Go: package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"strconv"
)

const (
	MAX_N      = 200
	MAX_WEIGHT = 2000
)

type Edge struct {
	start  int
	end    int
	weight int
}

type ShortestInfo struct {
	edges    []Edge
	shortest int
}

func main() {
	sc := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
	sc.Split(bufio.ScanWords)

	n, err := nextInt(sc)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	shortestList := make([]ShortestInfo, n)
	for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
		shortestList[i] = ShortestInfo{edges: []Edge{}, shortest: MAX_N*MAX_WEIGHT + 1}
	}

	adjacentMatrix := make([][]int, n)
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		adjacentMatrix[i] = make([]int, n)
		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
			v, err := nextInt(sc)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			adjacentMatrix[i][j] = v
		}
	}

	mst([]int{1}, shortestList, adjacentMatrix)
	fmt.Println(shortestList)
	fmt.Println(calculateMinWeight(shortestList))
}

func calculateMinWeight(shortestList []ShortestInfo) int {
	visitedList := make([]bool, len(shortestList))
	visitedList[0] = true
	sumWeight := 0
	for !visitedAll(visitedList) {
		shortestInfo := shortestList[0]
		shortestList = shortestList[1:]
		edges := shortestInfo.edges
		for _, edge := range edges {
			if !visitedList[edge.end-1] {
				visitedList[edge.end-1] = true
				sumWeight += edge.weight
			}
		}
	}
	return sumWeight
}

func visitedAll(visitedList []bool) bool {
	for _, v := range visitedList {
		if !v {
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

func mst(nodeStack []int, shortestList []ShortestInfo, adjacentMatrix [][]int) {
	for len(nodeStack) > 0 {
		currentNode := nodeStack[0]
		nodeStack = nodeStack[1:]
		currentShortest := getShortest(currentNode, shortestList)
		adjacents := findAdjacents(currentNode, adjacentMatrix)
		for i := 0; i < len(adjacents); i++ {
			adj := adjacents[i]
			s := getShortest(adj.end, shortestList)
			if currentShortest.shortest+adj.weight < s.shortest || (currentShortest.shortest+adj.weight == s.shortest && len(currentShortest.edges)+1 > len(s.edges)) {
				setShortest(adj.end, adj, currentShortest, shortestList)
				nodeStack = append(nodeStack, adj.end)
			}
		}
	}
}

func getShortest(node int, shortestList []ShortestInfo) ShortestInfo {
	return shortestList[node-1]
}

func setShortest(node int, edge Edge, currentShortest ShortestInfo, shortestList []ShortestInfo) {
	newEdges := make([]Edge, len(currentShortest.edges)+1)
	for i := 0; i < len(newEdges)-1; i++ {
		newEdges[i] = currentShortest.edges[i]
	}
	newEdges[len(newEdges)-1] = edge
	shortestInfo := ShortestInfo{edges: newEdges, shortest: currentShortest.shortest + edge.weight}
	shortestList[node-1] = shortestInfo
}

func findAdjacents(currentNode int, adjacentMatrix [][]int) []Edge {
	adjacents := adjacentMatrix[currentNode-1]
	edges := []Edge{}
	for i, v := range adjacents {
		if v > 0 {
			edges = append(edges, Edge{start: currentNode, end: i + 1, weight: v})
		}
	}
	return edges
}

func nextInt(sc *bufio.Scanner) (int, error) {
	sc.Scan()
	return strconv.Atoi(sc.Text())
}

C++: #include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>

static const int MAX_NUM  = 101;
static const int NO_VISIT  = 0;
static const int NOW_VISIT = 1;
static const int END_VISIT = 2;

void MPT(int *pElem, int num)
{
    int i;
    int mincost;
    int target;
    int parent[MAX_NUM];
    int cost[MAX_NUM];
    int state[MAX_NUM] = {0};
    int *tmp;
    int total = 0;

    for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
        parent[i] = -1;
        cost[i]   = 0x7FFFFFFF;
    }

    cost[0] = 0;

    for (;;) {
        mincost = 0x7FFFFFFF;
        for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
            if ((state[i] != END_VISIT) && (mincost > cost[i])) {
                target  = i;
                mincost = cost[i];
            }
        }
        if (mincost == 0x7FFFFFFF) {
            break;
        }

