Go: package main

import (
	"sort"
	"bufio"
	"os"
	"fmt"
	"strconv"
)

// Define disjoint-set forests

type vertexNo int

type vertex struct {
	number vertexNo
	rank int
	parent *vertex
}

func makeSet(number vertexNo) vertex {
	return vertex {
		number: number,
		rank: 0,
		parent: nil,
	}
}

func union(x, y *vertex) *vertex {
	return link(findSet(x), findSet(y))
}

func link(x, y *vertex) *vertex {
	if x.rank > y.rank {
		y.parent = x
		return x
	} else {
		x.parent = y
		if x.rank == y.rank {
			y.rank += 1
		}
		return y
	}
}

func findSet(v *vertex) *vertex {
	if v.parent == nil {
		return v
	}
	v.parent = findSet(v.parent)
	return v.parent
}

// Function to calculate minimum spanning tree

type matrix [][]int

type edge struct {
	one vertexNo
	two vertexNo
	weight int
}

const(
	MAX_VERTICES = 100
)

func newEdgesFromMatrix(matrix matrix) []edge {
	edges := make([]edge, 0, MAX_VERTICES * MAX_VERTICES)

	for i := 0; i < len(matrix); i++ {
		row := matrix[i]
		for j := i; j < len(row); j++ {
			if row[j] >= 0 {
				edge := edge{one: vertexNo(i+1), two: vertexNo(j+1), weight: row[j]}
				edges = append(edges, edge)
			}
		}
	}

	return edges
}

func solve(matrix matrix) int {
	nVertices := len(matrix)

	// initialize vertices
	vertices := make([]vertex, nVertices)
	for i := 0; i < nVertices; i++ {
		vertices[i] = makeSet(vertexNo(i+1))
	}

	// prepare edges sorted in the ascending order of weight
	edges := newEdgesFromMatrix(matrix)
	sort.Slice(edges, func(i, j int) bool {
		return edges[i].weight < edges[j].weight
	})

	unionCount := 0
	weightSum := 0
	for unionCount < nVertices-1 {
		for i := 0; i < len(edges); i++ {
			edge := edges[i]
			v1 := &vertices[edge.one-1]
			v2 := &vertices[edge.two-1]
			rep1 := findSet(v1)
			rep2 := findSet(v2)
			if rep1.number == rep2.number {
				continue
			}
			union(rep1, rep2)
			edges = append(edges[0:i], edges[i+1:]...)
			weightSum += edge.weight
			unionCount++
			break
		}
	}

	return weightSum
}

// main

func main() {
	sc := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
	sc.Split(bufio.ScanWords)

	n, err := nextInt(sc)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	matrix := parseMatrix(n, sc)

	edges := newEdgesFromMatrix(matrix)
	sort.Slice(edges, func(i, j int) bool {
		return edges[i].weight < edges[j].weight
	})

	fmt.Println(solve(matrix))
}

func parseMatrix(n int, sc *bufio.Scanner) [][]int {
	matrix := make([][]int, n)
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		matrix[i] = make([]int, n)
		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
			x, err := nextInt(sc)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			matrix[i][j] = x
		}
	}
	return matrix
}

func nextText(sc *bufio.Scanner) string {
	sc.Scan()
	return sc.Text()
}

func nextInt(sc *bufio.Scanner) (int, error) {
	return strconv.Atoi(nextText(sc))
}

C++: // Graph II - Minimum Spanning Tree
// 問題URL: http://judge.u-aizu.ac.jp/onlinejudge/description.jsp?id=ALDS1_12_A&lang=jp
//
// 使うライブラリも多く、難しく感じた...
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

int n, buff, cost[101][101]={}, P[101], M = 0, ans = 0;
pair<int, int> edges[10010], vertices[10010];

void init(int n){
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
    P[i] = i;
  }
}

int root(int x){
  if(P[x]==x) return x;
  P[x] = root(P[x]);
  return P[x];
}

bool is_same_set(int x, int y){
  return root(x) == root(y);
}

void unite(int x, int y){
  P[root(x)] = root(y);
}

int main(){
  cin >> n;

  for(int row = 0; row < n; ++row){
    for(int col = 0; col < n; ++col){
      cin >> buff;
      cost[row][col] = buff; //隣接行列の読込
    }
  }

