Go: package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"sort"
)

type Edge struct {
	I int
	J int
	A int
}

func main() {
	var n int
	fmt.Scan(&n)

	g := make([][]int, n)
	edges := make([]Edge, 0, n*(n-1)/2)
	parents := make([]int, n)
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		g[i] = make([]int, n)
		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
			fmt.Scan(&g[i][j])
			if g[i][j] >= 0 {
				edges = append(edges, Edge{i, j, g[i][j]})
			}
		}
		parents[i] = i
	}
	sort.SliceStable(edges, func(i, j int) bool { return edges[i].A >= edges[j].A })

	sum := 0
	num := 0
	for len(edges) > 0 && num < n-1 {
		edge := edges[len(edges)-1]
		edges = edges[:len(edges)-1]

		if same(edge.I, edge.J, &parents) {
			continue
		}
		union(edge.I, edge.J, &parents)
		sum += edge.A
		num += 1
	}
	fmt.Println(sum)
}



func root(id int, parents *[]int) int {
	if id == (*parents)[id] {
		return id
	}
	return root((*parents)[id], parents)
}

func union(i, j int, parents *[]int) {
	(*parents)[root(j, parents)] = (*parents)[root(i, parents)]
}

func same(i, j int, parents *[]int) bool {
	return root(i, parents) == root(j, parents)
}

C++: #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
    int n;
    cin>>n;
    int G[n][n];
    int find[n];
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
        for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
            cin>>G[i][j];
        }
    }
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
        find[i]=-1;
    }
    find[0]=0;
    int end=0;
    int mind;
    int sum=0;
    while(true){
        int min=2001;
        for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
            if (find[i]!=-1){
                for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
                    if (G[i][j]!=-1&&G[i][j]<min){
                        if (find[j]==-1){
                            min=G[i][j];
                            mind=j;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        find[mind]=mind;
        sum+=min;
        end+=1;
        if(end==n-1) break;
    }cout<<sum<<endl;
    return 0;
}

C++: #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define ll long long
#define rep(i, n) for (ll i = 0; i < (ll)n; ++i)
ll dx[4] = { 0, 1, 0, -1 };
ll dy[4] = { 1, 0, -1, 0 };
static const ll INF = 1 << 21;
static const ll MOD = 1e9 + 7;
static const int MAX = 100;
static const int WHITE = 0; // V-T
static const int BLACK = 1; // T

int n, M[MAX][MAX];

int prim()
{
    int u, minv;
    int d[MAX]; // d[u]: Tに属する頂点とV-Tに属するuから頂点を繋ぐ辺の中で重みが最小の辺の重みを記録
    int p[MAX]; // p[u]: MSTにおける頂点uの親を記録
    int color[MAX]; // 訪問状態を記録

    // initialize
    rep(i, n)
    {
        d[i] = INF;
        p[i] = -1;
        color[i] = WHITE;
    }
    d[0] = 0;

    while (1) {
        minv = INF;
        u = -1;
        rep(i, n)
        {
            // uは最小の経路がある かつ uへは未完了
            if (d[i] < minv && color[i] != BLACK) {
                u = i;
                minv = d[i];
            }
        }

        // 更新できる辺がないときに終了
        if (u == -1) {
            break;
        }

        color[u] = BLACK;
        rep(v, n)
        {
            // vは未完了 かつ u->vに道はある
            if (color[v] != BLACK && M[u][v] != INF) {
                // vへの経路を最小に更新
                if (M[u][v] < d[v]) {
                    d[v] = M[u][v];
                    p[v] = u;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    int sum = 0;
    rep(i, n)
    {
        if (p[i] != -1) {
            sum += M[i][p[i]];
        }
    }
    return sum;
}

int main()
{
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0);

    cin >> n;
    rep(i, n)
    {
        rep(j, n)
        {
            int e;
            cin >> e;
            M[i][j] = (e == -1) ? INF : e;
        }
    }

    cout << prim() << endl;
    return 0;
}

C++: #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
#define INF (1<<29)
 
int G[100][100], n;
 
int prim(){
  int p[100], d[100], c[100];
  int u;
 
  for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
    d[i] = INF;
    p[i] = -1;
    c[i] = 0;
  }
 
