Title: Consanguinity Content: Consanguinity ("blood relation", from the Latin consanguinitas) means being of the same kinship as another person. Consanguinity also means being descended from the same ancestor as another person. The laws of many jurisdictions set up degrees of consanguinity when prohibiting sexual relations and marriage. Rules of Consanguinity are also used to determine heirs of an estate. These are according to laws that govern intestate succession. These vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. == History == Most cultures have prohibited marriages between individuals who are closely related by blood (consanguinity). There were some exceptions. Brothers and sisters, as well as fathers and daughters, often married in ancient Egypt. These were primarily limited to the royal family from the earliest times. Some theories hold that it strengthened a King's claim to the throne. In biblical history, Abraham married his (half-)sister Sarah. Most early societies had rules or laws that limited consanguineous marriages. So the dangers of inbreeding must have been known to them.Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza; Antonio Moroni, Gianna Zei, Consanguinity, Inbreeding, and Genetic Drift in Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), p. 2 === Roman civil law === In ancient Rome, marriage was governed by civil laws. Under Roman civil law couples were forbidden to marry if they were within four degrees of consanguinity.Constance Bouchard, Those of My Blood: Creating Noble Families in Medieval Francia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), p. 40 The Germanic peoples also had rules against such marriages but were not as strict.Johannes Wilhelmus Wessels, History of the Roman-Dutch Law (Grahamstown, Cape Colony, African Book Co., 1908), p. 445 === Medieval Europe === In the 5th century, after the Roman empire collapsed, the church took over regulating marriage. At first they did not have a great deal of influence. The Church's power over marriage grew gradually. At first the Church followed Roman civil law. In the ninth century the church raised the number of prohibited degrees to seven.Constance B. Bouchard, 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp. 269-70 They also changed the method by which they were calculated. The nobility of Europe usually married from within their own social class. Eventually they became too interrelated to marry by the Church's rules. Many found it necessary to defy the Church.Constance B. Bouchard, 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp. 270, 271 In 1215 the Fourth Lateran Council reduced the number of prohibited degrees of consanguinity from seven back to four.http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/LATERAN4.HTM#50 4th Lateran Council, Canon 50John W. Baldwin, The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 78 The pope had the power to waive the rules for particular couples. Frequently, papal dispensations were given allowing closely related couples to marry. These were almost always reserved for the royalty and nobility. Sometimes the Church used consanguinity to block marriage as in the case of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders.David C. Douglas, William The Conqueror (Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), p. 76 In 1049 Pope Leo IX refused to allow the marriage. He did not give a reason but the two were cousins. They married anyway. Ten years later, in 1059, Pope, Nicholas II finally granted a dispensation for their marriage. Despite restrictions and laws, up to the 20th century consanguineous marriages were not uncommon in Europe.A. H. Bittles, 'The bases of western attitudes to consanguineous marriage', Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, Vol. 45, Issue 2 (2003), p 135; Wiley Online Library == Common ancestor == The degree of consanguinity can be illustrated with a consanguinity table. Each level of lineal consanguinity (i.e., generation or meiosis) appears as a row. Individuals with a collaterally consanguineous relationship share the same row.See, e.g., table of consanguinity Consanguinity (blood relationship) is different from Affinity (relationship through marriage) but have been prohibited in the same degrees in the past. ==Genetic definitions==  == Related pages == * Incest * Kinship * Affinity * Cognatic kinship * Cousin * Inbreeding