Title: Homo heidelbergensis Content: thumb|right|230px|Copy of the jawbone found in 1907 thumb|200px|One of hundreds of handaxes found at Boxgrove Homo heidelbergensis ("Heidelberg Man") is the name given to a number of human fossil remains that are older than fossils of Neanderthals. Homo heidelbergensis is abbreviated H. heidelbergensis. Scientists are not sure whether these remains are from a distinct species. They are fragments (small pieces of bones), and most cannot be dated exactly. In the older texts they were simply called archaic humans or "early Homo sapiens."'Archaic' means 'very early'.Stringer, Chriss 1992. Evolution of early humans. In Jones S; Martin R. & Pilbeam D. (eds) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of human evolution. Cambridge University Press, especially p245. Klein, Richard 2009. Evolution of the genus Homo. In The human career: human biological and cultural origins. 3rd ed, University of Chicago Press. There have been relatively well-defined remains of Homo erectus found in Africa from very early in human history.Klein, 2nd ed. Table 5.1 African sites with fossils of Homo ergaster (African H. erectus); and table 5.2 African sites with fossils of early Homo sapiens. There have also been well-defined remains of Homo neanderthalensis found in Europe from later in history. Some scholars use the terms "archaic humans," "early Homo sapiens," or Homo heidelbergensis to describe remains that seem to come from between these two periods in history. Some authors use it for all early species of Homo, including Neanderthals. == Discovery == In 1907, an archaeologist found a fossil of a lower jaw in Mauer, near Heidelberg, Germany. Some scientists thought this lower jaw was so different from any other species that it belonged to an undiscovered species. They named this species Homo heidelbergensis.Mounier A; Marchal F. and Condemi S. 2009. Is Homo heidelbergensis a distinct species? New insight on the Mauer mandible. Journal of Human Evolution. 56, 219-246 Later, archaeologists found remains in Arago, France, and Petralona, Greece, that they said were from Homo heidelbergensis. The best evidence found for these hominids is from between 600,000 and 400,000 years ago. The stone tools used by H. heidelbergensis were very similar to the Acheulean tools used by Homo erectus. Homo heidelbergensis may be the direct ancestor of both Homo neanderthalensis in Europe and Homo sapiens. Some experts believe that "Rhodesian Man," found in Africa, belongs to the group Homo heidelbergensis. == Interpretations == Homo antecessor and H. heidelbergensis may have had the same ancestor: Homo ergaster from Africa. Mostly, H. ergaster was not very different from H. heidelbergensis. However, H. heidelbergensis had a larger brain-case. On average, their skulls had a volume of 1100 – 1400 cm³ of space inside. (The average modern human has 1350 cm³ of space inside his or her skull.) H. heidelbergensis also had more advanced tools and behavior than H. ergaster. For these reasons, H. heidelbergensis has been classified as a separate species. H. heidelbergensis was taller and more muscular than modern humans. Male heidelbergensis averaged about tall and . Females averaged and . === They were good hunters === Cut marks on wild deer, elephants, rhinos, and horses show that H. heidelbergensis hunted, killed, and butchered these animals. Some of these animals weighed as much as 700 kg (1,500 lb) or more. During this era, now-extinct wild animals like mammoths, European lions, and Irish elk lived on the European continent. === They may have buried their dead === Recent findings in Atapuerca suggest that H. heidelbergensis may have been the first species of the Homo genus to bury their dead. However, scientists still argue over whether this is true.The Mystery of the Pit of Bones, Atapuerca, Spain: Species Homo heidelbergensis. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved December 15, 2011. Some experts believe that H. heidelbergensis, like its descendant H. neanderthalensis, learned a primitive form of language.Mithen, Steven (2006). The Singing Neanderthals, Scientists have not found any forms of art or sophisticated artifacts made by H. heidelbergensis, other than stone tools. However, archaeologists have found red ochre, a mineral that can be used to create a red pigment which can be used as a paint. They found this possible paint at Terra Amata excavations in the south of France. == Modern finds == ===Boxgrove Man=== In 1994, British scientists unearthed a lower hominin tibia bone just a few miles away from the English Channel. They found the bone with hundreds of ancient hand axes, at the Boxgrove Quarry site.Pitts M & Roberts M. 1997. Fairweather Eden: life in Britain half a million years ago as revealed by the excavations at Boxgrove. Century, London. A partial leg bone is dated to between 478,000 and 524,000 years old. The discoverers believe these remains are from H. heidelbergensis. However, some other scientists believe the remains are from early H. neanderthalensis. Before a discovery at Gran Dolina, Boxgrove was the site of the earliest hominin remains in Europe. The tibia had been chewed by a large carnivore. This suggests two possibilities. The individual may have been killed by a lion or wolf. He also may have died of some other cause, and his unburied corpse may have been scavenged after his death.Dargie R. 2007. A history of Britain. 8-9 ===Sima de los Huesos=== Beginning in 1992, a Spanish team has located more than 5,500 human bones that are at least 350,000 years old in the Sima de los Huesos site. This site is in the Sierra de Atapuerca, in northern Spain. The pit contains fossils of perhaps 28 individuals, together with remains of Ursus deningeri, other carnivores, and a biface called Excalibur. Some scientists think that this Acheulean axe, made of red quartzite, was some kind of ritual offering for a funeral. If so, it would be the earliest known evidence of a funerary practice. Ninety percent of all known H. heidelbergensis remains have come from this site. The fossil pit bones include: *A complete cranium (skull 5), nicknamed Miguelón, and pieces of other skulls, such as skull 4, nicknamed Agamenón, and skull 6, nicknamed Rui (from El Cid, a local hero). *A complete pelvis (pelvis 1), nicknamed Elvis, in remembrance of Elvis Presley. *Mandibles, teeth, and many postcranial bones (like femurs, hand and foot bones, vertebrae, and ribs) Indeed, nearby sites contain the only known and controversial Homo antecessor fossils. ===Suffolk, England=== In 2005, teeth and flint tools from the water vole Mimomys savini, which is used to date other species, were found in the cliffs at Pakefield near Lowestoft in Suffolk, England. This suggests that hominins existed in England 700,000 years ago. These hominims may have been a cross between H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis.Parfitt S. et al 2005. 'The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe'. Nature''' 438 1008-1012.Roebroeks W. 2005. Archaeology: life on the Costa del Cromer. Nature 438 921-922.Parfitt S. et al 2006. '700,000 years old: found in Pakefield' , British Archaeology. Retrieved 2008-12-24.Good C. & Plouviez J. 2007. The Archaeology of the Suffolk Coast Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service [online]. Retrieved 2009-11-28.Tools unlock secrets of early man, BBC news website, 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2011-04-15.