Go: package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"strconv"
)

type Queue []int

func (q *Queue) push(v int) {
	*q = append(*q, v)
}

func (q *Queue) pop() int {
	v := (*q)[0]
	*q = (*q)[1:]
	return v
}

func main() {
	sc := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
	sc.Split(bufio.ScanWords)

	nVerts := scanInt(sc)
	graph := make([][]int, nVerts+1)

	for i := 0; i < nVerts; i++ {
		u := scanInt(sc)
		nDegrees := scanInt(sc)

		graph[u] = make([]int, nDegrees)
		for d := 0; d < nDegrees; d++ {
			graph[u][d] = scanInt(sc)
		}
	}

	paths := make([]int, nVerts+1)

	queue := Queue(make([]int, 0))
	queue.push(1)
	paths[1] = 1

	for len(queue) > 0 {
		u := queue.pop()
		d := paths[u] + 1
		for _, v := range graph[u] {
			if paths[v] == 0 {
				paths[v] = d
				queue.push(v)
			}
		}
	}

	w := bufio.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
	for i := 1; i <= nVerts; i++ {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d %d\n", i, paths[i]-1)
	}
	w.Flush()
}

func scanInt(sc *bufio.Scanner) int {
	sc.Scan()
	v, _ := strconv.Atoi(sc.Text())
	return v
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include<queue>

using namespace std;

int n;
int u[10010], k[10010],  v[10010][10010];
int answer[10010][10010];

int D[10010];
void bfs(int src){
	//cerr << "bfs root = " << src << endl;
	queue<int> Q;
	Q.push(src);
	D[src] = 0;
	//int cnt = 0;
	while(! Q.empty()){
		int cur = Q.front();
		Q.pop();
		//cerr << "visiting " << cur << " " << D[cur] << endl;
		
		for(int dst = 0; dst < 1001; ++dst){
			if(answer[cur - 1][dst - 1] == 1 && D[dst] > 10000){
				D[dst] = D[cur] + 1; 
				Q.push(dst);
			}
		}

	}
	for(int i = 1; i  < n + 1; ++i ){
		if(D[i] < 10000){
			cout << i << " " <<  D[i] << endl;
		}else{
			cout << i << " " << -1 << endl;
		}
	}

	
}

int main(){
	cin >> n;
	for(int i = 0; i < 1001; ++i){
		for(int j = 0; j < 1001; ++j)
			answer[i][j] = 0;
	}
	for(int i = 0; i < 10010; ++i){
		D[i] = 10010;
	}

	
	
	for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
		cin >> u[i] >> k[i];
		for(int j = 0; j < k[i]; ++j){
			cin >> v[i][j];
			answer[u[i] - 1][v[i][j] - 1] = 1;
		} 
	}
	for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
		for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
			//cout << answer[i][j] << " ";
		} 
		//cout << endl;
	}
	bfs(1);
}

C++: #include <iostream>
using namespace	std;
int n,g[100][100],f[100],c[100];
void bfs(int now,int far){
  f[now]=far;
  c[now]=1;
  far++;
  for(int i=0;i<n;i++) if(g[now][i]&&f[i]!=1) bfs(i,far);

}
int main(){

  int a,b,tmp;
  cin>>n;
  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    cin>>a>>b;
    for(int j=0;j<b;j++){
      cin>>tmp;
      g[a-1][tmp-1]=1;
    }
  }

  bfs(0,0);

  for(int i=0;i<n;i++) cout<<i+1<<" "<<f[i]<<endl;

  return 0;

}

C++: #include<iostream>
#include<queue>
#include<vector>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
int main(){
  
  int n,a,b,c,ans[101];
  vector<int> vec[101];
  queue<int> que;
  
  fill(ans,ans+101,105);
  ans[1] = 0;
  
  cin >> n;
  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){ 
    cin >> a >> b;
    for(int j=0;j<b;j++){
      cin >> c;
      vec[a].push_back(c);
    }
  }

  que.push(1);
  
  while(!que.empty()){
    
    int d = que.front();
    que.pop();
    
    for(int i=0;i<vec[d].size();i++){
      int e = vec[d][i];
      if(ans[e] > ans[d]+1){
	ans[e] = ans[d]+1;
	que.push(e);
      }
    }
    
