Title: October 7 Content: == Events == === Up to 1800 === * 3761 BC – The epoch (origin) of the modern Hebrew calendar. * 336 – Pope Marcus ends his reign as Catholic Pope. * 1428 - Start of the English siege of Orléans in the Hundred Years' War. * 1477 - Opening of Uppsala University in Sweden. * 1492 – Christopher Columbus misses Florida when he changes course. * 1506 – Pope Julius II and France occupy Bologna. * 1513 – Battle of La Motta: Spanish troops under Ramon de Cardona defeat the Venetians. * 1520 – First public burning of books in Netherlands, in Louvain. * 1542 – Explorer Cabrillo discovered Catalina Island off California coast. * 1571 – The Battle of Lepanto is fought, and the Holy League (Spain, Venice, and Papal States) destroys Turkish fleet. * 1582 – Due to the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain. * 1637 – Prince Frederick Henry of Orange occupies Breda. * 1690 – English attack Quebec under Louis de Buade. * 1702 – English/Dutch troops under John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough occupy Roermond. * 1714 – Beer tax riots in Alkmaar, Netherlands. * 1737 – 40 foot waves sink 20,000 small craft and kill 300,000 (Bengal, India). * 1756 - Flooding on the Elbe near what is now Germany's North Sea coast kills 600 people. * 1763 – George III of Great Britain issues British Royal Proclamation of 1763, closing aboriginal lands in North America north and west of Alleghenies to white settlements. * 1765 – Stamp Act Congress convenes in NY. * 1769 – English explorer, Captain Cook, reaches New Zealand. Abel Tasman had been the first European to land there over a century earlier. * 1776 – Crown Prince Paul of Russia marries Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg. * 1777 – American Revolutionary War: Americans beat the British in the Battle of Second Saratoga and the Battle of Bemis Heights. * 1780 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Kings Mountain American Patriot militia defeat Loyalist irregulars led by British colonel Patrick Ferguson in South Carolina. === 1801 1900 === * 1806 – Carbon paper patented in London by inventor Ralph Wedgewood. * 1816 – The first double-decked steamboat, the "Washington," arrives in New Orleans, Louisiana. * 1826 – Granite Railway (first chartered railway in the U.S.) begins operations. * 1828 – The city of Patras, Greece is liberated by the French expeditionary force in Peloponnese under General Maison. * 1840 – Willem II becomes King of the Netherlands. * 1864 – American Civil War: In the Battle of Darbytown Road, the Confederate forces' attempt to regain ground that had been lost around Richmond is stopped. * 1864 – American Civil War: Capture of the CSS Florida — Union warship captures the USS Wachusett — Confederate raider ship while in port in Bahia, Brazil. * 1865 – The Morant Bay Rebellion starts in Jamaica. * 1868 – Cornell University holds opening day ceremonies; student enrollment is 412, the most at any American university to that date. * 1870 – Leon Gambetta flees Paris in balloon. * 1879 – Germany and Austria-Hungary sign the "Twofold Covenant" and create the Dual Alliance. * 1882 – Baseball: First World Series (game 2), Chicago (NL) beats Cincinnati (AA) 2-0. * 1886 – Spain abolishes slavery in Cuba. * 1900 – The term "orienteering" is first used for an event. === 1901 1950 === * 1904 – Baseball: New York Highlander Jack Chesbro wins record 41st game of season (41-12). * 1907 – France's Henry Farman flies 30 m in a double decker plane. * 1908 – Crete revolts against the Ottoman Empire and aligns with Greece. * 1908 – Serbia and Montenegro sign