Go: package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"bufio"
	"os"
	"strconv"
)

const (
	white int = iota
	gray
	black
)
const INFTY int = 2001

var G [][]int
var color []int
var d []int
var p []int
var N int

func prim() int {
	u := 0
	d[u] = 0
	for {
		minCost := INFTY
		for i:=0; i<N; i++ {
			if color[i] != black && d[i] < minCost {
				minCost = d[i]
				u = i
			}
		}

		if minCost == INFTY {
			break
		}

		color[u] = black

		for v:=0; v<N; v++ {
			if color[v] != black && G[u][v] != -1 {
				if G[u][v] < d[v] {
					d[v] = G[u][v]
					p[v] = u
					color[v] = gray
				}
			}
		}
	}
	// sum
	sum := 0
	for i:=0; i<N; i++ {
		if p[i] != -1 {
			sum += G[i][p[i]]
		}
	}
	return sum
}




func initVariable(N int) {
	G = make([][]int, N)
	for i:=0; i<N; i++ {
		G[i] = make([]int, N)
	}
	color = make([]int, N)
	d = make([]int, N)
	p = make([]int, N)
	for i:=0; i<N; i++ {
		d[i] = INFTY
		p[i] = -1
	}
}

func nextInt(scanner *bufio.Scanner) int {
	scanner.Scan()
	num, _ := strconv.Atoi(scanner.Text())
	return num
}

func main() {
	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
	scanner.Split(bufio.ScanWords)
	N = nextInt(scanner)
	initVariable(N)
	for i:=0; i<N; i++ {
		for j:=0; j<N; j++ {
			G[i][j] = nextInt(scanner)
		}
	}
	fmt.Printf("%d\n", prim())
}

C++: #include<iostream>
using namespace std;

static const int MAX = 100;
static const int INFTY = (1<<21);
static const int WHITE = 0;
static const int GRAY = 1;
static const int BLACK = 2;

int n, M[MAX][MAX];

int prim()
{
  int u, minv=0;
  int d[MAX], p[MAX], color[MAX];

  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++ )
  {
    d[i] = INFTY;
    p[i] = -1;
    color[i] = WHITE;
  }

  d[0] = 0;

  while ( 1 )
  {
    minv = INFTY;
    u = -1;
    for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ )
    {
      if ( minv > d[i] && color[i] != BLACK )
      {
        u = i;
        minv = d[i];
      }
    }
    if (u == -1) break;
    color [u] = BLACK;
    for (int k = 0; k < n; k++ )
    {
      if ( color[k] != BLACK && M[u][k] != INFTY )
      {
        if( d[k] > M[u][k] )
        {
          d[k]=M[u][k];
          p[k]=u;
          color[k] = GRAY;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  int sum = 0;
  for ( int i = 0; i< n; i++ )
  {
    if ( p[i] != -1 ) sum += M[i][p[i]];
  }
  return sum;
}

int main()
{
  cin >> n;
  for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ )
  {
    for ( int j = 0; j < n; j++ )
    {
      int e; cin >> e;
      M[i][j] = (e == -1) ? INFTY : e;
    }
  }
  cout << prim() << endl;
  return 0;
}

C++: #include <bits/stdc++.h>
#define rep(i, n) for (ll i = 0; i < (ll)n; i++)
#define PI 3.14159265358979323846
#define vll vector<long long>
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;
using ld = long double;

// -------------------------------------------------
class UnionFind {
private:
  ll n;
  vll P;
  ll root(ll x);
  void setN(ll N);
  void init();

public:
  UnionFind(ll N);
  void unite(ll x, ll y);
  bool same(ll x, ll y);
};

// コンストラクタ
UnionFind::UnionFind(ll N) {
  setN(N);
  init();
}

// nを変更
void UnionFind::setN(ll N) { n = N; }

// Union-Find Treeを初期化する
void UnionFind::init() {
  P.clear();
  rep(i, n) { P.push_back(i); }
}

// 根の値を返す
ll UnionFind::root(ll x) {
  if (P[x] == x) { return x; }
  return (P[x] = root(P[x])); // パス圧縮しつつ返す
}

// 木を結合する（rankはとりあえず無視）
void UnionFind::unite(ll x, ll y) { P[root(x)] = root(y); }

// xとyが同じ集合にあるか判別
bool UnionFind::same(ll x, ll y) {
  if (root(x) == root(y)) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}
// -------------------------------------------------

// ----本問について----
// 問題：最小全域木
// 問題文URL：https://onlinejudge.u-aizu.ac.jp/problems/ALDS1_12_A
// 所要時間：
// 学んだこと：
// ------------------

