paragraph
"19,500 own share stake  

  THE Herald and Weekly Times had 19,500 shareholders, spread throughout
every state in Australia, at September 30"
"But Industrial Equity Ltd, Advertiser Newspapers and Queensland Press
all are substantial shareholders owning more than 10 per cent"
"The make up of the HWT share registry has been the subject of considerable
speculation and a detailed breakdown shows 17,000 shareholders own 5000
or fewer shares"
"Fifty-one per cent of HWT shareholders have held their shares for more
than 10 years"
"Further analysis reveals 9868 shareholders have between one and 1000
shares; 7344 have between 1001 and 5000 and 1368 hold between 5001 and 10,000"
"The chief executive, Mr John D'Arcy, holds 160,000 ordinary 50c shares
paid to 1c and another executive director, Mr E.J.L. Turnbull, holds 125,000
1c-paid shares"
"In September 1986 the acquisition of the Leader Media Group was paid for
by the issue of 4.85 million shares and cash payment"
"Directors said they considered it practical and prudent to acquire all
Gordon & Gotch Ltd shares"
""
"""I'm PREGNANT ... and i don't know what to do""  

""It could never happen to me..."" So many girls fool themselves like this"
"The truth is, one in 20 teenage girls will fall pregnant. What if you're
faced with pregnancy? What are your options?

  By Daphne Sider  

  Louise grew up living with her mother in a southern suburb of Sydney"
She fell pregnant at the age of 15 and was determined to keep her baby
Now Ashley is a beautiful and happy three-year-old
"""When I fell pregnant the first person I told was a good friend of mine
who was much older. She said I could move into her place because I was fighting
with my mother, and we discussed what I was going to do"
"""I was determined to keep my baby because I didn't feel abortion was right
for me. I was really happy about being pregnant. You see, before all this
I was really wild. I was always getting drunk and just out for a good time"
"I felt a real fear of responsibility. But after I had Ashley, I realised that
someone else's life depended on me being stable"
"""Also , I wasn't getting on with Mum. I felt she had abandoned me and
I really wanted someone who needed me and loved me"
"""Now I've got to think of things like budgeting and I don't waste money
anymore. I feel heaps more mature than other girls my age, because Ashley
needs me to be"
"""I didn't set out to get pregnant. I didn't use contraceptives because
I never thought it would happen to me. I'd had sexual relationships before
and counted on my luck. Ashley's father and I hung out together for about
two months. He was Indian and never told his family about me because they
would have freaked if they knew he was seeing an Australian girl. He was
15 too. Ashley was conceived the very first time we slept together"
"""I don't see him anymore. It was best that we separated. Maybe when he's
older he'll be able to handle the situation better. I don't feel I need
his money or anything, but maybe Ashley will ask for his support one day"
"""Currently we're living on a Supporting Mother's Pension. It's hard to
exist on a little over a hundred dollars a week, but I'm lucky enough to
have other friends who help me out"
"""I like the thought that when I'm 30 Ashley will be 15. I'll have just
stopped doing the things that she's getting into and so I'll be able to
understand her and I hope she'll never have to lie to me. We'll be friends
leading a similar lifestyle.""
  One in 20 teenage girls in Australia became pregnant in 1984. More recent
statistics aren't available yet, but it looks like the trend is continuing"
"The majority of girls will opt for abortion, fewer will become single mothers
and fewer still will marry. The numbers that will have their babies adopted
are miniscule. 
  The reasons for this rate of pregnancy among young, unmarried girls are
varied, but naturally enough it begins with the level of sexual activity:
It's increasing, starting at an earlier age for both girls and guys"
"Studies have shown that the earlier you start having sex, the greater
the risk of becoming pregnant soon after. One-fifth of teenage pregnancies
start within a month of first having sex, and half will occur within six
months"
"More reasons why: Although there appears to be an increased knowledge
of contraception, their use is still relatively low. This could be due to
lack of access; unplanned sex; worries that parents might find them; a fear
that using contraception may indicate loose morals; the belief that ""it
could never happen to me""; and basically, not considering the consequences
of unprotected sex"
"Also, some girls won't admit to themselves that they are involved in a
sexual relationship. For moral reasons they'd prefer to take a deliberate
risk, rather than a real precaution, as a way of reassuring themselves it's
a one-off situation. Even though it  may very well be a one-off affair,
the risks of pregnancy are too high to ignore. 
  For a teenage girl who feels unloved or unwanted, having a baby may be
seen as the answer. It needs looking after and is wholly dependent and will
provide love and, for some girls, a real purpose for living. Some also view
motherhood as a means of achieving self-worth or independence"
"Sue King, executive officer of Preterm, Sydney, says that alcohol is another
major cause of pregnancy among young girls. When they get drunk they often
forget themselves, and have sex without thinking or without really wanting
to. That's where the problems start"
"With free discussion of sex in magazines, books, films and amongst peers,
coupled with the option of contraceptives and their ready availability,
you may be sceptical about the relatively high incidence of teenage pregnancy"
"The problem lies with the confusing attitudes towards the subject. It's
promoted by some, it's rejected by others ... just think of the messages
you're getting from the media, peers and parents"
"SINGLE MOTHERS  

  Like Louise, between 25 and 35 per cent of young, unmarried girls who
fall pregnant will decide to keep their babies. It's a hard decision to
make as it affects the rest of their lives and their relationships with
parents, friends and future loves. It's a decision which also affects their
social and economic prospects"
"Some of the real problems they face may include isolation and lack of
support; inadequate income coupled with fewer employment opportunities;
limited education; poor housing; inadequate medical care both during and
after the pregnancy; and fewer opportunities for free time from being a
parent"
"Louise stressed the value of having friends, particularly those older
and more experienced, who help with the baby's upbringing and with finance"
"But not all teenagers are so lucky. Some risk alienation from their families,
boyfriends and friends"
"So what are her other options and how does she decide? Generally it will
depend on her age, her family, personal beliefs and values, her knowledge
and access to prenatal services, the length of the pregnancy before it's
confirmed, whether she sees a child as interrupting her future plans, and
whether she feels motherhood is a natural and inevitable conclusion for
her"
"These days options available to girls faced with an unplanned pregnancy
seem to be changing in emphasis. They will more than likely opt for abortion
or single parenthood rather than adoption or forced marriage"
"ABORTION  

  The majority of girls - between 35 and 50 per cent - will choose to end
their pregnancy by abortion. It's an extremely stressful and emotional decision
for any girl to make, but in Jenny's case she felt it was her only option"
"At the age of 18, Jenny suspected she was pregnant. This suspicion was
confirmed for her when she missed her period (which she'd never done before)"
"Jenny talked it over with her boyfriend. She'd been going out with him for
more than a year and, although there was no reason for it, she felt it was
a way of gaining more of his attention"
"At that time what frustrated Jenny was that she had to wait six weeks
after her missed period to have a pregnancy test done at the Family Planning
Clinic. She knew she'd choose to have an abortion. There was no way she
was about to give up her studies, her career plans, her independence. And
it seemed outrageous to her that her parents and boyfriend should suffer
for it, as she was sure they would"
"The test proved her suspicions. She wanted to cry but couldn't. She felt
sorry for herself, not for what she was going to do. And the same sentiment
carried her through the abortion and the days to follow"
"Jenny's boyfriend, Mark, was with her all the way. He accompanied her
to the clinic and offered moral support. Jenny's not quite sure what his
reaction would have been had she decided to keep the baby, but doesn't think
it's important now anyway"
"Prior to the abortion she was counselled. It was the first time she'd
been counselled about anything and she appreciated it, although she didn't
feel she really needed it. Other girls in the clinic that day were quite
hysterical. Jenny felt cold - a little religious remorse perhaps, but she
put that aside too.  
  It all happened in about ten minutes. That night she went home, cooked 
dinner for herself and her parents, and told them the movie she'd seen that 
day was interesting"
"It was a relief for Jenny that the problem faced by her unplanned pregnancy
was gone, and although sentimental when relating her experiences to me,
there was no remorse at all"
"But the ethical problems of remorse do affect many people. Those who believe
human life begins at the moment of conception will probably be outraged
at Jenny's apparent lack of concern for her child. Their vocal protests
are the reasons why many clinics must lock their doors, which can only open
after you've knocked"
"The physical risks of a young girl giving birth are reason enough for
some to choose abortion. Medical reports suggest that young girls, particularly
those under 16, have a greater chance of giving birth to a premature baby
and developing anaemia or high blood pressure in pregnancy, as well as
suffering many other complications"
"MARRIAGE  

  Marriage is an option, but a limited one. Teenage marriages have a poor
success rate - nearly half break up within five years. Adolescence is probably
the most unstable period of anyone's life; you change your attitudes, you
experiment in all types of ways. It's difficult to imagine that a decision
you make, particularly under duress, will be right for you in years to come"
"Still, 15 to 25 per cent of pregnant teenagers will choose to marry by the
time their babies are born.  

 ADOPTION  

  The percentage of girls who put their babies up for adoption is very small
indeed. That's not so surprising, when you consider that they have carried
a child for some nine months"
"WHERE TO GO FOR HELP  

  It's been proven that the numbers of pregnant teenagers in countries where
contraception and advice are readily available are considerably lower than
those countries where it's not. Limiting the availability of family planning
courses results only in sex without protection"
"Teenagers are not too immature to use contraceptives effectively. The
problem is ignorance"
"There are many counselling services  you can ring or visit to ask for
pregnancy help or advice. Youthline is one of them; it's a young person's
version of Lifeline. Fifty per cent of all the calls they get deal with
pregnancy. Girls facing the prospect of an unplanned pregnancy, or those
pregnant girls who need information about their health and financial
situations, or who require accommodation, are usually the ones who call"
"The counsellors at Youthline are aged between 18 and 30; they are
welltrained to offer you all the options available but will not give
subjective advice. Youthline is a national counselling service and can be
contacted on the following numbers:"
"Vibrations, yes; Good, no  

MY SHIRT cuffs vibrated and my ears rang throughout Jimmy Barnes's second
concert at the Entertainment Centre last night"
"Excruciating guitar solos and the regressive, aggressive condition of
Barnes's rock left me cold despite the deafening volume"
"Barnes's Heavy Metal voice was little more than a raucous yell on this
occasion, too ragged to convey any clear emotion. His lyrics were
unintelligible, buried deep beneath four guitars"
"He and his six-piece band stormed forth in a peircing assembly of lights,
relaying ""Ride The Night Away"", ""Working Class Man"" and other monotone dirges
from Barnes's two LPs - yet if bouncing bodies are any indication, mine is a
minority opinion"
"Barnes wore a Streetbeat T-shirt in support of the ""Don't drink and drive""
campaign. But as he left the stage after his encore, he raised his (full) glass
in salute to his fans and made a mockery of Streetbeat's message"
Barnes has blasted ears and lasted years.
"Another Paraclete  

  No matter how many books or articles we read on the subject the Holy Spirit
is always more difficult to picture than God the Father or God the Son"
But we get some help from today's Gospel
"Jesus Christ speaks of sending ""another Advocate"". ""If you love me you
will keep my commandments. I shall ask the Father and he will give you another
advocate to be with you forever"""
"We really need a combination of words to describe the Holy Spirit and
His role. There is the Greek word Paraclete which means the person who is
called to the side of one in need of assistance, particularly in legal
processes. So from that we have words like advocate, intercessor, defender,
mediator, helper. Then there are other words like teacher, consoler, friend"
The Holy Spirit is all that and more
"Today's Gospel also gives us another clue. By speaking of another Advocate,
Jesus seems to imply that He is the first Advocate and now there will be
another like Himself. So we can conclude that what Jesus did for His friends
during His life on earth, the new Advocate will continue to do for the
followers of Christ down through the ages. The Gospel (Jn 14) tells us He
is the spirit of truth ... that He will teach the disciples all truth and
bring to their minds what Jesus taught them ... He will bear witness to Jesus"
"So we can be sure the Holy Spirit is present in the Church today as He
has been for the past more than 1900 years. He is teaching and guiding the
Church enabling it to come to an ever deeper understanding and a more complete
grasp of the message of Christ. We can be sure He is still inspiring the
followers of Christ to remain steadfast in their faith, encouraging and
strengthening them to live by Christ's teaching and bring His message to
the world"
"The work of the Spirit is vividly demonstrated in today's First Reading
which describes the wonderful events of Pentecost. Although the apostles
had listened to Christ and seen Him do marvellous things, they really did
not understand Him or His mission. But with the coming of the Spirit everything
fell into place. They knew Christ as they had never known Him before and
wanted to tell the world about Him"
"Today we pray that the Holy Spirit will ""continue to work in the world
through the hearts of all who believe"" (Opening Prayer)"
"Wm. H. Stinson, C.SS.R."
"Bread pan care in the bakery By PHIL MARTIN, managing director, Mackies Pty Ltd.  

  Your investment in baking pans is a major one, by the fact that to achieve
the desired output, a quantity of pans or pan sets must be purchased"
"One individual set of pans does not cost a great deal of money, by today's
standards"
"However, multiply by the quantity needed to bake to the oven's capacity,
and the monetary numbers change dramatically"
"Yet in so many bakeries there appears to be an attitude of: ""well, we have
plenty of these, it doesn't matter if we knock a few around"" or ""let's take
our temper out on the bread pans when there is an oven or mechanical jam
up, resulting in a break down, or ""let's throw some around because we have
plenty more"""
Go into most bakeries and you can hear the damage happening
"So many times have I heard the comments ""they don't make bread pans like they
used to"" or ""the material is different, they don't seem to stand up to the
temperature like they used to"""
"I can assure you they are as strong as, and  stronger than, they used
to be, and there are many variations of strengthening accessories, which
can be added to, or built in, to suit the potential damage points in the
individual bakery, without drastically adding to the weight of the pan set"
Let's put the initial pan cost and the damage to one side for a moment
"What about the product's shape, what about the function of the baking
pan in terms of easy and smooth reliable release, so that cripples are not
created at the point of depanning"
For each loaf lost is an unretrievable cost
"After all, the whole aim in the commercial production of bread is to present
a product that is not only good quality and good to eat, but of good appearance
in shape and colour with maximum sales appeal"
A baking pan is a mould just like a casting mould
"The shape of the casting is caused by the mould shape after the pattern
has been removed"
The same thing happens with baked product
The shape of the pan is determined by the die or tool it is made with
"This is, in effect, the pattern which determines the shape and size of
the pan"
"The shape of the pan is the shape of the loaf. 
  If the pans are all mis-shapen and bent from ill-treatment and lack of maintenance,
then that is the shape the bread will be"
"Excercising pan care by regular maintenance can reduce excessive damage
and wear"
"Tighter control and communication with employees involved with pan handling,
regular correcting adjustments of conveyors and mechanical equipment all
help to keep your investment in the shape they were in at the start"
Regular pan maintenance should not be regarded as an additional cost
"The better you keep your pans, the better the ongoing results you will
enjoy with more uniform and consistent shape"
"Better shaped product not only has better eye appeal, it gives fewer problems
at the bagging machines, it packs into plastic crates and containers more
evenly and easily, it looks better at the point of sale"
"Well kept and clean pans ensure numerous advantages and savings, such
as less costly mechanical hiccups - clean pans with a well maintained baking
surface use far less energy, which, over 12 months in an average size oven,
is mind boggling in cost savings"
There are oil savings because well maintained pans release product easily
"Frustrations among bakery personnel are significantly reduced when pans
are easy to stack and unstack"
"If you start off with the right pans with the right sort of finish - and
what I mean by the right sort of finish - is not whether the pans are made
from tinplate or aluminium coated steel (steelumat) rather I am referring
to the additional advantage of factory conditioning"
"Factory conditioning is the term we use as pan manufacturers, which most
bakers would refer to as ""burning in"" or ""greening"""
"About 30 years ago, it was the accepted thing for baking pans to be delivered
or supplied to the bakery, made from shiny tinplate"
"The procedure then was to take delivery several days before the pans could
be successfully used, and subject them to a burning in process to make them
ready to produce an acceptably coloured product"
"The reflective nature of the new metal surface would not readily absorb
heat and transfer it to the loaf crust, and without burning in or conditioning
the pans, it was, not impossible, but very difficult to bake a loaf with
good crust colour"
"The burning in process within the bakery was to apply huge amounts of
lard, mostly by hand, place the pans in the oven and apply excessive heat
in an attempt to actually darken or blacken the pans by burning"
"With the presence of a fairly liberal amount of tin on the metal surface,
because in those days the tin was applied by the hot dip process, (no longer
available) and the absence of the insulating effect of the dough piece,
the pans in most cases suffered damage which was irreparable"
"As a result of this continued problem, much experimenting was carried out
which resulted in the development of what was to become known as RK47"
"RK47 a black mineral based coating, was a relatively simple, in principle,
invention or discovery, which took some modification to cure the problem
of smoking odours in the oven"
"The addition of RK47 to the outside of the baking pans completely cancelled
the need to burn in new bread pans"
"In fact I would say there are many bakers who, because they weren't around
in the era of having to burn in baking pans, would automatically accept
it as natural as feathers on a chicken, because until recently they have
known nothing different"
"Black RK47 simply absorbs heat quickly and transfers that heat to the
dough piece, sealing it quickly to produce a golden colour and reduce the
tendency for sticking"
"At around the same time in the US, a silicone resin release coating was
being developed, in combination with an electrochemical oxidisation process,
which was and still is, administered to the outer skin of the tin coating,
both on the inside as well as the outside of the pan"
"This oxidisation procedure causes the outer surface of the tin coating
to darken and turn a characteristically deep olive green, the principle
of which is also to absorb heat quickly as well as being compatible with
the application of silicon panglaze"
"This process is a permanent colour that, unlike RK47, does not wash off
or strip when pans are being cleaned during the stripping and reglaze cycles,
so important to the success of panglaze efficiency"
"Oxidisation of the coated surface or Bake-Rite Colorkote as it is now
known in Australia, is a very efficient way of factory conditioning baking
pans"
"It simply means what it says - you Bake-Rite if you Colorkote, and with
the combination of silicon non-stick coating, better known as panglaze,
many more advantages are within the baker's reach, right from the first use
of the pans"
""
"The bullet that grows in the gun By Terry Dowling  

THE six words were all it took"
"""Tell us about the Green Man.""
  And the five other people in Gustav Bremmer's eccentric wood-panelled office
tensed, leant forward in their chairs.  The polite small talk was gone,
as was the illusion of easy company"
"""Not yet, Professor Bremmer, please!""  Fair-minded, level-headed Harry Gellis
made his usual plea for justice.  ""Mr and Mrs Tate have questions of their
own first.  They know nothing about the reason behind tonight's meeting"
"I didn't tell them.""
  Bremmer conceded the point, settled back in his chair and regarded his
guests. 
  ""Very well, Harry.  But I would have thought that we could hear the Tates'
account of this fabulous Green Man and not keep them.""
  ""But I brought them along to illustrate Markham's point, Professor, not
just to talk about their own experience. I want them to be here for the
opening of the box.  If you don't mind.""
  Gustav Bremmer leant over to the gas ring near the floor and turned up
the flame under the kettle, began to make the tea according to his ritual"
"Outside the leadlight casements, down in the quadrangle, night was falling"
"The small diamond panes were filling with an ever-deepening blue.  An autumn
chill was in the air, and the gas ring warmed the room pleasantly"
"""Ah, the grand opening of the box!  No, I don't mind.  But hardly impartial
observers, Harry.""
  Harry pressed on.  ""Which is why Sally Radbrook and Charles Ross are here"
"They have no vested interests either way.""  He turned to the two students,
gave each a smile of encouragement and silent gratitude.  ""All we need is
Doctor Markham and we can begin.""
  Bremmer laughed indulgently and filled the cups.  For the moment Harry
thought he looked the kindly old gentleman, not the ruthless head of department
who, through the years, ultimately had ruined the careers of Markham and
possibly many others.  Bremmer's ruthlessness was well-known among his present
staff - not just rumour, not just exaggeration"
"""Good old Benjamin  Will he make it? with `Form Follows Function' 
and all.  Oh my!  Can I stand it?""
  ""That's unfair, Professor,""  Harry said.  ""Doctor Markham was a devoted
member of staff.  He never falsified data and he believes in what we're
doing.  Meeting the Tates will be important for him.""
  ""Yes, yes.  Spare me, Harry.  But I'd rather have a whisperer like you
than a shouter like him any day.  Attend closely, Miss Radbrook, Mr Ross!
Tonight we see the folly of 15 years laid to rest - the opening of the box!
The famous Bremmer-Markham-Gellis box!  Then we shall hear about the Green
Man.""
  The undergrads exchanged glances.  The Tates, a neat well-dressed couple
in their early forties, did too.  Harry suspected the Tates were feeling
foolish, totally out of their depth.  Mrs Tate reached for the walking stick
beside her, gripped the curved handle"
"When all of them had steaming cups from the famous Bremmer gas ring, Harry
made several polite attempts to chair proceedings, then gave up and sipped
his tea.  His watch said 6.25.  Ben Markham would be here soon"
"Then Harry would have to keep control somehow, prevent this from becoming
a contest of rivals postponed for 15 years"
"So far the tea ceremony had made his task easy.  It always slowed things
down.  Bremmer was preoccupied with his ritual of making, pouring and now
drinking tea; and Harry could, therefore, afford to let his mind wander,
to relieve the tension he felt"
"HE recalled crossing the quadrangle earlier, after his late class, seeing
the evening sky stretched like some lustrous blue canvas over a notched
and ragged Gothic frame.  Students had moved through the dimly-lit cloisters
and among the deep shadows across the grass as always, laughing and talking"
"Harry had loved every step, the vistas he recognised and cherished.  From
one angle that piece of skyline was a blunt outcropping, a knob with no
real shape to it ... Another step or two and it sprang to life in silhouette,
the sudden brutal shadow-play of a gargoyle"
"And all across that placid, timeless backwater, Harry had been aware of
the two keys in his jacket pocket.  One for the closet, one for the box"
"Then he had allowed himself his first direct glimpse of Bremmer's mezzanine
""garret"", that quirky afterthought of a room bullied out of a landing where
two staircases met, never wanted really, till Gustav Bremmer, all
eccentricities and old world charm anyway, had seized on it"
"The Tates had been waiting for him on that side of the quad, near the
only tree in the south-east corner, Marilyn Tate easily recognisable, as
always, by her walking stick"
"It had been a short rise to Bremmer's office then; always deceptive, that"
"You prepared yourself for a long climb, the full double-flight, and before
you knew it, Bremmer's door was peeping out at you, dark shiny wood, on
its mezzanine landing.  Students would always overshoot that door, mindlessly
climbing"
Footsteps on those stairs distracted him.  Harry glanced at his watch
It was 6.32.  There was a knock at the door
"Ben Markham had arrived.  Harry let the short middle-aged man in, introduced 
him and indicated a chair between Ross and himself"
"Bremmer had the grace to turn up his gas ring, though his ""Nice to see
you, Markham"" was hollow.  Harry could see he was enjoying himself immensely,
suspected he had as much curiosity as the rest of them.  After all, Bremmer,
too, had lived with this for 15 years.  He had put up with the locked closet
in his office and the locked box on the shelf behind the door, melodramatically
hidden behind the bookcase"
"Finally Markham's cup and the refills had been passed out and everyone
was ready.  The Tates and the students were looking from Markham to Professor
Bremmer to Harry Gellis, waiting for the proceedings to begin"
"It was Bremmer who spoke.  ""Go ahead, Markham.  Make your case.""
  ""Let Harry tell it,"" Markham said, sipping his tea"
"A wise move, Harry thought.  Otherwise Bremmer would snort and guffaw
all through the account.  No.  Better he present Ben Markham's case himself.   
  Now the eyes were on him exclusively"
"Harry let a few moments pass, listened to the clock on the mantel above
the closed-up fireplace, and drank the last of his tea.  The room smelt
of waxed wood, books, and, faintly, of gas; but Harry had always loved it"
"It was the poet's garret his imagination had never needed when he was younger,
and architectural marvel"
"""Very well then, Mr and Mrs Tate, Charles, Sally,"" he said.  And he began.   
  He told of how, 16 years before, Ben Markham had started in the department
as a senior tutor and part-time lecturer, an earnest good-natured fellow
doing doctoral research into the psychology of anomalous experience.  Markham
performed his duties well.  He was popular with the students and with the
staff; and he satisfied Professor Bremmer's requirements.  At first.  As
the months passed, the events that were to end Markham's teaching career
occurred.  The first of these was an argument over Bremmer's pet theory
of Psychic Stain, whose publication by this usually most cautious head of
department had caused much comment"
"Harry broached this subject carefully.  He could not ridicule Markham
(who, in the end, thought enough of his own research to resign) and could
not afford to alienate Professor Bremmer even slightly.  It was a storyteller's
nightmare"
"""The most challenging and least extravagant theory about hauntings,"" Harry
said, ""is that when a person dies, their released personality, their psyche,
their vitality, actually `stains' the room or locality in which that
personality terminates.  Like water-staining.  Out goes the light of life
- where does all that energy of self, of mind, go?  Has it imploded, sucked
through some sink-hole; or has it leapt outwards as some measurable quantity?
Professor Bremmer's view is that the liberated psyche does charge the
surroundings, and continues in a much vitiated half-life state"
"""The nature and degree of psychic staining determines the manifestations
that other people later experience.  Sometimes individuals react differently
to these resonances and perceive different manifestations.  It's uneven,
of course.  Some places are stained for decades, even centuries.  Others
only for minutes, hours, weeks, surfacing in premonitions and what we call
frissons.  At one extreme, some people see ghosts and hear voices; at the
other there is just a feeling, uneasiness, inquietude.""
  Harry glanced to see how Bremmer was reacting.  The old man nodded"
"There was no doubt that the Tates were engrossed by this.  They were clearly
looking for answers, watching Harry intently"
"""Go on, Harry,""  Bremmer said"
"""Doctor Markham here had another quite new approach.  He was intrigued
by the notion that houses are haunted because they try to grow their own
people.""  He paused.  ""In itself, that view caused no great trouble; it's
so hypothetical and intrinsically absurd.""
  Now Harry looked at Ben; but Markham didn't flinch.  He understood Harry's
position"
"""But Doctor Markham was offering it as a topic for seminar discussion,
a way for him to explore his views.  For one of his tutorials he found a
newspaper article listing how many people had been killed or wounded that
year by supposedly unloaded guns.  It was an incredibly high statistic;
and, between considering that and the notion that houses could haunt
themselves, he produced his own Form Follows Function theory."" 
  ""Don't call it a theory, Harry,"" Bremmer interrupted.  ""It's an absurdity,
a quantum leap in pure waffle!  Theories have at least some empirical basis"
"Some semblance of feasibility.  This notion of Markham's is the most dangerous
form of claptrap.  Guns growing their own bullets!  Houses growing ghosts!
Furniture growing people!  I'm a lenient man and I approve of theorising,
but a line has to be drawn.  This is abject nonsense!  Lunacy!""
  ""Please continue, Harry,"" Markham said reasonably"
"HARRY swallowed.  There was no way he could come out of this unscathed,
he realised"
"""Doctor Markham's viewpoint is sensational and provocative to be sure,
supported - "" (He put this in for Bremmer and his own future) - ""by no one
anywhere else in the academic world.  His beliefs are his own; as revolutionary
in terms of scientific thinking as the round-Earth theory or evolution ever
were ... ""
  ""Wrong, Harry!""  Bremmer said.  ""You give it the wrong emphasis - make
it seem a truth whose time has yet to come.  I don't know about the Tates
here, but for the sake of Miss Radbrook and Ross I'd prefer you say, like
a flat-Earth theory or a creationist one.""
  ""Thank you, Harry,""  Markham said.  ""I appreciate how difficult this is
for you.  But I am as fascinated now as I was then.  A farmer in the Riverina
shot by his father's unloaded rifle left in the attic.  He'd cleaned it
10 years before, taken it down to show round and clean again.  A policeman
in Adelaide killed by an unloaded service revolver.  Hunters.  A soldier
at Puckapunyal.  All in a three week period.  Too much to ignore, to attribute
to mere carelessness"
"""Yes, for a gun a bullet is a causal proposition.  It exists only to receive,
hold and deal with a bullet.  An irresistible purpose; an incontrovertible
logic.  And what about houses?  Those with no deaths yet to stain the locale,
but filled with a presence all the same.  Not the restless spirits of the
departed shot into the surroundings in death trauma, but probably the casual
resonances of living people - induced by the presence of our psyches, our
spirits, our personas, day after day.  The magnetic fields of a person provide
a template, a living by-product of our being.  The used artefact is imprinted
with it, saturated.  Psychic stain, yes, but the stain of living forces
not terminated ones.  We impregnate our artefacts, load them with it.  Any
wonder there are ghosts, life echoes.  It helps to account for the melancholy
surrounding an armchair at a dump, a rusted bicycle in some dunes, ruins
in the desert, derelict cars in a wrecker's yard."
"By G.A. Mohr, H.R. Milner CHAPTER 6 Finite Element Analysis of Vibrations  

In this chapter the beam stiffness matrix developed in Chapter 5 is used
to analyse the vibrations of frames. We consider the use of both numerical
time stepping techniques, in which finite difference approximations in time
are used for the velocity and acceleration terms, and modal analysis
techniques. 
  The modal analysis method involves an initial determination
of those natural vibration modes (or eigenvectors) which have the most
significant effect on the dynamic behaviour of the structure. These are
used to diagonalise the stiffness and mass matrices and thereby transform
the problem to one of analysing a system of equivalent and independent one
degree of freedom systems, involving a set of artificial variables. The
analysis of these independent systems may be readily undertaken by such
methods as numerical time stepping techniques and Fourier type analyses"
"Finally, modal analysis involves summing appropriate multiples of the various
natural modes and a transformation back to the original variables"
"6.1 Dynamic problem types  

There is a variety of forces under which structural response will vary with
time. Wind and earthquake loading are obvious natural forces and dynamic
forces from machinery are obvious man-made forces. Structural behaviour
is influenced by the structure's stiffness, mass and damping characteristics
and the nature of the forces. However, visco-elastic creep under static loading
is also a dynamical problem but, because displacements develop slowly, inertial
effects may be regarded as insignificant. Their omission simplifies the analysis
considerably and we can regard it as a special case of the more general
problem"
"The general equation governing the dynamic behaviour of a structural system
is 
  
  In equation 6.1 the mass matrix M is multiplied by the vector of
accelerations and the damping matrix C is multiplied into the vector of
velocities. Mass and damping matrices are considered later and, in this
introductory text, we restrict discussion to lumped mass systems. K is the
usual structure stiffness matrix and {Q(t)} is the vector of, in general,
time dependent loads"
"6.2 Finite difference expressions used for time stepping  

The most common method of modelling the variation of time is through the
use of finite difference techniques. We consider a variety of the more common
approximations"
"Inertial effects not significant  

In problems involving creep inertial effects associated with the mass matrix
are not significant; we require finite difference expressions only for
the velocities. In the Crank-Nicolson scheme
     6.2
     6.3
is used where δt is the time step length. The time stepping is 
centralised about   . Substituting equations 6.2 and 6.3 into equation
6.1 leads to the recurrence relation
  6.4
which is used to compute    from   . In using equation 6.4, 
Irons and Ahmad recommend that, for consistency, an equation similar to
equation 6.2 should also be used for the loads"
"A second scheme involves using the (n1)th time instant as a
reference point, ie we write    instead of equation 6.2 and 
continue to use equation 6.3. This approximation is referred to as a backward 
difference and leads to the recurrence relationship
   6.5  
 This formula has been used extensively in transient heat flow analysis
but seems to have little advantage over the Crank-Nicolson scheme"
"A further, very similar, alternative is to use the nth time
point as the reference, ie we write    instead of equation 
6.2. This approximation is referred to as a forward difference approximation
and leads to the recurrence relation
   6.6  
If the damping matrix, C, is diagonalised by lumping the damping constants
at the nodes by intuition, the recurrence relationships, equation 6.6, become
explicit because only a trivial inversion of diagonal coefficients is required
to invert the C matrix and enable the time stepping to proceed. Although
such lumping minimises computational effort, the approach is not particularly
accurate unless small time steps are used. It can be shown that such
approximations involve a truncation error of 0δt and are equivalent to
using linear interpolation in time. On the other hand, the Crank-Nicolson
method involves a truncation error of    and is equivalent to
using quadratic interpolation in the time domain. It tends to have superior
accuracy and is to be preferred"
"Inertial effects significant  

The inclusion of inertial effects involves the use of finite difference
approximations for the accelerations and values of    at three points in
time. It is now natural to use the cantral difference method centred about
the nth time point. Considering the two time intervals,    and
   the velocities at the centre of these are approximated using
equation 6.3 giving
    
    
and the accelerations at time tn are then estimated as
    
  The velocity expressions used within equation 6.1 is not obtained from
either of equations 6.7 or 6.8. Rather, we use the centre point,   
as the point of reference giving
    
  Substituting equations 6.9 and 6.10 into equation 6.1 we obtain the following
recurrence relation
    
  This process is often referred to as one of time integration but, in fact, it
can be viewed as one of extrapolation as all the finite difference
approximations used above can be obtained from linear or quadratic
interpolations. Equation 6.9, for example, can be obtained from equation 2.8 by
replacing L by 2δt"
"6.3 Time stepping analysis of structural oscillations  

The structure of Fig 6.1 is subject to impressed boundary displacements, such
as might arise under earthquake loading, in which the ground displacement
   is a specified function of time. It is not unusual to study such
oscillations by taking into account only the horizontal displacements of the
nodes at each floor level. This implies that the bending stiffness of the floor
beams is infinite by comparison with the columns. We also neglect the
compression in the floor and roof, so that only a single displacement freedom
is needed at each level. The stiffness matrix for each column is thus a
contraction of equation 5.15 in which only the shearing entries V are required"
"We sum the pair of column stiffness matrices at each level, giving 
    
  Furthermore, to simplify the analysis, we neglect damping and assume the
entire mass of the building is concentrated at the first floor and roof levels"
"The concentration of mass in this intuitive fashion is referred to as lumping
the masses"
"Assembling the element matrices for each floor level and partitioning
equation 6.11 to distinguish the specified boundary displacements (subscript
b) and the free displacements (subscript f), we obtain the recurrence relation
    
  As ?b is specified the first row of equation 6.13 is all that is required
to determine ?f at each time step. Further, we can neglect the masses of the
columns or alternatively lump them together with the naturally lumped floor
masses shown in Fig 6.1. In this case the system mass matrix is diagonalised so
that    is null and both    and    are diagonal matrices. This leads to
the simplified expression
     6.14
where the first term on the right hand side gives the loading effect of the
specified boundary displacements upon the rest of the system. The matrices in
equation 6.14 are given by
    
  Substituting these into equation 6.14 and dividing through by a common factor
of 10⊃4 we obtain
     6.16
where the constant"
"The transient boundary excitation at ground level is taken to be given by
    
     6.17b
with   . As we use a time step length of δt=0.02 secs
we would expect this to give reasonably accurate results. It follows
    
  Substituting this value of    and the specified value of    for
   into equation 6.16 we obtain the two recurrence relations 
    
  Using these results we obtain results close to the exact solution produced
using the techniques outlined in Section 6.4"
"Once the recurrence relations have been established it is straightforward
to code the time stepping solution. This is undertaken for equations 6.19
and 6.20 in Section 6.5"
"6.4 Modal superposition methods Free undamped vibrations   

Modal superposition methods are based on solutions of a simplified version
of equation 6.1, viz
   6.21  
  Equation 6.21 describes unforced and undamped vibrations of an oscillating
system having n degrees of freedom. We view the system as excited by some
initial disturbance, which causes it to oscillate freely and indefinitely,
in one of its n natural modes after the initial disturbance is removed"
"In each of these natural modes, the displacements of each node are in phase,
ie these all reach a maximum value at the same time. It is assumed that
the displacements, associated with a natural mode, can be expressed in the
form
     6.22
where       and    are respectively the angular
frequency (in radians/second), phase angle and vector of amplitudes or
eigenvector of the    natural mode. On substitution of equation
6.22 into equation 6.21, we obtain 
   
which must be true for all t values so that 
    
  Equation 6.23 is a statement of an eigenproblem described in Appendix
A. Computer routines are given there to extract the eigenvalues, which are
the square of the frequencies, and the eigenvectors or natural mode shapes"
"We should note the following additional points:
 1 the unit of frequency is Hertz (or cycles per second) and this is related
  to the angular frequency by
  
2 the period to complete one cycle of oscillation is given by
  Orthogonality and related properties  

One of the important properties of eigenvectors is their orthogonality
with respect to the K and M matrices. Suppose we have two eigenpairs
      and       then
    
  Premultiply equation 6.26a by    and equation 6.26b by
   and subtract the two expressions. Noting that K and M are
symmetric and    it follows that
    
  Since the eigenvalues are, in general, different it follows that
     6.28a
and it is supposed that, by suitably scaling   
    
We conclude from equations 6.28 that
    
  If the eigenvectors are scaled to satisfy equation 6.28b, they are said
to be normalised with respect to the M matrix; both computer routines given
in Appendix A normalise and output the eigenvectors in this form"
"Assume also that a square matrix E is constructed, the columns of which
are the eigenvectors   . If I represents the unit matrix then 
    
and   
where    is a diagonal matrix with values    on the
leading diagonal"
"Forced undamped vibrations  
When an undamped structure is subjected to the influence of disturbing forces
which are maintained, equation 6.1 becomes 
    
  It is assumed that, for an arbitrary    the displacements may be
expressed as a linear combination of the eigenvectors or natural modes"
"Let this linear combination be represented as 
    
where {  } represents the various multiples of the eigenvectors to be
taken. Substituting equation 6.32 into 6.31 leads to
     
which, on premultiplication by    and the use of equations 6.30, gives
    
  In equation 6.33 the various equations are decoupled, ie these can be
separated into n single degree of freedom systems each having the form
     6.34
where   . To solve equation 6.31 we can now undertake
the simpler exercise of solving the individual decoupled equations, 6.34,
by time stepping or other techniques. The final solution is obtained by
substituting the    values back into equation 6.32 to obtain the
real nodal displacements {D}"
"In actual analyses, the problem is simpler than just outlined in that
only a few of the natural modes contribute significntly to the dynamic
behaviour, viz those having frequencies close to the dominant frequencies
in the disturbance. For example, in the well known gust factor method for
wind disturbance, only the eigenvector corresponding to the lowest mode
is taken into account"
"Damped forced vibrations  

The introduction of arbitrary damping matrices does not allow the decoupling
(described above) to take place. This means that the modal superposition method
cannot be applied in general. In practice, special forms of damping are used in
which the damping matrix is a linear combination of the mass and stiffness
matrix. For uniform viscous damping, it is assumed that    which leads
to the decoupled system"
"Individual systems can be separated from this equation in the same manner as for undamped systems and have the form

  

If the damping is expressed in terms of the mass matrix then the damping is described as uniform mass damping and, if it is a linear combination of the K and M matrices, it is known as Rayleigh damping"
Behaviour of single freedom systems
"Re-creating Clayton House by Mark Paterson  

Clayton House is a tribute to its builder. It stands proud, on the eastern
outskirts of Perth, still in its basic structure, surrounded by almost 11
hectares of fertile land. The Helena River forms one boundary of the property"
"The house was completed in 1861, signified by initials of the then-owners
of Clayton Farm, the Smith family, engraved into the brickface on the
north-west wall"
"But two-storey brick house, built with red clay dug from a nearby 
creek, is not the farm's original homestead which was on the banks of the Helena
River. The wooden building is believed to have burnt down"
"The land around the house was originally taken up by Henry Camfield,
a hops farmer from Kent, England, who arrived on the ""Caroline"" in 1829"
He was granted 1100 acres at Helena and soon after leased out the land
"The present owners Mr and Mrs David Dick presume the farm was named after
the man who took up the first lease from Camfield, but they are unsure"
"In 1853, the farm was bought by Richard Smith and not long after he and
his family moved to the property"
"The nearest settlement was Guildford, so the Smith family was almost
self-sufficient - wheat and oats were grown, an orchard with vines and many
fruit trees decorated the farm. Pigs and chickens were also kept"
"Over the years the land has been used for a number of purposes, particularly
agisting stock driven down from northern cattle stations"
"Mr and Mrs Dick bought Clayton Farm from Elders Goldsborough Mort in 1968
and they moved onto the farm in 1972. The pastoral agents had acquired the
farm and surrounding land for stock agistment and later subdivided and
sold it off"
"Clayton Farm remains the largest of the subdivisions on the east side
of Helena River. Clayton House was used by stockmen when the land was agisting
stock and the room above the cellar in the back garden was also used to
house workmen"
"According to Mrs Dick, the house is structurally sound and little has
been spent on it internally but she pointed out that it was ""very drab""
when they bought it"
"She said dust was continually falling from the ceiling and walls, from
cooking black, caused by the stockmen cooking on a wood stove in the original
living room"
So she and her husband set out to make the place liveable
"""We cleaned the place up and put in a tenant and then worked out what
we wanted to do with the place,"" said Mr Dick"
"Now retired, the Dicks made all efforts to furnish the house with period
furniture and had hoped from the start to renovate it to its original
splendour.  
  When the couple lived in South Perth, they were accustomed to a larger
living area than Clayton House had and so decided to extend the existing
living area out to the original kitchen"
"However, their plans were way-laid until they could find bricks from the
same period and of the same size to complete the addition"
"This task ended when a cottage in nearby Guildford was demolished. Although
the bricks were the same size, they had marginally different texture to
those in Clayton House"
"The bricklayers had to finish off the bricks just as the original ones
have been. During renovations the external brickwork was treated with a
water repelling solution"
"The original kitchen, separate from the house, had deteriorated and the
original brickwork to the baker's oven was discovered during the extensions"
"Doors and windows were bought when they became available. Most of the
windows were replaced with pane and a half windows, a fashion of the 1850s,
according to Mrs Dick"
"Mr Dick said it was a matter of buying the materials you liked when you
were able and then using them at a later date"
"""Get it when you can and then decide how to use it,"" he said, adding that
period materials were becoming scarcer"
"Clayton House is classified by the National Trust and is open only to
historical societies and specialised groups"
"Mrs Dick is president of the Swan-Guilford Historical Society, 
reflecting her keen interest in the region's past"
"""I have always been interested in history and we have always like old
furniture,"" she said, ""Most of our furniture was acquired in the days when
it was not too popular.""
  The furniture, such as the early jarrah colonial settees in the living
room, is mainly Victorian"
"There are cedar chairs in the upstairs' bedrooms along with Victorian
brass beds that came from an early commercial hotel when it was pulled down"
"Raw iron gates that mark the main entrance came from the Mechanics Institute
in Perth, when it was demolished"
"The doors and architraves in the house came out from England; with
fingerplates being saved from old homes around Perth. An original lock is
set into the front door"
"The staircase is original with only the treads being replaced during
renovations. 
  In fact the staircase, which starts behind the front door, is so tight
that when the Dicks moved large furniture upstairs, they had to take it
through upstairs windows"
"All the door-frames are original and all light fittings come from the
1850s"
"The plasterwork in the house is also original. It was steam cleaned and
painted over. The wood stove in the living room has been replaced by a
Victorian fireplace from the demolished Guildford cottage"
"There is one other Victorian fireplace in a bedroom but the parlour at
the front of the house still contains an original fire surround"
The parlour is also home to a Victorian suite brought from England
"Mrs Dick said the house was returned as nearly as possible to its original
splendour but she pointed out some things could just not be replaced"
"The home is adorned by etchings, paintings and ornaments, many of which
depict WA life in days gone by"
"There is a full size cellar out the back of the house which has a room
over the top. The Dicks suspect it was used as a bedroom for the settler's
family and then later as a dog and fowl pen"
Shingles cover the verandah off the bedroom and the nearby garage roof
"The cellar's entrance is guarded by two jarrah doors, both of which were
beyond resurrection when the Dicks bought the farm. The cellar was flooded
regularly in winter and this forced the couple to dig in an automatic pump
to keep the floor dry. The cellar is now used as a meat cellar and for general
storage"
"The original grape vines on the north-east wall have been pruned and now
bear fruit regularly and there are huge trees all over the 11 hectare block
including some original growths. Plant regeneration has been an important
part of Clayton Farm's renovation with dying original trees being replaced
and more trees added"
"The one remaining mulberry tree still bears and an olive tree marks the
site of the original homestead"
"There are three original wells and an all year spring. One of the wells
alongside the house was used as a dry well to take up water from the kitchen
but it has since been renovated using local stone and is now not used"
"The couple's eldest son grows special varieties of Kangaroo paws on a
half hectare plot for an export market while the younger son manages a
thoroughbred agistment operation on another part of the farm"
"The house has hosted two gatherings of the Smith family, descendants
of the pioneering family who built Clayton House"
"With a home garden, orchard, several head of cattle and small flock of
cross-bred sheep, the Dicks believe they are self-sufficient- another link
with the original settlers"
""
"Personal triumph in Castlemaine for `diva' Drivala CONCERT JEREMY VINCENT CONCERT: Opera arias and duets sung by Jenny Drivala (soprano) and Keith
Lewis (tenor). With the Rantos Collegium conducted by Richard Divall"
"VENUE: Castlemaine Town Hall.  

It's a long way from the leading opera houses of the world to the Castlemaine
Town Hall, but singers Jenny Drivala and Keith Lewis took it all in their
stride last Saturday to give an amazing display of vocal virtuosity which
had farmers and city slickers alike screaming for more"
"The friendly town hall acoustics of country Victoria must have been a
dream come true for the pair in their program of popular opera arias and
duets"
"The Victoria State Opera publicity machine had promised much from Jenny
Drivala and there is no doubting the ear-splitting power behind her top
notes, as I'm sure every resident of Castlemaine heard - even if the hall
wasn't filled to capacity. It should have been"
What is even more amazing is her undeniable resemblance to Maria Callas
"She dresses, walks, stands, acts and most definitely at times sounds like
the great diva"
"Drivala's performance of Ah Fors'e Lui and its ensuing Sempre Libera from
Verdi's La Traviata at this concert can only be called a personal triumph"
"Like Callas in the role, the young soprano created a moving character,
deftly treading the vocal tightrope and stunning the audience with her
brilliant interpretation"
"Throughout the night, Drivala sang with almost total disregard for the
strain a heavy program such as this must impose on any singer"
"Elsewhere, Rossini's Bel Raggio exposed technical lapses in her young
voice and was perhaps an unfortunate opener, but better balance and confidence
developed - breathing settled and the harsh tone at the top was brought
under control"
"Keith Lewis has a stylish voice, richly produced for one so young, with
a purity of tone that's a first-rate lesson in vocal control for any singer"
"For such a concert he does not display the acting element of his colleague,
but his is the better voice by virtue of his technique.  From among his selection came a superbly phrased performance of Lensky's
aria from Eugene Onegin sung in Russian, showing just why he is one of the
world's leading lyric tenors"
"Throughout the concert the Rantos Collegium was ever faithful to conductor
Richard Divall, revelling also in the close confines of the small hall"
"As a starter, the overture to Mozart's The Abduction from the Seraglio was
a sparkling, zestfully played piece, with particular reference to the guidance
Divall gave the wind instruments and the cracking pace he gleaned from the
strings"
This concert was part of the Castlemaine State Festival
"Drivala, Lewis and Divall team up in the Victoria State Opera's production
of Bellini's I Puritani at the State Theatre from Thursday"
""
"Kuta cashes in on devaluation bonus By Jeremy Clift  

  INDONESIA'S big devaluation has turned the spectacular equatorial
archipelago of sparkling beaches and ancient temples into a bargain for
travellers"
"Sun-seekers on the holiday island of Bali can now get rooms for as little
as three of four dollars a night along Kuta Beach, a favourite with
back-packers.  
  The Indonesian airline Garuda is offering cut-price packages
if you buy the ticket abroad and the Indonesian government is mounting
a campaign to encourage visitors to cash in on last month's devaluation"
"The currency change means that tourists can get 45 per cent more rupiah
to the dollar, slashing the cost of meals, drinks and local transport"
"Indonesia, the only Asian member of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting
Countries, has been badly hit by the fall in the price of oil and devalued
on September 12, setting a new rate to the dollar of 1035 rupiah against
734 previously"
"Though many of Indonesia's better hotels are priced in US dollars, tourists
looking for bargains will find accommodation at rock bottom prices"
"Indonesia is a country of 13,000 islands with a population of 165 million
people that is mostly Moslem, though on Bali - the most popular tourist
destination - a mixture of Hindu and Buddhist culture predominates"
"Straddling the equator, the volcanic chain is strung out across a distance
broader than the United States and includes a fascinating kaleidoscope of
different peoples from near Stone Age tribes in the far eastern province
of Irian Jaya and former head-hunters in Borneo to the matriarchal society
of part of Western Sumatra"
It will soon be easier than ever to get to Bali
"From next month Garuda will open new flights to the resort island from
Amsterdam, Taipei, Guam and Los Angeles, says Garuda chief R.A.J. Lumenta"
"Because of these plans, Lumenta told reporters there was now a critical
need to improve Bali's small airport"
"Japan is providing a 14.9 billion yen (A$150 million) loan for the expansion
project, but it is not expected to get underway until October next year,
according to Transport Minister Rusmin Nurjadin"
"In the meantime, visitors may find frustrating delays at Bali's Ngurah
Rai airport"
But it is still worth the wait
"Despite fears that an influx of tourists will wreck Bali's colourful
culture, it has thrived on the visitors who help keep alive its traditional
dancing, wood carving, textile making and active artists' colony"
"The glitter of neon between the palms along Kuta Beach may be seen as
an unwelcome intrusion of the modern world by some, but Bali authorities
have wisely restricted tourist development to the extreme southern tip of
the island"
"The newest resort will open in December, when President Suharto is expected
to inaugurate the latest Club Mediterranee complex at the luxury development
of Nusa Dua.  President Reagan stayed at a nearby hotel last April"
"Suharto has called for a concerted effort to promote tourism to make up
for lost oil dollars"
"""We must realise how important the role of tourism is in ensuring the
continuity of our development efforts,"" he told a tourism conference in
Jakarta"
"The government aims to increase tourist arrivals by 14 per cent a year
in the present five-year plan ending in 1989.  But visitors to the country
rose by only 2.8 per cent to 720,647 last year from 700,910 in 1984"
"This is partly because Indonesia is expensive to get to from many parts
of the world.  But tourists also complain of poor standards of hygiene
in some places, high prices, cheating and poor service"
"""The quality of Indonesian tourism in terms of promotion, service, price,
attractions and management still leaves much to be desired in view of the
high rate of complaints by tourists visiting Indonesia,""  Tourism minister
Achmad Tahir admitted last month"
""
"Plan to cut airport fire services criticised By TONY HARRINGTON, transport reporter  

Pilot training by East-West Airlines could be seriously affected if the
Department of Aviation closes the airport fire service at Tamworth in New
South Wales"
"East-West trains up to 300 pilots each year at Tamworth, its home base"
"The Australian Federation of Air Pilots does not allow flying training
at airports which have no fire cover"
"The department wants to close airport fire stations at Tamworth, Norfolk
Island and Proserpine, in north Queensland, because the number of passengers
on scheduled flights has fallen below 150,000 a year, the base figure for
fire cover.                                       
  Airlines also are required to pay for ""after hours"" fire cover at Sydney,
Brisbane, Adelaide, Hobart, Launceston and Mount Isa airports as part of
the department's cost recovery program"
"The Federal Firefighters Union and the Australian Flight Attendants
Association have also criticised the decision to close the fire stations"
"Both unions claimed that the Department of Aviation used 1984 passenger
figures to justify decisions to close the three airport fire services"
"They have written to the department, the Government and other politicians
urging a review of the decision"
""
"What's on SBS  

  THE WEDDING AT SQUIRE MAENG'S (Thursday, 8.30 pm SBS)
  -A comedy set in Korea"
"Squire Maeng has an inflated opinion of his position in the community
and arranges his daughter's marriage with the son of a wealthy family in
a neighboring township"
"The Squire's devious plan backfires when he discovers his prospective
son-in-law is a cripple"
A light-hearted look at an interesting culture. Stars Chu Song-Ung and Yo-Sub
"(Korean, English subtitles)"
"SATISFIED OR NOT? (Monday, 9.30, SBS). - It is a political comedy depicting
a waiter unhappy with his job"
"Yang Yu-Sheng believes he has more to offer the work-force than as a
waiter. He is rude and treats his customers poorly"
Frustrated by his predicament he leaves for greener pastures
"While searching for work he lands up in hospital and falls in love with
his nurse, who provides some interesting philosophies on life"
"Stars Yang Tianxiao and Ding Yun (Mandarin, English subtitles)"
""
"Waiting for a big family  

A FINE old home in Vale Road, Mt Lawley, deserves a family, according to
the present owner who has been its main occupant for several years"
"It could certainly accommodate a big family, as it was built on a grand
scale, like many other old Mt Lawley homes. 
  The house is divided into two self-contained sections, with the main area
in front, and a granny flat behind.  The latter could be used either for
this purpose or as children's quarters, or the house could be restored to
its original one-residence form"
"The 1923 Federation-style home was built for Mr Stephen Earle and bought
from his daughter by the present owner in 1972"
"It was built by Cavanagh and Spanney, who were involved with the construction
of St Mary's Cathedral, as well as with a number of other grand old Mt Lawley
residences"
"Its outstanding features include jarrah timberwork throughout, original
stained glass and leadlight windows and light fittings in 
turn-of-the-century style"
"The ceiling cornices in the main rooms feature patterns of WA wildflowers
- geraldton wax, wattle, gumnuts and leaves - with a different flower in
various rooms"
"There are four fireplaces, with oak and jarrah surrounds"
The house will be auctioned on site at noon on June 7
"The main section consists of an entry hall, formal sitting room, dining
room, three double bedrooms, kitchen and study, all surrounded by verandas"
"A striking feature of the dining room is a draped layer of cream chinese
silk sewn into the ceiling"
"The refurbished kitchen, which includes a breakfast nook, is equipped with
a gas stove and electric oven and opens on to a sunroom, with enclosed veranda
beyond to provide an extensive outdoor eating area when fine weather beckons"
"The bathroom has also been upgraded, and boasts a carpeted floor - the
old bath is now filled with water lilies in the backyard"
"The granny flat, which has not been used for two years, is designed on
versatile lines and could well serve as children's quarters"
"It has a separate entrance and looks out on a huge terraced garden and
barbecue area which is a delight - it would be hard to imagine a better
place in which to ""get away from it all"" when the going gets tough"
"There's also an orchard section, producing lemons, grapes, mandarins,
and a special plus, a fruiting avocado"
"The gardens, which are reticulated from a bore, are spotlighted, to
provide a touch of magic on a summer night"
"Rose bushes abound in the front garden, where there are also terraced lawns"
"Barry North or Gerald Morgan, of Acton Consolidated, will open the house
for inspection from 11am till noon on Wednesdays and Saturdays, and also
by appointment at other times."
"A vision of flames By Susan Clarke Saturday:  
The flames are licking at me - greedy, searing fingers,
trying to pluck at the nightdress I hold tightly about me -
a useless nylon cocoon. The heat is becoming unbearable; I feel
my face aflame with it and the sweat that slips between my
breasts and shoulder blades is making prickly trails. I feel
mesmerised. The room is dancing before my eyes, and I should
escape. Every bone, every fibre of my being is echoing, ""Run,
run"", but I can't. There is someone else here - still, perhaps
sleeping .."
"There's a window in this room. All I have to do is drag him
across to it. The inner rooms are already ablaze. I know they
are. This is the last to go. I must get out. We must get out"
"I look across to the window, still not touching the figure
- not attempting to do what my instincts are screaming at me
to do. Outside I see vague lights arcing across and it confuses
me"
"Where am I? I must find out. This is the second time I have
been here. The second .."
"Then, abruptly I cool. The second time. The sweat is making
me shiver now. It's night time and I know that I'm home, safe
in my bed with my husband's gently slumbering figure beside me"
The sheets are damp where I lie and this is a dream
"I will my eyes to open, whispering to myself. ""It's just a
dream, just a dream ... ""
   Across the familiarity of our bedroom, the flames are still
superimposed. Frightening, destructive flames, framing the
window - the moving, misshapen window and I try to will it to
be still, to let my eyes focus on it: to discover, to learn
where I am"
"But it fades, just out of my cognition and I feel a hopeless
despair"
"It wasn't just a bad dream. This was the second night of its
appearance. So I must find out more about it, be more aware,
more observant when it comes for the third time. I have a
responsibility that no-one else can share and no-one that I
know can understand. I am a psychic"
"""What is it, love?"" my husband's sleep-blurred voice comes
to me as I lie, stiff and damp. His hand reaches across to pull
me closer, but stills against my nightdress and a frown furrows
his brow. ""You're ill."" A statement that sounds faintly
accusing"
"I wish I could confide in him. He's such a gentle man
really, but remote and in some ways untouchable in human
things. He hates mistakes and never dreams and he doesn't
believe in precognition or deja vu. He'd never believe me, so
I roll from his presence and go to the drawers to retrieve a
fresh nightdress and enter the bathroom"
"Warm water, beating hard against my skin. I even let it
envelop my face to wash away the ashes and sweat marks I'm sure
must be there. It's always like this. So real. At least the
water can wash away the sticky aftermath of my vision. But
still, the thought persists, `I must help him' and I close my
eyes to let myself drift back. It began with me standing in the
room - no clues. It was a plain wooden room - old fashioned
- but I couldn't see properly. The flames - they keep coming
back"
"Even here in the sanctuary of my shower I can feel them. The
prickles of heat, and the sharp stream of water are becoming
one -
   ""Are you all right in there?"" my husband's voice seemed to
penetrate. At least I didn't have a chance to become totally
enveloped in it this time. The thought of becoming a living
flame terrifies me. That man. I mustn't let it happen to him"
"Sunday:  
I don't want to fall asleep. Not tonight. I know that I will
have that fiery vision again and it frightens me - the flames
and the fear of failure. I must try to disassociate myself from
it - to be objective. But it'll be difficult because I tend
to be swept along with the tides of my emotions. My husband
should have been the psychic. He shoulders responsibility with
such admirable calm and can be so objective when it's needed"
"I astounded him tonight. I dragged such passion from him
with my urgent love-making that he looked strangely at me
afterwards as if he suspected that I were cheating on him"
"Perhaps I am in a way, because I dare not reveal my secret
self. He'd laugh and suspect my sanity or even worse, pat me
on the head and smile condescendingly as if he were humouring
an imaginative child, who doesn't know any better, and I need
help right now. I feel older than he could ever be because I
know that only I can help that slumbering man - save him or
ignore him and let his death be inevitable. I would be his
murderer then. My neglect would have murdered him by proxy, by
fire. The house is silent except for the steady rhythm of my
husband's breath. I am filled with a warm lethargy that deters
movement. Outside a breeze is rising. I can hear it teasing at
the leaves. Strange, I can hear the sound of the whisper of a
pine. Two pine trees, maybe more. They crest a hill and
overshadow a wooden cottage. I can feel their needles coarse
beneath my bare toes and hear the cones exploding as they burn"
Burn
"A fire is burning in the cottage and the wind, it fairly
hisses through the broken window there"
"The room; it seems to appear about me. Panelled, not for
effect, but in old-fashioned board from boarded ceiling to
floor: a floor already licked with flames, snaking towards me"
"Automatically, I gather the crumpled skirt of my nightdress to
me, moving away from them. They have entered through the second
door to the room, they have entered - the one leading inside,
and the fire is burning cleanly, with little smoke so far"
"I try to tell myself that I am an observer - this is not
happening to me, but my body reacts to the fear, pulling away
from the fiery tongues. My arms are already covered with the
sheen of my sweat"
"The man; the only reason I am here. In my dream form, I
cannot touch him to warn him. How can he just sleep on? The
fire roars as it moves through the tinder dry house. If only
I could see him more closely. From where I stand he looks tired
in his sleep with lines of weariness and an undeserved age
etched into his face"
"But the momentary glimpse does not last long, for already
the heat is affecting my vision. The clear lines of a moment
ago are beginning to move insidiously, just blurring the edge
of their clarity. Soon the vision will end. I feel it and
desperately look for something, some clue to where this might
be"
"Help me. What a useless cry. I have to succeed ... by
myself"
"I can see only two windows in the room at present. One
displays a lurid orange-red mockery of its normal view; gutted
gums are grim and the ashes of an old fire have lost their
almost obscene pristine white colour. They all move in a
primitive dance of exultation. The cottage had been saved once
when a fire had marched to its very door, but it would not be
now. It would go and it's occupant with it"
"I shake my head in a defiance that I do not feel. It takes
all my will power to tear my eyes from the scene framed there"
"I will not be wooed from my task, even though I feel that
I am fixed to the floor now until my vision ends. I cannot
fight through the curtain of smoke and fire"
"The window. It's still the same. Almost obscured by smoke,
the second window tantalises me. I make a useless rub at my
eyes, but pain sears through them as if I have really got ashes
in them. They feel red raw from it and nearly all of me is
demanding the vision to cease, to give me respite from the heat
and the noise. Time to think and collate what I've seen into
some sort of order, but my rational self tells me that I must
not lose this opportunity. It will be my last. Three visions,
and three days and my dream-spun prophecy will come about. With
every bit of strength I can manage, I focus on the window but
even as I do so I can feel my strength sapped from me as I fall
downwards into oblivion that is both frustration and relief"
"Monday:  
I know he'll consider me eccentric - at least, mildly -
but I feel defiant. I've got a mission, a frantic fevered cause
and I need his help"
"It was like a blazened pointer when I picked up the local
newspaper and saw his ad. Hypnotherapy and one of its uses -
memory. It was the recall I needed - the ability to move the
vision in slow motion and to discern the arc of lights I saw
in my vision. Somehow that window had become important in an
obsessive way. It was the key. I've even tabulated all the
facts that I could remember but my mind keeps running back to
the window and those lights"
"This man is sceptical that his talents can help me recall
a dream. Realities are forever imprinted on the memory no
matter how dormant they seem. Dreams have no such substances,
so he thinks"
"Then how do I explain the scorched skin of my arms and face
if my vision had no reality? Thank goodness it was only dawn
light when my husband left for work this morning and he barely
commented on my `flush'. He wants me to see our doctor, which
at least gives me a believable excuse for missing work this
week, and I need all the time I can get before it is too late"
"The flames, they seem brighter about me now. The glare makes
sight colourless and the heat sears in slow motion"
Hot. So hot
"The window. It is black. The night must be cloudy outside
and the lights ... a town cresting a hill, a perfectly
rounded hill, topped by a tall chimney stack rising above the
buildings, above a sign. It seems back to front, the lacework
of the iron scaffolding seems to tower over the lettering. Two
words"
"Abruptly I am awake. He looks alarmed at my sweat sheen and
I know he regrets helping me so I smile reassuringly. At least,
I hope it is reassuring. My fingers fumble through my handbag
for pen and paper and whilst I can recall the last image, I put
down what I saw"
"Tuesday:  
The telephone directories are piled before me. I wish I
could work faster, but my fingers fumble with the thin paper"
"Make haste slowly. I hear it in my head but I'm not wise enough
to heed it. The vision did not come last night and when I
finally succumbed to sleep, it was deep and dreamless"
"My husband did not like to leave me this morning. It's almost
as if he can sense the tension in me, as if he knows something
is wrong and is looking for a physical reason for it. For all
his gentle anxiety, I have already dismissed him from my
thoughts and worries. He'll have to cope. I have a feeling this
place is far away - far enough to take me from home in my
search to reach there in time. I'll probably have to go today"
"I didn't warn him, or prepare him"
""
"TIGHTENING UP THE P.S. 

THE PRIME Minister, Mr Hawke, put Commonwealth public servants on notice
yesterday that their future work practices would be much closer to those
in private enterprise. In a statement to Parliament on public-service reforms,
he said the Public Service reflected the management and work-style of the
""lucky"" Australia of the 1960s and 1970s, but that the nation could no longer
afford that. Managers in commerce and industry were being urged to greater
efficiency to help get the nation out of the economic slump, and the same
applied to public-service managers"
"In a 15-page statement to Parliament, Mr Hawke announced a series of
measures, including the establishment of an Efficiency Scrutiny Unit to
oversee all public-service operations, a requirement for all departments
to reduce administrative expenses, redeployment or dismissal of redundant
and inefficient staff, and a review of flexitime. In addition, managers
will be given greater powers in staff promotions, and procedures are to
be simplified to reduce delays in filling vacancies. 
  Many public servants will feel aggrieved by Mr Hawke's statement, since,
as president of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, he supported the
Whitlam Government's measures to make the Public Service a pacesetter for
working conditions and an example for private enterprise to follow. But
the present economic conditions demand that the Public Service look more
like commerce and industry rather than vice versa. However loudly the
public-service unions complain, there will be little sympathy for them
in the community, where many people have long wondered why public servants
are virtually safe from the sack, whatever their ability of performance"
"The Public Service will, if the reforms are effectively carried through,
no longer automatically provide a job for life in which the deadheads can
bide their time waiting for a generous superannuation interspersed with
long-servie leave and sick leave. The Public Service has too many people
known as ""promotion barriers"", occupying positions they have little interest
in and preventing the young hopefuls from gaining experience. A welcome
innovation announced by Mr Hawke is the abolition of appeals against promotions
above the Class 8 clerical level; for lower levels, the appeal process will
be streamlined. For too long the Public Service has endured long delays
and tedious appeals processes that have left senior positions vacant for
months"
"However, in the eagerness to streamline the promotion and appeal system
an important difference between the Public Service and private enterprise
must not be overlooked. Cronyism, personal preference, even religious and
political preference may be the prerogative of a private employer: after
all, the private employer pays the wages. But the public pays the wages
of public employees, and the public is entitled to a Public Service based
on merit alone. There is no place for political, religious or personal
preference in the Public Service, and the economies of any changes to the
promotion and appeal system must be weighed against the possibility of a
long-term erosion of the high tradition of a neutral Public Service"
"But economy and efficiency are important. Many people will applaud the
end of automatic higher-duties allowances for those temporarily in higher
positions. When a relatively senior person is placed on higher duties someone
sits in his or her chair on higher duties and there is a ripple effect all
the way down to the junior staff. Further, a person briefly in a higher
post does not carry the same responsibility as the long-term occupant, and
should not be paid as much"
"More freedom for managers
  The higher-duties allowance should have been reviewed years ago. Also
long overdue is an end to the nonsense that a department has to spend its
budget outlay within a set year or risk a lower allocation the following
year. This has led to a rash of spending on interstate trips, publications
and other items towards the end of the year. Under the new arrangements,
money, within limits, can be carried over into the next financial year
and departments will have greater freedom in how they spend it. If the
Government wants public-service managers to act like private managers it
must give them greater freedom"
"The keen and energetic public servant will welcome the new measures but
he or she may be concerned about the operations of the proposed Efficiency
Scrutiny Unit, which will report direct to the Prime Minister. Despite
the promise that the scrutiny of departments will be co-operative ventures
between the unit and the departments, it would be wrong to assume that the
unit, to be partly staffed by outsiders, will be infallible"
"Mr Hawke's statement is deficient is several ways. The question of increasing
the efficiency and accountability of statutory authorities has been further
delayed while ministers consult the authorities. Despite previous promises
of reform, the statutory authorities have been left untouched"
"Mr Hawke announced a review of flexitime to end abuses. Many people believe
the Government should be able to restrict flexitime and prevent situations
that occur on the afternoon before a long weekend, when many offices are
almost unstaffed. But to abolish it altogether could be counter-productive;
not only through lost staff morale, but because flexible working hours can
result in efficiency. Not many in private enterprise work a strict nine-to-five
day. If they did, industry would suffer"
""
"A vision in suburbia By Craig McGregor  

  ""I just had a vision,"" he said"
"""What of?""
  ""A large space, a room, with sunlight pouring down like treacle and seagrass
all over the floor.""
  ""Home?""
  ""We haven't found it yet.""
  She liked warehouses, old factories, lofts, big garages with pillars propping
the ceiling up. No divisions. Space. Soot-greyed windows. They used to be
all over the inner city but the high rises and expressways had razed most
of them"
"""Do you really think we can live like that?"" he said"
"""We can try.""
  ""Bloody cold. Freeze your balls off in winter.""
  ""Temperate climate, so they say.""
  ""I was thinking more about - you know, withdrawing. Keeping out of the
system. The urban ghetto.""
  ""Whatever happened to commitment?"" she said"
"""I sometimes think that the primary commitment,"" he said, ""is disengagement
from that which corrupts you.""
  Terrace houses fronted the street. They were called bald-faced terraces:
no garden, no front yard, doors opening straight onto the footpath. Narrow
balconies jutted overhead. Plane trees, council brush box. Tar and dogshit
sealed the wounds in the cracked concrete. Trayback lorries and vans shunted
past, heading for the Italian greengrocers and sandwich shops and discount
stores along the main street"
"""I've always liked the idea of getting by on the minimum,"" he said"
"""You could have fooled me.""
  ""Reckon we could all live in one room?""
  ""With the kids? No. They need space for themselves.""
  ""So do we.""
  ""We've had it, they haven't. It's their turn.""
  ""You know what I like about you?"" he said. ""You're so damned fair.""
  She looked at him quickly. ""Sometimes.""
  ""I don't mind the idea of you sleeping with someone else, its the visualising
I can't stand.""
  ""Like?""
  ""Oh ... all the things you do with me.""
  Camellias were dropping in the garden. The edges of their petals were
brown; rottenness sullied their pink and white. Francoise sat on the opposite
bench, both hands cupped around her coffee, her expression changing a thousand
times a minute as she talked about men, the kids, massage, diets, perfidy,
France, the past, bus timetables, shithouse Labor politicians, the sales,
pets, and men. She always looked at her best when she was animated"
"He liked Francoise, but he wouldn't let her massage him. 
  The phone rang. It was Johnston. He wanted the job done by the end of
the week"
"Next morning it was raining. Car tyres sounded like the wakes of power
boats. He ran his hand down her bum but got no response. From himself. He
had to work. The kids went to school. The rain hung like a sump oil cloth
over the harbour. She caught the bus by the depot. The TV set wavered,
soundless. He switched it off. Toast crusts on the kitchen sink. A single
room? We need all the support we can get. He rang Johnston. Upstairs the
drawing board waited"
"Francoise rang. Another fight. No, his wife was out. No, she couldn't
come over. In the garden the camellias turned to a squashy pulp"
"The cars turned their lights on early. He was lying on the floor, sickness
in his throat. There were screams on the TV. Soap opera screams. Worse than
the real ones. Why were there screams anywhere?
  When she came home she had been drinking. She was lighthearted, effusive"
He went into the bathroom and tried to calm down. The mirror was peeling
The floor was wet. They couldn't afford to do it up
"""You're late,"" he said"
"""There was a committee meeting,"" she said. ""It went on and on. Couldn't
stop old Giovanni speaking. We're going to have to get a new chairman.""
  It sounded too circumstantial
  ""Then I went for a drink,"" she said"
"""Who with?""
  ""Don't be so paranoid. Christine, and that nice young bloke from child
care. Andrew. The one you don't like.""
  ""Fuckin' cockswain,"" he said. ""Francoise rang.""
  ""What she want?""
  ""I think she wants my body.""

  She came over to him and kissed him on the ear. Her breath smelt of gin"
"""She can have it,"" she said, ""whenever you like.""
  ""Are you trying to arrange a swap?"" he said"
"""Not me.""
  ""They've had another fight.""
  ""What about this time?""
  ""I don't know. I didn't ask. I'm tired of being Mr Bleeding Heart.""
  ""I'll ring her."" She paused. ""Tomorrow.""
  He went to the stereo and put on a Jelly Roll Morton record. The raucous,
ginmill, goodtimey music filled the living room. It would sound even better
in a warehouse. Did the music really crystallize the age, or was it simply
the stage the music had reached in the evolutionary art cycle? Unread
newspapers spilled out of the magazine rack. There was a Petty cartoon on
the wall. He was surrounded by familiar icons to comfort him"
"So why wasn't he comforted?
  The drawing board looked hostile. He checked on the kids instead. They
were asleep. In the First World War sixty thousand Australians were killed,
all volunteers. They found themselves in the blood-and-mud trenches of
Passchendale; some came back from their first artillery barrage crying for
their mothers, senseless. Deserters were shot. The others went over the
top with their guts full of rum. They died of shrapnel, gangrene, gas. Billy
Hughes, the Little Digger, Labor ratfink, called for conscription. One of
the conscripts could have been his son"
"Andrew rang. No, she wasn't there. No, he couldn't leave a message"
He could get fucked
"""Who was that?""
  ""Johnston,"" he lied"
If a current Labor PM tried to introduce conscription he would kill him
Johnston would have to help. Johnston had been to Vietnam ... as a cameraman
"A blast of dope and a close-up of what Uncle Sam had done to an Asian race
had turned him into a revolutionary. Now he wanted a poster for his film"
The poster wasn't working. He wasn't working
He was trying
Thursday was payday. Every second Thursday. This was the first Thursday
It always seemed to be the first Thursday
He didn't have a payday but she did
"The Playboy centrefolds had faded into the garage walls, along with the
Yokohama calendars, the Mirror pin-ups, the greasy New Year greeting cards"
"He left the car for a grease and oil change, cheered by the ambience of
peeling red-painted hydraulic jacks, buckets of sump oil, wheeled backrests,
blackened spanner boxes. Continuity. Stable. There must be something good
about being a postman, too. You do it, and that's it"
"""Sugar, please,"" said Nina, who was Francoise's friend"
"It was still raining, on and off. There had been black rainwater across
the concrete garage floor. Nina sat with her legs crossed"
"""What were you doing in Love Art?"" she said"
"""Porno films turn me on. All those women ... ladies ... they seem so
unselfconscious. I like 'em.""
  ""Anyone can do that.""
  ""Is that a proposition?""
  ""Yes."" She smiled with her goldcapped teeth. ""No."" She closed her mouth"
"""How is it with your wife?""
  ""She's good. As usual. It's me who falls apart. Climacteric. Male .."
"you've heard of it?""
  She started a catalogue. ""Cancer. The Perfect Rooster. Past the year of
the Rat. Show me your irises ...""
  ""That's shit,"" he said. ""It was good to run into you. I have to go.""
  A drawing board is a loathsome thing"
"Tow trucks were pulled off the side of the freeway. Their cabin lights
went round and round. A car was on its side. As the traffic rushed past cars
flicked their lights on, off, on, off. A man was walking a clutch of greyhounds
along the overhead footbridge. They had leather muzzles except for a grey
one which had a muzzle of steel"
"""We were so close a few days ago,"" he said, ""we had nowhere to go but
apart."" 
  They had been arguing, again. About the past. You don't know where you're
going till you know where you've been"
Maybe they didn't argue about the future because they didn't have one together
That was wrong
"It was more likely that no-one, anywhere, had any future once the timeclock
ran out. On the women's toilet wall: NUCLEAR WHOLLY-CAUST BY GREED. Under
which some Christian or maybe some hills-and-dope alternate had scrawled:
FEAR ONLY THYSELF"
"They had been close. They had made love in the afternoon in the sun on
the seagrass matting with dust in their noses and the lorrikeets whistling
and shrieking as they fed on the bottlebrushes, and then again that night
though she would rather have gone to sleep. ""I'm replete but my body's greedy,""
he said lightly. Despite herself she seemed stirred by his sheer physical
passion and next morning when she woke up, she felt both sore and fulfilled"
So she said
"It lasted two or three days and then they started arguing. The past stuck
in their throats. It was inescapable"
"If it had been with Francoise it might have been all right. Francoise
was a friend. She was no threat"
"While on a car trip from the north coast to Sydney Johnston had given
a lift to his mate's wife. It had taken two days. The situation overwhelmed
them, the adventure of it. Johnston decided to leave home. By the time they
got over the Harbour Bridge he had decided not to. Nobody cried. The hurt
of it broke them all up, all the same"
"He rang Johnston again. He needed another week. Johnston swore. It was
a bad line because of the electrical storm over the North Shore"
"He put the garbage bins in the back lane, locked the dogs in the outside
toilet, made a hot Horlicks for his wife, set the alarm for 5 a.m., pulled
the phone out of the corridor wall"
"In bed she insisted on reading. When she turned the light out he was half
asleep. She put her hand on his cock"
"""Doesn't seem very interested,"" she said"
"""Give me time to wake up.""
  He pulled her over and above him. ""I don't know that I should do this,""
he said. ""It could seem like ... imposing my will.""
  ""I'm the one on top!""
  Before he went inside her he hesitated again. ""This could appear like
a violation,"" he said, ""of your integrity.""
  ""What's integrity?"" she said"
"""We could always go to sleep.""
  ""Shut up.""