  }
  for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) cout << i << ' ' << ans[i] << endl;
  return (0);
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <queue>

using namespace std;

int p[100+10][100+10];
int D[100+10],e[100+10];
int n,a,b,c;

int main(){
	cin >> n;
	for (int i=1; i<=n; i++){
		cin >> a >> b;
		for (int j=1; j<=b; j++){
			cin >> c;
			p[a][c] = 1;
		}
	}
	
	queue<int> Q;
	Q.push(1);
	D[1] = 0;
	e[1] = 1;
	while(!Q.empty()){
		int m = Q.front();
		Q.pop();
		for (int i=1; i<=n; i++){
			if (p[m][i]==1 && e[i]==0){
				D[i] = D[m]+1;
				Q.push(i);
				e[i] = 1;
			}
		}
	}
	
	for (int i=1; i<=n; i++){
		cout << i << ' ' << D[i] << endl;
	}
}

C++: #include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define rep(i,n) for(int i=0; i<n; i++)
using namespace std;
int main(){
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    vector<vector<int> > G(n, vector<int>(n,0));
    rep(i,n){
        int u,k;
        cin >> u >> k;
        u--;
        rep(i,k){
            int v;
            cin >> v;
            v--;
            G[u][v] = 1;
        }
    }
    queue<int> q;
    vector<int> d(n,-1);
    d[0] = 0;
    q.push(0);
    while(!q.empty()){
        int p = q.front();
        q.pop();
        rep(i,n){
            if(G[p][i] == 1 && d[i] == -1){
                //cout << G[p][i] << " " << d[i] << endl;
                q.push(i);
                d[i] = d[p]+1;
                //cout << d[i] << endl;
            }
        }
    }
    rep(i,n){
        cout << i+1 << " " << d[i] << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

C++: /**
 * Bredth first search.
 * graphs could be circular.
 */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int N = 101;
int adj[N][N] = {0};
int d[N] = {0};

void bfs(int n, int dd) {
	if (d[n] != -1) return;
	d[n] = dd++;
	int k = adj[n][0];
	for (int j=1;j<=k;j++) {
		bfs(adj[n][j], dd);
	}
}

int main()
{
	int n;
	cin >> n;
	for (int i=1;i<=n;i++){
		int j, k;
		cin >> j >> k;
		d[j]=-1;
		adj[j][0]=k;
		for (int m=1;m<=k;m++) {
			int a;
			cin >> a;
			adj[j][m]=a;
		}
	}

	bfs(1, 0);

	for (int i=1;i<=n;i++){
		cout << i << ' ' << d[i] << endl;
	}

	return 0;
}

C++: #include <bits/stdc++.h>

#define NIL -1
#define INF 1000000001

using namespace std;
void bfs(const vector<vector<int> > &adj, vector<int> &d, queue<int> node_visit){
    int current_node;
    while(!node_visit.empty()){
        current_node = node_visit.front();
        node_visit.pop();
        for(int i = 1;i < d.size();i++){
            if(adj[current_node][i] == 1 && d[i] == -1){
                d[i] = d[current_node]+1;
                node_visit.push(i);
            }
        }
    }
    
}
int main(){
    int num_node;
    int node_ind,node_deg,adj_node;
    scanf("%d",&num_node);

    vector<vector<int> > adj(num_node+1,vector<int>(num_node+1,0));
    queue<int> node_visit;
    vector<int> d(num_node+1,NIL);

    for(int i = 0; i < num_node;i++ ){
        scanf("%d %d",&node_ind,&node_deg);
        for(int j = 0;j < node_deg;j++){
            scanf("%d",&adj_node);
            adj[node_ind][adj_node] = 1;
        }
    }
   
    node_visit.push(1);
    d[1] = 0;
    bfs(adj,d,node_visit);
    for(int i = 1; i < num_node+1;i++){
        printf("%d %d\n",i,d[i]);
    }

    return 0;   
}

C++: #include<iostream>
#include<queue>

using namespace std;
static const int N = 100;
static const int INFTY = (1 << 21);

int n, M[N][N];
int d[N]; 
/* d[N] are distances which describe the state whether the node is already visited.
   if the value == INFTY, the edge is NOT yet visited.
 */

void bfs(int s) {
    queue<int> q;
    q.push(s);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) d[i] = INFTY;
    d[s] = 0;
    int u;
    while (!q.empty()) {
        u = q.front(); q.pop();
        for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {
            if (M[u][v] == 0) continue;
            if (d[v] != INFTY) continue;
            d[v] = d[u] + 1;
            q.push(v);
        }
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        cout << i+1 << " " << ( (d[i] == INFTY) ? (-1) : d[i] ) << endl;
    }
}

int main() {
    int u, k, v;
    
    cin >> n;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) M[i][j] = 0;
    }
    
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        cin >> u >> k;
        u--; // because the index is 0-origin!
        for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
            cin >> v;
            v--; // because the index is 0-origin!
            M[u][v] = 1; // edges between u and v are available (connected).
        }
    }
    
    bfs(0);
    
    return 0;
}