Go: package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"strconv"
)

type AdjacentList struct {
	matrix [][]int
}

func NewEmptyAdjacentList(dim int) *AdjacentList {
	matrix := make([][]int, dim)
	for i := 0; i < dim; i++ {
		matrix[i] = make([]int, dim)
	}
	return &AdjacentList{matrix: matrix}
}

func (al *AdjacentList) set(node int, adjacent int) {
	al.matrix[node-1][adjacent-1] = 1
}

func (al *AdjacentList) findAdjacentsFor(node int) []int {
	adjacents := []int{}
	for i, v := range al.matrix[node-1] {
		if v == 1 {
			adjacents = append(adjacents, i+1)
		}
	}
	return adjacents
}

type DistanceList struct {
	list []int
}

func NewDistanceList(dim int) *DistanceList {
	list := make([]int, dim)
	for i := 0; i < dim; i++ {
		list[i] = -1
	}
	return &DistanceList{list: list}
}

func (dl *DistanceList) set(node int, distance int) {
	dl.list[node-1] = distance
}

func (dl *DistanceList) get(node int) int {
	return dl.list[node-1]
}

func (dl *DistanceList) isVisited(node int) bool {
	return dl.list[node-1] >= 0
}

type Position struct {
	node     int
	distance int
}

func main() {
	sc := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
	sc.Split(bufio.ScanWords)

	dim, err := nextInt(sc)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	al := NewEmptyAdjacentList(dim)

	for i := 1; i <= dim; i++ {
		node, err := nextInt(sc)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}

		adjacentNum, err := nextInt(sc)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		for j := 0; j < adjacentNum; j++ {
			adjacent, err := nextInt(sc)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			al.set(node, adjacent)
		}
	}

	dl := NewDistanceList(dim)

	bfs(al, dl)

	for i := 1; i <= dim; i++ {
		fmt.Printf("%d %d\n", i, dl.get(i))
	}
}

func bfs(al *AdjacentList, dl *DistanceList) {
	stack := []Position{Position{node: 1, distance: 0}}
	for len(stack) > 0 {
		currentPosition := stack[0]
		stack = stack[1:]
		if !dl.isVisited(currentPosition.node) {
			dl.set(currentPosition.node, currentPosition.distance)
		}
		for _, v := range al.findAdjacentsFor(currentPosition.node) {
			if !dl.isVisited(v) {
				stack = append(stack, Position{node: v, distance: currentPosition.distance + 1})
			}
		}
	}
}

func nextInt(sc *bufio.Scanner) (int, error) {
	sc.Scan()
	return strconv.Atoi(sc.Text())
}

C++: #include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
#define mod 1000000007
#define MAX 105
#define BLACK 0
#define GRAY 1
#define WHITE 2

int n;
int G[MAX][MAX];
int d[MAX], color[MAX];

void init();
void bfs();

int main(){
    cin >> n;
    init();

    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
        int u,k; cin >> u >> k;
        for(int j = 0; j < k; j++){
            int v; cin >> v;
            G[u-1][v-1] = 1;
        }
    }

    bfs();

    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
        cout << i+1 << " " << d[i] << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

void init(){
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
        d[i] = -1;
        color[i] = WHITE;
        for(int j = 0; j < n; j++){
            G[i][j] = 0;
        }
    }
}

void bfs(){
    queue<int> Q;
    int now = 0;
    color[now] = GRAY; d[now] = 0;
    Q.push(now);

    while (!Q.empty()){
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
            if(color[i] == WHITE && G[now][i] == 1){
                Q.push(i); color[i] = GRAY; d[i] = d[now]+1;
            }
        }
        Q.pop(); now = Q.front(); color[now] = BLACK;
    }

}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <queue>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

static const int MAX = 100;
static const int INFTY = (1<<21);

// 幅優先探索
// 最短距離を求める。

struct Node
{
    // 頂点 0オリジン
    int id;
    // 頂点1からの距離。たどり着けない場合はINFTY
    int direction;
};

int M[MAX][MAX] = { 0 };
Node nodes[MAX];

void initNodes(Node *nodes, int len)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
    {
        nodes[i].id = i;
        nodes[i].direction = INFTY;
    }
    // nodes[0]は頂点1で、ここから開始するのでdirecton=0にする
    nodes[0].direction = 0;
}