  He came first and felt guilty. She rolled off him and lay without speaking
with her back against him"
"""I don't like using you,"" he said at last. ""It makes me feel bad. I've
read too many books. I'm too selfconscious. It used to be natural, I used
to be able to rely on my instinct. Now I worry about it, I worry if I am
impinging upon your independence, I worry if our relationship is unfair,
I worry if I can satisfy you sexually, I worry if you are fulfilled ...""
  The cars sluiced past on the roadway. A mild night wind, the sort that
drifts past in the wake of a thunderstorm, shook their bamboo blind. A blurred
stereo was playing in one of the terraces down the street"
"""I am trying to get to sleep,"" she said"
"He lay on his back with his hands behind his head. The sperm on his belly
got cold. The disturbed breathing of one of the children came through the
bedroom door"
Francoise
Nina
Johnston
Andrew. His wife. Him
He lay there for a long time. Something scrabbled across the roof
"A taxi, garbled radio calls, a car door"
"At this time, wrote Mailer, we lose the best of our kind"
"As he turned over she touched him, in her sleep, with her hand. Contact"
Of a kind
"READING SHORT STORIES By Craig McGregor  

Music wound through their lives like the gold lame thread in her dressiest
going-out evening top. They had music on the trannie on top of the fridge
in the kitchen which played Triple J and news breaks and sometimes, when
the packaged media input got too great, a Michael Franks tape"
""
"Murder, murder, and more murder  

PAUL STEVEN HAIGH, Victoria's worst mass murderer, confessed in
court last week to two more killings - bringing his gruesome tally to half
a dozen slayings"
"In 1979, at the age of 21, Paul Steven Haigh had already chosen his path
in life"
"It was to be bloody, filled with treachery and desperation, deadly jealousy
and a string of murders which shocked the country"
"Last week, in Melbourne's Supreme Court, the final curtain at last came
down on a savage and horrendous drama that had lasted nearly eight years"
"In an 11-month killing spree that began in September, 1978, seven people
were slain - six of them by the hand of Haigh, Victoria's worst mass murderer"
"Haigh, now 28, was taken back to Pentridge Prison last week after pleading
guilty to two more murders"
"He had been in Pentridge since 1981, after being convicted of the murder
of four people - one of them his girlfiend, another a nine-year-old boy"
"While in gaol, Haigh confessed to two more killings, becoming only the
sixth man in Victorian legal history to plead guilty in court to murder"
"Haigh confessed to police that he had shot a woman during an attempted
armed robbery at a Tattslotto agency in Windsor in September, 1978"
"He also confessed to killing a man during an attempted armed robbery at
a South Caulfield pizza shop in December that year"
"High said he killed Miss Evelyn Abrahams (58) in the Tattslotto agency
because he feared she was trying to run away"
"Miss Abrahams had turned her back on him and opened an office door to
ask an office manager: ""What should I do?""
  Haigh told police he didn't hear the woman speak.  He thought she was
trying to be heroic"
Haigh said he then shot her in the back of the head with a shotgun
"In the second killing, Haigh confessed that he had jumped over the counter
of the South Caulfield pizza shop and had demanded money"
"When the owner of the shop, 45-year-old Bruno Cingolani, dived for a knife,
Haigh shot him in the stomach.  Mr Cingolani, a father of two, died three
days later"
"Last week Haigh was sentenced to a life term for each murder, the sentences
to be concurrent with the four life terms he received for the other murders"
PAUL Steven Haigh was a good friend of convicted killer Robert Wright
"Wright became friends with another criminal, convicted double killer Barry
Quinn, when Quinn was on the run after escaping from Pentridge Prison"
"Quinn was a ruthless and cold executioner.  Together, Haigh, Quinn and
Wright made a terrifying trio"
This fearsome association culminated in five ruthless killings
"Quinn had escaped from Pentridge Prison on November 15, 1978, with the aid
of Eve Karlson and others.  His escape led to the multiple murders"
"The first to die was Quinn's girlfriend, Ivanka Katherine (Eve) Karlson,
who was shot at Mississippi Creek, near Warburton, between November 16,
1978 and July 30, 1979"
"On the run, Quinn and Karlson had met two other people, Sheryle Anne Gardner
(31) and her friend, Robert Wright.  Together they headed for Quinn's hideout
in the Warburton area"
"Both Eve Karlson and Sheryle Gardner had, at one time, been lovers of
Quinn.  There was a tension, a spiteful jealousy, brooding darkly between
the two women"
"After 69 days on the run, Quinn was recaptured"
"Some time later, Eve Karlson's decomposed body was found on the banks
of the Mississippi Creek"
"Although Quinn had confessed to killing Karlson, the police did not believe
him.  They felt he was covering up for Sheryle Gardner"
"The following month Sheryle Gardner was slain, along with her child"
"The connection between the next four killings was Quinn's escape from
Pentridge"
"On June 27, 1979, Wayne Keith Smith (27) was shot dead as he lay on his
bed in his St Kilda Road flat"
"Quinn had used Wayne Smith's house ""for a couple of days"" straight after
his escape, while Smith and Eve Karlson went about setting up a hideout
in the Warburton area"
"Then, on July 22, 1979, Sheryle Gardner and her son Danny William Mitchell
(9) were shot dead as they sat in their car at Ripponlea"
"On or about August 8, 1979, Lisa Maude Brearley (19) was stabbed 157 times
in Olinda State Forest, after being lured there on the pretence of a party"
"Her body was discovered on August 23 after an accomplice, fearing for
his life, contacted the police"
Brearley had been Haigh's girlfriend
"Police were to discover later that Wright and Haigh had used her to buy
the rifles used to kill Sheryle Gardner and her young son"
"Haigh, Wright and Quinn were all charged"
"Police said they had committed the murders because they thought the victims
""knew too much"" about Quinn's escape from prison and the subsequent events"
"Quinn and Wright were acquitted on the charge of having murdered Eve
Karlson at Mississippi Creek.  Haigh was not implicated in this killing"
"Haigh was found guilty of murdering Gardner, Mitchell and Smith but not
guilty of murdering Brearley"
Both Haigh and Wright were sentenced to life imprisonment
"Back in prison, Quinn met a horrifying end when he was covered in industrial
glue and set alight in a workroom in Pentridge's maximum-security Jika
Jika section.  He was rushed to hospital but died soon afterwards"
""
"NZ warned off union with Australia WELLINGTON, Thursday (AAP).  

- New Zealand should not form a political union with Australia on economic
grounds, according to a major report on Closer Economic Relations (CER)
issued tonight"
"The 159-page document by the Wellington-based Institute of Policy Economic
Studies also warns against the setting up of a common Australasian currency
or the pegging of the NZ dollar to the Australian, and sees no urgency in
standardising customs controls"
"The partly government-funded report was written as a discussion paper
for several conferences on CER"
""
"Double killer `still in area' By Warren Gibbs  

  Police believe the Logan Reserve double murderer has gone to ground
in the area of his brutal attacks"
"Officer-in-charge Det. Sgt Neil Conway said today inquiries interstate
revealed nothing to indicate the man has fled Queensland"
"The killer, described as a ""frenzied maniac"", was capable of killing
at anytime, and police warned of the dangers of harboring the man"
"""He is callous murderer who has nothing to lose by killing again,"" Det.Sgt
Conway said"
"Det. Sgt Conway said inquiries were being centred on Brisbane's southside,
extending to the Gold Coast"
"Detectives have received more than 750 tip-offs from the public, but are
appealing for anyone with information to contact Beenleigh CIB"
""
"Hospitals bailed out for last time By Peter Grimshaw  

THE State Government has had to find an extra $23 million to pull the top NSW 
public hospitals out of debt. 
  But the Health Minister, Mr Unsworth, warned yesterday that this was the 
last time the Government would rescue hospitals which overspent their budgets"
"He said hospital bosses would in future be required to stick within their
budgets or face the sack. 
  The State Opposition warned last week that many hospitals had run out of 
funds. 
  It predicted that patients would have to take their cut lunches with 
them to surgery unless the hospitals were given extra money. 
  Mr Unsworth disclosed that the major hospitals had built up debts of $8
million last financial year and a further $15 million this year. 
  He said some would be ordered to pay some of the debts themselves from 
funds they had ""squirrelled away"". 
  The Government would pay the rest of the bills immediately
but this was the last time hospitals could expect extra payouts, he said. 
  ""One of the conditions of us allocating the extra funds is that hospitals 
give us an assurance that they will take any necessary steps to keep their 
spending patterns in line with their budgets in the future,""  he said. 
  ""Already in the past two months hospitals have been able to make savings in 
some areas. 
  ""But some other hospitals have continued on their merry way with little or no
regard for the financial burden already borne by the Government and taxpayers"
"""This means funds which could have been spread more evenly throughout the
health system are needed to prop up those hospitals which have not exercised
proper expenditure control measures."" 
  The hospitals most in trouble were understood to be Royal Prince Alfred 
($9 million), St Vincents ($6 million) and Royal North Shore ($3.3 million). 
  Mr Unsworth agreed that some hospital authorities probably believed that 
if they got into financial trouble, the Government would always bail them 
out. 
  ""But that won't be the case in future,"" he said. 
  ""If hospitals don't accept their responsibilities and live within
their budgets, they will do so at their own peril."" 
  Mr Unsworth said other areas of the State Budget would suffer as the 
Government found $23 million to pay the debts."
"opinion
Motorists watch their taxes gurgle away  

  THE recent statement by the Prime Minister that American motorists were
paying in the vicinity of 45c a litre for their petrol seems to be at variance
with the facts"
""
"Ed J R Davidson AN EMPIRICAL METHOD OF ASSESSING ROCK MASS BLASTABILITY By PETER A LILLY ABSTRACT  

  A method of assessing the blastability of a rock mass is presented which
makes use of five, readily available, simple parameters. These are the Rock
Mass Description, Joint Place Spacing, Joint Plane Orientation, Specific
Gravity Influence and Hardness. For a particular rock mass a value is assigned
to each parameter and the Blastability Index is calculated from these values"
Application of the Index in blast planning and computer modelling is discussed
"INTRODUCTION  

  Achieving the optimum blast design for a particular rock mass type, be
it in mining or quarrying, can be an expensive and time-consuming procedure"
"In particular obtaining a good first-estimate or starting point for the
quantity of explosive required to break the ground (ie. powder factor) can
be problematical. Estimates are usually based on the operator's experience
and/or the experience of a hired consultant"
"The method presented here provides the practical blasting engineer with
a good estimate of a rock masses' blastability based on observing a few
easily obtained geotechnical parameters. The method has been used by the
author in blast planning for operations of all sizes and scales and it has
proved invaluable on more than one occasion"
"GEOTECHNICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BLAST PERFORMANCE  

  Practically every parameter used to describe a rock mass will, theoretically,
have some effect on that rock mass' response to an explosive charge placed
with it. A significant amount of literature and research has been devoted
to this subject and some of these parameters include the static and dynamic
Young's modulus, Poisson's Ratio, density, compressional wave velocity,
tensile strength, compressive strength, Hugoniot elastic limit, stress wave
attenuation characteristics and porosity, as well as the frequency of
occurrence of bedding planes and the number, frequency and characteristics
of geological joints and faults (eg. Ash, 1973; Harries, 1978, 1981; Hagan,
1979, 1980; Cohen, 1980; Mercer 1980). From the viewpoint of a theoretician
wishing to model accurately the fragmentation and heave process, most of
the parameters must be considered"
"From the practical engineering viewpoint, however, it is comforting to
know that the rock mass parameters which contribute SIGNIFICANTLY to blasting
performance are relatively few. In the writer's experience these are as
follows"
"1. the structural nature of the rock mass, eg. blocky or massive or powdery,

  2. the spacing and orientation of planes of weakness such as joints, faults,
     bedding planes, schistocity and foliation,

  3. the specific gravity of the material,

  4. the hardness of the material"
The meaning and significance of each of these will be discussed in turn
"STRUCTURAL NATURE OF THE ROCK MASS  

  When an experienced blaster observes a rock mass with a view to fragmenting
it with explosives, the first thing he will note is ""how it looks"". If the
rock is blocky, that is made up of a multitude of joint-bounded blocks,
then he knows that the fragmentation will be controlled by these joints
more so than by the explosive- generated strain wave. If the rock is massive
or almost devoid of planes of weakness, then the fragment size distribution
will be almost entirely dependent on the generation and intersection of
blast-induced fractures. This initial, qualitative assessment of the rock
mass is extremely important. 

 JOINT PLANE SPACING  

  For the purposes of this discussion, joint planes will refer to all planes
of weakness in the rock, be they bedding planes, planes of foliation or
schistocity, fault planes or, indeed, geological or mining-induced joints
themselves"
"In jointed rock masses, where fragment size and shape is dependent largely
on the joints themselves, the spacing of existing planes of weakness will
give the engineer a good idea of the size and shape of the fragments which
he will find in the muck pile after a blast. Rock masses containing closely
spaced joint sets will (all other things being equal) require far lower
energy factors than those where joint spacing is measured in metres"
"JOINT PLANE ORIENTATION  

  The orientation of the predominant planes of weakness relative to the
free face is of critical importance, not only as regards fragment size
distribution but also muck pile diggability, bench floor profile and ""toe""
(eg. Singh and Sarma, 1983). Clearly horizontal planes of weakness in a
horizontal bench operation are a far easier proposition to blast than, say,
planes which are dipping in the direction of throw. Not only can the latter
relationship produce slabby muck, it can also yield a saw-toothed bench
floor profile. Once again this parameter can be quickly and easily assessed
by the engineer"
"SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND HARDNESS  

  Although still influential, these two parameters are much less important
than the preceding three. The mass of rock per unit volume is significant
since, in general, heavier rock masses require more explosive energy to
break and move than do lighter rocks. Likewise, harder rocks can be more
difficult to breaK than softer rocks, although explosive properties do have
a major influence on this"
"THE BLASTABILITY INDEX (BI)  

  In some problems in rock engineering, the interaction between the many
rock-mass-related variables is so complex that analytical solutions are
not possible. In such situations it is common to use empirical rock mass
classifications, such as those developed at the South African CSIR (Bieniawski,
1973, 1976) and the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (Barton, et al, 1974)"
"The rock quality indices obtained from these classifications allow the engineer
to make semi-quantitative estimates of stand-up time, span and support
requirements for underground openings, and slope angle for open pits"
"This concept has been extended to include rock mass blastability. The
parameters described in the foregoing sections have been combined in such
a way that, by ascribing certain guidelines, a total value can be obtained"
"This total is then a measure of the overall blastability of the rock mass
or the ease with which it can be fragmented with explosive energy"
"The parameters with their weighting factors are shown in Table 1. It will
be noted that the index is heavily weighted towards the nature and orientation
of planes of weakness in the rock mass. The Blastability Index (BI) is obtained
by summing the five values described and dividing by two, ie.,"
"Table 1 APPLICATION OF THE INDEX USE IN SPECIFIC CHARGE DETERMINATIONS  

  The index was initially developed to cover all the rock mass types present
in the iron ore mines of north west Western Australia. As it is defined
for these mines, therefore, the index has a maximum value of 100. This
value refers to the extremely hard, iron-rich cap rock, massive in nature
and having a specific gravity of about 4 tonnes per cubic metre. At the
bottom end of the scale in these mines are soft friable shales which have
indices around 20"
"Historical blast data were used to construct the graph shown in Figure
1, which shows powder factor plotted against blastability index. It is
important to note that this diagram is valid for large-scale, rope shovel
operations having sizeable crushers and using ANFO as the primary explosive"
"Figure 1 also shows energy factor (rather than powder factor) as the
alternative dependent variable so that explosives other than ANFO can be
compared"
"Figure 1: Blastability Index Versus powder/energy factor  
In smaller scale operations in which front-end loader equipment is being
used, powder/energy factors other than those shown will be required to achieve
the appropriate fragmentation and muck pile shape. Higher powder factors will
not be necessary, however, if RMD <20, BPS<15 and joint planes are favourably
oriented. Whatever the case, the BI can very quickly be used to construct
curves similar to that shown in Figure 1 specific to a particular scale of
operation"
"EXAMPLES  

  1.  Consider a highly laminated, soft, ferriginous shale which has horizontal
      to sub-horizontal bedding"
"2.  Consider a well-jointed, blocky quartzite in which the bedding planes
      strike roughly normal to the bench face"
"USE IN FRAGMENTATION MODELLING  

  Cunningham (1983) has developed a simple but extremely useful fragmentation
model based on the Kuznetsov equation and the Rosin-Ramler distribution"
"Input for this model includes charge length, charge density, charge diameter,
burden, spacing, bench height and explosive relative weight strength. The
effect of rock type is included as a ""rock factor"". Experience with this
model in a wide variety of situations in Australia has shown that the rock
factor can be obtained from the BI by simply multiplying the BI by 0.12"
"Other models requiring similar rock type input can be calibrated to the
BI in a similar way"
"CONCLUSIONS  

  The Blastability Index incorporates easily recognisable and recordable
rock mass parameters which are significant in affecting blast performance
and muck pile diggability. Since the information required can be obtained
from exploration drilling or from existing bench faces, it can be used in
both the planning and production phases of projects requiring rock blasting"
"If an engineer knows the limitations of the loading and crushing equipment
he has at his disposal, he can readily obtain a graphical relationship between
energy/powder factor and the blastability index and thereby quantify blast
design input more effectively"
"When coupled with computerised fragmentation models, the blastability
index can provide an excellent means to experiment on the VDU screen with
a variety of blast designs, thereby avoiding expensive mistakes or
miscalculations in the field"
"The Index, as with all geomechanics classifications, has its weaknesses,
however. Because the Index is a simplification, situations will exist where
the BI does not in fact give a good estimate of blastability. This is
particularly true in extreme rock masses where one parameter may be dominant"
"The BI does not differentiate between fragmentation and heave either and,
if anything, is biased toward fragmentation assessment"
"Future work on the index aims at incorporating the concept into the blast
simulation package being developed at the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research
Centre (JKMRC). It is also planned to take explosives properties into account
since these strongly affect blast performance"
""
"Outcry over prices for Brisbane Expo BRISBANE  

- The Federal Government will intervene to try to force 
down the price of tickets for Brisbane's World Fair"
"A family of two adults and three children face admission prices 
of $95 a day"
"Expo 88 is due to run from April to October over a massive area 
of Brisbane, centred along the south bank of the Brisbane River"
"Nineteen countries have so far agreed to take part, with 
organisers aiming for about 30"
"The prices, announced yesterday by Expo 88 chairman, Sir Llew 
Edwards provoked an immediate outcry from consumer groups"
"Mr Keith Wright, chairman of the Federal Government's Consumer 
Affairs committee said: ""Those prices are unbelievable and it is 
a great pity"
"""I shall write officially to Sir Llew, explaining that the high 
prices will be an early deterrent and will influence people's 
attitudes about Expo"
"""I am sure I can convince him the cost of running Expo can be 
offset by attracting large groups of school pupils and pensioners 
as well as youth organisations"
"""We must do something to get that admission price down.""
  Season tickets during the Expo will cost $160 for adults and 
$95 for children and pensioners"
"But the tickets will go on sale soon for $99 and $60, 
increasing in price by up to $15 each three months until April, 
1988"
"Sir Llew said there was a definite incentive to buy season 
tickets early"
"He said research showed people with season tickets were likely 
to visit at least 3 times"
"""This works out at $8.30 a visit for adults and only $5 a visit 
for pensioners and children using their early season tickets, 
said Sir Llew"
"But Mr Wright, the former State Opposition leader who also is 
president of the Queensland Consumers' Association, said that by 
the time inflation gnawed at the season ticket price its 
advantage would be lost"
"Mr Wright said the Expo 88 chairman must explain fully how he 
arrived at the prices"
"""High prices are such a pity because the social and cultural 
impact for many Australians, let alone Queenslanders, will be 
tremendously important."""
"Speaking out for and against wage flexibility Canberra Comment
By David Kidd  

CANBERRA - The Federal Government intends to consider and might propose
a more flexible wage fixing system to enable different wage levels at different
firms and industries"
"This was announced last week by Industrial Relations Minister, Mr Willis"
The government is doing this in the context of the next national wage case
"But it believes any new, more flexible approach will have to be within the
centralised wage fixing system to keep control of overall wage levels"
"But in a speech he gave in Canberra Primary Industry Minister, Mr Kerin,
seemed to contradict Mr Willis"
"Mr Kerin referred to more flexibility in relative wages, or wage relativities
across industries as distinct from the average wage level"
"Mr Kerin went on to say a deregulated labor market and a wage freeze were
fundamentally incompatible"
"In Melbourne, the Conciliation and Arbitration Commission also wound up
its hearing into the National Farmers Federation claim under the federal
Pastoral Award, that the farm sector could not pay the recent national wage
increase"
"These developments also coincided with a seminar in Canberra dealing with
implications of wages and industrial policies on the competitiveness of
agricultural export industries. It was sponsored by the ACT branch of the
Agricultural Economics Society. It was here Mr Kerin made his remarks"
"Trade Unions were represented at the seminar by ACTU research officer,
Mr G.D. Bellchamber"
"Those opposing the wages and incomes accord and centralised wage fixing
were wrong, he said. The benefits of the accord to the economy and to
agriculture were clear in terms of economic growth employment growth, lower
wage and price inflation, lower unemployment, greater profitability, and
reduced industrial disputation"
"The agricultural sector stood to benefit from the greatly improved
international competitiveness which the devaluation brought, if it could
be secured for the medium term"
"Mr Bellchamber said a centralised wage system offered the best prospects
for locking in that improved competitiveness"
"Continuation of that policy offered the best proposals for a sustained
beneficial impact on the agricultural sector over the medium and long term,
Mr Bellchamber asserted"
"He argued that Australia's economic predicament arose through a succession
of high current account deficits since the beginning of the 1980s"
"Professor Tom Valentine, director of the Macquarie University's centre
of money, banking and finance, criticised Labor Ministers and the union
movement who persistently attacked the people advocating deregulation of
the labor market"
"He said it was not necessary for centralised wage fixing to have the
form of the Australian system. It could be more flexible. Wages could be
indexed to export prices, and this would implement basic wage increases
on the ability of the industry and the economy to pay"
"Indexation

  Prof. Valentine said wages could also be indexed directly to the unemployment
rate, so wages fell when unemployment was high. Additional flexibility could
be introduced through profit-sharing"
"He said some reform of the Arbitration Commission was needed. The government
must stop appointing lawyers to decide questions of economic importance"
"Lawyers, he said, saw their role as dispute settlers and took little account
of the impact on the economy of any decisions"
"It was about time people who had economic knowledge were appointed to
the court"
"Prof. Valentine also argued the government must stop appointing people
to the court who were members of the ""industrial relations club"", who supported
the union view that ""one could never go backwards on a wage increase or
a condition when granted.""
  There was no alternative, he said, to adjust to a massive fall in national
income, other than by reducing wages"
"In the absence of wage flexibility the whole burden of adjustment was
put on the unemployed. The current high level of unemployment was due almost
entirely to the lack of wage flexibility"
"Whether it was stupid militancy or militant stupidity, the unions had
gone a long way to contributing to the unemployment level, Prof. Valentine
said"
"ACIL Australia's consultant, Geoff Carmody, who represented the NFF in
the ability to pay case, criticised the assertion by Mr Kerin that Australia
could not and should not try to introduce more flexibility into the system"
"Interesting

  He found this interesting as the Commonwealth and ACTU had engaged in
discussions on introducing more flexibility, when the new wage fixing
principles were not three months old"
"Mr Carmody said unfortunately as fast as Australia devalued, its export
prices fell on world markets, resulting in off setting declines in the terms
of trade"
"If devaluation was to generate net exports the increased production must
not be regarded as being available for distribution in higher wages. In
effect it must go to overseas markets, or to replace imports, in order to
preserve current living standards"
"Mr Carmody said the offsets to the Australian dollar's devaluation effects,
meant that exporters of farm products would not be moved to increase
production, indeed the converse was likely"
"Net exports would not be forthcoming to the extent required and the external
account problems would have to be solved by deflation of domestic demand,
increased unemployment and ultimately by lower living standards"
"The rural sector was now below the level it fell to in the 1982-83 drought,
which was regarded as a post war low point"
"Mr Carmody said a rigid centralised system could not easily cope with
that sort of situation"
"If the court could not cope with the NFF case it was doubtful if Australia
as a whole could retain the present system if its living standards were
to be preserved, he said"
"Comparative wage justice, he said, generated comparative economic injustice"
"There was a world of difference between adjustment spurred on by price
collapses and layoffs on a large scale, and a more voluntary response with
more flexible prices and wages"
"Price and wage signals were to be preferred every time. In the end they
were inevitable, Mr Carmody said"
""
"Who's most important, Ms Bolger?  

CONGRATULATIONS, Irene Bolger. You are the first to unite the nurses"
"Compassion and love for nursing seem to be illegal tender when paying the SEC,
gas etc. Stick with it, nurses. 

 Supporter (Middle Park)."
"By Andrew Markus Introduction  

The complexity of Aboriginal responses to the invasion of their
land has strained, and in general eluded, European
understanding. The act of physical resistance was readily
intelligible, although it was the fashion for social
commentators and historians to belittle its extent, to discount
the courage and ingenuity of its perpetrators. But it was
another matter to fathom Aboriginal perspectives, to comprehend
strategies of resistance and forms of accommodation beyond the
rationality of the invader, a subject which has been explored
by Henry Reynolds. Little understood by most white Australians
distinctive Aboriginal values - in parts of the country a
world view and way of life - continue to survive"
"Optimal conditions for survival of Aboriginal traditions
were found in parts of the north and the interior: in areas
regarded as unsuitable for European economic activity, and in
circumstances of slow European penetration and non-intensive
land use which allowed Aborigines to maintain elements of their
culture alongside casual employment within the European
economy. Cultural maintenance was most difficult in the context
of rapid European incursion, leading to the swamping of the
existing population and its rapid numerical decline as a
consequence of disease and physical conflict. The extent to
which the remnant populations retained their traditional
culture remains a subject of dispute. The long accepted view
that they constituted demoralised, dispirited, amoral victims,
caught between two worlds and fitting neither, has come
increasingly under challenge from a new generation of
historians"
"One approach to an understanding of these remnant
populations is through a study of their attempts to influence
the political system established by the British in Australia"
"It could not be maintained that such a study directs attention
to the heart of Aboriginal existence, but it does have the
virtue of engaging one aspect of their lives on which written
evidence survives in relative abundance, and beyond its
intrinsic interest it has the potential to furnish insights
into questions of wider significance. To the present there has
been little historical research into this aspect of post-
frontier politics and a number of misconceptions are to be
found in the general works which cover the subject. Thus a
current Department of Aboriginal Affairs publication on the
history of land rights can state that ""the first public
protests by Aboriginals"" occurred in the 1930s; according to
Lorna Lippmann the ""first Aboriginal strike took place in
1945""; in Richard Broome's view it was not till William
Ferguson and John Patten ""penned a manifesto entitled
`Aborigines Claim Citizenship Rights'"" in 1938 that ""the
Aboriginal version of Australian history"" was ""set down on
paper for the first time by Aborigines themselves"""
"The influence of Aborigines on the British political
process dates from the early period of British occupation. This
influence stemmed from their physical resistance to
""settlement"" and peaked at a time when Aborigines were
operating outside the British political system, often with
limited or no understanding of its operation. It did not take
long, however, for groups of Aborigines to attempt to operate
within its terms, although not necessarily for ends sanctioned
or understood by the British"
"One early focus for this activity was the attempt to obtain
British title to land, with the objective of adopting a
sedentary agricultural existence. Within the first years of
British occupation of South Australia, for example, Aborigines
made personal appeals for plots of land. In 1859 a deputation
of Victorian Aborigines to William Thomas, the government
official responsible for their welfare, was successful in
obtaining land for cultivation. Additional land was set aside
by governments and a subsequent focus for political activity
was the attempt to secure acceptable management practices and
resources for development. Later again, extending to the
present day, Aborigines defended themselves against attempts
to deprive them of land reserved for their benefit. In the
1870s and 1880s Victorian Aborigines, most notably the
residents of the Coranderrk reserve near Melbourne, were
sufficiently familiar with the British political system to
achieve major victories. Through their actions, which included
strikes, petitions and deputations to leading politicians
including the Premier, they provoked two parliamentary
inquiries and numerous minor investigations and obtained what
appeared to be secure title to the reserve"
"In the first half of the twentieth century Aborigines
continued to suffer the lot of a dispossessed people who were
relegated to, and some would argue adopted by choice, a place
on the margins of the Anglo-Australian world. In this period
the racial ideology which marked them as a stone-age remnant
destined for extinction in the near future was further
elaborated. Aborigines continued to wage battles for the
retention and development of reserves, particularly in the
south-east of the continent, although often with less success
than in the nineteenth century. There was, however, a new
problem to be faced. While acts of physical violence against
Aborigines became less frequent in the more settled parts of
the country, a new feature of their relationship with Anglo-
Australians was the imposition of legislation with potential
to control practically all aspects of their lives: their
freedom of movement and association, choice of employment,
right to dispose of assets as desired, including wages, and to
marry and raise families. While lack of bureaucratic and
financial resources meant that legislative controls were not
fully utilised, nearly all Aborigines were deprived of basic
political rights, their personal freedoms were limited, and
they were commonly discriminated against by employers. Many
lived in fear of government officials who had the power, most
notably exercised in Queensland, to compel residence on
reserves, and in most states to remove children by force"
"The interwar period, particularly the 1930s, marked the
beginnings of change in policy towards Aborigines. Aboriginal
spokespersons, and by the late 1920s a small group of whites,
including clergymen, academics, female philanthropists,
businessmen, and politicians, urged governments to accept that
extinction was not an inevitability, that it was possible for
Aborigines to `advance' towards `civilization' with the
appropriate guidance. By 1934 white pressure groups, given
favourable publicity in major newspapers, were of sufficient
strength to force the commonwealth to halt an openly planned
punitive expedition following the killing of a policeman in
what became known as the Tuckiar case. During the second half
of the decade there was reconsideration of policy at the
highest levels of government. In April 1937 the first
nationwide conference of administrators with control over
Aborigines met in Canberra. Concerned with the significant rise
in the number of people of mixed descent, the conference
resolved that ""the destiny of the natives of aboriginal origin,
but not of the full blood, lies in their ultimate absorption
by the people of the Commonwealth"". In the following year the
federal government, with responsibility for Aborigines in the
Northern Territory, announced new policy initiatives and was
in the process of recasting its administrative structure when
the outbreak of war altered priorities. While those involved
in seeking to reform policies had reason for hope, there were
also many disappointments and grounds for despair, a common
feature of a time of change. On the one hand they received an
increasingly sympathetic hearing, particularly from ministers, and new policies were being discussed
and adopted; yet some states, including New South Wales, seemed
to turn a deaf ear to suggestions for change while others,
notably Queensland and Western Australia, continued to
strengthen their discriminatory powers, broadening the
definition of `Aborigine' to formalise control over those of
even remote descent"
"A number of organisations attempted to influence
government policy. While both Aboriginal and white Australians
were involved there was a tendency for them to remain
separate, one factor being the reluctance of white reformers
to accept that Aborigines had anything to contribute. Thus the
most prominent of the organisations, the Sydney based
Association for the Protection of Native Races, was in practice
exclusively white. The organisations formed by Aborigines were
willing to accept assistance from white sympathisers but they
generally attempted to prevent non-Aboriginals from acting as
spokespersons. Aboriginal political activity in the inter-war
period, often pursued on the British model in the south, was
marked by a transition from movements grounded in specific
communities and with narrow, community-oriented objectives, to
broadly based capital city organisations with interstate links
and objectives designed to address needs throughout the
country"
"In November 1926 Aborigines of mixed descent in the south-
west of Western Australia, ""tired of being robbed, and shot
down, or run into miserable compounds"", decided to form a
union ""in order to obtain the protection of the same laws that
govern white man""; in the words of one activist, Norman Harris,
the objective was to ""get a vote in the country also one law
for us all that is the same law that governs the whites also
justice for fair play"". One of the movement's leaders, William
Harris, had been active for over twenty years in protesting
against the mistreatment of Aborigines. In March 1928 a
deputation met with the Premier to request:

That there be unrestricted admittance of educated aborigines
  to Perth"
"That aborigines from various tribes should not be drafted to
  settlements where they were likely to meet members of hostile
  tribes"
"That aboriginal police should not be placed in control of
  settlements"
"That aborigines should be allowed to carry firearms, as
  prohibition prevented them from providing for their needs"
"That there should be no discrimination between full-blooded and
  half-caste aborigines under the act"
"That aborigines in the north should be subject to different
  control from those in the south"
"That those educated up to the standard of white men should be
  exempt from the Aborigines Act"
"In New South Wales returning Aboriginal servicemen had
petitioned in 1919 for ""civic rights"". Growing political
activity led in February 1925 to the formation of the
Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association. Under the
presidency of Frederick Maynard the Sydney based association
linked the activities of a number of communities, and by August
1925 claimed eleven branches and a membership of 500 people"
"It remained active till at least 1927. In the view of Heather
Goodall its ""first and major demand was ... for land, as an
economic base and as a compensation for dispossession"". In
addition, it called for the halting of the forcible removal of
Aboriginal children from their families, full citizenship
rights, and the abolition of the Protection Board and its
replacement by one composed of Aborigines, although with a
government-appointed chairman"
"Aborigines were also active in Melbourne during the late
1920s, with Thomas James and his son Shadrach acting as leading
spokesmen. Thomas James, regarded by the press as a ""full
blooded Australian black,"" was a European-educated Tamil from
Mauritius. He had been employed as a teacher of Aborigines
along the Murray, first in 1881 at Maloga Mission School and
from 1888 at the Cumeroogunga reserve, and had married an
Aborigine, Ada Cooper, in 1885. Following his retirement he
moved to Melbourne where it was reported in June 1929 that he
was leading a group of mission-educated Aborigines who planned
to meet with the Prime Minister to ask for improved education
facilities and opportunities for employment. Their specific
objectives included the transfer of control over Aborigines
from the states to the commonwealth, increased provision of
vocational training including the establishment of training
farms, improved opportunities for Aborigines to obtain land,
and the removal of restrictions to employment in Government
departments"
"James's son Shadrach addressed the Australian National
Missionary Council conference in April 1929 to call for
assistance in persuading the commonwealth government to change
its policy towards Aborigines. He was subsequently a
representative at a meeting in the same month between the
Minister for Home Affairs and missionary and welfare societies
which was called to consider commonwealth policy in the
Northern Territory. At this meeting James moved unsuccessfully
for consideration of Aboriginal policy in a national
perspective. In a newspaper interview at the time of the
conference he praised the work of missionaries while
highlighting the lack of opportunities available to his people
and the discrimination under which they suffered; he called for 
""an aboriginal representative in Parliament, and a native
administrator working for us under the direction of the Minister"""
""
"A renaissance man with a view of reality   

British actor Denholm Elliott is in heavy demand and the secret
of his success, he believes, is insecurity. 

 PAUL BYRNES reports.  

  AFTER a thespian career spanning 40 years and 75 films, Denholm Elliott 
remains prone to insecurity. 
  ""I find that whenever anybody shakes my confidence, I'm no good,"" the 
64-year-old actor said last week from his home in London. 
  Whether this relates to his beginnings in drama is unclear, but that time 
was certainly traumatic.  He enrolled at the London's Royal Academy of 
Dramatic Art (RADA) in 1939, aged 17. 
  ""I was very nervous and very insecure and had just left school
and all these young people were having mad affairs with each other and were
terribly grown up and sophisticated.  I felt completely out of place,"" he said"
"He was asked to leave after one term.  ""They said I had no talent and was
wasting my money and their time and would I please just go away."" 
  His revenge has been his success.  There is probably no other English 
character actor who is more constantly in demand at the moment, nor one whose 
work in small roles in the last 20 years is as consistently memorable. 
  You may remember him from Alfie, or King Rat, The Night They Raided 
Minskies, Brimstone and Treacle, Blade On The Feather (in which he was the 
sinister butler), Bad Timing, Trading Places (another butler), The Razor's 
Edge (as the foppish uncle) or A Private Function (the snobbish doctor).  
His latest role is in a marvellous adaptation of E.M. Forster's comic novel, 
A Room with a View, in which he plays Mr Emerson, a free-thinking English 
eccentric, and his performance is remarkably vivid. 
  ""I have had a bit of a renaissance in the last few years,"" he agreed. ""
I don't know if that's because everyone else is dead... I just seem to
have found a confidence and style that people seem to want. 
  ""I feel very much at ease in front of the lens now, whereas I used to be 
very nervous.  I don't watch other actors at work much and I don't go to the 
theatre or cinema.  I'd rather play golf or tend my garden. 
  ""I think if you are involved in each other's work all the time you tend to 
get over-exposed to each other.  You can see that in the way that Hollywood 
actors do a love scene. It's always the same."" 
  And as for being insecure, he wouldn't be anything else. 
  ""I don't know another actor I admire who isn't.  It is one's raison 
d'etre, the reason to do it, trying to find an identity and wanting 
approval.  Or something like that"
"""I think I will always be like that and I don't think if I wasn't I would be
any good. My observance of life would not be as sharp. 
  Elliot was born in 1922, the son of a barrister and grandson of a King's 
Counsel. His family lived then in Ealing, but later moved upmarket to the 
town of Malvern, which he didn't like any better. 
  After the disastrous debut at RADA, he joined the airforce and
was shot down over Europe.  His address for the next three years was Stalag
344, near Breslau, and that's where his acting career began. 
  ""We had nothing else to do, so we built our own theatre.  The Germans, 
being very culture-conscious, allowed us to do plays for a while, until 
Hitler banned entertainment and we were put in chains. 
  ""I started an underground theatre then in the huts, at night with 
clandestine sets and concealed lighting."" 
  The Red Cross sent them scripts and the prisoners did plays like Arms and 
the Man, Pygmalion, Macbeth and The Philadelphia Story. 
  Back in England after the war, he joined the Amersham Repertory Company, 
then the Windsor Rep and was spotted by Laurence Olivier, who cast him in 
Venus Observed, and later as the lead in Ring Around The Moon on 
Broadway. 
  In the early 50s he had a film contract with Alexander Korda.  ""He put me 
under contract and paid me and I sat on my arse for five years,"" he says now, 
which is not strictly true.  He appeared in movies like The Holly And The 
Ivy, Those Who Dare, The Heart Of the Matter and The Cruel Sea. 
  But his  career slowed down in the late 50s"
"""The `kitchen sink' with Osborne and all that lot was in, and I was not really
`kitchen sink' style, with my family background.  I didn't scratch my arse
enough or something. 
  ""I do think people develop at different ages.  My career only really 
started in earnest in Station Six - Sahara, made in 1963.  I
think with Nothing But The Best, which followed that, I started to become a
character actor"
"He now prefers films to theatre, because of the freedom it allows."
"Chance to discover top books EDUCATIONAL BOOKS  

  What's Your Job Like (Gloria Fryman): In this book 27 people talk about
their jobs. They include a doctor, politician, artist, film producer, cleaner
and goat breeder. Each provides information on personal lifestyle, attitudes,
experiences and job-related information. The format may discourage some
students but many of the real-life experiences described give a realistic
look at these occupations"
"The Book Of Brisbane (Sue Gough): This is a quick guide to the history,
geography, local government, housing aspect and cultural and leisure
activities of Brisbane with black-and-white and color photographs, watercolors
and pen-and-ink drawings. The book is a useful starting point for late
primary social studies as well as year 8 and 9 geography, history and social
science"
"All Color Children's Encyclopaedia (Michael Pollard): Covers all branches
of general  knowledge under the broad subjects of the story of the earth,
the life of plants, how the body works, how things work. The information
is given in well-written essays one to two pages long, with photographs
and diagrams"
"Care For Your Dog (Tine Hearne): This official RSPCA pet guide is one
in a series which provides comprehensive advice for pet owners. Other titles
are Care For Your Budgerigar, Care For Your Pony, Care For Your Guinea Pig
and Care For Your Cat"
"The Grandma Poss Cook Book: This illustrated book provides a delicious
selection of 22 Australian recipes for children"
"FICTION BOOKS  

The following fiction books are recent releases making excellent holiday
reading or presents (price:$4 to $6)"
"The House In Angel Lane (Enid Gibson): The ghost in the tower of a deserted
house has a message to convey and the long-dead Adelaide eventually gets
through to Paul, who is able to solve a half-century-old mystery. These
frightening supernatural events affecting Paul and his sister run parallel
with the story of the family holiday in which a father seeks to force his
son to overcome his fears. This is suitable for year 8, 9 and 10 students"
"The Adventures Of Alyx (Joanna Russ): This is one of the more readable
science-fiction books which has a collection of stories about an intelligent
heroine called Alyx. She is plucked from the gutters of Carthage and becomes
a trans-temporal agent who swashbuckles her way around the galaxy. Recommended
for years 10,11 and 12"
"A friend in Marcie  

  Second Chance (Joan Short): This easy-reading high-interest story is
designed for the less able reader. Returning to his old home town after
an absence of four years, Jeff finds his escapades as a frustrated 11-year-old
are neither forgotten nor forgiven. However, he has a friend in Marcie,
who is determined he is to be accepted by her prejudiced mother and his
old school mates at their club"
The Rampage Of Rampo (John Bentley):
"Action over new phone tap powers By Bill Goff CANBERRA. -  

 A new national body is likely to be established next year
to control telephone tapping on behalf of State Police and the National
Crime Authority as well as Federal Police"
"The move would amount to an extension of official phone-tapping powers
to fight major crime, but would prevent the control of taps passing to State
police forces or the NCA"
"The establishment of a single national authority to control taps - which
would still need judicial warrant to begin - is a compromise solution to
a long debate about the civil liberties dangers of extended tapping powers"
"It is believed to have emerged from a parliamentary joint committee
on telecommunications interceptions which is due to report to Parliament
later this week"
"Government sources said yesterday that although the national agency idea
was not an ideal solution, it would probably prove an acceptable way out
of a difficult problem"
"The Federal Opposition, the National Crime Authority and some others
including former Painters and Dockers Royal Commissioner, Mr Frank Costigan,
have all argued for the full extension of phone-tapping powers to State
police and the NCA"
"On the other side civil liberties groups, the Australian Democrats and
the Federal Labor Caucus have voiced strong concern about the threat to
rights"
"In June this year Caucus succeeded in having legislation which would have
extended some tapping powers to State forces and the NCA sent to a joint
select committee"
"It is that committee which is due to report this week, and all factions
of the ALP are expected to be in the majority which will want the new agency"
"This is an indication that changes to the legislation stand a good chance
of winning Caucus approval"
""
"JUST TOO BAD TO BE TRUE B-GRADE FLICK LITTLE MORE THAN AN INSULT  

JUST a few weeks after a forgettable film called Wise Guys screened briefly
in Sydney, comes Bad Guys"
"And wise guys would do well to give Bad Guys a miss. 
  Why?
  Well, if you regularly read movie reviews you will almost certainly have
come across that old cliche, ""an insult to the intelligence"""
"It's an expression used by stunned film critics when they come reeling
out of yet another screening of yet another B-grade bummer of a movie"
"But to describe Bad Guys as an insult to the intelligence doesn't even
come close to describing the sheer awfulness of it"
"It's a film with a thoroughly silly plot: two Los Angeles policemen (played
by Mike Jolly and Adam Baldwin) become tandem wrestling stars under the
name of the Boston Bad Guys, during a period of suspension"
"However, with leaden political overtones, they end up being the good guys
in a climactic bout with some real bad guys from Russia who are known as
the Kremlin Krushers"
"And just like the professional wrestling on television, the wrestling
in this film appears to be as carefully choreographed as a dance routine"
"You know the kind of thing I mean: One, two, three, and it's your turn
to do a somersault!
  Wrestling? Yes, well, there is an audience for professional wrestling,
American style, although it doesn't exactly win huge ratings for Channel 10"
"For me, there is absolutely no merit at all in the acting, the script,
the direction"
There is one good thing about Bad Guys ... the end credits
""
"SHEAHAN APPEALS ON JUDGE'S DECISION  

THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL, Mr Sheahan, has asked a Supreme Court judge to reconsider
his protest resignation from the NSW Law Reform Commission"
"It is understood Mr Sheahan has written to Justice Adrian Roden asking
him to think again"
"Justice Roden, who is presiding over the so-called ""bikies' trial"" resigned
from the Law Reform Commission in protest against the new Judicial Commission
and comments by Mr Sheahan which he said imputed hypocrisy, bad faith and
self-interest among judges."
"GREAT VALUE ITALIAN  

Aniello's Trattoria of Glebe is still one of the happiest, best-value Italian 
restaurants in Sydney.  And customers know it!
  Petite hostess Fulvia, who runs Aniello's with her brother and mother (the 
kitchen whizz!) opens the two-floor corner cottage eating spot for lunch Mon-
Fri and dinner seven nights"
"It's both licensed and BYO, with a good wine list plus house red and white 
at $4.50 a litre and $2.50 a half-litre carafe"
"The pasta is superb and low priced: entree-size around $5, main course 
around $6.80!
  Veal dishes are nearly all $6.50, a BBQ seafood platter $14 and other 
seafood is $6 - $8.50"
"For dessert, you can't say no to the wonderful liqueur-soaked torta della 
casa"
"Parties up to 70 have a great time, with menus of $16, $18 and $20 pp"
Book for Aniello's (284 Bridge Rd) on 660 4775
""
"A child's portion of service  

Eating out with children is a necessary part of their overall education"
"And while the Australian tradition is that kids should be neither seen nor
heard outside fast-food outlets, some restaurants do their best to make children
welcome"
"Children need to be introduced to the pleasures of eating out as part
of their social education.  They need to visit restaurants and learn the
art of behaving in a public eating place.  The need to know how to read and
understand a menu and to order from it, and to discover the pleasure of eating
foods more sophisticated than they are served at home.  They need to know
how to be polite customers and at the same time to be aware of the consumer
rights of diners"
"If children eat out with their parents regularly, or only occasionally,
they will be secure about going to restaurants when they begin to dine
out with friends"
"But do restaurants really welcome children as part of the family group
and tomorrow's patrons?  Obviously, there are some silver-service restaurants
which are not designed for child customers, mostly because the 
extended nature of the meals.  A small child could not be expected to sit 
through a four-hour dinner"
"However, parents cannot hope to teach their children restaurant manners
if they are restricted to going only to hamburger, pizza or fast-food outlets"
"Four journalists who are parents of young children were asked to road
test a few local restaurants to see how welcome their children were and
how the staff coped with the child customers"
"JOHN Brittle took his daughters Marie-Lorraine, 8 and Catherine, 4 to
Fasta Pasta in Pirie Street, city:
  We got off to a good start at Fasta Pasta.  We were barely in the restaurant
before a cheerful Italian chucked one of the girls under the chin and said:
""Hello, beautiful"""
"I thought we might be swamped with attention just as parents - or a parent
- with kids usually are treated in restaurants in Italy and most Latin
countries.  But we weren't overwhelmed.  We were underwhelmed"
There was plenty of room and we took a table against a wall
"We lined up, selected and ordered"
"Helping the kids make their selection from a blackboard they couldn't read,
and hoisting the little one up to see the salads, took a little time. 
  There were few other patrons so the delay didn't really matter.  But there
was no help from the staff as I would have received in Rome, Madrid or Buenos
Aires"
The bread was excellent and thick-cut and the two hungry kids loved it
"The antipasto was so-so and half of it was left uneaten.  The children
love spaghetti and dug into the steaming plates with Bolognaise sauce"
"I had to help the younger one.  At home we usually cut up her spaghetti
so she can eat it with a spoon"
"None of the staff, who were passing to and fro, offered to cut it up or
made any move to help.  I had to lean across the table to wind each forkful
for her.  We managed.  We had to ask twice for more paper napkins to clean
up faces and the table"
"The children couldn't finish the spaghetti, but like all kids somehow
found room for ice-cream, in this case, cassata"
"I was disappointed in the rather offhand service.  We had to ask for
everything.  No-one came to see whether we wanted anything or to ask how
the food was - and for part of the time there were more staff in the restaurant
than customers"
"On the positive side, the ""child's portions"" were too big for my kids to
handle.  The hot food was hot"
"And the kids rated the spaghetti ""excellent"".  As we left one said: ""Don't
mention another word about food"".  There was certainly no skimping on serves"
But the offhandedness of the staff I find curious
"I recall many nights in Italy, Spain and Argentina - where the population
is about half Italian - seeing in restaurants families, with small kids,
with the the kids on highchairs being thoroughly spoilt by waiters giving
them their own menus, napkins, drinks and food, cutting it for them and
generally making a fuss of them"
"Usually, walking into a restaurant with kids in those countries assures
a rush of attention.  That's why I thought we were off to a good start at
Fasta Pasta.  Perhaps we prefer to be left alone when we eat out - even
with the kids"
But give me the Latin attitude any time
"Children are considered part of the regular clientele, especially on Fridays
and Saturdays, said partner of Fasta Pasta, Enrico Siano.  ""However sometimes
I have to ask parents to watch their children, as with all the hot dishes
moving about I am concerned there may be an accident.""
  This is a report by Jamie Goode, aged 14 months, as told to his mother:
  Going to restaurants can be a drag when you're only 14 months old.  At
Mount Lofty House, the maitre d smiled rather strangely at my parents 
and me when we arrived"
"He seated us in a cramped corner, next to the swinging kitchen door, and
then pretended we didn't exist, even though he kept stumbling over my pram"
"We waited for more than 40 minutes for Devonshire tea, while later arrivals
were served"
"My parents kept wheeling me around the gardens during the wait. After a
while that became very boring.  Finally, we gave up and went home.  By then
I was tired, cranky and starving"
But a recent visit to the Botanic Gardens Restaurant was much nicer
"The manager greeted us with a big, friendly grin and seated us at a table
with lots of room.  He put me in a highchair so I could look out the picture
windows.  I really enjoyed looking outside and watching the birds flying
overhead and the children playing in the gardens"
"The waitress was also very nice.  She took our order right away and promptly
brought us glasses of orange juice.  She also gave us several napkins and
said: ""Just let me know if you need any more.  I know how it is.""  I wonder
what she meant by that?
  Mummy and Daddy helped themselves to the salad bar and shared their portions
with me.  I liked the tomatoes, lettuce, potato salad, biscuits and cheese"
"My parents ordered the grilled whiting and the Wiener schnitzel for
the main course.  The fish was grilled to perfection.  Unfortunately, the
schnitzel was a bit tough and oily.  After a few tentative bites, I tossed
it into the air"
It made the most satisfactory thud when it hit the ground
"By the end of the meal there was a fine litter of food scattered about
my highchair.  I really don't know how it happened but it was most decorative"
"My parents started clearing up, but the manager told them not to trouble
themselves"
"""Don't worry, we'll take care of it,"" he said in a relaxed, assuring manner"
He even complimented me on my table manners.  Another first for my family
"Families are clearly welcome.  On another visit, we saw a group of mums
and bubs having lunch.  The waitress was very attentive and helpful - heating
bottles, serving requested child's portions, and providing napkins"
I can hardly wait to go again
"Mount Lofty House Restaurant does not actively encourage children as guests,
said the director, Janet Sands.  ""We have no highchairs, no child menus,
no real facilities for children.  If they arrive we accommodate them as
well as we can.  However, we are quite adaptable"
"The management of the Botanic Gardens Restaurant welcomes children, but
expects parents to keep them under control to the extent of not disturbing
other diners"
"Samela Harris, has two sons, 13 and 7, who are regular diners out.  Their
favorite outing is to a Chinese restaurant:
  Sam, aged 7, is well-travelled and used to restaurants.  In his carry-cot
he enjoyed some of Europes's most illustrious restaurants.  But that is
Europe where babies are part of life and children are people.  
  Because ritzy Australian restaurants are terribly precious about their
exclusivity, few parents would dare to take their young in case of sneers
from maitre ds.  We have been conditioned to believe that junk-food eateries
are where one takes children and gourmet restaurants are for appreciative
adults.    
  Sam is not beyond the odd hamburger but he prefers real food and loves
to eat good Chinese cuisine.  Honey prawns in sesame are a passion with him"
"Fortunately the Chinese have not caught up with the Australian attitude
towards children.  They have high-chairs for babies and marvellous lazy
susans to entrance older children.  They have wide varieties of food to
please everyone from the fastidious to the adventurous"
Sam has eaten yum cha in most of the restaurants which serve it on Sundays
"The Dynasty in Gouger Street, is his favorite.  His odd jocularity that
the chicken feet are like ET's hands are not taken askance by the Chinese
staff, although they may have no idea what he is on about.  But their innate
good manners make them respond with interest to his comments and sheer
delight that an Aussie kid is devouring chicken feet at all"
"When the adults are still chatting on and finishing the wine, the Chinese
staff are not perturbed that Sam wanders over to chat with them or scrutinise
the fish tanks.  He, like the many Chinese children who go for yum cha,
is very welcome - and made to feel so"
"Sunday's a really family day at the Dynasty Restaurant, said proprietor
Peter Ng, but the restaurant welcomes children and family groups at any
time"
"Rosemary Clark has two children, Neil, 9, and Terri, 7:
  The culinary tastes of Neil and his sister are oceans apart"
"Neil is a pasta-lover and would twirl his fork around spaghetti at every
dining-out opportunity"
"It may be a little harder for him to twirl his tongue around the names
of some Italian dishes - but that does not stop him from ordering cappelleti
alla panna or spaghetti amatriciana from his favorite Italian restaurant"
"The easy-going atmosphere and plain, solid furnishings in most Italian
eateries ideally suit the sometimes less-than-genteel table manners of young
diners.  
  Chinese food is Terri's delight.  Honey chicken is top of the list, with
chicken chop suey coming a close second.  In fact, anything containing
chicken meets with her approval"
"On days when compromise is not in Neil and Terri's vocabulary the
International Food Plaza at the Central Market is the answer. 
  It is a place where the taste for twirling spaghetti and finger-licking
spring rolls mix.  Families can enjoy, not just endure, a trip to a restaurant"
"Dining out should be a fun, learning experience for children, so parents
should choose the venue carefully"
"Staff in Chinese restaurants invariably make youngsters feel both important
and wanted.  Dropping a chopstick on the ground is not considered a clanger,
and the occasional spilt drink is cleared up without a fuss"
Peter Westgarth is a 29-year-old bachelor
"He has not enjoyed the proximity of noisy, ill-behaved children in restaurants
and says the maxim which states children should be seen and not heard is overdue
for re-writing"
"He suggests something such as: ""Keep 'em quiet and teach 'em right"""
"He thinks that these days, too many parents seem prepared to let their
children do whatever they like."
"""A speech pathology program for E.S.L. children in a kindergarten"" ""Programming for E.S.L."" Carolyn Hastings, Speech Pathologist.  

I was pleased to read Christina Gallant's letter about children from bilingual
backgrounds presenting with language delay/disorder published in the Australian
Communication Quarterly Vol. 1 June 1985"
"Having worked in Community Health (and more particularly in a community
with a high migrant population) for the past few years, I have encountered
numerous examples - sometimes a kindergarten full - of children with this
problem. Each time I have had a professional dilemma to contend with; one
which I have largely had to resolve myself owing to the lack of research
in this area and the lack of guidelines as to what role the speech pathologist
has in these cases"
"On occasions, the referrals have been quite appropriate with the child
typically presenting with poor speech and language development in both
languages and a history of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections"
"Audiological assessment indicates middle ear dysfunction which is presumed
to be the underlying cause of the delayed speech and language. Other children
have had a more diverse developmental delay requiring far more investigation
and intervention beyond speech therapy. However, at other times, some
kindergartens and primary schools have made or attempted to make bulk
referrals of children who for no obvious reason other than an English-deprived
environment, present with, not surprisingly, poor English skills. Sometimes
I have felt that these referrals have been made because the teacher genuinely
believes that such problems fall into the realm of speech therapy (and who's
to say they don't); at other times it has been a desperate plea for help
from a teacher who feels at a loss as to how to cope with these children
who are not achieving with the ""normal child"" kindergarten/school curriculum;
while another group seem keen to involve all the resources they can think
of; and a final group, unfortunately, can only fit into the mould of ""pass
the buck"". It is noteworthy that the referrals invariably come from the
child's teacher and are seldomly instigated by the parents although they 
generally readily agree to the referral expressing at least some concern
about the child's communication skills"
"How should the speech pathologist respond?

The professional role I have evolved in such cases is one of
consultant/resource person to the kindergarten and primary school teachers"
"My rationale for this approach has been: 1. since the child attends
kindergarten/school daily, the teacher has much greater access whereas,
at best, I could offer a weekly therapy session - the assumption being that
greater access means more opportunities to elicit target language behaviors
from the child. 2. it is important to maintain the continuity and integrity of the
child's kindergarten/classroom program rather than having the child withdrawn
for ""special lessons"" - the assumption being that with limited language
skills the child is likely to be more dependent on the experiential aspects
of kindergarten/classroom activities which would then lose their context
and meaning when the child was withdrawn. 3. it is important to maintain
the child's own unique identity within the group - an identity which has
developed from the child's own characteristics, not from the distinction
which may result if the child has ""a special friend"" who comes to visit,
or is frequently absent on ""mysterious ventures"". 4. supplying the teachers 
with structured language programs and resource material to expand  their 
skills in assisting the language development of these children reduces my
long-term workload and hence is a time and cost efficient exercise - the
assumption being that teachers will re-use or modify such material and continue
to develop their skills in working with these children without requiring
the constant support of a speech pathologist. 5. by incorporating a language
program into the regular kindergarten/classroom program, the child has
immediate opportunities to experiment, practise and modify newly acquired
language skills with his/her peers - the assumption being that the child
has some awareness of the target language behaviours and can positively
gain by conforming to the language skills of his/her peers. It is assumed
that the child can learn from the feedback he/she receives from his/her
peers"
"Of course, these arguments may apply to any child presenting with special
needs, not only those children from non-English speaking backgrounds presenting
with language problems. However, it is the concept of maintaining ""normalcy these children which is so important and which directs me to take this
approach"
"The main criterion for success in using this approach is the co-operation
of the teachers involved. The teachers need to be prepared to accept guidelines
and suggestions from the speech pathologist; to make necessary modifications
to their kindergarten/classroom programs; to regularly devote some individual
time to the child, that is to make a deliberate commitment. My experience
has been that most teachers are keen to make this commitment, but there
are always a few who despite good intentions never quite ""get around to
it"""
"In terms of the strategies used, I have found a structured language program
to be the most successful. The teachers appreciate the defined framework
of the program while the children make more rapid gains when the focus is
on specific target language behaviours. Generalization of the language
behaviours to other contexts is rarely a problem. It would seem that what
these children require is a structure in which to learn language; they have
already been exposed to the language enrichment/bombardment approach which
is used in the majority of kindergartens and prep. grades and have found
this to be confusing and overwhelming"
"Below is a shortened form of one of the language programs I have developed
for use in a kindergarten with a high proportion of children from non-English
speaking backgrounds (including Greek, Arabic, Lebanese, Vietnamese, Chinese,
Polish). For this particular kindergarten the issue of which language to
work through (English vs. the child's home language) is impractical. With
such a mixture of language backgrounds, English as the children's second
language is the only common feature. For other cases this issue needs to
be considered"
"There are many questions which remain unanswered, many issues which need
to be addressed and much research which needs to be done. Speech pathologists
need to be involved in this process, to make an active contribution in
establishing our role, if any, in this special area of child language, and
more generally in the field of English as a Second Language"
"PROGRAM FOR ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE 
CHILDREN AT X KINDERGARTEN  

1. Hearing Assessment - all children require a hearing assessment. This
can be arranged at ..................... 

2. Vocabulary - It is probably best to work within a specific category
‚2 plan kinder activities around the category
‚2 work intensively for, say, one week per category
‚2 build-in a lot of revision to these activities"
"‚2 keep activities simple so that the children can focus on the language
and not on the complexities of the activity itself"
"‚2 remember that we, as adults, may become bored with an activity but young
children can often obtain pleasure, self-confidence and security through
constant repetition and a regular routine"
"Suggested Categories: body parts, animals, food, actions, household utensils,
things which move, shops"
"3. Language Comprehension - give ""staged"" instructions 
Start with 1 stage commands and work your way slowly up to 3 stage commands. 
Use this order of difficulty as a guide:
(1) single commands associated with own body e.g. ""Show me your teeth"""
"(2) single commands to act e.g. ""Sit down"""
"(3) single commands to identify environmental objects e.g. ""Point to the
door"""
"(4) single commands associated with other's body e.g. ""Touch Peter's hair"""
"(5) single commands to act upon environmental objects e.g. ""Pick up the
train"""
"(6) multiple commands - 2-3 body parts e.g. ""Touch your toes and cover your
eyes"""
"(7) multiple commands - 2-3 actions e.g. ""Turn around and stamp your feet"""
"(8) multiple commands - 2-3 actions with environmental objects (i) related
events e.g. ""Pick up the scissors and put them on the table"""
"(ii) unrelated events e.g. ""Close the door and get a book"""
"Be careful of your non-verbal cues when giving commands i.e. make sure that
your gestures, eye-pointing etc. do not give the child clues as to what
you are expecting him/her to do. 
If the child is unable to carry out a command then demonstrate it for him/her"
Re-present the command and have the child perform it
"4. Language Concepts - these are some of the early developmental language
concepts - same/different; big/little; many/some/more; round; come/go;
up/down; in/out; open/shut; stop/go; slow/fast; day/night; loud/soft;
Incorporate these concepts into kinder activities"
"5. Language Structures - practise these:
(1) ""ing"" Verbs
(2) Prepositions - work on ""in, on, under""
(3) Determiners/Quantifiers - work on ""a, the, this, that, some, lots of/many"" 
Encourage the child to use these words in his/her speech - many ESL children
seem to leave them out"
"(4) Plural `s'
(5) Word Order/Sequencing - a child having difficulty with correct word order
in a sentence may be helped by repeating back the disordered sentence (with
appropriate puzzled facial expressions and gestures) and making a suggestion
as to possible correction of the sentence"
"e.g. Child - ""Put box in the bear"""
"Teacher - ""Put box in the bear. (confused expression) I can't do that"
"Do you mean - Put the bear in the box?""
Child - nods
Teacher - try saying it again - Put the bear in the box"""
"Child - ""Put the bear in the box"""
"6. Reluctant Speakers - Some ESL children lack confidence in their English
skills so are reluctant to speak, particularly to an adult. It may eventuate
that a child more proficient in English will speak for the reluctant one"
"This behaviour needs to be carefully monitored because even though the
proficient child is providing a good language model for the less proficient
child, the latter may come to rely on the other child to act as his/her
communicator without ever practising the modelled language structures
him/herself"
"If this situation arises, it is appropriate to acknowledge the proficient
speaker's goodwill and seek his/her co-operation in helping the less proficient
speaker develop necessary language skills"
"e.g. Teacher - ""It's really good that you are helping Pin with her talking"
"I like that, but we have to let her try talking by herself. Let her have
a try first. If she has trouble then you can help her. Perhaps she can copy
what you say. Let's try it"""
"Teacher - Pin, what's this?""
Pin - no response; looks at Tam for help"
"Tam - ""A ball. You say it Pin - a ball"""
"Pin - ""A ball"""
"Teacher - ""That's great"""
""
"Literature in the market place Kate Ahearne looks at anxious moments in the book trade  

   `ANYBODY IN BUSINESS IS there to make money.' You probably
wouldn't say no to a few bob for every time you've heard that
trotted out to explain the behaviour of anyone from the corner
milk bar proprietor to the biggest transnational company. But
as a truism about business it has to be one of the most
interestingly untrue. It takes no account, for instance, of why
some families struggle to stay on the land through the hardest
of hard times, or why so many people choose to work in particular 
jobs or businesses when they could do much better financially 
elsewhere"
"If you turn your attention to the book trade, you'll find an
entire industry which operates on all sorts of motivations
other than (or as well as) the making of money"
"Take the writer - the primary producer. (And no doubt there are
dairy farmers around who will appreciate this next bit.) When
you buy a book over the counter, roughly 10 per cent of the
price goes to the author. If the book is a `remainder' (and
there's a lot of them about) the author gets nothing"
"So if you've written a book like last year's Australian
bestseller by Julia Stafford, A Taste of Life which sold 400
000 copies, you're rich. But if it's a biography of an eminent
Australian, it might sell 3000-5000 copies, unless it's one out
of the box. At an average of around $25 a pop, the writer gets
$7 500 - $11 500 (less tax and agency fees) for the two years
(minimum) during which they ate, slept and dreamt The Book. If
it's poetry and it's not by Pam Ayres or William Wordsworth,
it's probably a print run of 1000 copies or less and in many
cases it has been published by a small press which can pay
only nominal royalties or none at all"
"Still, it should be pointed out that until recent years, it
was the extremely rare Australian writer who earned a living
as an author. Ken Methold, who chairs the Australian Society
of Authors, now estimates that there could be as many as fifty"
"Presumably by `writing' he means `writing, allied trades and
spinoffs' - workshops, writer-in-residencies, invitations to
read or speak, film rights, and so on"
"For those at the top of the heap there is also a range of
literary prizes to vie for - from the NSW and Victorian
Premiers' Awards ($15 000 each in the top two categories) to
the local and special-interest prizes, which are worth more in
confidence than cash. But you can't eat confidence or a fan
letter that says you have changed so-and-so's life. And
according to figures published in Australian Bookseller and
Publisher, so far this year 1924 new titles have been published, 
representing a massive 59.3 per cent increase on the same
period last year, which is worrying the hell out of some people
in the industry who read this as the overproduction which
precedes the crunch. It also leaves a lot of writers grinding
away for peanuts to produce a commodity which is a bit like
motherhood - we are all agreed it's a good thing, but are we
prepared to pay for it? Or, is it simply that writers are just
the biggest `scabs' out?
   At one end of the market (financially speaking) we are
prepared to pay - to the extent that, for example, we have
already purchased 200 000 copies of Julia Stafford's More Taste
of Life, and in the last two years we have also snapped up 80
000 of at least seven Readers' Digest titles. And on the import
side, no doubt we have fulfilled our goodly market duty towards
the 10 million copies Jackie Collins sold of Hollywood Wives"
"Actually, there's a myth that's been doing the rounds for
years (and desperately wants re-proving) that Australians are
the biggest per capita readers in the world. It's a myth that
sits unhappily with an industry which now sees itself at crisis
point"
"So what about these `middle-persons' - the publishers,
distributors and booksellers who soak up the 90 per cent of the
cost of a book which doesn't go to the author? What could they
possibly have to whinge about? Aren't they breaking even or a
whole lot better on all those titles returning that ridiculous
10 per cent to the person who's produced what we think we're
buying? Well yes, barring the amateur and non-profit or co-
operative publishers, they are, unless someone has read the
market wrong or has otherwise bungled. Or unless they have
decided that in the case of this or that book, the prestige
and/or the contribution to culture is worth it"
"But it's not as simple as that. In the past 10-15 years the
non-profit publishers have brought tremendous pressure to bear
on Australian mainstream publishing. On the one hand are
writers like Melbourne lesbian novelist `Emily George', who has
written, published and sold out several print runs of her own
novels in recent years. At the other extreme there are non-
profit publishers like Freemantle Arts Centre Press who,
despite their self-imposed limitation of publishing only
regional writers, have made an enormous impact on the big `L'
Literature end of the Australian market, which has never been
particularly lucrative anyway"
"AND THIS BRINGS US TO A strange phenomenon which seem speculiar peculiar to the book industry. Books are not like bootlaces,
bread, beer or just about any other commodity. In spite of the
threat posed by television, video and computer technology,
books remain the major repository in our society of wisdom,
knowledge, culture - call it what you like. When the Fraser
government first proposed an across-the-board indirect taxation
scheme the industry mounted a massive campaign. The facts and
figures were there all right, but the Please Don't Tax Books
campaign was heavily into emotive rhetoric. Geoffrey Blainey
went so far as to compare the proposal to a tax on sunshine"
"Not all books fall into this category of course, but enough
still do for the `special case' argument to emerge as the most
crucial whenever the book industry feels itself threatened. And
it also explains why amateur and non-profit presses are not the
only ones putting out money-losing books. Angus and Robertson
Publishers, for instance, runs a poetry list which must have
been losing money for years. Penguin consistently publishes
fiction in small print runs which cannot hope to do better than
break even. This kind of pressure applies not only to publishers, 
but to distributors in competition with co-operative ventures, 
as well as to those writers who need to think of themselves as 
professionals for bread-and-butter reasons. It also spills over 
into the media, where professional freelancers are continually 
in competition with amateurs who give their right arms to get 
into print"
"But more serious right now, if not for the writers
themselves, then for the industry, is what's happening at the
big end of the market. During the past twelve months, the
Australian industry has seen enormous change, brought about
partly by company take-overs. Collins has swallowed Dove
Communications, Rigby has virtually disappeared as a general
publisher, Pan has gobbled James Fraser. The list goes on and
on. In the same period our two largest distributors have shown
significant drops in profit"
"We now have a situation where the Australian publishing
industry is largely controlled by overseas interests, which
many observers fear are much more likely to concern themselves
with the promotion of books originated elsewhere than with what
is really, comparatively speaking, a tiny market for
Australian-originated books. Take, for instance, the recent
promotion of the American writer Victor Kiam's book, Going For
It. Kiam undertook 75 media interviews and speaking engagements
in six days. To my knowledge, no Australian book has ever been
so heavily promoted. Compare the launch of Peter Carey's first
novel, Bliss, which, according to Carey (by no means an
`unknown' at the time) was paid for, not by his publisher,
University of Queensland Press, but by himself"
"And where overseas interests are making noises about
concerning themselves with the local product, the question is
whether they can possibly have any idea about what's good for
Australians, or what Australians really want. And if they can
and do, aren't they more likely to interest themselves in
profits than in the welfare of Australian cultural life or
Australian jobs?

   EQUALLY DISTURBING IS THE FALL in value of the Australian
dollar. On the face of it, this should provide an enormous
boost to the local industry. With overseas titles zooming in
price, Australian titles, theoretically, become cheaper by
comparison - which would be hunky-dory for Australian publishers
if it weren't for the fact that most of the major publishers
are also major distributors for parent companies as well as
their own and smaller local and overseas publishers' titles"
"The devaluation of the Australian dollar has caused a 70 per
cent rise in books from the UK and 40 per cent in US titles. It
is now clear from the Australian Advisory Council on
Bibliographical Services Survey (May-July 1986) that many
libraries are able to buy only half as many books and
periodicals as they were two years ago. While most people
involved in local book production agree that Australian
libraries should be buying a much higher percentage of Australian
books, the ABCS Survey shows no signs of this happening to any
useful degree. And it is by no means clear that companies
distributing local as well as overseas books will shift the
weight of their endeavours to the local product on the strength
of what may turn out to be a hiccough. The prevalent attitude
seems to be `we'll ride it out'"
"On the other hand, many Australian publishers who have
relied for years on cheap Asian printing are now looking more
closely at Australian printers - which would be great for our
printers, had they not been caught with their technological
pants down after the several years during which the battle with
cheap off-shore printers had been fought and lost. The end
result will be to force up the price of Australian books,
dulling that theoretical edge provided by devaluation"
"Then there's the large-scale dumping of overseas remainders
and the current running battle between the Australian
Booksellers Association and the major distributors over whether
bookshops should be able to order titles direct from overseas
to avoid perceived inefficiencies in distribution. Indeed
things are so bad on the distribution front that Kevin Weldon
of the giant Weldon Hardie group is offering to help set up a
co-operative distribution house. And, of course, there is
always the age-old problem, the Big One which of all the
developed countries, Australia alone suffers - a tiny
population spread over enormous distances"
"Perhaps none of this would matter quite so much if the
Australian industry were based on the solid money-making
motivation which underlies almost every other industry. So why
do publishers like Penguin and Angus and Robertson (already in
enough competition, you might have thought, with the plethora
of non-profit publishers) bother to publish their poetry or
their piddly little first novels when they know very well that
most of them are not terrific? There's a desire in there
somewhere to do `good' (culturally speaking) and a desire quite
often to look good. A publishing house can add tone to a big
conglomerate. If Robert Holmes a Court does end up with the
Herald and Weekly Times, he will have, as well as the TV
stations, etc, a nice little book publishing and distribution
empire to add to all that art. What's it matter if you lose a
few thou' now and then? And it's all power and influence"
"Add to that the writers themselves, who are writing for
every reason under the sun. There's the deeply human need of the
once-offer to pass on the findings of a life-long passion."
"Liberal HQ is hit by vandals SYDNEY  

- Vandals have hit Liberal Party property for the third time"
"MPs have moved into Heathcote, south of Sydney, for the by-election to
replace the former sitting member, Mr Rex Jackson"
"The Opposition Leader, Mr Greiner, said yesterday the three attacks on
Liberal Party offices and a promotional balloon at Heathcote, were due
to insufficient policing"
"In the latest incident this weekend, damage worth $1000 was caused when
bricks were thrown through plate-glass windows"
"Heathcote faces a by-election in January after the resignation of Mr Jackson,
a former corrective services minister"
""
"$7000 bill to run envoy's mansion  

Household expenses for Australia's roving Ambassador for Disarmament, Richard
Butler, are costing taxpayers about $7000 a week"
"Information tabled in Federal Parliament this week showed the 1985-86
rental for his ambassador's residence in Switzerland was $172,255 - $3312
a week"
"But its current rent is believed to be $258,000 a year - almost $5000
a week"
"Mr Butler's home was recently described in a TV report as a `small mansion
with views over Lake Geneva'"
The cost of Mr Butler's servants was given as more than $1800 a week
Details of Mr Butler's expenses had been sought by Opposition MPs
"The amount of rent was specifically sought by a Liberal backbencher
Alexander Downer - himself a former diplomat"
"Wages and costs of Mr Butler's domestic servants were $91,732 in 1985-86"
"This figure would also have increased sharply with the devaluation of the
dollar"
"The Opposition's questioning of Mr Butler's expenses has a political
edge to it as he is a former senior private secretary to former Labor Prime
Minister Gough Whitlam"
He is unlikely to be reappointed under a coalition Government
"But the Opposition's revised foreign affairs policy will retain Mr Butler's
position of Disarmament Ambassador"
"The yet-to-be-released policy overturns previous criticism of the post
- set up by the present Foreign Minister Bill Hayden"
Mr Butler is not the only diplomat to attract attention
"Australia's ambassador to the European Economic Community, Lindsay Duthie,
has raised MPs' eyebrows with his expenses"
"His residence in London is understood to rent for $270,000 a year - around
$5192 a week."
"Antifertility activity and toxicity of α-chlorohydrin aromatic ketal
analogues in male rats  By P.D.C. Brown-Woodman, I.G. White and D.D. Ridley Abstract  
The antifertility activity and toxicity of ?-chlorohydrin and seven
aromatic ketal derivatives were investigated in male rats.  At a dose of
5 mg/kg injected intraperitioneally each day for 14 days, ?-chlorohydrin
and the methoxy benzaldehyde derivative (compound 2) produced complete
infertility.  The benzaldehyde derivative (compound 1) was 89% effective
and the other five compounds 71-25% effective.  All compounds except the
least effective antifertility agent, the methylbenzaldehyde derivative
(compound 3), reduced the motility of sperm recovered from the epididymis"
"None of the compounds caused a decrease in body or testes weight but some
increased adrenal weight. 

