Go: package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"strconv"
)

type Queue []int

func (q *Queue) push(v int) {
	*q = append(*q, v)
}

func (q *Queue) pop() int {
	v := (*q)[0]
	*q = (*q)[1:]
	return v
}

func main() {
	sc := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
	sc.Split(bufio.ScanWords)

	nVerts := scanInt(sc)
	graph := make([][]int, nVerts+1)

	for i := 0; i < nVerts; i++ {
		u := scanInt(sc)
		nDegrees := scanInt(sc)

		graph[u] = make([]int, nDegrees)
		for d := 0; d < nDegrees; d++ {
			graph[u][d] = scanInt(sc)
		}
	}

	paths := make([]int, nVerts+1)

	queue := Queue(make([]int, 0))
	queue.push(1)
	paths[1] = 1

	for len(queue) > 0 {
		u := queue.pop()
		d := paths[u] + 1
		for _, v := range graph[u] {
			if paths[v] == 0 {
				paths[v] = d
				queue.push(v)
			}
		}
	}

	w := bufio.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
	for i := 1; i <= nVerts; i++ {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d %d\n", i, paths[i]-1)
	}
	w.Flush()
}

func scanInt(sc *bufio.Scanner) int {
	sc.Scan()
	v, _ := strconv.Atoi(sc.Text())
	return v
}

C++: #include <cstdio>
#include <vector>
#include <queue>
using namespace std;

const int maxn = 100;
vector<int> G[maxn + 5];
//int book[maxn + 5][maxn + 5];
int n;
int far[maxn + 5];


int bfs(int vertex) {
    queue<int> q;
    int book[maxn + 5] = {};
    q.push(vertex);
    book[vertex] = 1;
    int min = 0;
    if(vertex == 1) return 0;

    while(!q.empty()) {
        int now = q.front();
        q.pop();

        int len = G[now].size();
        for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            if(book[G[now][i]]) continue;

            if(G[now][i] == 1) return min + 1;

            book[G[now][i]] = 1;
            q.push(G[now][i]);
        }
        min++;
    }
    return -1;
}



int main() {
    scanf("%d", &n);

    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        int num;
        scanf("%d", &num);
        int count;
        scanf("%d", &count);


        while(count--) {
            int temp; scanf("%d", &temp);
            G[num].push_back(temp);
            G[temp].push_back(num);
        }
    }

    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        far[i] = bfs(i);
    }

    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        printf("%d %d\n", i, far[i]);
    }

    return 0;
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <queue>


//使用队列实现广度优先搜索

using namespace std;

static const int N=100;
static const int INFTY=(1<<21);

/**
 * M 邻接矩阵
 * queue 记录下一个待访问顶点的队列
 * 将七点s到各顶点的最短距离记录在d[i]中
 */

int n,M[N][N];
int d[N];

void bfs(int s){
    queue<int> q;
    q.push(s);
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
        d[i]=INFTY;
    }
    d[s]=0;
    int u;
    while(!q.empty()){
        u=q.front(),q.pop();
        
        for(int v=0;v<n;v++){
            if(M[u][v]==0)
                continue;
            if(d[v]!=INFTY)
                continue;
            d[v]=d[u]+1;
            q.push(v);
        }
    }
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
        cout<<i+1<<" "<<(d[i]!=INFTY?d[i]:(-1))<<endl;
    }
}


int main(){
    int u,k,v;
    
    cin>>n;
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
        for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
            M[i][j]=0;
        }
    }
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
        cin>>u>>k;
        u--;
        for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
            cin>>v;
            v--;
            M[u][v]=1;
        }
    }
    
    bfs(0);
    return 0;
}

C++: #include <stdio.h>
#include <queue>

int time, n;
int d[100], color[100];
int M[100][100];

void bfs(int s) {
    std::queue<int> Q;
    
    for (int i=0; i<100; i++){
        color[i] = 0;
        d[i] = -1;
    }
    
    color[s] = 1;
    d[s] = 0;
    Q.push(s);
    while (!Q.empty()) {
        int u = Q.front(); Q.pop();
        for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
            if(M[u][i] && color[i] == 0) {
                color[i] = 1;
                d[i] = d[u]+1;
                Q.push(i);
            }
        }
        color[u] = 2;
    }
}

int main() {
    int u, k, v;
    scanf("%d", &n);
    
    for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
        for (int j=0; j<n; j++) {
            M[i][j] = 0;
        }
    }
    
    for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
        scanf("%d %d", &u, &k);
        for (int j=0; j<k; j++) {
            scanf("%d", &v);
            M[u-1][v-1] = 1;
        }
    }
    
    bfs(0);
    
    for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
        printf("%d %d\n", i+1, d[i]);
    }
    return 0;
}

