Go: package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"strconv"
)

const (
	MAX_N      = 200
	MAX_WEIGHT = 2000
)

type Edge struct {
	start  int
	end    int
	weight int
}

type ShortestInfo struct {
	edges    []Edge
	shortest int
}

func main() {
	sc := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
	sc.Split(bufio.ScanWords)

	n, err := nextInt(sc)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	shortestList := make([]ShortestInfo, n)
	for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
		shortestList[i] = ShortestInfo{edges: []Edge{}, shortest: MAX_N*MAX_WEIGHT + 1}
	}

	adjacentMatrix := make([][]int, n)
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		adjacentMatrix[i] = make([]int, n)
		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
			v, err := nextInt(sc)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			adjacentMatrix[i][j] = v
		}
	}

	mst([]int{1}, shortestList, adjacentMatrix)
	fmt.Println(shortestList)
	fmt.Println(calculateMinWeight(shortestList))
}

func calculateMinWeight(shortestList []ShortestInfo) int {
	visitedList := make([]bool, len(shortestList))
	visitedList[0] = true
	sumWeight := 0
	for !visitedAll(visitedList) {
		shortestInfo := shortestList[0]
		shortestList = shortestList[1:]
		edges := shortestInfo.edges
		for _, edge := range edges {
			if !visitedList[edge.end-1] {
				visitedList[edge.end-1] = true
				sumWeight += edge.weight
			}
		}
	}
	return sumWeight
}

func visitedAll(visitedList []bool) bool {
	for _, v := range visitedList {
		if !v {
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

func mst(nodeStack []int, shortestList []ShortestInfo, adjacentMatrix [][]int) {
	for len(nodeStack) > 0 {
		currentNode := nodeStack[0]
		nodeStack = nodeStack[1:]
		currentShortest := getShortest(currentNode, shortestList)
		adjacents := findAdjacents(currentNode, adjacentMatrix)
		for i := 0; i < len(adjacents); i++ {
			adj := adjacents[i]
			s := getShortest(adj.end, shortestList)
			if currentShortest.shortest+adj.weight < s.shortest || (currentShortest.shortest+adj.weight == s.shortest && len(currentShortest.edges)+1 > len(s.edges)) {
				setShortest(adj.end, adj, currentShortest, shortestList)
				nodeStack = append(nodeStack, adj.end)
			}
		}
	}
}

func getShortest(node int, shortestList []ShortestInfo) ShortestInfo {
	return shortestList[node-1]
}

func setShortest(node int, edge Edge, currentShortest ShortestInfo, shortestList []ShortestInfo) {
	newEdges := make([]Edge, len(currentShortest.edges)+1)
	for i := 0; i < len(newEdges)-1; i++ {
		newEdges[i] = currentShortest.edges[i]
	}
	newEdges[len(newEdges)-1] = edge
	shortestInfo := ShortestInfo{edges: newEdges, shortest: currentShortest.shortest + edge.weight}
	shortestList[node-1] = shortestInfo
}

func findAdjacents(currentNode int, adjacentMatrix [][]int) []Edge {
	adjacents := adjacentMatrix[currentNode-1]
	edges := []Edge{}
	for i, v := range adjacents {
		if v > 0 {
			edges = append(edges, Edge{start: currentNode, end: i + 1, weight: v})
		}
	}
	return edges
}

func nextInt(sc *bufio.Scanner) (int, error) {
	sc.Scan()
	return strconv.Atoi(sc.Text())
}

C++: #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using Int = int_fast64_t;

class edge{
public:
	Int cost;
	size_t from, to;
	edge(Int c, size_t f, size_t t){
		cost = c;
		from = f;
		to = t;
	}
};
typedef vector<edge> edges;
typedef vector<edges> graph;
class unionfind{ // 0-indexed
public:
	vector<int> parent;
	vector<size_t> size;
	size_t num_of_disjointsets;
	unionfind(size_t n){
		parent.resize(n, -1);
		size.resize(n, 1);
		num_of_disjointsets = n;
	}

	size_t find(size_t x){
		if(parent[x] == -1) return x;
		return parent[x] = find(parent[x]);
	}

