Go: package main

import (
	"sort"
	"bufio"
	"os"
	"fmt"
	"strconv"
)

// Define disjoint-set forests

type vertexNo int

type vertex struct {
	number vertexNo
	rank int
	parent *vertex
}

func makeSet(number vertexNo) vertex {
	return vertex {
		number: number,
		rank: 0,
		parent: nil,
	}
}

func union(x, y *vertex) *vertex {
	return link(findSet(x), findSet(y))
}

func link(x, y *vertex) *vertex {
	if x.rank > y.rank {
		y.parent = x
		return x
	} else {
		x.parent = y
		if x.rank == y.rank {
			y.rank += 1
		}
		return y
	}
}

func findSet(v *vertex) *vertex {
	if v.parent == nil {
		return v
	}
	v.parent = findSet(v.parent)
	return v.parent
}

// Function to calculate minimum spanning tree

type matrix [][]int

type edge struct {
	one vertexNo
	two vertexNo
	weight int
}

const(
	MAX_VERTICES = 100
)

func newEdgesFromMatrix(matrix matrix) []edge {
	edges := make([]edge, 0, MAX_VERTICES * MAX_VERTICES)

	for i := 0; i < len(matrix); i++ {
		row := matrix[i]
		for j := i; j < len(row); j++ {
			if row[j] >= 0 {
				edge := edge{one: vertexNo(i+1), two: vertexNo(j+1), weight: row[j]}
				edges = append(edges, edge)
			}
		}
	}

	return edges
}

func solve(matrix matrix) int {
	nVertices := len(matrix)

	// initialize vertices
	vertices := make([]vertex, nVertices)
	for i := 0; i < nVertices; i++ {
		vertices[i] = makeSet(vertexNo(i+1))
	}

	// prepare edges sorted in the ascending order of weight
	edges := newEdgesFromMatrix(matrix)
	sort.Slice(edges, func(i, j int) bool {
		return edges[i].weight < edges[j].weight
	})

	unionCount := 0
	weightSum := 0
	for unionCount < nVertices-1 {
		for i := 0; i < len(edges); i++ {
			edge := edges[i]
			v1 := &vertices[edge.one-1]
			v2 := &vertices[edge.two-1]
			rep1 := findSet(v1)
			rep2 := findSet(v2)
			if rep1.number == rep2.number {
				continue
			}
			union(rep1, rep2)
			edges = append(edges[0:i], edges[i+1:]...)
			weightSum += edge.weight
			unionCount++
			break
		}
	}

	return weightSum
}

// main

func main() {
	sc := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
	sc.Split(bufio.ScanWords)

	n, err := nextInt(sc)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	matrix := parseMatrix(n, sc)

	edges := newEdgesFromMatrix(matrix)
	sort.Slice(edges, func(i, j int) bool {
		return edges[i].weight < edges[j].weight
	})

	fmt.Println(solve(matrix))
}

func parseMatrix(n int, sc *bufio.Scanner) [][]int {
	matrix := make([][]int, n)
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		matrix[i] = make([]int, n)
		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
			x, err := nextInt(sc)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			matrix[i][j] = x
		}
	}
	return matrix
}

func nextText(sc *bufio.Scanner) string {
	sc.Scan()
	return sc.Text()
}

func nextInt(sc *bufio.Scanner) (int, error) {
	return strconv.Atoi(nextText(sc))
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <queue>
#define to first
#define cost second
const int inf=1e9+7;
using namespace std;
int main(){

  int n,tmp,r=0,flag[100]={},v=0;
  cin>>n;
  vector <pair<int,int> > gl[n];
  priority_queue <pair<int,int> ,vector<pair<int,int> >, greater<pair<int,int> > >q;
  //for(int i=1;i<n;i++) mincost[i]=inf;                                                                                                                                                       

  for(int i=0;i<n;i++) for(int j=0;j<n&&cin>>tmp;j++) if(tmp!=-1) gl[i].push_back(make_pair(j,tmp));
  int now=0;
  for(int j=0;j<n-1;j++){
    for(int i=0;i<gl[now].size();i++) if(!flag[gl[now][i].to]) q.push(make_pair(gl[now][i].cost,gl[now][i].to));
    flag[now]=1;
    // cout<<now<<" "<<q.top().first<<endl;                                                                                                                                                    
    for(;flag[q.top().second]||q.empty();) q.pop();
    if(q.empty()) break;
    r+=q.top().first;
    now=q.top().second;
    q.pop();
  }
  cout<<r<<endl;
  return 0;

