suquia Goicoechea, Spanish archbishop (d. 2006) * 1917 Christian de Duve, English-born Belgian biologist and Nobel Prize winner (d. 2013) * 1919 John W. Duarte, British composer, guitarist and writer (d. 2004) * 1920 Stefan Kovacs, Romanian footballer (d. 1995) * 1921 Albert Scott Crossfield, American test pilot (d. 2006) * 1921 Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 2000) * 1924 Tex Coulter, American football player (d. 2007) * 1924 Gilbert Simondon, French philosopher (d. 1989) * 1926 Jan Morris, British historian and author * 1927 Uta Ranke- Heinemann, German theologian and author * 1928 Wolfhart Pannenberg, German theologian (d. 2014) * 1928 George "Spanky" McFarland, American actor (d. 1993) * 1929 Cesare Maestri, Italian mountaineer * 1930 Dave Barrett, Canadian politician (d. 2018) * 1933 John Gurdon, British scientist and Nobel Prize winner * 1933 Giuliano Sarti, Italian footballer (d. 2017) * 1933 Michel Blasson, French conductor * 1935 Peter Frankl, Hungarian-born pianist * 1935 Omar Sívori, Argentine footballer (d. 2005) * 1936 Feliciano Belmonte Jr., Filipino lawyer and politician * 1938 Rex Reed, American movie critic and actor * 1940 Gheorghe Gruia, Romanian handball player * 1940 Pantelis Voulgaris, Greek actor, director, producer and screenwriter * 1943 Anna Ford, English journalist and newsreader * 1943 Paul Van Himst, Belgian footballer and coach * 1944 Ton Koopman, Dutch conductor, organist and harpsichordist. * 1945 Don McLean, American singer * 1946 Peter Kellner, English journalist, President of YouGov * 1946 Marie-Georges Pascal, French actress (d. 1985) * 1947 Dieter Pfaff, German actor (d. 2013) * 1948 Donna Karan, American fashion designer * 1948 Trevor Brooking, English footballer * 1948 Siim Kallas, Estonian politician, European Commissioner and former Prime Minister of Estonia * 1949 Annie Leibovitz, American photographer * 1949 Richard Hell, American singer-songwriter and bass player * 1950 Ian McNeice, British actor * 1950 Mike Rutherford, British musician === 1951 1975 === * 1951 Romina Power, American singer * 1951 Sting, English musician * 1953 Ernest Bai Koroma, former President of Sierra Leone * 1953 Muhammad Abdul Bari, Bangladeshi- English physicist * 1954 Lorraine Bracco, American actress * 1955 Philip Oakey, English singer (The Human League) * 1956 Viatcheslav Mukhanov, Russian- German cosmologist and physicist * 1957 Janry, Belgian comic artist * 1957 Dave Faulkner, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1958 Robbie Nevil, American musician * 1960 Glenn Anderson, Canadian ice hockey player * 1960 Terence Winter, American screenwriter and producer * 1960 Tom Schweich, American politician (d. 2015) * 1960 Derek Whittenburg, American basketball player and coach * 1962 Sigtryggur Baldursson, Icelandic musician * 1962 Jeff Bennett, American actor * 1966 Rodney Adnoa'i, Samoan-American professional wrestler (d. 2000) * 1967 Frankie Fredericks, Namibian athlete * 1967 Keith Bradshaw, Australian cricketer * 1967 Thomas Muster, Austrian tennis player * 1967 Dave Goldberg, American businessman (d. 2015) * 1968 Victoria Derbyshire, English journalist and radio presenter * 1968 Jana Novotna, Czech tennis player * 1969 Jun Akiyama, Japanese professional wrestler * 1970 Kelly Ripa, American actress * 1970 Eddie Guardado, American baseball player * 1971 Tiffany, American singer * 1971 James Root, American guitarist (Slipknot) * 1971 Xavier Naidoo, German singer * 1973 Lene Nystrom Rasted, Norwegian singer (Aqua) * 1973 Proof, American rapper (d. 2006) * 1973 Verka Serduchka, Ukrainian comedian and singer * 1973 Maria Wetterstrand, Swedish politician * 1974 Simon Gregson, British actor === From 1976 === * 1977 Didier Défago, Swiss skier * 1978 Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer * 1978 Matt Hancock, English politician * 1979 Francisco Fonseca, Mexican footballer * 1979 Maja Ivarsson, Swedish singer * 1981 Luke Wilkshire, Australian footballer * 1982 Stephen Pearson, Scottish footballer * 1982 George Pettit, Canadian singer * 1982 Tyson Chandler, American basketball player * 1984 Marion Bartoli, French tennis player * 1985 Ciprian Marica, Romanian footballer * 1986 Camilla Belle, American actress * 1987 Ruan Lufei, Chinese chess player * 1987 Keith Earls, Irish rugby player * 1988 Kiko Casilla, Spanish footballer * 1989 Marta Gastini, Italian actress * 1990 Christopher Drazan, Austrian footballer * 1990 Samantha Barks, Manx actress and singer * 1991 Roberto Firmino, Brazilian footballer * 1993 Tara Lynne Barr, American actress * 1994 Brendan Meyer, Canadian actor == Deaths == === Up to 1900 === * 534 Athalaric, King of the Ostrogoths (b. 516) * 939 Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine (b. 890) * 1264 Pope Urban IV * 1559 Jacquet of Mantua, French-Italian composer (b. 1483) * 1629 Antonio Cifra, Italian composer (b. 1584) * 1764 