Go: package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"sort"
)

type Edge struct {
	I int
	J int
	A int
}

func main() {
	var n int
	fmt.Scan(&n)

	g := make([][]int, n)
	edges := make([]Edge, 0, n*(n-1)/2)
	parents := make([]int, n)
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		g[i] = make([]int, n)
		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
			fmt.Scan(&g[i][j])
			if g[i][j] >= 0 {
				edges = append(edges, Edge{i, j, g[i][j]})
			}
		}
		parents[i] = i
	}
	sort.SliceStable(edges, func(i, j int) bool { return edges[i].A >= edges[j].A })

	sum := 0
	num := 0
	for len(edges) > 0 && num < n-1 {
		edge := edges[len(edges)-1]
		edges = edges[:len(edges)-1]

		if same(edge.I, edge.J, &parents) {
			continue
		}
		union(edge.I, edge.J, &parents)
		sum += edge.A
		num += 1
	}
	fmt.Println(sum)
}



func root(id int, parents *[]int) int {
	if id == (*parents)[id] {
		return id
	}
	return root((*parents)[id], parents)
}

func union(i, j int, parents *[]int) {
	(*parents)[root(j, parents)] = (*parents)[root(i, parents)]
}

func same(i, j int, parents *[]int) bool {
	return root(i, parents) == root(j, parents)
}

C++: #include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<vector>
#include<functional>
using namespace std;

#if 0
所用時間: 1h

感想: 思ったより実装すべきコード量が多かった。DisjointSetは今後も使う機会が多そうなので、クラス化してみた。
Pの配列を動的に確保するよう工夫した、良い復習になった。

#endif

int N, buff, M = 0, SUM = 0, A[101][101], cost[5000], dpt[5000], dst[5000];//A[Y][X]
vector<pair<int, int> > edges;

class disjointSet {
private:
    int* P;
    
public:
    disjointSet(){
        P = new int[100000];
    }
    disjointSet(int N){     
        P = new int[N];
    }
    ~disjointSet(){
        delete[] P;
    }

    void init(int N){ //木構造の初期化
        for(int i = 0; i <= N; ++i){
            P[i] = i;
        }
    }

    int root(int a){ //根の参照
        if(P[a] == a) return a;
        return (P[a] = root(P[a]));
    }

    bool is_same_set(int a, int b){ //同じ根か?
        return root(a) == root(b);
    }

    void unite(int a, int b){
        P[root(a)] = root(b); //aのrootをbの子にする
    }
};


void preprocess(){//辺の前処理
  for(int r = 0; r < N; ++r){
    for(int c = r+1; c < N; ++c){
      if (A[r][c] > -1) {
        cost[M] = A[r][c];
        dpt[M] = r;
        dst[M] = c;
        M++;
      }
    }
  }

  //for(int i = 0; i < M; ++i) cout << cost[i] << endl;

  for(int i = 0; i < M; ++i){
    edges.push_back(make_pair(cost[i], i));
  }
  for(int i = 0; i < M; ++i) cout << edges[i].first << " " << edges[i].second << endl;

  sort(edges.begin(), edges.end());

  for(int i = 0; i < M; ++i) cout << edges[i].first << " " << edges[i].second << endl;

}

void solve(){
  disjointSet Union(100000);

  int ans = 0;
  preprocess();

  Union.init(N);

  for(int i = 0; i < M; ++i){
    int index = edges[i].second;
    if(Union.is_same_set(dpt[index], dst[index])) continue;
    else {
      Union.unite(dpt[index], dst[index]);
      cout << "unite " << dpt[index] << " and " << dst[index] << endl;
      ans += cost[index];
    }
  }
  cout << ans << endl;
}

int main(){

cin >> N;

for(int i = 0; i < N; ++i){
  for(int j = 0; j < N; ++j){
    cin >> buff;
    A[i][j] = buff;
    }
  }

  //行列の表示
  // cout << "Matrix:" << endl;
  // for(int row=0; row < N; ++row){
  //   for(int col = 0; col < N; ++col){
  //     cout << A[row][col];
  //   }
  //   cout << endl;
  // }

  solve();
}

C++: #include<stdio.h>

int field[110][110];
int selected[110] = { 0 };
int v;

int prim()
{
	int no_edge = 0;
	int weight = 0;
	selected[0] = 1;
	int x, y;

	while (no_edge < v - 1)
	{
		int min = 0x7fffffff;
		for (int i = 0; i < v; i++)
		{
			if (selected[i])
				for (int j = 0; j < v; j++)
				{
					if (!selected[j] && field[i][j] != -1)
						if (min > field[i][j])
						{
							min = field[i][j];
							x = i;
							y = j;
						}
				}
		}
		weight += field[x][y];
		no_edge++;
		selected[y] = 1;
	}
	return weight;
}

int main()
{
	scanf("%d", &v);
	for (int i = 0; i < v; i++)
		for (int j = 0; j < v; j++)
			scanf("%d", &field[i][j]);
	printf("%d\n", prim());
}