anti-Austria- Hungarian pact. * 1910 – Absinthe is banned in Switzerland. * 1912 – The Helsinki Stock Exchange sees its first transaction. * 1916 – Georgia Tech defeats Cumberland University 222-0 in the most lopsided victory in American college football. * 1918 - The Governing Council in Warsaw declares Poland to be an independent state. * 1919 – KLM of the Netherlands was founded. It is the oldest airline still operating under its original name. * 1919 – First London-Amsterdam airline service (Britain Aerial Transport and KLM). * 1922 – Oud-burgem of Rotterdam Zimmerman becomes High Comm's of Austria. * 1922 – First radio link, WNJ (Newark, New Jersey) and WGY (Schenectady) link for World Series. * 1924 – Greek government of Dikalekopoulis forms. * 1928 – Ras Tafari Makonnen crowned negus of Abyssinia by Empress Zauditu. * 1928 – Paavo Nurmi runs world record 10 miles (50:15.0). * 1929 – Ramsay MacDonald is the first British premier to address the U.S. Congress. * 1931 – First infra-red photograph, Rochester, New York. * 1933 - Air France, the national airline of France, is created after the merger of five smaller airlines. * 1938 – Germany demands all Jewish passports stamped with the letter J. * 1940 – Germany invades Romania. * 1941 – German army occupies Viarma, U.S.S.R. * 1941 – John Curtin becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Australia * 1942 – the McCollum memo conspires to bring the United States to war in Europe by provoking the Japanese to attack the United States. * 1942 – U.S. and British government announce establishment of United Nations. * 1942 – Maxwell Anderson's "Eve of St. Mark," premieres in New York City. * 1942 – Salvo Katjoesja-rocket destroys Nazi battalion in Stalingrad. * 1943 – Japan executes 100 American civilian prisoners on Wake Island. * 1944 – Uprising at Birkenau concentration camp. * 1944 – Uprising at Auschwitz, Jews burn down crematoriums. * 1944 – Fieldmarshal Erwin Rommel is ordered to return to Berlin. * 1944 – Allies bombs sea dikes at Vlissingen. * 1949 – German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is formed. * 1949 – One of the earliest television shows, "Ford Theater" debuts * 1950 – United States forces cross the 38th parallel in the Korean War. * 1950 - Missionaries of Charity is founded by Mother Teresa. === 1951 2000 === * 1951 – Malayan Emergency: Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA) ambushes and kills British High Commissioner Sir Henry Gurney. * 1951 – David Ben-Gurion forms Israeli government. * 1957 – Dick Clark's "American Bandstand" debuts. * 1958 – President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza, with the support of General Ayub Khan and the army, suspends the 1956 constitution, imposes martial law, and cancels the elections scheduled for January 1959. * 1958 – U.S. manned space-flight project renamed Project Mercury. * 1958 – Potter Stewart appointed to U.S. Supreme Court. * 1959 – Far side of the Moon seen for first time, compliments of U.S.S.R.'s Luna 3. * 1960 – Second Kennedy and Nixon debate Cold War foreign policy in the second of four scheduled debates. * 1960 - Nigeria joins the UN. * 1962 – U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya, U.S.S.R. * 1963 – John F. Kennedy signs ratification for the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. * 1963 – Hurricane Flora hits Haiti and the Dominican Republic, kills 7,190. * 1968 – Hollywood adopts the movie ratings system. * 1970 – Richard Nixon announces a new five-point peace proposal to end the Vietnam War. * 1971 - Oman joins the UN. * 1976 - Hua Guofeng becomes