Go: package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"strconv"
)

const BIG_COST = 3000

const (
	ST_NOT_YET = iota
	ST_JOINED
)

func main() {
	sc := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
	sc.Split(bufio.ScanWords)

	nNodes := scanInt(sc)
	costs := make([][]int, nNodes)

	for r := 0; r < nNodes; r++ {
		costs[r] = make([]int, nNodes)
		for c := 0; c < nNodes; c++ {
			costs[r][c] = scanInt(sc)
		}
	}

	states := make([]int, nNodes)
	minCosts := make([]int, nNodes)

	for i := 1; i < nNodes; i++ {
		minCosts[i] = BIG_COST
	}

	for {
		var u int
		minCost := BIG_COST

		for i := 0; i < nNodes; i++ {
			if states[i] != ST_JOINED && minCosts[i] < minCost {
				minCost = minCosts[i]
				u = i
			}
		}

		// 全てのノードが MST に JOIN できたので終了。
		if minCost == BIG_COST {
			break
		}

		states[u] = ST_JOINED

		for v := 0; v < nNodes; v++ {
			cost := costs[u][v]

			// MST内の u と MST外の v との辺の重みをそれぞれ minCosts[v] として
			// 保存しておく。このうち辺の重みが最小となる v が次のループで MST に JOIN する。
			if states[v] != ST_JOINED && cost != -1 && cost < minCosts[v] {
				minCosts[v] = cost
			}
		}
	}

	sum := 0
	for _, cost := range minCosts {
		sum += cost
	}
	fmt.Println(sum)
}

func scanInt(sc *bufio.Scanner) int {
	sc.Scan()
	v, _ := strconv.Atoi(sc.Text())
	return v
}

C++: // Graph II - Minimum Spanning Tree (AOJ)                         
// http://judge.u-aizu.ac.jp/onlinejudge/description.jsp?id=ALDS1_ 12_A&lang=jp
// https://onlinejudge.u-aizu.ac.jp/#/problems/ALDS1_12_A
// 中央×前

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

int P[10000];

// n個の頂点を初期化する
void init(int n) {
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) P[i] = i;
}

// 頂点の親の番号を返す
int root(int a) {
	if (P[a] == a) return a;
	return (P[a] = root(P[a]));
}

// 親(集合)が同じか判定する
bool is_same_set(int a, int b) {
	return root(a) == root(b);
}

// aとbを同一グループにまとめる
void unite(int a, int b) {
	P[root(a)] = root(b);
}

int main(void) {
	int n;
	cin >> n;
	vector<vector<int>> A(n, vector<int>(n, 0));
	vector<vector<int>> v;
	vector<int> w(3, 0);
	int a;
	for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		for(int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
			cin >> a;
			w[0] = a;
			w[1] = i;
			w[2] = j;
			v.push_back(w);
		}
	}

	sort(v.begin(), v.end());

	init(n);
	int sum = 0;

	for(vector<int> i : v) {
	//	cout << "("<< i[0] << "," << i[1] << "," << i[2] << ")" << endl;
		if (i[0] == -1) continue;
		if (is_same_set(i[1], i[2])) continue;
	//	cout << i[0] << "を追加！！" << endl;
		sum += i[0];
		unite(i[1], i[2]); 
	//	for(int j = 0; j < n; j++) cout << j << ":" << P[j] << "/";
	}
	cout << sum << endl;
}

C++: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

static const int MAX = 100;
static const int INFTY = (1<<21);
static const int WHITE = 0;
static const int GRAY = 1;
static const int BLACK = 2;

int n,M[MAX][MAX];

int prim(){
    int u,minv;
    int d[MAX],p[MAX],color[MAX];
    
    for(int i=0; i<n; i++){
        d[i] = INFTY;
        p[i] = -1;
        color[i] = WHITE;
    }
    
    d[0] = 0;
    
    while(1){
        minv = INFTY;
        u = -1;
        for(int i=0; i<n; i++){
            if(minv > d[i] && color[i] != BLACK){
                u = i;
                minv = d[i];
            }
        }
        if(u==-1) break;
        color[u] = BLACK;
        for(int v=0; v<n; v++){
            if(color[v]!=BLACK && M[u][v] != INFTY){
                if(d[v] > M[u][v]){
                    d[v] = M[u][v];
                    p[v] = u;
                    color[v] = GRAY;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    int sum = 0;
    for(int i=0; i<n; i++){
        if(p[i] != -1) sum+= M[i][p[i]];
    }
    return sum;
}

int main(){
    cin >> n;
    
    for(int i=0; i<n; i++){
        for(int j=0; j<n; j++){
            int e; cin >> e;
            M[i][j] = (e == -1) ? INFTY : e;
        }
    }
    
    cout << prim() << endl;
    
    return 0;
}

C++: #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
static const int MAX = 100;
static const int INFTY = (1<<21);
static const int WHITE = 0;
static const int GRAY = 1;
static const int BLACK = 2;

int n,M[MAX][MAX];

int prim(){
  int u,minv;
  int d[MAX],p[MAX],color[MAX];