  for(int row = 0; row < n; ++row){
    for(int col = 0; col < row; ++col){
      if(cost[row][col]>0){
        edges[M].first = cost[row][col];
        edges[M].second = M;
        cout << M << ": (" << row << ", " << col << ") = " << edges[M].first << endl;
        vertices[M].first = row, vertices[M].second = col;
        M++; //辺の数を管理、idとして利用
      }
    }
  }

  init(n);

  sort(edges, edges+M); //重みの小さい順に整列

  for(int i = 0; i <= M; ++i){
    int index = edges[i].second; //辺のidを取り出す
    if(!is_same_set(vertices[index].first, vertices[index].second)){ //辺の両端が繋がっていなければ
      unite(vertices[index].first, vertices[index].second); //両端を繋げる
      cout << "unite " << vertices[index].first << " and " << vertices[index].second << endl;
      ans += edges[i].first; //コストを加える
    }
  }
  cout << ans << endl;
}

C++: #include<cstdio>
#include<functional>
#include<algorithm>
#define F first
#define SF second.first
#define SS second.second
using namespace std;
typedef pair<int,int> P;
typedef pair<int,P> P2;
int main(void)
{
	int i,j,n,a,par[100],leng[100],sum,p1,cnt,s,t;
	P2 pp[100*99/2];
	scanf("%d",&n);
	p1=0;
	for(i=0;i<n;i++)	{
		for(j=0;j<n;j++)	{
			scanf("%d",&a);
			if(i<j && a!=-1)	{
				pp[p1].F=a;
				pp[p1].SF=i;
				pp[p1].SS=j;
				p1++;
			}
		}
	}
	sort(pp,pp+p1);
	for(i=0;i<n;i++)	{
		leng[i]=1;	par[i]=i;
	}
	cnt=1;	sum=0;
	for(i=0;i<p1;i++)	{
		s=pp[i].SF;	t=pp[i].SS;
		while(par[s]!=s)	s=par[s];
		while(par[t]!=t)	t=par[t];
		if(s!=t)	{
			if(leng[s]>leng[t])	par[t]=s;
			else if(leng[s]<leng[t])	par[s]=t;
			else {
				par[s]=t;	leng[t]++;

			}
			sum+=pp[i].F;
			cnt++;
			if(cnt==n)	break;
		}
	}
	printf("%d\n",sum);
	return 0;
}

C++: #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
static const int whi=0;
static const int gra=1;
static const int bla=2;
static const int MAXX=(1<<21);
int color[110];
int a[110][110];
int minni[110];
int parent[110];
int n;

int prim(){
  int b=0;
  int minmin=0;
  int result=0;
  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    color[i]=whi;
    minni[i]=MAXX;
    parent[i]=-1;
  }
  minni[0]=0;
  while(1){
    minmin=MAXX;
    b=-1;
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
      if(color[i]!=bla&&minni[i]<minmin){
	b=i;
	minmin=minni[i];
	
      }
    }
    if(b==-1){
      break;
    }
    color[b]=bla;
    for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
      if(color[j]!=bla&&a[b][j]!=MAXX){
	if(a[b][j]<minni[j]){
	  minni[j]=a[b][j];
	  parent[j]=b;
	  color[j]=gra;
	}
      }
    }
  }
  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    if(parent[i]!=-1) result+=a[i][parent[i]];
  }
  return result;
}

int main(){
  cin>>n;

  int s;
  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
      cin>>s;
      a[i][j]=(s==-1) ? MAXX : s;
    }
  }
  cout<<prim()<<endl;
}

C++: #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

static const int MAX=100;
static const int INFTY=(1<<21);
static const int WHITE=0;
static const int GRAY=1;
static const int BLACK=2;

int n,m[MAX][MAX];

int prim(){
  int u,min,d[MAX],p[MAX],color[MAX];

  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    d[i]=INFTY;
    p[i]=-1;
    color[i]=WHITE;
  }

  d[0]=0;

  while(1){
    min=INFTY;
    u=-1;
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
      if(min>d[i] && color[i]!=BLACK){
        u=i;
        min=d[i];
      }
    }
    if(u==-1) break;
    color[u]=BLACK;
    for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
      if(color[j]!=BLACK && m[u][j]!=INFTY){
        if(d[j]>m[u][j]){
          d[j]=m[u][j];
          p[j]=u;
          color[j]=GRAY;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  int sum=0;
  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    if(p[i]!=-1) sum+=m[i][p[i]];
  }
  return sum;
}

int main(){
  cin >>n;

  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
      int e;
      cin >> e;
      m[i][j]=(e==-1) ? INFTY : e;
    }
  }
  cout << prim() << endl;

  return 0;
}