Title: Inflation Content: thumb|380px|Inflation 2019 Inflation means that the general level of prices is going up, the opposite of deflation. More money will be needed to pay for goods (like a loaf of bread) and services (like getting a haircut at the hairdresser's). Economists measure inflation regularly to know an economy's state. Inflation changes the ratio of money towards goods or services; more money is needed to get the same amount of a good or service, or the same amount of money will get a lower amount of a good or service. Economists defined certain customer baskets to be able to measure inflation. There can be positive and negative effects. Opposite of inflation is deflation. == Causes of inflation == When the total money in an economy (the money supply) increases too rapidly, the quality of the money (the currency value) often decreases. Economists generally think that the increased money supply (monetary inflation) causes the price of goods/services price to increase (price inflation) over a longer period. They disagree on causes over a shorter period. === Demand-Pull inflation === The Demand-Pull inflation theory says it results from "too much money chasing too few goods." In other words, if the will of buying goods is growing faster than amount of goods that have been made, prices will go up. This is most likely happens in economies that are growing fast. Whenever a product is bought or sold beyond its real price for its worth, then Inflation of money occurs. If a company, for example, makes a small amount of goods which are sold over high quantity then it has to increase the prices so that it can manage the product quantity. === Cost-Push inflation === The Cost-Push inflation theory says that when the cost of making goods (which are paid by the company) go up, they have to make prices higher to make profit out of selling that product. The higher costs of making goods can include things like workers' wages, taxes to be paid to the government, or higher costs of raw materials from other countries. However, Austrian School economists think this is wrong, because if people have to pay higher prices, this just means they have less to spend on other things. == Costs of inflation ==  Almost everyone thinks excessive inflation is bad. Inflation affects different people in different ways. It also depends on whether inflation is expected or not. If the inflation rate is equal to what most people are expecting (anticipated inflation), then we can adjust and the cost is not as high. For example, banks can change their interest rates and workers can negotiate contracts that include automatic wage hikes as the price level goes up. Problems arise when there is unanticipated inflation: * Creditors lose and debtors gain if the lender does not guess inflation correctly. For those who borrow, this is similar to getting an interest-free loan. * Uncertainty about what will happen next makes corporations and consumers less likely to spend. This hurts economic output in the long run. * People with a fixed income, such as retirees, see a decline in their purchasing power and, consequently, their standard of living. * The entire economy must absorb repricing costs ("menu costs") as price lists, labels, menus and so forth have to be updated. * If the inflation rate is greater than in other countries, domestic products become less competitive. * Nominal interest rate rise because inflation is anticipated. == Measures of inflation == In the United Kingdom the Office for National Statistics produces several different measures of inflation. Every year they record the prices of many different items. They also record how often people buy them. They are: * Retail Prices Index. This started in 1947. * Consumer Prices Index. It now includes 727 items. * Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices. It now includes 733 items. Unlike the others it includes the cost of housing.