Title: July 31 Content: == Events == === Up to 1900 === * 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mt. Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: July 6, 781) * 904 - Thessaloniki falls to the Arabs, who destroy the city. * 1009 – Pietro Boccapecora becomes Pope Sergius IV * 1423 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant – The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne. * 1492 - Jews are expelled from Spain, when the Alhambra Decree takes effect. * 1498 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to land on the island of Trinidad. * 1588 – The Spanish Armada is spotted off the coast of England. * 1655 – Russo-Polish War of 1654 to 1667: The Russian army enters the Lithuanian capital Vilnius. * 1658 – Aurangzeb is proclaimed Mughal Emperor of India. * 1667 – The Treaty of Breda ends the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The Dutch colony of New Amsterdam gets tranferred to British control, being renamed New York. The Dutch get the previously British colony in present-day Suriname. * 1703 – Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet, but is pelted with flowers. * 1712 - Great Northern War: Danish and Swedish ships clash in the Baltic Sea, with an inconclusive result. * 1715 - An 11-ship Spanish treasure fleet is lost in a hurricane between the Florida Keys and Havana, Cuba, killing at least 1,000 people. * 1741 - Charles Albert of Bavaria invades Upper Austria and Bohemia. * 1763 – Pontiac's War: The Odawa Chief Pontiac's forces defeat British troops at the Battle of Bloody Run. * 1790 – First US patent issued; granted to inventor Samuel Hopkins for a potash process. * 1856 – Christchurch, New Zealand is chartered as a city. * 1865 - The first Narrow gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Queensland, Australia. === 1901 1950 === * 1901 - With hot-air balloon Preussen, Arthur Berson and Reinhard Suering reach a record height of 10,800 meters. * 1913 - The Balkan States sign an armistice in Bucharest. * 1914 - French Socialist politician Jean Jaurès is assassinated in a Paris café by the Nationalist Raoul Villain. * 1917 – The Third Battle of Ypres starts in Flanders. * 1919 – German national assembly adopts the Weimar constitution (to enter into force August 14) * 1930 – The radio mystery program The Shadow airs for the first time. * 1932 - Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party wins over 38% of the vote in German elections. * 1936 – The International Olympic Committee announces that the 1940 Summer Olympics were to be held in Tokyo. However, the games were given back to the IOC after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, and were eventually cancelled altogether because of World War II. * 1941 – Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring orders SS general Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution of the Jewish question." * 1945 – Pierre Laval, fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria. * 1948 – At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated. === 1951 2000 === * 1951 – Japan Airlines is established. * 1954 – First ascent of K2, by an Italian expedition led by Ardito Desio, also involving Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni. The lack of credit given to Walter Bonatti causes a lot of controversy in the years to come. * 1956 – Jim Laker sets extraordinary record at Old Trafford in the fourth Test of taking nineteen wickets in a first-class match (the previous best was seventeen. * 1961 – At Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, the first All-Star Game tie in major league baseball history occurs when the game is stopped in the 9th inning due to rain. * 1964 – Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound telescopes). * 1969 - The Mariner 6 probe flies by Mars and sends photographs to Earth. * 1971 – Apollo program: Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover. * 1973 – A Delta Air Lines jetliner crashes while landing in fog at Logan Airport, Boston, Massachusetts killing 89 * 1975 – In