C++: #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int n;

int w[100][100];

int WHITE = 0;
int GRAY = 1;
int BLACK = 2;

int INFTY = 10000;

int color[100];
int d[100];
int p[100];

int prim() {
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    color[i] = WHITE;
    d[i] = INFTY;
  }

  d[0] = 0;
  p[0] = -1;
  int u;

  int sum = 0;

  while(1) {
    int mincost = INFTY;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      if (color[i] != BLACK && d[i] < mincost) {
        mincost = d[i];
        u = i;
      }
    }

    if (mincost == INFTY) {
      break;
    }

    sum += mincost;

    color[u] = BLACK;
    for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {
      if (color[v] != BLACK && w[u][v] != INFTY) {
        if(w[u][v] < d[v]) {
          d[v] = w[u][v];
          p[v] = u;
          color[v] = GRAY;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  return sum;
}

int main() {
  cin >> n;

  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      cin >> w[i][j];
      if(w[i][j] == -1) {
        w[i][j] = INFTY;
      }
    }
  }

  cout << prim() << endl;
}

C++: #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
static const int MAX = 100;
static const int INFTY = (1<<21);
static const int WHITE = 0;
static const int GLAY = 1;
static const int BLACK = 2;

int n, M[MAX][MAX];

int prim(){
    int u, minv;
    int d[MAX], p[MAX], color[MAX];
    
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++){
        d[i] = INFTY;
        p[i] = -1;
        color[i] = WHITE;
    }
    
    d[0] = 0;
    
    while(1){
        minv = INFTY;
        u = -1;
        for(int i = 0;i<n;i++){
            if(minv > d[i] && color[i] != BLACK){
                u = i;
                minv = d[i];
            }
        }
        if(u == -1) break;
        color[u] = BLACK;
        for(int v = 0; v<n; v++){
            if(color[v] !=BLACK && M[u][v] != INFTY){
                if(d[v]>M[u][v]){
                    d[v] = M[u][v];
                    p[v] = u;
                    color[v] = GLAY;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    int sum = 0;
    for(int i = 0;i < n; i++){
        if(p[i] != -1) sum += M[i][p[i]];
    }
    
    return sum;
}

int main(){
    cin >> n;
    
    for( int i = 0;i < n;i++){
        for( int j = 0; j < n; j++){
            int e; cin >> e;
            M[i][j] = (e == -1) ? INFTY : e;
        }
    }

    cout << prim() << endl;
    
    return 0;
    
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <algorithm>
#define MAX 22500
#define rep(i,p) for(int i=0;i<p;i++)
#define rep1(i,p) for(int i=1;i<=p;i++)
using namespace std;
int n,temp,a,b,size,ra,rb;
int A[MAX];
int B[MAX];
int W[MAX];
int V[MAX];
pair<int,int> edge[MAX];
int root (int child) {
  int a = child;
  while (V[a] != a) {
    a = V[a];
  }
  return a;
}
int main(){
  size = 0;
  cin >> n;
  rep(i,n) {
    rep(j,n) {
      cin >> W[size];
      if (i <= j && W[size] != -1) { 
        A[size] = i;
        B[size] = j;        
        edge[size].first = W[size];
        edge[size].second = size;
        size++;
      }
    }
  }
  // rep(i,size) {
  //   cout << A[edge[i].second] << " " << B[edge[i].second]
  //        << " " << edge[i].first << endl;;
  // }
  // sort by lenght of edge
  sort(edge, edge+size);
  
  int sum = 0;
  rep(i,n) V[i] = i;
  rep(i,size) {
    temp = edge[i].second;
    // a , b : vertex
    a = A[temp];
    b = B[temp];
    ra = root(a);
    rb = root(b);
    if (ra != rb) {
      // ?????????????????????
      sum += edge[i].first;
      V[ra] = rb;
    }
  }
  cout << sum << endl;
  return 0;
}