Title: AlphaGo Content: AlphaGo logo|thumb|right|alt=AlphaGo logo AlphaGo is a computer program that plays the board game Go.Wang, F. Y., Zhang, J. J., Zheng, X., Wang, X., Yuan, Y., Dai, X., ... & Yang, L. (2016). Where does AlphaGo go: From church-turing thesis to AlphaGo thesis and beyond. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 3(2), 113-120.Chen, J. X. (2016). The evolution of computing: AlphaGo. Computing in Science & Engineering, 18(4), 4-7. It was made by DeepMind Technologies (Google affiliate).Chang, H. S., Fu, M. C., Hu, J., & Marcus, S. I. (2016). Google Deep Mind's AlphaGo. OR/MS Today, 43(5), 24-29. This program became famous due to the victories against professional players.Chao, X., Kou, G., Li, T., & Peng, Y. (2018). Jie Ke versus AlphaGo: A ranking approach using decision making method for large-scale data with incomplete information. European Journal of Operational Research, 265(1), 239-247.Borowiec, S. (2016). AlphaGo seals 4-1 victory over Go grandmaster Lee Sedol. The Guardian. Many new technologies were used to create AlphaGo, including deep learning,Granter, S. R., Beck, A. H., & Papke Jr, D. J. (2017). AlphaGo, deep learning, and the future of the human microscopist. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine, 141(5), 619-621. optimization,Chen, Y., Huang, A., Wang, Z., Antonoglou, I., Schrittwieser, J., Silver, D., & de Freitas, N. (2018). Bayesian optimization in alphago. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.06855. and the Monte Carlo algorithm.Fu, M. C. (2016, December). AlphaGo and Monte Carlo tree search: the simulation optimization perspective. In 2016 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) (pp. 659-670). IEEE. ==Powered versions== After the release of AlphaGo, DeepMind Technologies has made powered versions such as the AlphaGo ZeroHolcomb, S. D., Porter, W. K., Ault, S. V., Mao, G., & Wang, J. (2018, March). Overview on deepmind and its AlphaGo Zero AI. In Proceedings of the 2018 international conference on big data and education (pp. 67-71)Lapan, M. (2018). Deep Reinforcement Learning Hands-On: Apply modern RL methods, with deep Q-networks, value iteration, policy gradients, TRPO, AlphaGo Zero and more. Packt Publishing Ltd. and the AlphaZero:Marcus, G. (2018). Innateness, alphazero, and artificial intelligence. arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.05667.Tian, Y., Ma, J., Gong, Q., Sengupta, S., Chen, Z., Pinkerton, J., & Zitnick, C. L. (2019). Elf opengo: An analysis and open reimplementation of alphazero. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.04522.Bratko, I. (2018). AlphaZero–what’s missing?. Informatica, 42(1).Dalgaard, M., Motzoi, F., Sorensen, J. J., & Sherson, J. (2020). Global optimization of quantum dynamics with AlphaZero deep exploration. npj Quantum Information, 6(1)Xu, L. (2018, December). Deep bidirectional intelligence: AlphaZero, deep IA-search, deep IA-infer, and TPC causal learning. In Applied Informatics (Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 5). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. AlphaZero is a self-taught program.The New Yorker, How the Artificial-Intelligence Program AlphaZero Mastered Its Games, By James Somers, December 28, 2018. This means that it became powerful without human guidance. ==Details== The following table is the summary of AlphaGo achievements (including its variants).  ==Rivals== After the appearance of AlphaGo, several research groups have created computer Go programs with similar technical viewpoints. ===Darkforest=== This was made by Facebook. The source codes are available on GitHub. ===DeepZenGo=== This was made in Japan.Lee, C. S., Wang, M. H., Ko, L. W., Kubota, N., Lin, L. A., Kitaoka, S., ... & Su, S. F. (2018) Human and smart machine co-learning: brain-computer interaction at the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Magazine, 4(2), 6-13.Wu, T. R., Wu, I. C., Chen, G. W., Wei, T. H., Wu, H. C., Lai, T. Y., & Lan, L. C. (2018). Multi-labeled value networks for computer Go. IEEE Transactions on Games, 10(4), 378-389. Nihon Ki-in was also involved in its research and development. == Related pages == *Demis Hassabis