Chairman of the Communist Party of China. * 1977 – The adoption of the Fourth Soviet Constitution. * 1982 – Cats opens on Broadway and runs for nearly 18 years before closing on September 10, 2000. * 1984 – NFL running back Walter Payton breaks Jim Brown's rushing record. * 1985 – The "Achille Lauro" is hijacked by Palestinian terrorists. * 1985 – The Mameyes disaster occurs in Ponce, Puerto Rico. * 1996 – The Fox News Channel, an American cable news network, is launched. * 2000 – Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg abdicates in favour of his son, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. * 2000 – Germany wins 1-0 against England in the last game at the Old Wembley Stadium. === From 2001 === * 2001 – Start of United States war in Afghanistan with an air assault and covert operations on the ground. * 2002 – Maher Arar is deported by the US government to Syria, where he is tortured and held without charge for a year before being returned home to Canada. * 2003 – California recall: California governor Gray Davis is recalled from office and replaced by Arnold Schwarzenegger. * 2004 – King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia abdicates. * 2005 - Mohamed ElBaradei and the International Atomic Energy Agency win the Nobel Peace Prize. * 2006 – Sport: The first Lusophone Games, for Portuguese-speaking countries begin in Macao. * 2006 – Palau's capital is moved from Koror to Ngerulmud in the state of Melekeok. * 2006 – Russian journalist and writer Anna Politkovskaya is murdered. * 2011 – The Nobel Peace Prize is shared between Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf and Leymah Gbowee of Liberia and Tawakel Karman of Yemen. * 2012 - Hugo Chávez is re-elected President of Venezuela against Henrique Capriles. Chavez dies less than five months later, on March 5, 2013. * 2014 - Lunar Eclipse: A "Blood Moon", or red-appearing Moon, is seen in most of the world except Europe and Africa. * 2016 - President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos wins the Nobel Peace Prize. * 2019 - Saturn overtakes Jupiter as the planet in the Solar System with the most known Moons (82, compared to Jupiter's 79). * 2019 - Eight people are injured in a lorry-ramming attack in Limburg an der Lahn, Germany. == Births == === Up to 1850 === * 13 BC Drusus Julius Caesar, adoptive son of Roman Emperor Tiberius (d. 23) * 1471 King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway (d. 1533) * 1573 William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1645) * 1576 John Marston, English poet and playwright (d. 1634) * 1589 Maria Magdalena of Austria (d. 1631) * 1728 Caesar Rodney, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1784) * 1744 Sergey Vyazmitinov, Russian general and statesman (d. 1819) * 1746 William Billings, American composer (d. 1800) * 1748 King Charles XIII of Sweden (d. 1818) * 1769 Solomon Sibley, American politician (d. 1846) * 1798 Jean- Baptiste Vuillaume, French violinmaker, businessman and inventor (d. 1875) * 1822 Rudolf Leuckert, German zoologist (d. 1898) * 1835 Felix Draeseke, German composer (d. 1913) * 1836 Henri Elzear Taschereau, 4th Chief Justice of Canada (d. 1911) * 1841 King Nicholas of Montenegro (d. 1921) * 1846 Wladimir Köppen, German scientist (d. 1940) * 1849 James Whitcomb Riley, American poet (d. 1916) === 1851 1900 === * 1857 George P. McLean, Governor of Connecticut (d. 1932) * 1866 Wlodimir Ledochowski, Polish-Austrian director of the Society of Jesus (d. 1942) * 1870 Uncle Dave Macon, American banjo player, singer, songwriter and comedian (d. 1952) * 1873 Alfred