  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    d[i] = INFTY;
    p[i] = -1;
    color[i] = WHITE;
  }

  d[0] = 0;

  while(1){
    minv = INFTY;
    u = -1;
    for(int i =0;i<n;i++){
      if(minv > d[i] && color[i]!= BLACK){
	u = i;
	minv = d[i];
      }
    }
    if(u == -1) break;
    color[u] = BLACK;
    for(int v = 0;v<n;v++){
      if(color[v] != BLACK && M[u][v] != INFTY){
	if(d[v] > M[u][v]){
	  d[v] = M[u][v];
	  p[v] = u;
	  color[v] = GRAY;
	}
      }
    }
  }
  int sum = 0;
  for(int i =0;i<n;i++){
    if(p[i] != -1) sum+=M[i][p[i]];
  }

  return sum;
}

int main(){
  cin >> n;

  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
      int e; cin >> e;
      M[i][j] = (e == -1)? INFTY : e;
    }
  }

  cout << prim() << endl;

  return 0;
}

C++: #include <stdio.h>
#include <queue>
#include <vector>
#include <functional>

#define N 100
using namespace std;


class list {
public:
	int cost;
	int node;
	list(void) {
		cost = -1;
		node = -1;
	}
};

bool operator<(const list& y,const list& x) {
	return (y.cost < x.cost);
};
bool operator>(const list& y,const list& x) {
	return (y.cost>x.cost);
};

int m[N][N];
bool visited[N];
int sum = 0;

int main(void) {
	priority_queue<list, vector<list>, greater<list> > pq;
	int n;
	int now;
	scanf("%d", &n);
	for (int i = 0; i<n; i++) {
		visited[i] = false;
		for (int j = 0; j<n; j++) {
			scanf("%d", &m[i][j]);
		}
	}
	now = 0;
	while (1) {
		//printf("I'm in %d\n", now);
		visited[now] = true;
		for (int j = 0; j<n; j++) {
			if (m[now][j] != -1) {
				list a;
				a.cost = m[now][j];
				a.node = j;
				pq.push(a);
			//	printf("I pushed %d %d\n", a.node, a.cost);
			}
		}
		//system("pause");
		list x;
		while (!pq.empty()) {
			if (visited[(pq.top()).node] == false) {
				x = pq.top();
				//printf("I got %d %d\n", x.node, x.cost);
				pq.pop();
				now = x.node;
				sum += x.cost;
				break;
			}
			else pq.pop();
		}
		if (x.node == -1)break;
	}
	printf("%d\n", sum);
	return 0;
}

C++: #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#define INFTY (1 << 30)

enum Color {
	WHITE,
	GRAY,
	BLACK,
};

void Prim(int verValWeight[][100], int verNum) {
	int distance[100];
	Color color[100];
	int parent[100];
	for (int i = 0; i < verNum; i++) {
		color[i] = WHITE;
		distance[i] = INFTY;
		parent[i] = -1;
	}
	distance[0] = 0;

	while (true) {
		int min_cost = INFTY;
		int subScript;
		for (int i = 0; i < verNum; i++) {
			if (color[i] != BLACK && distance[i] < min_cost) {
				min_cost = distance[i];
				subScript = i;
			}
		}

		if (min_cost == INFTY)
			break; //end

		color[subScript] = BLACK;

		for (int i = 0; i < verNum; i++) {
			if (color[i] != BLACK && verValWeight[subScript][i] != INFTY) {
				if (verValWeight[subScript][i] < distance[i]) {
					distance[i] = verValWeight[subScript][i];
					parent[i] = subScript;
					color[i] = GRAY;
				}
			}
		}
	}

	int weight_sum = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < verNum; i++)
		if (parent[i] != -1)
			weight_sum += verValWeight[i][parent[i]];
	cout << weight_sum << endl;

}

int main() {
	int verNum;
	int verValWeight[100][100];
	int parent[100];

	cin >> verNum;
	for (int i = 0; i < verNum; i++)
		for (int j = 0; j < verNum; j++) {
			cin >> verValWeight[i][j];
			if (verValWeight[i][j] == -1) verValWeight[i][j] = INFTY;
		}

	Prim(verValWeight, verNum);

	return 0;
}