Title: March 25 Content: == Events == === Up to 1900 === * 421 - Venice is said to have been founded. * 708 – Constantine is made Pope. * 717 - Theodosius III resigns from the throne of the Byzantine Empire in order to enter the clergy. * 1199 - King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. * 1306 – Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scotland. * 1409 – The Council of Pisa opens. * 1555 - The city of Valencia, Negros Oriental, Venezuela is founded. * 1634 – The first settlers arrive in Maryland (led by Lord Baltimore). * 1655 – Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christiaan Huygens. * 1655 – Protestants take over Maryland at the Battle of the Severn. * 1802 – The Treaty of Amiens is signed as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace" between France and the United Kingdom. * 1807 – The Slave Trade Act becomes law, abolishing slavery in the United Kingdom. * 1811 - Percy Bysshe Shelley is expelled by the University of Oxford for producing the pamphlet, The Necessity of Atheism. * 1821 – Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Greek War of Independence. * 1865 – The "Claywater Meteorite" explodes just before reaching ground level in Vernon County, Wisconsin. Fragments having a combined mass of 1.5 kg are recovered. * 1865 – American Civil War: In Virginia, Confederate forces capture Fort Stedman from the Union. * 1894 – Coxey's Army, the first significant American protest march, departs Massillon, Ohio for Washington D.C.. === 1901 2000 === * 1901 – At the five-day "Week of Nice" race in Nice, France, Mercedes wins its first racing victory. * 1911 – In New York City the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire kills 146 garment workers. * 1913 – Floods kill 300 people in Dayton, Ohio. * 1918 – The Belarusian National Republic was established. * 1924 – Greece proclaims itself a republic. * 1931 – The Scottsboro Boys are arrested in Alabama and charged with rape. * 1939 – Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli becomes Pope Pius XII. * 1941 – Kingdom of Yugoslavia joins the Axis powers. * 1947 – A explosion in a coalmine in Centralia, Illinois kills 111. * 1949 – The extensive deportation campaign was conducted in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The Soviet authorities deported more than 92,000 people from Baltics to remote areas of the Soviet Union. * 1955 – United States Customs seizes Allen Ginsberg's "Howl" as obscene. * 1957 – The European Economic Community is established (West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg). It later becomes the European Union. * 1960 – In London, United Kingdom, Jacqueline Boyer wins the fifth Eurovision Song Contest for France singing "Tom Pillibi". * 1961 – Sputnik 10 is launched into space. * 1965 – Civil rights activists led by Martin Luther King, Jr. complete successfully their 4-day 50 mile march from Selma to the capitol in Montgomery. * 1969 – During their honeymoon, John Lennon and Yoko Ono hold their first Bed-In for Peace in the Amsterdam Hilton Hotel (until March 31). * 1971 – Bangladesh Liberation War: Beginning of Operation Searchlight of Pakistan Army against East Pakistani civilians. * 1972 – In Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, Vicky Leandros wins the seventeenth Eurovision Song Contest for Luxembourg singing "Après toi" (After you). * 1975 – Faisal of Saudi Arabia is shot and killed by a mentally ill nephew. * 1979 – The first fully functional space shuttle orbiter, Columbia, is delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center to be prepared for its first launch. * 1980 – The UK announces that it will participate in the Summer Olympics in Moscow. * 1988 - The Candle Demonstration in Bratislava is the first mass demonstration of the 1980s against the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia. * 1990 – In New York City, a fire at an illegal social club called "Happy Land" kills 87. * 1992 – Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev returns to Earth after a 10-month stay aboard the Mir space station. * 1992 - The Pakistan national cricket team wins the Cricket World Cup at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Australia. * 1995 – Ward Cunningham opens the first wiki, the Portland Pattern Repository. * 1996 – An 81-day long standoff between the antigovernment group Montana Freemen and law enforcement in Jordan, Montana begins. * 1996 – The EU's Veterinarian Committee bans the export of British beef and its by-products as a result of mad cow disease (BSE). === From 2001 === * 2001 – Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland implement the Schengen Agreement. * 2002 – An earthquake in Afghanistan kills 2,000 people. * 2004 – Air Holland files for bankruptcy in response to unproven allegations of marijuana abuse by the their pilots. * 2006 – Several anti-Government demonstrators are arrested in Belarus. * 2012 – Hong Kong elects CY Leung as Chief Executive. * 2014 - The first cases of the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa are officially reported in Guinea. * 2015 - British Top Gear television presenter Jeremy Clarkson is fired by the BBC over a physical attack on a producer. * 2015 - It is announced that Zayn Malik is leaving the boy band One Direction. == Births == === Up to 1900 === * 1157 - Alfonso II of Aragon (d. 1196) * 1252 - Conradin, Duke of Swabia, King of Sicily and Jerusalem (d. 1268) * 1259 – Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1332) * 1297 – Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1341) * 1345 – Blanche of Lancaster, wife of John of Gaunt (d. 1369) * 1347 – Catherine of Siena, Italian saint (d. 1380) * 1479 – Vasili III, Grand Prince of Moscow (d. 1533) * 1539 - Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1612) * 1541 – Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1587) * 1545 - John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (d. 1622) * 1593 - Jean de Brébeuf, French-Canadian missionary and saint (d. 1649) * 1661 – Paul de Rapin, French historian (d. 1725) * 1714 - Matthew Griswold, American politician, Governor of Connecticut (d. 1799) * 1767 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples (d. 1815) * 1782 – Caroline Bonaparte, Queen of Naples (d. 1839) * 1786 - Giovanni Battista Amici, Italian astronomer and botanist (d. 1863) * 1808 - José de Espronceda, Spanish writer and poet (d. 1842) * 1819 - Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb, Faroese Lutheran minister and linguist (d. 1909) * 1821 - Robert Bentley, English botanist (d. 1893) * 1840 – Myles Keogh, American soldier of fortune (d. 1876) * 1860 - Friedrich Naumann, German theologian and politician (d. 1919) * 1865 – Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian-German painter (d. 1941) * 1867 – Arturo Toscanini, Italian conductor (d. 1957) * 1867 - Gutzon Borglum, American sculptor (d. 1941) * 1868 - Bill Lockwood, English cricketer (d. 1932) * 1871 - Louis Perée, French fencer (d. 1924) * 1872 - Horatio Nelson Jackson, American racing driver and physician (d. 1955) * 1873 – Rudolf Rocker, German anarchist (d. 1958) * 1874 - Emperor Sunjong of Korea (d. 1926) * 1876 - Irving Baxter, American jumper and pole vaulter (d. 1957) * 1881 – Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (d. 1945) * 1884 – Georges Imbert, Alsatian chemist (d. 1950) * 1886 – Patriarch Athenagoras of Constantinople (d. 1972) * 1887 - Chuichi Nagumi, Japanese admiral (d. 1944) === 1901 1950 === * 1901 - Ed Begley, American actor (d. 1970) * 1905 - Pote Sarasin, Thai politician (d. 2000) * 1908 – David Lean, British movie director (d. 1991) * 1910 – Magda Olivero, Italian operatic soprano (d. 2014) * 1911 – Jack Ruby, assassin of Lee Harvey Oswald (d. 1967) * 1914 – Norman Borlaug, American agronomist (d. 2009) * 1920 – Patrick Troughton, English actor (d. 1987) * 1920 – Paul Scott, British novelist (d. 1987) * 1921 – Alexandra of Greece and Denmark, Queen of Yugoslavia (d. 1993) * 1921 – Simone Signoret, French actress (d. 1985) * 1921 - Nancy Kelly, American actress (d. 1995) * 1922 - Eileen Ford, American model agency executive (d. 2014) * 1924 - Machiko Kyo, Japanese actress * 1926 – Laszlo Papp, Hungarian boxer (d. 2003) * 1926 - Riz Ortolani, Italian composer (d. 2014) * 1926 - Jaime Sabines, Mexican poet (d. 1999) * 1926 - Gene Shalit, American journalist and critic * 1927 - P. Shanmugam, Indian politician, 13th Chief Minister of Puducherry * 1928 – Roald Aas, Norwegian speed skater (d. 2012) * 1928 – Jim Lovell, American astronaut * 1930 - Carlo Mauri, Italian mountaineer (d. 1982) * 1931 – Paul Motian, American jazz drummer and composer (d. 2011) * 1932 - Roger Wilkins, American civil rights activist and journalist (d. 2017) * 1934 – Gloria Steinem, American feminist and publisher * 1934 – Karlheinz Schreiber, German-Canadian industrialist, lobbyist and arms dealer * 1937 - Tom Monaghan, American businessman, founded Domino's Pizza * 1938 - Hoyt Axton, American singer- songwriter and actor (d. 1999) * 1938 - Daniel Buren, French sculptor and painter * 1940 - Mina, Italian singer * 1940 - Anita Bryant, American singer * 1940 - Anker Buch, Danish violinist (d. 2014) * 1942 – Aretha Franklin, American singer (d. 2018) * 1942 – Richard O'Brien, English actor, writer and composer * 1942 – Kim Woodburn, English television personality * 1946 - Daniel Bensaïd, French philosopher (d. 2010) * 1947 – Elton John, English singer and songwriter === 1951 1975 === * 1951 - Maizie Williams, Montserratian-English performer (Boney M.) * 1952 - Stephen Dorrell, English politician * 1952 - Antanas Mockus, Colombian mathematician, philosopher and politician, Mayor of Bogota * 1955 - Lee Mazzilli, American baseball player, coach and manager * 1955 - Jim Shannon, Northern Irish politician * 1957 - Christina Boxer, English runner * 1957 - Aleksandr Puchkov, Russian hurdler * 1958 - John Ensign, American politician * 1958 - James McDaniel, American actor and director * 1960 - Steve Norman, English saxophonist, songwriter and producer (Spandau Ballet) * 1960 - Brenda Strong, American actress * 1962 - David Nuttall, English politician * 1962 – Marcia Cross, American actress * 1963 - Karen Bruce, English dancer and choreographer * 1964 - Mike Henry, American voice actor, writer and producer * 1964 - René Meulensteen, Dutch footballer and coach * 1965 - Avery Johnson, American basketball coach * 1965 – Sarah Jessica Parker, American actress * 1965 – Frank Ordenewitz, German footballer * 1966 - Frank Ferrer, American musician (Guns N' Roses) * 1966 – Jeff Healey, Canadian guitarist (d. 2008) * 1967 – Debi Thomas, American figure skater * 1969 - Cathy Dennis, English singer-songwriter, producer and actress * 1970 - Magnus Larsson, Swedish golfer * 1971 - Sheryl Swoopes, American basketball player * 1972 – Yuichi Yoshimoto, Japanese footballer * 1972 - Phil O'Donnell, Scottish footballer (d. 2007) * 1973 - Michaela Dorfmeister, Austrian skier * 1973 - Anders Fridén, Swedish singer-songwriter and producer * 1974 - Kseniya Rappoport, Russian actress * 1975 – Melanie Blatt, British singer === From 1976 === * 1976 – Reema Vakarua, New Zealand-Italian rugby player * 1976 - Cha Tae-hyun, South Korean actor and singer * 1976 - GiGi Leung, Hong Kong actress and singer * 1976 – Wladimir Klitschko, Ukrainian boxer * 1979 – Muriel Hurtis-Houari, French athlete * 1981 - Casey Neistadt, American YouTube personality and filmmaker * 1982 – Danica Patrick, American racecar driver * 1984 – Katharine McPhee, American singer and actress * 1985 - Carmen Rasmussen, Canadian-American singer-songwriter and actress * 1987 – Jason Castro, American singer * 1987 – Nobunari Oda, Japanese figure skater * 1987 – Jacob Bagersted, Danish handball player * 1987 – Victor Obinna, Nigerian footballer * 1988 – Erik Knudsen, Canadian actor * 1988 - Ryan Lewis, American DJ and producer * 1989 – Scott Sinclair, English footballer * 1989 – Alyson Michalka, American actress * 1991 – Seychelle