බ්‍රොනිස්ලෝව් මැලිනොව්ස්කි

බ්‍රොනිස්ලොව් කැස්පර් මැලිනොව්ස්කි (Bronisław Kasper Malinowski) සමාජ මානව විද්‍යාෙව් පියා යන විරුදාවලි නාමයෙන් හදුන්වයි. 1884 අප්‍ර්ල් 7 වන දින උපත ලැබූ අතර 1942 මැයි 16 වන දින ලොවෙන් සමුගත්තේය.භෞතික විද්‍යාව දර්ශනය වැනි විෂයන් පිළිබද හසල විද්වතෙක්ද විය.ලන්ඩන් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ මානව විද්‍යාව පිළිබද මහාචාර්‍යවරයෙකු ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය.

මැලිනොව්ස්කි සෙලිග්මාන් හා වෙස්ටර්මාර්ක් යටතේ 1910 සිට ලන්ඩන් ආර්ථික විද්‍යා ආයතනයෙන්  (LSE) ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව හැදෑරීය.1914 මැලිනොව්ස්කිට පැපුවා නිව්ගිනියා දූපත් වෙත ගොස් එම දූපත් වාසීන් පිළිබද සමාජ මානව විද්‍යාත්මක පර්යේෂණ සිදු කිරීමට අවස්තාව හිමිවිය කෙසේ වෙතත් මෙයට එවක පැවති පළමු ලෝක මහා සංග්‍රාමය විසා බාධා ඇතිවිය.ඔහුට නැවත ලන්ඩන් බලා පිටත්වීමට නොහැතිවීමත් පර්යේෂණ අතරමග නවතා දැමීමට සිදුවීමත් නිසා ඔහු ට්‍රෝබියන් දූපත් වෙත ගොස් එහි වෙසෙන ට්‍රෝබියන් දූපත්වාසීන් පිළිබද මානව විද්‍යාත්මක අධ්‍යනයක් සිදු කිරීමට තීරනය කළේය.මැලිනොව්ස්කි විසින් මුල්වරට සහභාගීත්ව නිරීක්ෂණ ක්‍රමය උපයෝගීකරගනිමින් ට්‍රෝබියන් දූපත් වාසීන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය පිළිබද ඉතා සාර්ථක මානව විද්‍යාත්මක පර්යේෂණයක් සිදු කළේය.මානව විද්‍යාඥයන් මීට ප්‍රථම භාවිත කලේ මානව වංශ විස්ථර කථන ක්‍රමයයි.එමගින් වෙනත් මූලාශ්‍ර උපයෝගී කරගනිම්න් තොරතුරු රැස්කර ගත්තා මිස තමාම අදාල ක්ෂේත්‍රයට ගොස් පර්යේෂණ නොපැවැත්වීය.මානව විද්‍යාත්මක දත්ත රැස් කිරීමේදී ඉතාම සාර්ථක ක්‍රමය වන්නේ මැලිනොව්ස්කි හදුන්වාදුන් සහභාගීත්ව නිරීක්ෂණ ක්‍රමය බව බොහෝ විද්වතුන් පෙන්වා දුන්හ.මැලිනොව්ස්කි නැවත එංගලන්තයට පැමින ට්‍රෝබියන් දූපත් වාසින් පිළිබද සිදුකල අධ්‍යන අලලා 1922 දී  Argonauts of the Western Pacific නම් කෘතිය එළිදැක්වීය.which established him as one of the most important anthropologists in Europe of that time. He took posts as lecturer and later as a chair in anthropology at the LSE, attracting large numbers of students and exerting great influence on the development of British Social Anthropology. Among his students in this period were such prominent anthropologists as Raymond Firth, E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Hortense Powdermaker, Edmund Leach, Audrey Richards and Meyer Fortes. From 1933 he visited several American universities, and when World War II broke out he decided to stay there, taking an appointment at Yale. There he stayed the remainder of his life, also influencing a generation of American anthropologists.

His ethnography of the Trobriand Islands described the complex institution of the Kula ring, and became foundational for subsequent theories of reciprocity and exchange. He was also widely regarded as an eminent fieldworker and his texts regarding the anthropological field methods were foundational to early anthropology, for example coining the term participatory observation. His approach to social theory was a brand of psychological functionalism emphasising how social and cultural institutions serve basic human needs, a perspective opposed to Radcliffe-Brown's structural functionalism that emphasised the ways in which social institutions function in relation to society as a whole.

ජීවන තොරතුරු 
Malinowski was born on 7 April 1884, in Kraków, then part of the Austro-Hungarian province known as the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, to an upper-middle-class Polish family. His father was a professor, and his mother was the daughter of a landowning family. As a child he was frail, often suffering from ill health, yet he excelled academically. In 1908, he received a doctorate in philosophy from Kraków's Jagiellonian University, where he focused on mathematics and the physical sciences. While attending the university he became ill and, while recuperating, decided to be an anthropologist as a result of reading James Frazer's The Golden Bough. This book turned his interest to ethnology, which he pursued at the University of Leipzig, where he studied under economist Karl Bücher and psychologist Wilhelm Wundt. In 1910, he went to England, studying at the London School of Economics under C. G. Seligman and Edvard Westermarck.

