Title: Dung beetle Content: thumb|230px|a dung beetle thumb|230px|right|Two dung beetles fighting for a dung ball Dung beetles are beetles that feed partly or only on the dung of mammals.Since the group as a whole dates back to the Jurassic, the habit of dung-rolling may have started with dinosaur dung. They are a kind of scarab beetle. All these species belong to the superfamily Scarabaeoidea, and most of them to the family Scarabaeidae. The subfamily Scarabaeinae alone has more than 5,000 species.Frolov A.V. Subfamily Scarabaeinae: atlas of representatives of the tribes (Scarabaeidae). Retrieved on 2007-08-02. There are dung-feeding beetles in other related families, such as the Geotrupidae (the 'earth-boring dung beetles'). Many dung beetles, known as rollers, roll dung into balls, which are used as a food source or brooding chambers. Other dung beetles, known as tunnelers, bury the dung wherever they find it. A third group, the dwellers, neither roll nor burrow: they simply live in dung. They are often attracted by the dung burrowing owls collect.Burrowing owls use dung as bait for beetles, which they eat. == Taxonomy == Dung beetles are not a single taxonomic group: dung feeding is found in a number of beetle families. The behaviour probably evolved more than once. * Coleoptera (order), beetles ** Scarabaeoidea (superfamily), scarabs (most families in the group do not use dung) *** Geotrupidae (family), "earth-boring dung beetles". *** Scarabaeidae (family): scarab beetles (not all species use dung) **** Scarabaeinae (subfamily): true dung beetles. **** Aphodiinae (subfamily): small dung beetles (not all species use dung).Skelley P.E. Aphodiinae. Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles. University of Nebraska State Museum. 2008 Version. == Ecology and behavior == Dung beetles live in many different habitats, including deserts, farmlands, forests, and grasslands. They do not like extremely cold or dry weather. They are found on all continents except Antarctica. Dung beetles eat the dung of herbivores and omnivores, and prefer it to any other kind of dung. They may also feed on mushrooms and rotting leaves and fruits. One species living in South America, Deltochilum valgum, is a carnivore which eats millipedes. Those that eat dung do not need to eat or drink anything else, because the dung provides all the necessary nutrients. Most dung beetles search for dung using their sensitive sense of smell. Some of the smaller species simply attach themselves to the dung-providers to wait for their reward. After capturing the dung, a dung beetle will roll it, following a straight line despite all obstacles. Sometimes dung beetles will try to steal the dung ball from another beetle, so the dung beetles have to move rapidly away from a dung pile once they have rolled their ball to prevent it from being stolen. Dung beetles can roll up to 50 times their weight. Male Onthophagus taurus beetles can pull 1,141 times their own body weight: the equivalent of an average person pulling six double-decker buses full of people.Khaleeli, Homa 2010. Just how strong is a dung beetle? The Guardian. In 2003, researchers found one species of dung beetle (the African Scarabaeus zambesianus) navigates by using polarization patterns in moonlight. The discovery is the first proof any animal can use polarized moonlight for orientation.Dacke, Marie et al. 2003. Animal behaviour: insect orientation to polarized moonlight. Nature 424(6944):33.Milius, Susan 2003. "Moonlighting: beetles navigate by lunar polarity". Science News 164(1):4.Roach, John (2003). "Dung beetles navigate by the moon, study says" National Geographic News. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. The "rollers" roll and bury a dung ball either for food storage or to make a brooding ball. In the latter case, two beetles, one male and one female, will be seen around the dung ball during the rolling process. Usually it is the male that rolls the ball, with the female hitch- hiking or simply following behind. In some cases the male and the female roll together. When a spot with soft soil is found, they stop and bury the dung ball. They will then mate underground. After the mating, both or one of them will prepare the brooding ball. When the ball is finished, the female lays eggs inside it. Some species do not leave after this stage, but remain to safeguard their offspring. The dung beetle goes through a complete metamorphosis. The larvae live in brood balls made with dung prepared by their parents. One idea is that the dung helps to keep parasitoids at bay. During the larval stage, the grub feeds on the dung surrounding it. The behavior of the beetles was much misunderstood until the studies of Jean Henri Fabre. Fabre corrected the myth that a dung beetle would seek aid from other dung beetles when confronted by obstacles. By painstaking observations and experiments, he found the seeming helpers were, in fact, robbers awaiting an opportunity to steal the roller's food source.J. Henri Fabre 1949. The insect world of J. Henri Fabre. Translation by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos; introduction by Edwin Way Teale. New York: Dodd, Mead. p99