Title: April 13 Content: == Events == === Up to 1900 === * 1111 – Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned. * 1204 – Constantinople falls to the crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire. * 1598 – Henry V of France issues the Edict of Nantes, allowing religious freedom for Huguenots. The edict is repealed in 1685. * 1742 - George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah has its world premiere in Dublin, Ireland. * 1749 - A cyclone off Southeast India sinks British ships HMS Pembroke and HMS Namur, killing 850 people. Only 14 survive. * 1777 - American Revolutionary War; American forces are ambushed and defeated in the Battle of Bound Brook, New Jersey. * 1796 - The first elephant ever seen in the United States arrives from India. * 1829 – Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom are granted the right to vote and are allowed to sit in parliament. * 1849 – Hungary becomes a Republic. * 1861 – American Civil War: Fort Sumter, South Carolina, surrenders to Confederate forces. * 1868 - The Abyssynian War ends as British and Indian troops capture Maqdala. * 1870 - New York City's Metropolitan Museum of Art is founded. * 1873 - The Colfax Massacre, in which over 60 African Americans are murdered, takes place in Colfax, Louisiana. === 1901 2000 === * 1904 – The Russian battleship Petropavlovsk of the Russian Pacific Fleet hits a Japanese mine and sinks. The painter Vasily Vereshchagin is among those who are killed in the incident. * 1909 - The Turkish military reverses the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 to force the overthrow of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. * 1919 - Establishment of the Provisional Government of Korea. * 1919 - Jallianwala Bagh massacre: British troops gun down at least 379 unarmed demonstrators in Amritsar, India. 1,200 are injured. * 1934 – While still under construction, the railway bridge in Saratov, Russia, collapses, killing 150 people. * 1941 – The USSR and Japan sign a pact of neutrality. * 1943 – The Thomas Jefferson Memorial is dedicated in Washington, DC. * 1943 - World War II: The discovery of mass graves of Polish prisoners of war killed by Soviet forces in the Katyn massacre is announced. This causes a rift between the Polish Government-in-exile (based in London) and the Soviet Union, which denies responsibility. * 1944 – The USSR and New Zealand establish diplomatic relations. * 1945 - World War II: German troops kill over 1,000 political and military prisoners in Gardelegen, Germany. * 1945 - World War II: Soviet and Bulgarian forces capture Vienna. * 1948 - Hadassah medical convoy massacre: In an ambush, 79 Jewish doctors, nurses and medical students from Hadassah Hospital and a British soldier are massacred by Arabs in Sheikh Jarra near Jerusalem. * 1960 - The US launches Transit 1-B, the world's first satellite navigation system. * 1964 – Sidney Poitier becomes the first African American to win a Best Actor Oscar. * 1970 – Houston, we've had a problem: An oxygen tank aboard Apollo 13 explodes, causing major damage, and putting the crew at risk. They safely return to Earth. * 1972 - The Universal Postal Union decides to recognize the People's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China. * 1975 – At least 17 people are killed in a gun battle between Palestinian Guerrillas and Christian militants in Beirut. * 1984 – India annexes territory beyond the Line of Control. * 1986 – Pope John Paul II becomes the first Pope to visit a Jewish place of worship when he visits a synagogue in Rome. * 1987 – Portugal agrees to return Macau to China's control in 1999. * 1992 – In the United Kingdom, the leader of the Labour Party, Neil Kinnock, announces his resignation. * 1992 – Chicago is flooded. * 1997 – Tiger Woods becomes the youngest golfer to win the US Masters tournament. === From 2001 === * 2002 – Armenian anti- government protests are violently crushed. * 2003 – The National Library in Baghdad is set on fire, with many historical documents being lost. * 2013 - Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum is officially re-opened after a decade-long restoration. * 2014 - A bus crash in Veracruz, Mexico, kills 36 people. * 2017 - The United States drops its biggest-ever non-nuclear bomb in eastern Afghanistan. == Births == === Up to 1900 === * 1506 - Peter Faber, French theologian (d. 1546) * 1519 – Catherine of Medici, Queen of France (d. 1589) * 1570 – Guy Fawkes, English conspirator (d. 1606) * 1573 - Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1625) * 1593 - Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Stratford, English politician (d. 1641) * 1732 – Frederick North, Lord North, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1792) * 1735 - Isaac Low, American merchant and politician (d. 1791) * 1743 – Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States (d. 1826) * 1747 - Louis II, Duke of Orléans (d. 1793) * 1771 – Richard Trevithick, Cornish engineer (d. 1833) * 1780 - Alexander Mitchell, Irish engineer (d. 1868) * 1784 - Friedrich Graf von Wrangel, Prussian field marshal (d. 1877) * 1802 - Leopold Fitzinger, Austrian zoologist (d. 1884) * 1808 – Antonio Meucci, Italian inventor (d. 1889) * 1816 - Sterndale Bennett, English composer, pianist and conductor (d. 1875) * 1825 – Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 1868) * 1832 - Juan Montalvo, Ecuadorean writer (d. 1889) * 1850 - Arthur Matthew Weld Downing, Irish astronomer (d. 1917) * 1852 - Frank Winfield Woolworth, American businessman (d. 1919) * 1860 - James Ensor, Belgian painter (d. 1949) * 1864 - Bertha Zuckerkandl, Austrian writer and journalist (d. 1945) * 1866 – Butch Cassidy, American outlaw (d. 1908) * 1872 – Jan Szczepanik, Polish chemist and inventor (d. 1926) * 1872 - John Cameron, Scottish footballer (d. 1935) * 1873 - John W. Davis, American politician (d. 1955) * 1875 - Ray Lyman Wilbur, American doctor, academic and politician (d. 1949) * 1885 - Georg Lukacs, Hungarian philosopher and critic (d. 1971) * 1890 - Frank Murphy, 56th United States Attorney General (d. 1949) * 1891 - Nella Larsen, American author (d. 1964) * 1891 – Robert Scholl, German politician (d. 1973) * 1892 – Robert Watson-Watt, Scottish inventor (d. 1973) * 1894 – Arthur Fadden, 13th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1973) * 1897 - Werner Voss, German pilot (d. 1917) * 1899 – Alfred Mosher Butts, American architect and inventor of Scrabble (d. 1993) * 1899 - Alfred Schütz, Austrian philosopher (d. 1959) * 1900 - Pierre Molinier, French painter and photographer (d. 1976) === 1901 1950 === * 1906 – Samuel Beckett, Irish playwright (d. 1989) * 1906 – Gabriel Ramanantsoa, President of Madagascar (d. 1979) * 1907 - Harold Stassen, American politician, 25th Governor of Minnesota (d. 2001) * 1909 - Stanislaw Ulam, Ukrainian-American mathematician (d. 1984) * 1911 - Ico Hitrec, Croatian footballer (d. 1946) * 1917 - Bill Clements, American politician, 42nd Governor of Texas (d. 2011) * 1919 - Madalyn Murray O'Hair, American activist, founder of American Atheists (d. 1995) * 1919 – Howard Keel, American actor (d. 2004) * 1920 – Roberto Calvi, Italian banker (d. 1982) * 1920 – Liam Cosgrave, Irish Taoiseach (d. 2017) * 1920 - Claude Cheysson, French politician (d. 2012) * 1921 - Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza, Dutch-Swiss businessman (d. 2002) * 1921 - Dona Ivone Lara, Brazilian singer and composer (d. 2018) * 1922 - John Braine, English novelist (d. 1986) * 1922 – Julius Nyerere, 1st President of Tanzania (d. 1999) * 1923 – Don Adams, American actor (d. 2005) * 1924 - Stanley Donen, American director and choreographer (d. 2019) * 1925 - Michael Halliday, English-Australian linguist (d. 2018) * 1926 - John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, English aristocrat and businessman (d. 2014) * 1927 - Maurice Ronet, French actor and director (d. 1983) * 1928 – Alan Clark, English politician (d. 1999) * 1929 - Marilynn Smith, American golfer (d. 2019) * 1930 - Sergiu Nicolaescu, Romanian director, screenwriter and politician (d. 2013) * 1931 - Robert Enrico, French director and