Detroit, Michigan, Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa is reported missing. * 1976 – NASA releases the famous Face on Mars photo, taken by Viking 1. * 1976 – Flooding on the Big Thompson River in Colorado kills 143 people. * 1977 – David Berkowitz, the Son of Sam serial killer, carries out his last murder, shooting Stacey Moskowitz. * 1981 – A 7-week strike by Major League Baseball players ends. * 1987 – A rare, class F-4 tornado rips through Edmonton, Alberta, killing 27 people and causing $330 million in damage. * 1988 – 32 people are killed when a bridge collapses in Penang, Malaysia. * 1991 – The United States and Soviet Union sign the START I arms reduction treaty. * 1991 – A Soviet OMON attacks a Lithuanian customs post in Medininkai. * 1992 – China General Aviation flight 7552 crashes at take-off from Nanking, to Xiamen. * 1992 – A Thai Airways Airbus A300-310 crashes into mountain south of Kathmandu, Nepal killing 113. * 1992 – The Republic of Georgia joins the United Nations. * 1996 – MIL- STD-1750A is declared inactive for use in new designs. * 1998 – The United Kingdom imposes a total landmine ban. * 1999 – NASA intentionally crashes the Lunar Prospector spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the moon's surface. * 2000 – The Knesset (Israeli parliament) chooses Moshe Katsav as the next President. === From 2001 === * 2006 – Fidel Castro transfers power in Cuba to his brother Raul Castro. * 2007 - Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and the longest- running British Army operation ever, comes to an end. * 2008 – Scientists report that the Phoenix spacecraft had confirmed the presence of frozen water on the planet Mars. * 2012 - Michael Phelps beats Larisa Latynina's record number of Olympic medals. * 2013 - Zimbabwe holds a Presidential election. The main candidates are long-time President Robert Mugabe and Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai. Mugabe's ZANU-PF Party claims a landslide victory, but Tsvangirai's Movement for Democratic Change declares the election null and void on the grounds of vote-rigging. * 2014 - Shortly before midnight, gas explosions occur in the city of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, killing at least 26 people. * 2015 - Beijing is given the right to host the 2022 Winter Olympics. * 2017 - Los Angeles, California, volunteers to host the 2028 Summer Olympics, effectively giving the 2024 Summer Olympics to Paris. * 2017 - US President Donald Trump fires White House Communications Director Anthony Scaramucci, only ten days after giving him the job. == Births == === Up to 1900 === * 1143 – Emperor Nijo of Japan (d. 1165) * 1396 – Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1467) * 1443 - Albert III, Duke of Saxony (d. 1500) * 1526 - Augustus, Elector of Saxony (d. 1586) * 1527 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1576) * 1598 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1654) * 1702 – Jean Denis Attiret, French Jesuit missionary and painter (d. 1768) * 1704 – Gabriel Cramer, Swiss mathematician (d. 1752) * 1718 – John Canton, English physicist (d. 1772) * 1720 - Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon, French soldier and statesman (d. 1788) * 1724 – Noël-François de Wailly, French lexicographer (d. 1801) * 1737 – Princess Augusta of Great Britain (d. 1813) (sources vary between July 31 and August 31) * 1777 – Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Argentine statesman and priest (d. 1849) * 1800 – Friedrich Wöhler, German chemist (d. 1882) * 1803 – John Ericsson, Swedish engineer (d. 1889) * 1804 – George Baxter, English engraver and printer (d. 1867) * 1812 – Amélie of Leuchtenberg, Empress of Brazil (d. 1873) * 1816 – Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of the Two Sicilies (d. 1867) * 1816 - George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870) * 1822 – Abram Stevens Hewitt, Mayor of New York City (d. 1903) * 1824 - Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, French aristocrat (d. 1890) * 1825 – William S. Clark, American senator and scholar (d. 1885) * 1826 - George Hoadly, 36th Governor of Ohio (d. 1902) * 1828 - François-Auguste Gevaert, Belgian composer (d. 1908) * 1831 - Ilya Ulyanov, Russian teacher and father of Vladimir Lenin (d. 1886) * 1835 – Henri Brisson, French politician (d. 1912) * 1839 - Ignacio Andrade, 25th President of Venezuela (d. 1925) * 1843 – Peter Rosegger, Austrian poet (d. 1918) * 1847 – Ignacio Cervantes, Cuban pianist and composer (d. 1905) * 1854 - José Canalejas, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1912) * 1858 – Richard Dixon Oldham, English geologist (d. 1936) * 1863 - Sidney Johnston Catts, 22nd Governor of Florida (d. 1936) * 1875 – Jacques Villon, French painter and printmaker (d. 1963) * 1875 - Kunio Yanagita, Japanese scholar (d. 1962) * 1877 - Louisa Bolus, South African botanist and taxonomist (d. 1970) * 1880 – Munshi Premchand, Indian writer (d. 1936) * 1886 – Fred Quimby, American movie producer (d. 1965) * 1886 - Harry Tate, American soccer player (d. 1954) * 1892 - Joseph Charbonneau, French- Canadian Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1959) * 1892 - Herbert W. Armstrong, American evangelist (d. 1986) === 1901 1950 === * 1901 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter and sculptor (d. 1985) * 1902 - Gubby Allen, Australian-English cricketer (d. 1989) * 1904 - John Carberry, American cardinal (d. 1998) * 1907 – Roy Milton, American jump blues singer, drummer and bandleader (d. 1983) * 1908 - Franz Meyers, German politician (d. 2002) * 1911 – George Liberace, American musician (d. 1983) * 1912 – Milton Friedman, American economist (d. 2006) * 1912 - Irv Kupcinet, American columnist (d. 2003) * 1913 – Bryan Hextall, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1984) * 1914 – Louis de Funès, French actor and comedian (d. 1983) * 1914 - Mario Bava, Italian movie director, cameraman and screenwriter (d. 1980) * 1914 – Raymond Aubrac, French Resistance activist (d. 2012) * 1916 - Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979) * 1918 – Paul D. Boyer, American chemist (d. 2018) * 1918 – Hank Jones, American pianist (d. 2010) * 1919 – Primo Levi, Italian writer and chemist (d. 1987) * 1919 - Robert Morgenthau, American lawyer (d. 2019) * 1921 – Peter Benenson, British founder of Amnesty International (d. 2005) * 1922 - Lorenzo Antonetti, Italian cardinal (d. 2013) * 1923 – Ahmet Ertegün, Turkish- born record company executive (d. 2006) * 1923 - Jimmy Evert, American tennis player and coach (d. 2015) * 1923 - Stephanie Kwolek, American chemist, engineer and inventor of Kevlar (d. 2014) * 1926 – Hilary Putnam, American philosopher (d. 2016) * 1927 - Bunny Carr, Irish television presenter (d. 2018) * 1928 - Bill Frenzel, American politician (d. 2014) * 1929 – Don Murray, American actor * 1929 – José Santamaría, Uruguayan footballer * 1930 - Oleg Popov, Russian clown (d. 2016) * 1931 - Nick Bollettieri, American tennis coach * 1931 – Ivan Rebroff, German singer (d. 2008) * 1932 – Ted Cassidy, American actor (d. 1979) * 1932 – John Searle, American philosopher * 1932 - Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern (d. 2016) * 1933 - Cees Nooteboom, Dutch writer * 1935 - Yvon Deschamps, Canadian comedian, actor and author * 1935 - Geoffrey Lewis, American actor (d. 2015) * 1937 - Isabelle Daniels, American sprinter (d. 2017) * 1938 - Saeed Saleh, Egyptian actor (d. 2014) * 1939 - Ignacio Zoco, Spanish footballer (d. 2015) * 1939 - France Nuyen, French actress * 1940 - Roy Walker, Irish comedian, actor and television host * 1941 – Amarsinh Chaudhary, Indian politician (d. 2004) * 1943 - Lobo, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1943 – William Bennett, American politician * 1944 – Jonathan Dimbleby, British journalist and TV presenter * 1944 - Robert C. Merton, American economist * 1944 - Geraldine Chaplin, American- British actress * 1944 - David Norris, Irish scholar, senator and activist * 1945 – William Weld, 68th Governor of Massachusetts * 1947 - Richard Griffiths, British actor (d. 2013) * 1947 - Hubert Védrine, French politician * 1948 - Russell Morris, Australian singer * 1950 - Richard Berry, French actor, director and singer === 1951 1975 === * 1951 – Evonne Goolagong, Australian tennis player * 1951 - Barry Van Dyke, American actor * 1952 - Alan Autry, American football player, actor and politician * 1952 – Helmuts Balderis, Latvian ice hockey player * 1952 - Faye Kellerman, American author * 1953 – Ted Baillieu, Australian politician * 1956 – Deval Patrick, American politician, 71st Governor of Massachusetts * 1956 - Mark Arden, British actor * 1956 – Michael Biehn, American actor and movie producer * 1957 - Mark Thompson, English media executive, former Director-General of the BBC * 1957 - Daniel Ash, English singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1958 – Bill Berry, American musician in band R.E.M. * 1959 – Andrew Marr, British broadcast journalist * 1959 – Stanley Jordan, American jazz guitarist * 1960 - Dale Hunter, Canadian ice hockey player * 1961 - Frank Gardner, English journalist and correspondent * 1961 - Peter O'Brien, American drummer (Orleans) * 1962 - Jackie Bird, Scottish broadcast journalist * 1962 - Stanley Jordan, American jazz guitarist * 1962 – Wesley Snipes, American actor * 1963 – Brian Skrudland, Canadian ice hockey player * 1963 - Fatboy Slim, English DJ and musician * 1964 – Wendell Alexis, American basketball player * 1964 - Jean- Paul Vonderburg, Swedish footballer * 1964 – Jim Corr, Irish musician * 1965 – J. K. Rowling, British writer (Harry Potter) * 1965 - Pat Finn, American actor * 1965 - Scott Brooks, American basketball coach * 1965 - Mario Von Appen, German canoeist * 1966 - Tatsuya Ishihara, Japanese animator and director * 1966 - Yoshiyuki Matsuyama, Japanese footballer * 1966 – Dean Cain, American actor * 1966 – Valdas Ivanauskas, Lithuanian footballer and football manager * 1967 – Minako Honda, Japanese singer and musical actress (d. 2005) * 1969 - Antonio Conte, Italian footballer * 1969 - Loren Dean, American actor * 1970 - Ben Chaplin, English actor * 1971 - Christina Cox, Canadian actress * 1971 - Elivélton, Brazilian footballer * 1973 - Jacob Aagaard, Danish-Scottish chess player * 1973 – Abdulaziz Khathron, Saudi Arabian footballer * 1973 – Wail al- Shehri, Saudi Arabian terrorist (d. 2001) * 1974 – Emilia Fox, British actress * 1975 – Ruben Patterson, American basketball player === From 1976 === * 1976 – Paulo Wanchope, Costa Rican footballer * 1978 – Will Champion, English musician (Coldplay) * 1978 - Justin Wilson, English racing driver (d. 2015) * 1978 – Zac Brown, American country music singer * 1979 – Carlos Marchena, Spanish footballer * 1979 - B. J. Novak, American actor, comedian, screenwriter and director * 1980 – Mils Muliaina, New Zealand rugby player * 1981 - Clemente Rodríguez, Argentine footballer * 1981 – Titus Bramble, English footballer * 1981 - M. Shadows, American musician (Avenged Sevenfold) * 1982 - Hayuma Tanaka, Japanese footballer * 1982 - Mira Craig, Norwegian singer * 1982 – Michael Jung, German equestrian * 1982 – DeMarcus Ware, American football player * 1984 - Joseph Benavidez, American mixed martial artist * 1985 - Alissa White-Gluz, Canadian singer * 1986 - Shinzo Koroki, Japanese footballer * 1987 – Michael Bradley, American footballer * 1987 – Brittany Byrnes, American actress * 1988 - Krystal Meyers, American singer- songwriter * 1988 - Michelle Sabogal, Colombian actress * 1989 – Victoria Azarenka, Belarusian tennis player * 1989 - Zelda Williams, American actress * 1990 - Besart Abdurahimi, Macedonian footballer * 1992 - Lizzy, South Korean singer, dancer and actress * 1992 - Kyle Larson, American racing driver * 1996 - Blake Michael, American actor, director and producer * 2000 - Kim Sae-ron, South Korean actress == Deaths == === Up to 1900 === * 54 BC - Aurelia Cotta, mother of Julius Caesar (b. 120 BC) * 855 - Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Arab scholar and theologian (b. 780) * 1099 – El Cid, Spanish warrior (b. 1044) * 1396 – William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury * 1508 – Na'od, Emperor of Ethiopia (killed in battle) * 1556 – Ignatius Loyola, Spanish priest, founder of