	size_t unite(size_t x, size_t y){
		x = find(x);
		y = find(y);
		if(x == y) return -1;
		if(size[x] < size[y]){
			parent[x] = y;
			size[y] += size[x];
			size[x] = 0;
			--num_of_disjointsets;
			return y;
		}else{
			parent[y] = x;
			size[x] += size[y];
			size[y] = 0;
			return x;
			--num_of_disjointsets;
		}
	}

	bool united(size_t x, size_t y){
		return find(x) == find(y);
	}
};
bool operator < (const edge &e, const edge &f){
	return e.cost != f.cost ? e.cost > f.cost : e.from != f.from ? e.from < f.from : e.to < f.to;
}
vector<edge> kruskal(graph &g){
	priority_queue<edge> pq;
	for(size_t i=0; i<g.size(); ++i)
		for(size_t j=0; j<g[i].size(); ++j)
			if(i < g[i][j].to)
				pq.push(g[i][j]);
	unionfind uf(g.size());
	vector<edge> res;
	while(!pq.empty()){
		edge e = pq.top(); pq.pop();
		if(!uf.united(e.from, e.to)){
			uf.unite(e.from, e.to);
			res.push_back(e);
		}
		if(uf.num_of_disjointsets == 1) break;
	}
	return res;
}

int main(){
	cin.tie(0);
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	Int n; cin >> n;
	graph g(n);
	for(Int i=0; i<n; ++i)
		for(Int j=0; j<n; ++j){
			Int a; cin >> a;
			if(a != -1){
				g[i].push_back(edge(a, i, j));
				g[j].push_back(edge(a, j, i));
			}
		}
	vector<edge> mst = kruskal(g);
	Int ans = 0;
	for(auto i:mst) ans += i.cost;
	cout << ans << "\n";
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <utility>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
int n;
int A[110][110];
int P[10010] = {0};
void init(int N){
	for(int i=0;i<=N;++i) P[i] = i;
}

int root(int a){
	if(P[a] == a) return a;
	return (P[a] = root(P[a]));
}

bool is_same_set(int a,int b){
	return root(a) == root(b);
}

void unite(int a, int b){
	P[root(a)] = root(b);
}


int main(){
	while(cin >> n && n>0){
		init(n);
		for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
			for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
				cin >> A[i][j];
			}
		}
		int cost[10000],src[10000],dst[10000];
		vector< pair<int,int> > edges;
		for(int r=0;r<n;r++){
			for(int c=r+1;c<n;c++){
				if(A[r][c] > -1){
					cost[M] = A[r][c];
					src[M] = r;
					dst[M] = c;
					//cout << cost[M] << endl;
					pair<int,int> edge = make_pair(cost[M],M);
					edges.push_back(edge);
					M++;
				}
			}
		}
		sort(edges.begin(),edges.end());
		long long  sum = 0;
		for(int i=0;i<M;i++){
			int n1 = src[edges[i].second],n2 = dst[edges[i].second];
			if(!is_same_set(n1,n2)){
				unite(n1,n2);
				sum += edges[i].first;
			}
		}
		cout << sum << endl;
	}
}

#if 0
所要時間は45分程度。クラスカル法を回す部分の実装に少し苦戦した。
#endif

C++: #include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <queue>
#include <vector>

using Edge = std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>;
using Graph = std::vector<std::vector<Edge>>;

int main() {
  uint32_t n = 0;
  std::cin >> n;
  Graph G(n);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (size_t j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      int32_t cost = 0;
      std::cin >> cost;
      if (cost != -1) G[i].push_back({j, cost});
    }
  }

  std::vector<uint32_t> min_cost(n, -1);
  min_cost[0] = 0;
  std::vector<bool> seen(n, false);
  while (!std::all_of(seen.begin(), seen.end(), [](bool v) { return v; })) {
    uint32_t current = -1, cost = -1;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      if (!seen[i] && (cost > min_cost[i])) {
        current = i;
        cost = min_cost[i];
      }
    }

    seen[current] = true;
    for (auto &&node : G[current]) {
      if (seen[node.first]) continue;
      min_cost[node.first] = std::min(node.second, min_cost[node.first]);
    }
  }

  std::cout << std::accumulate(min_cost.begin(), min_cost.end(), 0)
            << std::endl;

  return 0;
}