        tmp = pElem + target * MAX_NUM;
        for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
            if (*(tmp + i) < cost[i]) {
                cost[i]   = *(tmp + i);
                parent[i] = target;
                state[i]  = NOW_VISIT;
            }
        }
        state[target] = END_VISIT;
        total += cost[target];
    }

    printf("%d\n", total);

    return;
}

int main(void)
{
    int i, j;
    int num;
    int tmp;
    int elem[MAX_NUM][MAX_NUM];

    scanf("%d", &num);
    for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < num; j++) {
            scanf("%d", &tmp);
            elem[i][j] = (tmp != -1) ? tmp : 0x7FFFFFFF;
        }
    }

    MPT(&elem[0][0], num);

    return 0;
}

C++: #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
static const int INF =1000000;
static const int WHITE =0;
static const int GRAY =1;
static const int BLACK =2;
static const int N =100;

int n,A[N][N];

int d[N],p[N],color[N];

int prim(){
  //初期化
   for(int i =0;i<n;i++){
     color[i] =WHITE;
     d[i] = INF;
   }
  int mincost,u;
   d[0]=0;
   p[0]=-1;

   int sum =0;

   while(1){
     int mincost = INF;
     for (int i =0;i<n;i++){
       if(color[i]!=BLACK && d[i] < mincost){
         mincost = d[i];
         u =i;
       }
     }
     if(mincost == INF) break;
     sum += mincost;
     color[u] = BLACK;
     for(int j =0;j<n;j++){
       if(color[j] != BLACK && A[u][j] != INF){
         if(A[u][j] < d[j]){
           d[j] =A[u][j];
           p[j] =u;
           color[j] = GRAY;
         }
       }
     }
   }
   return sum;
}

int main(){
  cin >> n;

  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    for(int j =0;j<n;j++){
      cin >> A[i][j];
      if(A[i][j]==-1){
        A[i][j] = INF;
      }
    }
  }
  cout << prim() << endl;

  return 0;
}

C++: // J4180449 三宅亮輔
// 問題名
// - Disjoint Set
// 問題URL
// - https://onlinejudge.u-aizu.ac.jp/problems/DSL_1_A
// 所要時間
// - 30分
// 学んだこと
//  Union Find木の実装方法
//  蟻本を読んでroot関数にparの値を追加することが有効であると理解した。
//  アッカーマン関数の逆関数のオーダーになることがわかった。

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

typedef long long ll;
typedef pair<int, int> P;

vector<P> v;
int n, q;

int par[100];

int root(int a) {
    if(a == par[a])
        return a;
    return par[a] = root(par[a]);
}

bool same(int a, int b) { return root(a) == root(b); }

void unite(int a, int b) {
    a = root(a);
    b = root(b);
    par[a] = b;
}

int main() {
    int ans = 0;
    cin >> n;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        par[i] = i;

    for(int i = 0; i < n * n; i++) {
        int a;
        cin >> a;
        v.push_back(P(a, i));
    }
    sort(v.begin(), v.end());

    for(int i = 0; i < n * n; i++) {
        if(v[i].first != -1) {
            int x = v[i].second % n;
            int y = v[i].second / n;
            if(!same(x, y)) {
                unite(x, y);
                ans += v[i].first;
            }
        }
    }

    cout << ans << endl;
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <limits.h>
using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	int n, now = 0, flag[101] = {};
	long ans = 0, an[100][100], min[100];

	cin >> n;

	for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		for(int j = 0; j < n; j++)
			cin >> an[i][j];
		min[i] = LONG_MAX;
	}

	do {
		long key = LONG_MAX, key_i;
		flag[now] = 1;
		flag[100] = 0;

		for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			if(an[now][i] != -1 && an[now][i] < min[i] && flag[i] == 0)
				min[i] = an[now][i];
			if(flag[i] == 0 && min[i] < key) {
				key = min[i];
				key_i = i;
			}
			if(flag[i] == 1)
				flag[100]++;
		}

		now = key_i;
		ans += key;

	}while(flag[100] != n - 1);

	cout << ans << endl;

	return 0;
}