Go: package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"strconv"
)

const (
	MAX_N      = 10000
	MAX_WEIGHT = 100000
)

type Edge struct {
	start  int
	end    int
	weight int
}

type ShortestInfo struct {
	edges    []Edge
	shortest int
}

func main() {
	sc := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
	sc.Split(bufio.ScanWords)

	n, err := nextInt(sc)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	shortestList := make([]ShortestInfo, n)
	for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
		shortestList[i] = ShortestInfo{edges: []Edge{}, shortest: MAX_N*MAX_WEIGHT + 1}
	}

	adjacentMatrix, err := createAdjacentMatrix(n, sc)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	sssp([]int{0}, shortestList, adjacentMatrix)
	for _, v := range shortestList {
		fmt.Printf("%d %d\n", v.getEnd(), v.shortest)
	}
}

func (si ShortestInfo) getEnd() int {
	if len(si.edges) == 0 {
		return 0
	} else {
		return si.edges[len(si.edges)-1].end
	}
}

func createAdjacentMatrix(n int, sc *bufio.Scanner) ([][]int, error) {
	adjacentMatrix := make([][]int, n)
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		id, err := nextInt(sc)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		adjacentMatrix[id] = make([]int, n)
		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
			adjacentMatrix[id][j] = -1
		}
		vertexNum, err := nextInt(sc)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		for j := 0; j < vertexNum; j++ {
			v, err := nextInt(sc)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			c, err := nextInt(sc)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			adjacentMatrix[id][v] = c
		}
	}
	return adjacentMatrix, nil
}

func sssp(nodeStack []int, shortestList []ShortestInfo, adjacentMatrix [][]int) {
	for len(nodeStack) > 0 {
		currentNode := nodeStack[0]
		nodeStack = nodeStack[1:]
		currentShortest := getShortest(currentNode, shortestList)
		adjacents := findAdjacents(currentNode, adjacentMatrix)
		for i := 0; i < len(adjacents); i++ {
			adj := adjacents[i]
			if currentShortest.shortest+adj.weight < getShortest(adj.end, shortestList).shortest {
				setShortest(adj.end, adj, currentShortest, shortestList)
				nodeStack = append(nodeStack, adj.end)
			}
		}
	}
}

func getShortest(node int, shortestList []ShortestInfo) ShortestInfo {
	return shortestList[node]
}

func setShortest(node int, edge Edge, currentShortest ShortestInfo, shortestList []ShortestInfo) {
	newEdges := make([]Edge, len(currentShortest.edges)+1)
	for i := 0; i < len(newEdges)-1; i++ {
		newEdges[i] = currentShortest.edges[i]
	}
	newEdges[len(newEdges)-1] = edge
	shortestInfo := ShortestInfo{edges: newEdges, shortest: currentShortest.shortest + edge.weight}
	shortestList[node] = shortestInfo
}

func findAdjacents(currentNode int, adjacentMatrix [][]int) []Edge {
	adjacents := adjacentMatrix[currentNode]
	edges := []Edge{}
	for i, v := range adjacents {
		if v >= 0 {
			edges = append(edges, Edge{start: currentNode, end: i, weight: v})
		}
	}
	return edges
}

func nextInt(sc *bufio.Scanner) (int, error) {
	sc.Scan()
	return strconv.Atoi(sc.Text())
}

C++: #include <bits/stdc++.h>
#define rep(i,n) for (int i = 0; i < (n); ++i)
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;

int n;
vector<pair<int, int> > adj[10000];
string color[10000];
int d[10000];
const int INF = 1001001001;
priority_queue<pair<int, int>, vector<pair<int, int> >, greater<pair<int, int> > > Q;

void dijkstra(int s){
    rep(i, n){
        color[i] = "WHITE";
        d[i] = INF;
    }
    d[s] = 0;

    Q.push(make_pair(0, s));

    while(!Q.empty()){
        pair<int, int> p = Q.top(); Q.pop();
        int u = p.second;
        color[u] = "BLACK";