 Introduction  

  Since ?-chlorohydrin possesses many desirable properties as a male
contraceptive, but has proved too toxic for human use, numerous studies
have been undertaken in an attempt to find analogues which exhibit
antifertility activity without the side-effects (Jones 1983)"
"The structural requirements for antifertility activity are very specific,
and thus the number of possible modifications limited.  The active compound
must contain three saturated carbon atoms: a primary carbon atom bearing
a chlorine atom, adjacent to a carbon atom bearing a secondary hydroxyl
group, adjacent to a primary carbon atom bearing a primary hydroxyl group"
"The hydroxyl groups may be free, esterified or present as ether linkages
(Fig. 1) (cf. Jones 1978)"
"Brown-Woodman et al. (1979) found that compound 1 (Fig. 1c) was an
effective antifertility agent in the male rat and apparently less toxic
than ?-chlorohydrin.  In view of this we have synthesized ketal 
derivatives of ?-chlorohydrin and tested their antifertility 
activity in male rats"
"Materials and Methods Treatment of Rats  

  Mature fertile Wistar rats were maintained under regulated conditions
of temperature, light and humidity, and were given food and water ad lib"
"The formulae of ?-chlorohydrin and the analogues tested are shown Fig. 1.  Each compound was dissolved in propyleneglycol and five male
rats were injected subcutaneously daily for 15 days with each analogue,
at a dose equivalent to 5 mg ?-chlorohydrin per kilogram body weight"
"A control group of rats received propyleneglycol alone.  Two female rats
were caged with each male on the seventh day of injection.  Male rats were
killed and weighed on day 16 and the testes, epididymides, spleen, adrenal
and body weights recorded.  The vasa defentia were flushed with 0.5 ml
Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 0.3% (w/v) fructose, and
the 0.5-ml portions from each rat were pooled.  Aliquots (0.2 ml) were added
to 1.0 formal saline for assessment of sperm concentration using a
haemocytometer.  Sperm motility was scored on the remainder according to
the method of Emmens (1947).  The female rats were killed 20 days after
mating and checked for pregnancy and the litter size recorded"
"Preparation of Ketal Derivatives of  ?-Chlorohydrin   

  The ketal derivatives of ?-cholorohydrin were prepared from
?-chlorohydrin (0.10) mol), the carbonyl compound (0.11 mol), and
p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.005 mol) in benzene (200 ml).  The mixture was
refluxed for 24 h (Dean-Stark water separator being used to remove water
formed in the reaction), cooled, and extracted with dilute Na2CO3. After 
evaporation of the dried solvent the residue was distilled under reduced
pressure"
"Thus were prepared the benzaldehyde derivative (compound 1), b.p"
"103°C/1.2mm
(Baggett et al. 1966); (126-127°/4 mm); the p-methoxybenzaldehyde
derivative (compound 2), b.p. 128-130°/0.2mm (found: C, 57.8; H, 
5.4; Cl, 15.6. CH13ClO13 requires C, 57.8; H, 5.7; Cl, 15.5%); the
p-methylbenzaldehyde derivative (compound 3), b.p. 100-104°/0.04 mm
(found: C, 62.3; H, 6.3; Cl, 16.9.  C11H13ClO2 requires C, 62.1; H, 6.2; 
Cl,16.7%); the p-chlorobenzaldehyde derivative (compound 4), b.p"
"106°/0.15 mm (found C, 51.2; H, 4.6; Cl, 30.8.  C10H10Cl2O2
requires C, 51.5; H, 4.6; Cl, 30.4%); the p-nitrobenzaldehyde derivative
(compound 5), m.p. 55-61° (found: C, 49.2; H, 4.5; Cl, 14.3"
"C10H10ClNO4 requires C, 49.3; H, 4.4; Cl, 14.6%); the acetophenone derivative 
(compound 6), b.p. 84-86°/0.4 mm (found C, 61.9; H, 6.4; Cl, 16.7.  
C11H13ClO2 requires, C, 62.1; H, 6.2; Cl, 16.7%; the cinnamaldehyde derivative 
(compound 7), b.p. 140-142°/0.6 mm (found C, 62.1; H, 6.2; Cl, 16.9.  
C11H13ClO2 requires C, 62.1; H, 6.2; Cl, 16.7%). All compounds tested were 
racemic and all of the derivatives of ?-chlorohydrin were additionally 
mixtures of diastereoisomers which could not be separated"
"Statistical analysis  

  The significance of differences between treatments was examined by analysis
of variance and Duncan's multiple-range test (Steel and Torrie 1960).  The
mean increase in body weight during the experiment for each of the analogues
was compared with the controls by a paired t-test.  The number of fetuses
produced per rat was analysed by a Student's t-test"
"Results  

  ?-Chlorohydrin and all analogues decreased the fertility of the male
rats to some extent.  Of the analogues, compounds 1 and 2 were the most
active (Table 1), and the latter, like ?-chlorohydrin, was completely
effective.  Both the number of pregnancies and the number of fetuses per
litter were less than in the control group, except for compound 3 which
did not decrease the litter size.  All compounds except compound 3 reduced
motility of the epididymal sperm (Table 2).  None of the compounds caused
an increase in the separation of sperm heads and tails (Table 2)"
"No significant change in body weight occurred during the 15 days of
injections.  ?-Chlorohydrin produced a significant decrease in testicular
weight compared with the control; however, none of the derivatives affected
testicular weight (Table 3).  Spleen weight was decreased in all groups
except those which received compounds 1 and 3, while adrenal gland weight
was unchanged in all rats except those which received compound 7, where
an increase was noted (Table 3)"
"Discussion  

  These experiments confirm that it is possible to mask the hydroxyl groups
of  ?-chlorohydrin with ketal groups and still maintain at least a degree
of antifertility activity.  ?-Chlorohydrin itself was completely effective
and did not increase adrenal weight at the low dose in this experiment,
in contrast to the increase following a single injection of 90 mg/kg (Brown-
Woodman and White 1975)"
"The benzaldehyde derivative (compound 1) was again found to be highly
effective (89%) in reducing the fertility of male rats although it did not
completely abolish fertility as was the case in the previous trial
(Brown-Woodman et al. 1979).  As there was again no increase in adrenal
weight, no loss of body weight, and no change in spleen weight, the compound
is possibly non-toxic.  Stress or injection of toxic substance are known
to cause enlargement of the adrenals and atrophy of the spleen (Selye 1976)"
"Substitution of a methoxy (-OCH3) group in the para position of the
benzene ring of compound 1 apparently increased antifertility activity as
compound 2 was 100% effective, but only six of the 10 rats mated.  This may
reflect reduced libido or some degree of toxicity, as although body and
adrenal weights were not affected by the compound, spleen weight was
significantly decreased.  Addition of a methyl group to the benzene ring
(compound 3) greatly reduced antifertility activity and the harmful effect
on epididymal sperm motility.  The compound was also apparently less toxic
than the methoxy derivative (compound 2) since there was no increase in
adrenal weight, and no change in spleen weight.  Substitution with chloro
(compound 4) and nitro (compound 5) groups in the benzene ring did not reduce
antifertility activity nearly as much as methyl group substitution; compound
5, however, may be toxic as the weight of the spleen was decreased"
"Substitution of a methyl group in the carbon link (compound 6) of the ketal
group or lengthening the carbon link (compound 7) also reduced antifertility
activity and presumably increased toxicity as judged by the decreased spleen
weights observed in the rats receiving both compounds, and the increased
adrenal weight seen with compound 7"
"We had hoped that increasing the lipophilic nature of the ?-
chlorohydrin derivatives might have enhanced uptake by the epididymis and 
this, followed by slow release into the blood stream, would reduce the 
toxicity of the compounds compared to ?-chlorohydrin, without 
impairing antifertility activity.  However, this does not appear to be 
the case"
"It is not known whether these ketal derivatives exert their antifertility
activity as such or after degradation to ?-chlorohydrin, although the
decrease in activity observed in the series reflects expected ease of
hydrolysis to the starting carbonyl compounds and ?-chlorohydrin and
we believe that ?-chlorohydrin is the active compound.  Some support
for this was obtained by in situ experiments.  Thus the ketals were
heated at 37°C at pH 7.4 (KH2PO4-Na2HPO4 buffer) and
the mixtures were analysed by g.l.c. for the presence of the free carbonyl
component and ?-chlorohydrin.  Compound 2 was 5% hydrolysed after 24h,
compound 1 was 1% hydrolysed after 24 h, whilst no hydrolysis products were
observed under these conditions for compounds 3-7.  The fact that these
compounds were relatively inert under these near-physiological conditions
is not surprising since ketal hydrolyses generally become rapid around 
pH 3; on the other hand their resistance to hydrolysis at pH 7.4 in situ
does not necessarily indicate resistance to hydrolysis in vivo where
enzymatic catalysis may occur"
"Jones and O'Brien (1980) studied the metabolism by the rat of two ketal
derivatives which had been shown previously to have antifertility activities
in the rat comparable to that of ?-chlorohydrin (Banik et al. 1972;
Hirsch et al. 1975).  Both compounds produce ?-chlorolactate, the
major oxidative metabolite of ?-chlorohydrin, indicating that these 
ketal derivatives are degraded to ?-chlorohydrin.  The antifertility 
effectiveness of the compounds tested in the present experiment may therefore, 
reflect their ease of degradation to ?-chlorohydrin"
"The reduction in epididymal sperm motility produced by ?-chlorohydrin
and all the analogues apart from compound 3 was not unexpected in view of
the data that the primary effect of ?-chlorohydrin is directed towards
the sperm in the epididymis and it produces biochemical changes in the organ
(Crabo and Appelgren 1972; Brown-Woodman and White, 1975, 1976; Lobl 1980;
Tsang et al. 1981; Paz and Homonnai 1982).  Low doses of ?-chlorohydrin
do not affect the weight or ultrastructure of the epididymis (Reijonen et
al. 1975) and thus the fact that none of the derivatives produced change
in epididymal weight was not surprising.  Compounds 1 and 2 would seem to
warrant further investigation as possible male antifertility agents"
"Acknowledgements  
The authors wish to thank Miss H. Hughes for her invaluable technical
assistance"
""
"By E M Kelsall Chapter 16 SHARMAN'S SHOW  

  Our new home consisted of two rooms with a little hut out the
back, where my brother and I slept. There was just room for a
double bed, shoved hard against a wall papered with Smith's
Weeklys. Many a punch was swung when my brother came home late
from a dance and had to clamber over me to get to his side of
the bed. Mum and the two girls had the other bedroom, and when
Pop was home he had a single bed on one end of the back
verandah. He made this private by tacking hessian to the posts"
"The kitchen-dining-lounge room was the biggest room in the
house, but even this became cramped when Mum shifted her old
sideboard into it"
"This sideboard was her pride and joy. Its mirror was
surrounded by shelves and projections of carved wood which
supported all the pretty china that had been broken, down
through the years, and then lovingly stuck together again with
Tarzan's Grip. These looked really beautiful, reflected in the
mirror at night by the kerosene lamp, which had hand-painted
flowers on the bowl"
"Harry, one of the men Pop often worked with in the bush,
moved in next door with his family. They were going through
tough times too, but Harry had an old battered Chevrolet truck
with which he was often able to make a few bob"
"Another mate of theirs named Viv had a Chrysler Plymouth, so
Pop, Harry and Viv approached the manager of the Murray River
Sawmills for a contract cutting wood for the PS Adelaide. The
manager obliged, but stipulated that the wood had to be landed
in an area below Barmah, as this was just about where the
steaming wood loaded on the Adelaide at Echuca would cut out"
"The three battlers piled into the Plymouth and went out to
see what they could find in the way of three or four hundred
ton of wood. They returned home in high glee, for the owner of
Madowla Station and Orange Grove had given them permission to
cut all redgum on the ground for a threepence a ton royalty"
"They had further luck when a gang of Italians who had the right
to all the box wood told them they could cut all the box timber
left behind because it would he too thin for footblocks"
"I went with them because I had nothing else to do and worked
like a slave for the three of them. I received many
compliments on how well I could swing an axe, but that's all I
did receive - not a penny of pay"
"I decided I'd make a couple of bob by catching crayfish in
the Goulburn River, which we crossed each day at Stewart's
Bridge on the way to work. On the way home we lifted the nets
to find a catch of four very large crays, but discovered we had
nothing to put them in. `Throw the bastards back in', said
Harry. `Not on your life', I said. `They'd be worth two bob.'
So Viv solved the problem by putting them tail-first in the
huge pockets on the inside of each door in the car"
"When we got home we found out it wasn't such a good idea,
because we were confronted by powerful claws waving around"
"Harry said, `C'mon Mick, you grab one claw, I grab the other.'
Then, in a moment of doubt, he added, `But don't you miss'. I
did miss, but the crayfish didn't. It swung its free claw over
and clamped on to one of Harry's fingers"
"His anguished screams caused blinds to be pulled back. but in
a conservative little town like Moama no one would venture out
even if a murder was taking place. Harry's profanity was
getting him nowhere so he began pleading with us to `Poke your
finger in his eyes'. Gingerly we tried this but the cray seemed
to have the ability to retract his telescopic eyes. Then Viv
had an inspiration. He grabbed a pair of pliers from the
toolbox and plunged into the door pocket to where he thought
the cray's claw was. Feeling them glide onto an object, he
closed them with all his strength and twisted his wrist. Harry
let out a wild shriek and subsided to the ground sobbing with
the cray still attached to him"
"Pop stomped the cray to death, and only then did Viv discover
it was the top end of Harry's finger that he was trying to
break off. When he recovered enough Harry promised to `do' for
me by kicking me to death, but I overcame this by taking off
for home, giggling like a schoolgirl"
"The next morning Harry had a dreadfully mangled finger, an
injury that would have kept most men away from work. But he
turned up because he knew none of us could drive the truck"
"A few mornings later, as we came in sight of our half-loaded
truck, Harry remarked. `The Dagos are late gittin' out this
morning'. Then he added, `They must be fightin', for they're
standin' apart'"
"One group of four cutters was standing at their campfire, one
with a double-barrelled gun. The two brothers who ran the
business, both huge men, were standing alongside our truck and
when Viv stopped the car they moved toward it. Pop and Harry,
who were sitting on the side nearest them, opened their
windows and when they did both Italians ran at the car
screaming. `I chop you bloody neck off'. They were leaping with
rage with their hands slipping up and down the handles of our
axes"
"I thought Pop and Harry were goners, and couldn't help
feeling glad I was on the other side of the car. Pop was the
coolest in a crisis and began talking calmly, saying, `Cool
down a bit, mate. Let's know what's eatin' you.' Gradually, in
very excited tones they told what was `eatin'' them. They had
kept the wood around the camp for any wet days that occurred,
but we had begun to cut it"
"With the axes and gun in mind we humbly apologised, but the
Italians were unforgiving. They cancelled our previous
arrangement whereby we cut any box wood they left behind"
"As the Italians put down the axes and walked back to the fire
Harry began to frantically search the seat and floor of the
car. He couldn't find what he was looking for and was very
disturbed when he told us, `My Gawd, I've swallowed a bloody
lighted cigarette, holder an' all'. He must have, for we never
found it"
"There was no future without the box wood, so we decided to
take a chance and finish off the hundred odd ton by moving
illegally into the forest and cutting without a permit. This
saved us two pounds, which we didn't have anyhow"
"We were driving through the forest in thick fog early the
next morning when Harry frightened the hell out of us by
screaming `Look out!'. Viv did look out, just in time to bring
the car to a halt with its front wheels a few inches away from
a twelve-foot drop into a creek. Viv voiced what we were all
thinking when he said `I think this job's got a jinx on it'. In
similar conditions the next morning, we thought we were
following our tracks out from the night before, but in reality
they were the tracks we'd made in the morning. We all woke up
what was happening too late, and the front wheels went over the
edge. The chassis dug itself into the clay bank and there we
sat, too frightened to move in case the lot went over. Slowly
the two men in the front seat edged out, then hung on the rear
of the car while Pop and I made our exit"
"`Oh Gorblimey, I can't take much more of this', said Harry"
"`We're gonna cop it for sure. Look,' he went on, `Me bloody
finger is broken and poisoned, I got a bloody cigarette holder
caught sideways in me back passage, and if I drop off ter sleep
of a night I dream me bloody head's rollin' around the floor of
the car after it's been chopped off by a big Dago. And with me
own axe, too!'
  We never took any notice of his moans, for blokes like Harry
could put you on. If you didn't wake up to them, as Unc once
put it, they'd kid you up country without a swag"
"We cut the amount of wood the boss required, without getting
caught cutting without a licence, but the mill held back the
threepence a ton royalty for the Madowla owners, which meant
they got one pound, five shillings for nothing. What made it
worse was the fact that not a word could be said about it
without us putting our own weights up"
"After they'd cashed their cheque they went to the local and
had a few. Perhaps that's why Harry called me over to the fence
and told me, `You've been a good poor bugger. Here's two bob"
"Go to the dance tonight.' The old-time dance held at the Echuca
Fire Station was one bright spot in otherwise dull weeks, where
people of all ages gathered on the Saturday night and enjoyed
themselves"
"There was rarely any misbehaviour in the hall, for no drunks
were admitted, and when a difference of opinion occurred
between men it was usually settled outside. They came from as
far afield as Kyabram - farmers, farmhands, timber workers,
drovers, and an odd businessman. One of the latter was infamous
among the girls. He was pot-bellied and strong as an ox, but
just couldn't dance without getting an erection"
"One unsuspecting young woman accepted his invitation to
dance, and when it was over, returned red-faced, to her seat
alongside my sister. She whispered to her, `That was awful. He
pulled me in close, and after that my feet never got within six
inches of the floor.' Gradually his reputation became known and
none of the girls would dance with him"
"Midweek dances were sometimes held at places like Koyuga,
Moama and Picola. The promoters of the dances - usually tennis,
football and cricket clubs - would hire a furniture van to
take a crowd from Echuca. The van belonged to `Toots', who
stood for no hanky-panky and had a `not wanted on the voyage'
list of people banned from his van"
"At Koyuga one night a dance was held to help raise funds for
a beauty queen. Entries for the `Monte Carlo' were sixpence a
head, and the prize was a small box of chocolates each to the
winning couple. My partner and I won it. I gave mine back for
a lucky spot dance and won it again. All in all I got the prize
three or four times, until the boys started shouting, `Slug up'
(fraud)"
"Every now and then one could see a couple slip out of the
hall. On this occasion a young farmer yelled out across the
hall to a girl he'd been dancing with, `Yer better come out
after me. It won't look as bad then.'
  At Moama School of Arts dances, the slipping out was by the
men to the pub across the road. While the police kept a close
watch on the boys who gathered in the entrance hall they never
seemed to see the stream of blokes heading across the road. A
visitor to the dance from Echuca, one of the most inoffensive
of chaps, was standing talking to his mate when he was grabbed
by the collar and the seat of the pants and bundled off to the
lockup. Old `Fisheyes' had given the nod in his general
direction and a zealous young cop grabbed the wrong bloke. He
proved in court he didn't commit whatever offence it was, and
the case was dismissed"
""
"A `pensioner's burial' for key Soviet figure MOSCOW, Thursday - 

 One of the key shapers of Soviet history, Vyacheslav
Molotov, was buried at a Moscow cemetery yesterday after a discreet funeral
described by a Foreign Ministry official as ""a private burial for a pensioner"""
"Mr Molotov, 96, died on Saturday.  An organiser of the 1917 Bolshevik
revolution, he worked at the centre of Kremlin power throughout the Stalin
era but later fell into disgrace and was ejected from the Communist Party"
"Although denied an official funeral, Mr Molotov was buried at the Novodevichy
cemetery, second in prestige only to the Kremlin.  This reflected Mr Molotov's
readmission to the party two years ago"
"One party Central Committee member was present at the burial, attended
by relatives and friends"
"Six busloads of mourners arrived at the cemetery, protected by police
who kept onlookers and journalists away.  One of the buses, its windows draped
in black, drove in through the massive green gates of the cemetery ramparts"
"Cemetery officials said Mr Molotov was to be buried next to his wife, Polina
Zhemchuzhina, who died in 1967 after surviving years in labor camps under
Kremlin dictator Josef Stalin.  Mr Molotov is said to have signed her arrest
warrant"
"The plot lies near the site where Stalin's wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva,
was buried in 1932 after committing suicide"
"It is a good distance from the grave of Nikita Krushchev, who ousted Mr
Molotov from the party leadership in 1957"
"One elderly man in a crowd of onlookers said he had come to pay his last
respects but had not been allowed inside.  He was clutching a bouquet of
purple chrysanthemums and wore a bronze medal of Stalin"
"""Molotov made a few mistakes.  He was in the anti-party group,"" declared
the man, who said he worked in the Soviet defence industry and was not a
Communist Party member"
- Reuter
"Voice of reason in a revival of past styles An aspect of the Debra Dawes installation .. contributes to the abstract
art debate. GALLERIES By JOANNA MENDELSSHON  

  IN A WEEK dominated by fragmented visions and incoherent polemics, Debra
Dawes's installation at the Union Street Gallery adds a quiet voice of reason"
"In doing so she also makes a significant contribution to the never-ending
debate on the nature of abstract art. The title of the piece, Three narratives:
an autobiography, gives the viewer the clue as to her motives in producing
this series of small square paintings based on Mondrian, Morandi and her
own domesticity"
"The paintings proceed in sequences of three - a Morandi, a Mondrian,
then a Dawes. The copies of the famous artists are carefully crafted. Dawes
is careful to match both Morandi's tonality and the essential hand-made
quality of Mondrian's work. The third piece in this sequence, the ""original"",
is a blue, yellow and black variation of an electric jug, or occasionally
a carefully planned figure grouping. As the sequence progresses, the paintings
become intertwined - Morandi meets Mondrian, meets Dawes"
"The exhibition is partly a response to the impact of seeing Mondrian for
the first time and absorbing the difference between the sharp-edged
photographs of his work and the untidy reality of canvas and paint. Both
Mondrian and Morandi were concerned with expressions of inner reality,
classical proportions and the Golden Mean. Dawes uses this preoccupation
to remind the viewer that careful placement of shapes and lines within a
picture plane has no necessary connection with the supposed virtues of abstract
art"
"The latest of many exhibitions on abstract painting is Pure Abstraction
at The Painters Gallery. This is worth a visit simply for the chance to
see one of Tony Tuckson's finest paintings, an Untitled of the late 1950s"
"It is both delicate and strong, with light scribbles of rust paint on a
thick surface scratched in white. At the time it was painted, Tuckson was
a totally private painter. His unusually strong sense of professional ethics
meant that only friends and a few fellow artists knew the assistant director
of the Art Gallery of New South Wales was an artist"
"There are other works of interest in Pure Abstraction - paintings by Ralph
Balson and Robert Hunter, drawings and pastels by Robert Jacks and Leslie
Dumbrell. There is also the awkward inclusion of a hard-edge masking tape
and acrylic piece by Col Jordan. On the whole, the exhibition reflects the
awkwardness of confusing style and content in the selection of a group
exhibition. Perhaps it is a sign of the aesthetic rear-guard attitudes of
the proponents of the ""pure"", but only one woman artist is included"
"Polly MacCallum's sculpture and drawings at the Coventry Gallery helps
add to the overall impression of this week as a series of revivals of styles
of the past. Her perspex sculptures and pencil lines evoke old school geometry
sets with sharp angles and pointed edges. On a more elevated plane, they
bring back memories of Margo Lewers's sculptures of the 1950s. As well as
small pieces and maquettes for larger ones, the exhibition includes photographs
of enlargements and earlier works, almost a mini-retrospective"
""
"Mature Garner knows how to win the ladies By DENNIS WATT VIDEO REVIEW  

  A mature and stable James Garner emerges as the big winner in RCA Columbia
Video's ""Murphy's Romance"""
"As mildly eccentric Murphy Jones, he wins the heart of newly divorced
and fiercely independent Emma Moriarty (Sally Field)"
"And that's not a bad feat considering he's 60, she's 33 and her handsome but
oh-so-young and immature former husband also is on the scene"
"The film opens with Emma moving with her young son to Arizona, where
she is determined to set up her own horse business on a rundown ranch"
"Absorbing  

Everything seems to be against her. The ranch looks like something left
after a cyclone and the local cowboys insist she is the wrong sex for the
job"
"Battling financial difficulties and local opposition, she strikes up a
cautious friendship with Murphy"
"Although the film will not go down as a romantic epic - especially
considering viewers are treated to only one quick peck between the duo
in the full 104 minutes - it is nevertheless absorbing viewing as Emma
tries to pick Mr Right"
"The film predictably has a happy ending and viewers are left with the
distinct impression that love conquers all"
"Hopefully it also overcomes modern male's habit of dying, on the average,
at an age five to seven years younger than their wives"
"On that basis, if Murphy lives to 80, poor old Emma will still have to
soldier on for at least another 30 years all on her lonesome"
"Not to worry. No doubt with Murphy's experience of life to call on, they
will live every day to the full in the 20 (maybe) years they have left
together"
"For a revolutionary treat, lovers of zany humor would do well to get  their
hands on Warner Home Video's ""Start The Revolution Without Me"""
"The film, which has achieved cult status among enthusiasts, takes the
universal theme of mistaken identity and creates an hilarious madcap comedy
involving two sets of twins"
"The twins meet just before the French Revolution and go on to cause complete
havoc in a France on the brink of turmoil"
"The cast is led by Donald Sutherland and Gene Wilder, who take every
opportunity to go way over the top"
"Gene Wilder has never been funnier and his contrasting portrayal of the
two characters borders on brilliant"
"One set of twins, masquerading successfully as illiterate and inept peasants,
are mistaken for two of the greatest and most feared swordsmen in France"
""
"Not the right time for a rise  

  THERE is probably no right time for politicians to be given a wage rise,
but now is probably the worst possible time. Thanks to some alarming balance
of payments figures and some equally alarming statements by the Treasurer,
there is a grudging acceptance that the economy is in trouble and wage
restraint is necessary. But do the politicians think so?
  The inevitable row about politicians' increases should have been defused
slightly - had it not been for their cleverness last time. Then, they opted
to take increases in allowances rather than increases in salaries. The
logic of such a decision was inescapable; allowances were tax-free. Now,
of course, the politicians have been neatly caught in the fringe benefits
tax web and they are squealing long and loudly"
"It is difficult to sympathise with the politicians' plight. If the
Government votes to tax fringe benefits, then there is no good reason why
politicians should be excluded. Admittedly many spend heavily in their
electorates but they also enjoy subsidised meals and accommodation in Canberra
and Commonwealth car travel to and from airports. It is not the onerous
or demanding life that we are led to believe. The rewards are not too bad,
either"
"The Government backbench might very well be revolting on the taxation
of their allowances but so long as their Ministers persist with the taxation
plan, there is every reason why they should be treated the same as any other
wage or salary earner. Of course, if the Government backbenchers were really
serious in their opposition to the fringe benefit taxes, they could stage
a little Caucus revolt and force the Government to change its mind"
"The prospect of that happening is about as likely as the prospect of a
heatwave in Canberra next month. The backbenchers are stuck with the
consequences of an unpopular decision. They should grin and bear it, with
as much good humor as possible. After all, what a perfect opportunity to
demonstrate the restraint and reason they are so fond of prescribing for
others?"
"By Peter W Young LLB Chapter 13 Preparation for a Personal Injury Case  

On 26 March, Butterworth received two briefs to settle statement of claim
in respect of the accident in which David Daniels died, one for Carol Carson
and one for Elaine. It was accompanied by a statement from each of the
plaintiffs, reports from the doctor who treated them, discharge summaries
in respect of each from the hospital and the depositions from the inquest
and particulars of expenses"
"He realised that there was no such thing as a standard statement of claim
to be used in all cases, knowing that each case was different and had to
be prepared individually, so he mastered the facts and thought deeply as
to what should be done. There were a variety of claims that could be made"
"Elaine, for instance, not only had her own claim for personal injuries,
but also may have one under the Compensation to Relatives Act provided
that it could be shown that someone other than David Daniels was at least
partly responsible for his death. All that need be shown was a very small
degree of negligence by someone else because in a Compensation to Relatives
action, contributory negligence by the deceased is completely irrelevant"
"(See s 10(4) of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1965 and Versic
v Conners [1968] 3 NSWR 770; 88 WN(NSW)(Pt 1) 332.)
  But Butterworth knew that there were some problems in sheeting home liability
to someone else, the only ""someone else"" there could be would be the driver
of this unidentified motor vehicle. He noticed that the solicitor had done
all the right things in respect of a claim against the Nominal Defendant
who, under the Motor Vehicles (Third Party Insurance) Act, 1942, could be
sued for all damage caused by unidentified motor vehicles. The solicitor
had put advertisements in the paper and in newsagents' windows, all appealing
for anyone who saw the accident and who had not given his name already to
the police or to the plaintiff's solicitors, to do so"
"Butterworth looked at the medical evidence with respect to Elaine. She
was then only nine years of age. He knew that it is always extremely difficult
to know just what damage a child suffers in a motor car accident. With an
adult who has commenced on his career, one can say, for example, that the
man is a schoolteacher and that, normally speaking, he would have remained
one until he was 65 years of age and his wage is $X per week; the wage for
a car park attendant, which is all that the plaintiff can do now, is $X
minus $Y per week; accordingly one merely takes $Y per week for the appropriate
period and, after applying the appropriate discount rate, one has a fair
idea of future economic loss. However, with a child it is difficult to know
whether that child will qualify for a professional or semi-professional
career, or whether he or she will be employed at all"
"However, there was no real purpose in speculating about these matters
in Elaine's case, because these were problems in every case of an injured
child. All that could be done was to bear them in mind and to concentrate
on the hard facts of the present case. The main problem was trying to settle
it because it was so difficult to put a figure on what a court would award
such a young child. There was some protection here, though, because all infant
settlements had to be approved by the court under the Damages (Infants and
Persons of Unsound Mind) Act, 1929"
"Butterworth turned to the reports that were in his brief. It appeared
from what was said by Carol Carson that Elaine formerly had been almost
top of her class, but now was finding great difficulty in concentration"
"That matter made him see a red light and to make a note that Elaine should
be assessed by a psychologist to see if there would be educational problems
as a result of her accident. In most motor car accident cases, not only
are the treating doctors called, but also consultant doctors who are used
to giving evidence. Most lawyers have a list of these people in their various
specialities who constantly give evidence for a plaintiff or for a defendant"
"He thought that this was a case where Elaine should be seen by a consultant
and made a note of that as well"
"An important question was whom to sue. There was no problem at the present
stage because the rule of practice in personal injury cases is to sue anybody
who could possibly be liable as defendant. Accordingly, Butterworth made
a note that Carol Carson, the registered owner and the Nominal Defendant
should be the defendants. However, he had another thought that if he sued
Carol Carson, would the third party insurer contend that, because Elaine
had been struck, not by the motor vehicle, but by a wheel that had become
detached from the motor vehicle, her injuries did not arise out of the use
of a motor vehicle. If so, then the third party insurer (and the registered
owner as well unless the driver's agency for the registered owner was
established), would escape liability. Because of a possible problem with
insurance, Butterworth also added Dawn Daniels as executrix of David Daniels
as an additional defendant, who could be dismissed from the proceedings
later if the authorised insurer did not take any technical point on liability"
"When one has problems of this nature there is no substitute but to go
back to the Statute which creates the liability, and look at the exact words
used. Here, s 10(1)(b)(i) of the Motor Vehicles (Third Party Insurance)
Act, 1942, indicated that a third party policy covered ""death of or bodily
injury to any person caused by or arising out of the use of the motor vehicle
...."" The question was then, what was meant by ""use of the motor vehicle""?
  If there is a similar problem of construction, it is no use just making
up one's own mind as to what one thinks the word means. It is almost certain
that there has been some decided case dealing with the topic. Usually, the
first place to look in this type of situation is an annotated Act, and for
motor vehicle work New South Wales lawyers look at Leslie and Britts Motor
Vehicle Law. Butterworth took out the volume and looked at the notes to
s 10. Doing this, he found a reference to Harvey Trinder v GIO(1964) 82
WN(Pt 1)(NSW) 201, with a note that it had been approved by the High Court
in (1966) 114 CLR 449. He checked the annotations to the New South Wales
Acts of Parliament put out by both law publishers. These gave him some other
cases including a note in (1966) 40 ALJ2, discussing GIO v R J Green & Lloyd
Pty Ltd (1966) 39 ALJR 429"
"Butterworth knew, however, that one could not content oneself with notes
in textbooks or journals, but it was necessary to go the cases themselves"
"He read those cases, then went to the Australian Digest and made a note
of all the other cases in which the Harvey Trinder case had been mentioned"
"This is known as noting up. Most barristers, as they peruse recent issues
of the law reports, make notes in the margins as to how later cases have
affected earlier ones. He had done this but always checked with the list
of noting up in the Australian Digest Master Volumes and in the Australian
Case Citator to make sure that he had all the references"
"Having read the Harvey Trinder case, he looked at the GIO v R J Green
one. First, although the reference he had was to the Australian Law Journal
Reports, he knew that it was prudent to see if the case had been reported
in the ""authorised reports"" which for the High Court were the Commonwealth
Law Reports. Although any law report made by a member of the Bar may be
read in court, Butterworth knew that judges mostly preferred people to read
the Commonwealth Law Reports in court rather than any others where High
Court cases were concered. Looking at the reports and the annotations, he
found more recent cases including Shortland County Council v GIO [1973]
2 NSWLR 257, which held that injury occurring when a vehicle was
unintentionally started in the course of testing arose out of the use of
a motor vehicle, and Stewart v Sydney County Council [1973] 1 NSWLR 444,
in which it was held that injury to an electricity serviceman by the door
of his van swinging to while he was getting equipment out of it, arose out
of the use of a motor vehicle"
"In view of all this he felt fairly sure that a court would hold that Elaine's
injury arose out of the use of a motor vehicle but he thought he should
record his researches clearly as it could well be that the authorised insurer
would take the point at the trial or in some interlocutory proceedings"
"In respect to Elaine, he settled the draft limited to her personal injuries
as a result of being struck by the wheel. He named both Carol Carson and
the Nominal Defendant as defendants"
"The next problem was in which court to sue. Formerly, all large claims
in motor vehicle cases were brought in the Supreme Court, but nowadays many
people, if they believe the case will involve up to about $50,000, sue in
the District Court. The jurisdiction of that Court is $100,000, but it can
be increased by consent on filing a memorandum of unlimited jurisdiction
pursuant to s 51 of the District Courts Act, 1973. By filing such a memorandum
one eliminated the risk of the plaintiff's health deteriorating between
issue of process and trial which might mean a verdict of in excess of $100,000"
"In the instant case, Butterworth considered it appropriate to commence
both sets of proceedings in the Supreme Court. The only penalty that would
be paid, if he had wrongly assessed the situation, would be that all the
costs of the action would not be recovered, while an error the other way
could mean deprivation of a large amount of damages"
"He turned to the draft with respect to Carol Carson. She had three courses
of action, (a) for her own personal injuries; (b) under the Compensation
to Relatives Act for herself and Elaine if, and only if, negligence on the
part of the Nominal Defendant or someone else than David Daniels could be
proved; and (c) on the same proviso, an action by the estate of David Daniels
in respect of any loss he suffered before he died. Therefore, it was essential
to investigate further whether there was any real likelihood of the court
accepting that there was an unidentified motor vehicle involved in the
accident. Butterworth read carefully through the depositions from the Coroner's
Court. The only person who said anything about an unidentified motor vehicle
was Carol Carson, but he noticed the peculiar feature of the depositions
that did not seem to have been cross-examined on before the Coroner, namely,
the lack of clothing on the part of the driver"
"Although Butterworth had spent some time on the matter, he thought that
he should get more details before finally proceeding to settle a statement
of claim. He wrote a memorandum suggesting a further medical examination
of Carol Carson, and asking the solicitor to obtain a full statement from
her as to how David Daniels came to be dressed the way he was at the time
of collision. He could, of course, have merely asked the solicitor for a
conference, but his experience was that it was better to have the client
make a statement to the solicitor and hold a conference later to go through
the statement. It is quite surprising how people remember much more each time they have to go over a statement."
"Whither Australia's culture? - the bicentenary and beyond By Roddy McLean  

   Returning from a pilgrimage to the Tasmanian wilderness,
Roddy McLean rejoined society only to find the archetypal
expressions of community Australianness quite foreign to his
own experiences in wild Australia. Why are a sweaty marathon-
runner, an exclusive millionaire's yacht crew and an
approbatory drug salesman (of the nicotinic variety) such
powerful emblems of our national pride? What does this mean for
our collective sense of nationhood during the approaches to our
Bicentenary? And where do our natural heritage and native
cultures fit into the picture? The author probes some of these
questions and offers his vision for 1988 and beyond"
"In 1988, little more than a year away, we will commence the
celebration of an event that has changed the face of a
continent. In 1788, three men-of-war, six convict ships, three
store ships and a thousand people sailed into Port Jackson to
become, in Mitchell's time-honoured phrase, the ""harbingers of
mighty changes"""
"To the southern continent we have brought the refinements of
European culture, the ideals of parliamentary democracy and
individual freedom (although these have come a long way since
1788), the world s most influential language, first-class
communication systems and the material benefits of one of the
globe's most affluent societies. We have also brought large
scale deforestation and environmental degradation, high rates
of species extinction, facilities that are threatened with
nuclear obliteration and, over much of the country, the
uncaring destruction of a unique human culture"
"Just what will we be celebrating in 1988? Should we be
celebrating at all?
   I am of the opinion that, if there is something to
celebrate, then it ought to be a vision of the future rather
than an echo of the past. Let's face it, we didn't get it all
right or, to be more precise, our antecedents didn't get it all
right. We made mistakes but, then, when you start life as a
repository for the undesirables of an alien land and culture it
naturally takes a while to get yourself sorted out. Australia
is still sorting itself out and the process is far from
complete"
"The theme for the 1988 bicentenary ought to be ""What makes
Australians unique"", but with an optimistic view to the future
rather than a backward glance to the slightly unfortunate
origins of our European culture"
"Deek's heaving chest, never-say-die legs and dripping
moustache are the marks of a great athlete and a great man. But
is he uniquely Australian? The technological brilliance and
downright guts of Bondy's America's Cup winners are legend. But
are they uniquely Australian? And Hoges, our she'll-be-right-
mate-crocodile-man-next-door-type hero, is thought of around
the world to be to Oz as Blueberry pie is to the USA. But is he
uniquely Australian? True, they are all Australians, and good
ones too. I have a lot of admiration for all of them. But how
many of them represent attributes that are unique to Australia?
The answer is ... none"
"The nation's self-perception in the late 1980's is that we
recognised, a long time ago, that we possessed a cultural
cringe. Whether that interpretation was, in fact, justified is
open to strident debate but there is no doubt that it was
generally held in Australian society. In coming to a solution,
however, we went in quite the wrong direction"
"Our solution was, in essence, ""beat 'em at their own game"""
"By and large, we belonged to a European society far-removed
from its cultural source. The accepted yardstick for cultural
development in Australia was that of Europe itself and, later,
North America. We spent far too little time on introspection or
on ascertaining the values of our native land. So we absorbed
and mimicked the culture and art forms of Europe - the
painting, the music, even the literature. Some of our
obsessions were even narrower, such as our embrace of the
British Empire - like a child to its mother's skirt"
"To prove how loyally British we were, we fell over one
another (literally) to lay down our lives on their
battlefields. We passionately learned their summer pastime -
cricket - and then beat them ... at their own game. We out-
Pommed the Poms and thought we had come of age. But we had
simply learned their games and played by their rules. Our
adulation of cricket is indicative of much of our cultural
malaise"
"Even in fairly recent times, our cultural cringe led us to
build a monstrous and magnificent structure devoted to an art
form which, once we had mastered it, would lead us onto a new
platform of national development. We would then become
respected around the world as civilised ... what? ... oh yes,
Europeans! So we built an Opera House. A fine building it may
be but, as one of Australia's most famous landmarks, I find it
sad that it was devoted to the pursuit of an art form that
bears little relevance to the real Australia, the land of
eucalypt and wattle. As Europeans, we are as entitled as any
other European society to bask in what some would see as the
glory of Europe's finest music. But are we Europeans or
Australians?

We still adhere to the cultural cringe because we are
failing to support the home-grown traditional and novel art
forms of this nation. That, of course, creates a vicious
circle. It is time that we set our own rules and looked to the
rest of the world, especially Europe and North America, to
recognise not how similar we are to them, but how different we
are. In this era of commercialised mass read American culture,
it is all too easy to be the same as the rest. We can listen to
the same mass-produced music, watch the same mass-produced
television shows or videos and eat the same mass-produced
foods. We will soon be changing from Europeans into Americans
without even realising it. But Australians .....?
   The sources of inspiration which will lead to the genesis of
a new Australian self-image are, in my opinion, twofold: our
traditional cultures and our unique natural heritage. Both are
being largely bypassed in the Bicentenary"
"Australia is not two hundred years old. Neither is its human
culture of that vintage. The origin of our black people is lost
in the mists of the Dreamtime, so distant that we cannot pin-
point it at all. Culturally, Australia is an ancient land, far
more ancient than most of Europe. We have, on our doorstep, a
people whose stories, dances, songs, outlook and whole way of
life are totally unique. The Aboriginal concept of self and
culture ties them more closely to the skin of this land than
almost any Caucasian who has lived here since 1788. They are
linked to Australia, not as a child to its mother's skirt, but
as plants to the soil. Each nourishes the other. I cannot
imagine Australia without its Aboriginal people. Can you?
   Were I an Aborigine, I would be quite insulted at the whole
concept of a Bicentenary, in truth I feel very hesitant about
it as a non-Aborigine. Australia's human culture is at least
two hundred times as old as we European descendants like to
think. But, given that the razzamatazz is going to happen
anyway. we ought to ensure that it stresses the importance of
Aboriginal culture in the creation of a new Australian
identity. 
   There is a traditional non-Aboriginal culture in Australia
which has also felt the ravages of time sapping its strength"
"Based somewhat upon the folk-life of the British Isles, the
music, dance and literature of the bush has nevertheless
stamped its undoubted individuality on our cultural history"
"Challenged by the passiveness of the music-hall and, later, by
the twanging whines of American country and western music, it
has nevertheless survived and is now undergoing a revival.   
Bush dances have sprung up all over the nation, in city and
country, and folk festivals have become a focal point for the
celebration of Australia's folk culture. Singer/songwriters
such as Eric Bogle and Judy Small, to name but two, have
developed and enhanced the traditions with their own
contributions to our cultural heritage. The song And the band
played Waltzing Matilda has become famous around the world as
a portrayal of Australia through the eyes of an Australian. The
rest of humanity, you see, respects us for our uniqueness"
"The next stage in the future development of Australia is the
blending of the traditional Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal art
forms, with obvious input also from modern novel and
multicultural sources. While some Aborigines may baulk at the
idea of cultural fusion, there is no doubt that non-Aboriginal
society would greatly benefit from the trading of modes of
artistic expression. Of course, this has already happened in
many instances. Xavier Herbert's classic contribution to
Australian life, Poor Fellow My Country, could never have
achieved the power it did without the author's deep love and
understanding of the Aborigines. Albert Namatjira and the
contemporary music group Gondwanaland are others that have
fused the cultural outlooks of two societies to achieve a
result that is uniquely Australian. Herbert's alter ego in Poor
Fellow My Country, Jeremy Delacy, lamented that the Whites and
the Blacks had not inter-married to produce a new uniquely
Australian hybrid race. I do not agree with him. Cultural
interchange ought to be able to occur without the necessity for
genetic interchange. I am glad that there are still tribes of
full-blood Aborigines living on their tribal lands. They will
continue to inspire us and give us unique insights into their
ways of interpreting and celebrating life, so that we can
create a new Australian culture in parallel to theirs. 
   In the context of encouraging the vitality of Australian
Aboriginal society, it is highly desirable that by the time we
reach 1988 we have in place a comprehensive and meaningful
system of Land Rights. It is only in this way that we will
establish our bona fides as a nation that has come to terms
with itself. All over the world, people chop down trees, grow
crops, farm sheep and cattle, dig out minerals, drink beer and
build cities. The Aboriginal relationship with the land,
however, is uniquely Australian. We have so much to learn from
them"
"Of course, Land Rights already exist in a meaningful sense
in some States. But in our own State, Tasmania, there are none,
and the Gray government has stated its determination to refuse
Land Rights to Tasmania's Aborigines. If this situation
persists, why should we expect Aboriginal participation in the
1988 celebrations? We may well find ourselves highly
embarrassed by their understandable antipathy to any event that
might be interpreted as a celebration of European dominance
over Australia's original inhabitants"
"In the areas where the Aborigines were exterminated or
dispersed, notably most of the highly-populated zone east of
the Great Dividing Range, the challenge is slightly different"
"The Aboriginal people who lived in this region undoubtedly had
an effect on the natural landscape and ecosystems"
"In the last two hundred years, much has changed. Many
natural ecosystems have been destroyed and many others are
faced with extinction or with reduction into small pockets that
are likely to be consigned to long-term extinction. The amount
of wilderness left in the east, with the exception of far north
Queensland and western Tasmania is surprisingly little"
"By 1988, we ought to have in place a national system of
wilderness reserves to ensure the long-term preservation of
original natural Australia untouched by the unsympathetic hands
of modern civilization. Wilderness areas are essential, not
only as baseline standards against which to measure the effects
of two hundred years of European settlement, but also as a
great source of inspiration to the Australian human-spirit"
"That inspiration will ultimately be expressed in our art forms
and culture"
"Our native plants, animals, natural ecosystems and landscapes are
totally unique to us. Nobody else has them. Let us cherish them
for ourselves and for the world"
""
"By Kenneth Cook  

I was hunting butterflies in Cape York Peninsula when I came
as near as I ever want to come to the violent death of a human being"
"The butterflies and any other insects I could find were for a
friend of mine who collected them commercially. I was paid a
small sum for the specimens I sent south, so small that I
calculated that if I charged my running expenses against the
project, each specimen would be costing me about $20"
"But it gave me an excuse for wandering around the bush. As the
first question everyone asks you up north is, `What do you
do?', it was more acceptable to say, `Collect insects', than,
`Write books'. Not much more respectable, just slightly more"
"I was camped in a clump of pandanus about fifty kilometres out
of Weipa one morning when I heard the sound of a motor"
"About a quarter of an hour later, a four-wheel-drive police
vehicle came down the track. The driver swung over towards me
as soon as he saw my camp. There was nothing remarkable in
that - everybody stops to talk to everybody on the Peninsula"
"Three men climbed out of the police vehicle. The first was a
tall, good-looking policeman aged about thirty, neatly dressed
in his bush uniform of shorts and shirt and wide-brimmed hat;
the other two were about the same age but dressed in rough bush
clothes and looking shifty. One of these was very well built
and tough-looking with black bushy hair, a black beard and
brutal brown eyes. The other was thin, almost bald, more or
less clean-shaven, with brutal watery blue eyes"
"`G'day,' said the policeman"
"`G'day,' I said"
"`G day, g'day,' said the two civilians"
"`G day', I said"
"There followed the inevitable long, contemplative pause"
"`Warm,' said the policeman"
"`Yes,' I said. Then added hastily, `Yeah.'
  `For this time of the year,' added the policeman in
explanation"
"`Yeah,' I said"
Another quite long pause
"Then the policeman got down to business, obviously embarrassed
by his own unseemly haste"
"`Seen a fellow around on foot the last couple of days?'
  `Saw a Murri over the beach the day before yesterday.' I
regretted this as soon as I said it because it then occurred
to me that the policeman was on a manhunt and I didn't want to
be an informer, at least until I knew what the man was being
hunted for"
"`No,' said the policeman, `a white bloke.'
  `On foot?' I said. You never saw a white man on foot out there"
"`Yeah,' said the policeman, `probably.'
  `No. I haven't seen any whites, on foot or otherwise. What`s he done?'
  `Nothing. Just lost. What you doing up here?'
  `Catching insects.'
  `Oh.' (Long pause.) `Getting plenty?'
  `Yeah.'
  `Good.'
  Another pause. `Seen any crocodiles?'
  `Yeah. Quite a few.'
  `In the creeks, you mean? Little fellas?'
  `Well, one was about six feet long,' I said defensively"
"`Yeah, but freshwater. Haven't seen a big estuarine croc?'
  `No. But I haven't been near the sea much.'
  `Oh, they go overland. You want to watch it while you're
camping.'
  `They ever grab anybody?'
  The policeman plucked a straw of grass and began chewing it"
"`We think this bloke we're looking for might have been taken
by one,' he said. `He was camped with his mates here,' he
nodded towards the two civilians, `and went off for a stroll
by himself. Didn't come back. No sign of him since. '
  `Where was all this?'
  `About half an hour up the track from here. Anyway, if you see
him, let him know we were looking for him, will you?'
  `Sure'"
"They drove off and I continued hunting insects, keeping a wary
eye out for crocodiles. I had always thought they stuck to the
water or very close to it, and only attacked swimmers or
drinking cattle. The idea of a crocodile roaming around in the
scrub seemed as unlikely as it was disturbing. I thought the
policeman might have been pulling my leg. Queenslanders are
like that"
"Late that afternoon the policeman, whose name was Jack, called
at my camp again. The civilians weren't with him"
`Did you find him?' I asked
"`No. You seen anyone?'
  `No. '
  Jack squatted on one haunch in the manner of those who live
north of the Tropic of Capricorn. I tried to imitate him but
found it very uncomfortable and settled for sitting on the
ground"
"`Found his clothes,' said Jack"
"`His clothes?'
  `Yeah. Shoes, socks, shirt, pants and hat, all neatly stacked
against a tree. Must have taken them off and put them there
himself.'
  `Why?'
  `Probably wanted to cool off in a creek. There's a bit of a
creek there. Enough water to sit in.'
  `What do you think then?'
  `Croc might have got him.'
  The thought lay heavily between us for a few moments"
"`'Course, it might not have,' added Jack"
"`What else, then?'
  Jack thought. `He might have wanted to blow through. Disappear"
"Make people think a croc had got him, or he had got lost or
something.'
  `Why would he want to do that?'
  Jack shrugged. `People often do. Might have been on the run,
or just wanted to get away from a wife or something. Happens
a lot. Bloke always seems to turn up, though. Get charged if
they do.'
  `What with?'
  `Public nuisance. Can't have blokes like meself tearing around
looking for people if they're not lost or dead.'
  `No. I suppose not.'
  `'Course,' said Jack reflectively, `he might've been knocked
off. Thought that yesterday. Not so sure now.'
  `Who might have knocked him off?""
  `His mates,' said Jack, looking surprised that I would ask so
obvious a question. I thought about the `mates'' brutal-eyes"
"`Why?'
  He shrugged again. `People do. Might have had a row over money,
or a woman or something. It happens.'
  `What are they doing up here?'
  Jack shrugged again. `They reckon they're fishing. I think
they're probably poaching.'
  `Poaching what?'
  `Crocs. Protected, you know. Skins worth a hell of a lot of
money.'
  `But you don't think they ... knocked off ... their mate
now, eh?'
  `No. Clothes were too neatly stacked. Those two wouldn't have
got them off him as neatly as that if he was dead. Anyway,
they're not bright enough to lay a false trail like that. No,
I reckon a croc got him.'
  `Well there's not much you can do about that, is there?'
  `Probably have to get the croc.'
  `How?'
  `Oh, trail around until I find it. It'd be a pretty big one.'
  `But what's the point?'
  `Get the body back. If it's not digested. Besides, have to kill
the croc.'
  `Why? Particularly if they're protected? I mean, any big
crocodile is dangerous, isn't it? This one's not more dangerous
because it's killed a man.'
  `No. But we always kill 'em if they take somebody If we can.'
  That seemed to me like killing a tree because it dropped a
branch on somebody, but I didn't pursue the argument"
"`Anyway,' said Jack, `he might have just got himself lost and
be still wandering around, or he might have shot through.'
  `So what are your plans?'
  `Going back to get instructions from the boss,' he said,
standing up. `Be seeing you. If you happen to see him, don't
forget to tell him I'm looking for him. You'll know him because
he'll have no clothes on, probably. Be seeing you"
"`See you.'
  He dropped in again next morning, ostensibly to ask again
whether I had seen the missing man, but really because he just
liked dropping in"
"I had more or less worked the area dry for specimens, but I was
interested in hanging around to find out what had happened"
"`My boss reckons the setup's a bit crook,' he said. `I've got
to keep nosing about until I find out what did happen to the
bastard.'
  `Does your ... boss ... think it was a crocodile?'
  `Should be more signs if it was, he says. Fair enough. You see,
the creek near where his clothes were was pretty small - you
could step over it. If he was sitting in there and the croc got
him, you'd expect to find some blood and stuff on the
banks - but it might have all been washed away. Then if the croc
got him on dry land, there should be some traces around - until
the ants clean it up, of course. It's a pity he wasn't wearing
his clothes. Always something left when a stiff's been wearing
clothes.'
  `Do many people get taken by crocodiles, then?'
  `Nah. Few of the Murri kids, old people. No, people die lots
of ways out here and then the dogs and the birds and the ants
and the pigs clean 'em up pretty quickly - often don't even find
bones, but you usually get a bit of clothing. Now we got all
this bloke's clothing, but it looks as though he took
everything off himself. Even his wristwatch was in the pocket
of his pants.'
  `How exactly would a crocodile get him on dry land, or even in
a little creek? Surely he'd hear it coming.'
  `Nah. They can move like a galloping horse for a short
distance. Seen one jump out of the water over on the coast once
and run after a bloody great cow. She didn't have a chance. She
caught wind of him all right and started to gallop away, but
he ran her down, grabbed her by the back leg and dragged her
into the water. Ever seen the big lizards run? Croc's as fast
as that. Only for a short distance, though.'
  He rolled himself a cigarette. `Bloody awful animals, crocs"
"The big ones. I don't know why they're protected. I nearly
walked into one last year. That's another way they get
you - they just lie doggo and you walk into them and bang!
you're gone. This one I struck wasn't hungry. He just stood up
on his hind legs and bellowed at me, like a bull. Frightened
buggery out of me.'
  `What'd you do?'
  `Blew his guts out. Makes 'em easy to kill when they rear up
like that. Belly's the softest part. You can bounce a .303 off 
their backs if you hit 'em at any sort of angle.'
  You never know how much to believe of what anybody tells you
about animals up north. I've heard dozens of stories about
snakes chasing and catching a man on a motorcycle, buffaloes
that charged and wrecked cars, pigs of unbelievable size and
ferocity disembowelling horses. However, my policeman seemed
to know all about crocodiles"
`Should hear a bull croc when they're mating. Horrible sound
"He bellows all the time. It's not like an ordinary mating. The
bull bails up a few females in a creek and just rapes 'em"
"Rough as buggery, they are. `Course, the female's just as bad"
"They lay their eggs and then hang around for a long while and
God help anything that goes near that nest. Then they just
bugger off and leave 'em. The baby croc comes out of the shell
snapping and growling and hissing like a young dragon. Nasty 
brutes. Anyhow ...'
  He stood up and tossed his cigarette butt into the ashes of the 
campfire"
`I suppose I'd better get along and see if I can find this one
"""The body or the bloke,"" my boss said.'
  He came back again about mid-afternoon and because I felt that I
had got to know him well by then, I offered him a beer. He accepted
and rolled a cigarette, lit it, drank some of his beer and squatted 
on his haunch"
`No luck?' I said
"`Yes, well, sort of.'
  `Did you find him?'
  `Found his legs.'
  There seemed to be a sudden stillness in the pandanus clump as the
three laconic words emerged with shocking force. It took me several
moments to accept that this was reality and then all I managed to do 
was repeat his words."
"By Janka Abrami  

THE MUCH TALKED about holidays had arrived"
"On the last day of work, just before the break-up Party, I
received my wages with three days extra pay, which was a
pleasant surprise. ""That's for Christmas"" the boss explained,
when I asked him. He shook my hand warmly and wished me `happy
holidays' but I couldn't think of anything less exciting than
being home with Bronka for two weeks, while Nathan would be at
work"
"""I can't afford to laze for so long"" he said a week earlier,
urging his brother to help him find temporary work for the
holidays. ""The second instalment for our tickets to Australia
has to be paid and we have to buy a few little things; other
than food.""
  ""If you'd only start to look for a partner or borrow some money
to start a plumbing business of your own, as you promised, I
would be much happier"" I said when we were alone. But Nathan
shrugged his shoulders. ""Give me time, Rela.""
  Harry talked us into going to the city to see the Christmas
decorations. So on the last Saturday before the holidays our
two families travelled to the city by train, then walked along
Swanston Street to Bourke Street, where all the excitement was"
"It was a clear evening yet I was surprised to see so many
people of all ages congesting the pavement in front of Myer
store. Excited children, many in pyjamas and slippers stood
fascinated at the display windows, or perched on the shoulders
of their parents looking fixedly at them"
"Their faces were radiant and eyes glistened as they tried to
follow each movement, each step of the walking, dancing and
singing human-like figures. They pressed their noses to the
glass in wonder, their mouths open, as though they were
actually witnessing a miracle"
"I glanced at Sonny. His face wore the same dream-like
expression and I was grateful to Harry for talking us into
coming"
"""Nu? Didn't I tell you it'll be worthwhile?"" he asked, as
though guessing what I thought. I nodded"
"""I bet you haven't seen anything like it in your life"" Bronka
said. ""Not in Israel anyway.""
  I wanted to ask her what she knows about Israel, when Harry
beat me to it. ""Maybe it were possible if our uncle Myer
wouldn't have converted and gone to Israel instead of Australia
..."" He laughed and then added: ""As it is I don't think there
are many shops in the world that can compare with our good old
uncle Myer."" He said it in half jest, but I was sure that I
detected pride behind it. It was strange, as the majority of
the Myer family were no longer Jewish, but as I found out soon
after, many of our friends took pleasure in half boasting, half
joking about `our uncle.' It wasn't long before I too, knew the
name of every Jew who contributed to the welfare, politics, or
in any way helped in the development of Australia, and I didn't
hesitate to disclose their names to newcomers and tourists"
"When we finally stood at the windows, I was as fascinated by
the display as the youngsters, following them from window to
window, trying to work out the meaning of each scene"
"""Look, mummy, that Angel looks exactly like Dinah"" Sonny
exclaimed, glancing from Dinah to the window and back"
"He was right. Dinah was just as blonde and chubby, with blue
eyes and happy smile, as the angel in the window"
"There weren't many occasions for me and Bronka to share a joke,
trying as we may, so I was happy to tell her what Sonny had
said, and we laughed, feeling a pleasant closeness"
"It was good to be away from the confines of the flat, where I
felt more constricted as time went on"
"""You show me two women who could share a small kitchen and a
tiny bathroom where the toilet has a place of honour right
opposite the door, without having an argument, even when the
children scream, and I'll agree to live like that for another
year"" I said to Nathan the previous evening, after Dinah opened
the toilet door and told Sonny to hurry up, or she'll call her
mum"
"""And my poor son ran to me with his pants down and his bottom
dirty"" I added"
"""You and Bronka deserve medals"" he said. ""I'll buy you some.""
  I wasn't amused. ""It's easy for you to joke. You're never home.""
  Now, in the open and with the sky clear above us, all that was
forgotten. We were here to enjoy ourselves"
"""Want to go to a cafeteria?"" Harry asked"
"""I want to wee"" Dinah said, as we walked to Elizabeth Street
in search of a restaurant or cafeteria"
"""Me too"" Sonny whispered in Hebrew"
"""There ought to be a toilet in a cafeteria"" Bronka assured the
children. But they didn't want to wait and Dinah started to
cry. So we took the children into a lane and while the men
stood at the entry to it, pretending to be deep in conversation, 
the children went about their business"
"Bronka went to help Dinah to pull her panties up, while I
watched Sonny button up his pants, when Bronka exclaimed: ""Look
what you've done! That isn't wee ...""
  ""I couldn't help it. I couldn't help it ... it came out
together"" Dinah cried"
"Bronka threw a hanky on top of the evidence and we hurried from
the lane. ""Let's go, let's go"" we urged the men, running. We
turned back into Bourke Street, then to Swanston Street. The
huge Father Christmas on top of Foy's store sparkled with
flickering, multi-coloured lights, but the display windows
didn't attract much interest"
"The cafeteria which we finally found, smelled of fried chips,
the coffee was watery and the snowballs, the only
sweet available at this hour were dry. The children dozed off
with the dripping icecreams in their hands and we had to carry
them to the taxi. On the way home Bronka asked, ""Wasn't it
wonderful?""
  ""Hmmm"" I answered half asleep"
"""Don't tell me that you saw Christmas decorations in Tel Aviv
which were as lovely"" she challenged"
"Too tired to answer, I only shook my head"
"It was raining on most days of the two week holidays. Gula and
her family went to Sorrento for two weeks and I spent my time
cleaning, cooking, washing and trying to amuse Sonny"
"Bronka and I tolerated each other and she let me use the stove
and other facilities, careful not to interfere too much and I
of course tried not to be in her way, as well, but it wasn't
easy for any of us"
"""Are we going to live with your brother forever?"" I asked
Nathan one evening"
"He looked at me dismayed. ""What do you mean? We're here only
seven weeks.""
  ""Isn't that more than enough?""
  The hurt in his eyes forced me to stop, but a few days later,
after I bumped into Bronka accidentally, making her spill some
soup from the pot she carried, I couldn't hold back my anger
anymore"
"""I want to find a flat"" I said. ""I know that we need key money,
but if I wait till we save enough, I'll go crazy"
"""You're crazy already if you think that you can have one
without money!"" he replied patiently"
"""We can go to Jewish Welfare"" I suggested"
"""I'm not going to offend my brother with that. And don't you
mention Welfare in front of him,"" he pleaded"
"""But I'm not going to wait forever, you'll have to do something"" 
I finished with a warning"
"The holidays finished, but the weather was still bad"
"""Worst summer in a long time"" Sarah Colman assured me"
"That wasn't much consolation, when I took Sonny to a lady,
whose son went with him to kindergarten and then took the tram
to Balaclava, to work"
"Nathan returned to his permanent job, happy to have saved
eighty pounds from our combined wages and holiday pay"
"""Not bad after two months in the country"" he said boastfully"
"But this was not enough to ease my tension. We needed at least
three hundred pounds key money for the smallest flat"
"I became nervous, easy to flare up and though I kept my temper
as much as possible, I was irritable and cried at the least
upset"
"One evening we were sitting in the `lounge room' which happened
to be our `bedroom' as well, while Bronka entertained some
friends. The time was dragging on, the children were fast
asleep and the discussion about the importance of traditional
Jewish food in the continuity of `Jewishness' seemed never
ending"
"I was tired after day's work and didn't take part in the discussion, 
hoping that someone would notice my discomfort and
give a sign for the guests to get up, so that I could convert
the sofa they were sitting on, to the bed I was eager to sleep
in. Despite my silent fidgeting and frequent sighs, they were
sitting unperturbed"
"Finally I jumped up, ran to the kitchen and slammed the door
behind me"
"""Why did you do that?"" Nathan hissed, coming after me. ""Do you
want everyone to think that something is wrong?!""
  I wanted to push him out, to leave me alone, but he held me"
"""What do I care what they think"" I cried, ""what anyone thinks,
I'm tired, I want to sleep ... All the world knows how
fantastic your family is ... I know, you know. But who cares
... Let us be friends from afar ... All I want is to be on
our own. ""Out of here ...""
  ""Shash ... Rela, not so loud"" Nathan pleaded"
"That was the last straw. I pushed him away screaming. ""Shash
yourself, you softie! All you care about is not to upset
your brother and his wife! What about me, ha?! What about your
own wife, whom you dragged away from her brother?! We weren't
some `poor relations' in Israel, why should we be here?!""
  ""We aren't poor relations"" my husband whispered. ""Have a little
bit of patience. I'll see what we can do, please, Rela."" It was
quiet in the kitchen. Not a sound was coming from the
loungeroom either"
"""If you haven't any money, you can try and pawn your `bobes
yerusheh' I said sarcastically. I don't care what you do. I
want out of here, that's all.""
  I looked at my husband, my heart felt heavy, but I forced
myself to continue, though in a quieter, distinctive tone. ""I
can't go on like that. You don't have to commit murder, or to
steal, but I'm telling you to hurry and find other
accommodation, before I do something drastic. So ... either
you find us a flat very soon or else ...""
  ""Oy vey is mier"" Nathan wailed and I knew that I didn't have
to finish the sentence"
"After a sleepless night I was on my way to work the following
morning, with Bronka close at my heels telling me what to buy
on the way home, when Nelly stopped us"
"""Poor old Tilby from the flat above passed away"" she said"
"""Sorry, I late to work"" I said, walking on"
"But she stopped me. ""This may be your lucky strike, Rela, you
know."" She started to explain and though I only understood part
of it, I rushed after Bronka to their apartment"
"""Quick, go to the agent"" she urged Harry. ""Mister Tilby died
and we can have his flat.""
  I shuddered. Oh, God. Could he have died because of my threat
to Nathan? The thought haunted me for a while, then came back
when Harry returned from the agent with the news that we can
have the flat. ""The agent was so quick to agree to my proposition, 
that for a moment I thought he was waiting for me. And no key money. What do you say to that, ha?"""
"VIEWS  TALKBACK
THE Sun SAYS 

TICK UP a new charge against the Aussie Taxman. 
  Long reputed to be greedy, he is now revealed as having been a bumbling
incompetent"
"Over a decade, says a parliamentary committee, the tax office failed
to spend  $39 million it was given to improve its computer equipment"
"As a result, it lost $2 billion a year because it could not process all
the information available to it. 
  No doubt many people are laughing their heads off because some of that
$2 billion a year is still in their pocket or stashed away in a Swiss bank"
"But put your last cent on this red hot certainty: the average worker with
a weekly pay packet has being paying more to make up for the deficiencies
of the Tax Office"
"That has happened with grim and automatic efficiency as marginal rates
of income tax put ordinary workers into tax brackets intended years ago
to embrace the rich"
"Now, PAYE workers have to live with the knowledge that they not only
subsidised the tax evasion games of the wealthy but also a Tax Office which
leaked like a sieve"
"Efficiency has been the motive, if not always the method, of Mr Keating's
tax reforms"
"That is why the Tax Office pressed for a national ID card to cut into
the cash economy and prevent social security fraud"
"Efficiency may well have to start at home - before the Tax Office is given
new powers"
The Tax Office claims to be catching up with new computer systems
"But the parliamentary watchdog will be justified in treating that tax
claim with suspicion and calling for proof"
""
"A grim shadow  

The news that the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr Hayden, has been given
the names of suspected World War II criminals living in Australia must cause
dread at the thought of reopening old wounds and sickness at the idea that
our postwar hospitality towards displaced persons has been abused. But,
in the confusion of postwar days, and given Australia's large intake of
people from war-shattered countries, it is possible that some who should
have faced justice made their way with impunity to this country and have
for more than 40 years escaped punishment for acts no less abhorrent now
than when they were committed"
"Mr Hayden will pass the information to the War Criminals Review which
is due to report to Parliament next month on whether war criminals are
or have been resident in Australia and, among other matters, whether there
was any policy by any Australian government to allow or assist their entry"
"Investigation is inevitable and proper, and we must prepare ourselves for
what it may reveal and the effects on our society"
"There could be the spectacle of people who are now aged and infirm being
arraigned for acts perpetrated when they possessed the full powers of youth,
for acts that seem incompatible with their restructured lives, for crimes
which their bewildered descendants may find impossible to believe could
ever have concerned their families' past. Thus does the brutality that afflicts
mankind from time to time cast its long and merciless shadow on the lives
of successive generations. 
  But we must remember those who perhaps have no descendants, whose families
were wiped out. The ghosts of those who were brutalised must haunt us still,
and require us to pursue justice. Our duty is not only to them but to the
future, to show that brutality is never justifiable; that violence, even
when it is part of the greater violence which is war, can never be condoned
and that justice cannot be set aside because of the passage of time and
the intervention of other wars and other cruelty. Our history must continue
to show what we abhor and that we call to account those who act with brutality,
lest we forget and allow the misery of the past to be repeated"
""
"Madam SPEAKER (Hon. Joan Child) took the chair at 2 p.m., and
read prayers"
"PRIVILEGE  

  Mr SINCLAIR (New England - Leader of the National Party of
Australia) - Madam Speaker, I wish to raise a matter of
privilege, but I understand that it would suit your convenience
if the matter were deferred until the item dealing with
Commonwealth Day is behind us"
"Madam SPEAKER - Yes, I think that would suit the House"
"DEATH OF MR OLOF PALME  

  Mr HAWKE (Wills - Prime Minister) - I move:
  That this House express its profound sadness at the death on
1 March 1986 of Mr Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden, its
condemnation of the brutal act which took his life, and its
condolences to Mr Palme's family and to the Government and
people of Sweden"
"I am sure that all members of the House were shocked and
saddened to hear of Olof Palme's murder. Such a criminal act
should receive the strongest condemnation. Prime Minister
Palme's tragic and untimely death was a great loss to Sweden
and the world. He had served his country in various portfolios
since 1963 and was Prime Minister of his country for 11 years"
"In the Swedish context, notable for its tradition of peace and
non-violence, the senseless futility of this act stands out the
more starkly"
"Sweden has lost an outstanding leader - a man with a deep
personal political philosophy and strong social democratic
ideals. As Prime Minister, Olof Palme worked vigorously towards
maintaining a strong economy, achieving full employment and
safeguarding the welfare of all. But it was a notable feature
of his leadership that his concern for economic and social
justice did not end with the affairs of his own country. He
brought the same passionate commitment to these ideals to bear
on his approach to world affairs and did so, moreover, with a
real depth of intellect. Olof Palme was a man devoted to
promoting economic development, social justice and peace and
he understood the inter-relationship of these objectives"
"Mr Palme's global commitment to the democratic process and to
the rights, freedoms and wellbeing of all people is attested
by the policies he adopted. His stand for fundamental human
rights can be seen in his championing of the campaign against
racism. He promoted a generous refugee policy, believing it to
be an important expression of international humanitarian
solidarity. He believed that rich nations should join in the
struggle against poverty to achieve a more just world order"
"Olof Palme was Vice-President of the Socialist International
and led its working group on the southern Africa question. He
was a member of the important Brandt Commission which studied
questions concerning the relationship between rich and poor
nations. In November 1980 Mr Palme was appointed as
representative of the United Nations Secretary-General to seek
a peaceful resolution of the Iran/Iraq conflict. He stood firm
on Sweden's policy of neutrality and worked tirelessly to
promote world peace and disarmament. Olof Palme's contribution
to the international debate on arms control and disarmament won
him wide acclaim during his chairmanship of the Commission on
Disarmament and Security from 1980 to 1982. The Commission's
report bears the Palme imprint in the importance it attaches
to the objective of joint survival rather than the threat of
mutual destruction as the basis for a true and lasting peace"
"Olof Palme was an idealist without illusions. He recognised
that general and complete disarmament was a long term objective
which could be achieved only through patient and careful
negotiations that took account of international security
concerns, and those of the United States and the Soviet Union
in particular. Palme did not consider nuclear deterrence to be
an acceptable permanent basis for international peace and
stability, but he accepted that it is the only viable option
as an interim security measure while arms control negotiations
take place. The Australian Government's approach to arms control 
and disarmament shares many of the perspectives of the
Palme report on these issues"
"Olof Palme also played a significant role in the setting up 
in 1984 of the Conference on Disarmament in Europe, which 
aims to build confidence and reduce the risk of conflict 
between states in Europe. Olof Palme firmly believed, as 
the Australian Government does, that questions of peace and
disarmament in the nuclear age should be the concern of all
nations and should not be left for the nuclear weapon states
and the big powers alone to determine. His passing is a great
loss to all of us throughout the world, regardless of
ideological divisions between those in the East and those in
the West and regardless of economic divisions between the
people of the North and those of the South. It is for his
contribution to the noble goal of transcending such divisions
which exist in this imperfect world that Olof Palme will be
remembered most widely"
"Senator Don Grimes, the Deputy Leader of the Government in the
Senate and Minister for Community Services, will represent the
Government at Olof Palme's funeral, which is to be held in
Stockholm on 15 March. Senator Grimes was a personal friend of
the late Prime Minister, having met him on a number of
occasions at meetings of the Socialist International, and is
also a friend of Mr Palme's widow, Lisbeth. The attendance of
Senator Grimes at the funeral is a mark of the deep respect
which the Australian Government has for Olof Palme's
achievements in the cause of world peace and social justice,
and of the friendship which Australia feels for the Government
and people of Sweden. It would be fitting, Madam Speaker, if
the terms of the resolution could be passed on to Mr Palme's
family and to the Government of Sweden"
"Mr HOWARD (Bennelong - Leader of the Opposition) - The Opposition
supports the motion of condolence moved by the Prime Minister
(Mr Hawke). It is always with a particular degree of horror
that the world reacts to political assassination. The
circumstances of Mr Palme's untimely death draw properly from
the Prime Minister and the House universal condemnation of such
mindless and unjustified acts of terrorism and are a reminder
to all of us of the relatively precarious nature of the lives
of those who wish to live out the democratic ideal"
"Whatever one's views may be about Olof Palme's political views
within the broad Western democratic spectrum, he was a
dedicated supporter of the ideal of peace amongst nations. He
served his country as Prime Minister for 11 years. He was
respected in international political forums, and properly so"
"He worked very hard for the cause of world peace and lived
out, in his political and personal life, the ideals in which
he believed. I very warmly associate the Opposition with the
words of condolence in relation to his death and the words of
condemnation properly delivered by the Prime Minister regarding 
the circumstances of his very tragic and untimely assassination"
"Mr SINCLAIR (New England - Leader of the National Party of
Australia) - On behalf of the members of the National Party of
Australia, I too would like to endorse the motion of condolence 
submitted to this House by the Prime Minister (Mr Hawke)
on the death of Mr Olof Palme, the Prime Minister of Sweden"
"Much has been written and said of Olof Palme in Australia,
Europe, and elsewhere. He was a Swedish leader who was known as
much outside Sweden as he was within it. He was a man whose
name and reputation for the cause of peace won acclaim from all
sides of politics and many of the precepts and statements he
issued, both on his own and officially, have become well known
in the general tracts of the international community. Indeed,
the volume that he produced on peace and disarmament security
which he submitted to the United Nations was one of the
bulwarks within which it is still hoped that negotiation will
continue towards disarmament around the world"
"There are aspects of his life that I think many of us would do
well to emulate. He certainly is one who, having been born as
an aristocrat, devoted much of his life towards the cause of
others. He was a man who worked for peace throughout his life,
yet sadly died by a gun. It is a tragedy that one who had so
much to contribute and who through his life did so much for
others should have died this way. On behalf of all the members
of my Party we submit our condolences not only to the nation
and the people of Sweden but also to his wife and family"
"Mr BARRY JONES (Lalor - Minister for Science) - Olof Palme was
the inheritor of a remarkable, even unique political tradition"
"He was only the fourth leader in the history of the Swedish
Social Democratic Party, and all four leaders from 1896 held
the office of Prime Minister - Haljmer Branting, Per Albin
Hansson, Tage Erlander and Olof Palme. Sweden is also
noteworthy for its absence of political violence. As was
frequently noted in the last few days, Palme's was the first
political assassination in Sweden since the murder of King
Gustav III in 1792, nearly 200 years ago. The traditions of
tolerance, liberalism and compassion have been built into the
Swedish social fabric. Palme was a tireless crusader for world
peace and human rights. Although his outspoken views made enemies 
of some great powers at various times, both the United
States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
were united in expressing their outrage at his savage and
inexplicable murder. All Australians unite in our abhorrence
of political assassination of rule by the gun. His death
follows that of his mentor, Alva Myrdal, a Nobel Peace Prize
Laureate, just a few months ago. Like her, his work deserves
international recognition. It would be entirely appropriate for
him to receive posthumously the Nobel Peace Prize for 1986. Not
all such awards have been equally well deserved. In Olof
Palme's case it would be"
"Dr THEOPHANOUS (Calwell) - I rise to say a few words in relation
to the work of Olof Palme in the development of democratic
socialist tradition and democratic socialist theory. Olof Palme
believed that it was possible to develop a political system and
a political tradition which on the one hand was opposed to the
general conservative tradition and on the other hand was not
in line with the Marxist-Leninist tradition of the Soviet
countries. Palme's work in relation to the development of
democratic socialist thought and tradition has had an enormous
impact on the Socialist International, of which the Australian
Labor Party is a member party. He was behind much of the
inspiration for the Socialist International's resurgence in
recent times and for the getting together of social democratic
parties in order to help not only to achieve peace, as people
have mentioned before, but also to deal with some of the
fundamental problems concerning the issue of the Third World-
First World relations and the poverty of the Third World. As
the Minister for Science (Mr Barry Jones) has said, Olof Palme
was an outstanding man in our time. His contribution has been
enormous and his death is a very great and sad loss"
"Mr TICKNER (Hughes) - I had not intended to make any remarks on
this occasion, but I am moved by what I believe to be the great
importance of it to briefly make my personal tribute to Mr Olof
Palme. I did not meet the former Prime Minister, unlike our
Minister for Community Services (Senator Grimes). However, I
heard him speak on one occasion when I attended a conference
of the international union of local authorities in Stockholm"
"His contribution to that conference will live with me for the
rest of my life. I believe that his world leadership in
attempting to promote international peace could not be borne
out in any more substantial way than by the fact that upon his
death, President Reagan praised his `untiring efforts to promote
peace', while in Moscow the delegates to The Communist Party
Congress rose for a minute's silence in tribute."
"We must not forget prisons ...  