Gabriel, American actress * 1991 - Samia Yusuf Omar, Somali sprinter (d. 2012) *2005 - Zack Raines,Great Canadian == Deaths == === Up to 1900 === * 752 – Pope-elect Stephen * 1223 – Afonso II of Portugal (b. 1185) * 1345 – Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (b. 1281) * 1558 - Marcos de Niza, French friar and explorer (b. 1495) * 1583 - Juan de Garay, Spanish conquistador (b. 1528) * 1620 – Johannes Nucius, German composer (b. 1556) * 1732 - Lucy Filippini, Italian saint (b. 1672) * 1751 – Frederick I of Sweden (b. 1676) * 1801 – Novalis, German poet (b. 1772) * 1818 - Caspar Wessel, Norwegian-Danish mathematician and cartographer (b. 1745) * 1860 - James Braid, Scottish surgeon and physician (b. 1795) * 1862 – John Peisley, first Australian born bushranger, hanged (b. 1835) * 1873 – Wilhelm Marstrand, Danish painter (b. 1810) === 1901 2000 === * 1914 – Frédéric Mistral, French poet (b. 1830) * 1917 – Spyridon Samaras, Greek composer (b. 1861) * 1918 – Claude Debussy, French composer (b. 1862) * 1919 - Wilhelm Lehmbruck, German sculptor and artist (b. 1881) * 1931 - Ida B. Wells, American journalist and activist (b. 1862) * 1932 - Harriet Backer, Norwegian painter (b. 1845) * 1945 – Franz Oppenhoff, German jurist and Mayor of Aachen (b. 1902) * 1957 - Max Ophüls, German director and screenwriter (b. 1902) * 1967 - Renato Cellini, Italian conductor (b. 1913) * 1969 - Max Eastman, American poet (b. 1883) * 1973 – Edward Steichen, Luxembourg-American photographer (b. 1879) * 1975 – Faisal of Saudi Arabia (b. 1906) * 1975 – Juan Gaudino, Argentine racing driver (b. 1893) * 1979 - Akinoumi Setsuo, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1914) * 1980 – Roland Barthes, French literary critic and writer (b. 1915) * 1980 – Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (b. 1913) * 1988 - Robert Joffrey, American dancer, choreographer and director (b. 1931) * 1991 - Marcel Lefebvre, French archbishop (b. 1905) * 1992 - Nancy Walker, American actress (b. 1922) * 1994 - Max Petitpierre, Swiss politician (b. 1899) * 1999 – Cal Ripken, Sr., American baseball manager (b. 1936) === From 2001 === * 2002 – Kenneth Wolstenholme, British football commentator (b. 1920) * 2005 – Paul Henning, American TV and movie producer (b. 1911) * 2006 – Buck Owens, American singer and TV personality (b. 1926) * 2007 – Andranik Margaryan, Armenian politician (b. 1951) * 2008 – Abby Mann, American movie writer and producer (b. 1927) * 2009 – Yukio Endo, Japanese gymnast (b. 1937) * 2010 – Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, German political scientist (b. 1916) * 2012 – Antonio Tabucchi, Italian writer (b. 1943) * 2014 - Nanda, Indian actress (b. 1939) * 2014 - Ralph Wilson, American businessman (b. 1918) * 2014 - Jerry Roberts, British World War II code breaker (b. 1920) * 2014 - Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi, Iranian historian and writer (b. 1924) * 2014 - Jonathan Schell, American writer, journalist and activist (b. 1943) * 2014 - Sonny Ruberto, American baseball player (b. 1946) * 2015 - George Fischbeck, American weatherman (b. 1922) * 2015 - Ivo Garrani, Italian actor (b. 1924) * 2015 - Dick Bond, American politician (b. 1921) * 2015 - Bill Slayback, American baseball player (b. 1948) * 2015 - Ron Suart, English footballer (b. 1920) * 2016 - Abu Ala al-Afri, Iraqi militant (b. 1958) * 2016 - Clodomir Santos de Morais, Brazilian sociologist (b. 1928) * 2016 - Paolo Poli, Italian actor (b. 1929) * 2016 - Imre Pozsgay, Hungarian politician (b. 1933) * 2016 - David Snellgrove, British Tibetologist (b. 1920) * 2017 - Teodor Oizerman, Soviet-Russian philosopher (b. 1914) * 2017 - Cuthbert Sebastian, Governor- General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (b. 1921) == Observances == * Annunciation of Blessed Virgin Mary (Catholicism) ** Lady Day – Old official New Year's Day, before it was changed to January 1 ** Mother's Day (Slovenia) * Independence Day in Greece * Maryland Day Category:Days of the year