රැකියාව 
In 1914, he travelled to Papua (in what would later become Papua New Guinea), where he conducted fieldwork at Mailu Island and then, more famously, in the Trobriand Islands. The ethnographic collection he made on the Trobriand Islands is now held by the British Museum. On his most famous trip to the area, he became stranded due to the outbreak of World War I. Malinowski was not allowed to return to Europe from the British-controlled region because, though Polish by ethnicity, he was a subject of Austria-Hungary. Australian authorities gave him the opportunity of conducting research in Melanesia, an opportunity he happily embraced. It was during this period that he conducted his fieldwork on the Kula ring and advanced the practice of participant observation, which remains the hallmark of ethnographic research today.

In 1920, he published a scientific article on the Kula Ring, perhaps the first documentation of generalised exchange. In 1922, he earned a doctorate of science in anthropology and was teaching at the London School of Economics. That year his book Argonauts of the Western Pacific was published. It was widely regarded as a masterpiece, and Malinowski became one of the best-known anthropologists in the world. For the next two decades, he would establish the London School of Economics as Europe's main centre of anthropology. He became a British citizen in 1931. In 1933, he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Malinowski taught intermittently in the United States. When World War II broke out during one of his American visits, he stayed there. He took up a position at Yale University, where he remained until his death. In 1942, he co-founded the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.

විපත 
Malinowski died on 16 May 1942, aged 58, of a heart attack while preparing to conduct summer fieldwork in Oaxaca, Mexico. He was interred at Evergreen Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut.

Ideas 
Malinowski is often considered one of anthropology's most skilled ethnographers, especially because of the highly methodical and well theorised approach to the study of social systems. He is often referred to as the first researcher to bring anthropology "off the verandah" (a phrase that is also the name of a documentary about his work), that is, experiencing the everyday life of his subjects along with them. Malinowski emphasised the importance of detailed participant observation and argued that anthropologists must have daily contact with their informants if they are to adequately record the "imponderabilia of everyday life" that are so important to understanding a different culture.

He stated that the goal of the anthropologist, or ethnographer, is "to grasp the native's point of view, his relation to life, to realize his vision of his world" (Argonauts of the Western Pacific, Dutton 1961 edition, p. 25.)

However, in reference to the Kula ring, Malinowski also stated, in the same edition, pp. 83–84:

In these two passages, Malinowski anticipated the distinction between description and analysis, and between the views of actors and analysts. This distinction continues to inform anthropological method and theory.

His study of the Kula ring was also vital to the development of an anthropological theory of reciprocity, and his material from the Trobriands was extensively discussed in Marcel Mauss's seminal essay The Gift.

Malinowski originated the school of social anthropology known as functionalism. In contrast to Radcliffe-Brown's structural functionalism, Malinowski argued that culture functioned to meet the needs of individuals rather than society as a whole. He reasoned that when the needs of individuals, who comprise society, are met, then the needs of society are met. To Malinowski, the feelings of people and their motives were crucial knowledge to understand the way their society functioned:Apart from fieldwork, Malinowski also challenged the claim to universality of Freud's theory of the Oedipus complex. He initiated a cross-cultural approach in Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927) where he demonstrated that specific psychological complexes are not universal.

Malinowski likewise influenced the course of African history, serving as an academic mentor to Jomo Kenyatta, the father and first president of modern-day Kenya. Malinowski also wrote the introduction to Facing Mount Kenya, Kenyatta's ethnographic study of the Gikuyu tribe. The Kulurami tribe in Africa also caught his attention.

Works

විශ්ව විද්‍යාල 

 Cornell University
 Harvard University
 Jagiellonian University
 University of Leipzig
 London School of Economics
 University of London
 Yale University

මේවාත් බලන්න 

 Baloma
 Maria Czaplicka
 List of recipients of the Bronislaw Malinowski Award of the Society for Applied Anthropology
 Zofia Romer
 Valetta Swann
 List of Poles
 Archaeology of trade

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර යොමු 

 Faded Page
 Malinowski; Archive (Real audio stream) of BBC Radio 4 edition of 'Thinking allowed' on Malinowski 
 Baloma; the Spirits of the Dead in the Trobriand Islands, at sacred-texts.com
 Papers of Bronislaw Malinowski held at LSE Library
 Malinowski's fieldwork photographs, Trobriand Islands, 1915–1918
 About the functional theory (selected chapters)
 Savage Memory – documentary about Malinowski's legacy
1884 උපත්
1942 මරණ