  The State Government has begun its new term with a burst of activity -
revolutionising trading hours and planning space stations"
"But it is also obvious it has neglected two long-standing blights on the
community as revealed by Sir David Longland's inquiry into the prison system
and the Sturgess Report on sexual exploitation of young people"
"The State Government cannot totally shrug off all responsibility for the
latest riots at Brisbane's Boggo Rd Jail"
"The behavior of the prisoners cannot be excused and the ringleaders must
be identified and punished"
"But it is obvious the outbreaks of destruction and violence have underlying
causes that have been publicly identified and which have not been corrected"
"Senior figures in the State Government are obviously of the view - and
shared by many electors - that there are no votes to be won from prison
reform or enlightened treatment of criminals"
"But that alone is not an excuse for the continuation of practices and
conditions that have been the breeding ground of repeated disturbances"
"The fundamental problem within the State's prison system is the lack of
adequate accommodation"
"Prisoners have, in fact, been kept in police lock-ups on a long-term basis,
while in the jails there is serious overcrowding"
"The Government has acknowledged some of the problems, both by introducing
alternatives to prison sentences and planning new jails"
"But it has been a case of too little, too late"
"Last year's report of the inquiry by Sir David Longland into the State's
prison system also revealed a wide range of other inadequacies, ranging
from poorly qualified and trained staff and management to allegations of
corruption and drug use within jails"
"More than half the prisoners in Brisbane Jail had no work allotted to
them. They spent their days behind a wire mesh fence in a concrete yard      
half the size of a tennis court"
"The new Prisons Minister, Don Neal, has had a baptism of fire like his
predecessor Geoff Muntz"
"Both he and Premier Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen have indicated they will take
a hard line with those involved in the riot"
"That is a justifiable attitude but more fundamental and thorough-going
changes to Queensland's prison system also will have to be implemented if
the scenes of Friday night are not to be repeated"
"... and vice

  Many people a year ago said when the Sturgess Report was tabled in
Parliament: ""Of course, nothing will happen despite all the recommendations.""
 The sad fact is, the cynics have been proved correct"
"Mr Sturgess, a man much respected for his knowledge of the law, said police
had the power to put massage parlor proprietors out of business"
"Not only are parlors still thriving but this week 13 escort agencies openly
touted for staff, in Mr Sturgess's words: ""Attempting to procure for
prostitution."" 
  Mr Sturgess fears victims will often be young girls on the run and needing
cash"
"As well as lack of action in dealing with criminals, none of Mr Sturgess's
recommendations for law reform has passed into the statute book"
""
"Gypsy The Punter  

  According to Doug, Gypsy was a good punter with a bad memory, but could
remain poker faced for many hours, and really expected all concerned to believe
his statements"
"After the races had finished, Doug met Gypsy at the local hotel"
"Doug asked Gypsy how he had fared with the bookies. Gypsy said, ""Won a
'hunned', Doug."" Doug replied, ""Well done, old mate,"" then moved off to have
a few beers with the chaps he had entered the bar with"
"A couple of hours later Doug was moving around a little in the bar and
heard Gypsy telling a chap, ""I won a couple of `hunned' today, mate.""

  About ten o'clock Gypsy was getting a little the worse for wear and started
moving about, having a chat to different people. He had a cigarette in one
hand and a ten ounce glass of beer in the other and was at this stage, spilling
more than he was drinking. He was getting close to Doug, so Doug thought
that he would get in first, ""You had a good day, eh mate?""

  Gypsy slurred, ""Won five `hunned' Dougie, five `hunned'. Hey Dougie, could
you lend me fifty 'til next week?"""
"Good old family entertainment  

WHEN an Eastern States critic described ""Frog Dreaming"" as ""the kind of
B-grade film we all remember from Saturday matinees,"" producer Barbi Taylor
was not at all offended"
"""To be perfectly honest,"" she said in Perth this week, ""that's the kind
of entertainment we need"
"""The style of film-making has changed from making wholesome family films
to films that are more violent. There's a huge gap in the market for this 
kind of `Saturday matinee' film.""
  Taylor should know about markets. As a producer she's at the business
end of film-making, though she likes to exercise strong control over the
creative side as well. Post-production, when the raw elements of the film
are turned into the finished movie, is her favourite part of the process:
""I find it's a pleasurable experience; actual shooting can get a little
harrowing.""
  Taylor has been involved in more than 15 films since leaving Perth in
1970 to seek wider experience in the film industry. ""Frog Dreaming"" is
the latest"
"Her decision to cast Henry Thomas, the child star of ""E.T."", rather than
a local actor was criticised. But she defends it: ""He was the star of the
greatest money-making film of all time. He wanted to do `Frog Dreaming'"
"Am I going to stop him?""
  Thomas plays an irrepressible 14-year-old whose fascination with an
unexplored water hole leads to some frightening discoveries. The film is
described as a ""rites of passage"" for the young boy. - Mike van Niekerk"
"The female body  

A woman is female from the moment she is conceived. This is determined by
the pattern of chromosomes (thread-like structures within each living cell
that contain genetic information) in the fertilized egg. Every woman has
23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are the same as for men, but the 23rd pair is
different. It consists of two X-chromosomes. Men have one X- and one
Y-chromosome. The two X-chromosomes are responsible for ensuring the
development of internal and external genitals such as ovaries, fallopian
tubes, womb and vagina. Hormones secreted by the ovaries and other glands
during fetal growth are thought to affect the development of the brain and
its sense of being female"
"The feminine body shape is largely the result of the action of the sex
hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are responsible for the development
of features known as secondary sexual characteristics - full, round and
mature breasts; rounded swelling hips; thighs well padded with fat; a
well-defined, curved waistline; absence of hair on the torso and face. Other
distinctly female characteristics include a relatively high-pitched voice
and a higher proportion of body fat. The rising and falling levels at which
oestrogen and progesterone are secreted by the ovaries, are also responsible
for the regular monthly changes that are known as the menstrual cycle (see
p.117)"
"Because of differences between the physical and hormonal make-up of men and
women, there are small but important differences in the susceptibility of
each sex to certain disorders. The monthly bleeding experienced by women
means they suffer more often than men from anaemia (lack of sufficient red
blood cells). For reasons not yet understood fully, women seem to more susceptible
to liver damage from alcohol and so should drink less. On the positive side,
the female sex hormones may well provide extra protection against coronary
heart disease up until the menopause. Women generally live longer than men;
average life expectation is 76 for women, 70 for men. Some of these additional
years can be attributed to the fact that fewer women have traditionally
been smokers. The gap now seems to be narrowing - perhaps as a result of
the changes in women's lifestyle over the past few decades"
"The changing body  

Most body systems lose some efficiency as a result of the ageing process,
partly because specialist cells die and are not replaced, and partly because
tissues become less elastic and more fibrous. Loss of elasticity due to
age is most obvious in the skin, and this process may be accelerated by
excessive exposure to sunlight and by smoking. By the time a woman approaches
middle-age she tends to gain weight, and muscle tone may become more lax,
especially if she has not taken regular exercise. An unhealthy life style
- particularly lack of exercise and a poor diet - may exaggerate the physical
effects of ageing. The most significant milestone of the middle years is
the menapause (see p. 116), when a woman ceases to be fertile and menstruation
no longer occurs"
"Following the menopause the ageing process continues. One possible
development is a thinning of the bones, which may become brittle and easily
broken by minor falls. In later years, compression of the bones of the spine
can lead to loss of height, and there may be loss of weight due to wasting
of muscle. As the body ages it has fewer resources with which to withstand
periods of ill health, and the healing process of minor injuries slows down
considerably. Even so, if you take regular, vigorous exercise throughout
your life, you will be likely to have much the same body shape at 60 as
you have had at 30"
"Skeleton  

The bony skeleton provides the rigid structure that supports the muscles
and provides a protective framework for the organs. Female bones are generally
slightly lighter than a male's, and the pelvis wider in order to allow a
baby's head and body to pass during childbirth. Bone itself is made up of
a protein hardened with calcium salts. It is living material with cells
that are constantly replacing old bone with new material. To maintain healthy
bones, you need adequate amounts of protein, calcium and vitamins in your
diet"
"Muscles  

Movement of the body and its internal organs is carried out by the muscles"
"These are made up of a soft tissue arranged in fibres which can contract
and relax to produce movement. There are two distinct types of muscle:
voluntary muscles, which control body movement, and involuntary muscles,
which are responsible for movement within the body - for example, the womb,
which expands to an enormous extent during pregnancy"
"Muscles normally remain in good condition if used regularly. Vigorous
exercise increases the size of muscles and improves the circulation of blood
to them, thereby increasing their capacity for still more strenuous activity"
"Conversely, inactivity can soon lead to muscle-wasting and weakness"
"Respiratory system  

Respiration - inhaling (breathing in) and exhaling (breathing out) air -
allows the blood to absorb oxygen essential for the production of energy"
"As the blood passes through the lungs it gives off carbon dioxide and water
as waste products"
"The respiratory system consists of the lungs and tubes through which air
passes on its way to and from the lungs. Air is breathed in through the
nose and mouth, passes down the trachea (windpipe) and enters the lungs
through a branching tree of tubes - the bronchi and bronchioles"
"The respiratory system normally remains in good health unless damaged by repeated
exposure to pollutants in the atmosphere, including dust from industrial
or agricultural processes and tobacco smoke, or by repeated infection"
"Fat distribution  

Fat is deposited in a layer under the skin and within the tissues in other
parts of the body including the buttocks, breasts and inside the abdominal
cavity. It makes up 20 to 25 per cent of a woman's weight (compared with
15 per cent of a man's) and is distributed in such a way as to give a woman's
body its characteristic contours. Fat is laid down when food intake is greater
than is needed to fuel the body's energy requirements. It is burnt up when
food intake fails to meet the body's need. It also acts as insulation against
cold"
"Both too much and too little fat in the body can be unhealthy. Being too
fat can lead to heart and circulation problems. Being too thin is less of
a health risk, but may be a sign of undernourishment and can lead to reduced
resistance to a variety of diseases. Fluctuations in the level of fat deposits
is almost always the result of an imbalance between food intake and energy
output"
"Heart and circulation  

The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers into which enter the major
blood vessels carrying blood to and from the rest of the body. As the heart
rhythmically squeezes the chambers, making them expand and contract, blood
flows in the correct direction"
"Blood transports oxygen and nutrients (see Blood analysis, p. 22) to all
parts of the body and carries away waste products. It circulates via the
arteries, which carry ""used"" blood. Good blood circulation, essential for
the health of every organ in the body, depends on the efficient functioning
of the heart muscle and partly on the ease of blood flow through the arteries"
"It also depends on the blood vessels remaining free from any obstruction,
such as fatty deposits or blood clots. High blood pressure (hypertension)
may damage the blood vessels or increase the risk of blockage of the blood
vessels. For advice on reducing the risks of diseases of the heart and
circulation, see Coronary heart disease, p. 100"
Women under the age of 50 are relatively free from coronary heart disease
"This is thought to be partly due to larger amounts of the hormones progesterone
and oestrogen being present in the body. 

 The circulatory system  

The circulatory system carries blood to and from every part of the body"
"The centre of the system is the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the
heart; veins return blood to the heart"
"Arteries and veins  

The walls of arteries need to be strong, because blood is forced along them
under high pressure, so they are made of four layers. Arteries and their
various branches (arterioles) are surrounded by muscle which allows them
to dilate or contract to regulate the body temperature. Veins have less
elastic, less muscular walls. Valves in the veins stop blood from flowing
in the wrong direction"
"Heart vessels  

The heart is divided into two by the septa. Each side has two chambers -
an atrium, and a ventricle - linked by a one-way valve. The left atrium
and ventricle control oxygenated blood, and those on the right de-oxygenated
(""used"") blood. The septa prevents the two types of blood from mixing"
"Brain and nervous system  

The brain and nervous system together provide the control mechanism for both
conscious activities, such as thought and movement, and for unconscious
body functions such as breathing and digestion. Nerves also provide the
means by which we register sensations such as pain and temperature"
The brain and nervous system require a constant supply of oxygenated blood
"Disruption of the blood flow to any part of the system is one of the most
common causes of malfunctioning of the brain and nervous system. Therefore,
the prevention of circulatory trouble (see left) is important. Injury,
infection, degeneration, tumours and diseases of unknown cause may also
affect the brain and nervous system. Certain disorders may arise out of
abnormal electrical activity or chemical imbalances in the brain"
"The nervous system  

The brain and the nerve tracts of the spinal cord together make up the central
nervous system. A network of peripheral nerves, which are named after the
four regions of the spine, link the central system with other parts of the
body"
"The brain  

The brain itself is the most complex organ in the body; many aspects of
its structure and function are not yet fully understood. Different parts
of the brain seem to control different activities. The two cerebral hemispheres
control conscious thought and movement, and interpret signals from the sensory
organs. The cerebellum regulates some subconscious activities such as
coordination of movement and balance. The brain stem governs vital body
functions such as heartbeat and breathing"
"The senses  

The senses are the means by which we monitor the different aspects of our
environment. Five separate systems respond to different types of physical
stimuli: the eyes enable us to interpret visual information; the ears monitor
sound and control balance; the nose and tongue respond to different smells
and tastes respectively; and the sensory neves in the skin allow us to feel
physical contact (touch), changes in temperature, and pain"
"Smell  

Smells are detected by the olfactory nerves. These hair-like organs project
into the top of the nasal cavity and absorb and analyse molecules from the
breathed-in air. The sense of smell may be damaged by smoking and may
temporarily be impaired by a common cold or hayfever. Permanent loss of
the sense of smell may occur following damage to the nerves, perhaps as a
result of a skull injury, or it may be caused by a disorder affecting the
part of the brain responsible for interpreting smell sensations"
"Taste  

The main taste organs are the taste buds. These are located in hair-like
papillae that project from the upper surface of the tongue. They can
distinguish only four basic tastes: sweet, sour, salt and bitter. The taste
buds for each taste are located in a different area of the tongue. The sense
of taste is closely allied to the sense of smell, which helps us to
differentiate a greater range of flavours. Loss of the sense of smell is
the usual cause of impairment to the sense of taste, but certain drugs and
occasionally zinc deficiency may also have the same effect"
"Touch  

The sense of touch, which includes all skin sensations, is conveyed through
the nerves from the sense receptors that lie under the surface of the skin"
""
"By Ronald Botsjtsuk CHAPTER 4 On the Gun Line  

  The next three days were sheer bedlam. We underwent round-the-clock,
simulated attacks and emergency procedures as we gradually approached the
recognised war zone off Vietnam"
Every conceivable eventuality and strike method was contrived by the command
"Codes, various attack patterns, and highly confidential - if not top secret
- messages were analysed and discussed. Room for error was minimal"
"The unrelenting pressure, lack of sleep and continual rehearsed action
stations made us feel like robots. Consensus replaced minor friction between
rank and personalities as we approached the war zone. Personal gripes about
duty rosters and pay scales seemed insignificant now"
"HMAS Hobart became an active member of the U.S. Seventh Fleet when she
sailed for the Quang Ngai Province, relieving the U.S.S. Fechteler"
"It was hard to believe we were in hostile waters. One could easily have
mistaken the not-too-distant coastline for any hilly terrain off Australia"
"""You wouldn't think that peaceful-looking place was at war, would you?""
I commented drawing on my cigarette"
"""No, but those crafty buggers are out there all right. Probably having
smoko,"" yawned Les, removing his sweat-stained shirt. Even late into the
evening, the humidity was intense. 
  ""Talk about smoko, there is something burning out there."" I pointed to
a distant, incandescent fire rising from the densely vegetated horizon"
"""Yeah, I can just make it out,"" said Les, straining his googly eyes"
Nightfall was descending on us rapidly like a black velvet curtain
"All of a sudden we heard the distinct thrum of chopper blades and spotted
two specially fitted Chinook helicopter gunships, darting menacingly about
in the area. We also heard small arms returning their fire. Judging by the
erratic firing, it was not easy for the Viet Cong to pinpoint the choppers, but 
we had no trouble seeing the rockets and strafing bullets being fired from the
gunships. These looked like a series of red-dotted lines flashing into the
forest. Next moment there was a loud explosion, followed by a massive, raging
fire. The gunships had obviously destroyed their target and immediately
returned to their nearby base"
"""This is better than watching a flick,"" reckoned Les before we returned
inside"
"We noticed several duty watch ratings hurriedly fixing the opaque black covers
over every porthole. This procedure was repeated every evening and was
officially referred to as ""blackening ship"". In addition, all external lighting
would be extinguished, except the one internationally compulsory steaming light
right above our masthead. It was a clever security ploy, which in effect
disguised the ship. For all the light we were emitting, we could easily be
mistaken for a fishing vessel, a beacon, or even an aircraft carrier. No-one
could be sure of anything in the pitch black darkness of tropical night. 
  Except for emergencies, strict radio silence was imposed. While operating
with ships and aircraft of the American Seventh Fleet, our secret codes
changed daily"
"At 0600 on March 31 before anyone had a chance to relax or become complacent,
the long awaited alarm was sounded for action stations; we were near Cap
Mia"
"""Did he say for exercise or not?"" Les asked leaping off his bunk"
"""No, mate, this is it! The real McCoy. Let's go,"" I cried, feeling my heart
thump against my chest. Like many others I had high expectations and was
full of enthusiasm"
"Hans had scurried up the hatch as if he were abandoning ship. I had never
seen him move so fast. John was already on watch in the operations room"
"Upon entering the crowded ops room, which resembled a command centre in
a movie scene, I couldn't help but wonder what was in store for us. Would
we get hit? Who might get killed? Will I survive, I wondered as I manned
my all-too-familiar radar set"
"""What's the target, Les?"" I impatiently asked before the Captain told his
concerned crew over the amplified intercom"
"""A Viet Cong assembly point, ammunition supplies and some of the bad guys,""
said Les, using humour to settle his nerves"
"Anxious moments later our gunnery officer shouted into his mouthpiece,
""Fire for effect 2 salvoes - Fire!""
  This command historically ordered Hobart's two rapid firing guns into
action for the first time in wartime conditions. It was also Australia's
first direct naval involvement since Korea"
"After some minor gunnery corrections we obliterated the assembly area to 
smithereens in less than forty minutes of saturated shelling"
"""That's letting 'em know we are here,"" I proudly remarked to no-one in
particular while our guns bellowed"
"Our debut on the Gun Line was brief and effective, like a boxer's knock-out
punch. We remained unscathed and noone returned our fire. At this stage
of our involvement I wasn't disappointed"
"By April Fool's Day the following morning, HMAS Hobart had fired her
hundredth round of high explosive 5-inch shells on enemy territory"
Hobart's initial purpose was to provide naval gunfire support for U.S
"Marines and ARVN Forces (South Vietnam's regular army comprising 410,000
men). Our main operations concentrated in the southern Quang Ngai Province,
which was ninety miles south of Da Nang, the major port of the central
lowlands"
"Our targets included Viet Cong supply points, truck convoys and ammunition
dumps. We were frequently asked to give urgent assistance to outflanked
marine patrols. On such occasions our gunfire had to be executed with pinpoint
accuracy. Often relying on a set of co-ordinates given to us by a cornered
marine commander, who could, for example, expect our shells to fall as close
as 20 metres away on a Viet Cong mortar position"
"The most significant engagement during that type of amphibious warfare
was an operation code named ""Beacon Torch"""
"Bong! Bong! Bong! ""Hands to action stations! Hands to action stations"
"Assume full condition one state Zulu"" - Bong! Bong! Bong! came from the
crowded bridge at 0430 hours that particular morning. All exposed personnel
were wearing marine-type anti-flack jackets and protective helmets"
"""Come on youse lot, move it. We haven't got all day!"" urged our Leading
Hand keen to clear our mess deck. ""Let's waste some `commos'!"" came Hans'
typical war cry"
"The whole mess deck was vacated and secured for watertight integrity in
near record time"
"""L.W.O.2 long-range radar manned and operating,"" Hans reported, adjusting
his focus and eager to cause wholesale destruction among the Viet Cong"
"""Short-range surveillance manned and operating,"" I snapped"
"""Gun-plot manned,"" came the reports from the rear of the now bustling
ops room"
"Up and down the line, from every corner of the ship, came rapid confirmation
of personnel closed up at their various positions"
"""This is the Captain speaking."" We were now all ears. ""Overnight we were
joined by the U.S.S. Harry E. Hubbard and the amphibious assault ship U.S.S"
"Tripoli, which is leading a group of amphibious landing ships"
"""In approximately ten minutes, we'll begin our heavy shore bombardment
on a designated Viet Cong stronghold and elements of the North Vietnamese
Army. The bombardment should last thirty minutes. All guns will then cease,
and an amphibious landing operation entitled ""Beacon Torch"" will be launched
from the Tripoli. These forces will then be joined by an infantry battalion of
U.S. Marines and supporting artillery ashore in two flanking positions"
"We will remain in the area until the operations is completed and will give
available naval gunfire support when asked by units ashore. The time for
action stations this morning was excellent, so keep up the good work. That
is all.""
  Our external communication frequency was amplified in the ops room as
static background and instructions flowed continually. The enthusiastic
Captain darted from the bridge and joined ""Guns"" by the illuminated plotting
table for a final consultation. His index finger was poised like a trigger
on his communication mouthpiece"
"""Open the hatch and have a sticky beak,"" Les suggested quietly, referring
to the emergency exit near my bulkhead. After reporting another range and
bearing of the Tripoli's updated position I opened it hesitantly. What we
saw in those few seconds stunned us. There were countless landing crafts
bobbing up and down like corks in a bathtub, laden to the hilt with frightened
and heavily armed young U.S. Marines, about to hit the beach. The spectacle
was awesome. I could not help but feel sorry for those poor fellows about
to face direct enemy fire. We were so close that I could vividly see the
pale, shocked expression on some of their faces. Many of them looked no
more than eighteen years of age, and they clutched their carbine rifles with
all their might. I quickly secured the hatch again and resumed giving accurate
alterations. That scene on our action-packed starboard side made us appreciate
the gravity of the situation. It made us more determined and eager to report
every range and bearing with deadly accuracy, thus assisting the impending
assault in whatever way possible. 
  That's the least we can do for the poor bastards, I thought"
"""Stand by,"" the Captain said, waiting for the precise second. Then in
a voice hardened by determination, he ordered, ""Fire!""
  ""Five salvoes fire!"" came the spontaneous order from Guns who was in direct
communication with the senior ratings in the gun turrets. They could not wait 
to release the venomous fire power of the forward and aft 5-inch rapid firing
guns and become involved in this major assault. The barrels roared forth
in ferocious sequence"
"Minutes later we received the necessary altered coordinates from a
low-flying modified World War II Skyraider. These planes were used effectively
in this rugged terrain for spotting and giving gun alterations"
"""Roger, left 20 up 15,"" acknowledged a senior gunnery rating on the same
frequency, which was promptly relayed to the respective gun bays. When all
guns were fixed directly over their targets, our stimulated gunnery officer
immediately ordered, ""Stand by - 15 salvoes - Fire."" And off they blasted,
virtually all on target. 51 and 52 were the call signs given to our forward
and aft gun turrets respectively"
"Les wished he had some coloured pins to stab in his board, depicting enemy gun 
emplacements. ""Where are those bloody gun batteries?"" he cried, disappointed"
"""Don't worry, you'll get them soon enough, don't rush it,"" I predicted,
not in any particular hurry to get shot at"
"""Think of those poor pricks out there in those lousy barges. I'd be shitting
myself,"" I admitted"
"""All the bloody Yanks had to do was drop another A-bomb on Hanoi. This
is doing it the hard way."" Hans declared quite seriously. It was a radical
view we chose to ignore"
"For the next nerve-racking hour the guns fired shell after shell, vibrating
every millimetre of the ship's superstructure and our vulnerable eardrums"
"The only temporary reprieve came when they were firing consecutively rather
than all together. The U.S. ships and our ship fired a blanket of steel in
shore bombardment"
"""Cease firing! Cease firing 51 and 52,"" ordered our stoic captain"
"This brought a temporary lull and a chance for the red-hot gun-barrels
to cool down. Communications frequencies were then monitored with the various
wirelesses carried by the marines who were about to launch their assault"
"I was sure they would be hoping that the combined ships' fire power had
effectively silenced whatever resistance they might encounter ashore. Our
best wishes went with the marines as they ploughed their way towards the
smouldering beachhead in that long line of barges"
"We were silent, waiting nervously for any instructions from the marine
commanders who were now assembling their anxious men into a fighting unit"
"All seemed relatively quiet on the battle front as the landing barges lowered
their front ends. The marines poured out and sought cover before regrouping
and charging through the dense vegetation"
"Just when we smugly thought the ships' guns had destroyed whatever
opposition the area contained, all hell broke loose. Concentrations of
attacking Viet Cong emerged out of fortified concrete bunkers and foxholes
like teeming rats. Many marines were slaughtered in a surprise assault while
crossing a hill."
"Avidya and the Atman By Kenneth Simpson  

    Doug McNab had returned to his flat after driving his sweetheart home"
"I knew his movements because whenever he drove in or out of the drive he
tooted, not only to warn any approaching pedestrians that they were about
to be run over but to let everyone know that Doug was arriving or Doug was
leaving.  My flat was above his and I had developed my opinion of his
personality from these and other habits that he had, metaphorically, thrust
under my nose"
"That evening Doug and his sweetheart had walked on the beach holding
hands in the best tradition of young lover triumphant at the end of a
wide-screen epic: The hero and heroine silhouetted against the setting sun,
walking barefoot by the water's edge, their footprints melting and finally
vanishing, washed by slippery wavelets"
"When I first met him I was impressed by his mediocrity.  There seemed
to be no depth to his personality.  His conversation was banal and strewn
with cliches.  It was a relief to escape and have myself for company"
"From that first joyless meeting I couldn't seem to avoid Doug.  Invariably
his movements coincided with mine  He would pop out unexpectedly
from diverse places: from underneath my stairs, his garage, shrubbery,
shop doorways, and from the sea, dripping, to hover disconcertingly over
me while I sunbathed.  If I wasn't with him or unable to see him I could
always hear him since, apart from other distracting noises, he was liable
to shout greetings from one end of the block of flats to someone at the
other end, and he was no respecter of doors which he slammed 
uncompromisingly"
"Needless to say our relationship didn't mature.  I came no nearer to
knowing Doug and apparently he had no desire to plumb my depths.  Commonplace
repetitious words were our only means of communication.  I tried without
success to raise our level of intercourse above the monotonous and mediocre"
A pet dog would have been more responsive
"I attributed Doug's apparent satisfaction with the situation to the
fact that he had contrived its creation.  My dissatisfaction was due in
part to my role as a pawn in a drama I knew nothing about.  Almost as a
means of self-defence I began to analyse Doug's behaviour.  I attempted
to probe beneath the surface of his personality.  However, by doing so,
I inflated him out of all proportion so that he developed gradually into
a kind of omnipresent incubus:  corporally, aurally and mentally"
"Irritation was, I suppose, my dominant feeling towards Doug but it was
liable to swing from tolerance at one extreme to contempt at the other"
"I came to realize that beneath the surface of the mind a subtle
undercurrent flowed, compared with which the surface was transparent as
a muddy pool"
"Beneath the surface, carried by the current, I translated Doug's sounds
and actions into a language based on suppositions, intuition and probabilities"
"I recalled that first meeting and revived a dormant impression.  It was odd 
but Doug had appeared to be introducing himself to himself, rather than to me, 
as if verifying his identity through me.  I was then, and had remained, a 
computer that accepted his information, processed it and finally emmitted the 
result via a particular wave-length beyond which, at either extreme, my 
response became scrambled and meaningless due to Doug's mental censoring 
apparatus.  It was really a form of closed circuit, self-imposed brain-washing"
"Another clue was the careful, almost scripted way he spoke, as though
he were afraid of letting something slip out that might compromise him"
"There was a slight but definite emphasis to his remarks, not in an inflexible
or bombastic vein but rather an excess of forced joviality or a `tentatively
determined' delivery that suggested he was afraid of being contradicted"
"He introduced his exploits into a conversation somewhat slyly, matter-of-factly
and with a degree of pseudo-humility that he probably meant to be disarming"
"I also conjured up a mental picture of Doug.  It was an unremarkable
image of a medium sized, lean, wiry old man; balding but with long hair
at the back, white bushy sideburns and a half-smile that suggested cunning,
confidence, and a sense of humour which he didn't possess.  The less
noticeable, more subtle trait was his self-consciousness.  He never looked
abstracted; he always appeared to be alert and there was a staginess about
his movements like the posing of an actor never off the stage"
"The sound of pop music, loud and urgent like a howling child, invaded
my flat.  I called out, ""I know you're a swinger, Doug.  You don't have
to convince me, so turn it down.""  Nothing happened of course.  He wouldn't
have heard me.  I closed the windows and turned on a fan"
"That night I dreamt I was an audience oppressed by demanding Dougs;
young middle-aged and old Dougs, all with the one-and-only face I knew so
well, frolicking in the water, turning into a school of fish, then a submarine
with me on board that shot from the water like a rocket to become a flying
fish soaring up and then landing with a thud to slide along the deck of
a magnificent ocean liner where Doug was captain, chief-engineer, mate,
crew, all the passengers and even the ship ... I woke with relief in a room
free of Dougs"
"It was Sunday morning.  After breakfast I walked to the back of the
beach to preview the day.  I sucked in as much salty air as possible and
surveyed the scene.  Some gulls were wheeling above me.  The sky was blue
and cloudless.  A few boats were scattered near the horizon.  A speedboat
towed a skier across the river mouth to the north, and to the south, where
the bay began to curve, I noticed a small figure running along the sand
by the water's edge"
"I think I knew who it was even before I could identify him.  It was
Doug without a doubt.  He glanced towards me then accelerated to finish
full of running in line with me as though I were the finishing post"
"He waved casually in my direction, pulled his tracksuit top over his
head, stepped out of his shorts and sprinted enthusiastically towards the
sea"
"He cavorted about energetically in the water like a drunken porpoise
pretending to swim the butterfly, but in the shallows where his feet could
reach the sand.  I even clapped him but I don't think he noticed"
"Doug's interpretation of other people's opinion of him was the one which
he had created and accepted as reality, so not only had he assumed a fantastic
opinion of himself but he had indoctrinated others with the same opinion
by letting them know, verbally and by example, what their opinion of him
should be"
"""God, that was good,"" he said. ""I feel like a new man every day.""
    His voice was loud and hearty.  I felt he was shoving his personality
down my throat and forcing me to swallow it, leaving the residue - the reality-
untouched and inviolable.  It was like a smokescreen designed to hide something
he considered fragile and precious.   
    ""How are you?"" he asked me"
"""Fine,"" I replied, but the question had irritated me. He didn't care how I
was. It was his usual, slightly patronizing display of magnaminity, a gambit he
used to bring me into range so that he could recharge his batteries by draining
me"
"""How are you?"" I countered, but as I expected he evaded the question"
"""It's a great day,"" he said instead, grinning with self-satisfaction
and investing his words with an intimate quality so that the sun seemed
to shine personally for him"
"""Where do you get all that energy from?"" I asked him, looking at his
brown, self-confident face"
"""I've always had it,"" he said casually and smiled contentedly. ""I suppose
I was born with it.""
    That and showing off, I thought.  One inspired the other"
"""Have you read any good books lately?"" I asked in an attempt to divert
Doug from Doug"
"""I don't have much time for reading,"" he replied casually"
"It's a luxury active people like me can do without, was the implication,
but I assumed it was more likely to be because books dealt with other lives
and Doug was unwilling to expose himself to the trauma of invidious or
humiliating comparisons - either that or he was illiterate"
"""I watch television now and then,"" he remarked"
"""I know,"" I said, but he didn't react"
"""You like pop music, don't you?"" I asked him, still perservering"
"""Yes,"" he said with a notice of pride, ""anything lively.""
    We stopped by the steps that led to my flat.  A resident, Mr. Townsend,
bald and very old, hobbled by"
"""The old man is almost a cripple,"" Doug remarked quietly"
"""It happens if you live long enough,"" I said, aware of the incongruity
of Doug referring to his contemporary that way, as if he had forgotten his
own age"
"That's it, I realized suddenly.  Dissolution - that's why he made smoke:
to cover up his fear of death.  He thinks of death in personal terms, someone
he can ward off if he's fit and energetic enough, someone he can grow away
from.  He tries to be a superman or a shadow to bluff death, to pretend
that he lacks death's mortal meal, the substance in between"
"""I must be off,"" said Doug dogmatically, ""but I'll see you later.""
    ""Yes, I'm sure you will,"" I told him, and I'll hear you and be obsessed
by you, I thought"
"After dialogue with Doug I was usually mentally and emotionally exhausted
by the fatuousness of it all, by being cast as a prop in one of Doug's
make-believe, torpid productions, but back inside my flat I felt alert and
vigorous; I thought of Doug as a problem to be solved rather than as a pest
who haunted my privacy, who had unwittingly forced me to observe that part
of his personality he wished to hide.  I felt like a missionary or a crusader"
"I would try, I decided eventually, to turn Doug inside out.  That, I thought,
should disperse some of the smoke.  Later, the sound of Doug's pop music
wafted upwards and impinged on my eardrums, relating his personality once
more to `his-in-mine'.  Instead of closing the windows and turning on the
fan I banged on the floor with a shoe.  The row, magically it seemed, ceased"
"Gleefully I rubbed my hands together and forgot about Doug for the rest
of that day"
"Doug's T.V. tuned in as usual during the evening but I tuned him out
with a few blows from my magic shoe"
"I went to sleep that night with Doug and death on my mind.  I dreamt
I was watching a film.  Doug was the star; the scenes were his visions;
the action his thoughts and the sound his voice.  Then I was in the film
and death was chasing Doug along the sand by the water's edge.  I was death
and Doug was a child who smiled.  I let him go.  We were standing on the
edge of a cliff.  I tried to push Doug over but I lunged right through him
and floated down to the rocks below where he was waiting for me, seated
in the lotus posture, transcendent and transparent, larger than a mountain
... It felt good to wake into a world of illusion once more"
"I was on my way to the letter-boxes to pick up my paper when Doug jogged
past me, his chin jutting, arms acting like pistons, chest heaving and legs
pumping.  He looked an odd figure in his long, baggy shorts which emphasized
his thinness.  He stopped by the letter boxes and extracted his own paper"
"""I had a bad time of it this morning,"" he said bravely (or stoically)"
"""I was attacked by a pack of wild dogs.""  He pointed to his legs."
"Towards a Scriptural Critique of Racism Two Bible Studies  By John Brown  

I am convinced that our commitment to combat racism stems out of the central
tenets of our faith and that we have no need to seek for an esoteric or
peripheral biblical basis on which to build a commitment against racism"
"Racial discrimination is not about racist attitudes only, but is also
about the oppression - the crushing - of one racial group by another more
powerful racial group. It is about one racial group using its power to maintain
cultural, economic, political or social power over another, and to denigrate
or destroy that group. I cannot therefore use only the image-of-God theology
or the doctrine of creation to talk about the equality of races, and urge
love for one another as a theological imperative against racism. If the
oppressed claim that for themselves, it is a powerful tool in their hands
for their own liberating struggle. If the dominant class claim it, it simply
has tended in the past to reinforce the status quo"
"So I believe that we must start our study with the understanding of
oppression and dependence, exploitation and 'being put down', as the
relationship that pertains in a situation of racial discrimination"
"The experience of the Aboriginal people of Redfern, or of Palm Island,
is like the poor man in 2 Samuel 12:1-6"
"Biblical quote  

Tribal Aboriginal people can look at the small pieces of land which they
have left on the map of Australia, and when mining companies or pastoralists
or governments claim that land, they see themselves as being in the situation
of the man with the one ewe lamb which the rich man took from him"
"The cry of the Aboriginal people is like that of the psalmist in Psalm
10:

   Extended biblical quote  

The psalmist both cries out against the arrogant, powerful oppressor who
has no fear of justice or of God and, at the same time, affirms his faith
that God in the end will destroy the mocker, the powerful oppressor, and
that justice will be established"
"Release and justice for the oppressed are a prime concern of God according
to the Old Testament witness. The history of Israel and their meeting with
God begins when they are an oppressed racial minority. Their whole
understanding of God is based on the fact that when they were
a powerless, oppressed racial minority in the most powerful empire of the
world of the time, God rescued them"
"In Exodus 3:7-12 we read:

   Biblical quote  

God is the God who has seen, has heard, who knows, who has come down to
deliver. So from the beginning, racism is obnoxious to the faith of Israel,
and therefore all the law codes of Israel enjoin special loving care for
the strangers who live in Israel. We no longer know who these strangers
were, whether they were remnants of the original inhabitants who were there
when Israel moved into the country, or whether perhaps they were refugees
who had come and sought refuge in Israel from surrounding wars. But in any
case they are non-Israelites, of a different race who happened to be living
in Israel. All the law codes enjoin special care for them"
"Thus Exodus 22:21:

  Biblical quote  

And in the Holiness code Leviticus 19:33:

  Biblical quote  

And finally in the Deuteronomic code 24:17-18:
             
  Biblical quote   
        
And again in Chapter 27 verse 19: ""Cursed be he who perverts the justice
due to the sojourner.""
  This same theme is taken up also in the Prophets. Justice is to be done
to the poor and the oppressed, injustice to be overthrown and compassion
to be shown to the sufferers. Isaiah 58:6-7:

  Biblical quote  

Anti-racism and love for a minority racial group is not something peripheral
to the faith. It is central to the faith. It arises out of the very
self-understanding of the faithful"
"In the New Testament also the Kingdom of God announced by Jesus Christ
is seen to be good news to the poor and oppressed. This is not peripheral
but central to the Gospel"
"Thus in the story of the birth of Jesus in Luke 2 the angel says to the
shepherd:

  Biblical quote  

The sign of the good news is that the saviour, the Christ, the Lord, is
lying in a chaff box because there is no room for him in the inn. He is
out on the river-bank because there is no room for him in the town. This
is the sign that the good news of the birth of the saviour is indeed good
news to the ostracised, to the people for whom there is no room"
"In Luke 4 we have the story of the temptations. These are a summary of
Jesus sorting out his options as a messiah. What kind of messiah was he to
be? How was he to fulfill his mission? In the temptations which came to
Jesus again and again thrughout his ministry, Jesus rejected the temptation
to be a bread messiah, to feed the hungry, to bring in material plenty;
the option to be a military ruler, either by compromise with the Romans
or by joining forces with the guerillas; and the option to become a miracle
worker who wins the allegiance of the credulous by performing miracles"
"He rejects the temptation to do something for the oppressed as an authority
figure. Instead he goes down and lives among and with the poor and oppressed,
sharing their oppression, and from that position alongside and in fellowship
with the oppressed, he acts as their messiah"
"He comes back from the wilderness to the Nazareth synagogue and announces
that he has come to bring good news to the poor, and release to the oppressed"
"He goes on to explain that this good news is particularly good news for
the people of other races, the outcasts"
"I had not realised until I saw a masked play in Korea last year how much
the outcasts of Israel centred in the ministry of Jesus. There I saw a masked
dance which was written from the viewpoint of the prostitutes, the lepers,
the foreigners, the tax collectors of Israel"
"Jesus told his disciples, when they gave a party to invite the outcasts
to their parties. He told them to lend, not expecting to receive again"
"There is the conversation with the Samaritan woman which takes up a twentieth
of John's Gospel. It is a remarkable story about prejudice and God's acceptance
of people of all races, of a faith that overcomes racism and sexism. There
is the story of the Roman Centurion whose faith Jesus praised as being greater
than the faith of the people of Israel. There is the story of the ten lepers
who were healed, and the Gospel writer makes a point of saying that the one
man who returned to say thank you to Jesus was a Samaritan. There is the
story of the man who was a true neighbour to the man who fell among thieves,
and he puts this self-righteous view to shame by making the hero of this
story not a Jew but one of the despised Samaritans. So it is the people
of the oppressed, despised race who bring help to the rich, powerful and
arrogant Jews"
"In the new community Jesus tells his disciples that they are to love not
only their friends, because even the publicans do that, but also their
enemies"
"Jesus in his death became one of the oppressed. He suffered all that the
oppressed outcasts ever suffer and more. He suffered in order that both the
oppressors and oppressed might see their sins, repent and believe. In this
regard we might consider two passages in the Gospel according to John. First
of all, in John 12:31-32 Jesus, talking about his death on the night before he
is crucified, says: ""Now is the judgment of this world, now shall the ruler of
this world be cast out"". Everybody else saw the trial of Jesus as the
judgment of Jesus. John interprets it as the judgment of the world. The world
is judged because the world put the only truly righteous person to death. So
all those who suffer righteously have their sufferings taken up in that
self-giving of Jesus when he voluntarily goes to the cross"
"Then in John 13:31, there is the incredible saying of Jesus immediately
after one of his chosen disciples has gone out to sell him up: ""Now is the Son
of Man glorified, and in him God is glorified"". When is God glorified? God is
glorified at this point when the son of God is put on the cross and killed as
a common criminal. How can that be? When Jesus dies, the love of God is shown
in the most powerful way it could ever be shown. God bears the jibes, the
viciousness, the sinfulness of the world and, as he bears it, he forgives the
sins. This is an incredible love and in that act God is glorified. Jesus gives
himself to the oppressors in order that the oppressors, having killed the
righteous one, might see their sinfulness, their oppression, repent and be
saved"
"Indeed in the Acts of the Apostles in those first chapters, Peter preached
just that to the crowd. He told them that they had killed the righteous one,
the Son of God, and they ought therefore to repent of their sins that God
might forgive them. And we are told how hundreds, no thousands, of people did
repent when they saw the significance of what they had done. 
  Jesus not only gave himself as a sacrifice for the world, but showed us a way
whereby the Church must give itself in order that oppression might be defeated
among us. He said to his disciples on many occasions: ""Come take up your Cross
and follow me if you would be my disciples"". To take up one's Cross is not to
bear a load of personal pain. It is to bear the blows of the oppressors on
behalf of the oppressed. It is to stand beside the oppressed bearing the blows
that are aimed at them; receiving the wounds that are aimed at them, in order
that the oppressor might see his or her oppression, be convicted and converted
and changed"
"I believe that this tells us much about how Churches might act in regard to
combating the oppression of minority racial groups. We are called to stand
beside and in solidarity with the racially oppressed, and bear some of the
blows that are aimed at them, and that bearing of blows is itself redemptive
and converting"
"Through the sacrifice of Christ we are saved. Out of gratitude we offer
ourselves to bear the Cross, receive the blows, suffer in order that the
oppressed may be set free, and we witness to Jesus Christ"
"We are called into a new kind of community where the question asked is not:
Who is my neighbour? but, What must I do in order to be a neighbour to the
oppressed?
  We are witnesses to a Kingdom which is coming, a Kingdom of love,
righteousness and justice, and in the next study we look a little more at that
vision"
"II  
In Genesis 1:26 God, we are told, created Adam. He saw what he had made and
was pleased. I do not know what colour Adam was or what physical features he
had. We are told that he was made in the image of God which I take to refer to
his intellect, his person, his soul"
"In Genesis 10 we are told that through the blessing of God, Noah became the
common ancester of all the nations and races. 
  To tolerate racial discrimination is therefore at once to deny the
perfection of God's creation. It is to say that God made a lot of mistakes,
making some peoples superior, some inferior. At the same time it is to deny
that Adam is made in the image of God"
""
"CAROL BATES How bread became her Staff of Life Her experiment with bread making led to an unexpected revolution  

  Ten years ago, a young housewife named Carol Bates pulled out a recipe
book and made a loaf of bread. She had no idea how this would change her
life"
"Carol had taken the first step on her path from housewife with ""no training,
no qualifications, no nothing"" to super-successful business woman"
"That first loaf of bread, Carol said, was ""a great carry-on, all that
kneading,"" but her husband Ken said he would never eat bought bread again"
So Carol started experimenting
"In a few short years and almost without realising it, she had revolutionised
breadmaking in Australia. Today, her Staff of Life breadmaking kits are
in thousands of Australian homes"
"With 60,000 recipe books, 6,000 students, one flour mill and countless
loaves behind her, Carol still lives in rural Red Hill, on Victoria's
Mornington Peninsula, with Ken and their two sons. She still bubbles with
enthusiasm when asked about her no-knead technique"
"""It's so easy, you don't have to think about it. It's like making a bed
... sometimes you forget you've done it.""
  Carol smiles often and talks easily, moving her hands through the air
like a dance instructor. She describes her life as idyllic. But it was not
always so"
"It took a crippling back injury in 1979 to make Carol realise what she
wanted from life. For seven months, she couldn't walk. ""Most of the time
I cried, because I was in such agony. But I thought `if I ever get out of
this, I'll do something with my life'.""
  Lying in bed, she wrote her thoughts in a writing pad. ""When you're a
housewife with children, you often think of what you'll do one day or when
the kids get older. You can think like this forever. When I was stuck in
bed and I believed I'd never get better, I thought of all the things I should
have done when I was fit and well. I decided that if I ever got better,
I'd get out and do things.""
  Get better she did. And she got out and did things"
"Ken resigned from his bank job and together they found premises a few
streets from their Red Hill home"
"""These shops had been sitting there and no one could see the potential,""
said Carol."
"Alerts at art galleries  

 ART galleries in Victoria are on full alert following the Picasso thieves'
warning that they intend to carry out their second terrorist act"
"A burnt match, which accompanied the Australian Cultural Terrorists' third
ransom letter, has indicated that other valuable paintings in the State
are at risk from the group still holding Picasso's Weeping Woman, taken
from the National Gallery nine days ago"
"Security measures have been tightened by order of Police and Arts Minister,
Mr Mathews, who fears the theft and ransom campaign will be stepped up"
"Gallery directors, the State Public Service Association attendants and
police are reviewing all security procedures to stop any further art treasures
disappearing"
"The Australian Cultural Terrorists have not been out of the headlines
since stealing the $2 million masterpiece in a bid to get the State Government
to inject more funds into art"
""
"KINGDOM ACTION! Luke chapters 17 and 18  

1. We are to be careful about the example we set for younger Christians
(17:3) and we should always seek to enlarge our faith (17:5). Suggest ways
in which we might do both"
"2. Some will find this exercise easier than others, but it is worth making
the effort. In an attitude of stillness and silence, have one member slowly
read verses 12 to 19 of chapter 17 aloud while the rest of the group try
to imagine themselves as the leper who returned to say 'thank you'. Take
time over it. Imagine the scenery, the people, the heat, the dust. Try to
see Jesus in action, and hear his voice. After a time of quiet reflection
share your experiences - what did you want to say to Jesus?
3. Where is the Kingdom of God (17:21)? Look up these passages and make
a list of other things you discover about it:

            list of references omitted  

4. Bearing in mind what we learnt in point 1 above, we must guard against
pride in our 'goodness' (18:9-14). What really constitutes humility? Does
this mean that in the church we should not give credit for tasks well done?
5. Being a citizen of the Kingdom of God can be demanding, as the young
ruler discovered (18:18-30), but well worth the cost. The rich man went
away 'very sad'. What is promised to those who enter (18:30)? What does
that mean for you in the here-and-now?
6. Notice the blind man's insistence on calling out to Jesus(18:38,39)"
"His need was urgent as Jesus was 'passing by'. Are we too casual about bringing
our needs to Jesus?"
"What's in a name? The Art/Craft Debate Again Julie Ewington  

The art-craft debate is rather like the poor relation of aesthetics: thin,
unwanted and thoroughly exhausted. In fact, everyone seems to find the whole
question a bit of an embarrassment. Craftspeople resent feeling like the
lesser cousins of artists. Artists, for their part dislike being tagged as 
culturally `superior'. Robert Rooney's evident impatience in his recent 
contribution to the debate in Craft Australia (85/3) is a case in point. It is 
evident that re-circulating the old hierarchical distinctions so familiar in the
art/craft debate won't help us out of this slough of despond"
"Better ways of talking about relationships between the arts and crafts are
needed and are at hand in new perspectives brought to bear on craft practice
by several recent publications on women's traditional arts, assisted by
handy ideas borrowed from the sociology of cultural occupations. For questions
of the production of artistic, and therefore social, value merit serious
attention, no more so than when older cultural forms are being radically
re-thought through the impact of the mass media"
"Gender is the most under-employed factor in the analysis of the arts and
crafts. The classic concerns of the debate have been with the nature of
craft artefacts and how they relate to the culturally privileged practices
of `Art'. Only rarely has the question been asked: `Who is making these
things?' Robin Morgan's acid one-liner has surfaced before in this journal: `What
men do is art - what women do is craft'. Like most half-truths, this crack succeeds
because of what it conceals as much as what it reveals. For Morgan neglects to 
mention that `art' and `craft' are quite distinct signifying practices in our 
culture now and have long histories of drawing on different creative traditions;
what women and men tend, as professionals, to cluster in either one or the
other; and that non-professional work in the visual arts is almost invariably
organized along gender lines that amount to social norms"
"In Australia the creation of the state Crafts Council and The Crafts Council
of Australia , with all their functions including this journal, has been
the work of women. This was unique among the new arts organizations that
blossomed during the 1970s. The crafts sector is still dominated by women:
David Throsby's Australia Council report, The Artist in Australia To-day,
reveals that 61 percent of craftspeople are women, whereas in the visual
arts situation is almost the reverse, 62 percent of the artist population
surveyed is male. (The only other arts industry in which women outnumber
men is dance. See Table 3.4, Artists' Demographic Characteristics: Sex.)
So the question of gender should shed some light on the vexed art-craft
debate"
"Several recent publications have been crucial to my thinking along these
lines: the second volume of All Her Labours, the Women and Labour Conference
Papers, entitled Embroidering the Framework (Hale and Iremonger, 1984, Rozsika
Parker and Griselda Pollock's Old Mistresses: Women, Art and Ideology
(Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981) and Rozsika Parker's The Subversive Stitch:
Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (The Women's Press, 1984)"
"The Australian collection, Embroidering the Framework, is as interesting
as it is diverse with articles on subjects ranging from the deliciously
seductive novels published by Mills and Boon, to the fascinating account
of why, after the Second World War, the Federal government of the day declined
to establish community and child-care services. But one contribution
is of particular interest here: Patricia Crawford's `The Only Ornament in
a Woman: Needlework in early modern England'. This consideration of needlework
from the 16th to the 18th centuries does not attempt an assessment of the
objects themselves or the themes of the work, but offers a sociological
account of needlework as a socially sanctioned strategy for keeping women
busy. Crawford is careful to point out though, that the only women with
time on their hands (literally) were gentlewomen, and that the poorer women
were obliged to sew for their lives. The `craft' of needlework is revealed
not as one unified practice but several, pursued for different reasons and
with different results"
"Apart from women condemned to what has been called `the slavery of the needle',
what did the highly-skilled creators of richly decorated household treasures
think of their labours? Patricia Crawford suggests some enjoyed it, some
accepted that it was a virtue to be kept busy, and some positively hated
the needle. Her own view is that the second response most closely represents
the contemporary social use of all this wonderful work, and it must be
recognised that Crawford is writing about one of the most glorious chapters
in the golden history of English needlework. She gives the final word to
a (male) commentator of the 1630s, John Taylor, whose view of the matter
was that the needle was entirely beneficial for all concerned:

It will increase their peace, enlarge their store,
To use their tongues less, and their Needles more"
"In Crawford's account the wealth all this industry represented is barely
mentioned, nor the great status women acquired by their labours. For Crawford
needlework represented an elaborate form of servitude, but servitude
nevertheless. Her assessment that `... it gave a woman neither an economic
reward nor any kind of power' (p.12) perpetuates a denial of domestic work
in all its forms that was one part of the feminism of the 1970s"
"A very different value is seen for the needle arts in the approach adopted
by Rozsika Parker and Griselda Pollock. Old Mistresses (1981) is a key text
in the reappraisal of art history's treatment of visual work by women. Its
great contribution is precisely to refuse to see women's art, crafts and
culture as evidence of unrelieved and unilateral oppression. As the authors
summed up the work:

We have tried to establish that women have always been present as artists,
but that a variety of positions have been ascribed to them at different
periods, and their ways of getting into art practice have varied and been
affected by different historical factors ... Women artists have never been
excluded from culture, but they have occupied and spoken from a different
place within it. That place can be recognised as essential to the meanings
dominant in our culture, for the insistent stereotyping of women's work
as `feminine' makes women's art a kind of opposition, a structuring category
constructed to ensure never-acknowledged masculine meanings and masculine
dominance. Such a position is for women themselves problematic and
contradictory, but also potentially radical"
"Griselda Pollock, `Feminism, Femininity and the Hayward Annual Exhibition
1978'. Feminist Review, 2, 1979, (p.34).              

Thus women's traditional arts are accorded a new value by the authors. Speaking
about quilts Parker and Pollock write:

`... they are a distinctive form of art with different kinds of relations
between maker and object and between object and viewer and user which, as
William Morris foresaw, are in some ways richer than the relations of making,
using and reception customary in high art.' (p.78)"
"Morris was one of the first modern artists to realise the rich possibilities
of needlework and its historic importance in English culture. Rozsika Parker's
interest in it has flowered in The Subversive Stitch. It is an account of
English needlecraft  different from any other, neither endlessly descriptive,
nor dismissive, nor a `Song of the Shirt' whose only tune is complaint"
""
"Lecturer flies in to pick up his degree  

James Lim Bian Tee flew 3500km to be in Perth today to receive his degree"
"The 56-year-old university lecturer travelled from Penang, in northern 
Malaysia, to the ceremony at the WA College of Advanced Education"
"He had been studying through the college since 1983, but had never set
eyes on the institution before"
"Mr Lim is the first overseas external student in 12 years to collect his
degree in person"
"His wife Anne, who teaches English in Penang, accompanied him"
"The round trip, with accommodation, will cost the couple about $1400, Mr
Lim estimates"
"""It's worth it,"" said Mrs Lim"
"""It is an honour to study here and I felt that personal contact was
important,"" Mr Lim said"
"He took a bachelor's degree in education at the WA CAE because it offered
a speciality in religion"
""
"By Joan London  

Kaye Garrett is late again.  She has rushed into the cabin in her bikini
and thrown her wet towel on my bunk"
"`Have I got time for a ciggie?' she asks, lighting up anyway though she
knows we are First Sitting.  Then she gets down to work.  She circles her
eyes with a sort of white lipstick and dots biscuit-coloured lotion onto
the compass points of her face.  I take this opportunity to slip her towel
onto the floor.  
  `I don't know why you go to all this trouble', Bar Holland calls down
from the top bunk.  `The people on this ship are only interested in food
and sexual intercourse.'
  `Oh?' says Kaye Garrett.  `Why do you say that?'  Her eyes are open very
wide in the mirror but she's not looking at us.  With a little black brush
she is grooming the wing of her lashes.  Does she know that as she does
this her mouth springs open like a fish?
  `Observation',  Bar Holland says.  I hear her yawning.  `I haven't put
it to the test.'
  The dinner chimes crackle over the P.A.  Doors slam up and down the corridor
and a great wave of people calling out and jingling keys seems to rush past
our cabin.  I stand up.  I have been ready for ages"
"Kaye rips off her bikini and reaches into the wardrobe.  `Oh Hull.'  She's
turning to me, she's holding my pink shirt, `Oh Hully, would you mind,
could I please...?'
  I take a breath.  I've practised this.  I was going to say, in a light,
pleasant voice, `Actually Kaye, I'd thought of wearing that myself tomorrow'"
"But when she stands in front of me like this, naked, watching me, as if
she's testing me, I don't know where to look .."
"There is a quick knock and the door swings open.  Kaye screams and clutches
my shirt to her"
"`Sorry ladeez, so sorry ladeez.'  It is Taki, our cabin steward, with
an armful of towels.  He backs out, groping to close the door behind him"
"`Bloody Taki', Kaye says.  She's buttoning up my shirt"
"`Hot Greek blood', calls down Bar"
"`He must have thought we'd gone to dinner', I say.  `We are late.'  In
the mornings I find him waiting outside the door with his mop and duster"
"I say, `I'm sorry.  The other girls are still slee-ping.'  I put my head
on my hands to mime a pillow.  He nods and smiles.  He understands"
"`Oh yeah?' says Kaye.  `He's always barging in.'  She's pulling on a black
skirt, tucking in my shirt.  The pink shirt is part of an ensemble my mother
and I bought after my last day at school.  `For deck games', my mother said"
"Sometimes I think about the Trip as my mother planned it.  It is like another
ship travelling alongside this one, with all its passengers on deck waving
in a friendly sort of way.  There are bound to be some awfully nice types
amongst them, my parents had a ball on their Trip Out, they are waving
but getting hard to see now, the animal throb and grind of this ship is
leaving them behind"
"The lights flicker in the narrow corridors.  We stagger a little as the
ship sways.  Voices are rising in the bars, `Aloha' and `Chelsea', where
the early drinkers have settled in.  As our heels clatter up the stairs
two stewards hiss from a doorway: `Psst!  I love you!'  We look straight
ahead but we giggle.  Don't they know that with us their case is hopeless?
  We part at the doors of the dining-room.  Kaye Garrett sort of glides
in past us, gone for the night"
"`I'll meet you here afterwards', I say to Bar Holland.  If I don't say
this she is quite likely to wander off in her absent-minded way, and then
I am alone for the whole evening.  `Here, okay?'
  `Okay', she says.  She brings her book with her.  She sits at a table
with a big family.  Quite often they are sea-sick and only the father is
there.  He is glad of a bit of peace and quiet, Bar says.  He's quite happy
if she reads between courses"
"My table is for four, on the far side of the dining-room.  I take my usual
seat, next to the German man.  I say Good Evening to him, I have never caught
his name.  He wears a white suit to dinner and has a short white beard"
"He's about my father's age:  it is his eleventh sea voyage.  This is all
I know about him"
"`We thought you were going to miss out on the soup', Marie says from across
the table.  She is a secretary from Wollongong.  `Still not to worry, we've
only just got ours as usual.'  Marie is frustrated by the service on this
ship, especially at the table.  `It's the same old story', she told me,
`the quiet ones get overlooked'"
"`Hi', says Eric, who sits next to her"
"`Try and catch the waiter's eye', Marie advises me, `when he goes to that
big table'"
"But I don't want any soup.  I am trying to think of something to say to
Eric"
"`How did you go at deck-tennis this afternoon?'
  He laughs.  `I got a thrashing.  I'm out of the tournament.  I think I'm
going to have to invent deck-cricket.  Maybe I'd make a better fist of that.'
  I laugh, understandingly.  I know that Eric plays cricket in summer, swims
all year round, likes early Blues and opera, grew up on a farm in northern
New South Wales, has just finished his second year of Law.  I know because
over two weeks' meals I have asked him.  The trouble is, I'm running out
of questions.  He asks me questions too sometimes, often the same questions"
"I've told him three times now that I've just done my matric, that I'm going
to stay with relatives in England"
"`Get a load of that would you', Marie says.  `That big table.  On to the
main course already and we haven't even ordered the entree!'
  `I met another girl from Perth today', Eric says to me.  His nose is
sunburnt, a big nose, he isn't really good-looking.  But the first time
he came to our table and smiled and pulled Marie's chair out for her, I
thought: He's nice. `A blonde girl, Barbara.'
  `Oh, Bar Holland.  She went to school with me.  She shares my cabin.'
  `She seems like quite an original.'
  `Yes.  Well I didn't really get to know her before this trip.  We were
in different classes ...'
  `You can't have any secrets when you share a cabin, I can tell you', Marie
says"
"`Do you share a cabin?'  I ask the German man after a while.  It seems
so terribly rude not to say anything to him for the whole meal"
"`I am alone', the German man replies.  `I prefer.'
  `I think I would too.'  I give a little laugh.  `Not that I've got any
secrets.'
  `Ah', says the German man.  `Without secrets nothing is possible.'
  `What is your cabin number by the way?' Eric asks me"
"`There she is', I say to Bar Holland.  We are taking our after-dinner
stroll around A Deck"
"`Who?'
  `Kaye.  It looks like it's Officers' Night tonight.'
  `Chelsea' is dimly lit, but the pink shirt, the white uniforms around
it, glow in the light from behind the bar"
"`I suppose it's a good way to learn Greek', I say, climbing up the ladder
onto Boat Deck behind Bar Holland.  There is a railing at the front of Boat
Deck, past the funnels, where we always stand.  It is as high and far as
you can go"
"I want to talk about Kaye Garrett with Bar, but something holds me back"
"`All that make-up', I want to say, `do you think she looks hard?  Do you
think she looks older than seventeen?  I think swearing is unfeminine. 
Does she swear in front of men?  What is sex-appeal anyway?  She's got lots
of nice clothes herself, I don't know why she ...'
  It is quieter up here, we are further away from the engine, you can even
hear the crisp breaking of the wake, white in the black sea.  The wind blows
back Bar Holland's beach-white hair from her long, stern, chin.  Her eyelashes
are white too, so that her stare beyond the ship seems unblinking.  I wish
that I was like Bar Holland, my mind on higher things"
"`Think I'll go down and read', she says"
"`Yes', I say, `I must finish my letter'"
"Music has started up in the ballroom.  The soft thud of the drum, the
even ripple of the piano.  `Leesten', the singer's voice crackles as he
adjusts the microphone, `do you want to know a see-gret?'
  Corridor by corridor we descend the ship"
"We went to the ballroom once, on our first night aboard.  Kaye was with
us then.  We sat at a table by the dance-floor and ordered drinks.  `To
us', Kaye said.  The band, in midnight-blue tuxedos, winked and bowed at
us.  There was a solo on the electric guitar, the theme song from `Bonanza'"
"A middle-aged couple danced a professional tango under the swirling gold
hexagons of the dome in the middle of the ceiling.  
  `Oh my God', Kaye Garrett said, `This is dire.'
  But after a while the ballroom filled with people, Second Sitting people"
"The band took off their coats.  The dance floor thronged, lights dimmed,
shadows raced around the walls.  A white uniform bowed before Kaye.  She
got up slowly, her face was severe over his shoulder as they circled the
floor.  Bar Holland and I sipped our drinks, islanded amongst empty tables
and chairs.  Bar Holland stood up"
"`I'm going', she said.  `I'm bored.'
  We made a great show of fanning ourselves on the deck, of gasping for
fresh air"
"`Who do you write all these letters to?' Bar Holland's bunk creaks above
me as she changes position, sighs, flicks pages.  I look at my watch.  9.30"
"We have made our descent too early.  But there's no going back.  That would
be against our code, our anti-ship stance.  And I've already rollered up
my hair"
"`Oh - my parents mainly', I say"
"`S'pose I ought to drop the folks a line', says Bar.  `But what do you
say?  ""I am eating, sleeping and reading.  Fondest regards"".'
  `I'm sure they'd like to know how you are.'
  The bunk thumps.  Bar Holland's legs wave past me.  She crouch-lands on
the floor.  `They know I'm alive', she says.  `The rest is just - role play.'
  `But your parents - well, they feel for you', I say from the shadows of
my bunk"
`Do they?'  She is walking up and down the cabin breast-stroking the air
"`How do you know what you feel if you just keep on spouting off your lines?'
Her voice trails off, she yawns.  `Anyway', she mutters, `I don't seem to
go in for feelings'"
"There's a knock at the door.  I shrink back clutching my rollers.  Bar
Holland opens it an inch.  Her blouse at the back is hanging out of her
skirt.  Her hair is fizzed into a little crown from lying down"
"`Oh it's you', she says.  She sounds almost angry.  `Oh all right, why
not.'  She reaches for her key on the dressing table"
It's Eric
"You should see me now, I write, lying back next to the swimming pool!  I
pause.  This is more or less the case.  It was a relief to see this empty
deckchair as I picked my way through all those brown oily bodies.  `Yes
dear, come and join me', the old lady in the next chair said.  She's asleep
now.  We're not all that far from the pool.  The weather is perfect, everybody
is here.  I waved to Kaye Garrett but she didn't see me.  She's amongst
a very lively crowd of people.  Marie waves though, from under her big sunhat,
while another girl rubs cream into her shoulders"
""
"A rural renaissance? Towards socialist agriculture for Australia. By Geoffrey Lawrence  

   Australian agriculture is in a state of disarray marked by
commodity price fluctuations, increasingly severe cost/price
pressures, conflicting and often contradictory government
policies, and market instability. The `family farms' are
decreasing in number and a high proportion of those remaining
are uneconomic. Poverty and pollution are as familiar as
prosperity and profit in an industry which is both economically
vulnerable and environmentally damaging"
"To date little has been done to inform the farming
community, or the general public, of the social and economic
costs of continuing with capitalist agriculture; virtually
nothing has been done in the way of examining alternatives to
the present system. Yet the future shape of agriculture and
rural society should be a topic of vital concern to those
seeking to develop a rational and humane social system in
Australia"
"It is not my intention to provide a critique of the
existing system of agricultural production but, rather, to
focus upon the possibilities for the development of a socialist
agriculture highlighting those groups which may support a major
change in agricultural policy"
"Features of a Socialist Strategy  

Although there remains fundamental, and often bitter,
disagreement about the structure and operation (and, indeed,
the political likelihood) of a future socialist Australia,
there are a number of basic propositions to which most of those
who consider themselves part of the socialist movement would
agree. These include the desirability of the replacement of
the capitalist system of economic and social organisation with
a socialist system, the liberation of wage workers from what
are judged to be oppressive and exploitative conditions of
capitalist production, and the establishment of a worker state"
"In an ideal-typical sense socialism has, as some of its goals:

‚2 eventual abolition of the private ownership of property
(with ownership being vested in the state);
‚2 utilisation of the so-called forces of production (technology
and knowledge) for the benefit of all;
‚2 overcoming specific problems such as environmental pollution,
unemployment, poverty, and sexual inequality (problems seen to
arise from the capitalist accumulation process and the
capitalist relations of production);
‚2 development of the capacity for worker participation and
eventual self-management in decision-making; and
‚2 removal of the unnecessary division between mental and manual
work, and between town and country"
"These goals would have to be give prime consideration in the
restructuring of agriculture and of the wider social system"
"Other policies would need to address the particular problems
currently generated by capitalist agriculture"
"(a) Overcoming Existing
Inequalities  

Most people would agree that in a country as rich as Australia
there should be no poverty or unemployment. Yet unemployment,
one of the major determinants of poverty, continues to grow in
rural towns and in the cities and its social effects are
widespread and profound"
"Country areas are characterised by demand deficiency
unemployment - there is simply no work available for those who
are seeking it. Unemployment in the rural occupations such as
farm labouring, shearing and property management, has
increased fourfold in the past ten years, while the number of
job vacancies has decreased by half over the same period"
"At the beginning of 1984 some 42,000 people were looking for
farm work. This corresponds to a rate of unemployment in the
rural sector of about 26% - well over double the national rate"
"The situation has not improved. During 1984 a further 7,000
rural workers lost their jobs and it was predicted that, with
falling incomes in agriculture, at least another 4,000 jobs
would be lost during 1985. Over 40% of all unemployed
Australians live outside the big cities. Rural youth and
married women are two groups severely penalised by the lack of
job opportunities in rural areas. Disguised unemployment among
females has reached a level as high as 30% in some parts of
NSW"
"A radical analysis of unemployment is based upon the
realisation that capitalism requires a ""reserve army"" of 
unemployed persons who can act to dampen the effects of wage
demands, particularly in periods of capitalist expansion"
"Should the unemployment problem worsen it will be imperative
for socialists to promote the desirability of work alternatives
including a shorter working week, job sharing, more acceptable
life-style options (including multiple occupancy of rural and
urban properties) and state-initiated employment
opportunities. These options will be crucial for rural
Australia where the rate of unemployment is higher, the
duration of unemployment longer, and the effects of
unemployment arguably more severe, than in metropolitan areas"
"Socialist agricultural policy would have to deal with the
problem of poverty amongst farmers. Up until this year the farm
poverty level has wavered between 15% and 20%. With
predictions by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics (BAE) of a
further erosion in farm incomes for 1985/6 it is more than
likely that one in five farmers will remain below the poverty
line. As the first step in the transition from capitalism to
socialism the small (often inefficient) farmers disadvantaged
under existing state policies could be paid an income
supplement to bring them up to a reasonable standard of living"
"University of New England sociologists engaged in the Henderson
Poverty study recommended the introduction of a ""farm
household relief scheme"" to allow cash payments to farmers
whose incomes fell below the poverty line. But others have
argued that this ""welfare"" solution is out of touch with
farmers' attitudes regarding the acceptance of charity"
"One of the more sensible suggestions to aid the poor, and
ageing, farmers was proposed by a Melbourne academic. A central
funding agency would be established to purchase the farm, pay
off debts and provide an annuity or pension to adult partners
who chose to live and work on the farm. The pension would be
indexed to the cost of living but be reduced by a certain
percentage on the death of either partner. In this way the farm
couple would have full control over the property until the
death of either partner, at which time the person remaining
might continue to run the property or could, while retaining
the house and a small living area, hand over the farm to this
government agency which provided the pension. Upon the death of
both partners the farm would become the property of the state"
"While this proposal has gained conditional support amongst
some policy analysts, it would, as a move toward increased
state intervention in agriculture, directly challenge the
operation of free market forces in rural property exchange"
"Furthermore, despite the recent rallies and political protests
of `middle' rural Australia, the non-metropolitan poor do not
have a strong voice . As one commentator noted there is ""little
political mileage in... (solving) country Australia's ugliest
festering problem.""
   Rural, and for that matter urban, unemployment would need to
be tackled by an integrated programme of industrial
decentralisation and regional development. Urban centres,
overcrowded and economically inefficient in terms of public
utility expenditure have grown in size, not because of the
desires of workers but because of the needs of capital. Some
State governments have recognised that without population
reduction the cities will continue to produce pollution, crime
and an increasingly restrictive lifestyle for their
inhabitants. Not surprisingly, a survey of attitudes of Sydney
residents revealed that 51% those surveyed would have preferred
to live in a smaller city, or in the country. Surveys have also
shown a strong reluctance of rural dwellers to leave the
country for the city. Yet there is nothing inevitable about
the growth of cities or the movement of people from rural to
urban areas. These trends have been caused by the decision of
capitalists to locate industries where they can obtain maximum
profits. But, on the basis of the continuing social malaise of
urban centres and the obvious desires of people to move to
centres providing a better lifestyle, a socialist government
could, and should, introduce policies which aim to relocate the
population. In the Australian context this would mean the re
development of many of the country towns which have become
rundown as farmers have left the land. The socialist state,
exhibiting a higher degree of control over productive
resources, would be able to ""match"" jobs and people thereby
improving employment prospects for rural and urban dwellers
alike"
"An ambitious regional development policy may look towards
eliminating institutions such as the States, and many of the
small and inefficient local government organisations. Regional
policy, determined by elected councils of workers in the best
position to judge and co-ordinate regional and local needs,
would allow for the operation of a grass-roots system of
resource allocation. this would be an obvious way to
decentralise power and encourage participation by the rural
populace. It would aid in regional self-determination and allow
for the implementation of local solutions for local problems. A co-
ordinated development plan would ensure that suitable
industries were located where rural unemployment was a major
concern, even if some expenses were involved in subsidising
the growth of those industries. Under socialism the interests
of those currently suffering poverty and unemployment could be
placed ahead of profit criteria in the allocation of resources
and in general policy decisions"
"(b) Promoting Syndication  

A coherent regional development policy embracing job-creation
schemes and devolution of state administrative powers would
only be part of the answer to the problem of rural poverty"
"While assisting the poor and unemployed in rural towns it may
not solve farm poverty. So, on a broad front, the regional plan
could encourage the development of co-operatives, allowing
farmers to share skills, knowledge and equipment. Regional
bodies could provide financial assistance to those who wished
to pool their resources - that is, to help those who were
willing to join a farm syndicate. A large proportion of farmers
may not need much encouragement to take this step. Although
there are presently less than 20 full-production syndicates
operating in Australia, it appears that syndication reduces
plant capital costs, enables production increases, and reduces
average yield fluctuations. In one survey farmers who had
joined syndicates said that while they lost some individual
decision-making powers, they gained from involvement in co-
operative work and enjoyed their increased independence from
continuous on-farm duties. Syndication removed job pressure and
enabled credit borrowing at a higher level. It allowed for
rational development planning and helped to spread the risks,
and skills, of farming. Importantly, those participating found
that gains outweighed any losses - something corroborated in
a number of overseas studies. As one agricultural commentator,
not given to radical thought, has suggested, "" if agriculture
is to maintain its present vital role in the Australian economy
co-operation offers about the only feasible road to follow ."
". I can see no long term future in Australia for the individual
farmer who stand alone, reliant solely upon his resources of
land, capital and labour.""