screenwriter (d. 2001) * 1931 - Jon Stone, American screenwriter and producer (d. 1997) * 1932 - Orlando Letelier, Chilean-American economist, politician and educator (d. 1976) * 1934 - John Muckler, Canadian ice hockey player, coach and manager * 1937 - Berge Furre, Norwegian politician, historian and theologian (d. 2016) * 1939 – Seamus Heaney, Irish writer (d. 2013) * 1939 – Paul Sorvino, American actor * 1940 – J. M. G. Le Clézio, French writer * 1940 – Max Mosley, English racing executive * 1940 - Jim McNab, Scottish footballer (d. 2006) * 1941 – Michael Stuart Brown, American geneticist * 1941 - Margaret Price, Welsh soprano (d. 2011) * 1942 - Bill Conti, American composer and conductor * 1946 – Al Green, American singer * 1948 - Juan Taverna, Argentine footballer (d. 2014) * 1949 – Christopher Hitchens, British journalist, writer and critic (d. 2011) * 1950 – Ron Perlman, American actor === 1951 1975 === * 1951 – Peter Davison, British actor * 1951 – Joachim Streich, East German footballer * 1951 - Kaci Kullmann Five, Norwegian politician (d. 2017) * 1951 – Max Weinberg, American drummer * 1951 - Peabo Bryson, American singer * 1953 – Stephen Byers, British politician * 1953 - Brigitte Macron, French teacher, wife of Emmanuel Macron * 1955 - Ole von Beust, German politician, former Mayor of Hamburg * 1960 – Rudi Völler, German footballer * 1962 - Edivaldo Martins Fonseca, Brazilian footballer (d. 1993) * 1962 – Hillel Slovak, Israeli-born guitarist (d. 1988) * 1963 – Garry Kasparov, Russian chess player * 1964 – Caroline Rhea, Canadian actress * 1964 – Andy Goram, Scottish footballer * 1964 - John Swinney, Scottish politician * 1964 - Davis Love III, American golfer * 1966 – Ali Boumnijel, Tunisian footballer * 1968 - Margrethe Vestager, Danish politician * 1970 - Rick Schroder, American actor and director * 1972 – Mariusz Czerkawski, Polish ice hockey player * 1974 – David Zdrilic, Australian footballer * 1974 - Marta Jandova, Czech singer === From 1976 === * 1976 - Valentina Cervi, Italian actress * 1976 - Yoo Ji-tae, South Korean actor and director * 1978 – Carles Puyol, Spanish-Catalan footballer * 1978 - James Jordan, English dancer and choreographer * 1979 – Meghann Shaugnessy, American tennis player * 1979 - Tony Lundon, Irish singer- songwriter, producer and dancer (Liberty X) * 1980 - Quentin Richardson, American basketball player * 1980 - Jason Maguire, Irish jockey * 1980 - Alan Melikdjanian, Latvian-American actor, director and producer * 1981 - Gemma Doyle, Scottish politician * 1981 - Courtney Peldon, American actress * 1983 – Nicole Cooke, Welsh road racing cyclist * 1983 – Schalk Burger, South African rugby player * 1983 - Claudio Bravo, Chilean footballer * 1983 - Heidi Anderson, American voice actress * 1984 - Anders Lindegaard, Danish footballer * 1985 - Anna Jennings-Edquist, Australian actress, director and producer * 1987 - Brandon Hardesty, American actor * 1987 - Allison Weiss, American singer-songwriter * 1988 - Petteri Kopponen, Finnish basketball player * 1988 – Anderson Luis de Abreu Oliveira, Brazilian footballer * 1989 - Nastassia Mionchyk-Ivanova, Belarussian long jumper * 1990 - Alyssa Mendonsa, Indian singer * 1992 - George North, Welsh rugby player * 1993 - Hannah Marks, American actress == Deaths == === Up to 1900 === * 548 - Ly Nam De, Emperor of Vietnam (b. 503) * 814 - Krum, Bulgarian ruler * 1093 – Prince Vsevolod of Kiev (b. 1030) * 1138 - Simon I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1076) * 1592 - Bartolomeo Ammannati, Italian architect and sculptor (b. 1511) * 1605 – Tsar Boris Godunov of Russia (b. 1551) * 1794 - Nicolas Chamfort, French playwright (b. 1741) * 1853 – Leopold Gmelin, German chemist (b. 1788) * 1853 - James Iredell, Jr., American politician, 23rd Governor of North Carolina (b. 1788) * 1868 – Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1818) * 1880 - Robert Fortune, Scottish botanist (b. 1813) * 1882 - Bruno Bauer, German historian and philosopher (b. 1809) === 1901 2000 === * 1904 – Vasily Vereshchagin, Russian painter (b. 1842) * 1904 – Stepan Makarov, Russian naval commander (b. 1849) * 1911 - John McLane, Scottish-American politician, 50th Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1852) * 1911 - George Washington Glick, American politician, 9th Governor of Kansas (b. 1827) * 1912 – Ishikawa Takuboku, Japanese writer (b. 1886) * 1918 – Lavr Georgevich Kornilov, Russian general (b. 1870) * 1927 – Georg Voigt, German politician (b. 1866) * 1936 - Konstantinos Demertzis, 129th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1876) * 1938 – Grey Owl, English-Canadian conservationist (b. 1888) * 1941 - Annie Jump Cannon, American astronomer (b. 1863) * 1942 - Anton Uesson, Estonian engineer and politician (b. 1879) * 1945 - Ernst Cassirer, German philosopher (b. 1874) * 1954 - Samuel Jones, American high jumper (b. 1880) * 1954 - Angus Lewis Macdonald, Canadian politician, 12th Premier of Nova Scotia (b. 1890) * 1956 – Emil Nolde, German painter (b. 1867) * 1962 - Culbert Olson, American politician, 29th Governor of California (b. 1876) * 1966 – Georges Duhamel, French writer (b. 1884) * 1966 - Abdul Salam Arif, 2nd President of Iraq (b. 1921) * 1972 – Johannes Sveinsson Kjarval, Icelandic painter (b. 1885) * 1975 – Larry Parks, American actor (b. 1914) * 1975 - François Tombalbaye, 1st President of Chad (b. 1918) * 1981 – Prince Asaka Yasuhiko of Japan (b. 1887) * 1984 – Richard Hurndall, British actor (b. 1910) * 1999 - Ortvin Sarapu, New Zealand chess player (b. 1924) * 1999 – Willi Stoph, East German politician (b. 1914) * 2000 – Giorgio Bassani, Italian writer (b. 1916) === From 2001 === * 2002 – Desmond Titterington, Northern Irish racing driver (b. 1928) * 2004 - Caron Keating, English-Irish television host (b. 1962) * 2006 – Muriel Spark, Scottish writer (b. 1918) * 2008 – Mark Speight, English children's television presenter (b. 1965) (body found on this date) * 2008 – John Archibald Wheeler, American theoretical physicist (b. 1911) * 2011 – Buster Martin, French-British marathon runner (b. 1906 or 1913) * 2013 - Lin Yang-kang, Chinese-Taiwanese politician (b. 1927) * 2014 - Ernesto Laclau, Argentine political theorist (b. 1935) * 2014 - Peter Drummond-Murray of Mastrick, Scottish herald and banker (b. 1929) * 2015 - Ronnie Carroll, Northern Irish singer and politician (b. 1934) * 2015 - Thelma Coyne Long, Australian tennis player (b. 1918) * 2015 - Herb Trimpe, American comic book artist (b. 1939) * 2015 - Eduardo Galeano, Uruguayan journalist, novelist and writer (b. 1940) * 2015 - Günter Grass, German novelist (b. 1927) * 2015 - Orma Slack, Canadian supercentenarian (b. 1903) * 2016 - Mariano Mores, Argentine tango composer and pianist (b. 1918) * 2016 - Manouchehr Sotodeh, Iranian geographer (b. 1913) * 2016 - Gareth Thomas, Welsh actor (b. 1945) * 2016 - Ray Thornton, American attorney and politician (b. 1928) * 2016 - Nera White, American basketball player (b. 1935) * 2017 - Fred Goldsmith, Australian football player (b. 1932) * 2017 - David Mwiraria, Kenyan politician (b. 1938) * 2017 - Dan Rooney, American football executive and diplomat (b. 1932) * 2017 - K. S. Chandrasekharan, Indian-Swiss mathematician (b. 1920) * 2018 - Art Bell, American author and radio host (b. 1945) * 2018 - Joy Laville, English-Mexican sculptor, painter and potter (b. 1923) * 2018 - Milos Forman, Czech-American film director and screenwriter (b. 1932) * 2019 - Francisca Aguirre, Spanish poet (b. 1930) * 2019 - Tony Buzan, English author (b. 1942) * 2019 - Neus Catala, Spanish Resistance fighter and Holocaust survivor (b. 1915) * 2019 - Paul Greengard, American neuroscientist (b. 1925) * 2019 - Norio Kaifu, Japanese astronomer (b. 1943) * 2019 - D. Babu Paul, Indian civil servant (b. 1941) * 2019 - Paul Raymond, English musician (b. 1945) * 2019 - S. K. Shivakumar, Indian rocket scientist (b. 1953) * 2019 - Lydia Wideman, Finnish cross-country skier (b. 1920) * 2019 - Yvette Williams, New Zealand athlete (b. 1929) == Observances == * Songkan (Laos) * Songkran (Thailand) * Cambodian New Year * Thomas Jefferson's birthday (United States) Category:Days of the year