        //if(d[u] < p.first) continue;

        for (int i = 0; i < adj[u].size(); i++){
            int v = adj[u][i].second;
            if(color[v] != "BLACK"){
                if(d[u] + adj[u][i].first < d[v]){
                    d[v] = d[u] + adj[u][i].first;
                    color[v] = "GRAY";
                    Q.push(make_pair(d[v], v));
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

int main() {
    cin >> n;
    rep(i, n){
        int u; cin >> u;
        int k; cin >> k;
        rep(j, k){
            int v, c; cin >> v >> c;
            adj[i].push_back(make_pair(c, v));
        }
    }
    dijkstra(0);
    rep(i, n){
        cout << i << " " << d[i]  << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <queue>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <utility>
using namespace std;

const int INF = 1 << 29;

struct Edge{
    int to, cost;
};
typedef pair<int, int> P;

int d[10001];

int main()
{
    int n,u,k,v,c;
    
    cin >> n;
    fill(d, d + n, INF);
    vector<Edge> G[10001];
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        cin >> u >> k;
        for(int j = 0; j < k; ++j){
            cin >> v >> c;
            Edge e = {v, c};
            G[u].push_back(e);
        }
    }
    
    priority_queue<P, vector<P>, greater<P>> que;
    d[0] = 0;
    que.push(P(0,0));
    
    while(!que.empty()){
        P p = que.top(); que.pop();
        int v = p.second;
        if(d[v] < p.first) continue;
        for(int i = 0; i < G[v].size(); ++i){
            Edge e = G[v][i];
            if(d[e.to] > d[v] + e.cost){
                d[e.to] = d[v] + e.cost;
                que.push(P(d[e.to], e.to));
            }
        }
    }
    
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        cout << i << ' ' << d[i] << endl;
    }
    
}

C++: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

const long long MAX_N = 200000;
long long max_mdif, max_pdif, data, c, ans, s[MAX_N];
int main() {

	max_mdif = 0;
	max_pdif = 0;
	c = 0;
	cin >> data;

	for (int i = 0; i < data; ++i) {
		cin >> s[i];
	}

	for (int i = 1; i < data; ++i) {
		if (s[i] > s[i - 1]) {
			max_pdif += s[i] - s[i - 1];
			c++;
		}
	}
	if (c == 0) {
		for (int i = 1; i < data; ++i) {
			if (s[data - i] < s[data - i - 1]) {
				max_mdif = min(s[data - i] - s[data - i - 1], max_mdif);
			}
		}
	}
	if (c > 0) {
		ans = max_pdif;
	} else {
		ans = max_mdif;
	}

	cout << ans << endl;

	return 0;
}

C++: //
//  main.cpp
//  单元最短路径
//
//  Created by 陆昱珉 on 2018/12/26.
//  Copyright © 2018 Lu. All rights reserved.
//

//dijkstra algorithm

#include <stdio.h>
#define INF 999999

int n, k;
int color[10010], d[10010];
int map[10010][10010];

int dijkstra(int s)
{
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i ++)
    {
        d[i] = INF;
    }
    d[s] = 0;
    while(1)
    {
        int min = INF;
        int u = -1;
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i ++)
        {
            if(min > d[i] && color[i] != 1)
            {
                u = i;
                min = d[i];
            }
        }
        if(u == -1)
            break;
        color[u] = 1;//染色，以防后面重复使用
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i ++)
        {
            if(color[i] != 1 && map[u][i] != INF)
                if(d[i] > d[u] + map[u][i])
                    d[i] = d[u] + map[u][i];
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int main(void)
{
    int x, y, v;
    scanf("%d", &n);
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i ++)
        for(int j = 0; j < n; j ++)
            map[i][j] = INF;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i ++)
    {
        scanf("%d%d", &x, &k);
        for(int j = 0; j < k; j ++)
        {
            scanf("%d%d", &y, &v);
            map[x][y] = v;
        }
    }
    dijkstra(0);
    
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i ++)
    {
        if(d[i] != INF)
            printf("%d %d", i, d[i]);
        printf("\n");
    }
    return 0;
}