   For those farmers voluntarily joining such co-operative
ventures the state could underwrite any short-term adjustment
difficulties. The socialist state could, as a preliminary step
in the development of sound regional agricultural economy, aid
the co-operatives by providing seed varieties and animal types
which promised the best results. The state could selectively
discriminate between, and encourage the use of, those chemical
inputs which were least harmful to the environment. The
cost/price squeeze, presently the curse of farming, could be
averted by state purchase of machinery for co-operatives, and
the subsidisation of those pesticides and fertilisers which had
been proven safe for farm use. The state could also encourage
diversification in agriculture by promoting research, and
economic management policies, designed to develop an
ecologically sound and efficient commodity ""mix"""
"Research funding may be re-directed toward wind and solar
generated power to meet farm energy requirements, and towards
biological control of pests and insects. Extension workers, as
cadres of the state, could promote the adoption of socially
desirable agricultural practices and engender the ideas of co-
operation among farmers. In the regional context this would lead to the
development of agricultural self-sufficiency in many products, and the
export of other products which the region, for climatic or soil reasons,
could best produce"
""
"Thistle control by grazing management By Steve Davidson  

Spear thistle seems to flourish particularly well in grazed pastures where
soil fertility is high. To find out why, scientists compared its population
dynamics in grazed and ungrazed pastures - and they have come up with some
strategies for control"
"Introduced from Europe more than a century ago, spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare)
is now widespread in Australia. Despite its attractive purple-flowering
heads, the species has won few admirers, being declared a noxious weed in
New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. A prickly customer
also known as bull or black thistle, it is particularly common in pastures
of high-rainfall areas. 
  Spear thistle is usually biennial; it flowers in its second year then
dies. The seeds, shed in late summer or autumn, typically germinate after
the first substantial drop of rain and by spring the plants take the form
of small rosettes. In late spring of their second year the rosettes undergo
a radical change - they `bolt', sending up tall stems that, by mid summer,
bear 10-200 globular flowering heads"
"In pastures, dense stands of spear thistle can prove impenetrable to
livestock and man alike. Even after their full 2-year term, the dead spiny
plants often remain standing for a further 1-2 years - obstructing stock
and lowering wool quality"
"A New Zealand researcher recently reported that in the first year (of
a 2-year study) every extra thistle per square metre of pasture reduced
the liveweight gain of young sheep by 1.68 kg between November and March"
"However, in the next year - when the sheep were 1 year older, thistles less
abundant, and more feed was available - he found no significant correlation"
"Application of a herbicide to control thistles - one that also reduced
the clover content of the pasture - was counterproductive. In the first
year, it actually reduced sheep liveweight gains to the same extent as a
thistle density of 1.67 per sq. metre because the clover content of the
pasture was temporarily reduced. A more specific herbicide did control
the weed without depressing liveweight gains, but chemical treatment is
both costly and time-consuming"
"The expense of herbicide treatment and the fact that spear thistle
infestations are mostly a nuisance in pasture land has prompted interest
in controlling them by grazing. The trouble is, thistles seem to be worse
in grazed pastures of high fertility than in ungrazed ones. They can even
be used as above-ground indicators of soil fertility. So what hope do we
have of stamping out the weed by grazing management?
  Dr Frank Forcella of the CSRIO Division of Plant Industry and Dr Helen Wood
of the Riverina-Murray Institute of Higher Education recently addressed
this question with a 3-year study into the effects of sheep on spear thistle
populations. They were particularly interested in how grazing affects the
various stages in the life cycle of the plant and its competitive ability
in the pasture community. Why do thistle prosper in grazed paddocks? The
scientists also investigated how the timing of herbicide applications
influences thistle numbers and assessed the use of grazing pressure, or
withholding of it, as a control measure"
"Demography: vital statistics  

For their field work, the researchers chose a heavily infested annual pasture
of red brome, annual ryegrass, sub clover, and fescues at the Ginninderra
Experiment Station, near Canberra. To examine the effects of grazing, in
1981 they divided the pasture into two plots: one was left ungrazed for
the next 3 years, the other was stocked with sheep whenever forage was
available"
"By mapping the location of seedlings and rosettes in prescribed areas of
the plots, by tagging rosettes, and by recording the progress of these
individual plants at monthly intervals, the researchers determined the usual
fate of thistles, both with and without grazing. They also recorded peak
thistle densities each year, and counted the seeds trapped in sticky traps
placed in each plot, the number of flowering heads on mature plants, and
later the number of viable seeds in the fruiting heads - adding up the
thistledown. At senescence, the plants were weighed"
"To see whether herbicide is best applied when thistle populations are
suffering high natural mortality or in seasons when their probability of
death is low, the researchers ran an additional experiment in the grazed
plot. They sprayed small replicated plots with dicamba herbicide on 31 March
1983, 30 June '83, 30 September '83, or 3 January '84, leaving one set of
plots untreated to act as a control. Densities of any seedling, rosette,
and adult thistles were determined before spraying and again in all plots
in February 1984. As fruiting heads matured, the scientists counted the
seeds produced"
"Seedling competition  

They also set up a series of seedling competition experiments in a
glasshouse, sowing two thistle seeds and two annual ryegrass seeds in the
same pots, and thistles together with sub clover in a second group of pots"
Thistles were also sown (four per pot) in the absence of a second species
"Various clipping treatments were imposed on the competing plants (not the
thistles) in the two-species pots to imitate grazing by stock, and half
the pots in each group received additional nitrogen. After 10 weeks, the
scientists dried and weighed the shoots and roots of the plants"
"Results of the study indicate that undisturbed pasture plants make life
extremely difficult for thistles. Sheep complicate matters by their selective
grazing and by inadvertently trampling on pasture plants and early life-stages
of the thistle"
"Initial (1980/81) densities of seedlings, rosettes, and adult thistles
as well as adult plant size were comparable in the two paddocks. But within
a year thistles in the sheep-stocked pasture, in which the more palatable
species has been grazed, were larger, bore more flowering heads, and produced
more seeds per head than those in the ungrazed pasture where competition
was presumably stronger. However, effects of sheep on thistle population
densities as a whole only became apparent after a few years. By 1983/84, all
life stages of the thistle from seed to adult were more abundant in the grazed
than in the ungrazed pasture (see the table at the foot of page 17)"
"Grazing favours thistles - usually  

Looking at population survival, we see that thistles suffer a sort of mid-life
crisis, with the transition from seedling to rosette proving much more
hazardous than transitions from seed to seedling and rosette to adult. Whereas
10% of thistle seeds germinate successfully in ungrazed pasture to produce
seedlings, and 49% of rosettes successfully graduate to adulthood, only
0.2% of seedlings survive to form rosettes. In each case sheep aggravate
the situation, but particularly in the transition from seedling to rosette
where the success rate in grazed pasture (1%) exceeds that in ungrazed pasture
by a factor of 5 (see the table of transitions on this page)"
"It seems that grazing of the non-thistle component of pastures promotes
survival of young thistles, and this is probably due mainly to lessened
competition from nearby plants after grazing - an indirect effect of sheep"
"This view is strengthened by the findings of the glasshouse competition
experiments. Thistles sharing pots with sub clover or annual ryegrass weighed
less than those growing only with their comrades. Clipping of sub clover
invariably promoted growth of the associated thistles, while in the
ryegrass-thistle pots clipping had more complicated effects (see the table
opposite)"
"The effect of competition from pasture plants is also reflected in the
observation that thistles in the ungrazed pasture suffered high mortality
during periods optimal for growth - autumn and spring - and by earlier research
conducted on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales by Mr John George
and his colleagues, of the then CSIRO Division of Animal Physiology. They
found that fewer spear thistles invaded perennial pastures if there was
a lot of plant cover, and they attributed this to competition from grasses"
Thistles tend to falter when the going gets tough
"During severe drought in 1982 and early 1983, sheep also had a direct
effect on the thistle population. Thistles were the only green plants
available to sheep and the rosettes were heavily grazed and trampled from
early winter until the sheep were removed in October. As a result, adult
thistles in the unstocked pasture significantly outnumbered those in the
grazed pasture that year"
"Thistle Management  

Do the combined results help formulate strategies for the control of spear
thistle in the Mediterranean-like grass-clover pastures of southern Australia?
Dr Forcella and Dr Wood suggest that since seedling mortality is naturally
very high after autumn rain - when competition from pasture plants is strong
- this is probably the best time to hit the weed with herbicide. Temporarily
removing stock from thistle-infested paddocks in autumn should further reduce
the number of seedlings surviving to the rosette stage"
"The study also showed that in a Mediterranean climate, at least, herbicides
like dicamba are best applied in autumn for control of seedlings and rosettes
and to depress summer seed production. This is when thistles are making
rapid growth conducive to herbicide action, and in winter and summer large
rosettes and mature plants can screen seedlings from the spray"
"In Tasmania, research by the Department of Agriculture indicated that
slender thistle (Carduus pyconocephalus and C. tenuiflorus), both usually
annuals, can also be controlled by deferral of autumn grazing. In this case,
thistles competing for light in tall (ungrazed) autumn pasture become
elongated, lush, and less prickly and so tend to be eaten by sheep in winter
and spring"
"Findings of the competition experiments also suggest that promoting the
growth of annual ryegrass rather than sub clover will depress spear thistle
under grazing. This can be achieved by using a herbicide toxic to both the
thistle and to clover (such as dicamba), although a New Zealand scientist
found that under the conditions of his experiment this depreseed lamb growth
rates. If possible, ploughing the pasture to a depth of 5-10 cm in May or
June will tend to have a similar effect on pasture composition"
So to grasp the nettle: avoid grazing thistle-infested paddocks in autumn..
"and, with luck, watch those seedlings disappear. If you intend to use
herbicides, autumn looks the best time to spray"
""
"Young get help on technology  

  A project aimed at helping young people cope with 
technological change was launched today at the Futures in 
Education Conference in Melbourne"
"The Commission for the Future and the Australian Bicentennial 
Authority have joined forces to develop an educational program to 
remove the mystery from science and technology"
"The resource kit will cover issues of widespread community 
concern - future of work, information technology, environment, biotechnology 
and the cultural effects of technological change"
"The conference, which has attracted leaders from the fields of 
education, business and trade unions from overseas and around 
Australia, will look at the contribution of education to economic 
recovery"
""
"North and South a feast for the east  

THIS week Channel 9 will test the staying power of those who like their
chicken southern-fried and served with the works"
"For this is the week of North and South, the 12-hour lavishly packaged
American drama, sorry, megadrama, which Nine will screen in two-hour episodes
over an exhausting six nights beginning tonight at 8.30 pm"
"The series is based on John Jakes' novel about two families, the Mains,
plantation owners from South Carolina, and the Hazards, Pennsylvania
industrialists, and set during the 20 years leading up to the Civil War"
"The two sons, Orry Main and George Hazard, meet at West Point Military
academy. Despite opposing views on slavery, they develop a close friendship,
uniting the two families"
"A warning - there is a sequel called North and South Book II based on
Jakes' second novel, Love and War. This was screened in the US earlier this
year but goodness knows when it will make it to the screen here"
"Not that this first series has a Return to Eden ending. There is, however,
a niggling feeling of dissatisfaction at the end of things not quite resolved"
A few scenes blatantly point to the second series
"But North and South draws you in rather like The Wedding - no, no, I am
not going to watch it, but yes, yes, okay, so I did right up until The Kiss
on the balcony"
"It's a high class soap, with honourable goodies and perfectly horrid
baddies, complicated and schmaltzy love stories, duels, southern drawls,
heaving bosoms (and ripped bodices), slave whippings, lavish costumes,
rich locations and a gaggle of guest stars who between them must have taken
a quite a chunk of $US25 million budget"
"The most notable of these is Elizabeth Taylor but it also includes Johnny
Cash, Olivia Cole, Morgan Fairchild, Robert Guillaume, Robert Mitchum,
Jean Simmons, David Ogden Stiers, Gene Kelly, Inga Swenson and Hal Holbrook"
"Some such as Taylor, who plays a whorehouse madame, appear very late in
the series and then for only about five minutes. As Taylor said when asked
what she thought of her character: ""There's not really enough of her to
think about, is there?""
  Most of the acting falls to relative newcomers Patrick Swayze and James
Read, who play Orrie and George, and a team of new and familiar faces
including Lesley-Anne Down, Kirstie Alley, Philip Casnoff, David Carradine,
Terri Garber and Temi Le Anne Epstein"
"They are an attractive hardworking ensemble, easy on the eye and adept
at handling the plot tangents and convolutions of this long, long series"
"So, what the heck. If you have 12 hours to spare, put your feet up and
over-indulge. War and Peace it is not but then again, in these grim times,
maybe that's a blessing"
""
"From the floor Susan Hely  

AUSTRALIAN share markets finished the week on a firm note, unmoved by the
record one-day falls on the Tokyo and New York share markets and negative
news of Moody's credit re-rating"
"The All Ordinaries index closed only marginally weaker - down 2.6 points
at 1235.9 after a bout of profit-taking in gold and industrial shares"
"Analysts pointed to overseas buying of blue chip miners, which appear
attractive in light of a low Australian dollar, and firm gold stocks as
the main impetus for the markets resilience"
"Of note was the strength of Woolworths' share price following a 90 per
cent fall in profit for the first half.  Takeover speculation halted a share
price slide as the New Zealand group, Chase Corporation, is believed to
have added a further 2 per cent to its 3 per cent holding on Thursday when
it bought a line of 4.38 million Woolworths shares"
"Ron Brierley's Industrial Equity Ltd appeared to acquire some 724,480
Adelaide Advertiser shares on Friday, a trade representing 1.4 per cent
of the company.  This acquisition is particularly interesting given IEL's
recent purchase of a 5 per cent holding in Herald and Weekly Times"
""
"Japan acts against dumping TOKYO:   

The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) has started 
surveillance on the export prices of seven popular types of semiconductors in 
a bid to prevent dumping, MITI officials said last week. 
  The items under the strict surveillance, which started on October 1, were 
DRAM, EPROM, SRAM, ECL Logic and RAM, and microprocessors and controllers, 
they said"
"Under the system, Japanese manufacturers have to submit export details on 
each contract.  
  Japan and the United States agreed in August to prevent the dumping of 
Japanese-made semiconductors on the US market"
""
"Sack fear ties hands: union  

SHOP assistants feared the sack for industrial action, a Shop Distributive
and Allied Employees union organiser said yesterday"
"Ms Margaret Bennett said many were married women with children who had
to support their families"
"""The boss will walk into the office and say anyone who goes to the protest
rally is out,"" she said"
"One casual at Kmart, Toowomba, who declined to be named, said yesterday
she lived 20km from work and could not get transport late at night or afford
a late-night babysitter"
"""The employers aren't going to pay your taxi fare home like they do in
the public service,"" she said"
"""I didn't tell my employer I was going to the union meeting today because
they can sack casuals any time."" 
  She was not confident staff would back the union call to stop work for
a mass rally next Thursday"
"""Even the permanents are afraid of losing their jobs, and the juniors
are fresh out of school and won't speak up"
"""If we withdrew our labor, there's plenty of people on the dole or on
school holidays who would step in.""
  Ms Bennett said a permanent worker under 16 was paid $124.80 a week. 
""Many have said if they had to work odd hours they may as well go on the
dole"
"""Single mothers may have to go on to supporting parent's benefits because
they can't leave their children at night,"" she said"
"Another casual said she would be afraid to walk 300 m to her car alone
after working late"
"Ms Bennett said:  ""The Government has not considered the effects of
deregulation on ordinary people's lives"
""
"Forgive and forget?  

  RE  Nigel Jackson's letter (Forgive And Forget, 2/10), if it were not so
sad I could have laughed"
"As a little girl in England, the little Christian children constantly
reminded me that I had killed Jesus.  This was taught in Sunday school and
they didn't love me and they never forgave me"
"Wasn't I lucky not to have lived in Europe?  I might not have been here
to read Mr Jackson's plea to love and forgive my enemies as they have failed
to do after almost 2000 years"
"LILY GILD
Yokine, WA   

  THE attitude of ""forgive and forget"" Nazi war criminals overlooks the
vital point - justice"
"If large-scale and systematic atrocities are left unpunished then we are
saying that this behaviour is acceptable.  
  It is not the revenge of crimes committed that is the issue, but upholding
the moral code of justice which underlies Western societies"
"UNA BELL
Mundaring, WA Plague of 'wimmin' creatures 

  SIR - I am appalled that the Government is allowing ratbags and fringe
dwellers to camp on the lawns of Parliament House in this nation's capital"
"Is this the sort of image of Australians we wish to show the world?
 The sooner the Government invests in a water cannon and blasts these
creatures off the lawns and into Lake Burley Griffin the better. On second 
thoughts, the lake is already polluted enough"
"Maybe they ought to be ploughed into the lawn to help in its fertilisation
when it has to be replanted after the illegal encampment is removed"
"C.W.ALLEN Cremorne, NSW 


  THE plague of ""wimmin"" creatures which has infested the lawns outside
Parliament House is not a phenomenon which is unique to Australia.  Similar
outbreaks have occurred elsewhere in the Western world in recent years"
"What does, however, make the present pestilence different is that the
""wimmin"" parasites are being sustained by Australian taxpayers through
the dole and supporting parents(?) benefits"
"They have even been given a grant by the Hawke Government to encourage
their disgraceful behaviour!
 
 J.K.McWILLIAM Bardon, Qld 

  I WAS disgusted to read about the campers at Parliament House.  What
hypocritical and degrading behaviour!  These are the ""wimmin"" who give women
a bad name.  I, for one, refuse to be identified with them in any way"
"M>FISCHER PerthAn artistic balancing act 

  PREMIER John Cain took the opportunity of the Premier's Literary Awards
to attack the Australia Council claiming that Sydney writers had an unfair
advantage over their Melbourne colleagues.  A strange line of argument
from a Victorian Premier who was presenting four of a total of five literary
awards to writers from outside his State"
"The presence of so many ""out of State"" writers among those in receipt
of these prestigious awards clearly demonstrates the fact that literary
merit is not channelled within State or civic boundaries whatever might
be the political requirements"
"As a contrasting example, more of the Literature Board's support for
publishing goes to publishers in Melbourne, reflecting that city's leading
role in this activity"
"Mr Cain's attacks on the council must now have something of a hollow ring,
particularly for Victorian writers"
"Considerable effort is made in all artforms to ensure a balance of members
are appointed from among the various States"
"Currently there are 15 members from Victoria among a total of 57 appointed
to the boards of the council"
"Victorian members thus comprise 26.3 per cent of all board members which
compares favourably with the State's national population proportion of
26.2 per cent"
"On a number of boards - Aboriginal Arts, Community Arts, Music and Visual
Arts - there are more members appointed from Victoria than NSW."
"The assessment of Literature Board grants for 1985 and 1986 involved,
respectively, panels of 18 and 17 board members and external experts
including in each year five writers from Victoria.  On a population basis,
Victoria comprises 26 per cent of the national total; in both 1985 and 1986,
Victoria's representation on the panels was slightly above its national
population proportion"
"While an appropriate balance of State members is an important consideration
in the selection of assessment panels, other factors must be taken into
account in the final decisions on grants"
"These include national overview, gender balance, support for younger and
older writers and for different writing genres (from poetry to biography)"
"These criteria must, of course, be satisfied within the overriding requirement
that work assessed must show literary merit"
"The Australia Council is proud of its record in balancing these diverse
factors in its pursuit of its national arts support programs.  The use
of peer group assessment panels, which bring together artists from across
the country, is a crucial mechanism to ensure that decisions on the allocation
of government support for the arts are free from regional, political or
other bias"
"DI YERBURY
General Manager 
Australia Council
North Sydney, NSWJob priority for married men 

  I AGREE with W. Hawke's statement (Briefs. 17/10) that married men should
be given priority in the workforce over married women who have a husband
on a good wage.  People say they work just to live, but one has only to
look into the trolleys at supermarkets to see the unnecessary junk food
piled high.  It is a crime when families are starving because a man cannot
get a job"
"MARY HILL
Lakemba, NSWNazi witch-hunt 

BEING of German extraction it makes me envious to see how good the Latvian
community stands up for itself against the Nazi witch-hunt and can only
hope the Germans do likewise"
"What is media reporting coming to when it can take hearsay and
unsubstantiated evidence as being historically true? Much of the so-called
evidence on war crimes has been proven not to be true by revisionists
and historians in the past"
"Where will Australia be in the future if all ethnic minorities bring their
grievances here and then expect Australians to be a multicultural society"
"REINHARD
ASCHENBRENNER
Upper Ferntree Gully, VicPlus factor 

  NICE things do happen in, through and because of the letters page, so take a
bow, Ed!"
"A certain, gentle, humorous voice By Gina Mercer  

PATRICK White says he hopes to live to see Janet Frame with the Nobel Prize
for literature. He names her third volume of autobiography, the Envoy From
Mirror City, as one of the best books to appear in 1985"
"So what has occasioned White's unusual praise, and the high sales recorded
by the autobiographies of a fairly obscure New Zealand novelist?
  First, Frame has led a fascinating life in many ways. Some of her experiences
are the sort most of us have nightmares about, but fortunately never have
to go through. Apart from the facts of Frame's life though, these
autobiographies appeal because they are accessible and direct. There is
no sense of Frame writing from the position of ""great author"". No sense
of her pretentiously recording her literary development, or that of her
""inner soul"", for posterity"
"Rather, a steady, straightforward voice comes off the page. One which
involves the reader irresistibly as it sets about exploring and questioning
the experiences it describes. Its tone is consistently certain, gentle
and humorous. For example:
  ""I completed my first visit to a foreign land by drinking my first bottle
of Coca Cola with as much reverence as if I were sipping wine in church"
"One needs to be reminded that in the late...50s Coca Cola had an aura of
magic, of promise, as a symbol to many outside the United States...of all
that was essentially American, generous, good, dollar-flavoured, new-world,
bathed in the glow of a country's morning that was not yet tarnished by
the scrutiny of daylight.""
  Here Frame is taking herself back to a time of naivety, exploring her 
feelings in the 50s, yet with some illumination from her current perspective. 
She is not so much reminding us of what the 50s meant, as reminding, and wondering
at, herself"
"In her first volume of autobiography, To The IsLand (Women's Press 1984),
Frame describes her childhood in a small, depressingly conservative town
in the South Island of New Zealand. The Frame family was close-knit, poor
and different"
"An Angel at My Table (Women's Press 1984), the second volume, begins as
Janet Frame leaves home to train as a schoolteacher. It covers the period
when, between the ages of 20 and 30, she spent eight years in mental hospitals,
classified as incurably insane"
How she got into such a situation makes horrifying and fascinating reading
"Frame also describes her sensational release from hospital only a few months
before a scheduled leucotomy"
"Her third volume, The Envoy From Mirror City, begins a few years after
this miraculous release. It is 1956 and Frame is 32 years-old. Her first
long fiction, Owls Do Cry, has been published amid high praise and controversy"
"Her dream of being a writer at last seeming a real possibility, she sets
off on her first overseas journey. The journey is inevitably one of
self-exploration. But given her previous experiences, this is no ordinary
self being explored"
"In a recent interview, Frame explained that as she wrote each episode
down, she tried to take herself back to how she felt at the time. The
description of her first sexual encounter, for example, is both comic
and poignant"
"With her second love affair, the tone changes. There is greater distance
as the young Janet Frame obviously (and amusingly) felt worldly wise, and
quite ""experienced"" in the second encounter. In this case, El Vici, an
itinerant worker in Andorra had fallen in love with her, and was planning
a life for them which took no account of Frame the writer. 
  ""I thought of the day's conversation with El Vici...and felt a chill
alarm...at the prospect of my future life...working in vineyards, or helping
in the fur shop, perhaps living in poverty, trying to take care of los 
crios... Certainly I would be living within the world of the old masters
but in a world where the cherubs cried and wet their nappies, where bunches
of grapes moved and grew and must be picked, in millions, not merely enough
to fill a bowl lit by an everlasting shaft of golden light; where dimly
lit rooms with all their wonderful play of light and shadow must be lived
in, cleaned...and made weatherproof.""
  To escape El Vici, Janet Frame caught a train back to London and never
replied to his pleading postcards. She even bought a return ticket, to convince
him of her good intentions, having first checked to make sure she could
recoup her money if she didn't use the return segment! Here is an honest
and good-humoured depiction of Frame's struggle with the chronic passivity
brought on by her earlier experiences. A struggle with which most women
can identify, and from which Frame finally emerges triumphant"
"Frame's honesty and humour are what make the Envoy From Mirror City readable
and enjoyable. It is the struggle she had to undergo which makes her
autobiographies engrossing"
"One struggle Frame was obviously keen to win was that of abolishing the
image of herself as ""mad writer"". While in London she admitted herself
to yet another mental hospital (a brave move considering her earlier
experiences), in order to find out whether she had, or ever had had,
schizophrenia. After weeks of tests, observations, and heated debate, the
London psychiatrists decided:
  ""Sir Aubrey gave the verdict. I had never suffered from schizophrenia,
he said. I should never have been admitted to a mental hospital. Any problems
I now experienced were mostly a direct result of my stay in hospital. I
smiled. `Thank you,' I said shyly, formally, as if I had won a prize.""
  All those years of unnecessary suffering, and yet Frame shows no signs
of bitterness or resentment. Perhaps she is not being completely honest
here, but in this sense I doubt whether any autobiography is complete. Frame
does admit, however, to ambiguous feelings at being ""stripped"" of the
protection (albeit dubious), of the label ""schizophrenic"""
"At the end of her seven years' travel she feels able to return to New
Zealand to begin a literary mapping of her own country. The Envoy From Mirror
City is circular (who says an honest tale should have no shape?) in that
it ends, as it began, with a sea voyage. The difference is that Frame returns
home as a recognised writer. More importantly, she returns as a woman who
not only accepts, but treasures, her difference from others, and no longer
desperately seeks to ""fit in"""
""
"The appalling talent of the volatile Ken Russell JOHN BAXTER profiles the unpredictable British film and opera director who
is visiting Australia to direct Madame Butterfly at Melbourne's Spoleto
Festival  

WHEN Ken Russell was a young director for the BBC TV series Monitor in
the 60s, producer Huw Weldon sent him to make a film on Old Battersea House,
a private museum of PreRaphaelite art in suburban London maintained by a
Mrs Stirling, the sister of painter Evelyn de Morgan. ""She was 99 then,""
Russell reminisced, ""dripping with white furs and jewels, and wearing an
enormous hat. She could walk only with the help of two sticks and the place
was so dark a servant followed her around with a lamp, and illuminated the
pictures. Mrs Stirling had a guided tour all memorised. `My sister was
at work on this painting of Azrael the Angel of Death when a frog hopped
in and looked at it and hopped out again. £400 worth of lapis lazuli on
that picture ...' and we went on through these huge rooms. People are always
saying my films are bizarre but they pale beside reality.""
  People are always saying Ken Russell is bizarre, but he too pales beside
reality. The experience of spending a year in his almost continuous company
while writing a book about him was an experience the years have not dimmed,
and his arrival to direct Puccini's Madame Butterfly for Melbourne's Spoleto
Festival of Three Worlds brings it back in a rush"
"Russell in 1972 had never directed an opera, though in the course of that
year he would open negotiations with Peter Maxwell Davies to stage his
Taverner at Covent Garden, with the young Derek Jarman designing"
"It could have been a land-mark. I still have the sketchbook Jarman gave
me, with its epicene costumes of men/women, and apes dressed as cardinals"
"And Russell had announced - with what seriousness it's hard to say - that
his plans included flayed bullocks on the walls and nuns and monks fornicating
in the aisles."
"NEW FREEWAY HITS THE PITS! Drivers lured back to Parramatta Rd By GREG WALKER  

THOUSANDS of motorists who thought the recently-completed F4 Western Freeway 
would save them hours of travelling time each week have gone back to using 
Parramatta Rd"
""
"Don't fail the HSC  

THE HSC examination now in progress has renewed the debate about its
usefulness and fairness. The criticism is often heard that the HSC creates
too much pressure on school children and for this reason should be replaced
by another system"
"The argument relating to pressure is misconceived. Without doubt, candidates
sitting the HSC face enormous pressure to succeed. But this pressure is
generated not so much by the nature of HSC but by the scarcity of employment,
which makes it imperative for students to engage in desperate competition
for jobs. The HSC did not create the unemployed problem"
"On the contrary, widespread unemployment has made success at HSC crucial
to obtaining scarce jobs. 
  The argument about pressure is part of a general attempt to downgrade
the value of examinations as a form of academic evaluation. No examination
is perfect and the HSC is not an exception. The chief merits of the examination
system are objectivity, anonymity and uniformity. The alternatives
to the HSC, such as internal school assessments are bound to be tainted by
subjective standards and judgments and are very much open to error and abuse"
"A system which permits subjective and individual assessment cannot provide
fairness or equal opportunity across the board"
"Examinations can and do cause hardship in individual cases. These are
unavoidable consequences, and are in the very nature of human life"
"All that can be attempted is to lay down fair rules for everyone. Attempts
to give individual treatment to students invariably produce abuse 
and leads to greater hardship"
"If the HSC is abolished and school-based assessment is introduced, students
from schools with good reputations will be at a distinct advantage. Good
students from schools in unfashionable suburbs will be judged by the school
- as will poor students from reputed schools. This will be to the 
disadvantage of the former and the advantage of the latter"
"The HSC provides an indicator of intellectual ability, discipline and
commitment. What is the alternative?
  Pressure is a part of life. It is unavoidable. Learning to handle pressure
is part of a child's preparation for adult life. What the schools can do
is pay more attention to this aspect and help students to cope with pressure"
"The attempt to eliminate pressure by abolishing examinations is futile
and can only succeed at the expense of the integrity and quality of education

 L.J.M. Cooray, associate professor, Macquarie University, NSW."
"By Sandy Thorne  

Battler had been stuck under the Dodge's bonnet for over half
an hour and, like a bloke exercising trotters in a gig, he was
getting sick of the view"
"His head throbbed where he'd hit it and was stinging where the
chook had clawed his temple; his knuckles were barked from
wrenching around in the engine in a bad temper. He was so
hungry he could have eaten the backside out of a rag doll; he
was out of smokes and to top it all off, his old man was still
having a shot at him. He'd never had such a good time!
  Mackenzie, after sending off the women, then helped change the
staked wheel and had been treated to a fine sample of the old
chap's sarcasm. ""No, no - I'11 be right lad. Dulcie the wonder
dog will fix it or is she helping him with his truck?""
  The battler's friend was tempted to reply, ""No, she's gone with
the women to make some sandwiches,"" but held the joke back
until the old man had cooled off a bit. Like an old stockhorse,
he was on his toes, spoiling for a chance to blow some steam,
and his son was on guard, equally ready to leap into a rip-
roaring barney if one got going. For once, Hamish sensed that
diplomacy was required more than wit to defuse the situation"
"Battler had been in strife with his father for as long as he
could remember, although, if anyone could ever make the old man
admit it, he was the favourite. He had the energy and tenacity
that the others lacked to enable them to be achievers in their
own right. The other boys lived the lives of a successful
grazier's sons, content to live under their father's financial
protection on the family property and becoming part of an
established estate and accepted it all as their birthright and
the natural order of things. Battler was his only offspring
with the inclination and the guts to make it on his own"
"As a little boy he had spent hours running around the burrs in
the horse paddock, after cunning ponies that tried every trick
in the book to evade capture. After finally cornering them, he
would repeatedly pick himself up out of the dust and the burrs
and climb back on every time they sent him into orbit. Battler
had always kept trying long after the others had given up"
"When the bank had forced him to walk off his first property
during the worst wool recession in history, he would not
succumb to misfortune and adversity. While his partner and twin
brother Norman had given up trying to make it on his own and
sworn never again to have anything to do with sheep
(""groundlice"" as he scathingly called them), ""as long as his
arse pointed south,"" Battler took his sheep onto the stockroutes 
for three hard years, and never lost faith in the return
of the wool market"
"Norman had gone on to manage a cattle property, declaring that
his brother had ""shit for brains"". ""Haven't you learnt your
lesson yet?"" he'd sneered. ""Anyone with half a brain'll tell
you there's only one thing sillier than a sheep these days, and
that's the bloke who has anything to do with 'em. Cattle are
the future now.""
  ""No, they're the good thing at the moment and that's all,""
countered the sheepman. ""They'll drop just like they always
have, and then everyone who's sold all their sheep'll be
whingeing and wanting a bloody government subsidy to get them
out of strife. With sheep you've got two ways out - you can wear
'em or eat 'em. All you can do with cattle is eat the bastards"
"There's only a few molls, poofters 'n weirdos who wear leather
pants. Wool will come back, when people realise synthetics
aren't as good.""
  His stubborn faith in the future of wool-growing had kept him
going during all the hard times on the stockroutes - in all the
cold and rainy or hot and dusty seasons, sleeping in a swag,
seeing his wife and children deprived of the roof over their
head they could have had if he had gone to work in town or back
to his father's property ""Longshot"", at Gulargambone"
"But while his father admired these qualities and, in turn,
Battler had enormous respect for him, it was this tenacious
streak which caused the inevitable friction and barneys
between them whenever they were within cooee of each other,
because the old man was equally as stubborn. He and Mackenzie
walked back to see how Battler was progressing under the old
Dodge's bonnet. Mackenzie judged it was time for a joke. ""We're
from the NRMA, sir. Do you require some assistance?""
  ""Yeah. Grab that can of petrol, pour it over the bastard, and
chuck a match on it, will you, then wring that flamin'
rooster's neck and turf him on the fire. He's driving me round
the twist and I'm bloody starving.""
  ""You must need a good drench, boy. It can't be lunch time yet.""
  Although he was wearing a watch, Battler didn't volunteer the
time to his father, because he knew there would be hell to pay
once he realised he was going to miss his favourite serial Blue
Hills. Unfortunately, Mackenzie was too far away to catch his
wink or a kick in the shins and piped up, ""Well, it's ten past
one.""
  The old man's bushy grey eyebrows almost met in the middle as
his face exploded in shock and fury. ""What! Ten past one! For
God's sake, we're going to miss Blue Hills! Where's a flamin'
wireless? Got one in your car Mackenzie? Well, leave that
bloody wreck. Let's get up to the house, quickly!"" As he
scurried to his truck, Battler stopped him short. ""Forget it
Dad! By the time you get there, it'll be finished.""
  ""Stone the flamin' crows! Now I'11 have to wait 'til Monday to
find out whether they're going to put in the dam or not, and
whether Jack'll be silly enough to go through with marrying
that bitch Fleur! Hell, wouldn't this rot your bloody socks!""
  ""Don't get your bowels in a twist, Dad. Even Jack wouldn't be
stupid enough to marry her. He'll have come to his senses by
Monday and called it off. Granny'll sort the drongo out - she
knows Fleur's just a tart after his property. She'll talk to
him.""
  ""Look, Granny's so worried about that dam flooding their
valley, she might shut up for a bit of peace and quiet!""
  Mackenzie was restraining himself from laughing
at the intensity of the conversation. It was hilarious to see
the straight, highly intelligent old bloke so concerned with
the characters of a soap opera. He couldn't resist a joke"
"""Look, Pat, why don't I drive back into Black Stump later, ring
the ABC in Sydney and ask them to play it again over the
weekend?""
  Instead of laughing, the older man replied thoughtfully, ""No,
no use. I've tried that before. The bludgers won't be in that,
and what's worse, when you ask them if they'll at least let you
know what happened, they won't even flaming well tell you. They
reckon they don't listen to it! Hah! They'd expect you to
believe anything. They think a man's a mug because he lives in
the bush.""
  ""Well, to tell you the truth, I wouldn't mind being in Kings
Cross or Bondi right now, instead of here,"" laughed Hamish, his
bushy ginger beard bobbing"
"""Yeah, well this just tops the day off, I s'pose,"" said the old
man thoughtfully"
"""The women will have listened to it on the car radio. They'll
let us know what happened Dad. I think this old girl is a tow
job up to the house. We can't leave it here with all these
flamin' animals on board. Bugger 'em - wish we'd left 'em back
at Longshot - flamin' squealing flamin' pigs, crapping chooks...""
  As he paused, glancing distastefully at the droppings streaked
down his shirt, the big dairy cow tethered up on the back of
the Dodge let forth a stream not unlike Niagara Falls, the
radius of the spray easily encompassing the bushman leaning
against the truck"
"""And piddling cows!"" said Hamish, slapping his thigh as he
laughed at the expression on Battler's face. The brindle milker
stared apologetically at her new owner as she slowly lowered
her tail. He finally had to laugh, too, as he wiped the drops
off the back of his neck, wincing when he rubbed the deep
scratch from his earlier run-in with the chooks. ""Well, that
must be it! What else could happen to a bloke in one day!""
  ""Things could be worse mate. That could have been an elephant
up on the truck then. You might have drowned! I'm buggered if
I'd give you mouth-to-mouth.""
  ""Me either!"" Paddy O'Brien agreed"
"""Well, at least I've had my shower for the day - save a bit of
water up at the house,"" Battler grinned"
"In the homestead kitchen, Deidre O'Brien had cleared out the
ash-box of the huge old cast-iron range, built a fire with wood
gathered by the children, and put the billy on. With sheets of
newspapers spread over the big wooden table, Dawn Mackenzie was
making up sandwiches out of the food they had brought in
Eskies. The children were running riot, taking their
grandmother on a grand tour of the rambling homestead. They
ran ahead of her along the long wooden verandahs of each wing,
running into all the rooms and through the French doors onto
the opposite side verandah, calling, ""Look in here, Grandma!""
then racing down it and suddenly appearing behind her,
yelling, ""Here we are, Grandma!""
  They savoured the delicious game in between arguing over who
would have each bedroom. The woman alternately laughed with
them and dabbed at moistened eyes. At last her grandchildren
had a home. Two of them, five-year-old Paddy and three-year-
old Richard, had only known camping on the back of an old
truck, while to the older two, twins Brendan and Belle, a house
and furniture was only a vague memory"
"The ""long paddock"", as bushmen call the stockroute, had been
their home, their entire world revolving around chasing enough
feed to keep the sheep alive. Like a lot of country women, Ada
O'Brien thought her son was perfect and hadn't given her town-bred
daughter-in-law credit for having the guts and fortitude
necessary to stick out life as a drover's wife. But the softly-
spoken girl from Dubbo had proved her wrong, and had made the
best of a bad situation for three long years, camping out in
all weathers, washing by hand, sewing every item of clothing
they all wore by hand, making decent meals out of next to
nothing over an open fire, teaching correspondence school and
the Bible to the children and being her husband's friend and
helpmate. Deidre O'Brien was Superwoman, one of the unsung
heroines of the outback, although she would have laughed off
the title. She had married a larrikin from the bush, a rodeo-
rider, and she had married him for better or for worse"
"Like most country women, Ada O'Brien found her husband's and
son's chauvinistic attitudes not only acceptable, but normal"
"Just as she had rushed about dressing herself and six children
to go to town while her husband always sat in the car blowing
the horn to hurry her up, she found it quite normal whenever
she visited her son out on the stockroute for him to relax and
yarn with his father, while Dee, pregnant or not, bustled about
doing all the chores around the camp"
"""She's got her work cut out for her getting this place back
into shape and keeping it that way,"" she mused, never
considering that the seven-month pregnant woman should get a
helping hand from her man. The vast homestead had been built during the 1870s when there had always been plenty of staff to clean it and keep the garden in order."
"A link in the festival chain  

Perth and Adelaide have their arts festivals, and so does Sydney. From today it
will be Melbourne's turn. For the next 18 days Melbourne will be host to the
Spoleto Melbourne Festival of Three Worlds, so named because it will be linked
with sister festivals in Spoleto, Italy, and Charleston, South Carolina. The
original Spoleto festival was the brainchild of the composer, Gian Carlo
Menotti. He is artistic director of the Melbourne festival, and the official
program, which will be launched tonight with Ken Russell's controversial
production of `Madam Butterfly', bears the stamp of his vision and personality. 

  Experience shows that arts festivals tend to work best in small centres
where all, or almost all, of the main events are located within walking
distance of each other. In large sprawling centres they can be lost. It
was for this reason that Mr Menotti demurred when the idea of a festival
for Melbourne was first submitted to him. The next three weeks will show
whether his initial instinct was right, or whether Melbourne will prove
the exception to the rule. Melbourne lacks the intimacy of Spoleto, Dubrovnik
or Avignon, or other such European festival cities. What it does have,
though, is the best performing arts centre in Australia. It can also boast
a range of museums, galleries and theatres which, like the Arts Centre,
will help to show off the artists and performers to the best advantage"
"The official program is rich in diversity and quality. The original fears
that the festival would be dominated by imports to the exclusion of local
works and artists have been dispelled. The dance, music and drama programs,
for example, each feature new home-grown works devised especially for Spoleto
alongside the major productions from abroad. As with Adelaide or Edinburgh,
the festival has also attracted a huge number of fringe activities which
should find  a ready audience, particularly among younger people and those
whose interests run to such things as cabaret, circus and improvisation
rather than ""high art"" forms like opera"
"The Melbourne festival has been backed by the Victorian Government to
the tune of $2.5 million. The money is coming not from the arts
budget, but from a special state development fund. The Government has
recognised that as well as enriching the cultural life of the community,
a festival is important in generating tourist income. The Government's support,
self-interested though it may be, is welcome. It should not be forgotten,
however, that while the Government has thrown its weight behind the Melbourne
festival, it was the Italian community and those involved with the Italian
Arts Festival in Melbourne who first floated it. It has yet to be decided
whether Spoleto Melbourne will be an annual or a biennial festival. Either
way, it promises to be a stimulating event in the city's cultural life"
""
"Coal trade relies on kamikaze By Brian Robins  

JAPAN'S coal traders like to refer to it as the ""kamikaze"" that will protect
the Australian coal industry from the worst of the shake-out from falling
demand in Japan:  ""kamikaze"" - divine wind - being the impact of sanctions
on South African coal exports"
"Few countries have refused to buy South African coal, although Japan's
powerful Ministry of International Trade and Industry recently told Japanese
users of South African coal that next year's purchases had to be held at
this year's level"
"MITI's decision follows the recent success of the Democrats in the US mid-term
elections.  The Japanese Government believes that with the Democrats in control
of the US Senate there will be an increase in sanctions against South Africa"
"To avoid criticism of Japan, MITI decided to act"
"Japan's demand for coal will fall substantially in the medium term.  This
change is being exacerbated in the short term by sharp price falls - about
$US4 a tonne for coking coal and as much as $US5 a tonne for steaming coal
in the Japanese market"
"For some high-cost Australian producers closures are inevitable. 
  In private, senior members of Japan's steel mills have made it clear they
do not intend abiding by MITI pressure to continue to maintain purchases
of US coal"
The outlook for some marginal Australian producers is bleak
"Most Australian coal producers are among the lowest-cost producers in
the world, but even then few can compete against South African coal in export
markets because of its lower cost structure and lower exchange rate for
the South African against the US dollar"
"In any event, the severe recession being felt by Japan's steel producers
is being used to maximum effect in forcing some long-term suppliers out
of the Japanese market no matter what contractual commitments are in place"
""
"Ship's treasure `worth $2 billion' New York, Sun. AP  

- The richest treasure ship ever discovered could yield
$2.47 billion in gold, silver, emeralds and historical artifacts, according
to a US treasure hunter"
"The Spanish ship Nuestra Senora de la Maravilla sank along the Bahama
Banks in 1656 with Central American treasure bound for Spain"
"Herbert Humphreys Jr said the wreck was covered with 15 metres of sand
but divers had uncovered emeralds, gold and silver coins and priceless Ming
Dynasty porcelain"
"Records show the ship also carried 30 to 40 tonnes of silver and a solid
gold metre-tall statue of the Madonna"
"In the early 1970s, a few million dollars of treasure was recovered"
"Many of the finds will go to public museums as well as Humphrey's planned
maritime museum"
""
"THE NIGHTMARE WE SAW  

TWO champions of freedom have risked arrest by speaking out about the horrors
they have witnessed in South Africa"
"One chilling report came from a South African journalist who defied her
own Government's ban on releasing information to send a report to a London
newspaper"
"The second account was by the Archbishop of Canterbury's peace envoy Terry
Waite, who bravely told of ""an evil which must be combatted"" - even though
he knew his conversation was being bugged"
"The journalist, who cannot be named, told Mail on Sunday readers of rumors
that the Pretoria Government was planning to hire a criminal to assassinate
black rights leader Bishop Desmond Tutu"
"And she recounted a sickening scene in which a gang of children murdered
a young boy by hacking him with kitchen knives"
"When a mortuary van arrived it could not take the body away - because
it was already full of butchered corpses it had picked up on the way"
"Mr Waite, meanwhile, spoke out in a BBC interview sure to enrage the Botha
regime"
"In a phone call he was aware was being recorded by the authorities, he
attacked South Africa's treatment of its black people as ""nothing short
of disgraceful"""
"He added stoutly: ""I am perfectly prepared to accept the consequences.""
  Mr Waite, who had earlier been refused permission to visit jailed bishop
Sigismund Ndwandwe, went on: ""Absolute power corrupts absolutely, and
at the heart of this system there is an evil which must be combatted"
"""People here are being detained and picked up for absolutely nothing but
doing their job as Christian ministers and Christian bishops.  The world
should know that quite clearly."""
"By R.W. O'Brien ABSTRACT  
Sound waves can be generated in a colloid by the application of an
alternating electric field. In this paper we describe the method for
calculating this and the related electro-acoustic phenomenon of electric
fields generated by sound waves. As an illustration of the procedure, we
obtain formulae for these two effects for a suspension of spherical particles
with thin double-layers, in a parallel plate geometry"
"1. INTRODUCTION  
The effects to be described in this paper arise from the presence of electric
charges on the surface of the suspended particles. In equilibrium such
particles are surrounded by a diffuse cloud of ions carrying a total charge
equal and opposite to that of the particle. This arrangement of surface
charge and diffuse charge is known as a ""double-layer"""
"When sound waves pass through a suspension, the density difference between
the particles and the liquids leads to relative motion between these two
phases. As a result macroscopic electric currents are set up and these lead
to electric fields which alternate at the sound wave frequency"
"The idea that sound waves could generate electric fields in a suspension
of charged particles arose in a paper by Debye (1933), in connection with
electrolyte solutions. In 1938 Hermans extended Debye's analysis to the
case of a suspension in which the particle radius is much smaller than the
double-layer thickness, a situation which occurs rarely in practice. In
1951 Enderby studied the more important case of a dilute suspension of
weakly-charged spheres in an electrolyte in which the ions have equal
diffusivities. This restriction on the electrolyte was removed in the following
year by Booth and Enderby (1952)"
"Since that time there have been no theoretical developments in this area,
presumably because of the difficulties associated with measuring pressure
waves and electric fields in suspensions. Fortunately, these difficulties
have now been overcome, and a device has appeared on the market which is
capable of accurately measuring this effect in the Megahertz range. The device
is also capable of measuring the reverse effect of sound waves generated
by electric fields, an effect which has hitherto escaped notice in the
scientific literature"
"In this paper these two phenomena will be referred to as ""electro-acoustic""
effects. The aim of the paper is to provide a theoretical basis for relating
both effects to the suspension microstructure"
"In the following section we set out the microscopic differential equations
which must be solved in the calculation of these effects. These equations
govern the distribution of ions, electrical potential, fluid velocity and
pressure in the suspension. In S3 we set out the macroscopic constitutive
equations required for the calculation of electro-acoustic effects and
we derive a reciprocal relation between two of the coeffecients in these
expressions. This relation provides a link between the electric field generated
by a sound wave, and the sound waves generated by an electric field"
"Formulae for these two effects are obtained in SS4 and 5 for the case
of a dilute suspension confined by two parallel plates. In S4, which is
concerned with electric fields generated by sound waves, we discuss Enderby's
work in more detail, pointing out a number of flaws in his solution of the
electrokinetic equations and in his subsequent calculation of the electric
field"
"The formulae derived in SS4 and 5 both involve the electrophoretic 
mobility of the particles in an alternating electric field. In S6 we 
calculate this mobility for particles with radii much greater than the 
double-layer thickness"
"2. THE ELECTROKINETIC EQUATIONS  
The calculation of colloidal transport properties involves the solution
of the ""electrokinetic equations"", equations which describe the microscopic
variations in the ion density, electrical potential, velocity and pressure
in the suspension. The derivation of these equations is described in a number
of papers (see for example O'Brien and White (1978), or Sherwood (1980)),
so only a brief outline will be given here"
"The electrical potential    satisfies Poissons equation
  
in the liquid. Here    is the permittivity of the electrolyte,   
is the charge and    the number density of the jth species of ion,
and N is the number of ionic species in the electrolyte. In the absence
of any chemical reactions each species satisfies the conservation equation
  
where    is the flux density of the jth ionic species. In a dilute
electrolyte
  
where    is the fluid velocity and    the ion diffusivity"
"The terms on the righthand side represent the fluxes due to Brownian motion,
the local electric field, and convection with the flow respectively"
"The microscopic quantities of interest will presumable vary in the liquid
on a length scale of the order of the particle radius. On the assumption
that the wavelength of the sound wave is much greater than the particle
radius, we will treat the fluid as incompressible in the calculation of
these microscopic variations. Thus the equations of fluid motion take the
form
  
and 
    .  
As usual       and 1.c. are the fluid density, viscosity and
pressure respectively. The convective inertia term has been omitted on the
grounds that the particle Reynolds number is very small. The final term
on the right hand side represents the electrical body-force per unit volume"
"In a suspension in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ionic and fluid fluxes
are identically zero. From equation (2.3) it follows that the ion densities
are given by the Boltzmann expression"
"for j=1, ....N, where the    are constants. Substitution of these
formulae in Poisson's equation yields a differential equation for the
equilibrium potential. From this equation it can be shown (Hunter, (1981),
Chp.2) that the potential decays to zero exponentially with distance from
an isolated particle, with a decay length    given by
    .  
This decay is associated with the presence of the diffuse cloud of counterions
referred to in the introduction.    is normally referred to as the
""double-layer thickness"". Beyond the double-layer the potential is zero
and"
"The form of the equilibrium potential and ion density fields around a
spherical particle depend on the relative ion densities beyond the
double-layer, on    the ratio of particle radius to double-layer
radius to double-layer thickness and on the potential at the particle surface
  . The latter quantity in turn depends on the nature of the particles
and on the type and density of the ions beyond the double-layer (Hunter,
(1981), Chp.2.2). In this paper    will be treated as a given quantity"
"We now turn to the case of a suspension disturbed from equilibrium by,
for example, the application of an alternating electric field. As in nearly
every other electrokinetic study it will be assumed here that the local
ion densities and electric fields are only slightly perturbed from their
equilibrium values. For convenience we take a frame of reference moving
with the particles. A superscript ""o"" will be used to denote the equilibrium
ion densitites and potential, and the departures from those equilibrium
values will be indicated by    prefix"
"Neglecting products of the various deviations from equilibrium in the
equations (2.1)-(2.3) and (2.5), we obtain the linear forms
  
and
                                                     
where an    time dependence has been assumed for each of the
perturbed quantities. The term involving the particle velocity   
arises from our choice of the particles as the frame of reference"
"Inside the particle, the velocity and ion densities are zero, and δ
   satisfies Laplaces equation, assuming fixed charge density within the particle"
"At the particle surface, the boundary conditions are 
    
and  
where    is the unit outward normal and the square brackets denote the
jump at the particle surface"
"At large distances    from the particle
  
and  
where    and VP are the uniform electric field and pressure gradient
far from the particle. For the dilute suspension of interest here, it will
be shown that these quantities may be equated to the macroscopic electric
field and pressure gradient"
"The mathematical specification of the problem is completed by the
requirement that the nett external force on any particle and its double-layer
is zero. This follows from the fact that in equilibrium, the nett charge
on the particle and double-layer is zero. Since the nett external force
on this region is the charge times the field, we conclude that to O(E),
this force is zero"
"3. A USEFUL RECIPROCAL RELATION  
For the calculation of the electro-acoustic effects we will require formulae
for the particle velocity    and the volume average current density
   in the suspension, where the local current density   
is given by
    .  
Here    is the local free charge current density, due to the
ions and any fixed charges on the particles, and the second term includes
the contribution from the polarization charges (O'Brien, 1982, SIII)"
"From the linearity of the equations (2.4) and (2.7) it follows that
   and    are related to VP and    by the
linear forms
    
and          
    
where the symbols    and K"
"By L. A. Lobry de Bruyn 2.5 2.5     COASTAL PROCESSES2.5.1       Introduction  

        For any firm conclusions to be made on coastal processes one would need
        quantitative data on wind, wave and tide regimes, beach near-shore
        morphology, and the sediment budget for each bay. However, the above
        data are not available for the project area. The following techniques
        were the only ones available which could be used to deduct
        coastal processes. The techniques are aerial photographical
        interpretation, qualitative observation, extension of studies completed
        in adjacent areas and the educated opinion of resident coastal
        geomorphologists"
"2.5.2       Winds  

        Summer winds are generally easterlies in the morning and become
        south-south westerlies in the afternoon. The dominant winds are south
        westerlies which blow mostly between 11 kph and 30 kph. It is believed
        that wind speeds greater than 10 kph are responsible for sand movement
        (Wood and Grieve, 1978). In winter, wind direction may vary from the
        north west through to the south. The Bureau of Meteorology wind records
        indicate the main direction and speed of the winds at Jurien Bay (the
        closest meteorological station to the project area)"
"During the passage of a tropical cyclone the wind direction may vary but
        usually they are north to north westerlies"
"2.5.3       Waves  

        The coastline is dominated by two major wave forms - swell and wind
        waves. Swell waves are generally propagated from the south-west but
        their direction may be altered, as they approach the coast, by offshore
        features such as reefs and islands or due to extensions of the shoreline
        by using structures such as jetties. The swell waves are diffracted and
        reflected and break on the beach parallel to the shoreline. Waves
        refract and bend towards the headlands because of the offshore shoal
        area associated with the headland. The wave energy is therefore
        concentrated on the headland, and the wave heights there may be several
        times as large as in the adjacent embayments"
"2.5.4       Tides  

        The project area on a world scale consists of a mixed tidal regime that
        is predominantly either diurnal or semi-diurnal (Davies, 1980). In the
        mixed tidal regime there are two highs and two lows per day which are
        not of the same magnitude. The tidal range is low and at the spring
        tides the tidal range is approximately less than 2 m. Since the tidal
        range is low in the project area the influence of tide-induced currents
        is limited to constrictions between islands and around headlands"
"2.5.5       Sediment Budget  

        There are various inputs and outputs in the sediment budget. The inputs
        consist of littoral drift in, onshore transport, and cliff erosion,
        while the outputs are littoral drift out, offshore transport and dune
        migration. Each of the above components will briefly be discussed
        (FIGURE 2)"
"The term ""sink"" is used to cover all those processes whereby sediment is
        lost to the coastal system. The first sink is represented by the
        migration of dunes inland where they can no longer be acted on by waves
        at times of storm activity and the second by transport offshore onto the
        seafloor"
"Parabolic dunes seem to develop when the dune is no longer receiving new
        sand and begins to wander inland. As the dune travels, the sand body at
        the head is progressively exhausted and the two trailing edges develop
        into long slightly converging ridges. The development of such a sequence
        requires not only time but the frequent occurrence of high velocity
        winds from one major direction. In the project area the wind transport
        is mainly from the south-south west so that the parabolic dunes are
        orientated in a north-south direction. The natural development of dunes
        depends on a fortuitous sequence of events and circumstances"
"Transport of sediment occurs in conjunction with nearshore cell
        circulation and littoral drift. The nearshore cell circulation consists
        of rip currents and feeding longshore currents and is normally generated
        by variations in the wave breaker height along the length of the beach"
"The longshore variations in wave height may be produced either by wave
        refraction causing divergence and convergence of the wave rays or by
        edge waves trapped in the nearshore interacting with normal swell waves"
"Alternative explanations for nearshore circulation have been developed
        by Hino (1975) and Sonu (1972). Longshore currents may also be produced
        by waves breaking at an angle to the shoreline. Exactly what processes
        cause longshore currents in the project area can not be ascertained"
"However, longshore movement of sediment at any beach is the sum of
        transport under all the individual wave trains arriving at the shore
        from numerous wave generation areas. The beaches in the project area
        have north-south orientations and during summer sand may move northward
        for a time due to waves arriving from the south to south-west and then
        later move to the south in winter under waves coming from the north"
"The result of north and south longshore drift is a net dominance of the
        northward transport system. Thus a small amount of sediment is
        continually being moved to the north. This phenomenon is responsible for
        the asymmetric growth of beach ridge plains and erosion on their
        southern flanks"
"2.5.6       Shoreline Stabiity and Coastal Erosion  

        The recession hazard can be categorised into two main types which pose
        significantly different problems to the coastal planner - the beach sand
        cycle and secular recession"
"Beach Sand Cycle  

        The commonly perceived definition of the beach is the interface between
        the ocean and the land at a particular instant. In reality, this zone is
        not static but varies within a definable zone depending on the existing
        weather conditions. During storm events the back beach escarpment will
        move landward as sand is moved offshore to form storm bars which
        dissipate the wave energy. In contrast, during periods of calm weather
        the sand gradually moves back onshore from the bar, rebuilding the beach
        and an incipient foredune. The term used to describe the area which
        encompasses the accreted and storm profile is the dynamic swept prism
        (Chapman and Smith, 1980). This situation does not involve any nett loss
        of sediment from the beach system. However, if development is allowed
        within this dynamic swept prism it may be threatened or lost during a
        severe event (FIGURE 3)"
"Secular Recession  

        Secular recession is an ongoing landward movement of the erosion
        escarpment associated with an average sediment loss from the coastal
        compartment. Therefore to assess or predict shoreline stability various
        techniques could be used (May et al., 1983). However, sediment budgets
        are generally used to assess the medium term stability of the shoreline"
"No such investigations have been completed for the area. From
        preliminary investigation (29-31 May) of the project area the northern
        ends of the crescentic, sandy bays appear to have wider beach widths and
        are backed by a series of beach ridges. Thus, one could assume that the
        northern ends of the bays are prograding or at least have been
        prograding in the past. However, these areas also have consolidated
        parabolic dunes indicating periods of high sand influx and instability"
"Hence, shoreline instability results from an inbalance between sediment
        removal and sediment supply to the coast. The natural beach exhibits
        short-term fluctuations which are in dynamic equilibrium while over a
        greater period of time it may be prograding or receding"
"Beach Erosion  

        Woods (1984) placed the project area into Region 5 (Kalbarri to Cape
        Naturaliste). This section of coastline is characterised by long, sandy
        beaches and rocky limestone headlands, reefs and islands. The sandy
        bays are crescent-shaped and are orientated towards the north"
"The modal form of the beaches in the project area is extremely low
        energy due to the presence of offshore islands and reefs. However, the
        area does experience high energy conditions with the passage of
        extra-tropical cyclones across the coastline. During the field trip
        (29-31 May) minor erosion was observed. For example scarping or
        cliffing along the foredune South of Leeman, erosional cusping along
        the summer berm at South Bay and vast accumulations of seaweed. Erosion
        was more prominent along the southern and central portions of the sandy
        bays. The beaches at South Bay, Squatter Settlement 1, south of and
        including Dynamite Bay, north of Leeman and Green Head jetty are
        showing evidence of erosion. Old dunes are progressively being cut
        back, bench marks have been exposed and there is scarping as well as
        erosional cusping along the sandy bays. At Squatter Settlement 1
        (closest to Green Head) and north of Green Head jetty the erosional
        events are not as recent as vegetation has recolonised the dune system
        and there is a layer of humus underlaying the vegetation. In contrast,
        where the foredunes are low or non existent the beaches are more stable
        and are probably prograding. Most of the erosional activity is
        asssociated with activities such as tracking, off road vehicles, and
        squatter settlement"
"2.6 GEOMORPHOLOGY  

        Hesp and Gozzard (1983) have included the project area within a
        description and land use capability study of coastal lands from Dongara
        to Green Head. They identified seven geomorphic units within the area"
"The units are Pleistocene Barrier complex, Deflation basins, Parabolic
        dunes, Active parabolic dunes and blowouts, foredunes and beach. These
        geomorphic units are the result of a complex interaction between
        geology, climate, vegetation, soils and coastal processes"
"The geomorphology of the area was mapped by aerial photographic
        interpretation at 1:25 000 scale using 1978 aerial photographs. To
        check the reliability of the aerial photographic interpretation a field
        reconnaissance of the area was conducted by Hesp and Gozzard (1983)"
"The main characteristic of each geomorphic unit is outlined below
        (FIGURE 4)"
"Pleistocene Barrier Complex  

        This geomorphic unit is equivalent to Tamala limestone which outcrops
        extensively to form rocky headlands and pools as well as submarine
        shelf chains and islands. The barrier complex consists of cemented
        aeolian calcarenite (limestone) and is often covered by a veneer of
        Safety Bay Sand"
"Parabolic Dunes  
        
        The geological equivalent of the parabolic dunes is the Quindalup dune
        system. The parabolic dune system represents more recent (Holocene)
        activity which has camouflaged the Pleistocene dune ridge complex. They
        are orientated in a north-south direction (parallel to the coast) which
        is the dominant wind direction. Active Parabolic Dune lobes and
        blowouts are at South Bay and north of Green Head. They are usually
        formed during periods of high sand influx and are later cutoff by
        vegetation recolonisation when the sand supply decreases. The active
        parabolic dune lobes continue to advance (approximately 1-9 m/yr) in a
        northern direction"
"Deflation Basins  

        These areas are the flat and gently undulating erosion plains which are
        bounded by the active and inactive parabolic dunes"
"Foredune  

        This unit may be made up of active and relic beach ridges. The ridges
        are asymmetric and can be vegetated or semi-vegetated. The geological
        equivalent is Safety Bay Sand and in some sections Quindalup Sand"
"Beach  

        The beach is the active surf/swash zone and is a highly dynamic process
        area"
"2.7 TERRESTRIAL FAUNA 2.7.1       Mammals and Birds  

        Chapman et al. (1977) completed a case study of the Cockleshell Gully
        Reserve which is included in the project area. Chapman and
        Kitchener (1977) found thirteen native mammals and six exotic mammals"
"An annotated list of mammals is included in APPENDIX 1. With the 
        exception of Sminthopsis granulipes all mammal species recorded in this
        survey were previously known to inhabit the west coastal sand heaths 
        between Moore and Murchison Rivers"
"In contrast to the mammalian community the birdlife of the area is rich
        and diverse. There have been a total of 146 species of birds recorded
        from the area"
"The Cockleshell Gully area is relatively undisturbed by clearing or
        mining and therefore it is of considerable importance in maintaining
        large breeding populations of birds. Thus, the area is viewed as ""the
        most important portion of the southwest for conserving coastal passerine
        birds"" (Dell and Johnstone, 1977)"
"The area is very rich in heath-dwelling species. The genus Malurus is
        represented by four species, and the genera Stipiturus, Sericornis,
        Calamanthus and Acanthiza are present. Similarly, the islands of the
        area, especially the Fishermen Islands, are important breeding grounds
        for nine species of sea birds and waders"
""
"Camel trophy: trial by terrain  

Chris Mullett accompanies the field from Cairns to Darwin the hard way"
"An American executive of the massive R.J. Reynolds Tobacco empire described
the Camel Trophy as ""encompassing the theme of man's adventure against the
environment."" It's a great concept but mismanagement and disorganisation
spoilt the whole event"
"The aim of the Camel Trophy is nothing short of brilliant. Recruit two
man teams from 14 different countries, bring them together in tough terrain
and let them drive identical vehicles in a test of endurance and personal
ability"
"The Camel Trophy is supposedly the Rambo equivalent to outward bound training
courses. The route selected is presumed impassable and the teams competing
are expected to prove otherwise"
"With that sort of introduction you may be forgiven for expecting to find
Indiana Jones look-a-likes from 14 different nations gathering to compare
to muscle tone and macho appeal"
"The true story is somewhat different from the picture painted by the
corporate animals of the PR and Marketing departments. The heroes are not
after Harrison Ford's next starring role, they are just ordinary blokes"
"In previous years Camel Trophy venues have included Borneo, Sumatra, Zaire,
Papua New Guinea and Brazil. This year the choice was Australia and the
chance for the wet season of far north Queensland and the Northern Territory
to provide the drama"
"Getting selected for the event is a feat in itself, as over 500,000
applicants throughout the world compete for just 28 places. Professional
race and rally drivers are excluded and so too is anyone who had travelled
extensively in the area destined for the actual event"
"Having reduced the numbers from each country to three or four the organisers
sent the 1986 teams to England in the middle of winter. One week living
in a tent near the Welsh border was the nasty part but the fun part was
training with the Land Rover demonstration team in the intricacies of mud
recovery and vehicle winching techniques"
"It may seem difficult to relate the snow covered hills of England with
the bulldust of far north Queensland but many of the lessons learnt helped
the teams to compete in much safer fashion"
"The Australian team of Ron Begg, a farmer from Bowraville on the mid NSW
coast and Glenn Jones, a surveyor with the Central Mapping Authority from
Bathurst, was to prove highly capable as the two worked well together"
"There was certainly no shortage of money being thrown around to help make
Camel a household name. Estimates for the event were in the region of $5
million when advertising commitments were included. For that price the
organisers obviously felt they owned the competitors"
"Jet lagged and faced with a total change of climatic conditions from a
European winter, contestants gathered in Cairns the day before the event
started. Each team was introduced to its short wheelbase diesel engined
Land Rover 90 and told to check inventories of tools and other items such
as tow straps, snatch blocks and D shackles. Packing was surprisingly easy
until it came time to fit in the optional journalist somewhere in the back
amidst the fresh fruit, muesli bars and tool box"
"Other journalists would be following the event in long wheelbase Land
Rover 110s. For many of them it was an experience of realising that sometimes
a box of food has more importance than yet another set of camera lenses
when space is at a premium"
"The convoy left Cairns complete with police escort. Far from being a dawn
start, we headed down the Esplanade at 1.30 pm on route for Cooktown and
the first night stop"
"What should have been a five hour drive expanded to seven from continual
halts at the request of the film crew. The photographers seemed to think
their lives depended on shooting all their film in the first 24 hours"
"Our route lay up the coast road on the Captain Cook Highway to Port Douglas,
crossing over the Daintree River north of Mossman and across the Bloomfield
River on the Peninsula Development Road"
"While the Europeans were still getting used to driving on dirt roads, the
Australians were wondering if conditions were actually going to approach
four wheel drive territory"
"The total convoy of 24 vehicles and 73 people headed slowly towards
Fairlight. Such a lack of urgency did not suit the German film crew hired
to produce a promotional film of the event. They wanted shots of vehicles
diving into rivers and drifting around corners. Obviously the organisers
wanted high drama photography"
"As those who travel off-road are all aware, increase speed and you increase
the chances of damage. Night fell and with it the Land Rover of a film crew
from Luxembourg headed for notoriety and a large hole at the edge of the
track"
"Recovering a vehicle takes time and it was close on midnight before we
made camp. A morning wash in the Palmer River and we were off once again towards
Maytown, now simply the deserted remains of what was once a thriving gold
centre"
"Although the first two days of the trip were over, we had not encountered
anything that remotely resembled an adventure. Not surprisingly, the crews
were getting restless at being used as unpaid stooges in the preparation
of a promotional film rather than taking part in ""man's greatest adventure
against the environment.""
  As each day progressed it became obvious that serious and intense political
struggles were being enacted inside the Reynolds organisation. As the power
plays started to have an effect on the event organisation it seemed that
the corporate problems of Geneva and North Carolina were to be aired in the
bush of far north Queensland"
"The men from Land Rover then appeared on the scene, however, and introduced
the start of the special stages for the teams. The first stage comprised
two separate river crossings through water about 1.5m deep and was followed
by a 30 minute stage of traversing through the river in a section with a
depth of 1.7m"
"Marks were awarded on the basis of correct reconnaissance of obstacles
and how to deal effectively with them. The ability of a team to work together
was also important as was completing the task smoothly and cleanly"
"In this first stage the Australian team showed just how well it could
handle a problem slowly and carefully without drama. An excellent performance
resulted in the Australians being placed second, only three points behind
the American team of Frank Smith and Carl Guffey"
"Failure to work out a route through the water in advance resulted in the
Belgians sinking in a deeper part of the river and the start of a three
hour recovery program. Unaffected by the experience of falling on their
side, the Luxembourg film crew showed that ignorance heralds bravery as
they headed into deep water to get a close-up shot of the Belgian team in
trouble. Not surprisingly, they sank deeper and harder than the object of
their attention and proved just as difficult to return in one piece to the
river bank"
"Day Three started at 6 am with a timed hill climb. This served to prove
who could drive up a hill fastest rather than any display to skill or general
driving ability. Bearing in mind the need to safeguard vehicles and equipment
for a further 10 days, Australia and Germany adopted a more leisurely attitude
and paid the penalty of low scores"
"The political battle between Reynolds personnel once more reared its head
as Camel Trophy Manager Patrick Lexcellent changed routes from those scouted
by the guide Bob Flesser"
"With the arrogant air only the French have ever perfected as an art form,
Lexcellent instructed all crews that driving speeds were far too slow. Sounding
like Inspector Clouseau he issued the statement that cut across all safety
aspects by saying ""You must drive fastair. If you cannot keep erp with ze
car in frernt, give the wheel to somewern ooh can!""
  At this stage the event appeared to be run purely as a promotional vehicle
for Camel cigarettes and to make a sales oriented film using unpaid actors
from 14 countries. The guys that had travelled half way round the world in the
belief they were entering a true adventure were beginning to feel somewhat used"
"But special stage number three set by Australian judges Geoff Stubbs and John
Ayre with Graham Fazakarley of Land Rover Britain turned the Camel Trophy around
in terms of credibility and morale"
"Each team had to drive into the Palmer River, climb up the far bank, pass behind
a marker and then drive back to a point close to the start position. Here they had
to either drive onto the bank or winch themselves out"
"It was a sensible task requiring skill and forethought with the type of
conditions expected by any keen four wheel drive enthusiast. Australia was top
scorer with a maximum of 81 points but the scoring system was fast becoming
farcical, as points awarded for the simple hill climb had peaked at 100 for first
place. It was incongruous that a 30 minute event requiring considerable ability
scored less than a 20 second dash up a hill, but the judges were ordered to handle
it that way by the organisers"
"Special stage number four took place out of water, but still in a creek bed, at
Terrible Creek between Palmerville and King Junction. For this section the track
wound through the soft river sand for a total of 200 metres before heading up a
steep washaway"
"France was top scorer, followed by Australia, as teams had to use sand ladders
across a badly eroded section of the climb from the river bed. The United Kingdon
fared rather badly and lost time digging equipment from the soft river bed"
"That night, the crossing of the Palmer River and one of its tributaries started
teams working together as a group rather than as individuals. Steep river entries
and exits meant winching out with the 90s strapped together on the far bank to
provide the necessary muscle"
"The 110s carrying not only the journalists' extra gear but also the inflatable
rafts and outboard motors caught most of the mud and were the main obstacle in
heaving equipment out of the water"
"There was no doubt in the minds of the competitors that here was the stuff the
trip had promised. Plenty of mud and heaps of challenges as Land Rovers submerged
and reappeared at the end of a snatch strap heading for a steep exit from the
river"
"Sunday and day four of the event should have seen us at King Junction for
refuelling and the chance to catch up on daily maintenance of the support
vehicles, but because of the constant change of route plans, guide Bob Flesser was
effectively way off his proposed route and the entire convoy played around in the
bush wasting time and getting totally lost. Eventually we arrived at King Junction
and the entire break was spent under the Land Rover with a spot of spanner
twirling to tighten various bits and pieces"
"It says something for Land Rover that none of the competing vehicles had broken
down. It also gave an insight into the lack of event planning which allowed
vehicles to participate without following even the basic recommendations of the
manufacturer as far as a shake down of mechanical condition was concerned"
"Prior to the start of the Camel Trophy, mechanics had not been given time to run
in and properly check over the vehicles. As an example, my own Land Rover had
completed just 480 km without the benefit of even a first service"
"Maintenance session over, we crossed the Palmer River once more before camping
for the night. Day five, and another 6 am start saw us heading for the Mitchell
River"
"On the banks of the Mitchell we were faced with the problem of wide free flowing
water with quicksand in the centre to catch the unwary vehicle"
""
"Chapter Six Nursing home and hostel recurrent funding Introduction  

Within the context of a continuum of care, according to
assessed levels of individual dependency, funding arrangements
with respect to hostel and nursing home residents should:

‚2 enable a reasonable and adequate standard of care to be
  provided;

‚2 ensure equity for financially disadvantaged people;

‚2 reinforce the emphasis on encouraging maintenance of
  individual independence;

‚2 achieve greater equity between States on per capita
  expenditure;

‚2 be cost-effective for the taxpayer; and

‚2 create incentives for service providers to increase
  administrative efficiency"
"There is general acknowledgment that existing financial
arrangements fall short of the Commonwealth's aims in a number
of areas. In particular, the following concerns are raised by
the Auditor-General's report on an efficiency audit, the report
of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on
Expenditure (McLeay) and the report by the Senate Select
Committee on Private Hospitals and Nursing Homes (Giles):

‚2 The overall funding system exacerbates the differences
  between hostels and nursing homes by consistently increasing
  the differential between benefits for personal care in hostels
  and ordinary care in nursing homes"
"‚2 Funding arrangements provide no encouragement for
  rehabilitation or for maintenance of personal independence"
"‚2 The existing fees control system is complex, costly and
  difficult to administer. Fees relate to real levels of
  expenditure but not to real costs of care, and vary widely from
  nursing home to nursing home and State to State. This
  interstate variation results in substantial per capita
  inequities in benefits paid from one State to another"
"‚2 There are serious anomalies in arrangements controlling
  profits, which the industry is increasingly less prepared to
  tolerate"
"‚2 There is little incentive for proprietors to limit operating
  costs as costs incurred are returned as fee increases. Savings
  on approved costs cannot be retained and are reflected in
  negative loadings on fees"
"‚2 The existing nexus between costs, fees and benefits, and the
  difficulty over time in relating fee increases to real cost
  movements, has severely reduced the Commonwealth's capacity to
  control overall expenditure on nursing homes. This problem is
  escalating. The tables on current and projected expenditure in
  Chapter Two illustrate this problem"
"‚2 Commonwealth expenditure per bed day is higher for deficit-
  financed homes than for participating homes. But Commonwealth
  policy priorities, concerning access to nursing homes for
  disadvantaged groups, are no more likely to be met by deficit-
  financed homes than by participating homes, despite the
  additional expenditure incurred"
"The clear conclusion of all these reports, which is
supported by government policy statements, is that the large
amounts of scarce resources expended through residential
programs must be directed only to those aged or disabled people
whose needs are not able to be met through community-based care
services. Despite the huge investment of resources, residential
programs in fact cater for only a small minority of aged and
disabled people and no matter how well structured or co-
ordinated the programs, they will continue to be appropriate
for only a minority"
"The central divergence in the conclusions of the major
reports concerns the degree of Commonwealth involvement in the
program over the longer term. The McLeay report recommended a
progressive transfer of responsibility to the States, for both
residential and community care, while the Giles report
specifically rejected grants to the States in favour of program
grants administered by the Commonwealth. The Review believes
that the priority is to enhance the effectiveness of the
current programs and their linkages with community services and
that issues relating to longer term control cannot be
determined at present"
"Approaches to funding  

On the basis of the stated objectives and the conclusions of
the major reports on current problems, there are three major
elements which need to be taken into account in devising new
funding arrangements for residential programs:

‚2 The new system must incorporate budgetary controls over the
  funding of nursing home benefits and assistance. Under present
  open-ended arrangements the rate of growth in outlays is very
  difficult to control or to predict beyond a narrow timeframe"
"‚2 The system must address current administrative complexities;
  funding inequities between different types of institutions and
  between States which result in significant per capita
  inequities across the program; and the existing disincentives
  for provider efficiency"
"‚2 The new arrangements must support the proposed restructuring
  of service provision and be consistent with the broad goals of
  providing a continuum of care and discouraging premature
  institutionalisation, while allowing greater flexibility in
  planning for future rapid growth in the aged population"
"However, while there is broad agreement on the importance
of these elements in any new funding arrangements, there is no
clear-cut strategy for achieving them. The number and variety
of proposals put forward over the years have been great, but
taken in isolation most of them have adverse consequences of
varying magnitude. This has been a major deterrent to change"
"Essentially, these proposals relate to four central issues
which are discussed below:

‚2 the continuation of growth control;

‚2 the nexus between costs, fees and benefits;

‚2 protection for financially disadvantaged persons; and

‚2 improvement of program efficiency within the existing   
  structure"
"The continuation of growth control  

Control on the overall number of nursing home beds, by limiting
supply, has been the most effective device used by the
Commonwealth to date for controlling costs and reducing
unnecessary admissions. At present, this is done by
controlling, through a series of planning principles, the
number of beds approved for benefit; and by prohibiting non-
approved beds in approved homes. However, restricting supply
also:

‚2 encourages fee increases, and hence pressure on benefits;

‚2 cannot ensure priority of access to highly dependent persons
  most in need of nursing care; and

‚2 is subject to demand pressures. 

