Title: Mass grave Content: A mass grave is a grave where many bodies are buried together, without coffins. Mass graves are usually created when a large number of people die or are killed. For example, in the past, they have been used when many people die at once from disease, a natural disaster, or genocide. ==Definitions== Different people have come up with different meanings for the phrase "mass grave." Mass graves have been defined as: * Graves where two; three; six; or "a large" number of bodies are buried together * Graves where bodies were buried with no respect for each individual person * Graves where bodies are buried very closely together, packed tightly, without the dignity of a regular burial * Group graves of people who were killed or executed without a trial, or without doing anything wrong Since 1993, the United Nations has defined a mass grave as a grave where three or more people are buried together. ==Disease== For centuries, people around the world have used mass graves when many people died at once from epidemics of diseases. The goal of this type of mass grave is not to disrespect the bodies of the dead. The goal is to prevent disease from spreading from the dead to the living. Also, if too many people have died, it may be impossible to bury them all separately. For example, during outbreaks of the bubonic plague ("The Black Death") in Europe, people were terrified of catching this disease from dead bodies. Often they buried plague victims in mass graves. Daniel Defoe, who lived during the Great Plague of London in 1655-1666, wrote about one mass grave: However, at some mass graves for plague victims, people still tried to honor the dead with Christian burial traditions. ==Disasters== More recently, victims of natural disasters have been buried in mass graves. Like with mass graves for disease victims, mass graves for disaster victims are not meant to disrespect the dead. In disasters where many people die, it may not be possible to bury each person one by one. For example, after 2010 Haiti earthquake, there were tens of thousands of bodies in the Haitian capital city of Port-au-Prince. In the first nine days after the earthquake, about 90,000 people were buried in mass graves, using bulldozers. There were so many bodies that there was no room, and not enough workers, to bury them one by one. One Haitian man, who helped bury 2,500 people in three mass graves, said: "You have to understand that it's completely un-Haitian to dump bodies like this. We have extreme respect for the dead. And these people deserve a decent burial." Later, he and other volunteers put up crosses to mark the graves, put holy water on the graves, and had a priest say prayers for the dead. Like at the mass graves for the plague victims, they were still trying to honor the dead, even though they had to bury them in mass graves. Some areas in Japan also had to use mass graves after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. In Japan, most people are cremated after they die. However, there were too many victims, and not enough kerosene to cremate them or dry ice to keep the bodies from decomposing. In one town, cremating all the town's victims would have taken 100 days. Because of this, some towns had to use mass graves to bury the dead. ==Murder and genocide== Throughout history, people and governments that have murdered many people have buried them in mass graves. Unlike mass graves for victims of disease or disasters, this type of mass grave is often meant to disrespect the bodies of the dead after they are murdered. Mass graves have been found from many of the international wars and civil wars in modern history. Here are a few examples. ===World War I=== During World War I, on July 19, 1916, about 2,300 British and Australian soldiers were killed in a battle with the German Army. In 2008, about 250 of their bodies were found in mass graves, where the Germans had buried them. ===World War II=== ====The Holocaust==== During The Holocaust, Nazi Germany killed six million Jewish people and millions of other people. Nobody knows exactly how many of these people are buried in mass graves. However, here are some examples of mass graves from Nazi murders: * At the Babi Yar massacre in Ukraine, Nazi soldiers killed 33,771 Jewish people in two days, and buried them in a mass grave. * At the Rumbula massacre in Latvia, Nazis killed about 25,000 Jews in two days, and buried them in mass graves * At some of the Nazi concentration camps, like Buchenwald and Treblinka, the Nazis buried thousands of people in mass graves * At the Nazis' death camps, they cremated the people they killed and dumped their ashes together. For example, at Treblinka, a layer of human ashes 20 feet deep covered parts of the ground. At Auschwitz's death camp, people's ashes were thrown into fields, swamps, and ponds. These areas might be thought of as mass graves too. ====Soldiers' graves==== During World War II, German soldiers who died when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union were buried in mass graves in Eastern Europe. In 2013, the German War Graves Commission moved 70,000 soldiers from mass graves to a cemetery in Russia. This was the 82nd cemetery the Commission had built to re-bury soldiers buried in mass graves. All together, the 82 cemeteries hold more than 800,000 German soldiers. The Commission says there are at least 250,000 more German soldiers buried in mass graves throughout Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union also used mass graves during World War II. For example, in the Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery, they buried almost 500,000 civilians and soldiers in 186 mass graves. These people had died or been killed during the Siege of Leningrad. ===The Soviet Union=== In the Soviet Union, as many as 20 million people may have died or been murdered while Joseph Stalin ruled the government. Most of them were Soviet civilians. Many were buried in mass graves. The biggest include: *Bykivnia (between 100,000 and 225,000 people are buried here)"Ukraine reburies 2,000 victims of Stalin's rule". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. October 27, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2016. *Kurapaty (between 30,000 and 250,000 people) Winnicki, Zdzislaw J. (2005). Szkice kojdanowskie. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo GAJT. pp.77-78. *Butovo (over 20,000 people)Kishkovsky, Sophia (June 8, 2007). "Former Killing Ground Becomes Shrine to Stalin’s Victims". The New York Times. Retrieved March 11, 2016. *Communarka (about 10,000 people) "Спецобъект 'Монастырь'". ИЗВECTИЯ. October 11, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2016. *Sandarmokh (over 9,000 people)"Pictorial essay: Death trenches bear witness to Stalin's purges". CNN Online. Turner Broadcasting Network Inc. July 17, 1997. Retrieved March 12, 2016. ===The Korean War=== Early on in the Korean War, South Korea killed at least 100,000 people who had been put in prison for their political beliefs. They buried many of these people in mass graves. In 2007, the South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Committee found four mass graves, with more than 400 people in them. The Committee estimates that there are about 150 mass graves in South Korea. ===The Vietnam War=== During the Vietnam War, in the Huế Massacre, the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army murdered between 2,800 and 6,000 civilians and prisoners of war. They buried the bodies in dozens of mass graves.Anderson, David L. (2004). The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War. Columbia University Press. pp. 98-99. ===Genocide in Cambodia=== From 1975 to 1979, the Khmer Rouge, ruled by Pol Pot, controlled Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge committed a genocide against the Cambodian people. Historians and scientists say that there are at least 20,000 mass grave sites in the country, holding at least 1,386,734 victims of execution."Mapping Project: 1995 to Present" . Document Center of Cambodia. Accessed March 11, 2016."The CGP, 1994-2015". Cambodian Genocide Program. Yale University. 2010. Accessed March 12, 2016. ===Other wars=== thumb|250px|People killed in the Srebrenica massacre are taken out of mass graves During the Bosnian War (1992-1995), the Bosnian Serb Army killed more than 8,000 Bosnian Muslims in the Srebrenica genocide. They buried them in mass graves. In 2003, mass grave specialists found a mass grave that was "as big as a tennis court." It included victims of the Srebrenica genocide. By 2006, 42 mass graves had been found around Srebrenica, and specialists think there are at least 22 more. Another 2,070 victims have been found in the graves.Weinberg, Bill (July 11, 2006)."Srebrenica: 11 years later, still no justice". World War 4 Report. Retrieved March 12, 2016. During the Kosovo War (1998-1999), Serbian soldiers committed many war crimes against the Albanian people. As of 2010, six mass graves had been found in Serbia with Albanian victims inside. The largest had between 705 and 1,000 bodies in it. The Colombian government says that in its civil war, which is still going on today, its enemies have buried at least 6,000 people in mass graves. CNN recently wrote that the terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) killed more than 130 men, women, and children who refused to join ISIS. They buried their bodies in mass graves. ==Photo gallery== File:Middle Dilmun Mass Grave A212.JPG|Part of a mass grave found in Bahrain. Scientists say it was created around 1450 BC File:Graveyard at Jamestowne Historic National Park - Stierch.jpg|Archaeologists found a mass grave at the Jamestown Colony, probably of people who starved to death File:Wounded Knee 1891.jpg|American soldiers bury Lakota Indians in a mass grave after the Wounded Knee Massacre (1891) File:Mass Grave in St. Mary's Church, Attenborough.jpg|Mass grave for 139 factory workers killed in an explosion in England in 1918 File:Ohrdruf Mass Grave 09895.jpg|American soldiers in front of a mass grave for people killed at the Ohrdruf concentration camp. The mounds of dirt are people's ashes (1945) File:Mass grave at Bergen-Belsen.jpg|Mass grave for people killed at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. The engraving says "Here rest 5,000 dead. April 1945." File:'Mass Grave' in Choeung Ek..JPG|Mass grave for people killed by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia (1975-1979) File:Nyamata Memorial Site 13.jpg|Victims of the Rwandan Genocide (1994) File:Oxfam East Africa - A mass grave for children in Dadaab.jpg|Mass graves for 70 children who died trying to reach a refugee camp in Kenya (2011) ==Related pages== * War crimes * Crimes against humanity