  d[0] = 0;
 
  while(1){
    int minv = INF;
    u = -1;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
      if(minv > d[i] && c[i] != 2){
        u = i;
        // cout << u << endl;
        minv = d[i];
      }
    }
 
    if(u == -1) break;
    c[u] = 2;
    for(int v = 0; v < n; v++){
      if(c[v] != 2 && G[u][v] != INF){
        if(d[v] > G[u][v]){
          d[v] = G[u][v];
          p[v] = u;
          c[v] = 1;
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  int sum = 0;
  for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
    if(p[i] != -1) sum+=G[i][p[i]];
    // cout << p[i] << endl;
  }
  return sum;
}
 
 
  int main(){
 
    cin >> n;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
      for(int j = 0; j < n; j++){
        int v;
        cin >> v;
        G[i][j] = v;
        if(v == -1) G[i][j] = INF;
      }
      // cout << endl;
    }
 
    cout << prim() << endl;
 
  }

C++: #include <cstdio>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
bool vis[107];
struct edge {
	int u, v, w;
	edge(int u, int v, int w) :u(u), v(v), w(w) {}
	bool operator < (const edge &rhs) const {
		return w < rhs.w;
	}
};
vector<edge> e;
int main() {
    int n, ans = 0;
    scanf("%d", &n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    	for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
    		int tmp;
    		scanf("%d", &tmp);
    		if (tmp >= 0 && i >= j) e.push_back(edge(i, j, tmp));
		}
	}
	sort(e.begin(), e.end());
	vis[e[0].u] = true;
	bool flag = true;
	int cnt = e.size();
	while (flag) {
		flag = false;
		for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
			if (vis[e[i].u] != vis[e[i].v]) {
				vis[e[i].u] = true;
				vis[e[i].v] = true;
				ans += e[i].w;
				flag = true;
				break;
			}
		}
	}
	printf("%d\n", ans);
	return 0;
}

C++: #include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#define INF 1<<30
#define WHITE 0
#define GRAY 1
#define BLACK 2
int G[2001][2001];
using namespace std;
int n;

void prim(int *d, int *pi){
    int color[n];
    int u = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++){
        d[i] = pi[i] = INF;
        color[i] = WHITE;
    }
    d[0] = 0;
    while (1){
        int mincost = INF;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++){
            if (color[i] != BLACK && d[i] < mincost){
                mincost = d[i];
                u = i;
            }
        }
        if (mincost == INF) break;
        color[u] = BLACK;
        for (int v = 0; v < n; v++){
            int w = G[u][v];
            if (w == -1) continue;
            else if (color[v] != BLACK && w < d[v]){
                pi[v] = u;
                d[v] = w;
            }
        }
    }
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
    cin >> n;
    int d[n], pi[n], sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++){
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++){
            cin >> G[i][j];
        }
    }
    prim(d, pi);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) sum += d[i];
    cout << sum << endl;
    return 0;
}

C++: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
static const int MAX = 100;
static const int INFTY = (1<<21);
static const int WHITE = 0;
static const int GRAY = 1;
static const int BLACK = 2;

int n, a[MAX][MAX];

int prim(){
  int u, min;
  int d[MAX], p[MAX], color[MAX];

  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    d[i] = INFTY;
    p[i]=-1;
    color[i] = WHITE;
  }

  d[0] = 0;

  while(1){
    min = INFTY;
    u = -1;
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
      if(min > d[i] && color[i] != BLACK){
	u = i;
	min = d[i];
      }
    }
    if(u == -1)break;
    color[u] = BLACK;
    for(int v=0;v<n;v++){
      if(color[v] != BLACK && a[u][v] != INFTY){
	if(d[v]>a[u][v]){
	  d[v] = a[u][v];
	  p[v] = u;
	  color[v] = GRAY;
	}
      }

    } //end of (for)

  } // end of while
  int sum = 0;
  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    if(p[i] != -1) sum += a[i][p[i]];
  }
  
  return sum;
}

int main(){
  cin >> n;
  
  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
      int e;
      cin >> e;
      a[i][j] = (e == -1) ? INFTY : e;
    }
  }
  
  cout << prim() <<endl;
  
  return 0;
}