  To be successful, it depends on:

‚2 means for protecting financially disadvantaged people   
  (currently fees control); and

‚2 admission control (currently control over the kinds of   
  people approved for benefit, but not the number)"
"Removal of controls on bed growth and on approval of beds
for benefit, on the other hand, would result in an excess
supply of beds. This would:

‚2 allow nursing homes to compete for patients;

‚2 encourage provider efficiency and protect standards; and

‚2 restrain fee increases, allowing the lifting of controls
  on fees"
"It would depend for expenditure control on restricting the
number of people approved for benefit. This has always proven
extremely difficult. Experience in the health industry
indicates that all beds would be likely to be fully occupied,
causing:

‚2 pressure to procure benefits for all people admitted,     
  leading to encouragement of increasing dependency and      
  institutionalisation, and discouragement of rehabilitation;

‚2 increasing difficulty for people to be approved for benefit
  directly from the community, without a preliminary admission
  period in which they received no benefit; and

‚2 increasing admission of better-off people who could afford
  to pay fees in the initial non-benefit period, at the     
  expense of people who were financially disadvantaged"
"To be successful and meet wider Commonwealth aims for
enhanced rehabilitation and the prevention of unnecessary
institutionalisation, this form of deregulation would depend
on:

‚2 means for protecting financially disadvantaged persons;

‚2 a way to ensure that people who do not need nursing care are
  not prematurely admitted to nursing homes as a preliminary
  to claiming benefit; and

‚2 a way of protecting assessment mechanisms from bearing the
  full brunt of expenditure control, when their major concern
  is to make judgments about patient care requirements"
"The Review considers that the disadvantages of the removal
of controls on bed growth significantly outweigh the
advantages"
"The nexus between fees, costs and benefits

The Commonwealth provides assistance to nursing home residents
so that everyone who needs this form of care can have access
to it, regardless of their means. Because 62-65 per cent of
residents are pensioners with little or no other income,
Commonwealth assistance, with the minimum patient contribution,
must be sufficient to cover the basic costs of an adequate and
reasonable standard of care for at least two-thirds of
residents"
"The present fee control system allows the Commonwealth to
protect pensioners in participating nursing homes who have
little or no other income, by striking a benefit which, with
the minimum patient contribution, covers the fees charged for
70 per cent of these beds, at the commencement of the benefit
period. In Victoria and South Australia this system does not
apply in 1986, and the proportions of participating home
residents covered at the commencement of the benefit period
were 62 and 67 per cent respectively"
"The starting point for determining benefits under this
system is the fees charged by individual nursing homes, which
in turn are approved by the Commonwealth on the basis of
allowable costs, plus a profit component. Interstate
differences are perpetuated in the range of benefit levels from
State to State. The benefit is then, essentially, a form of
cost reimbursement, rather than a payment in respect of
provision of an approved standard of care. An additional
problem is that the present system does not differentiate the
real costs of ordinary and extensive levels of care. Thus, the
approved daily fees for any participating nursing home are
always based on the total per diem income of the home divided
by the number of beds, and the differential between ordinary
and extensive care fees is always the standard $6 per day
regardless of the cost structure of the home"
"The main advantage of breaking the nexus between costs, fees
and benefits would be that benefits could be standardised and
could be determined by some other means more consistent with
Commonwealth aims to:

‚2 control expenditure growth;

‚2 achieve greater equity between States; and

‚2 reflect the actual costs of ordinary and extensive nursing
  care for residents with different levels of dependency"
"In effect, such a change would be consistent with the
introduction of program grants. The essential features of
program grants are that participating organisations agree to
provide a specified level of service in return for receiving
a specified level of grant, and a specified level of patient
contribution. The advantages of such a system are its
administrative simplicity and the incentives it provides for
efficient management by proprietors of nursing homes. The main
problem is that it assumes that all nursing homes could be
operated within a common cost structure, irrespective of size,
location, age etc. In practical terms, the difficulty in
introducing program grants, or simply setting benefits in some
way other than on approved fees, lies in the basis on which the
grant should be calculated"
"The W.D. Scott study on the Cost of nursing home and hostel
care services (Scott, 1985) explores the notion of standard
costs in developing program grants - standard costs being
expressed as the number of units of input required to produce
a unit of output. In the nursing home context, output measures
for deriving standard costs would be the level of patient care
deemed reasonable and adequate by the Commonwealth for ordinary
and extensive care residents"
"W.D. Scott pointed to two approaches to developing standard
costs:
‚2 The first of these would develop standard costs from      
  existing costs. This assumes the existence of a consistent 
  service level, and hence a similar cost structure across  
  nursing homes. For instance, if there were consistent     
  service levels for food and linen services, then a standard 
  cost could be struck, based on existing costs for these   
  services"
"‚2 The second approach would base standard costs on an      
  independent point of reference. Thus, the Commonwealth would
  specify a standard output for all aspects of service such
  as nursing hours per patient, food and laundry services,  
  light and heat etc. and define the levels of input required
  to meet these standards"
"W.D. Scott preferred the second approach, concluding that
there was insufficient consistency in existing costs to
generate standard costs. However, they recommended a phased
introduction to program grants:

‚2 Phase I would use current average costs as an interim model
  for deriving the standard cost for various aspects of     
  nursing home operations. During this period, homes varying substantially from the average would be identified and the range of costs gradually compressed"
""
"WHAT OTHERS SAY
WAGES FOR MPS  

THE DAILY TELEGRAPH: Members of Parliament are in an unenviable position"
"They feel they deserve a pay rise because they have fallen behind the
community standard after failing to win catch-up flow-ons from the 1982
wage freeze"
"On the other hand, they can hardly be seen to demand pay rises while the
Federal Government is preaching restraint to everyone else. 
  However, there is a case for a moderate pay increase for MPs. If we are
to attract the best candidates to the difficult task of governing the country,
we must ensure that the salaries they can command are comparable with those
offered in the business community"
""
"Defining literacy: common myths and alternative readings  

  

This paper is concerned with crucial issues which need to be addressed in
attempting to define literacy.  Several persistent myths or common misreadings
of the nature of literacy are critiqued, namely the myths of literacy as:
an absolute, word perfect standard; a collection of functional skills; an
autonomous, context-free and unified competence; and a means of economic
benefit.  Alternative definitions, differing radically from the myths in
their reading of reality, are proposed.  These argue for a broad, inclusive
definition which takes into account two broad perspectives - (i) the
essentially creative meaning-centred and relative nature of language learning
or use, and (ii) the patterns of social and cultural contexts in which literate
behaviours are learnt, developed, constrained by or act to constrain the
literacy of others.  A dual focus is argued for.  First, a focus on individual
learning and experience serves to highlight the essentially constructive,
selective, purposeful nature of the literacy process and the organic relation
beteen literacy, experience, personal growth and autonomy.  Thus, liteacy
is seen as transcending exclusively linguistic considerations and empowering
its possessors to make sense of, to read and reread their experience, both
to ""take meanings"" from the world and to act to transform that world.  The
second essential focus entails the recognition that socio-cultural contexts,
including the nature, availability or distribution of information and printed
materials in a society, are a vital part of the literacy process itself,
shaping the meaning, values status and conceptions of literacy practices
or competences.  Hence discussion moves to the wider definitional framework
for the analysis of literacies as social practices embedded in socio-cultural
contexts of parent-child relationships, socialization patterns and ideologies"
"""I don't know what you mean by `glory,'"" Alice said. Humpty Dumpty smiled
contemptuously. ""Of course you don't - till I tell you ...""
""When I use a word,"" Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone, ""it means
just what I choose it to mean - neither more nor less"""
"""The question is,"" said Alice, ""whether you can make words mean so many
different things"""
"""The question is,"" said Humpty Dumpty, ""which is to be master - that's all"""
"(Lewis Carroll, 1985:173)  

Substitute the word `literacy' for `glory', and we have an apt account of
the idiosyncratic and variously motivated definitions or uses of the concept
of `literacy'.  The attempt to define literacy is problematic.  Varying
definitions abound, both in theory and practice.  Some emphasize the
acquisition of basic communication skills or a level of competency required
for effective functioning in a given society, some other definitions - such
as ""organic literacy"" (Carozzi, 1974) - focus upon literacy as a process
""at the heart of the growth of a person"", and again others encompass
sociological and political perspectives as central (Street, 1984; Levine,
1986).  A further, common approach has been to ignore problems of definition
altogether.  Large scale surveys of literacy levels, such as in Australia
in 1975, and the USA in 1986, and various media debates regarding literacy
standards often assume that what it means to be literate in our society
is clear cut, self-evident, uncontroversial and readily measurable"
"However, the difficulties of suggesting a simple but acceptable formulation
of literacy are conveyed by Levine's (1986:22) metaphor of an indigestible
cake

     .... what might appear to be an endless series of disagreements and
     controversies will be encountered which reflect the fact that we are
     dealing with a complex amalgam of psychological, linguistic and social
     processes layered one on top of another like a rich and indigestible
     gateau.  Different varieties of academic specialists cut slices out
     of this cake with the conceptual equipment their disciplinary training
     has taught them to favour.  Consumers of the cake (teachers, pupils,
     politicians, employers) have very different appetites and push and
     jostle each other to secure a wedge of a particular size and, if possible,
     try to get their preferred wedge defined as the standard helping for
     everybody else"
"The questions of `what is literacy?' and `what is literacy for?' are
fundamental to the responsible and effective work of language teachers,
educators, policy and curriculum designers, researchers and academics. 
Otherwise we are working in the dark, unaware of what informs and constrains
literacy policy, practice and evaluation at all levels, and complacent about
or blind to the rival conceptions represented by traditional mainstream
and minority literacy practices in the community.  Yet characteristically
there has been academic neglect of these issues (Levine, 1986:3-6), or
discipline-bound discussion, public confusion and misreading of the problems
of literacy and illiteracy, and eclectic uninformed approaches applied in
schools.  The back-to-basics or know-nothing movement (as Goodman (1982)
dubs it), the application of business or systems management, or cost benefit
analyses to the school curriculum, the nationwide surveys of literacy levels
of performance in schools and/or the community conducted in USA, UK and
Australia, the media preoccupation with headlines - ""1 million adult
illiterates in Australia"", and the recent Victorian Ministerial initiatives
to introduce assessment of literacy levels in state primary schools - all
represent inadequate definitions of literacy and its uses.  As well, they
can be seen as evidence for Spencer's (1986:442) claim that
     Concern about literacy and the competences of learners is strongest
     when the sociocultural functions of written language in a community
     are changing.  That this is the case at present is another commonplace"
"A starting point for defining literacy is to clear the ground of tenacious,
common literacy myths which have contributed to the notion of ""the standard
helping for everybody else"".  In particular, the persistence of these myths
has closed off enquiry into two deeper issues: (i) the analysis of the
socio-cultural practices in which all literacy learning is embedded, assigned
value and becomes sociologically determining and constraining, and (ii)
the analysis of the changing social functions of printed material in an
increasingly technological society, which includes the emergence of other
literacies of the future which are already gaining ground on the traditional
mainstream literacy of the school"
"COMMON MYTHS AND ALTERNATIVE READINGS  
Five common myths are discussed below and critiqued in turn by the posing
of alternative readings of reality.  The myths have in common the conception
of literacy as essentially technical, linguistic or skills based, instrumental,
neutral and autonomous.  Some of their appeal comes from their ability to
enlist literacy to serve other causes, while sidestepping close analysis
of the nature of literacy and direction of social change.  The counter readings
argue for a broader understanding of literacy that is more inclusive of
learner purposes and experiences and more aware of prevailing social, cultural
and political realities.  These readings share the belief that language
is inescapably social and that, therefore, a theory of language learning
presupposes a social theory which goes beyond socio-linguistic considerations"
"It may be useful to quote here three shorthand definitions of literacy argued
for in the literature which are consistent with the alternative readings
I am proposing"
"By literacy I mean the ability to make and comprehend meanings in reading
     and writing in a particular context, for particular purposes, with
     respect to particular texts.   (Boomer, 1983:2)  

     I shall use the term `literacy' as a shorthand for the social practices
     and conceptions of reading and writing.   (Street, 1984:1) 

     .... a general definition of literacy as the exercised capacity to
     acquire and exchange information via the written word.  Functional
     literacy can be [re]defined as the possession of, or access to, the
     competences and information requried to accomplish transactions entailing
     reading and writing which an individual wishes - or is compelled -
     to engage.   (Levine, 1986:43) 

Myth 1: that literacy is the ability to read, write and spell correctly
(the myth of literacy as an absolute or perfectable product)"
"This myth defines reading and writing as word exact processes, and hence
focusses upon the mastery of correct forms and the eradication of errors"
"Phonics and skills-centred approaches to language instruction rely heavily
on this definition, fragmenting, structuring and sequencing language learning
accordingly"
"Indeed such systematic approaches to language instruction seem part of the
attraction: exponents can put their trust in ordered, manageable prepackaged
lessons, defer to marketed instructional programs and reading schemes, test
for mastery or remediation, and prescribe additional practice appropriate
to the master plan.  Moreover a line of common sense reasoning bolsters
the myth - that those who can use the language correctly are literate, and
that Standard English usage provides access to power denied to the less
educated.  Simple solutions have their appeal, thrusting aside disturbing
questions about the nature and purposes of literacy, the life-chances of
different social groups and the alarming pace and complexity of social and
technological change.  They also have their ideological base"
"The existence of fixed levels of competence and a word perfect standard
is presumed, separating the literate from the `illiterate' or `sub-literate'"
"Many parents and adult literacy students rigidly adhere to such debilitating
literacy myths, as Phillip (Grant, 1985) for instance admits after ten years
in an adult literacy program"
"I can read and write a bit now, but I think you tell yourself you can't
     all the time, and you brainwash yourself .. branded meself as being
     slow or dumb ... But with me I've gotta be right or not at all .."
"If I'm not gunna be right I won't write at all .... because I don't
     want to make a fool of meself"
"Despite significant progress made in the tuition program many literacy
students, like Phillip, continue to see themselves as `illiterate' and to
insist on unrealistic notions of literacy as an exact, word perfect standard
in reading, writing and spelling (Grant, 1985; Pollock, 1983). They often
draw stark, absolute contrasts of literacy as for the `literates', `being
right' all the time, otherwise one is stigmatized as `illiterate', `bad'
and `wrong'"
"While the myth exacerbates social stigma and low status, the product approaches
it promotes in schools are damaging in other ways.  They are reductive of
language as a meaning-making process, and of the child as a learner; to
read becomes recognizing words or decoding correctly, to learn a second
language becomes translating accurately, and to write becomes expressing
and spelling conventionally.  Programs, techniques and systems-oriented
approaches cast the learner in a passive role of recipient dependent on
the `reading expert' or instructional program.  Literacy purposes are likely
to be limited to information processing - the one way transmission or
extraction of supposedly unambiguous information.  It is assumed that a
single, objective meaning resides in the text and that the reader's
`comprehension' of it will be either right or wrong.  This continues despite
all the counter evidence that variation is

     the norm rather than the exception ... no concept has been more difficult
     for the [teaching] profession to abandon than this notion of language
     as a perfectable absolute.   (Harste, Woodward and Burke, 1984:104). 

Thus individual variations in response, comprehension and interpretation
of meaning are discouraged as divergent. 

Alternative reading 1: literacy is a creative, selective, meaning-centred
process, and a relative concept, relative to different texts, social contexts
and purposes"
"In reality, being literate entails far more than reading, writing and spelling
correctly.  Reading and writing - the recognized core of literacy - are
creative, actively predictive and selective not exact processes.  Hence
achieving fluency depends upon taking risks in anticipating and constructing
meaning and varies according to context, purpose and text (e.g. Smith,
1978:1983).  Being literate is a relative concept, and not the attainment
of a particular level of mastery.  Accordingly, we are each more or less
literate in different settings, for example we may be literate in respect
to reading a literary text for pleasure, but not literate in respect to
reading a physics textbook or the installation instructions in a home appliance
manual poorly translated from Japanese"
"Moreover, the reader's active construction of meaning is a tentative and
cumulative process.  Meaning is not transmitted absolutely from text to
reader, but is itself relative.  It is relative to: the implied questions,
purposes, ways of making sense of and taking sense from the world the reader
brings; the context and nature of particular reading tasks; as well as to
the demands and nature of the texts (Grant, in press)."
"S. Africa's trial by gold starts  

IT now looks as though South Africa is at the portal of new agonies which
will combine trial by gold with trial by blood"
"This is the real meaning of the US Senate's decision last week to override
any possibility of a presidential veto for real, hard-hitting sanctions
against the separate, increasingly desperate tribes that make up the political
entity of South Africa"
"The gigantic forces that are being unleashed in that beatiful and gravely
unhappy country now seem to be accelerating toward what may be a long period
of bloody revolutionary and counter-revolutionary activity"
"But in reality, the threat is not merely to southern Africa, but to the
prospects of world security"
"Just as we all might have had cause for hope that the world was entering
a period of unprecedented peace and security underwritten by a growing
detente between the US and the Soviet Union, an explosion in South Africa
could open up another running sore of bitter confrontation and raging
propaganda. 
  The proposed US sanctions are far from the stroke of a feather wielded
by Mr Hawke and Mr Hayden (who on recent indications would be quite happy
to see Australia step in to take over America's grain market in South Africa)"
"They will put tremendous pressure on existing American investment there,
bringing about at the very least a complete cessation of industrial expansion
and rising unemployment (and discontent) among both black and white workers"
"THE great irony is that in all probability the only government in the
world which is really prepared for the ramifications of an effective network
of sanctions is that of South Africa"
"The more sanctions bite, the worse the violence becomes, the higher the
price of gold and platinum soars and the stronger the financial foundations
of the government become"
"Pretoria has the demonstrated power and the brutal will to smash mass
demonstrations by the black workforce. It has the financial, material and
military resources to sustain its authority"
"Just as importantly, it has the propaganda skills to create major divisions
in the Western world, particularly that part of it which is white, middle class
and in many cases vaguely racist"
"The truth is that any truly effective measures taken by the outside world
to help any particular population group in South Africa are going to end
by hurting all the inhabitants of that country"
Sanctions are the beginning of a new and intensified period of agony
"Before they contribute to irreversible violence, those imposing them should
make another, concerted effort to find the basis for a non-violent solution"
""
"By Marcus Casey Raging Compiled by Philip McLean  SO DAVID IS AHEAD  

ECCENTRIC Talking Heads singer/guitarist David Byrne has made his debut
in the world of film direction"
"The film is True Stories, which he helped write and is based on people
Byrne read about in tabloid newspapers"
"He also wrote a book to accompany the film, which contains a storyboard,
lyrics to songs, and photos. 
  A new Talking Heads album will be released with the film and book later
this year"
"True Stories is set in the fictional town of Virgil, Texas, during the
 State's 150th anniversary"
"""The people in the film seem to have found some kind of ethical centre,""
Byrne says in the book"
"""They may be floundering but it's a noble kind of floundering"
"""They are setting a good example and I'm trying to appreciate them."" 
  Some of the characters highlighted include a Miss Rollings, the world's
laziest lady"
"She spends all her time lying in bed surrounded by gadgets which carry
out almost all of  things she wants to do without her lifting 
much more than her finger"
"Flying high!  

 - SYDNEY-based rock outfit The Cuckoos - who showed lots of promise a couple
of years ago with their EP On The Ghost Train - have released a debut mini
album. Called Sticks And Stones, the album features the single Wheels Of
Your Heart"
"- The band started off in Adelaide when three young English migrants got
together to jam with guitars and keyboards. Then they moved to Melbourne
where Merseysider Terry Burgan joined the band on bass"
"- A token Australian, Stephen Kane, stepped in to take up the position
of drummer. The band immediately poured their limited savings into recording
and distributing 500 copies of their first record, On The Ghost Train. The
EP sold out and they were signed by a management company which rereleased
the record and its single Point Of No Return"
""
"Floating giants  

  Icebergs originate from the calving events of floating ice at the seaward
boundary of outlet glaciers and ice shelves. The thick ice of the Antarctic
interior, flowing constantly outwards under its own enormous weight, converges
into fast-moving outlet glaciers at the continental margin. As the ice
protrudes into surrounding waters, the effect of buoyancy causes further
spreading and thinning, forming floating ice tongues or ice shelves. Bending
stresses, caused by waves and swell, soon extract their toll and icebergs
are born"
"Since the days of the earliest polar explorers, Antarctic icebergs have
thrilled writers and photographers, terrorised mariners, fascinated civilian
and military engineers, and tempted tourists, yet they've all but been ignored
by scientists until relatively recent times"
"Icebergs (huge frozen masses of fresh water) are a common feature of both
Arctic and Antarctic oceans. However, Antartic icebergs are generally much
larger, colder and more numerous than their Arctic equivalents. For example,
whereas a `very large' Arctic iceberg might measure 750 x 350 x 30 metres
in length, breadth and thickness, a `very large' Antarctic iceberg could
measure 1,500 x 750 x 400 metres. With these dimensions, it would weigh
up to 400 million tonnes - almost the entire annual water consumption for
the city of Melbourne - and have a freeboard (height above water) equal to
that of a ten story building (freeboard for tabular icebergs being typically
15 per cent of their total thickness). Of all the icebergs in the Southern
Ocean, those over 1,000 metres in width ('width' being the maximum horizontal
dimension at waterline) comprise only about four per cent by count, yet 51 per
cent by volume. Most Antartic icebergs, however, are less than 500 metres in width,
with the largest numbers (more than a third of all sightings) being in the size 
range of 50 to 200 metres"
"Imagine the mixture of terror and enchantment that must have 'shivered
the timbers' of early explorers, who, in flimsy and sometimes ill-equipped
sailing vessels, dared to probe Antarctic waters in search of the 'southern
continent'. One of the earliest of these explorers, to whom polar regions
were not unfamiliar, was Captain James Cook. For Cook, the hazards of sailing
among icebergs were not taken lightly. On his second voyage of discovery
(1772-1775), Cook (in the HMS Resolution) circumnavigated the globe at
an approximate latitude of 60°S, crossing the Antarctic circle on three
occasions but without actually sighting the mysterious continent they had
hoped to discover. He notes:
  ""...About noon came close under the above mentioned island of ice and were by
a kind of indraught or some means or other insensibly sucked so near that
we had scarce any probability of escaping being drove against it which
must have been inevitable destruction and it was equally as unknown almost
how we got off without and we scarce got a cables length from it...""
  In the 20th century, icebergs have occasionally created news. The sinking
in 1912 of the HMS Titanic, for example, was caused by the collision with
a relatively small iceberg off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. The
staggering loss of 1,513 lives, making it one of the worst maritime disasters
in the history of mankind, jolted maritime authorities into organising
the first 'International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea'. This resulted
in the introduction of safety measures (today taken for granted), such
as a place in a lifeboat for each person embarked, lifeboat drills to be
held during the voyage and a compulsory 24-hour radio watch"
"Distribution and Dissolution  

  A traditional method used to collect information on iceberg distributions
during Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions has been shipboard
observations, both visual and radar, within a 12 nautical mile radius of
the ship. Icebergs sizes are estimated and the numbers within designated
size categories recorded in a logbook with latitude, longitude, water
temperature, sea-ice concentration and any other relevant information. Detailed
size measurements are gathered for tabular icebergs and the more northerly
pinnacled icebergs. In these cases iceberg height and width are measured
trigonometrically, using a sextant to obtain the subtended angle, in
conjunction with a distance obtained by radar"
"Satellite surveillance is at present not capable of monitoring iceberg
movement and decay, except for gigantic icebergs larger than say ten kilometres
in width. Typical problems incurred using satellites include obscuration
by cloud, difficulty in distinguishing between sea-ice and icebergs, limited
resolution and coverage, and difficulty recognising the same iceberg(s)
again after breakage or rollover has occurred"
"The mechanisms by which freely floating icebergs are reduced from large
to small are as yet not fully understood, although they are known to be
a combination of breakage, calving around the edges and subsurface melt"
"Melt plays a relatively minor part in the dissolution of large icebergs
although it becomes the major mechanism in the dissolution of smaller,
blocky icebergs. The speed of subsurface melt is easier to appreciate when
you realise that typical Southern Ocean water temperatures are around 1°C"
"Melting of the above water portion by the Sun's direct radiation also has
a negligible effect on iceberg dissolution. Generally, the meltwater so
produced percolates down into snow and firn (compacted snow) layers and simply
refreezes"
"The effect of rollover tends to enhance all of the above dissolution processes, 
particularly subsurface melting. Icebergs have been observed to roll over abruptly,
although the spectacle is one that few are privileged to witness. Rollover will 
occur when, after breakage and melting, the thickness of an iceberg becomes less 
than or equal to the width. Sometimes icebergs may 'turn turtle' (180°), 
although a roll of less than 90° is more common. Rollover is the primary 
factor responsible for pinnacles - caused by thrusting edges or corners high into 
the air. When an iceberg `rolls' it reveals a characteristic smooth and rounded 
underwater shape. Normally a wave notch is visible, marking the position of the 
previous waterline. Sometimes the waterline may be stained green from algae, 
although this is uncommon. Rollover can also identify those icebergs that have 
sediment layers embedded in the icemass. Particle matter in the ice and sediment 
from the sea floor can give rise to the appearance of black or dark green icebergs"
"Large tabular bergs, freshly calved from glaciers or iceshelves, may last
for a period of years if they either run aground or remain in waters close
to the Antarctic coast. Here the surface water is extremely cold, which
minimises melt. More importantly, however, the presence of sea-ice dampens
the swell and produces a flat sea, devoid of wave action. This environment
is one in which there are minimal bending stresses or erosion forces,
responsible for the dissolution processes of breakage and calving"
"The deep draught (portion below water) of Antarctic icebergs causes them
to drift in the direction of average current movement. Icebergs, unlike
sea-ice, are not greatly affected by winds or irregular surface currents"
"Bergs will simply rip through sea-ice like tissue paper if the overall current
is at variance to the top few metres of the watermass"
"Large tabular icebergs are known to have travelled tens of thousands of
kilometres in westerly moving currents of Antarctic coastal flow (that is, around
the coast over the continental shelf). Icebergs tracked by satellite
transponder have shown typical speeds of up to half a knot"
"Size distributions of icebergs flowing in the easterly-moving Antarctic
circumpolar current have been studied statistically to determine life
expectancy. Analysis has shown that for icebergs less than 1,000 metres
in width a 'median-life' of about 0.2 years may be expected. (The term
median-life refers to the time taken for half of the icebergs in one particular
size category to be reduced to half of their original numbers by breakage
into smaller sizes.) This means that a medium iceberg of 350 metres width
could be expected to last between six months and two years before all traces
of the original berg are destroyed. Estimates of life expectancy are
necessarily imprecise because of the fact that icebergs, like human beings,
come in all manner of consistency, quality and shape"
"Recent studies of Antarctic iceberg distributions have shown that the
common northerly limit seems roughly linked to the average maximum extent
of Antarctic sea-ice at about latitude 59°S. One might be forgiven, however,
in thinking that the Antarctic convergence (or polar front), at latitude
51°S in the Australian region, would have delineated the absolute northern
boundary of icebergs, since this is where a sharp temperature difference
occurs between the cooler waters of the Southern Ocean and the warmer oceans
of mid latitudes"
"Sightings of icebergs north of the Antarctic convergence are relatively rare, 
however on 15 January 1982, two icebergs were sighted at 48°S,
111°E - only about 1,800 kilometres south of Perth. These icebergs were 
almost certainly the remnants of a gigantic iceberg and may have come from as 
far away as the Weddell Sea, more than 13,000 kilometres to the west. Icebergs at 
these latitudes were well known to the captains of the clipper ships who, after
rounding the Cape of Good Hope on their way to Australia, would have had
to weigh up the risks of steering further south to pick up the strong westerly
trade winds versus the increased likelihood of disastrous encounters with
icebergs"
"Reflections in Ice  

  Perhaps on the next occasion you find yourself lounging in a reclining
chair and sipping a cool lemon-squash, you might like to reflect, finally,
on why the ice blocks in your drink have so much less freeboard than that
observed for tabular icebergs"
"The answer to this question is twofold. First, the iceberg is floating
in salt water and therefore has slightly more buoyancy. But second, and
more importantly, most of the above-water portion of a tabular iceberg is
in fact snow or firn with a density much less than that of ice. A typical
thickness to freeboard ratio for tabular icebergs is about 6 or 7:1 although
for irregular icebergs this ratio is more likely to be about 2 or 3:1"
"Icebergs are a fascinating phenomenon and a surprising amount can be learned
about them by simply watching an ice cube melt and roll over in a glass
of water!"
"Footy star tells of lost $6000  

FORMER VFL footballer Phil Carman lost his $6000 deposit on a frozen chicken
and egg sales venture, the County Court was told yesterday"
"Carman, 35, a sub-contractor of Bendigo, said he agreed to buy the franchise
in 1980 after reading an advertisement he could earn between $350 and $400
a week"
"He said he paid the deposit for what he believed was the sole Ferntree
Gully franchise to sell Victoria Egg Board eggs"
"Robert Ashley Lewis, 42, of Minchinbury Drive, Vermont South, has pleaded
not guilty to 41 counts of obtaining property by deception and two counts
of attempting to obtain property by deception between January 1979 and
September, 1983"
The trial is not finished
""
"All's fair in dollar chase By MARK HOOPER  

When it comes to international popularity, countries such as Libya, Cuba,
South Africa, Iran, and the Soviet Union can hardly claim to be on the western
world's Christmas card list"
"But popularity and politics count for little and profits count for much
as far as Australia's agricultural traders are concerned"
"In the past year, there have been record wheat sales to the Soviet Union
and strong wheat sales to South Africa"
"Live sheep exports to Libya resumed just last month after a 16-month recess,
and we continue to sell Iran large quantities of wheat and meat"
"And on Monday, Australia's first beef cattle export to Cuba leaves Melbourne"
"The trend is summed up by a standard line from the Australian Wheat
Board:  ""We have a responsibility to market our produce wherever we can.""
  The Australian-Soviet bond in wheat trade is one of the strongest in the
world and is likely to continue despite raids by Europe and the U.S. this
year"
"Australia sold 3.2 million tonnes of grain to the Soviet Union in the
marketing year just ended and there is every chance the volume will be repeated,
albeit at depressed prices"
"An AWB spokesman said the ""excellent"" relationship would continue because
the Soviets valued the quality and quality control standards of Australian
wheat. 
  When South Africa is short of wheat, it also relies on Australia.  Despite
the Hawke Government's high-profile anti-apartheid campaign, the AWB shipped
100,000 tonnes of wheat to South Africa this year, worth about $15 million"
"That represented about one-third of South Africa's import needs.  Canada
and the U.S. supplied the rest.  Australia could replace the U.S. as southern
Africa's major supplier if U.S. sanctions extend to wheat.  
  A shipment of 104,000 live sheep from Fremantle bound for Libya last
month represented the first such trade since May last year"
"The Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation says Libya is a developing
market and prospects for future shipments are promising"
"""A contributing factor to the resumption of trade is the attractive price
at which the Australian exporter can supply the sheep,"" an AMLC spokesman
said"
"The Chernobyl nuclear accident also prompted Libyan authorities to look
to Australia after they banned imports from eastern Europe"
"Iran has bought 4 million tonnes of wheat from Australia in the past
three years, and buys thousands of tonnes of mutton and lamb from us each
year"
"Iran's Agriculture Minister, Mr Abbasali Zali, was recently in Australia
""looking at areas to expand co-operation"""
"The Department of Primary Industry described the sale of 670 beef cattle
to Cuba as a breakthrough.  The department said last week Cuban authorities
were also interested in buying Australian buffalo and 1500 head were being
tested in the Northern Territory for their suitability for export to Cuba"
The department said exporters were hoping the Cuban trade would increase
Cuba previously imported most of its cattle from Europe and Canada
""
"Hunter role for an Aussie star  

  Australian actor Vernon Wells of Mad Max fame makes a guest
appearance in the popular Hunter series on Tuesday night"
"Hunter has been one of the success stories of the year for Channel Seven
in its 8.30pm timeslot and fans won't be disappointed 
by this week's episode"
"Hunter (Fred Dryer) and his trusty offsider Dee Dee McCall 
(Stepfanie Kramer) set off on the trail of a prostitute's killer"
"Sixties  

  The killer is named Zajak (Wells), and before the next 60 minutes is over
the trio have smashed, bashed and crashed their way through half of Los
Angeles"
"There is a cross plot with drugs and mercenaries, but that is not really
the point in Hunter"
There is another good reason to watch Hunter tonight - the music
"When Dee Dee goes undercover in a couple of bars, the background music
is original sixties with greats by The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, and Cream"
"It's enough to make a sixties boy go all misty-eyed - or maybe it was
just the sight of Dee Dee in that little mini skirt"
"Channel 7's other top-class crime show, Bergerac, is back for a fourth
series in the 9.45pm timeslot on Saturday"
"It's a fine British production based around a detective sergeant in Bureau
de Etrangers on Jersey"
"The bureau deals with crimes relating to island visitors and there is
always plenty of action for Det Sgt Jim Bergerac (John Nettles)"
"In this week's episode Bergerac is assigned as the official
guide-cum-bodyguard to a visiting British MP"
"A hired killer comes to the island to stop the MP signing an important
trade agreement"
Bergerac also has a new romantic interest played by Louise Jameson
""
"Sister Emmanuelle By Peter Philp  

At the age of 12 she prayed that one day she would become a nun. As a teenager,
she loved to go out with boys, go to dances and dress up in expensive clothes"
"As a nun she became a professor of philosophy and then in her sixties, Sister
Emmanuelle's life-long dream came true. She went to live on a garbage dump"
"Rather than retiring in the relative comfort of a French convent, this
sprightly old nun moved into Zabbaleen garbage tip in Cairo with a community
of killers, thieves and outcasts, who drank excessively and smoked hashish"
And this was done with a papal blessing
"Nobody, including her spiritual directress, ever dreamed that young Madelene
(as she was known before joining the order) would last the distance in the
convent. How would a joie de vivre, who liked to disobey all authorities,
survive the disciplined life expected of all community members in an Our
Lady of Sion convent. Equally as strong as their doubts, was her confidence
in the vocation calling that had been with her since childhood and the words
of St. Paul: ""I can do anything with Jesus Christ who strengthens me"""
Half a century later Sister Emmanuelle is still a member of the Sion Order
"Now at 77 she is planning to confront another new frontier, the outcasts
in Sudan"
"Not a Mother Teresa  

  Even as a young religious sister, Emmanuelle wanted to move out with the
poor and dedicate her life in total service to them. But community rules
prevented this. For decades, the nun had to be content serving God's people
as a teacher"
"""My superior told me that if I felt it necessary to live with the poor,
then I should feel free to go. For me, I am not like Mother Teresa of Calcutta"
"She was in the same situation. She decided to leave her congregation (the
Loreto Sisters) and go alone and live with the poor. But Mother Teresa,
I think, is very strong. I am Sister Emmanuelle. I believed that if I left
my congregation I would leave a part of my strength behind"", recalled the
nun"
"These years were extremely fruitful for Emmanuelle. She became a very
successful teacher and during this time, God prepared her with new insights
for the future. Rules and priorities changed dramatically following the
Second Vatican Council"
"Permission was granted to many religious to go out into the world and
become visible people with the poor. One of the first to leave community
life was Emmanuelle"
"Real poverty  

 On arrival in Alexandria, Egypt, the French nun came face to face with
real poverty. The children she was now teaching were so different from those
in Europe. Most of them were not properly fed"
"""Many families could only afford beans. In the convent we were used to
eating meat"", remarked Sister Emmanuelle"
"One day she was visiting a very deprived family and noticed a tiny one-room
shack in the backyard. She asked the family why eight people were crammed
into two rooms and this other area was empty"
"""Nobody wants to live in there because it is very damp"", replied the mother"
"Immediately Sister Emmanuelle wrote to her superior requesting permission
to move into this shack"
"The professor was now with the people she loved. She made her home in
the tiny shack and ate beans with the family. However, the board that
Emmanuelle paid did allow the household to eat some meat"
"It was the Papal Nuncio in Cairo who first directed the sister's path
towards the Zabbaleen garbage tip"
"""You want to share your life with the poor?"", he asked. ""Then come with
me to the slums.""

 Rejected - unloved  

  The archbishop had been alerted to the grinding poverty in the nearby
garbage tip by a 12-year-old boy. The Papal Nuncio had noticed the lad coming
to his house each day to collect the rubbish. One day the archbishop went
home with the boy. He witnessed a community of people struggling for life
amidst mountains of garbage. In the summer months the area was the breeding
ground for millions of flies; it was a seething mass of disease. He had
come across a neighbourhood, mainly representing the Coptic Christian
tradition, who were totally rejected and unloved by their society"
"""Will you help me Sister Emmanuelle?"", enquired the Nuncio"
"Many of her Egyptian friends thought the Papal Nuncio was mad to allow
a woman to go and live in this district. She was warned that the Zabbaleen
people were killers and thieves. They drank and smoked hashish. This was
no place for one of God's holy sisters"
"Disciplined - yes, but still very independent was Sister Emmanuelle. To
live with the despised and poor was something she believed God had always
called her to do. All she could think about were the words of St. Paul:
""I can do anything with Jesus Christ who strengthens me"""
"""It was because nobody wanted to go there that I felt in my heart that
someone must help. So I went"", smiled Sister Emmanuelle"
"Leading her donkey  

  She entered Zabbaleen leading her donkey, taking with her a bed, a small
table, a water jug and her Bible. The community was amazed to see this European
woman and her donkey"
"Arrangements had been made for her to move into an abandoned hovel. The
shanty was home to some birds and goats"
"""I took away the pigeons and put the goats in the yard with the pigs"
"I swept where it was necessary and set up my things"", explained the sister"
Almost straight away she was out with the people
"""Some of them might be killers, but if you smile and look at them with
respect and shake their hand they will never take out their knives and kill
you"", she said"
The biggest problem the Sion nun experienced was the filth of the area
"Everything she touched was dirty. Water had to be bought and carried into
the district. Quickly she felt deep frustration. So much disease. So many
sick and malnourished people and only one body to help them"
"""Never did I feel like giving up. I love these people too much and they
love me so much. When you love somebody you want to share in their lives"
"That is what Jesus did"", said Sister Emmanuelle"
"Taught by poor  

  The Sion nun brought love, medical and nutritional assistance to the children
and the women, but they in turn taught the philosophy professor so much"
"Firstly they showed her the meaning of patience. Many of the women at Zabbaleen
were victims of savage beatings, inflicted by their husbands"
"""I could not bear for somebody to beat me. I would run away, but these
women bore it"", she whispered"
"Once she was treating a mother who had sustained head injuries after a
beating from her husband. The sister advised the woman to take her children
and go. Emmanuelle explained that she would help support the woman"
"""I cannot"", replied the mother. ""If I go with my children, they will suffer"
They love their father so much. If I leave my children they will suffer
"I don't want that to happen. It is myself who has to serve. I will stay.""
  The poor taught the sister the Christ-like meaning of sharing. ""A poor
woman, one very hot night, gave me all her water and all her bread. The
most precious thing you have in summer in a slum is water. The woman was
a Muslim.""
  Sister Emmanuelle has been a member of the Zabbaleen community for about
14 years. Life in this grotesque corner of Cairo has begun to change, not
through one person, but because of a partnership between one nun and thousands
of garbage collectors. Their aim is to build a house for each family. To
have every child on the tip going to school. (When Sister Emmanuelle arrived
only 10 went to school, now hundreds are attending.) The barren landscape,
scarred by mountains of rubbish, is now starting to grow trees and flowers"
"One section of the area has electricity; Sister Emmanuelle is organizing
the electricity connection to the whole district. The men are busy digging
wells to draw fresh water"
"Old soldiers never die, they just fade away, goes the old saying. What
happens to old nuns? They just go on undertaking bigger and bigger ministries"
Sister Emmanuelle wants to extend her work to slum dwellers in Sudan.
"Daisy By Sally Bennett  

It was Thursday. I didn't want to go home. I walked slowly and dangled my
school bag so that it gently scraped against the surface of the footpath"
"Then I saw them. The woman, tall and walking with a spring in her step"
"She was pushing a pram, a high-riding one with large wheels like you see
in English movies. A little girl with blonde curls hugging her pretty face
danced beside her. Seeing them made me feel kind of strange and helpless"
"I don't, even now, know why because normally I can handle anything. Anything,
that is, except Thursday afternoons"
"On Thursday there is nothing to hurry home for. Mum works late at the
shop and Glen goes to the pub after he finishes at the factory. More often
than not he comes home drunk. He yells at me or cuffs me around the ears
and calls me names. I get him something to eat - usually a fried egg sandwich
which is my speciality. Sometimes he says it smells like sheep's piss and
throws it at me. Other times he eats it sullenly, changes his clothes and
goes out again. `I'm goin' ta get laid, creep features,' he will say with
an ugly laugh which shows his tarnished broken teeth. `You can tell ya Mum
if ya like.' But he knows I won't"
"Nothing has been right since Glen came to live with us. I've got to be
careful what I say about him to Mum though. Glen has been poisoning her
against me and she thinks I'm making things up about him just to get him
out of the place. She knows I hate him. I think it makes her feel guilty
because she doesn't look at me anymore. Glen has been poisoning her about
my face too. `The kid gives me the creeps with that bloody eye of hers,'
he often says to her. He says nobody in his right mind would want me around"
"Sometimes Mum looks like she wants to tell him to stop. Her mouth opens
and closes like a goldfish in a bowl. Nothing comes out though. I suppose
she is frightened of losing him"
"I went as close as I could to the little family. I could hear the woman's
voice. It was clear and light. She seemed to come from a world quite different
from mine. She smiled at her little girl and looked adoringly into the pram
from time to time. I wished I could have been in that pram"
"Eventually she stopped outside a neat white house and I knew that I would
have to make my move or lose them forever"
"`Hello,' I said brightly, running up to them. I turned the good side of
my face towards the woman"
"She spun around and smiled. Her face was so gentle it hurt me. The afternoon
sun shone through her chestnut hair like a fiery halo"
"`Your little girl is very pretty. How old is she?' I really wasn't interested
in the child though"
"`She's nearly three. And you?'
  `I'm ten. Can I come and play with her?'
  The woman looked startled and I could have kicked myself for being so
forward. I knew it put people off me"
`What's your name?' she asked
"`Amanda. Amanda de Vere,' I lied"
"`That's a pretty name,' she said. She didn't smirk or look suspiciously
at me. Maybe she even thought it suited me. I loved her for that"
"`Well, Amanda, won't your mother be expecting you home?'
  `She doesn't get home till after nine - she works in a shoe shop. I'm
alone till then. But she doesn't mind if I play with friends after school.'
  The woman was silent. I could tell she felt uneasy. I turned my bad side
towards her. I suppose I was hoping that it would make her feel sorry for
me. She didn't flinch - sometimes people do. As Glen would say, it's not
a pretty sight. My left eye is blind. The muscles are useless and pull the
dead eye in so that it stares at the bridge of my nose. The cheekbone
underneath is a mess as well; sort of sunken in like someone gave me a bunch
of fives. Mum says I was born like that. She says it wouldn't have happened
if my father hadn't beaten her up when she was pregnant"
"`You can come in for a few minutes then,' she said, but the lightness
had gone from her voice"
"Her house was clean and brightly coloured. It was a warm and happy place
and right away I felt I belonged there, I felt I'd come home at last. I
ran my hand over the furniture. The woman smiled at me kindly"
`Would you like a drink?' she asked
"The little girl was a real pest. She kept tugging at my legs, pulling
my dress and wanting me to play. All I wanted to do was sit on the stool
at the breakfast bar and drink my lemonade and pretend I lived there"
"We chatted awhile. The woman kept asking me about my mother, about her
work and my being alone. I told her about my parents splitting and that
really cut her up. But I didn't say anything about Glen. I couldn't bring
myself to mention his name. It would have spoiled the whole afternoon"
"The baby woke up. The woman leant over the pram and lovingly scooped up
the tiny thing. Its head was covered with chestnut down. It looked like
a baby squirrel squirming in her arms"
`Can I hold it? What's its name?' I asked
She looked at me apprehensively
"`Daisy,' she said at last. `She wants feeding but you can nurse her for
a few minutes. Wash your hands first thought.'
  I looked at my hands. They looked clean to me. I sniffed them"
"`I make everyone wash their hands first,' she explained. `I'm a bit of
a fusspot, I suppose.'
  All the same it made me feel dirty and I was ashamed of my dusty shoes
and the grass-stained uniform I'd worn for several days. It made me feel
unwelcome too, as surely as if she had picked me up and hurled me out of
the back door"
"The baby felt like a helpless animal in my arms. It burrowed its little
head into my chest and made snuffling noises. The woman stood over me, ready
to pounce, I thought, if I dropped the baby. Her face looked tired and tight
suddenly"
"`I shall feed her now,' she said and made to take her away. 
  `Can't I give her a bottle?' I asked. I really didn't want to give the
baby back. I was sure she would never let me nurse Daisy again"
"`She doesn't have bottles. She's breast fed.'
  The woman sat in a chair and opened her blouse. The baby took the huge
brown nipple in her tiny rosebud mouth. To tell the truth, it repelled me"
"I half-heartedly played with the little girl. What an annoying kid she
was. She wanted my attention all the time when it was the baby I wanted
to play with. The woman held Daisy close to her and I knew there was no
room for anyone else. I feld sad and heavy and ugly"
"`I'll come back tomorrow,' I said as I left. The woman looked up. She
murmured something but I could tell she was not too thrilled with the idea"
"The house smelled of old burnt toast from breakfast and Glen's strong
and spicy aftershave. I was glad he was going out. I tried to creep into
my room but he heard the back door close"
"`Is that you, kid?' he shouted. `Get me somethin' ta eat. Real quick.'
I put the package under my bed and went into the kitchen to make him a
sandwich. Dishes from that morning sprawled over the sink. It was an ugly
sight"
"`Hey kid, answer me,' he said and came into the kitchen half-dressed"
"He was no beauty, I can tell you. He had a mean little face with small pale
eyes which became microscopic behind the thick lenses of his glasses. I
can't understand why Mum is frightened of losing him"
"`Answer me, you ugly bitch,' he snarled and kicked my bottom with his
foot. I ignored him and put the sandwich on the table. It was one of those
old mottled green laminex tables with a chrome edging and plenty of stale
food caught in between"
"`Who ya bin scarin' today?' He laughed and sunk his filthy teeth into
the bread. I went to my room and closed the door. I could hear him shouting
abuse at me and I sang to myself to drown it out. Finally he left. From
my window I watched him get into his car and drive off. I had to make sure
that I was quite alone"
"I got down an old airline travel bag from the top of my wardrobe. It was
dusty and a bit smelly but it would do. Just the sight of it made me feel
sad. The last time I'd used it was when Timmy died. His black hair was still
on the crumpled towel which lay in the bottom. I hated doing it but I got
rid of the last traces of Timmy and cleaned the bag thoroughly"
"Then I got out my doll Amanda. It had been ages since I had played with
her. She had been given to me when I was really small and I had been frightened
of her because she was bigger that I at the time. One side of her face was
broken. I had smashed it with a hammer to see what I must look like to others"
"She fitted snugly into the bag so it would do. I took her out, gave her
a hug and threw her aside. I had outgrown dolls. I folded one of my dresses
and laid it on the bottom of the bag. Then I put the bag under my bed. It
knocked against something and I peered under to see what it was. It gave
me quite a start to see the package. For a moment I didn't know what it
was or why it was there. It was a strange feeling. One part of me remembered
going to the chemist and later shoving the package under the bed while the
other part of me knew nothing about it. That sort of thing happened to me
quite often"
"I was restless and kind of depressed. I thought that it was because of
the bag and thinking about Timmy again. So I went outside and sat by the
rainwater tank and kicked at the dry earth. Somewhere beneath Timmy lay"
"He was my dog. He and I would go for long walks and I could talk to him
endlessly. He knew exactly what I was saying and he didn't mind a bit about
my appearance. He would lick my face when I can home from school and the
two of us would chase each other around the backyard for hours on end. One
morning I found his little body trembling in the gutter. His eyes were open
and blood was slowly seeping from his mouth. Mum and Glen were already at
work. I didn't know what to do. I ran inside and grabbed Glen's airline
bag. I carefully laid Timmy inside it. He jerked violently and then lay
still. I knew he was dead. I didn't go to school that day but kept watch
over his body as it lay in the bag. Glen was really mad when he came home"
"He beat me up and blackened my good eye. I buried Timmy under the tank-stand
that evening. Glen wouldn't take his bag back. He hated Timmy almost as
much as he hated me and he was really spooked by death.  

  The following day I went around to the white house again"
""
"Tools of the Trade CAD - the early projects  

Working on an actual project within your own office on your own CAD system is the only real test of the suitability of the system for your practice. Once the terminals arrive and everything is switched on, the pressure is really on for the people responsible for its introduction to make it perform. There you sit at the bottom of the learning curve staring at the bleeping screen and haunted by the dubious logic you iused to such good effect during the cost justification stage of the purchase. The next step you take will determine whether the system becomes a useful and valuable addition to the office, or an unwanted burden and a drain on that hard earned cash flow. No matter what you do, it is vital that as soon as is humanly possible, the system be applied to doing real work"
""
"By Blanche D'Alpuget TWELVE  

  Alice tottered a bit when she stepped back from her front door, laughing
and clapping her hands"
"""Thy hair is as a flock of goats that cometh down from Gilead! Oh, let
me look at you. The screenwriter!""
  For Danielle it was always amazing to connect Alice with her age, to see
her shaky on her legs as a woman of eighty-five had a right to be, for she
was such a girlish creature, her eyes so bright with communication, her
voice so gay - and with all that she had a quality of knowing, of knowledge
of the goals of life. She looked a schoolgirl nine hundred years old"
"Danielle thought: She brings out in me the urge, almost uterine, to
exaggerate; to make everything brighter and more dramatic"
"""My God, Alice! This place smells like a coal mine,"" she said, and they
went off into peals of laughter"
"""The wicked landlady will not fix the gas for me. I'll go up in a fireball
one day. And the prime minister will blame the PLO.""
  ""There'll be summary vengeance.""
  ""Yes. A couple of planes will whiz up to Lebanon and bomb some camp.""
  They deflated"
"""You've come at a sorry time,"" Alice said. ""I didn't think I'd live to
see ...""
  Chastened, she looked at the floor. - We've lost it all so quickly. All
the fun of the 1930s and of the fifties and sixties has gone. Israel was
""God and us"" in those days"
"""You're limping,"" she said. ""You mustn't fall sick here.""
  She led Danielle into the kitchen where the reek of gas hammered their
noses until the kettle was boiled for tea, and the stove could be turned
off. Alice had herbal ointment for foot blisters and made Danielle remove
her soft red leather walking boots, red leg warmers, and the socks with
toe pockets"
"""Toed socks!"" she said. ""I invented them, I believe, for my trip to Moscow
in 1925. I knew I was going to freeze and wouldn't be able to wash.""
  Danielle looked around at the leaky stove, the refrigerator that made
digestive noises, the cold-water sink. Alice saved pieces of string and
plastic bags; they were heaped on a peg behind the door; she had breadcrusts
stored in a plastic container and bean sprouts growing feebly in a jar by
the window. Danielle wondered if she were getting enough to eat"
"""It's not Darling Point, with harbor views,"" Alice said. She had sold
everything when she turned sixty-five and run off to Israel again. After
a while snapshots had arrived: Alice outside the children's house of the
kibbutz; milking a cow. A note said, ""When I came here in 1930 it was
half-swamp and we slept in tents. The achievement!"" Looking at the frugality
of her existence in Jerusalem Danielle wondered at the ends of life, the
loose fringes to its garment: Miss Sadler - suffragette, pacifist, Communist
fellow-traveler, Zionist, abortion-law reformer, feminist radical, member
of Amnesty International, and the Voluntary Euthanasia Society. She had
wanted to save the world. Now she saved plastic bags. And she seemed happier
than ever"
"""Since you're getting on a bit ..."" she said tentatively. Alice was tottering
about the kitchen, refusing help with the tea things. She gave a snort"
"""You think I should return to Australia? Yes. It would be more comfortable.""
There was gaiety in her eyes. ""But, my dear, the spirit. At my age, it's
the spirit.""
  ""Won't it travel?""
  ""It does not need to. It's contented everywhere. Especially here.""
  They went to the parlor where there was an electric heater and a blue
woolen curtain enclosing the room's warmth. Danielle was unwilling to yield
up her cheerfulness, but as she settled herself on the settee beside a
pile of Listener magazines she experienced a sudden thud, as if her armor
had crashed to the ground. Without intending to she began relating her
problems: Eleazar was her big chance, but she would not be paid much until
the script was complete (and accepted), so she had gone into debt to keep
herself going: ""I've had to put up my house in Avalon as collateral."" There
were difficulties with the producer, who wanted her to move to Los Angeles,
but she could not leave Katherine alone in Sydney during her first year
at university. Then there was the dog. ""The dreadful woman from whom I bought
the house, Mrs. Wellsmore, is staying in it while I'm away, minding Emma"
"She has a diet of gin, cigarettes, and aspirin, and I expect she smokes
in bed.""
  Alice listened to the undercurrent, to Danielle's voice saying, ""I've
reached a crossroads - and I'm lost."" A few months ago her letters had sounded
so confident; she had announced: I'm through with men! Radical celibacy
equals peace of mind"
"A deep breath turned into a sigh. ""The worst problem is I think I've fallen
in love with the producer-director. He's a crook.""
  Alice folded her hands and closed her eyes. There was some weakness in
Danielle's nature that drew her to tainted men - including Patrick, for
whom she'd grieved for years, although he was a drunk and unfaithful. As
a child there had been an incident with one of Bonny's admirers. Of course,
living alone with her mother, who was more or less a geisha ... Rich men
paid the rent and the school fees for Bonny, who was a real beauty and as
high-handed as a duchess, her haughtiness that of a woman made bitter when
still young. The mother had been kept in furs and the daughter in trifles
like Swiss watches. But it was always on the edge, and the girl had been
scarred: she looked for God in men, someone to save her"
"""You told me you were never going to fall in love again, after - what
was his name? - the last one?""
  ""James."" Danielle's voice was glum. She'd helped James get a lead role
in a production of Arturo Ui, whereupon he'd turned layabout, and wouldn't
help with the shopping"
"Sipping the hot clear tea, Alice contemplated that aspect of women that
whispers, ""You're not really good enough; you'll never achieve what you
could if you were a man."" The serpent says, ""But if you love a man, if you
become his soul for him, you can guide him to happiness - and that will
be an achievement."" She had listened to its seductive murmur for more than
sixty years"
"Danielle, also sipping tea, pictured Bennie - he with the Filipino servant,
he who ate all his meals in restaurants, who drove a white Corniche (discounted
at $40,000 a year, thanks to the tax laws of California), Bennie Kidron:
supermarket shopping?
  ""Is he a real crook?""
  ""He has a certain reputation in Los Angeles. He had money troubles after
his partner died in a helicopter accident. The partner, Raphael Schultz,
was the "" - she grimaced - ""genius auter, as they say. He was famous in
the seventies for low-budget, cult movies."" Kidron was the salesman of the
team; he raised the money, he did deals. ""Now he wants to be a director"
"I doubt if he could direct traffic - and he's hired me because he needs
a writer who will feed him every line. But he's full of charm, when it suits
him. And always full of cheek."" Bennie had said, ""I'm gonna make fifteen,
twenty million out of this. I need fifteen."" What he needed it for was not
clear. Danielle was now sitting in silence, realizing she was already deeply
in conspiracy with Bennie, that her discretion about his greed sealed it
like a vow"
There was a delicate query in Alice's raised eyebrows
"""We're not lovers!"" she replied quickly. ""Nor does he give the slightest
sign of finding me interesting.""
  So much the worse, Alice thought"
"Alice had a habit of punctuating conversations with periods of quiet during
which she sat with her eyes closed. When she opened them it was the signal
to begin a fresh topic. Danielle enjoyed the orderliness this gave, but
she dreaded what had to come next: her father. 
  ""I tried to find his telephone number ...""
  ""You shall find it, my dear. You have to. You knew you had to return to
Jerusalem, and now that you're here you know you must find him. Your mind
will never have peace until you do. You told me that yourself, once.""
  ""But it's not in the Hebrew phone book.""
  Alice thought that a poor excuse. Danielle should know how small Jerusalem
was, that ""everybody knows everybody."" There were invisible structures,
like the crystalline lattice in a saturated solution. All the pre-Independence
people knew each other; all the German-speakers; all the Anglophones; the
Second Aliya; the Herut people. The country was a laminate of clans"
"""He's religiously - how that word is misused - active,"" Alice added. ""My
born-again Christian girls know of him."" And David had told her: Professor
Garin, retired, was still as troublesome as he ever had been since 1948
when his crusading against the Arabs had not been recognized for what it
was: a form of madness. It was restricted, however, to a single area of
his mind so that Garin had been able to continue his research, begun under
the British who had sent him to Palestine, and had attained the status of
professor in the medical school where his work on viruses had been outstanding"
"For thirty years he had been writing pamphlets calling for the rebuilding
of the Temple (prophecy said that on its third building the Temple could
not be destroyed). Alice had seen them occasionally. They usually began
with the motto ""He who rules Jerusalem rules Israel, and he who rules the
Temple Mount rules Jerusalem."" Since 1967 Garin's pamphlets had been taken
more seriously. She gazed at Danielle, whose face had become small and anxious
with questions beneath its rug of copper hair"
"""He's considered a phophet, by some. He's part of the shadow spreading
over this country - it's a fearful thing."" The Christian girls spoke of
Satan's wing darkening the Jerusalem sky, but they meant something different:
they prayed for Israel to bomb Damascus, ""for Damascus shall be in heaps,""
the Bible said. When they mentioned Islam they said ""Satan.""
  ""I wasn't prepared for something I saw at the airport,"" Danielle said"
"""What I can only describe as racial tension between some European Israelis
and some Middle Eastern ones.""
  ""The blacks! My dear, that's what the Sephardim are called. They're the
dogsbodies - Arabs aside - and they're blamed for everything. And, you know,
I think it suits -"" The doorbell rang. ""That will be Suzie from the home-help
agency. She'll know how to find Garin.""
  The young woman who followed Alice back into the parlor was so thin Danielle
guessed she suffered from anorexia nervosa. She had pretty dark hair and
eyes, but there was something feral in her expression; she looked uncertain,
almost suspicious, as she stood close to the blue woolen curtain, her glance
directed down over her long Indian cotton dress, thick maroon stockings,
and clumpy sandals"
"""This is Marilyn, who's going to clean for me today because Suzie, who
normally comes, has a cold.""
  In Danielle's warm hand Marilyn's fingers were icy and all bones"
"""You're freezing!""
  Both recoiled"
"There was a hint of perverse pleasure in the girl's expression: ""I lost
my gloves yesterday,"" she said. ""But Jesus will send me another pair,"" and
Danielle realized there was a challenge thrown at her from Marilyn's eyes"
She thought: scavenger's eyes
"Alice had gone to make more tea. When she returned she found them watching
each other as warily as strange cats. She could see what Danielle was thinking:
that Marilyn needed a bath. She had folded the skirts of her dowdy cotton
dress over her knees in a manner suggesting that invisible men, across the
room, were leering at them; her hair, in particular, did smell unwashed,
especially alongside Danielle, who would as soon go out without wearing
scent as Alice would without wearing her beret."
"TRIATHLON NEWS  

 The world's leading triathletes will converge on Fremantle (WA) in January
to take part in the inaugural  World Sprint Triathlon Championships"
"Billed as one of the major events during the America's Cup Festival of
Sport, the championships will further test the strength of the two major
sporting foes, Australia and the United States"
"Instead of boat-on-boat battles, spectators at the January 18 event will
be able to watch more than 1000 triathletes tackle a 1.5km swim, a 40km
bicycle charge and a 10km run. Euphemistically called the `sprint' distance,
it will take the sport's top performers at least two hours to complete,
and represents a tough test of endurance"
"Current world champion Scott Tinley has been contracted to compete, as
has Scott Molina, the world's number one in the sprint event. Four-times 
Hawaii Ironman winner Dave Scott will also show the crowd why he has become a 
legend in the sport, and Mark Allen, who has been ranked number two for both the
sprint and the long-distance event, will be putting up some very stiff
competition. Added to the rivalry between Australia and the US will be
top-class competition from countries like Japan, New Zealand, Malaysia
and the UK"
"Australia's Gayelene Clews, wife of Robert de Castella, is one of the
favourites for the women's event, having already proved herself the fastest
woman over the sprint distance. However, Gayelene will be up against tough
competition from the likes of long-distance world record holder Erin Baker
of New Zealand"
"The stars will be competing for the world's richest triathlon prizemoney
- a total purse of $200,000. So it's hardly surprising that around 40% of
the triathletes taking part in the big event will come from overseas and
interstate"
"According to Tom Locke, race director for the event, sprint triathlon
is a relatively new sporting phenomenon in Australia, but one which is taking
off with astounding speed"
"`Although sprint triathlon gained its popularity initially in the USA,
it now has a truly international appeal,' he said. 'In 1980 there were only
50 triathlon events held in Australia, attracting 5000 competitors. But
last year 2100 events, mostly over the sprint distance, were held - with
the field totalling a staggering 1.1 million competitors.'
 Mr Locke said the recent Coral Coast Triathlon in Queensland had produced
28 qualifiers, with times from the first five placegetters (all Australians)
that ranked them among the best (Andrew Steele 1:52.55, Stephen Foster 1:53.01,
Mark Doyle 1:55.22, Simon Skillicorn 1:58.24 and Mike Irwin 1:59.12)"
"With support from several Australian corporations and also the sporting
bodies concerned, the World Sprint Triathlon Championships seem set to firmly
establish Australia on the elite triathlon circuit"
""
"The gang of twelve By David Brown & David Neal Sensational reporting of `show trials' has
obscured the real issues of judge and jury  


   SHOW CASE trials like those of Lindy Chamberlain, Justice
Lionel Murphy, Norm Gallagher, Brian Maher and Roger Rogerson
have placed the jury trial system at the centre of media and
public attention. Statements by jurors, politicians, judges,
academics, and journalists - in particular on the Chamberlain,
Murphy and Gallagher cases - have provoked spirited debate
about the institution dubbed, by historians `the gang of
twelve'"
"Widespread disquiet over the Chamberlain verdict led to
doubt about the ability of juries to deal with complex
scientific evidence, with an implication that such cases should
be taken away from the jury. In the overtly party political
atmosphere of the Murphy case, by contrast, criticism of the
verdict was, according to sections of the media and some
judges, a general attack on one of our most revered
institutions. In both the Gallagher and Murphy cases jurors
responded to the public controversy by giving media accounts of
their deliberations. This proved too much in some quarters: the
Director of Public Prosecutions threatened contempt proceedings
against a Sydney radio station if it broadcast further juror
statements and the Victorian government legislated against
juror disclosures. Jury trial assumed sacrosanct status and
further discussion was smothered. While it was generally agreed
that the jury was a good thing, to discuss why this might be
the case - apart from the fact that it is a centuries old
institution - became a sort of sacrilege"
"Somewhere in the sensationalism surrounding these cases the
possibility of serious discussion about the rationale for the
jury trial has been frustrated. Claims that the Murphy and
Gallagher cases were political met with sharp rejoinders that
stressed the independence of juries and the legal system in
general"
"Partly, the discussion was based on confusion about the
meaning of `political'. In the general sense of `political' -
having to do with the distribution and exercise of public power
- jury trials and the legal system are very clearly so. Legal
ideology feeds the confusion over this issue by presenting the
law as technical, value free and capable of mechanical
application"
"""The political significance of the jury trial remains as 
   great as ever. It is more important than ever to argue   
   not merely for retention, but for a radical expansion of   
   popular, democratic participation in the administration    
   of criminal justice.""
   Yet the legal system is shot through with discretion at
every stage and the belief that the politics of cases like
those of Murphy and Gallagher do not effect the exercise of
these discretions is myopic. Jury trials and the legal system
must be seen as part of the political system; debates about
their operation must involve discussion of their politics and
their relationship to other social and political arrangements"
"Trial by jury is not sacrosanct It does not have
to rely simply on its longevity as justification. But in its
past lie the reasons for its continued political significance:
a past not narrowly circumscribed by legal history, but located
in political and social history, in struggles between governors
and governed over the criminal law's power of life and death"
"This history - so conspicuously absent from the recent
Australian debate - leads us to call not merely for retention of
jury trial but for its expansion"
"THE first thing to be said about the great jury debate is
that it has a whiff of hypocrisy about it. Those who assert the
sanctity of the jury trial must explain why, in terms of its
frequency, jury trials are very nearly extinct"
"In New South Wales, for example, only 0.9 per cent of
`major' criminal cases are decided by juries. In nine out of
ten potential jury cases the defendant pleads guilty. The vast
majority of criminal cases never concern a jury at all; they
are dealt with by magistrates in the lower courts. This is why
we refer to Chamberlain et al as `show trials'"
"But the rarity of jury trial should not be confused with its
immense symbolic significance. Legal ideology and popular
commonsense images of the operation of the criminal justice
system derive overwhelmingly from jury trials in higher
criminal courts: `adversary justice' and `due process', the
impression of strict adherence to procedural propriety, the
battle over the exclusion of evidence, the drama of the trial,
and the solemnity and ritualism revealed in Rumpole. The
ideology of justice is constructed in such a way that the
denial of that ideology in the operation of the summary justice
production line - where the vast majority of cases are heard by
judge alone - can be accomplished with scarcely a murmur A
veritable sleight of hand occurs between the two tiers of
justice. What Doreen McBarnet in her study of British
magistrates' courts calls an ""ideology of triviality"" operates
in summary courts, for:

the position is turned on its head. The 98 per cent     
becomes the exception to the rule of `real law' and the    
working of the law comes to be typified not by its      
routine nature, but by its atypical, indeed exceptional       
[higher court] form. Between them the ideologies of          
triviality and legal irrelevance accomplish the            
remarkable feats of defining 98 percent of court cases       
not only as exceptions to the rule of due process, but       
also as of no public interest whatsoever"
"The demise of the jury has been accomplished by stealth
rather than by denigration or frontal attack. Paradoxically
this has been accompanied by constant affirmation of its
significance. The curtailed jury system has resulted partly
from a massive expansion of new summary (non-jury trial)
offences, and increased powers for magistrates to
deal with cases which formerly could only be tried by judge and
jury. In addition a range of specific practices - the pervasive
police `verbal', police control over pre-trial interrogation
outside effective review, plea bargaining and a host of
situational pressures (time, delay, the effective presumption
of guilt, denial of bail, etc) - combine to secure the
overwhelming number of guilty pleas upon which the criminal
justice system depends"
"THE right to trial by jury can be traced to Magna Carta,
which provided that:

no free man [sic] shall be taken and imprisoned or      
disseised of any free tenement or of his liberties or    
free customs or outlawed or exiled, or in any other way   
destroyed, nor will we go upon nor send upon him, except  
by the lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the 
land"
"McBarnet quotes an English case from 1699 which refers to
the fundamental privilege of English citizens ""to be tried by
jury, which privilege has been secured to us by our ancestors"""
"Seen this way the jury trial became one element in the
historical struggle between a judiciary claiming pre-
parliamentary authority grounded in the Magna Carta, and
parliament exercising its prerogative to create summary
jurisdiction by statute. Juries have stood the test of time in
that struggle - about eight centuries in England. Governments
have not liked them. They rightly thought that juries could not
be relied on to convict in certain sorts of cases. London
juries in the eighteenth century repeatedly refused to convict
the champion of liberty, John Wilkes. Juries in country areas
in the same century refused to convict for poaching. The
government responded and made poaching a summary offence. The
tactic prompted the great contemporary commentator, William
Blackstone, to lament the imminent demise of the jury"
"The English government - no believer in the sanctity of
juries - did not trust the jury system in some of its colonial
possessions, nor does it today in the case of Northern Ireland"
"Withdrawal of jury trial for certain offences became one of the
factors precipitating the American revolution. The absence of
jury trial for the first forty years in New South Wales became
a sore grievance which filled the more politically serious and
astute press of early Sydney. Our forebears saw jury trial as
a fundamental political inheritance, a counter to governments
hand picking courts in which the same government brought
prosecutions, and an analogue to the right to vote (also denied
to them)"
"More recently, Margaret Thatcher's government has found that
juries could not be counted on to convict its political
enemies. In 1985 an English jury acquitted the civil servant
Clive Ponting of charges under the Official Secrets Act that he
had divulged secret information about the sinking of the
Belgrano in the Falklands War. This was despite a virtual
direction from the judge that they must convict. A jury
acquitted a number of striking English coal miners charged with
riot and unlawful assembly arising out of a picket at the
National Coal Board offices. These victories came as quite a
fillip to British civil liberties groups who had seen
significant reductions in common law rights and liberties by
judges and magistrates sitting without juries during the
strike. Towards the end of the year a jury embarrassed British
security forces by acquitting several Cyprus-based British
servicemen charged with passing secret communications to the
Russians. The jury apparently believed that abuses committed by
the members of the security forces during interrogation of the
defendants had produced untrue confessions"
"These instances demonstrate the potential of juries to place
checks on ""power's all intrusive claims"", as the historian E.P"
"Thompson has put it, not only in cases actually brought to
court, but on countless other occasions when agents of the
state forebear because they know they could not convince a
jury. The selection of jurors from the population at large, on
a transient basis, means they are much less likely to be swayed
by `reasons of state' than those holding permanent state
positions. This of course is the very reason why governments
have sought to avoid the jury by creating summary offences"
"So here is our first major point: it is important to
understand the jury in terms of politics and the organisation
of power rather than simply by reference to its practicality,
rationality, expertise, economy or efficiency as a legal
institution"
"This leads to our second major point: the significance of
the jury in terms of popular democratic participation in the
criminal justice system. Stated baldly, jurors are supposed to
apply rules of law articulated for them by the judge to the
facts of the case. Their job is also to decide what those facts
are. But such a bald statement does no justice to the
complexity of the task"
"In the first place, the distinction between the law and the
facts is notoriously fluid and often exploited by judges to
usurp further the remaining functions of the jury. Secondly, it
will often be very difficult for anyone to determine what the
facts are, especially when witnesses' accounts contradict one
another. Ultimately, arriving at the facts depends on
assessments of credibility, a task for which juries are as well
fitted as, or perhaps better fitted than any other device"
"Of course, rules of law are often complex, technical and
expressed in the arcane language of the law. The evidence given
in a trial is elicited according to the protocols of the law of
evidence and procedure, pre-trial investigatory practices,
legal ethics and etiquette, and dramaturgical devices. The
discourse produced by these protocols and practices is quite
different from popular, everyday speech"
"These factors are often quoted against juries. However,
lawyers and judges rather than juries are the source of many of
these problems. Much can be done to alter these and other
practices - denying access to transcripts, failure to exploit
new communication technology to present evidence, refusing
jurors a right to comment on or qualify the verdict, improving
representation of minorities, examining the grounds for
exclusion (such as prior criminal record), improving
remuneration, information, physical conditions, etc) which so
constrain the jury's the democratic role and keep it
subservient to the control and directions of the judiciary"
"BUT even this does not fully state the complexity of the
jury's task."
"Fence-sitting Commission  

  THE decision by the Arbitration Commission to award the 2.3 percent pay
increase is unfortunate, but it was to be expected. It has not demonstrated
a significant propensity to accept arguments based on economic logic alone"
"If it had, it might well have rejected outright this increase or at least
postponed it"
"Its decision to reject the claim by the Australian Council of Trade Unions
for a 3 percent productivity-based increase is to be welcomed, but it might
have gone further. It might have found that the claim was spurious and
lacking economic logic"
"Certainly, on the basis of argument put to the Commission by employers,
that finding was open. Instead, it chose to hand the question back to unions
and employers. That might well prove to be a mistake"
"Two issues are in question. The first, and less contentious, is the matter
of extended superannuation entitlements to cover workers not already members
of schemes. On the whole, that issue is less difficult to accept"
"Superannuation is both socially and economically desirable, particularly
is it helps relieve the burden on the public purse"
"The second, much more contentious issue, is the question of funding the
proposed wider superannuation coverage. That proposal relied upon an agreement
reached in secret between the Government and the trade unions, essentially as a
trade-off for accepting discounted wage increases"
""
"Now is the time to plan for a new lease of life  

RETIREMENT today does not mean retiring from life, nor it should"
"For people embarking on this stage of life, completion of paid employment
can provide many opportunities"
"Often you can do a lot of things you simply didn't have time for before,
things such as travelling, playing sport, learning new skills, community
work and many more"
Many have already achieved a degree of financial security
"However, the economic climate has become much less hospitable to the
retiree and it is important for those approaching this period of their lives
to educate themselves in financial management"
"Otherwise, for all the vigour and enthusiasm they bring to their plans,
they may find themselves caught in the trap of declining income"
So first - plan ahead
"Some of the things you may consider prior to your retirement are:
  List all your assets which you will have on retirement, for example a
house, car and savings, and liabilities such as consumer credit contracts,
home mortgage and so on;
  Work out a current budget, estimating expenditure over a 12-month period
and other expenses such as a new car or holiday;
  Find out the amount of superannuation, pension and/or lump sum to which
you will be entitled and details of other amounts which you may receive
from maturing life assurance policies, long service leave etc, at retirement"
"Once you have worked out where you stand, it would be prudent for you
to consult an independent investment adviser to determine the best spread
of investments to meet your particular financial needs throughout retirement"
"There are many types of investments available and in examining these you
need to consider such factors as:
  Security - the degree of safety of your funds, how substantial is the
investment source, is your capital guaranteed or does value rise or fall
according to market sentiment, as for example property and share markets"
"How secure are the areas in which the organisation invests.?
  Income - is the investment income producing or, is it designed to provide
long-term capital gains as a hedge against inflation?  If it is income
producing, what rate is being offered?
  Marketability - can you cash in on your investment immediately you need
the money or is it placed over a fixed period."
"Catholic book set to spark controversy within the church On the eve of the visit to Brisbane by Pope John Paul II,
TESS LIVINGSTONE reports that a new book has made Australia the focus of
attention in Rome.  

JUST as he leaves for Australia, Pope John Paul II has been handed a book
that is sending shockwaves through the Australian Catholic Church"
"Rome or the Bush by Ballarat Catholic academic Michael Gilchrist, with
an introduction by Malcolm Muggeridge, is a damning indictment of the
performance of many of Australia's Catholic bishops and church leaders since
the end of the Second Vatican Council 20 years ago"
"Gilchrist is a former Catholic secondary school teacher now lecturing
in a Catholic teachers' college"
"Despite lack of promotion, the book has just sold out its first run of
3000 in two weeks, and orders are pouring in"
"The book poses the issue: ""The fruits of the new church speak for themselves"
"Not only are there emptying churches, confessionals and seminaries, but
what remains of an active church continues to be drained of its Catholic
flavor a generation after the Council"
"""Is this the church which Australia's Catholics want? The choice needs
to be made before long: Rome or The Bush? Time is running out.""
  In 280 pages, Gilchrist outlines what many Catholics see as the abuses
and disobedience to church rules and teachings weakening the Australian
church"
"It is all there - pink elephants on the altar at Mass; priests wearing
puppet monkeys on their hands and children yelling out ""bananas"" during
Mass; the use of processed sliced bread or a tea cake for Holy Communion;
bevies of nubile young ladies, clowns and puppets dancing during Mass;
priests making up their own words to the Mass; nuns claiming that Jesus
Christ mistreated his mother; young people and trainee priests being fed
a ""diet of mush""; with young people leaving school ""knowing nothing, believing
nothing, practising nothing"""
"For instance: ""The prize for liturgical spontaneity must go to a young
Melbourne priest at a parish barbecue on a Holy Day of Obligation who enabled
the faithful to combine both sacred and profane"
"""The bread rolls and cask of riesling were co-opted, and after a few prayers
these were `consecrated' and the cosy little liturgy group partook of the
sacrament. 
  ""When someone questioned the proceedings, she was greeted with scornful
laughter, and her subsequent protest to the archbishop proved fruitless.""