}

C++: #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;

enum state { New, Working, Done };

int main()
{
	int n;
	cin >> n;
	vector<vector<int>> am(n, vector<int>(n));
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) cin >> am[i][j];
	}

	vector<int> d(n, INT_MAX), p(n, INT_MAX);
	vector<state> status(n);
	d[0] = 0;
	p[0] = -1;
	status[0] = Working;
	while (true) {
		int minv = INT_MAX;
		int node = -1;
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			if (d[i] < minv && status[i] != Done) {
				minv = d[i];
				node = i;
			}
		}
		if (node == -1) break;
		status[node] = Done;
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			if (am[node][i] != -1 && am[node][i] < d[i] && status[i] != Done) {
				d[i] = am[node][i];
				p[i] = node;
				status[i] = Working;
			}
		}
	}
	cout << accumulate(d.begin(), d.end(), 0) << endl;
}

C++: #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define FOR(i,a,b) for(int i=(a);i<(b);++i)
#define rep(i,n)   FOR(i,0,n)
#define pb emplace_back
typedef long long ll;
typedef pair<int,int> pint;

const int MAX_N=101;
struct edge{
    int src,dst,cost;
    edge(int src,int dst,int cost):
    src(src),dst(dst),cost(cost){}
    };
bool operator < (const edge &m,const edge &f){
    return m.cost!=f.cost?m.cost<f.cost:
    m.src!=f.src?m.src<f.src:m.dst<f.dst;
}
struct UnionFind{
    int par[MAX_N],rank[MAX_N]; 
    void init(int n){
        for (int i=0;i<n;i++){par[i]=i;rank[i]=0;}
    } 
    int find(int x){
        if (x==par[x]) return (x);
        return (par[x]=find(par[x]));
    }
    void unite(int x, int y){
        x=find(x);y=find(y);       
        if(x==y) return;
        if(rank[x]<rank[y]){par[x]=y;}
        else{par[y]=x;if(rank[x]==rank[y]) rank[x]++;}
    } 
    bool same(int x, int y){return (find(x) == find(y));} 
};
vector<edge> ve;
int n;
int kruskal(){
    sort(ve.begin(),ve.end());
    UnionFind uf;
    uf.init(n);
    int res=0;
    rep(i,ve.size()){
        edge m=ve[i];
        if(!uf.same(m.src,m.dst)){
            uf.unite(m.src,m.dst);
            res +=m.cost;
        }
    }
    return res;
}
int main(){
    cin>>n;
    int a;
    rep(i,n){
        rep(j,n){
            cin>>a;
            if(a!=-1) ve.pb(edge(i,j,a));
        }
    }
    cout<<kruskal()<<endl;
    return 0;
}

C++: #include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
using namespace std;
enum COLOR{WHITE, BLACK};

struct Edge{
    int w, i, j;
    Edge(int w_, int i_, int j_) : w(w_), i(i_), j(j_) {}
    bool operator< (const Edge& right) const{
        return w > right.w;
    }
};

int main(){
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    vector<vector<int> > G(n, vector<int>(n));
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            cin >> G[i][j];
            if (G[i][j] == -1) G[i][j] = 1e8;
        }
    }
    vector<COLOR> state(n, WHITE);
    priority_queue<Edge> prim;
    state[0] = BLACK;
    int sum = 0;
    int idx_new_gray = 0;
    for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            if (state[j] != WHITE) continue;
            prim.push(Edge(G[idx_new_gray][j], idx_new_gray, j));
        }
        while (state[prim.top().j] == BLACK) prim.pop();
        sum += G[prim.top().i][prim.top().j];
        state[prim.top().j] = BLACK;
        idx_new_gray = prim.top().j;
        prim.pop();
    }
    cout << sum << endl;
    return 0;
}