William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1720) * 1775 Chiyo-ni, Japanese poet (b. 1703) * 1782 Charles Lee, British and U.S. general (b. 1732) * 1786 Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, English admiral and politician (b. 1725) * 1803 Samuel Adams, American patriot, revolutionary and statesman (b. 1722) * 1817 Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov, Russian naval commander and admiral (b. 1744) * 1850 Sarah Biffen, English painter (b. 1784) * 1853 François Jean Dominique Arago, French mathematician (b. 1786) * 1892 Ernest Renan, French writer, historian, archaeologist and theologian (b. 1823) * 1895 Eugen Langen, German entrepreneur, engineer and inventor (b. 1833) === 1901 2000 === * 1920 Max Bruch, German composer and conductor (b. 1838) * 1927 Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859) * 1931 Thomas Lipton, British trader and yacht owner (b. 1850) * 1938 Alexandru Averescu, Romanian soldier and politician (b. 1859) * 1943 John Evans, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1855) * 1947 P. D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher (b. 1878) * 1950 John F. Fitzgerald, Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts and maternal grandfather of John F. Kennedy (b. 1863) * 1962 Boris Y. Bukreev, Soviet mathematician (b. 1859) * 1968 Marcel Duchamp, French artist (b. 1887) * 1973 Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (b. 1897) * 1973 Paul Hartman, American actor, singer and dancer (b. 1904) * 1974 Vasily Shukshin, Russian writer, actor, screenwriter and director (b. 1929) * 1975 Kumaraswami Kamaraj, Indian political leader (b. 1903) * 1981 Hazel Scott, singer (b. 1920) * 1981 Harry Golden, American journalist (b. 1902) * 1985 Rock Hudson, American actor (b. 1925) * 1987 Peter Medawar, British scientist, born in Brazil but registered as British (b. 1915) * 1987 Madeleine Carroll, British-born actress (b. 1906) * 1988 Alec Issigonis, British engineer (b. 1906) * 1991 Ecumenical Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople (b. 1914) * 1994 Harriet Nelson, American actress and singer (b. 1909) * 1996 Andrey Lukanov, Bulgarian politician (b. 1938) * 1996 Robert Bourassa, 22nd Premier of Quebec (b. 1933) * 1998 Gene Autry, American singer, actor, and entrepreneur (b. 1907) === From 2001 === * 2001 Franz Biebl, German composer (b. 1906) * 2002 Heinz von Foerster, physicist and philosopher (b. 1911) * 2003 John T. Dunlop, U.S. Secretary of Labor (b. 1914) * 2006 Tamara Dobson, American actress (b. 1944) * 2006 Paul Halmos, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1916) * 2006 Charles Carl Roberts, American murderer (b. 1973) * 2007 Tex Coulter, American football player (b. 1924) * 2007 Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (b. 1913) * 2008 Choi Jin-sil, South Korean actress (b. 1968) * 2009 Marek Edelman, Polish social and political activist (b. 1919) * 2009 Rolf Rüssmann, German footballer (b. 1950) * 2013 Abraham Nemeth, American mathematician and inventor (b. 1919) * 2014 Vaughn O. Lang, American general (b. 1927) * 2014 Pedro Peña, Spanish actor (b. 1925) * 2014 Robert Flower, Australian Rules Football player (b. 1955) * 2015 Brian Friel, Irish dramatist (b. 1929) * 2015 Eric Arturo Delvalle, former President of Panama (b. 1937) * 2016 Neville Marriner, English conductor (b. 1924) * 2017 Evangelina Elizondo, Mexican actress, singer and writer (b. 1929) * 2017 Robert Elsie, Canadian linguist and translator (b. 1950) * 2017 Solly Hemus, American baseball player (b. 1923) * 2017 Kim Un-yong, South Korean sports administrator (b. 1931) * 2017 Klaus Huber, Swiss composer and academic (b. 1924) * 2017 Paul Otellini, American businessman (b. 1950) * 2017 Tom Petty, American musician (b. 1950) * 2017 Robert Yates, American racing team owner (b. 1943) * 2018 Smilja Avramov, Serbian law academic (b. 1918) * 2018 Balabhaskar, Indian violinist, composer and record producer (b. 1978) * 2018 Geoff Emerick, English recording engineer (b. 1945) * 2018 Dorothy Hukill, American politician (b. 1946) * 2018 Roman Kartsev, Russian actor and comedian (b. 1939) * 2018 Jamal Khashoggi, Saudi journalist (b. 1958) * 2018 Hermenegildo Sábat, Uruguayan-Argentine political cartoonist and journalist (b. 1933) * 2019 Bill Bidwill, American businessman (b. 1931) * 2019 Tiny Hill, New Zealand rugby union player (b. 1927) * 2019 Giya Kancheli, Georgian composer (b. 1935) * 2019 Jafar Kashani, Iranian footballer (b. 1944) * 2019 John Kirby, American lawyer (b. 1939) * 2019 Isaac Promise, Nigerian footballer (b. 1987) * 2019 Kim Shattuck, American singer- songwriter and guitarist (b. 1963) * 2019 Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi, Indian nephrologist (b. 1932) == Observances == * Feast of the Saint Guardian Angels * Gandhi Jayanti (India) and International Day of Non-Violence (birthday of Mahatma Gandhi) * Independence Day (Guinea) October 02