  Modernists have destroyed the church to such an extent, Gilchrist argues,
that expressing a liking for pipe organs or beautiful church interiors leaves
a person open to the charge of being a pre-Vatican II relic"
"Brisbane is described as Australia's ""avant garde liturgy capital"", and
Banyo Seminary is singled out for ""academic trendiness"""
"Sex education has been abused in Catholic schools in epidemic proportions,
the book contends, with secondary students being invited to talk about
""horniness"" or confronted with questions like: Do you masturbate? What
kind of sex do you really get into? Are you a virgin?
  It relates how 13 and 15-year-old girls at two Brisbane Catholic colleges
were shown a film and warned that ""words like `screw' would be used and that
those with `a weak stomach' or from a `refined home' might leave the room"""
"One Marist Brothers College course for Year 12 is supposed to have posed
questions like: What do poofters/lesbians do when they have sex? How do
you get a girl randy?
  What is cunnilingus? Is it dangerous?
  What does semen taste like? Does it increase your weight?
  Teachers taking the course were advised: ""No moralising.""
  Extreme examples, perhaps, but they reinforce the book's theme - the
unwillingness or inability of bishops and other church leaders to take action
on such matters. 
  The Left-wing political pronouncements of groups like the Catholic
Commission for Justice and Peace, funded from Lenten collections for the
needy, are also examined"
"In light of trends uncovered in the work, and recent events in the US,
Australia's 3.7 million Catholics can wonder whether the Pope's visit will be
followed up by disciplinary action against dissenters"
"Already this year, one American bishop has been stripped of most of his
authority, and a dissenting theologian muzzled as part of Pope John Paul's
push to reassert traditional Catholic practices and teaching"
"Australian Catholics who believe dissent and pluralism make for a lively,
magnanimous church are alarmed at what one of the world's top Catholic
magazines, the London Tablet, reported recently under a banner headline
""Church besieged, Rome bears down on American Catholics"""
"The magazine pointed out that what is basically an obedient, generous
church has been singled out for correction, with imprimaturs from books, clergy investigated and disciplined almost weekly. 
  The cause, it said, was partly cultural, because ""for Pope John Paul,
those who suffer like the Poles make the best Catholics. Those who enjoy
the benefits of freedom and democracy (like Americans and Australians)
will always be tempted to accept secular values.""
  On that basis, no wonder Ireland's Catholic population, described recently
by their leading churchman as remote, rural and poor, count themselves among
the Pope's ""favorites"""
"When the Pope visited Ireland in 1979, 1.25 million people out of a Catholic
population of fewer than three million, attended his Dublin Mass, while
almost everyone else attended one of several Masses in the country"
"Australian Catholics keen to see a shift on constrictions like celibacy,
birth control, divorce, women priests and altar servers look set for a long
wait"
"Most of these are ""non-negotiable"", as emphasised recently by Archbishop
John Foley, the Vatican communications chief in Rome"
"The introduction of an optional celibacy, however, could be a surprise
reform of the not-too-distant future"
"""Compulsory celibacy could go tomorrow,"" Archbishop Foley acknowledged"
"It probably will not, he stressed, as Pope John Paul II strongly supported
it, but it is only a church discipline, not a divine law, and only introduced
in the Middle Ages"
"After all, Christ himself cured Saint Peter's mother-in-law, and the
majority of present-day Catholics believe their priests should be given
the chance to marry"
"While celibacy in theory allows priests to devote themselves fully to
all their people, Archbishop Foley admitted that the church could benefit
from the work and support of priests' wives, as do other churches"
"So far, Rome's view of Australia is best seen in a three-page pictorial
spread in the Vatican newspaper: ""Australia: Land of the Southern Cross.""
  The piece covered Australia's history, landscape and people in depth
and its ecumenical nature"
"The high divorce rate, and the large number of ""merely nominal Christians""
and ""unchurched"" people were mentioned"
"Next week will really show what Karol Wojtyla thinks of Australia and
Australians"
"ROME TO THE BUSH, by Michael Gilchrist (published by John 23rd Co-op.,
PO Box 22 Ormond, Melbourne; rrp $13.95)."
"TREVOR FACES DEATH AGAIN DON'T RIDE AGAIN - DOCTOR From JOHN BILIC in MELBOURNE  

JUMPS jockey Trevor Webb has already put life's biggest hurdles behind him"
"Two weeks after being critically injured in a race fall at Werribee,
south-west of Melbourne, Webb is planning to defy family and medical advice
to ride again"
"""The fall has put a bit of wind up me, but I can't really wait until I
get back into it,"" he said"
"""It's something I've been brought up with.""
  On October 27, Webb's mount Fair Smuggler fell and two other horses crashed
onto him"
"""I don't remember a thing after I went over,"" he said"
"A year ago Webb, 24, was involved in a race fall at Bendigo and was twice
declared clinically dead on his way to hospital.  
  Despite doctors telling him not to ride, Webb was quickly back in the saddle"
"This time, his family and doctors think it would be unwise to ride again"
"""I told them we would just see how it goes,"" he said"
"Webb, who suffered a badly fractured skull, will soon undergo another
operation"
""
"Keep the kids in the country By Barbara Preston  

  The controversy over the fringe benefits tax has flushed out another form
of public funding of private schools"
"This time it's the full accommodation for boarding school housemasters
and housemistresses which has in the past been tax free"
"That means that the boarding schools often get away with paying the live-in
supervisory staff low wages, then providing free board worth from about
$10,000 for basic accommodation and meals"
"That is an annual subsidy by the public of about $14,000, $10,000 or $5,000
per staff member, depending on their marginal tax rate and the value of
their board. Principals and other senior staff with quality accommodation
and high salaries would of course be subsidised by well over $14,000 a
year. That means boarding fees are much lower than they would otherwise be
- they are subsidised by the public through taxation expenditure"
"The most wealthy private schools appear to be lobbying strongly for this
particular form of state aid to continue, and the media have treated their
plight sympathetically. The National Times on Sunday, under the heading,
""The pain, pities and potty pettiness of the new `perks' tax"", quoted the
bursar at Shore (one of Sydney's `Great Public School' private schools)
estimating that FBT will cost the school between $60,000 and $70,000 on
house masters' accommodation alone (plus more for fee discounts for the
children of staff, free meals, etc.)"
Xavier College in Melbourne has also taken its complaints to the press
"The Sun (28/10/86) quoted Xavier's finance manager estimating a cost of
$25,000 a year for accommodation for supervisory staff"
"The National Council of Independent Schools, according to The Sun, said
the `parents who sent their children to boarding schools would be innocent
victims of the federal government's fringe benefits tax'"
"Perhaps it's really the rest of the community who have been innocent victims
- not realising that their taxes have been subsidising the fees of those
who send their offspring to board at schools like Shore and Xavier as well
as providing the better known forms of state aid"
"It's a price for private boarding schools that we should thank the federal
government the community no longer has to pay. Rural communities already
pay far too heavy a price for the deserting of their local schools by the
children of the wealthy. 
  When the farmers and graziers, professionals and business people in the
country send their children away to boarding schools their actions have an
impact on both the local economy and on the education of those who continue
to attend local schools"
"If more children attend local country schools then more teachers, cleaners,
clerical and ancillary staff could be employed. There would be more money
locally for buildings and maintenance. The money spent on wages and capital
works would be largely ploughed back into the local economy. Schools pay
a vital part in rural economies, especially providing stability in times
of rural recession"
"Fewer children staying in the area to attend secondary schooling often
means a lack of sufficient numbers for viable schools in the smaller towns"
"As it is often those with the highest academic aspirations who are sent
away to boarding school the local school does not have a representative
mix of students, but has the more academic creamed off, and may have
difficulty maintaining a viable years 11 and 12 program"
"Educationally it's a bit of a vicious circle - the graziers et al send
their children away, then the local schools are thought not to provide a
full quality education, then others feel pressure to send their children
away, compounding the problem when they succumb. The contrast between different
areas, otherwise similar, but with different traditions of sending children
away or having them attend local schools can be striking. In the latter
there is usually a vitality and strength of local schooling, playing a major
role in local economic and cultural life, and in the social integration
of the community"
"By sending their children away from the local area the higher income
rural families are depriving the communities, on which they themselves
depend, of economic, cultural and educational input and stability"
Perhaps it's time for a `keep the kids in the country' campaign ..
""
"IS DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE? Professor John Burnheim Professor John Burnheim is from the Department of General Philosophy,
University of Sydney. The Problem of the State  

  Surely we have democracy! Not if it means that all citizens have an equal
chance of an active participation in public affairs. What we have is a
competition between organised political elites for the majority vote, which
gives them the right to govern. We elect professional power-brokers who
trade with each other their votes and patronage. The results of the game
are determined by concentrating power in organisations which are not
controlled directly by the people affected by their activities - political
parties, commercial organisations, lobby groups of all sorts and so on"
"These in turn attempt to manipulate public opinion and voting behaviour,
especially the relatively small group of `swinging voters' in marginal
electorates. On the whole the power of the electorate is limited to refusing
to re-elect a government that offends these strategically placed bodies
of voters. It is a far better system than any of its actual competitors,
but it has very serious weaknesses. 
  The central problem is that it rests on an assumption that public life
must be organised in the form of States which exercise sovereignty over
every aspect of life in a given territory through their monopoly of legitimate
force. The system of States normally ensures a sort of peace and order within
each State, but at the cost of a perpetual tendency to war between States"
"Internal peace is achieved at the price of a concentration of power that
breeds abuse of power. Rival groups strive to use State power to their own
ends, and in doing so constantly tend to increase the range of functions
of the State and the range of means at its disposal. Social life becomes
more and more standardised, bureaucratised and mystified. The tasks of
government become increasingly more difficult and as they fail in those
tasks governments are drawn into repression and war"
"Advocates of `small government' contrast the efficiency and responsiveness
of the market with the inflexiblity, expense and stifling effects of
bureaucracy. But the market, too, is far from democracy. If it enables
us to have a more flexible say in what we get as consumers, it gives most
of us very little opportunity as producers. Most of us simply sell to somebody
else the right to tell us what to do in our work. Moreover, the market
cannot take account of things like the needs of future generations, the
provision of public goods, or the righting of wrongs. One may argue endlessly
about its scope, but there must be a `public sector'"
"One of the crucial powers of the State is that of taxation. I believe,
in sympathy with Henry George, that public revenue should come from the
revenue from natural resources, though I envisage the way in which this would
best happen and its rationale somewhat differently. The power to tax should,
if possible, be eliminated"
"Functional Decentralisation  

  In the context of the State public goods of all sorts are provided by
centralised authorities at each level of government. Even at the local city,
municipal or shire level a large range of functions, e.g. roads, parks
and recreation facilities, health clinics, libraries, building regulations,
waste collection and so on are provided by a centralised body, even though
there is no reason in terms of the functions themselves for doing so. The
problems of libraries are quite different from those of garbage collection,
and each has more affinity with similar activities in other areas than with
each other. Moreover, granted modern mobility and the diversity of people's
work and recreational interests, the local community hardly exists. We
belong to many different specialised communities that overlap each other
in a host of differing and fluid patterns"
"The diverse activities that are joined together at municipal level
are united solely by the need for administrative and financial control"
"Would it not be better to hand each over to a committee of people who had
an interest in that specific activity? That way we would abolish a level
of bureacracy, allow more flexible allocation of geographical boundaries
to various activities, and increase the opportunities of popular participation"
"The same principle can be applied at every level of government, right
up to international level. The idea of a world State is horrifying. But
there are already some international agencies that exercise considerable
authority in specific areas without being dependent on any higher body"
"The functions of States could be dispersed to a variety of independent
bodies. Naturally, these would have to cooperate among themselves and recognise
appropriate regulatory and adjudicating bodies which would hear appeals
against them, adjust their constitutions in tune with changing circumstances
and needs, and resolve disputes between them. Insofar as these higher bodies
need co-ordination in turn, it would not be a matter of some higher power
forcing them to obey its injunctions but of a recognised arbitrating body
settling disputes brought before it. The sanction on bodies that refused
to accept arbitration would be the refusal of other bodies to cooperate with
them. Since each specialised body would need the cooperation of many other
bodies in many ways, the sanctions could be very powerful. There would be
no self-sufficient or sovereign bodies at any level"
"Democracy by Statistical Representation  

  Supposing that it is in fact possible to break up the bodies that provide
various public needs into specialised functional agencies of this sort,
how is it possible to control them democratically? Elections would not
be satisfactory. Each of us has some interest in an enormous range of
activities, not because we are actively involved in them, but because they
affect us in varying degrees. Because we cannot know much about the various
policies that might be pursued in all these areas, the candidates seeking
office or the practical problems of doing anything to change things, we
would not make an intelligent vote in most cases. Moreover, granted the
extreme unlikelihood of our vote making any difference to the outcome,
it would not be sensible to try. On the other hand, most of us could get
to know and understand quite a lot about a few of the activities that affect
us if we had any incentive to do the necessary work, if we had a substantial
chance of having a significant say in the matter"
"In the absence of such opportunities there is little we can do in most
cases except vote for a party ticket. At least a party endorsement tells
us something about a candidate. But that puts power back in the hands of
party machines, powerful lobbies and the professional image makers. Politics
becomes a career and careers depend on patronage. The power game takes over
at the expense of substantive issues"
"The alternative is that representatives be chosen not by voting, which
is a very poor way of conveying and aggregating information, but by a
statistical procedure that ensures that the representatives are representative
of those affected by the decisions they will have to make, weighted to take
account of the importance of the varying ways in which different groups
are affected. The representatives would need to display an interest in being
chosen by nominating for selection, and one would expect that in most areas
there would be a good chance of a candidate getting a turn on the relevant
committee sooner or later"
"So it would be worth their while to try to find out as much as possible
about the activities in which they expressed an interest and follow the
proceedings of that committee. Moreover, one might expect that such committees
would be more responsive to suggestions and criticism than politicians or
bureaucrats as we know them"
"Members on each committee would be replaced one by one at regular intervals
in order to ensure continuity. Political organisations might, of course,
urge their members to nominate for various committees in the hope of
influencing their decisions. But they would not have the power over their
members that parties now have, since there would be no place for endorsement,
advancement or patronage. It would be very difficult, too, for these committees
to become corrupt, since the membership would be constantly changing in
a random way, and those who had served on the committees would probably keep
a keen eye on their successors. If the committee veered too much in a certain
direction that would stimulate a rash of nominations from people of the
opposite tendency for the next round of sortition"
"Market Socialism  

  The higher level bodies which would  allocate resources, adjudicate disputes,
hear appeals and so on would be chosen by lot from a pool of people nominated
by their peers on lower level bodies as having the qualities necessary for
these more difficult tasks. There are obviously many ways in which various
social systems might work using such a framework"
"My own preference would be for a `market socialism' in which each of the
major natural and accumulated resources would be entrusted to committees
of trustees who would lease them out to entrepreneurs, whether individual,
companies or cooperatives under conditions designed to protect the
environment, the public interest and the interests of posterity"
""
"A Keating Minder?  

  Paul Keating is being urged by supporters to pull his head in - before
the Opposition kicks it in"
"At least two Ministers say Mr Keating, the ALP's toughest parliamentary
brawler, needs a ""minder"""
"They are urging the Prime Minister Mr Hawke to lend him a senior staffer
with sharp political instincts"
"This, the Ministers say, would save the Treasurer from politically damaging
stumbles"
"One Minister said:  ""The problem with Paul is that he surrounds himself
with bright young things from the Tax Office and personal staff who are good
mates with the forex boys (foreign exchange dealers), but none of them has a
scrap of basic political nous.""
  Whether Mr Keating would willingly accept advice from one of Mr Hawke's
minders is doubtful"
"In May, he appealed to Mr Hawke to discipline his minders, saying he was
in a ""permanent stoush"" with them"
"The stumble this week that triggered ALP concern - and gave the Opposition
such joy - was Mr Keating's admission that he was ""too busy"" to lodge tax
returns"
"Senior Ministers were furious at the Treasurer's failure to meet the most
basic demand of the Tax Office"
"The parliamentary row that followed the admission gave Opposition MPs the
chance to get a bit of their own back on Mr Keating, and they queued up
with glee to deliver their barbs"
"THE Keating gaffe took a lot of gloss off what had, until then, been a
good sitting for the Government"
And the Opposition isn't finished with the issue yet
"Senator Tony Messner, Opposition spokesman on taxation, told the Sunday
Press last night that the tax return row would be ""a monkey on Mr Keating's
back for the rest of his career"""
"""It will weigh down Mr Keating and the Hawke Government,"" he said"
"""Mr Keating's failure to lodge his own returns undermines people's faith
in this Government, that it actually means what it says"
"""The affair cast a terrible feeling of lack of sincerity.""
  The tax return affair caps a bad year for the man once called ""the world's
best Treasurer"""
"Mr Keating's first major stumble was in May, with his ""banana republic""
outburst.  
  He warned that Australia was in danger of becoming a third-rate
economy - and adverse reaction to what was an off-the-cuff radio interview
sent the dollar and the stockmarkets tumbling"
"Mr Keating has had a running battle all year with opponents to his tax
reforms, particularly the powerful lobby against the fringe benefits tax"
"When he claimed a $17,400 travel allowance for time spent away from his
home base in Sydney - while he and his family were living in rented
accommodation in Canberra, his opponents had a field day"
"Mr Keating copped more bucketing when the promised tax cuts were postponed,
and he introduced a tough Budget that imposed a broad new range of indirect
taxes"
"But feelings in his own electorate were the most serious problem of all
for Mr Keating"
"An opinion poll at the end of August showed that the Treasurer, who has
swept the NSW seat of Blaxland seven times since 1969, now had to face the
fact that his seat had become marginal"
"The survey showed that only one half of 1 per cent separated Mr Keating
from his Liberal opponent"
"Labor Party polling over the past two months has shown that the Treasurer's
abrasiveness is a political liability"
"And that was before he tried to ""tough out"" the row over his late taxation
returns"
"Even his friends and fellow NSW Right-wingers, including the powerful Senator
Graham Richardson, have advised Mr Keating that he had become too distant
from the broad mass of Labor voters"
"The late tax return underlines the point.  Most Australians, Labor or Liberal,
get their returns in on time"
"Mr Keating didn't file his 1985 tax return until it was more than a year
overdue, and he was three months late with his 1986 return"
"Senator Messner, a taxation agent, said: ""He set a very poor example to
Australia's 6 1/2 million taxpayers.  I am fearful of the consequences
of a leading figure creating a precedent"
"""I don't know if it would be a defence for latecomers to say they were
too busy, like the Treasurer, but many will try it.""
  Asked when he lodged his own return, Senator Messner said:  ""I don't have
to hire a tax agent, I am a tax agent.  I put mine in in July.  I understand
the rules"
"""Mr Keating's claim that he is a busy man was rough - everybody's busy"
""
"Camels, decisions and aeroplanes by Don Campbell General Secretary of the Queensland with Northern NSW Branch  

In one of the smallest but most penetrating of all the parables of Jesus,
He uses the illustration of a camel passing through the eye of a needle
(Luke 18:25). 'It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle
than for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of God.'

Over the years, all sorts of explanations have been made to try to let at
least a few rich men have the chance to get into the Kingdom of God. Some
have suggested that the word for camel was a mistake and it should be a
similar word that means a thick string or small rope. Others have felt the
needle might refer to a small door set in a larger door and sometimes referred
to as the eye of a needle"
"There is no real reason for saying any of these ideas is correct. The point
is that Jesus is simply saying that it is impossible to put a camel through
the eye of a needle and so it is impossible for a rich man to enter the
Kingdom of God"
"He means, of course, a rich man using his riches. It would apply to a wise
man using his intelligence or a beautiful person using their beauty"
"Entry into the Kingdom of God is through faith in Jesus Christ and all He
did. There is no other way!

BUT, Jesus told this parable to a rich man who was not able to put his wealth
and possessions in the proper place. Instead of God being first in his life,
his wealth was!

For people in Australia today this camel business has two main lessons"
"1. People's desire for money and possessions can still stop them from
  entering the Kingdom of God. (By the way, remember that almost all
  Australians [even our very poor] are wealthy beyond the wildest dreams
  of much of the world's population!)

  2. Christians are just as prone to the danger of having money and possessions
  in the wrong place in their scheme of living. This is clear from reading
  the whole passage in which the camel bit is set. (Luke 18)

In fact, in our Australian society the pressure exerted on Christians and
non-Christians to over-emphasize money and possessions is enormous. 

Money and possessions are but part of what we are entrusted with. We have
all sorts of gifts, talents, interests, opportunities and areas of life
to develop that have the potential to be much more satisfying and productive
than mere dollars and cents will allow"
"So then we can see how this money/possessions pressure affects our attitude
to .."
"DECISIONS  

Oh dear, this is a sticky subject for so many people. They have such a problem
with making decisions"
"Some people find having to choose between Corn Flakes or Weet-Bix at breakfast
almost guarantees nervous tension for the rest of the day"
"Yet most decisions should be made easily and carefully. God probably doesn't
really care what cereal we have for breakfast or even if we have a second
cup of tea or not"
"If we go to buy a new shirt or dress it's a matter of what we like related
to quality and cost"
"And it's the same with buying a car. It's a case of what we need as opposed
to quality, reliability, cost of travel over a period relating to initial
outlay and so on. Of course a car costs more than a shirt or dress. And
a house costs more than a car .."
"Our society adds pressure to buy bigger, better and more expensive things"
"This may not be what we need in all honesty, but to buy the cheapest may
not in the long run be the wisest"
"The agony that so many Christians go through in deciding what to buy is
amazing. And the deadening effect that superannuation has on many people
is almost beyond belief"
"YET, they can decide on a marriage partner with little or no hassle"
AND as far as a decision to offer for missionary service - it's no problem
God doesn't want me for sure because I haven't felt any call to go overseas
"BUT have these same people felt any call to stay here? Or to put it another
way, has God clearly said to you that you are not wanted overseas? So this
leads to the mention of .."
"AEROPLANES  

Quite simply, when we send missionaries overseas or to North Australia they
travel by aeroplane"
"Out of all this there is a challenge to spend some time thinking and praying
in two areas"
"1. The Camel Syndrome  

What is your attitude to money and possessions? Really, what place do they
have in your thinking, attitudes and general direction in life. When you
read the incident in Luke Chapter 18 you find the man who was talking to
Jesus couldn't follow Him because his possessions had first  place  in his
life"
"2. Decisions  

Do you agonize over decisions about things that don't really matter and
fail to even think about areas where even a little thought would soon demand
a major decision?

The classic case is, of course, the question about serving God in another
culture!

The question to ask is not 'Lord, should I ...?'

The question is really 'Lord, why not me?'"
"A new leaf  

THE WEEKS before Christmas are a wild time for people who
are addicted to paper. Suddenly, the audio-visual world that
stopped writing generations ago with the invention of the
telephone is scrabbling around in its old drawers looking for
a pen and paper. Even people who were allergic to English at
school and never learned to type find it is the one time of the
year for a commitment beyond the STD pips. Phone conversations
are like hot-house flowers: expensive and beautiful but they
don't last. People still like to put themselves on the ruled
line"
"Christmas is the season for airmail letters from friends
burning Australian dollars to keep warm overseas. Foreign
stamps and packages arrive on the doorstep, as well as cards
and photographs of friends' new babies accompanied by notes
scrawled on bits of paper stained with banana-mush. As if to
put this seasonal scribble in its place, the computer retailers
wage their most savage war against paper at Christmas,
displaying their Apples and IBM packages with advertising
designed to make parents feel guilty about depriving their
children of the New Literacy where the screen is mightier than
the pen"
"Despite a six-year liaison with computers (apart from a
dose of repetitive strain injury, I have got along with mine
tolerably well), my hands still itch for paper and a thin-
nibbed fountain pen"
"An emotional taboo prevents me from writing home to Mamma
and Papa on the WordPerfect system. Buying a box of floppy
disks can never replace the pleasure of the stationery shop"
"While the department stores provoke desires that only lead to
misery for those with little money at Christmas, the stationers
provide a sensual but affordable world of onion-skin papers,
boxed deckles, Japanese envelopes, French crayons, packets of
coloured drawing pins and Mickey Mouse pencil sharpeners"
"During times of depression, spending an hour in the
stationery shop is better than a Valium. It is especially
effective after a weep and a hot bath"
"When I was broke in New Zealand, an afternoon in Whitcoulls
was about the only entertainment I could afford. After
inspecting the embossed writing pads and the calligraphy pens,
I would indulge myself by choosing a 6B lead Copperplate pencil
or a single Derwent or perhaps a sheet of parchment-textured
flamingo paper and a black envelope lined with matching tissue"
"Later, in my room of the old house I shared with student
flatmates, I would light beeswax candles, burn incense and,
with Elton John's Yellow Brick Road playing in the corridor, I
covered centimetres of the flamingo paper in a letter to
Melbourne. It felt as luxurious as splashing myself with a vial
of perfume"
"It is difficult to know exactly why boxes of paper-clips and
Chinese diaries of all sizes should fill a depressed person
with hope. All I know is that the phenomenon is similar to
spending an hour in a hardware store, checking out the masonry
nails, the picture hooks, superglues and extension cords,
without necessarily wanting to buy any - it seems enough to
know that they are there. Perhaps a mind out of sorts with
itself is soothed by seeing solid proof that there are methods
of fixing things. Or perhaps the hardware and the stationers
are so comforting because they supply the practical bits to the
drill of endless possibilities"
"All the sharpened pencils, the diaries of years yet to be
lived, organised, timetabled - the future is a tabula rasa and
suddenly it seems possible to scratch anything upon it. Unlike
looking through bookstores, where you're liable to be
overwhelmed by a feeling that it's all been said before,
stationery gives you the hope of turning over a new leaf"
"A floppy disk, with its black secrets, does not inspire the
same born-again joy of the blank foolscap page. Floppy disks
feel creepy; they have neurotic names such as Xidex, Verbatim
and Perfection. They are highly strung, sensitive; we mustn't
handle them with our hot, greasy human paws; the room must be
cool, we must store them in a special box, remove coffee cups
from their vicinity, shield them from magnetic rays and
virtually pull down the blinds and tuck them into bed at
nights. Even so, it is impossible to know when they'll betray
you by corroding, by springing bugs and scrambling your work"
"On the other hand, there is a receptivity about writing
paper that makes it the ultimate User Friendly material. Simply
touching a piece of paper stimulates creativity, the desire to
draw and scribble. Butchers' paper recalls childhood afternoons
when inspiration never ran out. A blank computer screen has
come to mean that one is either at work or in trouble and even
when the computer plays games it goes running to its program at
every human deviation, like a wimp to its Mamma. Paper,
however, has an intimate quality that is exploited by the
makers of teenage diaries. It handles secrets, fantasies,
poetry, nasty sniping bits of gossip, chats, reminders and
confessions that no one - least of all the MS-DOS
program - should see"
It feels perverted to write a journal on screen.
"By Ross Fitzgerald 4 The Recruit  

`Hop in the car, lad.  We'll go somewhere quiet for lunch.'  Grafton didn't
demur at being called lad.  After all, Mr Horton had been his biology teacher"
"He didn't look any older than Grafton remembered him at school - thin, erect,
thick black glasses, curly hair.  Grafton wondered why Mr Horton, not the
principal, had met him, and why he'd come all the way out to Tullamarine"
"`Are there still catacombs under the school?'  Grafton had to stop himself
consciously from saying `Sir'.  During the war Forest Hill High had been
taken over by American Intelligence"
"`We've been keeping tabs on you lad,' said the master, ignoring Grafton's
question.  `You've done remarkably well in the last few years.  Even though
you were hopeless at science, in many ways you're a credit to the School.'
Mr Horton had a goitre on the throat, a slight tremor of the hands.  His
eyes were, as ever, hypnotic.  In class, when Mr Horton commanded, Grafton
had always obeyed"
"Complaining about the standard of present-day road users, the master
drove direct to the Naval and Military Club in Little Collins Street.  Grafton
was glad he'd worn his wedding suit and a tie.  Without asking, Mr Horton
ordered a carafe of wine for himself and a freshly-squeezed orange juice
for Grafton"
"A stern portrait of Sir William Slim clutching a riding crop looked
down on their table for two.  Over roast beef, horse radish sauce and gravy,
with two potatoes each, followed by hot apple pie and custard, the teacher
talked while Grafton listened.  Lithe Mr Horton, Grafton noticed with chagrin,
wolfed down his food.  It hardly seemed fair!
    `""Function never purpose"" you used to say,' Grafton recalled"
"Mr Horton smiled warmly.  `I'm glad you remember, lad.  A limb has a
function not a purpose.  Like human beings.'  Grafton checked himself from
saying that he remembered but didn't agree.  He was about to mention teleology
when Mr Horton bent over and took him by the arm"
"`Education is shot to pieces.'  There were tears in his eyes.  `Ours
is the only school in Victoria where a bright poor boy can get a quality
education.  And now,' he said severely, `the Socialist Left want to put
an end to that.  They want to stop us being selective, from picking the
cream.  They're biding their time - but legislation will be passed within
the year"
"`Radicals, blacks, women.'  The master thumped the table with his fork"
"`The country's in chaos.  There are even ten women teachers at School.'
Grafton shook his head in disbelief.  `What's worse, they're here to stay
- it's the thin edge of the wedge.'
    Over coffee and more wine for himself, Mr Horton preached Anglo-Saxon
racial superiority and evolution by natural selection.  His views were still
the same: `Men and the white races are superior in intelligence to blacks
and women.  That's a fact.  Eysenck's right, but it's still not fashionable
to believe him.  There are actual differences in brain structure.  Read
E.O. Wilson's Sociobiology,' he added, as if talking to a Fourth Form class"
"`Aborigines are primitive palaeolithic savages.  That's what they are.'
There wasn't a trace of anger in his voice.  `They're savages.  They can
do things I can't do,' he patiently explained.  `Live in the desert while
Burke and Wills starved to death.  They are perfectly adapted to a nomadic
existence, but they are not fit to live in advanced technological society"
"Why can't people see that?  Yet the Federal Government pours in money and
mining royalties.  Some of those poor black beggars get $40,000 each in
the Northern Territory.  And land grants!  They've got no concept of ownership,
yet soon someone in the ""Nigger's Gazette"" - the Melbourne Age - will suggest
we give them the top half of Australia.  That's democracy at work.'
    Mr Horton topped up his glass.  `Tony Bubcock is right - they should
all be sterilized.  In world history, democracy is a freak condition.  A
freak and pathological condition,' he emphasized, nursing his drink.  `If
this country is to have any hope, we need firm government.  Preferably a
dictatorship.  By those intent on upholding standards.'  Mr Horton clearly
meant what he said.  `The masses aren't fit for decision-making.  To believe
the reverse is insane"
"`The blacks are like the masses.  Some people have evolved as slaves.     
Yet in our system they're gaining control.  Even though she's a woman, that's
one of the things Thatcher understands.  That's why she's been returned
for a third term.  All the masses are fit for is to be made into catfood"
"People can't see that either.'  He shook his head.  `They don't understand
about excellence.  The world's falling apart.  Instead of keeping cretins
on welfare, so they can kill good people by driving drunk, their brains
should be put in paraldehyde and wired up to a central computer that will
simulate rape scenes or high-speed motor chases or whatever stimulates 
their proletarian fancies.  They want to be happy,' he continued with 
disdain.  `Well let them be happy.  Then those of us who are concerned
about excellence can get on with the job.'
    It seemed a novel idea.  Grafton wondered why Mr Horton would keep
their brains at all.  No doubt he had his reasons"
"The biology master leant forward.  `Forest Hill is the best High School
in Australia.'  Grafton looked around the long grey dining room.  The only
other occupants were two elderly men huddled together at the far end.  `Thirty
per cent of teachers in your Matric year are now at tertiary institutions"
"Thirty per cent,' Mr Horton emphasized.  `I could have gone myself, if I
hadn't chosen to stay.'
    `I've always wondered why you didn't leave,' responded Grafton,
deferentially"
"`I had more important work to do, Everest.'  The master looked him straight
in the eye.  `I still do.  You know, Everest,' he said very loudly, `you'd
be nothing without the School.  Nothing.  A lot of teachers put in a great
deal of work on you:  Mr Warnock - he's dead.  Mr Dumbrell - he's a Reader
at Monash.  And myself.  Myself most of all.'
    `I know that, sir,' said Grafton, accepting a second helping of pie and
custard.  `I'm very grateful.'
    `Gratitude, Everest, needs to be demonstrated by action.'
    `I'm not sure what you ...?'
    `Aren't you concerned,' the master exclaimed even more loudly, `about
the state of this country?  About the blacks and radicals?  About the general
lack of tone?  I know you are,' he said.  `I've read your PhD.  Your syntax
is beautiful.  Mr Fox would be proud of you.'  He lit a cigarette, sucked
in deeply.  `I'll come straight to the point.  There's work for you to do"
"Important work.'
    Grafton tried to question him, but Mr Horton motioned silence.  Sir
William Slim looked frowningly down.  Grafton obeyed"
"`I'm going to tell you a secret.'  Mr Horton lifted his fork.  `But
let it be clearly understood, the secret is inviolable.  Do you understand?'
His fat body trembling, Grafton said he did.  `I usually recruit while they're
still at school,' Mr Horton continued.  `I've kept a dossier on every boy
we've taught.  Know their strengths and weaknesses.  Good points.  Bad points"
"Although you were promising, you were unstable; too easily influenced. 
Disliked facts.  No good at maths.  And you used to drink too much.'
    Mr Horton wagged a long finger. `You drank at school: with David Pelthem,
in the catacombs, beneath the principal's office.  David killed himself,
poor lad.  Took an overdose two years after he left school in Fourth Form"
"Died the very day you were doing your Matric exams in the Exhibition
Buildings.'  Mr Horton shook his head, grieving.  `Pretty boy.  You and
he were very close.'
    `I didn't know you knew,' Grafton said wistfully"
"`But now you've steadied down.  Finished your PHD.  Got married.  Appear
on the media.  How long is it since you stopped drinking?'
    `Nine years,' answered Grafton proudly.  `One day at a time.'
    `That's the main reason I've changed my mind,' confided Mr Horton. 
`Your sobriety has tipped the balance.  Any children on the way?' he added"
"`We're hoping to start a family soon,' said Grafton anxiously"
"`Well don't try too hard,' advised Mr Horton, putting down his fork"
"`If you want my advice, just act as if nothing was going to happen.  And
it will.'
    `What were my good points?' Grafton asked, eagerly changing the subject"
"`They're still the same.  One - you're persistent, like a dog with a
bone.  And two - you're loyal.  Loyalty is most important,' the master said
sagely.  `That's why I know you'll do what I ask.'
    Grafton reached for a mint chocolate.  `What do I have to do?'
    `Just as you're told.'  Mr Horton gazed at him directly.  His large
gold fillings flashed as he smiled"
"`But what about Bowen?'
    `You'll keep your lectureship.  It's where you're needed now.  In the
long term, lad, there's no future in universities, you must know that. 
Tertiary education is shot to pieces.  But for the moment your position
is important to us.  There's going to be trouble at the Free-Enterprise
World Symposium.  You predicted so yourself - on TV,' he continued with a
smile.  `If I may say so, that was fortuitous.'
     `But I believe it,' said Grafton.  `Boss Hagan and the Queensland People's
Party are fascists.  He's an awful, repulsive man.'
     `Boss Hagan,' said Mr Horton, quaffing another glass of red, `is an
idiot.  He's expendable.  What's more, he's playing right into the hands
of the Left.  He's not a conservative's bootlace.  He's a right-wing populist"
"A man of the masses.  Excellence means nothing to him.  In the whole scheme
of things Premier Hagan doesn't count"
"`The real danger,' Mr Horton said earnestly, `lies in the International
White Left.  Marxists and Trotskyites will try to use the Blacks.  To
manipulate the Aborigines for their own insidious ends.  Your university
is riddled with radical Leftists.  It's a cauldron.  Whereas the Symposium
is a symbol -  of development and our unfettered free-enterprise way of
life.  Apart from Tony Bubcock and Sir Brian Boyce, the bauxite magnate,
there'll be many heads of sympathetic states present - Singapore, Hong Kong,
New Zealand, the Seychelles, Swaziland, Korea, Kuwait.  And of course, to
open the conference the King and his handsome young Queen will be there"
"`If there's going to be trouble, and there will be,' the master
emphasized, `we want to direct it - in the right way; if necessary reinforce
and accentuate it.  FEWS takes place at the El Dorado indoor Conference
Centre.  It's right next to Bowen.  After FEWS Bowen gets to keep the entire
complex - for renting.  That and the proposed subsidy from Bubcock's mining
multinational will save the University.  The official opening's to be at
the King Charles III Memorial Stadium, also right next door.  So we need
you at Bowen, to stay in place, to make contact"
"`Since 1959,' Mr Horton confided, `we've established a network of
concerned Old Boys.  And installed them in key positions.  The Head of the
Atomic Energy Commission ...'
     `Sir Peter ...?' said Grafton, amazed"
"`That's right.  And the Director of ASIO - though he's of little use
now.  Plus the Commonwealth Ombudsman.  I recruited them all in Fifth Form"
Queensland has two contacts - both very powerful.  One is in Government
"The other ...' Checking himself, Mr Horton poured another glass of wine"
"`Your immediate control will be through the Office of National
Assessments.  Despite all the fuss, it's where real intelligence power lies
since the Hope Report.  Barry Ian, the new Director-General, is a friend
of mine.'
     `And an Old Boy?' Grafton asked in awe"
"`And an Old Boy,' responded Mr Horton.  `Sometime after you return to
Queensland your contact will make himself known.  I think you'll be surprised
when he does.'
     Grafton, surprised enough already, thought of a hitch:  `But if I don't
get tenure, I won't be at Bowen.  The federal bureaucrats want to unload
as many academics as they can."
"By Harry Redner The Second Secession  

The second secession of the sciences from philosophy resulted from those 
transformations that ushered in the second phase of classical science. 
Decisive changes took place in the natural sciences which made them 
further removed from the previous epistemological metaphysics: physics 
moved towards greater mathematisation and abstraction; mathematics, too, 
developed the abstractions of non-Euclidian geometry and symbolic logic; 
chemistry became atomic and biology cellular. Of even greater importance 
for philosophy were, however, the new sciences of life, history, society, 
culture, or in short the sciences of evolution and Man. All this brought 
about the beginning of the end of metaphysics, or at least its 
transformation into a form which no longer had any direct relation
to traditional First Philosophy. And, simultaneously, it brought about a
transformation of Rationalism from its classical to its progressivist mode"
"Progressivist Rationalism is inherent in the post-Enlightenment ideal of 
rational Progress. Rationality is viewed in terms of one or another of the 
concepts of Progress, be it development, evolution, concrete realisation, 
or the stages of history or production. Progress is seen as inherently 
rational, and rationality is seen as the outcome of Progress; the one 
defines the other: Progress is the realised movement of rationality, and 
rationality is what is unfolded in the course of Progress. Thus the 
progressive unfolding of the stages of development of anything is always 
judged to be a rational sequence which, though not necessarily teleological, 
does move toward some goal or fulfilment. Rationality is inherent not so much 
in any ultimate culminating telos or end, as it would be in metaphysical
thought, but in the very process of self-development, which is held to be 
governed by rational law. Rationality thus becomes subject to temporality; 
it is no longer manifest all at once, all there in the one ever-present order 
or structure; rather it presents itself successively over time through the 
propulsion of a creative Deed of ordering and structuring. It no longer 
simply `is', it `becomes': becoming, not being, is its quasi-metaphysical 
subject"
"It is sociologically apparent why this should have meant an end to
traditional metaphysics. Progressive Rationalism negated every fixed order 
so that no unity of being could maintain itself in the face of universal 
development and change. The earlier epistemological Rationalism still 
maintained, though in a greatly altered form, all the old metaphysical 
principles of Being, God, Nature, Human Nature, Essence and Truth. With the 
onset of Progressive Rationalism, all these were set in motion - first subjected 
to continual transformation, then finally abandoned. Being became Becoming, 
God became Progress or History, Nature became raw material for human activity, 
Human Nature became Man the chief active agent, fixed Essence was abandoned in 
favour of existence and Truth was relativised in terms of sequential stages"
"According to Marx, this intellectual revolutionising process was brought about 
by the material revolutionary inroads of capitalism and carried through by 
the bourgeoisie:

  Constant revolutionising of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all 
  social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the 
  bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast-frozen relations, 
  with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are 
  swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify"
"All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man 
  is at last compelled to face with sober senses, his real conditions of 
  life, and his relations with his kind"
"Among the ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions that were thus swept 
away, metaphysics would hold a prominent place. But the belief that such a 
clean sweep would force man to face with sober senses his real conditions of 
life rests on an historical empiricism that is no longer credible. We have
learned to read the critique of ideology as itself an ideology. Marx's 
Progressivist Rationality is by no means the sober truth of historical reason"
"Despite evident differences, Progressivist Rationality is a mode of 
Rationalism; for even though it is rationality temporalised, it is as 
law-governed, ordered and inherent in things or processes themselves as the 
earlier classical Rationalism. It is also method-bound and analytic; and 
though no longer simply presenting tabular analyses outlining a structural 
order, it is itself, nevertheless, given to tracing regular sequences of 
development and drawing up tables of stages. The new Rationalism is also 
self-reflexive and critical, like the earlier. The laws of Progress function 
as the rational standards by which everything traditional may be criticised, 
as did the laws of Nature earlier. The very same laws apply self-critically 
to the thought or science that discovers them, so that all new knowledge is 
viewed as the rational culmination at once of Progress and of
self-consciousness. This self-conscious philosophic conception of Progressivist 
Rationalism was first elaborated `idealistically' by Hegel, but it was 
eventually interpreted `materialistically' and much more scientistically by 
Marx and even Comte"
"Under the intellectual aegis of Progressivist Rationalism, there took place 
that disciplinary separation and definition of most of our sciences which we 
have called the second secession of science from philosophy. It was mainly 
carried through within the new German university system, which began with the 
foundation of Berlin University around 1806. At first it meant a greatly 
expanded role for philosophy, which temporarily became encyclopaedic, but the 
eventual outcome as one after another of the sciences broke away was the 
reduction of philosophy to the status of merely one among many other academic 
disciplines. As Ben-David and Zloczower see it, 'the German university system 
provided the basis for the great development of philosophy as a systematic 
discipline. But contrary to the intention of the philosophers, the university
system made philosophy into just one of the academic disciplines, and added 
to it a great many new ones'. These authors go on to explain the sociological 
processes by which philosophy first expanded and then contracted as it was 
broken down into specialised disciplines, all of which were at first `closely 
connected with the ideological bias of German philosophy'. That philosophy was 
predominantly Idealism"
"Thus, in its opening phase it was not at all apparent that the second 
secession of the sciences from philosophy would also signal the end of 
metaphysics. On the contrary, it seemed as if Idealism meant the revival 
of metaphysics and speculative reason despite the earlier restrictions imposed 
by Kantian Critical Philosophy. The Idealist Naturphilosophie culminating
in Hegel's Encyclopaedia was taken as indicative of the recovery of the hold 
of metaphysics over the sciences - an attempt at the comprehension and 
unification of all the sciences such as had not been seen since Aristotle. 
As we now know, all this proved short-lived and chimerical . Hegelian
Idealism collapsed - though it did not disappear for reasons we shall explore 
later - and metaphysics was under attack as never before. The new varieties 
of sciences, above all the historical sciences of Man together with new 
evolutionary sciences of Time, were in the process of breaking away from 
philosophy and they eventually excluded metaphysics completely from any 
hold on reality. They did so precisely by occupying the intellectual space 
that had previously enabled Rationalist metaphysics to function: the 
epistemological ground of knowledge, method and rationality. This ground now 
became the province of the new sciences of the mind, logic, language, culture 
and society. It was precisely the field of epistemology, the locus of 
classical Rationalism, that was subjected to a new scientific understanding"
"Empiricism and Rationalism in philosophy were no longer needed. The formation 
of ideas was to be explained from now on purely scientifically by the new 
science of psychology. This at first took a purely mechanistic guise in 
Associationism, as in the work of Thomas Brown and Dougal Stewart 
(1804), but very soon became Phenomenological in the work of Goethe, and 
eventually spread over every area of human mind, including the unconscious. 
Its challenge to philosophy became total with the appearance of Fechner's 
`Psycho-physics' (1860), `which seemed to hold out the prospect of introducing 
into philosophical discussion the definiteness and methodical treatment which 
had done so much for the natural sciences'. A similar challenge to any 
metaphysics of ideas was posed by another presumptive science, that of 
Ideologie as founded by Destutt de Tracy (1804). This `science', castigated 
by Napoleon as the work of mere `ideologues', had little success until it 
transformed itself into ideological critique as part of Marx's science of
historical materialism, itself established on the basis of a criticism of 
the new science of `classical' economics founded earlier by Smith and 
Ricardo. The social formation of ideas was also the subject of the new science 
of sociology founded by Comte. The almost simultaneous foundation of symbolic 
logic by Boole, computation by Babbage and the non-Euclidean geometries
by the pupils of Gauss had an equally decisive effect on all Rationalist 
metaphysics of deductive reasoning from indubitable axioms and of intuited 
laws of thought"
"But perhaps the innovations most destructive of every metaphysical 
epistemology were those of the new cultural sciences (Geisteswissenschaften), 
developed largely in Germany. By the early eighteenth century Vico had 
prefigured a thorough critique of the Rationalism of Descartes and the 
Empiricism of Hobbes by means of a cultural theory of language and the
historical development of knowledge. Knowledge derived neither from abstract 
reason nor sensory experience, neither from intuited truths nor constituted 
ideas, but from the slow historical growth of cultural forms, above all, of 
modes of language. Vico's views were taken up by Goethe (who discovered
his work in Naples on his first Italian journey) and also by Herder and Hamann, 
none of whom ever fully realised or acknowledged their debt to him. Together 
they laid the basis for most of our cultural sciences: from comparative 
literature to folklore, from philology to the history of knowledge, from
cultural anthropology to a theory of world-history"
"The emergence of philology alone had manifold consequences for philosophy,
and perhaps the first man fully to grasp this was Goethe's friend Humboldt"
"(We shall see how his folkish view of language as the primary communal
expression of a people, with its anti-individualist bias, anticipated
Wittgenstein's so-called private-language argument against the Cogito.)
Humboldt decisively rejected the classical Rationalist view of language
as a set of signs whose function it was to represent ideas through an
arbitrarily established relation of association - a view which his
contemporary, Hegel, still held and which de Saussure was partly to revive
in the context of a new systemic linguistics. He propounded instead a theory
of the word as an expressive element within a language seen as an organic
whole charged with `energeia'. This Aristotelian notion, which he acquired
through Leibniz and endowed with his own `activist' meaning, reveals lingering
shades of metaphysics. Thus, activity, or the Deed, became explicitly the
foundation of language, and so implicitly also of all meaning and reality,
something which no philosopher at the time had yet formulated. To Humboldt
and the other key figures of Berlin University, philology meant much more
than the study of language in the sense that contemporary linguistics now
propounds. Philology was for them the basic form of all humanistic scholarship;
in his history of this period Merz makes apparent the importance of philology
as the focus for scholarship throughout the German university system, a
role that it has scarcely lost in Germany even today. Hermeneutics has
continued to be its basic philosophical quasi-epistemology; from Schleirmacher,
a contemporary of Humboldt at Berlin, it was passed on to Dilthey, who first
formulated it as a `method'; from there it was taken up by Heidegger, and
it is even now being continued by Gadamer, Ricoeur and even Habermas"
"Nietzsche, too, was trained in classical philology and its hermeneutic
techniques and he taught rhetoric at Basel, all of which is clearly reflected
in his first philosophic work, The Origin of Tragedy. Many of his later
philosophic moves are strictly speaking philological: for example his
questionable use of changing word-usage for evidence of the master-slave
morality distinction, his more substantial linguistic critique of moral
values, and also his suggestive remarks on the relationship between the
philosophical categories and grammar, which we shall examine critically
later."
"DEAR 3Rs & Former Infant Teacher: Illiteracy is caused by teaching methods used
since 1968, physical handicaps and parental non-cooperation. Methods in
school's first three years are crucial. Modern methods have failed for the past
20 years. 

 Mother & Former Infant Teacher (Fawkner N)."
"Safe keeping Tread carefully ... by Nanette Lewis  

Since the invention of the first wheel some thousands of years ago, mankind
has become increasingly dependent on its use"
"Its evolution from a wooden disc to a wooden rim with spokes, then a
metal rimmed variety, to the metal and rubber tyred variety, has made motorised
travel faster and more comfortable"
"Today, the majority of responsible people ensure that their motor vehicles
and agricultural equipment are regularly serviced - in fact, the law insists
that our motor vehicles receive annual roadworthy check-ups - but many people,
including hobby farmers, are apt to forget the importance of maintaining
tyres at the right inflation as well as healthy tread"
"The Tyre and Rim Association (Australia) based in Melbourne produces a
Standards Manual ($15) setting out correct tyre types and load limits for
various agricultural vehicles, as well as approved rims, contours, pressures
etc. This manual is standard equipment for all tyre dealers - so one can
obtain advice from these specialists in most situations. 
  However, the ""do-it-yourself"" hobby farmer can obtain valuable information
from a manual just released by the NRMA. Although this applies mainly
to cars, the basic rules apply to other types of moving equipment"
"It points out that tyres are one of the most neglected part of a car,
so it is most important to regularly check them for wear and damage"
"Cuts or sidewall abrasions, stones or obstructions in the tread, or unusual
bulges in the tyre shape should be seen to immediately"
""
"Boom times for our steel industry 

But industrial action threatens one of the world's few profitable operations
From FIA CUMMING in Canberra
  IT HAS become a cliche to talk about ""the ailing steel industry"". In fact
the steel industry is doing very nicely, thank you"
BHP's steel division is no longer the sore spot of its corporate empire
"It is running close to full capacity, selling strongly not only here,
but overseas"
"Where three years ago it was threatened with closure, it is now one of
the world's few profitable steel operations. And where the axe once swung
over thousands of jobs, employment is actually increasing"
"Sadly, better times are now being threatened by a rising number of strikes
and industrial disputes"
"The number of man hours lost through disputes in March was the highest
since the Federal Government's steel industry plan began in early 1984"
"MONITORING
SITUATION
  Port Kembla workers are now on strike over bonuses in a dispute that began
several months ago, spoiling the record further"
"The Steel Industry Authority, representing unions, employers and the Federal
government, is worried about the industrial problems and will be closely
monitoring the situation over the next few months"
"But in other areas, the authority has every reason to be pleased with
the turnaround achieved since the plan was introduced. 
  The latest report from the authority, issued this week, shows that more
than 90 per cent of Australia's steel making capacity is used"
"Raw steel production by BHP during the March quarter was 1.57 million
tonnes, up almost 10 per cent on the 1985 March quarter"
"On an annual basis, that means  steel output is up by more than a seventh
on 1983"
"In January, Port Kembla recorded its highest monthly production since
the plan began"
"Locally-produced steel is also competing well with imported steel. Imports
have fallen markedly and in the March quarter were 10 per cent less than
the previous quarter and 23 per cent less than the March 1985 quarter"
"The local industry's market share has risen to 91 per cent, showing that
our steel is now more competitive"
"The devaluation of the Australian dollar has certainly helped the steel
industry, as imports have become more expensive"
"But the authority ""believes that improvements in operational efficiency
and marketing by the company have also contributed to the improved position.""
  Exports are doing better for the same reasons. In Australian dollar terms,
steel exports rose by 48 per cent in the nine months to February, 1986,
compared with the same period in 1985"
"One of the aims of the steel plan was to reduce employment, with greater
investment in capital"
"Since January 1984, more than 1700 jobs have been shed. But in the March
quarter net employment increased by 1.1 per cent, the biggest increase in
more than two years"
"Meanwhile, productivity has jumped from 175 tonnes per man to about 285
tonnes and will rise to nearly 300 tonnes next year when a new steel making
process is introduced"
"At Newcastle however, which has the highest productivity, the output
is already 300 tonnes per man"
"With such good results, BHP has found it worthwhile to invest heavily
in steel"
"At the start of the plan, it agreed to spend $800 million over five years,
but the total will now be $950 million"
"Much of this will go on the new continuous slab-casting method for raw
steel"
"Against this is the niggling worry of industrial unrest. Although they
are nowhere near the levels before the plan, disputes seem to be growing
more serious"
"SERIOUS
DISPUTES
  In 1981, more than 70,000 man hours were lost in an average month. By
last year, this had been slashed to just 8500 man hours. But the first three
months of this year showed a sharp rise"
"In March, the number of hours lost was more than 20,000 and the continuing
strike at Port Kembla promises more bad figures"
"Both the authority and the Industry, Technology and Commerce Minister,
Senator Button, are disappointed at the strike level. They want to know
why it is happening and will attempt to stop the rot setting in"
"When Robert Holmes a Court made his bid for BHP, there were fears he would
close down the steel division"
"NSW Labor Council secretary, John MacBean, spoke for many when he said:
""I don't believe Holmes a Court would maintain the steel division at its
current capacity or in its present form"
"""It is not the most profitable section. He is looking at gas and oil and
not at the labor-intensive steel division, even though its  productivity
is as good as any other steel industry in the world.""
  But last year, the steel division made $164.5 million profit and this
year is expected to make more than $200 million"
"Despite good intentions, Mr MacBean may be selling the steel industry
short"
""
"by jenny boult 5. the tester  

the days are always full of suprises in this job. you never know what's
going on. there's always something different to do or eat or whatever it
happens to be"
take this morning for instance. i woke up to the sound of a new alarm clock
"it speaks the time &amp; sings. it's o.k.. i put ""alarming"" in the additional
comments section of the report sheet. it's the first time i've ever done
that. usually,the boxes cover everything i have to say"
"i light a cigarette from the plain white box stamped K36. i compare it with
one from an identical box stamped P54. i can't tell the difference. i fill
out the forms"
"the toilet is sanitised. the form next to it asks, ""how would you describe
the smell?"" i tick the box marked ""floral"". there isn't a space marked
chemical. i suggest an irritant factor might be useful. no new box appears"
"the soap is called S34, the toothpaste F. it's horrible. my teeth feel
like a chalk mine. tyre tracks on my tongue"
"for breakfast there's another cereal that tastes like all the others. no
change. some are more chewy or harder than others, but they all taste the
same. it's the ""no sugar"" set's idea of variety, but bran's bran &amp; it doesn't
seem to matter much which grain it comes from. i can tell the difference
between homogenised milk &amp; unhomogenised. i know all the textures &amp; all
the flavours. sometimes i make guesses about them, the collectors don't
tell you anything though. i don't think they know any more about it than
i do. they deliver my daily samples, put out the forms &amp; writing implements
&amp; then collect them again at night time. usually when i'm asleep"
"it's an interesting life. or it would be except that i'm sick of not really
knowing what any of this stuff really is. i mean, you never know whether
the mayonnaise is poly-unsaturated or oil-free or any of that kind of thing"
"i get so tired of white. flavour testing. that's what i specialise in. it's
the taste that counts, they tell me. colour will only influence your decisions,
they tell me. i don't care any more. i've started taking trips round the
supermarkets reading the labels. nothing puts me off my food. i think they
might have put me on a diet. i was quite heavy for a while there. it was
all the chocolate. i must be the only person in the world who's lived for
6 weeks on bananas &amp; mars bars. some of those mars bars were really stale,
too. you know the ones that get left in the sun to melt &amp; then go hard again"
"i like fresh, dark ones better"
"then there's the domestic testing. toilet &amp; laundry products. i've had some
terrible dermatitis since i've been here"
"one thing about this kind of job though. you don't have to worry about
anything. you know exactly where the next meal's coming from, there's always
a roof over your head. you don't have to think about money or anything"
life's easy for you here. i don't like their ideas about entertainment
"i get so tired of commercials, but it's nice to know that i had a hand in
the marketing of the products. to be a part of a team. even though i don't get
to talk to anyone much, it's good to know about it. i've asked the collectors
about the weather, but i think they know about as much about it as i do"
we don't get out very often here. we're always too busy
"&amp; now they've started diversifying me. they've put me on shoes. i never
had to test clothing or footwear before. not like this. we all did it. i
get a different pair of shoes three times a day. like medicine. &amp; they give
me blisters. i hate sore feet. it makes me angry when my feet are sore"
"&amp; it makes me remember the times before i came here. my mother bought me
hard shoes that blistered my heels &amp; gave me corns on my toes"
"""you'll learn,"" she screamed. ""you'll learn one day. there'll be a lot more
discomfort in your life than a pair of new shoes."" she was so sure. so certain"
"& then, when i told her i was going to be a tester she screamed louder than
ever. ""you'd sell your soul for a new dress & a good dinner."" i shrugged"
suffering didn't appeal to me
"so what's wrong with security? it's all right in here. better than one of
the company testing units. There are full-time testers on assembly lines
there. single purpose testers. imagine twenty five years of testing toilet
paper. they'd have to test laxatives as well to make it worthwhile. i like
it here, where we try everything, eventually. we get things first, before
anyone else. it doesn't get boring because everything's new. there's a
neverending flow of variety. & you can choose. there are choices. it's
comforting. you can shop. there are clothes, furniture, fittings. if you
aren't on a specific test you can have anything you like. as long as it's
here to be tested. 

they put the tv in strange places sometimes. the bath? the roof? but it's
easy enough to have it moved. you dial a number, tell them how long you
looked for it, how long before you started talking to yourself, responses,
that kind of thing. you get used to it"
i go out with the other testers sometimes. we don't worry about it too often
"we stand out from the crowd. like something out of the future. & i guess
we are. my sister buys a new dress, & it's a copy of something we had five
or six years ago. the crowd is a delayed reaction to our experience"
"why shouldn't i be a tester? they think it's a cushy life. but we do fill
out the forms. it's hard work sometimes. the diets, the irregularity, you
know, i never felt like this before my feet got sore"
"pill 58DX today. i hate the pharmaceuticals. this one works. the 369LK didn't
yesterday. & the sleepers. i never needed sleepers before"
i can't dance. & they're playing next easter's top 40 in the disco tonight
"now that i think about it, my feet are a lot better. unguent 220. i think
they've come up with a combination. i pass this information on to the collector"
collectors never smile
"it makes me feel good to know that i'm contributing to the well-being &
continued pain relief of the rest of the world. in ten years someone will
be grateful to me for this one. but they won't even think about me. testers
don't get thought about much out there. most people don't even know we exist"
"sad, isn't it?

the side effects are a bit of a worry sometimes. you aren't always prepared
for them. like the time i lost my hair after the M24 hairdressing trials"
"they isolated the hairspray & marketed it as a depilatory. it's broken all
their sales records. we had the whole lite'n'fluffy cake range after that"
a celebration. light'n'fluffy iced all over the cakes. that was unusual
"we weren't complaining. good old M24. i think they're putting a tanning
agent into it now"
"still. this is a good combination. i like it here. i like my job. i'm an
important part of a team. i enjoy my work. don't think about independence
& family. there are families here. they squabble among themselves. the children
don't like the white packets at first. they show peak resistance at about
3, then they learn"
"they have apartments. children inhabit the creches. you can have as much
or as little time with them as you like. according to the rosters & what
the programme is at any given time. some of them have gardens. anyone can
have a garden. they test pesticides & lawnmowers in them"
"look. the main thing is, you can get used to anything. in here, everything's
provided. you're out of the rat race. you're assured of the basic necessities"
"i like it here. nothing's ever the same two days in a row, unless they're
monotony testing. the cooking's pretty bad sometimes. the sheets are washed
& the beds made"
"i made the right decision when i made up my mind to come here. snap of the
fingers. a record comes on. two snaps. coffee or tea. twitch of the finger
sugar or milk. we all know the codes. coffee number X12 is lousy. but it'll
be something else tomorrow. the forms don't change much. five snaps the
AV gear really starts up. anything you like. a video library that hasn't
been made yet"
"i know exactly how lucky i am. i don't need to gamble. seven snaps. eternal
night. the pink boat on the green river. it's the sore feet, the winning
combination, the demons in me make me want to try my luck tonight. testing
... testing .."
"snap. snap. snap. snap. snap.    snap.   sna   ...      


 6. no room at the top  

1"
"the panther creeps over the roofs of derelict houses. the planners refer
to this place as ""redevelopment"". it's perth of course. where everything
is new, or about to be built"
"these houses skulk under the threat of demolition. they crack their windows
& doorframes in defiance, but they know that their battle is already lost"
their banners have been pulled down & left to rot in damp corners
"the panther is 25 years old & feeling his age. he doesn't ram it up the
way he used to. the faces aren't as pretty as they once were. the shoes
are not as expensive & are in need of repair"
a voice echoes down the dark tunnels that mark the territory of defeat
"we called them streets not long ago. smoke twisted from the chimneys & students
of mathematics & history pored over weighty texts late into the night"
"""alice. alice."" he hears it clearly now & his yellow eyes beam over the
oblique canyons like spotlights. he picks out a figure crumpled into the
road"
"the voice calls again. ""alice. alice."" she runs in & out of the shadows
calling. this woman is hysteria. ""alice. alice."" her voice rises like an 
ill-made kite on the wind. tortured, out of balance"
"2.  
this is a teenager's bedroom, with pop-star posters on the walls & cigarettes
under the mattress. cindy lauper sings ""she-bop"" on an inadequate transistor
radio. the three young women know the song by heart"
"""ideally, he would be an astronaut.""

""you're aiming a bit high aren't you?""

""she-bop, she-bop, she-bop-a-she-bop ...""

 3.  
""what time is it, then, if it isn't time to go home?""
the child can wander no further. she is cold, tired, hungry & lost. she
is waif & stray"
"""alice. alice.""
the voice bites the night, cold as frost. in the intimacy of a front bar
there is a man whose responsibility controls him like a hangover"
"the woman's slippers flap like dead fowls as she crashes wildly from one
side of the street to the other"
"the panther wonders whether she is aware that he is watching her. he focuses
on her, high beam, & directs her to the child"
"""alice. alice."" she is weeping now. the tears burn like shame into the enlarged
pores over her cheek bones"
"the child is too tired to cry, & having discovered a familiar place, she
has already begun to doze in the woman's desperate embrace"
"4.  
she eats grapes as though her life depends on it. she has returned from
the dinner party where the hostess fell asleep in her own vomit. three bottles
of french champagne soak into the brightly coloured mohair sweater that
drapes her anorexic frame. she laughs. secure in the knowledge of her own
invulnerable charm & impeccable behaviour."
"BIG $95 BARGAIN  

You don't need a passport or a load of money to get away from it all, relax 
and enjoy yourself"
"For just $95, two people can do all this:  stay overnight in a luxury suite, 
enjoy a good four-course meal (choosing from the full menu) and bottle of 
wine, dance, listen to live music and top it off with a bottle of champagne"
"This exciting package is a Fri and Sat night special in St Leonards: at the 
charming, garden-set Glenview Inn, 194 Pacific Highway"
"The charming Bellevue restaurant - where you dine very well - has an 
intimate cocktail bar adjacent.  The Bellevue opens lunch Mon-Fri, dinner 
seven nights"
"A pianist entertains Fri, a jazz trio Sat"
"Your car is parked off-street, undercover"
"Glenview, with Ian Edwards manager, is tops for social and business function 
facilities"
"The air-conditioned, garden-surrounded Garden Court in particular lends 
itself to small weddings and social do's"
"Small groups find the Tudor Room ideal while the Banquet Room is excellent 
for larger functions of all kinds"
Book for the Glenview Inn on 439 6000
""
"36 survive coach plunge off highway  

THIRTY-five people, including children and an expectant mother, were injured
today when a western Sydney-based coach crashed off the Pacific Highway"
"Many were thrown from their seats, hit the roof and fell to the aisle of
the Brisbane-bound coach"
Five of the injured were seriously hurt
"The crash occurred about 1.45 am, four kilometres from Kew, north of Taree,
on the Mid-North Coast and involved a coach operated by Advance Express
Coachlines, of Penrith"
"The bus was on a regular overnight service from Sydney to Brisbane via
the Gold Coast"
"Thirty-six people, including two drivers, were aboard"
"The bus left the highway on a slight bend, went to the incorrect side
of the highway and ploughed about 80 metres through bush before hitting
a large sign and several trees"
"""It also bounced over a two-metre deep drain which jolted most of the
passengers from their seats,"" Constable Rod Scarr, of Port Macquarie police,
said later"
"""The bus stayed on its wheels but the front and the undersection were
damaged"
"""People were thrown against the roof and came down into the aisle or on
seats in front of them"
"""The co-driver suffered head injuries and an expectant mum was hurt, too.""
  A passing motorist saw the bus standing between the highway and just
two metres from the main northern rail line and raised the alarm"
"Six ambulances from four towns and police from Kew and Port Macquarie
went to the scene"
"They found several passengers still in the coach unable to move because
of injuries"
"In a three-hour operation ambulance officers treated the injured and took
28 to hospitals in Port Macquarie and seven to Taree"
"Additional doctors, n urses and paramedic staff were called in to Hastings
District Hospital, Port Macquarie at 3.30 am to help"
"Three of the injured passengers, two men aged 32 and 42 and a woman, 55,
were admitted in a serious condition"
"Acting executive officer at the hospital, Mr Kim Everson, said the expectant
mother and her unborn baby were all right"
""
"A CLASSIC RESTORED Lost Horizons `re-made' By MICHAEL HEALY, The Denver Post  

IT cost $5 million to film, a monstrous amount back in 1937"
"It ran for 132 minutes - until censors and distributors alike cut, edited
and truncated it"
The film was Frank Capra's Lost Horizon
"The distributors just wanted a shorter version, but the censors were alarmed
by its political content and anti-war message, especially during  WWII"
"And now, after 13 years of painstaking work by  Robert Gitt of the American
Film Institute, the film has been restored almost to its original entirety"
"Early in the film, Robert Conway (Ronald Colman) makes a speech about
pacifism and the evils of war and, as charmingly naive as it sounds today,
it must have grated on the nerves of those who knew that Hitler's onslaught
in Europe could only be met by force and not by passive resistance"
"When the film was shown to American troops fighting WWII, Conway's
self-doubts were snipped, as were other overtly antiwar scenes"
"Still, the movie is a wonderful adventure story and among its other stars was
Jane Wyatt"
The restoration of the print is not complete
"Some short scenes have been lost forever, it seems, although the sound-track
is complete"
Gitt covers the missing footage with still photos and freeze-frame shots
""
"Tough Rambo runs for cover From MICHAEL O'REGAN in New York  

A million Vietnamese bullets couldn't pierce that tough hide. Nor could
a thousand upper-cuts"
"But Sly Stallone, Hollywood's most successful, yet maligned superstar,
admits he's hurt and bewildered"
"He cannot understand why his films were met with such critical outrage
and anger"
"""It's as if it's open season on me,"" he said while on the set of his
latest film, Over The Top"
"""Maybe it's because of some of the things I said early on in my career"
"But Stallone said the backlash was a ""very natural process"" because of
his incredible success"
"Warned  

  ""I was warned about it by my first acting coach ... I remember her saying:
`Don't stick your head above the crowd, because if you do, they're going
to be lining up to take it off'"
"""At that time, of course, I had no idea what she meant. But 15 years later,
I stuck my head up above the crowd and people lined up.""
  Stallone also flexed his vocal muscles at those who took Rambo: First
Blood Part 2, too seriously"
"""What about after the girl dies, and all of a sudden there are eight
crack Viet Cong seasoned veterans and I stand up and z-z-z-z-z-z and they
stand there shooting. I mean, none of them, like, duck"
"""And I just take them all out in one second and then I shoot 300 yards
with a bow and arrow and, boom, hit the guy. Thank you very much.""
  Stallone said he'd love to do another Rocky film, but not one movie goers
would like"
"What Stallone would really like to do with his oldest character is turn
him into a club fighter again"
"""And it seems to me after all those fights, he'd have to have incurred
some mental damage He'd be, you know, punchy,"" he said"
"""So I can envision him wanting to return to his old neighborhood. And
I can see him asking his wife, `Adrian, where's my  hat?', remember that old
hat he had? 
  ""I have to think that, at the end, Rocky would be reduced to being a
professional greeter. And a sad case.""
  But the fans, he said, just wouldn't allow such an ending for filmdom's
favorite pug"
""
"Moves to stop Australia card MELBOURNE. -  

 The Victorian Council for Civil Liberties has launched a campaign
to stop the introduction of the Australia card"
"It is calling on State Premiers and the Northern Territory Chief Minister,
Mr Steve Hatton, to refuse to co-operate with the card legislation"
"The legislation depends on the assistance of the State and Territory
births, deaths and marriages registers and lands titles offices to 
operate"
"The council's president, Mr Ron Castan QC, said the Australia Card Bill
confirmed the council's worst fears about the effects on Australian society"
"""The implications of this legislation make it much more intrusive on our
privacy than any systems existing in any European or north American country,""
he said"
There would be a de facto compulsory obligation to carry the card
"This was despite the suggestion the legislation implied the holding
of the ID card would be voluntary"
"""There will be growing unofficial use of the card to the point where
it will be difficult for most Australians to determine whether or not they
are legally obliged to produce their card,"" Mr Castan said"
"The Victorian council also was concerned at the way in which the Federal
Government had fudged issues in the debate on the card"
"The Federal Health Minister, Dr Neal Blewett, had said the card would
deal with welfare fraud"
"But that assertion ignored evidence given to a parliamentary committee
by the Social Security Department, Mr Castan said"
"The department had said identity was a cause of fraud in less than 1 per
cent of cases and the net result of ID card checks would be zero dollars"
"""The Government has ignored the enormous cost involved in having people
take time off work to have their photograph taken and gain their birth
certificates,"" Mr Castan said"
"""It ignores the work time lost as each Australian is required to line
up to be interviewed by a public servant before being assigned a number"
"""There also will be costs imposed on ordinary decent Australians when
Australia card computer errors inevitably occur."""
"Alan Bond misses launch preview tv telegraph By PAUL WICKS  

  Alan Bond missed the launch this week of the TV series about his successful
bid in 1983 for the America's Cup. He was in New York"
"But his wife, Eileen, was at the Sydney Opera House for the launch of
""The Challenge"""
"It was a cold, wet, misty day with a solitary 12m yacht - like those in
the real Cup - bobbing about in the harbor outside the preview room.  
  The six-hour show, to screen in a fortnight on Channel 9, has Mrs Bond's
approval"
"""It's pretty much spot on. I felt goose bumps watching it"
"""I think Alan will laugh a lot.""
  But will he laugh at scenes in which his onscreen namesake (actor John
Wood) has some terse exchanges with designer Ben Lexcen (actor John Clayton)"
"""Alan and Ben have been best friends for 30 years,"" she said"
Eileen describes herself as the world's best America's Cup spectator
"""I've never missed a race in any of our challenges.""
  She believes her husband will continue to compete in the Cup - regardless
of the outcome of January's defence. ""I don't believe it will be his last"
"He never waits for anything.""
  Mrs Bond spent some time in Perth with actress Lorraine Bayly, who makes
a good go of portraying her on screen"
"Brisbane actor, Ray Barrett was enjoying the launch preview as he hadn't
previously seen any of the completed material"
"Barrett had reason to be in an excellent frame of mind. He had been driven
to the preview in a white Rolls-Royce - just the style for a chief of the
New York Yacht Club, his role in the show, complete with American accent"
"Barrett was particularly impressed by the authenticity of the scenes
of the yacht races. He is a yachtie himself"
"Many of the cast of this Australian mini were present, but the people
they portray were noticeably absent - obviously many are preparing for the
new challenge off Fremantle  John Wood, who plays Alan Bond, gave a standout performance"
"The screen John Bertrand, John Diedrich, wasn't there, but Nicholas Hammond,
who plays arch rival Dennis Conner, was"
"Hammond, a likeable American, could well emerge as one of the real stars
of a show not short on name and quality performers"
"English actor Tim Pigott-Smith looks sensational as the British syndicate
chief Peter de Savary, while former Coorparoo lad, Richard Moir, has the
pivotal role of Bond chief, Warren Jones"
"The $4.5 million show has obvious international appeal, with joint executive
producer, Greg Coote proudly announcing overseas sales"
"The story begins with Bond's unsuccessful 1980 attempt, but ends on a
high note with the success of his next bid"
It is set to be one of the bigger series of the year
"Channel 9 has to run it soon, as there remain only five more weeks of
ratings this year, and surveys don't resume until after the start of the
1987 Cup clash. The show could be well and truly out of date if left until
then"
""
"The agony and the ecstasy BLUES JOHN HAMMOND
The Basement, August 19  

  DAVID Byrne once observed that people in states of religious or sexual
ecstasy usually looked utterly ridiculous. Blues singer/guitarist John
Hammond didn't look ridiculous at The Basement, but he was clearly experiencing
a form of ecstasy"
"The blues is usually about sex, something this American dynamo isn't in
a hurry to let us forget. Hammond drips sensuality, so that when he sings,
""She's a fine little pony, lord, likes to have her fun"", you sure as hell
don't think of a horse"
"Keeping his left foot stomping out a libidinous beat on the floor, he
sends his fingers flying recklessly across the strings of his acoustic guitar
while his lips, when they're not giving voice to a crafty double entendre,
breathe fire and brimstone into a harmonica. Hammond doesn't so much perform
songs as pour himself into them like liquor running into a glass. The price?
A few broken strings and an audience exhausted by the sheer density of the
performance.  
  His repertoire is wide, drawing from established country and urban blues
sources (for example Robert Johnson's Crossroads, Elmore James' It Hurts
Me Too), though none of this gives off a sense that he's merely trying to
prove his authenticity or pay homage to a tradition. Hammond's cleverness
lies in adapting the acoustic style of rural blues while interpreting the
music with the jagged intensity of a city dweller"
"Since John Lee Hooker is arguably his nearest progenitor, it was appropriate
that he should sing the Detroit legend's I'm in the Mood. What was he in
the mood for?
  You really shouldn't have to ask"
LYNDEN BARBER
"BAMBOO EXCHANGE OPENS FOR BUSINESS  

CHINESE citizens are now able to buy and sell shared issues by two Shanghai 
companies in the country's first stock market since the 1949 communist 
takeover"
"The official Xinhua news agency said more than $US21,000 worth of shares 
changed hands when the limited market opened on Friday in Shanghai"
"""Shareholders will trade their stocks freely on the market according to the 
prices quoted and pay a certain amount of commission after transactions are 
concluded,"" Xinhua said"
"Trading will be restricted to shares issued by the Shanghai Acoustics 
Equipment Producing Company and the Yanzhong Industrial Company Ltd.  The 
former has issued 500,000 yuan ($US135,100) and the latter, five million yuan 
($US1.35 million) in 50 yuan stocks"
"Many Chinese enterprises sell shares to their employees, but this will be 
the first time that stocks will be traded freely"
"LI Xiangrui, president of the Shanghai branch of the People's Bank of China, 
said, however, that conditions are not yet ripe for long-term fund markets or 
a general stock exchange"
"""The limited stock trading may serve as a trial balloon, which will 
stimulate enterprises to institute the stock system and pave the way for 
establishing a stock exchange in the city,"" LI said"
"As part of its financial reforms, the government freed Chinese enterprises 
to issue and sell stocks and bonds two years ago"
"The policy was designed to encourage firms to use such sales to raise 
capital, thereby reducing the financial drain on state coffers and 
encouraging the use of personal savings"
"Shanghai is China's leading industrial and commercial area and was the 
main financial center until the 1949 communist revolution"
"After the takeover, the city's financial markets were closed and until 
recent years stock exchanges were vilified as capitalist institutions"
"The country's first experimental bond market opened last month in the 
northeastern city of Shenyang"
"Shenyang was also selected for China's first bankruptcy, which was 
declared in August"
"Xinhua said assets of the firm, the Shenyang Explosion Proof Equipment 
Factory, were sold off last week in the country's first ever property 
auction"
"The factory was bought as an entity by the engineering section of the 
Shenyang Gas Supply Co for 200,000 yuan ($US54,000)"
"Chinese economists are alarmed at the number of state-run enterprises 
running at a loss, but efforts to formulate a nationwide bankruptcy law have 
been delayed, apparently because of fears of widespread layoffs"
""
THE SUN SAYS ..
"CLEAN OUT THE RORTS 

THE State Government wants to abolish some wasteful work practices among
its public servants"
"Now, in the spirit of efficiency and sweet reason, department and union
representatives are to talk things over. 
  The Premier should make clear that he expects real savings to the public
purse, not a shuffling of the same old pack of industrial tricks"
"Only three months ago, the State Public Accounts Committee noted that
prison officers were blatantly abusing sick leave rights to generate increased
overtime"
"Then, after three years of talks, prison officers agreed to give up certain
practices, including some overtime, in the interests of greater efficiency"
"But there was a pay-off. They work fewer hours and received a lump sum
payment for a delay in introducing the new scheme. Also, the Government
had to hire more staff to make the system work"
"That kind of cosy deal appears to change very little, except to draw more
wool over the public's eyes"
"The Accounts Committee will need to check next year how prison officers
are using sick leave and, if necessary, get stuck into any woolly ""efficiency""
deals which remain"
""
"Australlian outdoor education course A unique survey of leadership and instruction qualifications, by Sandra Bardwell  

‚2 AN IMPORTANT FEATURE OF THE RAPID growth of the Australian recreation
and leisure industry during recent years has been the proliferation of related
courses at universities and colleges. These are intended to equip students
to gain employment in the industry by qualifying them, among other things,
to lead and/or instruct groups in outdoor recreation activities"
"There is no single source of information about courses likely to interest
Wild readers - those with practical rather than theoretical orientation,
for doers rather than planners. This survey aims to fill the gap. It also
draws attention to the sometimes vexed question of the value of
certification, such as provided by the Bushwalking and Mountaincraft
Leadership courses. As their content shows, such certificates signify that
skills have been tested fairly thoroughly, and that awareness of the potential
hazards and problems (especially those to do with human relations) has been
instilled. Participants are left in no doubt that there is more to leading
a trip into the wild than just bashing about in the bush and trusting that
everything will be all right"
"This national survey covers full-time courses at tertiary institutions
and shorter, non-institutional, non-profit-making courses, in which training
in outdoor recreation activities, and in the skills of leadership and/or
instruction, is offered as the major component of the course. The activities
concerned are bushwalking, ski touring and canoeing; no such courses in
caving and rockclimbing have been discovered, although both activities might
be covered in one of the tertiary courses listed. Students in these courses
are required, to varying degrees, to do these activities and to acquire
a reasonable level of skill, as well as to study theoretical subjects"
"Thus the survey does not cover the many courses which, by their titles,
may seem to meet these criteria. These include leisure studies, recreation
courses focusing on sport or activities such as dancing and drama, studies
in recreation planning and programming, and park management, and natural
resources or `facility' management"
"In Victoria, at least, some technical schools offer outdoor recreation
subjects at HSC level - no attempt has been made to identify them in this
survey. It is worth noting here that the Outdoor Guides Course at Katoomba
Technical College, mentioned in Wild Information, no 20, will be offered
as a part-time course in 1987; inquiries should be directed to the Course
Coordinator, Jim Smith, Katoomba Technical College, Parke Street, Katoomba,
NSW 2780; telephone (047) 82 1099"
"All the information in this survey is derived from the literature published
by the institutions and organizations concerned, and from further inquiries
- very few, if any, of the brochures contain all the information an intending
student may need to know. Many of them are overloaded with almost meaningless
waffle about the courses - skill in reading between the lines is handy"
"No specific dates have been given for terms or semesters for the tertiary
courses. Most of the institutions covered operate two semesters during the
year, the first beginning late in February or early in March"
The crucial dates are those on which applications for enrolment close
"For tertiary institutions, applications for acceptance into a course are
made through a separate State authority - a Universities Admissions Centre,
or equivalent. The university or college subsequently handles enrolments"
No information about the costs of the tertiary courses has been given
"Normal union (or equivalent) fees are generally levied; wide variations
in the requirements for books and equipment make any attempt to estimate
costs meaningless"
"Because of the practical nature of the courses concerned, they are generally
not available to external students. People wishing to apply for acceptance
into a course conducted in a State different from that in which they completed
secondary education should check acceptance of their qualifications before
lodging a formal application"
"Status is an elusive but important factor. The Australian Council on Tertiary
Awards (an official body) administers, by independent panels, the accreditation
of all courses in advanced education in Australia, a procedure which takes
place, for each course, every five years. Accreditation is on an academic
basis, but appropriateness or demand is taken into account. The procedure
is also designed to ensure reasonable consistency between the courses offered
in each State. Federal Government funding is only given to accredited courses"
Thus it is unlikely that a course will be offered which will not be accredited
"Apart from this, an assessment can be made by finding out whether a course
is a prerequisite for or part of teacher or other professional training,
and by the number of years it has been in existence. Almost any training
at a reputable institution will enhance, but not guarantee, chances of gaining
employment in a chosen field. Ultimately, however, the value or success of
a course depends on the quality and ability of individual graduates"
"Similarly, short courses may be judged by the number of years they have
been in existence - they would not have continued if demand was not sustained"
"It is also worth checking whether a course is required or preferred by
government agencies for undertaking specific activities, especially with
school groups"
"For short courses, do not neglect finding out whether you need to arrange
insurance or whether you will be covered while on the course, and if so,
to what extent. This vital subject is not mentioned in much detail in the
available literature"
"It is noteworthy that canoeing, in particular, is highly organized and
standardized, and that there is strong emphasis on acquisition of skills
and on leadership training in bushwalking, a trend gathering momentum for
ski touring. Such formal training and organization for rockclimbing is
apparently absent. Although leadership skills are less relevant to this
activity, technical skills and measures of ability, especially in teaching,
are important. Thus, Mountaincraft Pty Ltd believes that a `most
unsatisfactory' situation exists concerning climbing instructors. One
`accreditation' system is based on the fairly low level of climbing ability
of the person who runs it. Mountaincraft is trying to devise a standard
for instruction, but believes that `maturity and instructional ability are
more important than climbing skill' - which applies equally to instruction
in the other rucksack sports. Among the courses offered by Mountaincraft
are Abseil Instructors (five days, technical and climbing skills, written
and practical examinations) and Advanced Rockclimbing (full week, `to achieve
an instructor level for which there is no agreed civil standards in this
country'). Address: PO Box 582, Camberwell, Victoria 3124; telephone (03)
817 4802"
"Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, two questions should be answered:
`What type of career do you want to follow?', and `Which course will best
lead you towards this?'-
 
 Further reading  

  

‚2 MITTAGUNDI, ABORIGINAL FOR `campsite next to the Mitta', is located near
the old gold-mining township of Glen Valley, on the upper Mitta Mitta River,
in north-east Victoria. Lying just east of the Bogong High Plains, and
surrounded by the mountains of the Great Dividing Range, it is a remote
and beautiful place"
"The camp, on a 200 hectare property, is simple and old-fashioned, designed
to be built, maintained and operated by the young people who come to it"
"It is a place where people matter, where co-operation is stressed, and
competition played down. It represents the realization of a dream for its
founder, Ian Stapleton"
"Ian worked with Outward Bound before spending seven years as the Director
of Outdoor Education at Timbertop, the `bush arm' of one of Australia's
most prestigious schools, Geelong Grammar"
"It was during this time that Ian came to believe that all young people
should have the opportunity to experience our mountain country, its challenges
and rewards, not just those lucky enough to go to schools that could provide
such opportunities"
"He had always been a great believer of the levelling quality of the bush
- the way it can bring together all sorts of people from all walks of life 
and situations, on an equal footing, and demand co-operation from everyone"
"Initially, Mittagundi operated from temporary bases. Because of the many
problems, mostly financial, it frequently looked like it would founder before
it was properly started. However, it is now firmly established on a permanent
site and is able to run nine-day courses all year round"
"The camp is spacious, and set in a clearing of about two hectares. Old
renovated Melbourne Tramways buses are used for bunk-rooms, stores and an
office. Gradually these are being replaced by permanent mud-brick and timber
buildings built by the people on courses, using local materials and traditional
methods"
"The buses, although somewhat out of place in such surroundings, played
an essential part in the establishment of Mittagundi. In order to get the
camp started, and as cheaply as possible, Ian bought a fleet of old buses
from the Tramways Board. The one catch was that he had to remove the engines
and transmissions from them, so that he could afford what was left. With
a wry smile he admits that was a mistake. It would have been much easier
if he had left the engines alone. Ian laughs now when he tells the story
of how it took him 18 months to tow all the buses to Omeo with his old worn-out
Land Rover. It involved him in countless `unfortunate incidents', took over
40 Land Rover clutches, and brought him into conflict with seemingly every
government department!
  The camp now boasts several permanent buildings - store-rooms, stable
with fenced yard, equipment shed, even a `bush shower'. (Let your imagination
run wild here!) The building programme is now centred on a new kitchen/dining
room. The ground has been levelled, the stump holes dug, and the enthusiasm
for the project rising. Partially funded by a grant from the Menzies
Foundation, the new building will have a huge stone fireplace - to be built by
a stonemason - timber floor, and various other luxuries. The temporary
kitchen/dining room, which is open-sided, with a dirt floor and a leaky
roof, will then be demolished, although not without some regrets, I suspect"
"Wood-fired boilers, of considerable age, provide hot water, massive old
wood stoves are used for cooking, and lighting is by gas and kerosene. Needless
to say, collecting and cutting wood is an important part of everyday life
at Mittagundi"
"All the courses at Mittagundi take roughly the same form, varying slightly
according to the season, weather and people attending. The maximum age for
participants is 18, and the courses are not co-educational"
"Each group, of about 20 people, hike into Mittagundi over two days. Watches,
radios and money are not allowed into Mittagundi, and are left in a safety
deposit box before the start of the hike. The route, over the Bogong High
Plains, is an old miners' bridle-track. Unused for almost 50 years, it has
been one of Mittagundi's achievements to clear it. The group carries some
gear in rucksacks, and two pack horses carry the heavy stuff. Bloggs and
Kate, the half-draught horses, know the track and are used to being led
by different people. They help to set the scene of what to expect at
Mittagundi. This method of reaching Mittagundi provides a way of combining
hiking, highlighting the remoteness of Mittagundi, and saving enormously
on transport costs. After two days on the track the basic facilities at
Mittagundi seem quite luxurious!
  The group spends four days at Mittagundi itself. Divided into two, each
half runs the base for two days. This means being heavily involved in the
building, running and maintenance of the old-style farm and village. The
other two days are spent on activities such as rafting, ski touring, climbing
and abseiling"
"The trip out takes a day longer than the trip in, partly because of the
1,000 metre climb out of the valley, but also because time is taken to
climb a few peaks of the Bogong High Plains"
"Ian Stapleton firmly believes in having the right `mix' of people at
Mittagundi. He says that is essential for the achievement of its aims, and
is the basis of his philosophy in setting up such a camp."
"YOUR LINE
Auction company clarifies position  

IN reference to your article in The Sunday Tasmanian (16-11-86) ""Woods full
of fake Forrests"", I am writing to clarify the comment made by Mr Hurst,
""I haven been to auctions where out of five Forrests for sale three were
forgeries"""
"Our firm, Andrew Wright Auctions Statewide, conducts more auctions of
fine art than any other firm in this State. In a period from August 7, 1986,
to September 20, 1986, it auctioned some 16 paintings signed by Captain
Haughton Forrest, 14 of which were sold. We took the precaution (as always)
of having an expert authenticate these paintings and in this case it was
Mr Hurst. There was one other painting which was unsigned but Mr Hurst
attributed this to Captain Haughton Forrest and it also sold"
"This amount of Forrest paintings being instructed to one firm to auction
in such a short period of time is unprecedented in this State as only a
handful have turned up at auction all round the State in recent years. Through
this and the three major art auctions our firm has conducted in Hobart and
Launceston this year we have developed a reputation for being the ""firm
that auctions all the Haughton Forrest paintings.""
  Prospective purchasers know they can bid and buy with confidence as our firm
also allows a two-week period for return of forgeries. In cases when we
 discover a forgery before auction, the particular painting is returned
to the owner immediately and it will not be offered for auction under any
circumstances. This is why people have confidence to both buy and sell
through our firm. The excellent reputation we have developed and enjoy
Australia wide is of the utmost importance to me"
"Like Mr Hurst, our firm is certainly aware of the problems associated with
forgeries and we take every possible step to avoid auctioning one. The prices
we have achieved for Forrest paintings led the way at auction in Australia
and if anyone had been under the misapprehension Mr Hurst was referring
to our firm in his comments, I am certain I have clarified this"
"ANDREW WRIGHT, General Manager,
Andrew Wright Auctions 
Statewide. Article `surprising'  

MY attention has been drawn to Ian Colvin's article Festival of Fine Films
(The Sunday Tasmanian 9-11-86) in which he states ""it is good to see one
cinema chain making the effort to bring a selection of `arthouse' films
for the more discerning cinema goer"""
"While applauding and supporting the festival members of the Hobart Film
Society would read Mr Colvin's statement with some surprise"
"The Hobart Film Society has been presenting monthly public screenings
of first release quality films from all over the world to Hobart audiences
since the early 1950s. In recent years it has also organised the annual
Hobart International Film Festival - the 18th festival has just ended -
and provided over 50 programmes each year for its members"
"With over 1300 members the society is by far the largest community-based
film society in Australia. Its initiatives during the past 40 years have
contributed much to the cultural life of Hobart and helped to build an
appreciative and supportive audience for ""arthouse"" films"
"On behalf of present and past members of the society, I extend an
invitation to Mr Colvin to join us and experience the excitement and
stimulation of quality cinema every week!

