Title: 1638 Content: == Births == === January–March === * January 1 ** Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde Deshoulières, French writer (d. 1694) ** Emperor Go-Sai of Japan (d. 1685) ** Nicolas Steno, Danish pioneer in anatomy and geology, bishop (d. 1686) * January 7 ** Filippo Bonanni, Italian Jesuit scholar (d. 1723) ** Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German noblewoman (d. 1687) * January 8 – Elisabetta Sirani, Italian painter (d. 1665) * January 12 – Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg, Austrian field marshal (d. 1701) * January 20 – Sir William Glynne, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1690) * January 21 ** David Elias Heidenreich, German poet, dramatist, librettist and translator (d. 1688) ** Beata Rosenhane, Swedish writer (d. 1674) * February 13 – Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow, German nobleman, titular Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1688) * February 18 – Ikeda Tsunamasa, Japanese daimyō, ruler of the Okayama Domain (d. 1714) * February 25 – Jørgen Iversen Dyppel, Governor of the Danish West Indies (d. 1683) * February 28 – John Carmichael, 1st Earl of Hyndford, Scottish nobleman (d. 1710) * March 6 ** Henry Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Tewkesbury, First Lord’s of the British Admiralty (d. 1696) ** Statz Friedrich von Fullen, German-born nobleman, Geheimrat of war for Poland (d. 1703) * March 10 – John Vesey, Irish archbishop (d. 1716) * March 14 – Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic and religious leader, critic of Lutheranism (d. 1710) * March 15 – Shunzhi Emperor of China (d. 1661) * March 16 – François Crépieul, Jesuit missionary in Canada (d. 1702) * March 28 – Frederik Ruysch, Dutch physician and anatomist (d. 1731) === April–June === * April 2 ** Sir Henry Beaumont, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1689) ** John Covel, English clergyman and scientist, Master of Christ's College (d. 1722) * May 9 – Gregorio Vasquez de Arce y Ceballos, Colombian painter (d. 1711) * May 11 – Guy-Crescent Fagon, French physician and botanist (d. 1718) * May 12 – Pedro Atanasio Bocanegra, Spanish artist (d. 1688) * May 13 – Richard Simon, French Biblical critic (d. 1712) * May 29 – John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland, English nobleman and politician (d. 1711) * June 2 – Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, English nobleman (d. 1709) * June 3 – Thomas Smith, English scholar (d. 1710) * June 8 – Pierre Magnol, French botanist (d. 1715) * June 21 – Sir William Roberts, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1688) * June 23 – Princess Christine Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, German noblewoman (d. 1679) * June 27 – Samuel Frisching, Bernese soldier and politician (d. 1721) * June 28 – Louise Marie de La Grange d'Arquien, French noblewoman (d. 1728) * June 29 – Heinrich Meibom, German physicist and scholar (d. 1700) === July–September === * July 10 – David Teniers III, Flemish painter (d. 1685) * July 11 – Olympia Mancini, French courtier (d. 1708) * July 15 – Giovanni Buonaventura Viviani, Italian composer (d. 1693) * July 20 – Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve, leading Norwegian general during the Scanian War (d. 1704) * July 25 – Cristobal of Saint Catherine, Spanish Catholic priest (d. 1690) * August 3 – William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen (1650–1665) (d. 1665) * August 6 – Nicolas Malebranche, French philosopher (d. 1715) * August 7 – John Tufton, 4th Earl of Thanet, English politician (d. 1680) * August 13 – Durgadas Rathore, Indian ruler (d. 1718) * August 15 – Pieter de Graeff, Dutch politician and noble (d. 1707) * August 22 – Georg Christoph Eimmart, German engraver (d. 1705) * September 5 – King Louis XIV of France, King of France from 1643 until his death (d. 1715) * September 10 – Maria Theresa of Spain, French queen, married to Louis XIV of France (d. 1683) * September 19 – Isaac Milles, English minister (d. 1720) * September 20 – Antonio Gherardi, Italian painter (d. 1702) * September 21 – Philippe de Courcillon, French officer and author (d. 1720) * September 30 – Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus, Duke