C++: #include <utility>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <queue>

using namespace std;

int D[110]; // ?????¢????¨???¶
int v, A[100][100], u, k, w;
queue<int> Q;

void bfs(int src) {

	Q.push(src);
	D[src] = 0;

	while (!Q.empty()) {
		int cur = Q.front();
		Q.pop();
		for (int i = 0; i < v; ++i) {
			if (A[cur][i] == 1 && D[i] == 0) {
				D[i] = D[cur] + 1;
				Q.push(i);
			}
		}
	}

	for (int l = 0; l < v; ++l) {
		if (D[l] == 0) { D[l] = -1; }
		if (l == 0) { D[l] = 0; }
		cout << l+1 << " " << D[l] << endl;
	}

}

int main(){
	cin >> v;
	// ???????????§??????v
	for (int i = 0; i < v; ++i) {

		cin >> u >> k;
		// ??????????????????u???k?????\?????????????????°??????

		for (int j = 0; j < k; ++j) {

			cin >> w;
			A[u - 1][w - 1] = 1;

			// ??£??\???????????§?¨??????????????????????????????????

		}
	}

	
	bfs(0);

}

C++: #include<iostream>
#include<queue>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;

int k[1000][1000], n, a, b, c, t, x[1000];
queue<int>Q;
queue<int>R;

int main() {
	memset(x, -1, sizeof(x));
	cin >> n;
	for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
		cin >> a >> b;
		for (int j = 0; j < b; j++) {
			cin >> c;
			k[i][c] = 1;
		}
	}
	Q.push(1);
	x[1] = 0;
	while (!Q.empty()) {
		t++;
		while (!Q.empty()) {
			for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
				if (x[i] == -1 && k[Q.front()][i] == 1) {
					x[i] = t;
					R.push(i);
				}
			}
			Q.pop();
		}
		while (!R.empty()) {
			Q.push(R.front());
			R.pop();
		}
	}
	for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
		cout << i << ' ' << x[i] << endl;
	}
	return 0;
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <queue>

using namespace std;
static const int N=100;
static const int INFTY = (1 << 21);
int n, M[N][N];
int d[N];
void bfs(int s) {
	queue<int> q;
	q.push(s);
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)d[i] = INFTY;
	d[s] = 0;
	int u;
	while (!q.empty()) {
		u = q.front(); q.pop();
		for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {
			if (M[u][v] == 0)continue;
			if (d[v] != INFTY)continue;
			d[v] = d[u] + 1;
			q.push(v);
		}
	}
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		cout << i + 1 << " " << ((d[i] == INFTY) ? (-1) : d[i]) << endl;
	}
}


int main()
{
	int u, k, v;
	cin >> n;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)M[i][j] = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		cin >> u >> k;
		u--;
		for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
			cin >> v;
			v--;
			M[u][v]=1;
		}
	}
	bfs(0);
    return 0;
}

C++: #include<iostream>
#include<queue>
using namespace std;
int M[100][100] = {};
int color[100] = {};
int d[100] = {};
int n;
static const int INTFY = -1;


void bfs(int s) {
	int u;
	queue<int> q;
	color[s] = 1;
	d[s] = 0;
	q.push(s);
	while (!q.empty()) {
		u = q.front();q.pop();
		for (int v = 0;v < n;v++) {
			if (M[u][v] == 1 && color[v] == 0) {
				color[v]++;
				d[v] = d[u] + 1;
				q.push(v);
			}
			color[u]++;
		}
	}
	for (int i = 0;i < n;i++) {
		cout << i + 1 << " " << d[i] << endl;
	}
}
int main() {
	int k, m, j;
	cin >> n;
	for (int i = 0;i < n;i++) {
		cin >> m >> k;
		for (int l = 0;l < k;l++) {
			cin >> j;
			M[m - 1][j - 1] = 1;
		}
	}
	for (int i = 0;i < n;i++) {
		d[i] = INTFY;
	}
	bfs(0);

	


	return 0;
}