Ander, Swedish criminal, last person to be executed in Sweden (d. 1910) * 1877 Thomas Archibald Sprague, Scottish botanist (d. 1958) * 1881 Mikhail Drozdovsky, Russian general (d. 1918) * 1884 Harold Geiger, US Army aviation pioneer (d. 1927) * 1885 Niels Bohr, Danish physicist (d. 1962) * 1888 Henry A. Wallace, Vice President of the United States (d. 1965) * 1889 Robert Z. Leonard, American movie director, actor, producer and screenwriter (d. 1968) * 1892 Dwain Esper, American director and producer (d. 1982) * 1894 Del Lord, American director (d. 1970) * 1897 Elijah Muhammad, American Muslim leader (d. 1975) * 1897 Charles Chauvel, Australian screenwriter, movie director and producer (d. 1959) * 1898 Alfred Wallenstein, American cellist and conductor (d. 1983) * 1900 Heinrich Himmler, Nazi official (d. 1945) === 1901 1925 === * 1901 Souvanna Phouma, Prime Minister of Laos (d. 1984) * 1904 Armando Castellazzi, Italian footballer (d. 1968) * 1905 Andy Devine, American actor (d. 1977) * 1909 Anni Blomqvist, Finnish writer (d. 1990) * 1909 Shura Cherkassky, Ukrainian-American pianist (d. 1995) * 1909 Erastus Corning 2nd, American politician, 72nd Mayor of Albany, New York (d. 1983) * 1911 Vaughn Monroe, American singer-songwriter and bandleader (d. 1973) * 1912 Fernando Belaúnde Terry, President of Peru (d. 2002) * 1913 Walt Whitman Rostow, American economist (d. 2003) * 1914 Alfred Drake, American actor (d. 1992) * 1914 Begum Akhtar, Indian singer (d. 1974) * 1914 Sarah Churchill, British actress (d. 1982) * 1915 Charles Templeton, Canadian cartoonist and television evangelist (d. 2001) * 1917 June Allyson, American actress (d. 2006) * 1918 Harry V. Jaffa, American historian (d. 2015) * 1919 Zelman Cowen, Australian academic and Governor-General of Australia (d. 2011) * 1920 Georg Leber, German politician (d. 2012) * 1921 Raymond Goethals, Belgian footballer and coach (d. 2004) * 1922 William Zinsser, American writer, editor, literary critic and teacher (d. 2015) === 1926 1950 === * 1926 Marcello Abbado, Italian composer and pianist * 1927 Ronald David Laing, Scottish psychiatrist (d. 1989) * 1927 Al Martino, American singer and actor (d. 2009) * 1928 Sanne Ledermann, friend of Anne Frank (d. 1943) * 1928 Sohrab Sepehri, Persian poet and painter (d. 1980) * 1928 Ali Kafi, Algerian politician (d. 2013) * 1929 Hans-Peter Dürr, German physicist (d. 2014) * 1929 Graeme Ferguson, Canadian director and producer * 1931 Desmond Tutu, South African archbishop and activist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (d. 2021) * 1932 Joannes Gijsen, Dutch-born former Catholic bishop of Reykjavik (d. 2013) * 1934 Amiri Baraka, American poet, playwright and academic (d. 2014) * 1934 Ulrike Meinhof, German left-wing militant and Red Army Faction member (d. 1976) * 1935 Thomas Keneally, Australian writer * 1936 Charles Dutoit, Swiss conductor * 1937 Maria Szyszkowska, Polish politician * 1937 Christopher Booker, English journalist and author * 1938 Fereydoun Farrokhzad, Iranian singer, actor and poet (d. 1992) * 1938 Ann Jones, English tennis player * 1939 Clive James, Australian TV presenter and writer * 1939 Harry Kroto, English chemist (d. 2016) * 1939 John Hopcroft, American computer scientist * 1939 Enrique Pinti, Argentine actor, comedian, theatre director and writer * 1942 Joy Behar, American talk show host and actress * 1943 José Cardenal, Cuban baseball player * 1943 Oliver North, American former military officer and politician * 1944 Donald Tsang, former Chief Executive of Hong Kong * 1944 Pete van Wieren, American sportscaster (d. 2014) * 1945 Kevin Godley, English