the Jesuits (b. 1491) * 1726 – Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1695) * 1750 – King John V of Portugal (b. 1689) * 1784 – Denis Diderot, French philosopher and encyclopedist (b. 1713) * 1805 - Dheeran Chinnamalai, Indian soldier (b. 1756) * 1849 - Sandor Petofi, Hungarian poet (b. 1823) * 1875 – Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (b. 1808) * 1884 – Kien Phuc, Vietnamese Emperor of the Nguyen Dynasty (b. 1869) * 1886 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer (b. 1811) === 1901 2000 === * 1914 – Jean Jaurès, French politician (b. 1859) * 1917 – Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (b. 1881) * 1920 – Ion Dragoumis, Greek diplomat, writer and revolutionary (b. 1878) * 1929 - José de Castro, Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1868) * 1940 – Udham Singh, Indian revolutionary (b. 1899) * 1944 – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French pilot and writer disappeared (b. 1900) * 1952 - Waldemar Bonsels, German writer (b. 1880) * 1953 – Robert Taft, U.S. Senator from Ohio and Presidential candidate (b. 1889) * 1966 - Bud Powell, American pianist (b. 1924) * 1969 - Charles Edison, Governor of New Jersey (b. 1890) * 1971 - Walter P. Carter, American activist (b. 1923) * 1972 – Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1899) * 1973 - Azumafuji Kin'ichi, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1921) * 1980 – Mohammed Rafi, Indian playback singer (b. 1924) * 1980 – Pascual Jordan, German physicist (b. 1902) * 1981 – Omar Torrijos, military leader of Panama (b. 1929) * 1986 – Chiune Sugihara, Japanese diplomat (b. 1900) * 1990 – Albert Leduc, French-Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902) * 1993 – King Baudouin I of Belgium (b. 1930) === From 2001 === * 2001 – Poul Anderson, science fiction writer (b. 1926) * 2001 – Francisco da Costa Gomes, 16th President of Portugal (b. 1914) * 2003 – Guido Crepax, Italian comics artist (b. 1933) * 2004 - Laura Betti, Italian actress and singer (b. 1927) * 2004 – Virginia Grey, American actress (b. 1907) * 2005 – Wim Duisenberg, Dutch banker and economist (b. 1935) * 2009 – Bobby Robson, English footballer and manager (b. 1933) * 2010 – Suso Cecchi d'Amico, Italian screenwriter (b. 1914) * 2010 - Mitch Miller, American entertainer (b. 1911) * 2011 – Eliseo Alberto, Cuban-Mexican writer (b. 1951) * 2012 - Alfredo Ramos de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer (b. 1924) * 2012 – Gore Vidal, American writer (b. 1925) * 2013 - John Graves, American writer (b. 1920) * 2013 - Michael Ansara, Syrian-American actor (b. 1922) * 2014 - Jorge Jacobson, Argentine journalist (b. 1936) * 2014 - Kenny Ireland, Scottish actor (b. 1945) * 2014 - Warren Bennis, American scholar and academic (b. 1925) * 2014 - Mukku Raju, Indian actor (b. 1931) * 2014 - Nabarun Bhattacharya, Indian author (b. 1948) * 2015 - Billy Pierce, American baseball player (b. 1927) * 2015 - Alan Cheuse, American writer and critic (b. 1940) * 2015 - Roddy Piper, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1954) * 2015 - Howard W. Jones, American physician (b. 1910) * 2015 - Richard Schweiker, American politician (b. 1926) * 2016 - Chiyonofuji Mitsugu, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1955) * 2016 - Fazil Iskander, Abkhazian writer (b. 1929) * 2016 - Seymour Papert, South African- American mathematician and computer scientist (b. 1928) * 2016 - Destin Onka Malonga, Congolese footballer (b. 1988) * 2017 - Liu Wen-hsiung, Taiwanese politician (b. 1954) * 2017 - Jeanne Moreau, French actress (b. 1928) * 2017 - Les Murray, Hungarian-Australian broadcaster (b. 1945) * 2017 - Francesco La Macchia, Italian sprint canoeist (b. 1938) * 2018 - Hélio Bicudo, Brazilian politician (b. 1922) * 2018 - Alex Fergusson, Scottish politician (b. 1949) * 2018 - Bassano Staffieri, Italian Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1931) * 2019 - Harold Prince, American theatre director and producer (b. 1928) == Observances == * Ka Hae Hawaii Day * Ignatius of Loyola (Roman Catholicism) Category:Days of the year