// s 始点0オリジン
// n 頂点数
void depthFirstSearch(int s, int n)
{
    queue<Node> q;
    q.push(nodes[s]);

    while (!q.empty())
    {
        // c++のqueueはpopで値を返さない。先頭の参照を取得後、popで削除。
        Node uNode = q.front(); q.pop();
        // ここで訪問完了

        for (int v = 0; v < n; v++)
        {
            if (M[uNode.id][v] == 0) continue;     // 行き先がない。
            if (nodes[v].direction != INFTY) continue;   // すでに到達しているのでスキップ

            // u->vで、頂点uが保持している距離+1をnodes[v]に入れる
            nodes[v].direction = nodes[uNode.id].direction + 1;

            // 頂点uに隣接するvがここでキューに入る。
            // for文なので、このループで隣接する頂点がキューに入る。
            q.push(nodes[v]);
        }
    }
}

void printNodes(Node *nodes, int n)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        int val = nodes[i].direction == INFTY ? -1 : nodes[i].direction;
        cout << nodes[i].id + 1 << " " << val << endl;
    }
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    cin.tie(0);
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);

    int n;
    cin >> n;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        int u, k;
        cin >> u; // 頂点番号
        cin >> k; // 次数
        for (int j = 0; j < k; j++)
        {
            int v;
            cin >> v;
            M[u-1][v-1] = 1;
        }
    }

    initNodes(nodes, MAX);
    depthFirstSearch(0, n); //始点0 = 頂点1から探索開始
    printNodes(nodes, n);
    return 0;
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cmath>
#include <cctype>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <queue>
#include <stack>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>

using namespace std;
using ll = long long int;
#define rep(i,n) for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
#define FOR(i, a, b)  for(int i = (a); i < (b) ; i++)

#define pb push_back
#define SORT(v,n) sort(v, v+n)
#define ALL(x) (x).begin(),(x).end()
#define debug(x) cerr << #x << ": " << x << '\n'
#define elif else if
#define itn ll
#define int ll
const int INF = 100100100;
const int MOD = (int)1e9 + 7;
const double EPS = 1e-9;
///                →,↑,←,↓,↗,↖,↙,↘
int dx[8] = { 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, -1, 1 };
int dy[8] = { 0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1 };

static const int N = 100;
int d[N];
int n,M[N][N];

void dfs() {
	queue<int> q;
	q.push(0);
	int i;
	rep(i, n) d[i] = INF;
	d[0] = 0;
	while (!q.empty()) {
		int u = q.front();
		q.pop();
		int v;
		rep(v, n) {
			if (M[u][v] == 0) continue;
			if (d[v] != INF) continue;
			d[v] = d[u] + 1;
			q.push(v);
		}
	}
	rep(u, n) {
		cout << u + 1 << ' ' << ((d[u] == INF) ? (-1) : d[u]) << '\n';
	}
}

signed main() {
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	cin >> n;
	int i;
	rep(i, n) {
		int u, k, v;
		cin >> u >> k;
		u--;
		int j;
		rep(j, k) {
			cin >> v;
			v--;
			M[u][v] = 1;
		}
	}
	dfs();
	return 0;
}

C++: #include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;

struct VRTX {
	int v[101] = {}, dist = -1;
};

int n, curdist = 0;
VRTX u[101];

void breadthFirstSearch(int x, int dist);

int main() {
	int i, j, id, dim;
	
	cin >> n;
	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		cin >> id >> dim;
		for (j = 0; j < dim; j++) {
			cin >> u[id].v[j];
		}
	}

	breadthFirstSearch(1, 0);

	for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
		cout << i << " " << u[i].dist << endl;
	}

	return 0;
}

void breadthFirstSearch(int x, int dist) {
	int i, nextdist;

	if (u[x].dist == -1)u[x].dist = dist;
	else if (u[x].dist <= dist)return;
	else u[x].dist = dist;
	
	i = 0;
	nextdist = u[x].dist + 1;
	while (u[x].v[i] != 0) {
		breadthFirstSearch(u[x].v[i], nextdist);
		i++;
	}
}