singer-songwriter * 1946 Bernard Lavilliers, French singer-songwriter and actor * 1946 Pengiran Anak Saleha, Queen of Brunei * 1950 Jakaya Kikwete, Tanzanian politician, 4th President of Tanzania === 1951 1975 === * 1951 David J. Halberstam, American sportscaster * 1951 John Mellencamp, American singer- songwriter, guitarist and actor * 1952 Mary Badham, American actress * 1952 Vladimir Putin, President of Russia * 1953 Ronald Worm, German footballer * 1953 Tico Torres, American musician (Bon Jovi) * 1953 Linda Griffiths, Canadian actress and playwright (d. 2014) * 1954 Christian Bourquin, French politician (d. 2014) * 1955 Yo-Yo Ma, French-born cellist * 1955 Ralph Johnson, American computer scientist * 1956 Brian Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player * 1957 Jayne Torvill, English figure skater * 1959 Simon Cowell, English media personality * 1959 Lourdes Flores Nano, Peruvian politician * 1960 Viktor Lazlo, Belgian singer * 1964 Sam Brown, American singer * 1964 Dan Savage, American LGBT activist, journalist and television producer * 1966 Marco Beltrami, American movie score composer * 1966 Sherman Alexie, American author, humourist and screenwriter * 1967 Toni Braxton, American soul music singer * 1968 Thom Yorke, lead singer of Radiohead * 1968 Pippa Funnell, British equestrian * 1969 Francesco Buzzurro, Italian guitarist * 1969 Karen L. Nyberg, American engineer and astronaut * 1970 Nicole Ari Parker, American actress * 1971 Ismael Urzaiz, Spanish footballer * 1971 Michelle Mone, Scottish businesswoman * 1972 Loek van Wely, Dutch chess player * 1972 Ben Younger, American screenwriter * 1973 Dida, Brazilian footballer * 1973 Grigol Mgalobishvili, 7th Prime Minister of Georgia * 1974 Charlotte Perrelli, Swedish singer * 1975 Tim Minchin, Australian comedian === From 1976 === * 1976 Gilberto Silva, Brazilian footballer * 1976 Santiago Solari, Argentine footballer * 1976 Taylor Hicks, American singer * 1978 Alesha Dixon, English singer * 1978 Jake Humphrey, English sports television presenter * 1978 Omar Benson Miller, American actor * 1979 Aaron Ashmore, Canadian actor * 1979 Shawn Ashmore, Canadian actor * 1979 Simona Amanar, Romanian gymnast * 1980 Jean-Marc Gaillard, French cross-country skier * 1982 Madjid Bougherra, Algerian footballer * 1982 Jermain Defoe, English footballer * 1982 Robby Ginepri, American tennis player * 1983 Aaron Parks, American jazz musician * 1984 Salman Butt, Pakistani cricketer * 1984 Simon Poulsen, Danish footballer * 1985 Evan Longoria, American baseball player * 1986 Gunnar Nielsen, Faroese footballer * 1986 Kaitlyn, American wrestler and model * 1986 Bree Olson, American pornographic actress * 1987 Sam Querrey, American tennis player * 1987 Cian Healy, Irish rugby union player * 1987 Lauren Mayberry, Scottish singer (Chvrches) * 1988 Diego Costa, Brazilian-Spanish footballer * 1988 Holland Roden, American actress * 1990 Ayla Kell, American actress * 1991 Nicole Jung, American-Korean singer * 1991 Lay, Chinese-Korean entertainer * 1996 Lewis Capaldi, Scottish singer and songwriter * 1997 Kira Kosarin, American actress and singer * 2001 Princess Senate Seeiso, Princess of Lesotho == Deaths == === Up to 1900 === * 336 Pope Mark * 929 Charles the Simple, King of France (b. 879) * 1368 Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (b. 1338) * 1577 George Gascoigne, English soldier, courtier and poet (b. 1535) * 1612 Giovanni Battista Guarini, Italian poet, dramatist and diplomat (b. 1538) * 1637 Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (b. 1587) * 1653 Fausto Poli, Italian cardinal (b. 1581) * 