of Bavaria-Leuchtenberg, German nobleman (d. 1705) === October–December === * October 7 – Miguel Jerónimo de Molina, Spanish prelate, Bishop of Malta, then of Lleida in Catalonia (d. 1698) * October 14 – Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Jena, German noble (d. 1678) * October 17 – John Charles, Count Palatine of Gelnhausen (1654–1704) (d. 1704) * October 21 – Lucia Wijbrants, Dutch artist (d. 1719) * October 31 – Meindert Hobbema, Dutch painter (d. 1709) * November 4 – Nuno Álvares Pereira de Melo, 1st Duke of Cadaval, Portuguese nobleman and statesman (d. 1725) * November 8 – Anton van Dale, Dutch minister (d. 1708) * November 22 – Christoph Cellarius, German classical scholar (d. 1707) * November 25 – Catherine of Braganza, Portuguese princess, queen consort of Charles II of England (d. 1705) * November 30 – Joachim Feller, German professor at the University of Leipzig (d. 1691) * December 17 – Anna Sophia II, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Abbesses of Quedlinburg (d. 1683) * December 24 – Tomás de la Cerda, 3rd Marquis of la Laguna, Spanish nobleman (d. 1692) * December 25 – Michel Bégon, French ancien regime official (d. 1710) === Date unknown === * Hannah Allen, British writer (d. 1668) == Deaths == * January 21 – Ignazio Donati, Italian composer (b. c. 1570) * January 27 – Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses, Spanish novelist (b. c. 1585) * February 26 – Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician (b. 1581) * March 2 – William Spring of Pakenham, Member of Parliament (b. 1588) * March 22 – Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (b. 1578) * April 1 – Henry Ley, 2nd Earl of Marlborough, English politician (b. 1595) * April 7 – Shimazu Tadatsune, Japanese ruler of Satsuma (b. 1576) * April 13 – Henri, Duke of Rohan, French Huguenot leader (b. 1579) * April 19 – Jeremias Drexel, Jesuit writer and professor of rhetoric (b. 1581) * April 26 – Margareta Brahe, Swedish political activist (b. 1564) * May 6 ** Cornelius Jansen, French bishop and religious reformer (b. 1585) ** Gaj Singh of Marwar, Raja of Marwar Kingdom (r (b. 1595) * May 9 – Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (b. 1585) * May 27 – Pietro Paolo Floriani, Italian architect (b. 1585) * June 25 – Juan Pérez de Montalbán, Spanish writer (b. 1602) * July 27 – John VIII, Count of Nassau- Siegen (b. 1583) * July 31 – Sibylla Schwarz, German poet (b. 1621) * August 3 – Philipp Moritz, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noble (b. 1605) * August 10 – Anton Henry, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1586–1638) (b. 1571) * August 12 – Baltasar Marradas, Spanish count (b. 1560) * August 13 – Carolus Mulerius, Dutch Hispanist (b. 1601) * August 27 – John Hoskins, English poet (b. 1566) * September – Christoph Besold, German jurist (b. 1577) * September 5 – Dorothea of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noblewoman (b. 1556) * September 14 – John Harvard, American clergyman (b. 1607) * September 24 – Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1604–1622) (b. 1573) * October 6 – Jacob Dircksz de Graeff, Dutch mayor (b. 1579) * October 4 – Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy (b. 1632) * October 8 – Raja Wodeyar II, King of Mysore (b. 1612) * October 14 – Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet (b. 1552) * October 23 – John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, German duke (b. 1566) * October 28 – Robert Petre, 3rd Baron Petre, English baron (b. 1599) * November 9 – Johann Heinrich Alsted, German theologian (b. 1588) * November 11 – Cornelis Corneliszoon van Haarlem, Dutch painter (b. 1562) * November 16 – Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon (b. 1572) * November 19 – Lelio Biscia, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1575) * November 27 ** Redemptus of the Cross, Portuguese Carmelite lay brother and martyr (b. 1598) ** Denis of the Nativity, French sailor and cartographer (b. 1600) * December 8 – Ivan Gundulić, Croatian poet (b. 1589) * December 13 – Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg (b. 1584) * December 17 – François Leclerc du Tremblay (b. 1577) * December 23 – Barbara Longhi, Italian painter (b. 1552)