Title: The Red Queen Content: The Red Queen is the name of an evolutionary theory of Leigh Van Valen and, later, a book by Matt Ridley.Van Valen, Leigh 1973. A new evolutionary law. Evolutionary Theory 1: 130.Bell G. 1982. The masterpiece of nature: the evolution and genetics of sexuality. University of California Press, Berkeley.Vermeij G.J. 1987. Evolution and escalation: an ecological history of life. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Ridley M. 1993. The Red Queen: sex and the evolution of human nature. Penguin Books. The term is taken from the Red Queen's race in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass. The Red Queen said, "It takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place." The Red Queen principle can be stated as follows: :For an evolutionary system, continuing development is needed just to maintain its fitness relative to the systems it is co-evolving with.Principia Cybernetica Web The Red Queen principle The hypothesis is used to explain two different phenomena: the advantage of sexual reproduction at the level of individuals, and the constant evolutionary arms race between competing species. The book takes Van Valen's idea, which is about co-evolution, and extends it into a discussion about sexual selection in humans. It argues that few aspects of human nature can be understood apart from sex, since human nature is a product of evolution, and evolution in our case is driven by sexual selection. == The evolution of sex == Sex is an evolutionary puzzle. In most sexual species, males make up half the population, yet they bear no offspring directly and generally contribute little to the survival of offspring. In birds and mammals that idea seems less true. They often help protect females, and help in some way after the young are born. Therefore these males definitely do help in the survival of their offspring. But sexual reproduction is very common in simpler forms of life, where the males have nothing to do with their offspring. In human paleolithic populations, males were no doubt vital for hunting and protection. Many bird species rear the young jointly. However, most invertebrate species are not raised by parents at all, with larvae developing amongst the plankton. In addition, males and females in many vertebrate species spend resources to attract and compete for mates. Sexual selection may appear to favor traits that may reduce the fitness of an organism, such as brightly colored plumage in birds of paradise, which makes them more visible to predators. Thus, sexual reproduction appears to be highly inefficient. The book begins with an evolutionary account of sex itself, defending the theory that sex flourishes, despite its costs, because a mixed heritage confers to each generation a defensive "head start" against parasites and disease. The basic reason for this is the way sexual reproduction increases the genetic variety in a population. This greatly increases the chance of at least some individuals surviving the onslaught of predators, parasites and diseases. This much is common ground amongst evolutionary theorists.Fisher R. 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection.Hamilton W.D. 2002. Narrow roads of gene land, vol. 2: Evolution of sex. Oxford University Press,Oxford. Ridley then argues that human intelligence is largely a result of sexual selection. He argues that human intelligence far outstrips any need for survival (this is not generally agreed). He says our intelligence is like the peacock's tail, a product of sexual selection. Human intelligence, he suggests, is used primarily to attract mates through prodigious displays of wit, charm, inventiveness, and individuality. This view of intelligence is also supported by Geoffrey Miller.Miller G. 2001. The mating mind: how sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. The history of ideas on sexual selection and the evolution of sex is discussed by Helena Cronin.Cronin, Helena 1991. The ant and the peacock: altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today. Cambridge University Press.