1708 Guru Gobind Singh, 10th Sikh Guru (b. 1666) * 1787 Henry Muhlenberg, German-born founder of the American Lutheran Church (b. 1711) * 1796 Thomas Reid, Scottish philosopher (b. 1710) * 1849 Edgar Allan Poe, American writer (b. 1809) * 1857 Louis McLane, United States Secretary of State (b. 1786) * 1870 Majid bin Said of Zanzibar, Sultan of Zanzibar (b. 1834) * 1894 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American writer (b. 1809) * 1896 Emma Wedgwood, British naturalist (b. 1808) === 1901 2000 === * 1903 Rudolf Lipschitz, German mathematician (b. 1832) * 1906 Honoré Beaugrand, 18th Mayor of Montreal (b. 1848) * 1919 Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1856) * 1925 Christy Mathewson, American baseball player (b. 1860) * 1926 Emil Kraepelin, German psychiatrist (b. 1856) * 1943 Eugeniusz Bodo, Polish actor (b. 1899) * 1943 Radclyffe Hall, English author and poet (b. 1880) * 1943 Archibald Warden, English tennis player (b. 1869) * 1951 Anton Philips, Dutch businessman (b. 1874) * 1956 Clarence Birdseye, American inventor (b. 1886) * 1959 Mario Lanza, American tenor (b. 1921) * 1967 Norman Angell, British politician (b. 1872) * 1991 Leo Durocher, American baseball player and manager (b. 1905) * 1992 Tevfik Esenc, last speaker of the Ubykh language (b. 1904) * 1993 Cyril Cusack, Irish actor (b. 1910) * 1994 Niels Kaj Jerne, Danish immunologist (b. 1911) === From 2001 === * 2002 Pierangelo Bertoli, Italian singer-songwriter (b. 1942) * 2004 Kenneth Bigley, English engineer (b. 1942) * 2006 Anna Politkovskaya, Russian journalist and writer (b. 1958) * 2007 Norifumi Abe, Japanese motorcycle racer (b. 1975) * 2008 Peter Copley, British actor (b. 1915) * 2008 George Emil Palade, Romanian cell biologist (b. 1912) * 2009 Irving Penn, American photographer (b. 1917) * 2010 Milka Planinc, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (b. 1924) * 2011 Ramiz Alia, last Communist leader of Albania, and President (b. 1925) * 2012 Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano, Mexican drug lord (b. 1974) * 2013 Ovadia Yosef, Israeli Chief Rabbi (b. 1920) * 2013 Patrice Chéreau, French director, movie maker, actor and producer (b. 1944) * 2014 Siegfried Lenz, German writer (b. 1926) * 2014 Iva Withers, Canadian-American theatre actress and singer (b. 1917) * 2014 Nika Kiladze, Georgian footballer (b. 1988) * 2014 Zilpha Keatley Snyder, American writer (b. 1927) * 2014 Cigar, American racehorse (b. 1990) * 2015 Dominique Dropsy, French footballer (b. 1951) * 2015 Elena Lucena, Argentine actress (b. 1914) * 2015 Harry Gallatin, American basketball player and coach (b. 1927) * 2015 W. R. Mitchell, British writer (b. 1928) * 2015 Jurelang Zedkaia, 5th President of the Marshall Islands (b. 1950) * 2016 Wolfgang Suschitzky, Austro-Hungarian-born British photographer and cinematographer (b. 1912) * 2017 Konstantin Sarsania, Russian footballer (b. 1968) * 2017 Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov, Russian philologist (b. 1929) * 2017 Jim Landis, American baseball player (b. 1934) * 2017 Washington SyCip, Filipino-American World War II veteran (b. 1921) * 2017 Kazys Almenas, Lithuanian physicist, engineer and publisher (b. 1935) * 2017 Ole Krarup, Danish politician (b. 1935) * 2018 Peggy McCay, American actress (b. 1927) * 2018 Oleg Pavlov, Russian novelist (b. 1970) * 2018 Celeste Yarnall, American actress (b. 1944) * 2019 Pepe Oneto, Spanish journalist and writer (b. 1942) * 2019 Ella Vogelaar, Dutch politician (b. 1949) == Observances == * Teacher's Day (Laos) * National Day of East Germany (1949 to 1989) October 07