// ----ここから本問のソースコード----

struct edge {
  ll w, s, e; // weight, start, end

  edge(ll W, ll S, ll E) {
    w = W;
    s = S;
    e = E;
  }
};

bool cmpI(const edge &a, const edge &b) { return a.w < b.w; }

// グローバル変数（入力）
ll n;
vector<vll> A;

// 隣接行列から辺の情報を取り出す
vector<edge> MakeEdges() {
  vector<edge> edges;
  rep(i, n) {
    for (ll j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
      if (A[i][j] != -1) { edges.push_back(edge(A[i][j], i, j)); }
    }
  }
  return edges;
}

// 入力
void input() {
  cin >> n;
  rep(i, n) {
    vll a(n);
    rep(j, n) { cin >> a[j]; }
    A.push_back(a);
  }
}

// 最小全域木の重みの合計を求める（クラスカル法）．
void solve() {
  vector<edge> edges = MakeEdges();
  // 辺を重みをキーに昇順ソート
  sort(edges.begin(), edges.end(), cmpI);
  UnionFind u(n);
  ll ans = 0;
  rep(i, edges.size()) {
    if (!u.same(edges[i].s, edges[i].e)) { // 閉路ができない
      u.unite(edges[i].s, edges[i].e);
      ans += edges[i].w;
    }
  }
  cout << ans << endl;
}

int main() {
  input();
  solve();
  return 0;
}

C++: #include <queue>
#include <cstdio>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main(){
	int n;
	scanf("%d", &n);
	vector<vector<short>> dist(n, vector<short>(n));
	for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
		for(int j = 0; j < n; j++){
			scanf("%hd", &dist[i][j]);
			dist[i][j] = dist[i][j] < 0 ? 10000 : dist[i][j];
		}
	}
	
	vector<bool> visited(n, false);
	priority_queue<pair<short,int>, vector<pair<short,int>>, greater<pair<short,int>>> q;
	q.push(make_pair(0, 0));
	
	int ans = 0;
	while(q.size()){
		pair<short,int> edge = q.top();
		q.pop();
		if(visited[edge.second]) continue;
		ans += edge.first;
		visited[edge.second] = true;
		for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
			if(!visited[i]){
				q.push(make_pair(dist[i][edge.second], i));
			}
		}
	}
	
	printf("%d\n", ans);
}

C++: #include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef	tuple<int,int,int>T;
typedef vector<T>VT;
int main(void){
	int n;
	int box[101][101];
	int i,j;
	int per[101];
	int ran[101];
	int x,y;
	int sum;
	VT v;
	cin>>n;
	for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
		for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
			cin>>box[i][j];
		}
	}
	for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
		for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
			if(box[i][j]!=-1){
				v.push_back(make_tuple(box[i][j],i,j));
			}
		}
	}
	sort(v.begin(),v.end());
	for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
		per[i]=i;
		ran[i]=1;
	}
	sum=0;
	for(i=0;i<v.size();i++){
		x=get<1>(v[i]);
		y=get<2>(v[i]);
		while(x!=per[x])	x=per[x];
		while(y!=per[y])	y=per[y];
		if(x!=y){
			sum+=get<0>(v[i]);
			if(ran[x]>ran[y])		per[y]=x;
			else if(ran[x]<ran[y])	per[x]=y;
			else{
				per[x]=y;
				ran[x]++;
			}
		}
	}
	cout<<sum<<endl;
	return 0;
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <climits>
using namespace std;

int n;
int g[101][101];

int d[101];
char c[101];
int p[101];

void prim() {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        d[i] = INT_MAX;
        c[i] = 'w';
    }
    c[0] = 'b';
    d[0] = 0;
    while (true) {
        int u, v;
        int mine = INT_MAX;
        for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
            if (c[j] == 'b') {
                u = j;
                for (int k = 0; k < n; ++k) {
                    if(g[u][k] > -1 && g[u][k] <= d[k] && c[k] != 'b' && g[u][k] <= mine) {
                        d[k] = g[u][k];
                        mine = d[k];
                        v = k;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        p[v] = u;
        c[v] = 'b';
        if(mine == INT_MAX) break;
    }
}

int main() {
    cin >> n;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
            int w;
            cin >> w;
            g[i][j] = w;
        }
    }
    prim();
    int sum = 0;
    for (int k = 0; k < n; ++k) {
        sum += d[k];
    }
    cout << sum << endl;


    return 0;
}