 PAUL BYWATER
PRESIDENT HOBART FILM SOCIETY
HOBART  

- While appreciating Mr Bywater's comments, the quote highlighted from
the original article explains that I was talking about the cinema chains
- that is, Hoyts and Village West End - and not smaller organisations such
as the Hobart Film Society and the State Cinema which continue to bring
quality films to Hobart

 - IAN COLVIN SOB report denied  

THE article ""What, no organ grinders?"" (Sunday Tasmanian 23-11-86), written
by Sandy Onslow-Browne, implies that the Commonwealth Grants Commission
was unimpressed with the way in which evidence was presented to it by public
officials during its visit to Tasmania last week"
"I would like to place on record a categorical denial of the inference
contained in the article that this commission was in any way dissatisfied
with the manner in which arrangements were made for the commission's visit
to Tasmania. Your correspondent, Mr Onslow-Browne, is clearly unaware that
no less than seven heads of Tasmanian Government departments presented
evidence to and briefed the commission during a general session conducted
in the conference room of the Land Department building at the commencement
of the inspections on Monday, November 17"
"During the course of the inspections in the ensuing week, the commission
was accompanied by the under treasurer and his senior colleagues, the
Director-General of Education, the Commissioner of Police and the Director
of Hospital and Medical Services within the Health Department. Senior personnel
from other departments joined the commission at relevant points for varying
periods during the programme"
""
"[¶91-626] In the marriage of LEE STEERE, C.P. and LEE STEERE,
                 T. Full Court of the Family Court of Australia at Perth"
"Judgment delivered 12 August 1985. 
                 Full text of judgment below.  

Family law - Property - Principles applicable to farming properties 
- Correct approach to sec. 79 application - Contribution as a 
homemaker and parent - Inherited property - Financial resources 
and needs - Inclusion of legal costs in assessment of financial 
resources - Effect of proposed order on earning capacity - Family 
Law Act 1975, sec. 79"
"The husband and wife were married in 1975. At the time of the
marriage the husband brought into the marriage a farming
property transferred from his father and an interest in an
adjoining property. The wife brought about $2,000 into the
marriage"
"Throughout the marriage the husband ran the farm. The wife had
the responsibility for rearing the children of the marriage and
running the home. In addition she gave the husband assistance
on the farm when required. The parties separated on 14 May
1983"
"The wife filed an application in March 1984 in which she sought
the sum of $180,000 by way of settlement of property and lump
sum maintenance together with $100 per week maintenance for the
children. At the time of trial the husband's net assets
amounted to approximately $670,000. The wife's assets totalled
$10,500. In addition she had a credit of $42,751 from a family
trust. Her liabilities, including estimated legal costs, were
about $16,000. The trial Judge made orders for the payment of
$70,000 to the wife and child maintenance of $85 per week"
"The wife appealed as to the lump sum-awarded on the basis
that the trial Judge had erred in that: (i) he had approached
the matter partly on a needs basis and partly on a capacity to
pay basis, and that this was not a permissible approach under
sec. 79 of the Family Law Act 1975; (ii) the wife's
contribution to the family and the property should be
recognised in a substantial and not a token way; (iii) even on
a needs approach the trial Judge's views were inappropriate;
(iv) the trial Judge had disallowed the wife's liability for
legal costs in considering her needs"
"Both parties agreed that, should the Court reach a conclusion
that the trial Judge had incorrectly exercised his discretion,
the Full Court should exercise its discretion and substitute an
appropriate figure rather than remit the matter for further
trial"
"Held: 

 Farming properties  

  (a) In relation to farming properties, as in relation to all
other assets be they business assets or suburban land, the
ordinary principles of sec. 79 apply. There is no ""farming
case"" exception to the ordinary principles applicable under
sec. 79 (Magas and Magas (1980) FLC ¶90-885 followed)"
"Correct approach to a sec. 79 application  

  (b) An application under sec. 79 should first commence with the
assessment of the contributions made by each of the parties
under sec. 79(4)(a), (b) and (c). Secondly, the financial
resources, means, needs of the parties and other matters set
out in sec. 75(2) so far as relevant should be considered
(Pastrikos and Pastrikos (1980) FLC ¶90-897 followed)"
"Contribution as homemaker and parent  

  (c) It is possible to arrive at the conclusion that in a
marriage there has been equality of contribution by each of the
parties within his or her own sphere - that of the wife as a
good homemaker and parent, and that of the husband as
breadwinner (Mallet and Mallet (1984) FLC ¶91-507 extensively
discussed)"
"(d) If the parties at the inception of the marriage acquire a
farm for value and build it up through equal efforts in their
respective spheres, the conclusion that the contributions are
equal would be difficult to resist (Magas and Magas (supra))"
"Inherited property  

  (e) If inherited or donated property was acquired before
marriage, and especially where it was worked and developed by
the party who received it before marriage, that is an important
consideration. 

  (f) The strength of a contribution made at the inception of a marriage is
eroded, not by the passage of time, but by the off-setting contribution
of the other spouse"
"Legal costs  

  (g) In a realistic assessment of the financial resources of the parties
it is proper to include any legal costs each of the parties may have to
pay, subject to any reimbursement by way of an order for costs. This should
not be viewed as a backdoor method of awarding costs"
"Earning capacity  

  (h) Section 79(4)(d), which directs the Court to consider the effect of
any proposed order on the earning capacity of either party to the marriage,
is mainly relevant to the question of the ways and means in which the
entitlement of a party can be met. If injustice can only be avoided by the
sale and division of the business property then this must be done (Magas
and Magas (supra))"
"The present case  

  (i) The trial Judge did not correctly approach the issues in the case. He
based his decision on the needs of the wife and the capacity of the husband
to raise a sum while still retaining the farming assets. This was incorrect
in principle and led to an inappropriate result"
"(j) Appeal allowed. The husband was ordered to pay to the wife the sum of
$165,000, to be paid by instalments"
"Appearances: Mr M.H. Holden of counsel (instructed by Lavan Solomon) for
the appellant wife; Mr K.G. Forrest of counsel (instructed by Ilbery Barblett
& O'Dea) for the respondent husband"
"Before: Fogarty, Maxwell and Nygh JJ"
"Fogarty, Maxwell and Nygh JJ.: By Notice of Appeal dated 21 January 1985
the appellant T. Lee Steere appealed against orders 3 and 4 of certain orders
made by his Honour Judge Anderson on 21 December 1984 after a hearing on
28-30 November 1984. Those orders were:

  ""3. As and by way of settlement of property and lump sum maintenance the
  husband do pay to the wife on or before the 28th day of February 1985
  the sum of $70,000"
"4. From and including the 1st day of February 1985 the husband do pay
  to the wife interest on the said sum of $70,000 or so much thereof as
  remains owing from time to time at the rate of 15% per annum calculated
  daily"
"5. The husband who resides at Elderslie via Boyup in the State of Western
  Australia do pay to the Collector of Maintenance at 45 St George's Terrace,
  Perth in the said State for disbursement by him to the wife who resides
  at Balga in the said State maintenance for the said children at the rate
  of $85 per week apportioned as to $30 per week each in respect of N and
  A and as to $25 per week in respect of M the first payment thereof to
  be made on the 21st day of December 1984"
"6. The husband indemnify and keep the wife indemnified in respect of any
  income tax liability for the year ended the 30th day of June 1984 including
  any interest or penalties and thereafter keep the wife further indemnified
  in respect of any income tax liability including any interest or penalties
  arising out of income from any trust or partnership in which the husband
  and wife together participated.   

  7. The interest (if any) of the husband in the motor vehicle presently
  in the possession of the wife vest in the wife"
"8. The wife do assign to the husband any interest she has in any partnership
  in which the husband and wife participated"
"9. There be no order for costs of the proceedings against the wife.""

(By orders 1 and 2 the wife was granted the sole guardianship and custody
of the three children of the marriage and detailed orders were made as to
access. It is unnecessary to set out the detail of those orders.)

  The parties were married on 15 February 1975, their ages then being
approximately 31 and 29 respectively. They finally separated on 14 May 1983,
a period of approximately 8 years, but there were other short periods of
separation during the marriage. During the course of the marriage there
were three children born to the parties, namely N born on 6 March 1976 so
that her present age is 9, A born on 5 October 1978 and now aged 7, and
M born on 3 September 1980 and now aged 6. All of these children have lived
with the wife since separation and it is anticipated that this will continue
to be the case"
"In her application filed on 14 March 1984 the wife sought the sum of
""$250,000 or such other sum as the Court deems fit in respect of property
settlement and lump sum maintenance"". At the trial the orders which the
wife sought were that the husband pay to her the sum of $180,000 by way
of ""settlement of property and lump sum maintenance"" together with $100
per week maintenance for the three children of the marriage, the transfer
to her of a motor car which was then in her possession and an order that
the husband indemnify her in respect of a tax liability"
"That claim by the wife was particularised during the course of the trial
and was recorded by his Honour as follows:  

  ""The wife put in a statement that her immediate needs were:

   1. A three bedroomed, low maintenance house in 
     Morley/Noranda area                           $70,000 2. New or second-hand reasonable car              10,000 3. Liabilities, say                               20,000
                                                  --------
                                                  $100,000 
                                                  --------      
The liabilities of $20,000 included an amount of $10,000 for the wife's
  anticipated legal expenses but this was subsequently reduced to $8,500"
"In opening it was stated that the wife's intention was to invest the balance
  and with the maintenance she would receive for the children, live on the
  income produced.""

  The position adopted by the husband at the trial was that he should pay
to the wife by way of settlement and future maintenance a total of $70,000
and pay a total of $60 per week maintenance for the three children. There
was apparently no dispute at the trial about the orders in relation to the
motor car or the tax liability. The cases of the parties also proceeded
on the basis that the wife would assign to the husband her interest in a
partnership in which they were involved and that is embodied in order 8"
Neither party has appealed against the orders in respect of maintenance
"The issue on this appeal was the correctness of his Honour's order under
sec. 79 in awarding the wife the sum of $70,000. Before us both counsel
conducted their cases upon the basis that in the event that the Court concluded
his Honour had not correctly exercised his discretion and that the appeal
for that reason should be allowed, the preferable course for this Court
was to exercise its discretion and substitute an appropriate figure rather
than remit the matter for further trial. Both counsel also agreed that the
case should be conducted on the basis of an application of sec. 81 so as
to encompass the wife's future maintenance"
"The facts as found by the trial Judge were not the subject of any serious
challenge before us and consequently it is convenient to turn to the findings
of the fact and the history of the matter as his Honour recorded them in
his judgement"
"His Honour after setting out the background marital facts and the nature
of the claims before him and after making some general observations to which
we will return later dealt with the history of the parties prior to their
marriage"
"So far as the husband is concerned, his Honour found that after he had
completed two years at an agricultural college the husband commmenced working
on his father's farm known as ""Elderslie"" in the south west of Western
Australia, a property concerned in sheep, cattle and coarse grain production"
"His Honour recorded that ""the husband is a farmer and has been for the whole
of his working life"
""
"Sir Joh and the terrorists  

  THE Premier, Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen, already on the election stump,
made some outrageous claims this week about terrorists and the Federal
Government. To give the impression that the Government is deliberately
promoting terrorism was going too far even for an election campaign"
"It is however, interesting to note that Sir Joh made exactly the same
claim in October last year without incurring the wrath of his Labor opponents"
"If the Prime Minister had continued to dismiss such claims without
over-reacting, it might have been better for Labor's chances in the coming
State election. His personal remarks about Sir Joh were in extremely poor
taste. 
  However, the Premier would not have been far out if he had suggested the 
Federal Government may be - and it must be said that it would be unintentional 
- helping terrorists"
"The Defence Minister, Mr Beazley, has admitted that 25,000 rounds of
ammunition produced at the Army's munitions factory at Footscray have not
been accounted for. The minister has also been reported as saying a former
employee at the factory has been charged with stealing about 500 rounds"
"A television current affairs reporter found after his own investigation
that the security was a joke"
"What an invitation this is to terrorist sympathisers or to terrorists
themselves. Australia has to take into account not only international, but
also internal, terrorism"
"It should not be necessary to say that everything must be done to ensure
that security is as efficient as possible. Obviously, there is something
wrong with the security at the munitions factory"
""
"Corruption issue  

Corruption will become a major issue in the State election campaign, State
Liberal Party president John Moore said yesterday"
"""It appears to have become the norm, rather than the exception,"" he said"
"""The smell will not go away.""
  Mr Moore, who was speaking at the launching of Liberal candidate Denver
Beanland's campaign in Toowong, said he had never seen such a sustained
period of allegations concerning corruption"
"He said a major problem was that Parliament was not permitted to probe
such allegations"
"""Say something against them and you will cop a writ, even though what you
say may well be harmless or totally true,"" he said"
"""People who join the National Party expect to have super-citizen rights."""
"By Connie Miller Chapter Nine  

Even in the quiet of home, with Mum and Dad, I still considered
I was making the right move in going to Melbourne. I thought
things out carefully and had to accept that by now there was
little chance of my marrying and having children. Men who had
been really interested in me had been too young or too old, or
their education had been so much less than mine that I hadn't
dared encourage their friendship. And last of all there had
been Wally, a married man. It had left me with mixed emotions
of shame, and sadness, and an unpleasant bitterness"
"During early March I flew to Victoria (on a DC 3 piloted
by Captain Harry Baker, who by then had an Australia-wide
reputation as a skilful pilot), and at Melbourne's Victoria
Barracks I made contact with Naval Headquarters. Through the
Director of Naval Intelligence I was assured of a position in
his department, beginning in April"
"But, not long afterwards, the delight of knowing that was
embittered. Edna Kersten and her small daughter Lee, then a
very pretty five-year-old with her father's dark hair and dark
amber eyes, were staying in Melbourne. Edna's news was tragic"
"In the May of 1942 while flying a twin-engined Hudson medium
bomber, Ken had disappeared over the Island of Ambon. He was
the first of several of our friends lost during those war-torn
years"
"Back in Western Australia I called at the Education
Department to argue my way free from the teaching profession"
"The Department had moved from the old Treasury Buildings to
Government House Ballroom across the Terrace; American military
authorities were in the former place"
"I packed a few special books, my electric sewing machine,
my radio and clothes in a trunk, and once again set out for the
east. In those days there were changes of train at Kalgoorlie,
Port Pirie and Adelaide because of the changes in railway
gauge. But by 1943 I was quite familiar with the long train
journey between Perth and Melbourne. The Navy Office had booked
me in at the Queen's Hotel on Toorak Road; within days I had
located a small flat in Henry Street, off St Kilda Road"
"And so, early in April 1943, I walked through the massive,
bluestone gateway of Melbourne's Victoria Barracks. My
feelings were naturally a little mixed. I had given up a well-
paid position in a state I knew well, for a wartime job where
I had very little idea of what I was expected to do, and where
I knew no one"
"But any secret dreams I may have had about a Mata Hari
existence or dangerous secret service missions were soon
forgotten. The work was more clerical, I suppose, than anything
else. And recalling the huge posters IS YOUR JOURNEY REALLY
NECESSARY? and DON'T TALK, THE ENEMY LISTENS! on practically
every railway station between Perth and Melbourne, I wondered
had my journey been necessary? And had I talked too volubly to
the young man with a slightly foreign accent who had bought me
coffee at Ballarat? Floating about in my mind there were a few
doubts about the step I had taken"
"But life in wartime Melbourne quickly resolved itself into
a highly coloured and never-to-be-forgotten experience. My
flat, one of a group of four on a short street just across Punt
Road, appealed to me because of its price and its nearness to
the Barracks. The adjacent but bigger flat housed half a dozen
WAAFs. Below me lived a gaunt, elderly gentleman and his
equally elderly, but friendly de facto wife. Below the WAAFs
lived a married couple with (to my intense delight) two pre-
school children. Since the man was one of General Blamey's
drivers, we often had a gleaming black Rolls Royce car on the
street outside the flats"
"This in no way hindered operations conducted in a nearby
laneway off Henry Street. There, in a dilapidated tin shed, it
was possible to buy black market beer at (I was told) five
shillings and sixpence a bottle. The shed appeared to be busy
at all hours; as I passed the lane I sometimes heard loud
arguments in progress. Once, when a savage fight erupted
between Australian and American servicemen, police hurried in
with their batons. From then onwards the vice squad
occasionally patrolled the area"
"From the Barracks itself other forms of entertainment
presented themselves. I worked in the Cypher Room on the third
floor of a new brick building that faced Coventry Street, and
which housed navy and air force personnel. From our room, in
particular, we had grandstand views of the many St Kilda Road
activities. The annual Anzac Day processions, all colour and
sound and majesty, proceeded up the broad walk to the Shrine of
Remembrance. There were the even more colourful Communist
processions, their bands thumping out `The International' and
`The Red Flag'. We watched the solemn and incredibly long
cortege of that grand old soldier, Sir Talbot Hobbs"
"At times we had visits from VlPs. The Mountbattens came to
visit us, and Eleanor Roosevelt. Then, to make sure that we
underlings behaved with due decorum, notices were promulgated,
forbidding `persons or parts of persons to be protruded
through, in, or out of doors or windows, or in corridors while
the visitors were moving about near us. And rather than suffer
torture or death at dawn (we were never informed of the
penalty) we obeyed the orders"
"One day, while the English officers of the Pacific Fleet
were with us, a tall, fair, good-looking young lieutenant
breasted our room's counter and blessed us with smiles his
beard couldn't hide. He was Prince Phillip of Greece and
Denmark, later to become the husband of our present Queen"
"My work was interesting. A signal for simple decoding came
in to us as a page of five-figure numbers in orderly columns"
"Briefly the process of decoding was a sort of perverted
subtraction from another set of numbers held in the room. The
key to success lay in starting off correctly. After that, care
rather than skill was all you needed. Each number in the
voluminous code books had two meanings, one purely a vocabulary
meaning, the other geographical. It remained with the decoder
to decide which meaning was intended. We smiled when a beginner
used a vocabulary meaning when she should have used the
geographical. A message came in concerning a naval commander
who was known to be a strict teetotaller. It was decoded as:
`Arriving tight, 190030Z.' It should have read: `Arriving
Sydney, 190030Z.' The 190030Z indicated the nineteenth day of
the month, 10.30 a.m"
"Speed in decoding came quickly and it was surprising how
many of the numbers and answers one could memorise. But since
the tables were altered every month, and the code books
frequently, there was little to be gained by memorising"
"The reverse of the process, coding and cyphering, began
with written messages (signals) which were turned into code by
experienced workers. A young lieutenant who later attained very
high ranking wrongly coded a signal calling a certain ship back
to Port Melbourne. It went out to all ships in the same area as
the wanted one. The error was discovered only after a fleet of
vessels began crowding into Hobson's Bay, and a VIP had asked
why"
"Only too frequently the signals came in `corrupt'. Faulty
transmission or frenzied coding had thrown them out. Then you
had to tackle them with a level head, a great deal of
ingenuity, and a fund of patience. Sometimes, after trying for
an hour or more to untangle a signal, we would have to flash
back to the ship or station a message stating, `Code numbers so
and so corrupt. Please repeat.'
     According to their degree of secrecy messages were
labelled Secret; Most Secret; Hush, Most Secret; and Top
Secret. Then, most important and most secret of all, Bigot! Top
Secrets and Bigots were always done in seclusion and handed to
the OIC immediately upon completion"
"Really alarmed when an English officer of the Pacific
Fleet read over my shoulder a Top Secret I was working on, I
questioned him"
"`My dear girl,' he snapped resentfully, `don't you realise
I've been Bigoted for years?'
     There were highlights during those years at the Barracks,
some humorous, some an escape from the stupidity of war, others
fraught with sadness. When Italy capitulated I decyphered the
message we received. I worked over the signal which, word by
word, broke the news, directed Italian ships to various ports
and informed our own navies of action to be taken. Then, often,
a Top Secret message disclosed action to our north, and at the
end of the signal would come the list of the wounded and dead"
"My own brother was up there, and Charles Miller, and several
men whom I'd known for many years. It was then agony for me and
for some of the older men with us whose sons could have taken
part in the action. One pre-dawn morning unidentified planes
were reported over Perth. And on the lighter side I recall a
signal forbidding all sailors to leave their trains at
Kalgoorlie - Kalgoorlie possessed numerous hotels"
"Midnight watch will always be a memorable part of my
wartime job. We worked in three watches; the most ordinary one
was morning watch when we worked from 8.30 a.m. till 3.30 p.m"
"Afternoon watch began at 3.30 and ended at 10.30. Midnight
watch began at 11 p.m. and ended at 7 a.m. At first, setting
out for work just as everyone else was on the way home after a
night's entertainment was rather exciting. Tram passengers
looked at us with a certain amount of curiosity. And then, to
be going home when people were taking in their bottles of milk,
when big, shaggy Clydesdales, their lorries still stacked with
morning papers, were clip-clopping along the streets, did seem
to remind you that your work was important"
"Often, going home during mid-winter, I would cut across
the park opposite the Barracks and into the Botanical Gardens
just to see them in their early-morning white-frosted
loveliness. Twice, when a friendly horse-trainer happened to be
going my way, I had a lift home on a trotting spider. One
morning, having been let out early, I found St Kilda Road being
torn up for repairs. And there, visible beneath the shreds of
bitumen, were blocks of solid, good Western Australian jarrah!
     But there were less happy aspects of midnight watch"
"During the war years all windows had to be blacked out at
night. Air-conditioning at the Barracks was unheard of, and
almost everyone in the big Cypher Room smoked. The resultant
smoke haze and odour would have to be experienced to be
believed. Small wonder that by four or five in the morning we
all longed for daylight when we could remove the blackout
shutters and fling up the windows"
"Sometimes messages came in from the Barracks canteen to
say that cigarettes were available. Once it was tinned butter,
without coupons. Sometimes it was chocolates. We gladly gave up
an entire lunch hour or tea break to queue for luxuries such as
those. In those bleak days everyone in Melbourne was hungry for
chocolates. Hoadley's factory was close to the Barracks on
Coventry Street, and when word leaked out that they'd
despatched a carton of Violet Crumbles to our nearest
delicatessen, we raced down to it as soon as possible. Now and
then Hilliers, on Bourke Street, had chocolates for sale. We
moved heaven and earth to join their queues. I used to send a
box of their sweets home to Mum and Dad as often as I could"
"Many of my female workmates lived in `residentials' near the
Barracks, mostly old houses with their rooms divided up into
smaller rooms (by plywood partitions), each with a minute gas
ring and a shelf for food storage. In these cubbies groups of friends spent many convivial evenings after afternoon watch, the hilarity and talk fuelled with wartime coffee and butterless toast spread with ersatz jam"
""
"Loaded leave  

MR BURKE suggests it is illogical, Mr Hawke declares it is not sacrosanct,
and Mr Clyde Cameron, the former Labour Minister  responsible for it in
the first place, now admits it was a mistake from the start"
"Have our political leaders been blessed with sudden insight? Or is their
new found interest in abolishing the 17 1/2 per cent leave loading limited
to talking about it?
  Mr Burke's strong comments got a surprisingly positive response from Mr
Hawke, who left open the possibility of Government support for a move to
scrap the loading"
"Saying is not doing, of course, and translating the comments of the past
few days into action would be a tough assignment, especially for Labor
governments. It would be fraught with conflict - as yesterday's heated reaction
from a number of Federal Government MPs demonstrated - and it would put
a serious dent in government-union relations"
"Many workers would resent losing a benefit they have come to regard as
a right, even though logic may tell them that the leave loading is an
absurdity.  
  Perhaps the blow could be softened if the loading was scrapped in concert
with a national wage increase. At least then it need not involve an immediate
net loss of income"
"And workers might be more prepared to accept such a measure after they finally
see some evidence of the real cuts in taxation, first promised by Mr Hawke
more than three years ago"
"Meanwhile, if the Government is to consider the issue seriously, it should
also take a look at the wider question of penalty rates - another subject
that elicits occasional sympathetic noises from politicians, but nothing
in the way of concrete action"
"The old concept of the nine-to-five, Monday-to-Friday working week is
gradually disappearing, and wages need to be made flexible enough to adjust
to this changing trend"
""
"The tunas of Moreton Bay by Darryl Steel  

Despite the abuses we heap upon them, the big bays that adjoin our major
cities still fish remarkably well. Moreton Bay is no exception, and the
numerous schools of tuna that call it home make it heaven on earth for the
spinmen"
"The midday summer sun is blazing down and I am seated in the shade of a
paperbark tree on Moreton Island enjoying an ice cold stubbie. Because of
the glare on the water, I can't see the mainland. What joy! What
I can see however, is the early run of longtail tuna feeding on the edge
of the channel in front of our camp. Crash - Bang - Bash! - spray lofts
into the air. The poor baitfish appear as jewels as the sun strikes their
bodies while they dance through the air in hope of escaping from the predators"
I wish them luck. It was obvious the tide had started to ebb
"If it wasn't so hot, I'd hop into our boat anchored out front, grab some
poppers and high speed lures and go out for a belt. Oh well, maybe they
will still be there when that big red ball reclines a little"
"This scene has caused me to reflect on how lucky us Brisbanites are to
have an island such as Moreton close to the mainland with such GREAT fishing
water"
"Sure, this is the time of the small black marlin, sailfish, wahoo and
dolphin just out from Cape Moreton, but with the weather being as fickle
as it is, it is not always possible to venture out into that magic blue
water in a small boat. It is also not everyone's inclination to go outside,
but they might wish to fish for honest gamefish within the bay proper. Each
year, longtails, mack tuna, frigates, Watson's leaping bonito, Australian
bonito and the odd stripie are available. Yellowfin tend to stay offshore
in the blue water and it is here you may be lucky to score the unusual (to
us) members of the tribe like dogtooth, big eye and albacore"
"We have found that not a month goes by when at least one of the tribe
cannot be captured or seen within the confines of Moreton Bay"
"Experience has shown that the tunas available to us are very critical
of presentation because of their feeding habits. As a general rule, they
tend to feed on what is considered small baitfish, tucking into hardiheads
down to 1/2"" minnows. I am aware some feed on gar, sauries scad etc., but
that is dependent on the bait available at the time and the areas they are
observed in"
"In our Bay, 99 times out of 100 they feed on super small baitfish and it
is up to us, the anglers, to either change their feeding habit or present
something that resembles the bait they are feeding upon"
"Firstly, let's deal with the one that grows the largest in the Bay, the
longtail. School fish tend to be in the 7-11 kg bracket and as such, are
the most common size caught. We usually use 4 or 6 kg spin outfits with
stiff powerful rods"
"This past season provided some action packed days with these great sportfish
and one that comes to mind was with my mate Gordon Fallon. One autumn morning
saw Gordon and myself cruising across the bay with just a gentle south wester
up our tail. The day looked great, clear skies and a good weather forecast
combined with an early 2.2 metre high tide. Experience has shown the falling
tide, preferably in the morning, is best as a general rule"
"The area we intended to fish was known locally as `the paddock', an open
expanse of water between Mud and Moreton Islands"
"We must have been 3 kilometres out before we noticed some terns working
a certain area. Our eyes strained against the early morning glare to see
if the birds were following tuna or just picking up food from a flotsam
line. About 100 metres from them, the motor was shut off and we waited"
Nothing happened for five minutes and then the longtails commenced feeding
"Before the motor was started, the tuna sounded and the water calmed off
once more"
"Gordon said ""Boy that was quick.""
  I answered ""They were the two seconds specials."" Anyone who has chased
tuna will know the feeling. Sometimes they'll surface feed for such a short
time you don't have time to fire off a cast, even if you are close enough"
"The school did this twice more, so we continued on our bearing. Another
kilometre furher and we found what we were looking for. The sight that greeted
us was a feeding frenzy that would quicken the heartbeat of the most seasoned
angler. A large school of longtails had rounded some frogmouth pilchards
into a ball and were charging relentlessly through them. The baitfish were
trying to fly in the air to escape the predators but the longtails knew
this game only too well"
"The two Fallon poppers landed in unison. Their skipping, dancing, splashing
action across the surface drew an instant response. Double hookup. After
a short run, the one connected to my line pulled out, but Gordon's stayed
firm. Being his first tuna, Gordon was amazed at the amount of line he was
rapidly losing. ""You'd better get the boat going Steely,"" he yelled. On
checking the spool on his large spinning reel I knew he still had plenty
of line left, so I suggested we remain stationary and hope that the tuna
would stop in another 50 metres or so. It did. The daggy grin on Gordon's
face told its own story. Here was this character on his first tuna and on
one of his own lures and brother, he was ecstatic. Orders and questions flowed
fast and furiously from my mate"
"""You'd better chase this fish! Look at the angle of this line, it must
be in New Zealand! Hurry up Steel get your bum into gear!"" And then ""What
do I do now!"" After its big run, the longtail had stopped some 200 metres
out and appeared still. With that amount of line out, the stretch in 6 kg
line is considerable and it wasn't until Gordon had taken care of the stretch
that he turned the fish. It came slowly, but surely towards the boat"
"It was another 10 minutes before colour showed, some 20 metres out. When
the fish sighted the boat, it panicked and bolted into the depths. (At close
quarters, tuna often sound. I put it down to boat shadow probably resembling
a shark. Sharks are common in tuna season and sharks love tuna steaks)"
"Gordon spent the next 10 minutes trying to emulate Deek doing an anticlockwise
marathon man, circumnavigating the five metre centre console. Eventually
the longtail was tailed and hoisted aboard. The first good fish is always
exciting, and this capture was no exception"
"We landed a few more tuna that day, all swimming away sporting little
yellow streamers, but there was one fish that provided the main course for
a small version of Jaws. This fish had taken a popper, and I was fishing
it hard on a brute of a rod, when it decided to imitate a guided missile"
"This little escapade was brought about by the 2.4 metres of teeth hard on
its tail. Two seconds later there was nothing left bar a rasped double"
"Although on this particular day, the poppers were great, there are other
days when small metal lures retrieved at high speed will outdo the 
poppers, so it is necessary to try both. If one fails, try the other, although,
I always start off with a popper. Being an exciter type lure, it will quite
often cause a hookup even when the longtails are feeding on small baitfish"
"There is quite a lot of difference in profile between a 4 cm baitfish and
a 12 cm popper"
"The longtails must surely have the widest water temperature tolerance
of all the tunas as we have captured them in every month of the year although
Dec-May is prime time. One day, my wife Nikki and myself were out chasing
yellowtail kings at a local haunt when I made one of my most unusual longtail
captures. The kings were periodically banging on the surface adjacent to
a shipping beacon. We had landed a few on poppers when a 20 kg plus tuna
broke the surface right in the middle of the 4-5 kg kings. Next cast, my
popper was engulfed by what I assumed was a king. It was a close encounter
with no mad runs but after 10 minutes on heavy gear, I began to wonder about
its birth line. At 20 minutes the head shaking felt through the rod told
me it was not in fact, a yellowtail, but what could it be? When it started
circling the boat, I said to Nikki ""I think its a longtail tuna"" and sure
enough it was. At over 13 kg, it was not big by live bait standards, but
still a top fish. It was a strange feeling to land a longtail while wearing
tracksuit and wet weather gear instead of the customary shorts and t-shirt"
"This tuna was landed in a surface water temperature of below 16°C on 
my gauge, whereas a few months before, the surface temperature in Moreton Bay
was 23.5 to 26°C"
"Don't these tuna know they are supposed to be in warmer waters now? A
typical case of rules broken by the fish. They never seem to comprehend
man made rules or conditions. Regularly, we find a species turning up when
you least expect them. Is it that some fish have a greater temperature
tolerance than we are led to believe, or is it that currents change more
frequently?
  To me, this is part of the mystique of fishing"
"Mackerel tuna (or kawakawa as they are known internatonally) are a speedster,
no matter whether they are 1 kg or 10 kg in weight. This particular tuna
is not supposed to grow over 12 kg, according to the text books. They are
a regular visitor to Moreton Bay mainly in the 1 kg-3 kg size, but during
October and November the heavies arrive. They can be very spooky and extremely
difficult to approach, but when the gods are with you they provide spectacular
action"
"I have found the smaller mack's are susceptible to small metal lures like
stingsildas and small mavericks, while the o/s ones will take both poppers
and small metal lures"
"Last November, Leon Abrahams and I went out for a run and found some of
the larger mack tuna on the boil. It was early in the morning and we landed
three or four from 7.6 kg to 8.5 kg before they became spooky as the sun
rose. This was a day when small poppers reigned supreme. It may have been
necessary to re-position the boat numerous times to get into the right spot
for a cast, but the results were worthwhile. On poppers or small metal lures,
these top gamefish perform as well as longtails and I feel are faster on
their first sprint and at their ability to change direction. At this stage,
it's worth mentioning that tuna fishing is not a lazy man's sport. Sometimes
it may be necessary to position your boat numerous times and this could mean
up to 40-50 changes to allow just ONE cast that MAY be successful. I can
recall early in my tuna fishing career, chasing mack tuna all day and ending
up with only three or four casts that would have finished up in the strike
zone. My wife reckons that all tuna are employed by B.P. and Shell oil
companies because when she comes out tuna chasing, we seem to chase them
all day. Perseverance is the name of the game, and experience may allow
up to a dozen hook ups in a morning"
""
"By Stuart McGill and G J Crough CHAPTER 4 THE NORTHERN AMERICAN LINKS OF THE AUSTRALIAN MINING
INDUSTRY COUNCIL MEMBERS Choice of the North American Contrast  

The basic object of the research summarised in this Chapter is
to ascertain which of those corporate groups that are members
of the Australian Mining Industry Council (AMIC) have dealings
with indigenous people in both North America and Australia. The
comparison between indigenous people in North America and
Australia has been drawn because the historical and
contemporary situation of the indigenous minorities in North
America closely resembles that of Aboriginal Australians"
"It should be noted however that there are many other locations
where transnational mining companies have extensive experience
in dealing with indigenous people, either as indigenous
minorities or as Third World governments. Some of these
locations, and the agreements, are mentioned in the corporate
profiles that follow, but they are not the main focus of this
Report"
"In the past, mining companies in Australia have argued that the
Australian case is unique and that overseas precedents are not
relevant. The advantage of addressing only the North American
case is that it is far more difficult to distinguish
differences from the Australian situation. It is therefore more
difficult for mining companies to justify why their attitudes
and behaviour should be different on the other side of the
Pacific Ocean"
"Such research raises several other issues. Obviously the most
important result flowing from such research is the
identification of those corporate groups which have experience
in dealing with indigenous minorities. However, it also raises
issues in relation to the motivations behind the behaviour of
various corporate groups and organisations in Australia in
recent years. These and other matters will be addressed in this
Chapter"
"Major Corporate Groups in AMIC  

In order to facilitate this study it is necessary to condense
the list of 135 organisations that are members of AMIC into a
list of major corporate groups. Two member organisations can
immediately be excluded: one is a professional organisation
(Association of Consulting Surveyors Inc) and one is a
partnership (W.T. Partnership)"
"A corporate group consists of a parent company, subsidiaries
and associated companies. For the purpose of this study,
subsidiaries are companies in which the parent company has a
controlling interest, while an associated company is one in
which the parent has an interest sufficient to exert a
significant degree of influence. The corporate group is
generally characterised by centralised and coordinated
management control over the operations of the various companies
within the group, particularly in relation to the financial and
investment decisions of the companies. As a result, the parent
company requires complete knowledge of the activities being
undertaken by its group members"
"The companies within the group may operate in only one country,
or as is usually the case with large companies, in a number of
countries. Corporate groups with operations in a number of
countries are referred to as transnational or multinational
corporations"
"By applying these criteria, the list of AMIC members can be
condensed into approximately 50 corporate groups. These groups
include as few as one or two AMIC companies, or as many as the
19 CRA Ltd companies that are members of AMIC. It should be
noted that such corporate groups also include many companies
that are not members of AMIC. For instance, such non-member
companies may be involved in non-mining activities, or in other
countries, or a corporate group may have simply decided that
it is unnecessary for some of the mining companies in the group
to be members of AMIC"
"With regard to a corporate group's membership of AMIC, it is
relevant to note that only one member of a corporate group pays
membership dues. For example, although several companies of the
BHP group are members of AMIC, only The Broken Hill Proprietary
Company Ltd pays membership fees. Nevertheless the other
members of the BHP group listed as members of AMIC are treated
as full members of the Council. AMIC advises that this does not
create administrative problems, such as the issue of which
corporations are entitled to vote, because all decisions are
taken by consensus. In the meantime, it is clear that such
arrangements confer the advantage that the membership of AMIC
appears to be larger than the actual number of corporate groups
represented"
"In other words, AMIC appears to represent approximately 133
companies, rather than the 50 corporate groups to which it can
be reduced. This reduction in size of AMIC's membership is
supported by the very manner in which AMIC collects its
membership dues. Nevertheless, for the purposes of this Report,
the number of corporate groups has been reduced further by the
inclusion of associated companies in the corporate groups. For
example, a study of the shareholders and directors of the
Newmont Mining Corporation in the United States shows that the
company is closely associated with the Anglo American
Corporation group of South Africa. The Australian subsidiary
Newmont Holdings Pty Ltd is here included as part of the Anglo
American group, whereas AMIC probably considers the company to
be an independent member"
"If the companies that are not significant, for the purpose of
this Report, are eliminated from the 50 corporate groups which
are members of AMIC, then the number of significant corporate
groups that comprise AMIC can be reduced to 23. These are
listed in Table 9. Corporate groups are considered to be not
significant for current purposes if no member or members of the
group are carrying out substantial mining or exploration
activities in Australia, or if so, those activities have no
known impact on Aboriginal land or interests. The groups in
this category are listed in Table 10. It should be noted that
the full list of AMIC members and their parent companies or
substantial shareholders is shown in Appendix 3 (as at August
1985)"
"There are some comments which arise from a consideration of the
companies listed in Table 10. All but two of the 26 groups
listed have only one subsidiary or associate as a member of
AMIC. Kalgoorlie Mining Associates has one other company in the
group which is also a member of AMIC, and Gencor (Australia)
Pty Ltd has two subsidiaries which are members. In addition,
it should also be noted that Queensland Alumina Ltd and Worsley
Alumina Pty Ltd are alumina refining companies which are owned
by consortia of major companies (some of which are members of
AMIC in their own right). As such they are hardly corporate
groups, and are listed here mainly for convenience"
"Accordingly, whereas these 25 groups represent 28 members of
AMIC, the 23 corporate groups which are considered significant
for this study represent the remainder of the 133 companies
which are members of AMIC"
"The validity of an approach which focusses on the major
corporate groups is supported by the various industry
concentration statistics published in recent years. For
example, of the 338 taxable companies in the mining industry
in 1982-83 the largest 36 accounted for over 96% of the taxable
income (Commissioner of Taxation 1985). Statistics published
by the Australian Bureau of Statistics show that the largest
4 enterprise groups accounted for 43% of total mining industry
value added in 1982-83. The largest 12 groups accounted for 65%
of industry value added, and the largest 20 for 77% (out of a
total of 914 enterprise groups). Quite clearly it is these
large companies which dominate the industry in terms of
production, investment, exports and revenue"
"A further feature of the membership of AMIC is the large number
of foreign controlled companies. As Appendix 3 shows, 55 of the
member companies can be classified as Australian controlled,
72 are foreign controlled, and 6 (the MIM group) are associated
companies of a US corporation. These figures are consistent
with the statistics published by the Australian Bureau of
Statistics on foreign ownership and control of the mining
industry"
"The level of foreign ownership, measured in terms of value
added was 50.4% in 1982-83, while the level of foreign control
was 56.6%. Companies from the United States and United Kingdom
have been the most important foreign investors in the industry,
with US ownership of 24% and UK of 16% in 1982-83"
"On the basis of controlling shareholdings, only 7 of the
significant corporate groups are Australian controlled: BHP,
CSR, North Broken Hill, Peko-Wallsend, Pancontinental Mining,
Pioneer Concrete Services, and Western Mining Corporation. As
noted previously, the MIM group is an associated company of the
US corporation Asarco Inc. It is interesting to note that the
AMIC Aboriginal Affairs Committee includes representatives of
all of these Australian controlled corporate groups with the
exception of Pancontinental Mining Ltd, as well as MIM, CRA
(two members), Shell Company, and the Chamber of Mines of
Western Australia. A full list of the members of the Committee
is included in Appendix 4"
"Corporate Groups With North American Experience in Dealing with
Indigenous People  

The thrust of this section of the Report is not directed at the
issue of foreign ownership and control. It arises only because
the foreign ownership issue overlaps with the question of the
extent of international dealings with indigenous people. This
is largely due to the fact that Australia has few of its own
transnational corporations. Although definitions of a
transnational corporation vary, BHP is probably the only major
Australian-owned company that is a member of AMIC that can be
classified as a transnational corporation with respect to the
mining industry. Such overseas interests that Australian
companies do have are summarised in Appendix 5"
"The impact of this fact is that of the significant corporate
groups identified in AMIC, it is principally the foreign-
controlled transnational groups that have had experience on
indigenous land in North America. Table 11 lists the companies
that have, or have had, dealings with Aboriginals in Australia
and Indians in North America. It should be noted that a number
of these companies are members of the Non-Producers' Group of
AMIC, but have extensive exploration programmes throughout
Australia"
"Although the corporate profiles later in this section contain
greater details, there are a few comments about the above list
which it is appropriate to make at this stage. First, the
numbers in brackets in the left hand column are the number of
companies that are members of AMIC who are also in the same
corporate group. These companies form a total of 46 of the 133
companies that make up the membership of AMIC. More
importantly, these 12 groups are more than half of the
significant mining groups that are represented by AMIC, and
three of these groups are members of the AMIC committee on
Aboriginal land rights (BHP, MIM, Shell)"
"Second, except for BHP and MIM, all the groups of companies in
the list have obtained their experience of indigenous resource
rights by virtue of the fact that they are subsidiaries of
parent organizations which have operations in North America"
"Within this category, Aberfoyle is a slightly different case
because it was an Australian company which was acquired by the
Canadian mining conglomerate Cominco Ltd. MIM is a separate
case because it is now an associated company of Asarco Inc as
each of the two companies have substantial holdings in each
other. To return to the point about Australian transnationals,
it is only BHP which has had dealings with indigenous people
in other countries by virtue of its acquisition of an overseas
subsidiary"
"Corporate Groups With No Apparent Experience in Dealing with
Indigenous People in North America  

By way of contrast, the other significant corporate groups in
AMIC consist of predominantly Australian-owned companies. The
feature which distinguishes these companies is their apparent
lack of experience of dealing with indigenous people in North
America. These companies are listed in Table 12"
The salient features of Table 12 may be reviewed as follows
"First, these eleven corporate groups are made up of a total of
59 member companies of AMIC. However, if CRA is excluded from
this list, then only 40 member companies are represented."
"Sisters lead fifties party  

  Break out the Brylcream and pull on your bobby socks ... Le Rox is throwing
a party"
"And at the heart of festivities tonight will be a return to the fifties
led by the Sydney outfit Sophisticated Boom Boom"
"The band has visited Adelaide only once before when it quickly picked up
a big following"
"And since forming last November it has won support across Australia,
maintaining a tiring performance schedule"
"Fronted by the Boom Boom sisters (Jenny, Vika and Louise), the band
concentrates on tunes from the fifties and sixties which centred around
all-girl bands"
"As to why the sound should be successful in the eighties, Jenny has a
few ideas"
"""We have been very lucky from the start really,"" she said"
"""But as well as that I think our success is because we put on a bit of
a show with a few dance steps and laughs which seems to appeal to most people"
"""And, of course, the music itself is very interesting because of the
intricate vocal harmonies"
"""The fifties and sixties was probably one of the greatest eras in music
ever.""
  The band has drawn its material from a wide range of artists of that
time, but Jenny feels one of the biggest influences has been The Shangrilas,
the group which originally recorded the song Sophisticated Boom Boom"
"A version recorded by the local girls climbed to number two on alternative
charts"
"""There were so many good bands in that era,"" Jenny said"
"""But the Shangrilas really captured the whole image of the Phil Spectre
sound with all those sound effects and everything.""
  Those hoping to catch Sophisticated Boom Boom will have several chances
to see the group this week"
"The band will play at Le Rox tonight, Flinders Uni and Limbos tomorrow,
Adelaide Uni on Friday, Limbos on Saturday and The Bay Disco on Sunday"
""
"World News The PNG `big man' whom time passed by By a special correspondent Port Moresby, 17 Nov -  

`Action Man' is dead.  He failed in life, to fulfil his most desperate
ambition, to become Papua New Guinea's first Highland Prime Minister.  But
in death he has certainly made his mark on his country"
"Sir Iambakey Okuk, who was mourned yesterday with riots and the isolation
of the nation's capital, was a truly pugnacious son of the Highlands"
"Born 43 years ago in Pari village, Chimbu province, Sir Iambakey left
high school after three years and served an apprenticeship as a motor
mechanic.  He first stood for Parliament in the 1968 election, for the
Mount Hagen constituency where he was then working.  He came fourth"
"Despite the immense wave of Highland anguish over his premature death,
of liver cancer, he never achieved an overwhelming electoral response"
"He won an election back home in Chimbu in 1972, as a member of Sir Thomas
Kavali's National Party, which he soon took over"
"In 1977 he won again, securing the highest proportional vote of his career
- 22 per cent, still enough to secure victory in a first-past-the-post system"
"Sir Iambakey was unpredictable, ruthlessly ambitious, belligerent, and
had a surprising capacity to charm"
"His place in history will come (if for anything apart from his riotous
funeral) from his unselfconscious early stance for independence, opposing
the conservative Highlands trend which had seen most ""big men"" support the
planters'-based United Party for fear of being dominated by the better
educated coastal people"
"He was considered bolshie by the European establishment - and behaved
in manner to suit, especially when, after helping tip the delicate balance
after the 1972 election in Michael Somare's way, he was rewarded with the
transport portfolio"
"He did not last long, upsetting Cabinet solidarity too often and overturning
too many agreed policies.  He joined the Opposition, vowing to get his
ministry back, on his own terms"
"To achieve this, he moved obsessively for the jugular of 
old-time United Party leader Sir Tei Abal, who felt the Opposition's role 
at that time of independence should be to rally round the Government"
"It did not take Sir Iambakey long after the 1977 election to become leader
of the Opposition and he sought his next victim:  Mr Somare"
"After two failed no-confidence attempts, though, he was enough of a realist
to concede that another Opposition politician might stand a better chance
and supported Sir Julius Chan's winning push to become Prime Minister in
March 1980.  Sir Iambakey became deputy Prime Minister"
"Paias Wingti's achievement of becoming, aged only 34, the first Highland
Prime Minister must have particlarly upset Sir Iambakey, though he never
referred to it publicly. 
  Time, in a sense, had already passed by his particularly 
colorful brand of regionally based Highlands ""big man"" leadership. People 
were looking now for more sophistication, education and even consultation.  
But for many Highlanders he remained a symbol of their energetic and vibrant 
culture, the ""Action Man"" they now mourn"
""
"Come clean on waste  

IF the MMBW and State Government have not caused your municipality's
residents to be concerned as to the siting for the new toxic waste dump,
then your area is one of the lucky ones"
"I feel strongly that the public relations exercise undertaken by the MMBW
and State Government is fast proving to be badly managed. It is causing
annoyance and concern to a vast number of communities and organisations
unnecessarily, all because, hypothetically  - ""anywhere is a possible site,""
or so says Mr Allan Thompson of the MMBW"
"Surely, it is time that they can at least own up to where it will not
be going, and put an end to the unnecessary anxiety that is sweeping
Victoria. Let them show some guts, because their credibility for competency
is seriously declining"
"Mrs J. Love-Linay, Carrum Downs."
"Two Thai the knot in comedy VIDEO David Pougher  

  TOM Hanks and John Candy made a good team in Splash and the partnership
works well again in Volunteers, a lively story about a Peace Corps misfit
in Thailand during the early 1960s"
"Hank plays a playboy snob who escapes to Thailand just ahead of some very
ugly creditors who want to separate him from his kneecaps"
"Appeals to his fabulously wealthy father for help from Bangkok only result
in him being drafted into the Peace Corps, the cheery doers-of-good-deeds
in Third World countries"
"He and Candy, who plays a brainwashed and boring engineer, end up teaching
the villagers a few things not on the Corps program but predictably, finding
some humility along the way. Generally good fun, from Cannon"
"MORE comedy - but of a different nature - comes from the excellent Spinal
Tap, a satirical ""documentary"" of a British group on tour in the U.S"
"The boys, who have lost a couple of drummers through spontaneous combustion,
are on the decline after reaching their peak in the days of flower power"
"Nowadays they hardly get any pleasure out of smashing up hotel rooms,
even though they have gone ""heavy metal"""
"The ""insights"" into life on the road are hilarious because we've seen
them all before from earnest rockers who ""just want to reach the kids through
my music, y'know?"" Great entertainment, from CEL"
"WHOEVER  came up with the idea for the comedy vampire film Once Bitten
had a very close look at Love at First Bite, the George Hamilton horror
spoof"
"In Once Bitten, the roles are simply reversed. ""Dracula"" is a she, in
the rather raddled form of Lauren Hutton, on the lookout for a male virgin
to preserve her eternal youth. There are a few good lines but this is
undemanding stuff, useful for whiling away a couple of hours. Out from
Seven Keys"
"NOT so undemanding is Slaughterhouse 5 (CIC-Taft), adapted from Kurt 
Vonnegut's anti-war novel"
"The book was complicated enough - is its hero, Billy Pilgrim, insane or
is he really time-jumping between the present, World War 2 and another planet?
  The film makes a brave effort to translate Vonnegut's ideas without any
great success. As an adaptation it's confused, as a film in its own right,
it's fairly tedious"
""
"Mall to celebrate its 10th birthday  

WHEN Rundle Mall was officially opened almost a decade ago it was described as
one of the ""most dramatic developments"" our city has seen"
"It was a $1.2 million development which saw Adelaide's busiest shopping
area transformed from a traffic jammed pedestrian nightmare into a shoppers'
paradise"
"As the then Premier, Mr Dunstan, declared the mall open on September 1,
1976 champagne flowed from the famous Gawler Pl fountain, hundreds of balloons
were released and ""Mall maids"" gave away daffodils and shopping bags"
"Today Rundle Mall is one of the State's top tourist attractions and an
exciting shopping precinct boasting 11 arcades, four major shopping stores
and more than 800 retailers"
"Next month a host of festivities in the mall will celebrate its 10th
birthday."
"PILGRIM OF PEACE Pope's Aussie welcome  

THE pilgrim of peace, Pope John Paul II, was given a people's welcome to
Australia yesterday"
"It was a welcome of cheers, prayers, sun hats and Eskies - a relaxed start
to the Pope's 6 1/2-day tour of Australia"
"The crowd of 1500 at Fairbairn Air Base in Canberra and the 80,000 who
waited for hours for an open air Mass were many more than those who greeted
the Pontiff in New Zealand during the weekend"
"However, the numbers were still a little below expectations of the Papal
tour organisers"
"But the welcome was as warm as the sunshine in Canberra and the 66-year-old
Pontiff responded to it"
The Pope arrives in Brisbane this morning
"Last night he delivered a speech at Parliament House in Canberra in which
he called for ""appropriate disarmament"". 
  When he went walkabout yesterday at the Fairbairn Air Base where his Air
New Zealand jet landed, the excitement was evident"
The Pope knows how to win a crowd
"He moved slowly, kissing, touching and blessing those lucky enough to
be close to the barrier, touching even the smallest child, ignoring no one,
though barely speaking"
"For a man who is the subject of intense scrutiny from the world press,
the Pontiff hardly seems to notice the attention he attracts"
"The banners bore the Pope's personal motto, Totus tuus (Latin for All
Yours)"
And he was
"While the Latin words were on the banners, it was very much an Australian
occasion"
"It wouldn't have been a surprise if the Pope had been greeted with a friendly
""G'day"""
"While the use of Latin was a slightly incongruous touch, it set the
tone for a day in which the centuries-old rituals of the Catholic Church
were played out under a blazing Australian sun"
"Incongruity at the air base when the man of peace was given a full military
welcome"
"Incongruity at the National Exhibition Centre where the solemnity of the
mass was offset by a deck chair and sun hat crowd"
"It was almost as if the Australian church was making sure that, while
its head may reside 16,000km away in the Vatican, when in Australia he
must do as the Australians do"
"When he stepped from the aircraft to the tarmac he continued his tradition
of going on his knees to kiss the ground"
"The incongruity started even then when this successor of St Peter, dressed
in a heavy white cassock reaching out to the faithful on an airforce base
which even potted pines and a red carpet could not soften"
"Welcomed by Governor General Sir Ninian and Lady Stephen, the Prime Minister
and Mrs Hawke and church leaders, the Pontiff told Australians in a 20-minute
speech he had come as a pilgrim and a friend"
"As a friend he urged people to direct their hearts to God, to find the
full explanation of human dignity; as a pilgrim he was on a journey as an
act of religious devotion"
"Then came another touch of unreality over the massive security which
surrounds him"
"The head of Vatican security, Mr Cibin Camilla, may look a little like
a nightclub bouncer, and the security men are certainly ever present, but
when the Pope gets into his bulletproof Popemobile he drives off with the
side window open"
"The Pope left the air base in his bullet-proof Popemobile to conduct an
open air Mass at the National Exhibition Centre"
"En route he drove past hundreds of supporters gathered at traffic
intersections"
"Before conducting the Mass, the Pontiff changed into the special vestments
required in a very suburban mobile home brought in for the occasion"
"During the special Mass the Pope likened the sufferings of Christ to
the pioneering efforts of early Australians"
"Earlier, at the Fairbairn air base, the Pope delivered his first speech
in Australia spelling out his message of friendship"
"Telling Australians we are a people of undoubted goodwill, he said:
  ""I come as a friend; to urge you to pursue your lives all those values
worthy of a human person; to encourage you to be open hearted, generous
to the unfortunate and caring towards those who are pushed to the margins
of life"
"""Many of you follow Him in discipleship and still others of you revere
His teachings.  But whether or not you profess faith in Jesus Christ, or
talk about this faith with the language I use, I ask you to consider the
profound truth of the Fatherhood of God and the unity of all men and women
and children of God"
"""I ask you to reflect on what the world could be if people everywhere
acknowledged these truths and lived their lives in accordance with them.""
  Reflecting on what we can do to help each other at home and abroad, he
said:  ""We were made - all of us - for life and for love.  We need mutual
encouragement and support.  In the loving providence of God our Father,
the world is meant to provide a home for the whole human family; there is
room for everyone to live and there can be sustenance for all.  And everyone
has the right to pursue his or her destiny with dignity, and to share in
the good things that God has made available to His children.""
  For Australia's estimated 3.8 million Catholics, his arrival marked only
the second Papal visit in Australia's history"
"But the 1970 Sydney visit of Pope Paul VI is likely to pale beside the
current tour"
""
"MPs PUT ON THINKING CAPS FOR PAY RISE ONLOOKER
 Randall Ashbourne  

  State MPs have started considering how they might achieve a post-Christmas
pay increase of the Clayton's variety"
"The Parliamentary Salaries Tribunal sent out letters last week to the
State's 69 MPs telling them to prepare their arguments for a hearing on
the matter in mid-February"
The tribunal is likely to hear some imaginative submissions
"Because of public controversy about MPs' pay rises in recent years, when
many workers have suffered pay cuts in real terms, the tribunal no longer
sets salaries"
"They're adjusted automatically, in line with national wage decisions"
"Nowaday's the tribunal considers only the MPs' electorate allowances,
which top-up the pay packets by amounts ranging from $35,200 (for the scattered
seat of Eyre) to $10,850 (for those with metropolitan electorates)"
"Approved increases

 Those electorate allowances were set last April when the tribunal approved
increases which ranged from $3065 to $6601"
"Despite the rises, most MPs claim they were better off a year ago - before
Federal Treasurer, Paul Keating, decided MPs allowances were a taxable
perk"
"Many say that the new rules have left them up to $8000 a year out-of-pocket,
compared with the old, tax-free allowance system"
"And the new rules are complex, disallowing some of the claims MPs regard
as legitimate expenses - such as having lunch with a particular lobby group
to discuss the effect of proposed new laws"
"Now that the allowances are taxed at the highest marginal rate, there
is little benefit to MPs in having them considered as a separate arrangement"
"So, some are considering suggesting to the tribunal that the allowances
should be abolished and the amount paid as normal salary"
"One might think such a move would be merely a Clayton's pay rise, since
the average MP would not be getting any more than under the existing system"
Yet
The cleverness behind such thinking is that all MPs eventually retire
"And their superannuation lump sums and pensions are based on the six best
years of salary"
"How much better to claim a pension based on a salary of $55,000 or $75,000
a year, than on a salary of about $42,000, with one's electorate allowance
discounted"
"If the tribunal approved such a move, some MPs would get another $100,000
in their lump sum payout and pensions would increase by more than $5,000
a year"
"Whether, however, the potential for a better golden handshake would be
enough to turn around the growing problem of attracting high-calibre
candidates is another matter"
"Liberal Party State secretary, Nick Minchin, conceded recently that MPs
pay is not sufficiently attractive to many private sector high-fliers who
aren't independently wealthy"
"Recently a study of more than 200 Australian companies made by the executive
recruiting firm, Korn-Ferry International, discovered many company directors
were receiving considerably less than many accountants and lawyers"
It put the average director's salary at about $104 an hour
"But a backbench MP working a 40-hour week earns only $18 an hour - and
with night sittings of Parliament and electorate functions ranging from
school council meetings to sports days, many politicians work at least a 60
hour week"
"Corner garage

  Even the Premier, Mr John Bannon, with a salary roughly double that of
backbenchers, probably averages less than $30 an hour - somewhat less than
the labor rates commonly applied by the corner garage, the TV repair-man,
and a good number of selfemployed tradesmen"
"Certainly $800 a week would seem like the impossible dream to shop assistants
and clerks earning only $280, and even vehicle builders earning less than
$400, which explains much of the public animosity directed towards MPs'
pay rises"
"But it must seem like petty cash to many lawyers, accountants, and
businessmen and other professionals. So far, the problem has had little
effect on the Labor Party"
"But the impact on the Liberals is obvious already and likely to grow
considerably worse"
"Coupled with its no-guarantees preselection system, the salary levels
seem to be preventing the Liberals from finding a street-smart lawyer to
run for a Lower House seat"
"Labor, too, may run into problems eventually"
"Many of its best performers are products of the protest movement of the
1970s"
"Vietnam and conscription politicised then university students like John
Bannon and Lynn Arnold"
"Their anger and commitment lived on, even after Whitlam pulled out the
troops - giving the SA Labor Party a pool of street-experienced and
highly-educated talent to push into Parliament"
"So far, the '80s have produced no similar catalyst. If anything, the lack
of surefire job security has depoliticised the universities, making many
students more concerned with high marks than high ideals"
"Meanwhile, however, the issue of MPs' pay isn't the only one being discussed
in Parliament House"
"The parliamentary attendants, who earn about $320 a week excluding overtime,
have been pressing for a pay rise for more than a year"
"They're unhappy that few of the politicians have taken any interest in
their wage case"
"Because of the long hours they work when Parliament is sitting, the
attendants asked also if they might not have access to the proper meals
served in the three MPs dining rooms at night"
"No, said the MPs"
""
"Living in the Pilbara When the earth moves, so does the population By Phil Jarratt  

  WHEN my father left the Pilbara for the last time, 45 years ago, he wasn't
leaving much behind. Just a long, long jetty, which was the pride of his
town, a failed butcher shop, a few good friends and three streets of slap-up
huts which had been knocked down by a blow and slapped up again, all in the
space of a decade and a half"
"When Hitler marched on Poland, my dad and his mates marched - well, drove
- on Perth, covering the 1200 corrugated dirt kilometres in just 26 hours
in my father's '34 Chevy. They had the world in front of them and the
rock-hard, heartbreak dust of the Pilbara behind them, and in those days
there was a reason to be cheerful at every milepost south"
"In the early part of this century the north-west of our country was as
inhospitable as it was in 1688 when William Dampier had noted sourly on
disembarkation at Shark Bay:
  ""The land is of a dry sandy soil, destitute of water, except you make
Wells ... the Inhabitants of this Country are the Miserablest People in
the world.""
  It was a place where men came to make fortunes and then got the hell out"
"It was not a place that inspired new beginnings and yet many of those lured
by its mineral potential stayed on - more often out of financial necessity
than desire. My grandfather, Walter Oswald Jarratt, was one who stayed"
"Lured from the Victorian farmlands by the prospect of riches, he worked
in the huge Whim Creek copper mine at the turn of the century and stayed
on to watch it become the biggest and most profitable in the Southern
Hemisphere. 
  When its German owners were interned during World War I, however, the
mine fell on hard times and my grandfather was retrenched. In 1916, the
year my father was born, Walter Oswald was hustling a buck the best way
he could, odd-jobbing around the big stations of the North West, hunting
camels and sinking fence posts. But the work became scarce in the 1920s
and, with a wife and four children to support, my grandfather drifted south
in search of new opportunities"
"In 1925, he heard about the exciting developments at the town of Onslow
at the mouth of the Ashburton River. A major jetty was under construction
at nearby Beadon Point and the entire town of some 150 residents was to
be relocated. There were construction jobs aplenty, so Walter Oswald loaded
his family and all his worldly goods into the back of his Willys Overland,
threw a tarp over the perishables and hit the dusty track"
"The new town of Onslow was nothing more than a half-finished hotel and
some hastily-built shacks dotted along the beachfront between the jetty and
the creek, but he was able to rent two rooms from the mailman and the family
established itself amidst the sand and the sawdust. By the time the
construction work was finished the Jarratts had come to regard Onslow as
home. Searching for a permanent niche, Walter Oswald returned to his original
trade and opened a butcher shop. He supplied meat to the townsfolk and visiting
pearlers, whose luggers made use of the new jetty at the southernmost point
of their sweeps out of Broome"
"When Walter Oswald died unexpectedly in 1931, my father left school and
donned the apron. His three sisters took turns behind the counter and their
mother, Jesse, smartly acquainted herself with the noble art of bookkeeping"
"But my father was not cut out for cutting up carcasses. At night in his
bachelor pad near the Beadon Hotel he studied the radio operators' manual
and dreamed of a life at sea in the radio room of a grand ship, far away
from the choking dust of the Pilbara and the depressing saltpans of the
Ashburton"
"Among my earliest memories are faded photographs of a great twisting jetty
- the pride of Onslow - and the homely old Beadon Hotel with its vast
verandahs, the luggers in port and the fine-chiselled features of the Malays
and Japanese who manned the pearl-diving bells. Accompanying these photos
was a wealth of bedtime stories about the characters of the old North West
and the harsh, honest lives they endured"
"The Pilbara seemed to me then such a romantic last frontier, full of the
sights and sensations a city boy could never know. By the time I left school,
the Pilbara had come to mean something quite different. It was the heart
of the fabulous mining boom, wherein raced the pulse of the State of Excitement
in those heady days of the late 1960s. It was big red mountains of iron
ore, the deafening roar of heavy machinery and a place where towns sprang
up out of the desert almost overnight. It was, we were told, Australia's
future, but it was Newman and Tom Price, not Cossack or Roebourne, and
my father was the only person who ever spoke of Onslow"
"ENTER AN ARMY OF MEN AND MACHINES  

  Seen from the air, the new towns of the Pilbara look like the crosshatching
on an artist's unfinished landscape. They are orderly, like tiny pieces
of Canberra hurled across the map. They are green on a canvas of brown,
the result of years of hard work with the watering can"
"On closer inspection the towns are uniformly neat (`Tom Price is a tidy
town' proclaims the sign) and seemingly soulless. Shopping centres point
inwards, as though ashamed of their enterprise, and pubs are brick cells
attached to drive-in bottle shops. The rows of houses remind me, as do those
of the Woden and Belconnen valleys and the new suburbs of Darwin, of nothing 
so much as the facades of sweet-smelling suburbia knocked up on Hollywood
back-lots for the filming of situation comedies - so normal they become
surreal. It is as if the building code was devised by an automaton"
"In stark contrast to the orderly streets is the backdrop of spinifex and
wild mountain ranges. From the Tropic of Capricorn north to the edge of
the Great Sandy Desert, there is not a Pilbara township out of sight of
the great prehistoric escarpments of the Hamersley and Chichester Ranges"
"Over 2000 million years old, these mountains are scarred with fault lines
and lava flows, and give way to deep and terrifying gorges. It is dramatic
country in every way, but no less dramatic has been its development over
the past two decades"
"The mineral wealth of the Pilbara has been known and exploited for almost
a century, but the booms in gold, copper, manganese, tin, lead and silver
have come and gone, leaving ghost towns and shattered dreams in their wake"
"Since 1960, however, when the then Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies repealed
the embargo on the export of iron ore, that metal has ruled the region"
"Getting it out of the ground and onto huge ships has become the lifeblood of
the Pilbara's growing population. 
  At the 1961 census there were 4000 residents in the four shires of the
Pilbara; by 1981 the population was almost 50,000, and one company alone
- the giant Hamersley Iron - had invested more than $1.2 billion in plants,
ports, railways and company town dormitories for the workforce. Its mining
operation had become so immense that each day nine, mile-long ore trains
hauled more than 150,000 tonnes of iron ore from the mines at Tom Price
and Paraburdoo to the port of Dampier, where a daily ore carrier was completely
loaded and sent on its way to Japan"
"The mind-boggling enormity of Hamersley Iron's development is dwarfed,
however, by the broader consideration of what remains untouched: some
200 billion tonnes of high-grade (68 per cent or better) iron ore, by one
prospector's estimation"
"""A hell of a bloody lot!"" according to Lang Hancock, the rogue bull of
the Pilbara. Since his discovery of the Tom Price deposits in 1952, Hancock
has fuelled his vision of the Pilbara becoming the `Ruhr of South-East Asia'
with the $30,000 a day he receives in prospector's royalties from Hamersley
Iron"
"Hancock, now 76 and without a pilot's license since a heart bypass operation,
claims to have found the ore deposits as he flew through a gorge to avoid
low cloud on a trip to Perth. He later returned to the spot in a jeep and
staked a claim. But he did not go public with his high-grade find until
the iron embargo was lifted. He then set about finding a backer who could
finance such a giant undertaking. In 1962, Hamersley Iron was born out
of an alliance between the British-based Conzinc Riotinto and the American
Kaiser Steel"
"Two years later the company signed contracts with seven major Japanese
steel mills and, in 1966, operations began at Tom Price. Into the heat and
dust of the Pilbara came an army of men and machines"
"DESERT SUBURBIA  

  In Paraburdoo on a Sunday night, the hotel (another brick cell) closes
at 7 o'clock, but visitors are welcome at the Demons Australian Rules Football
Club, a shed on the edge of town past the drive-in movies"
"Like all male-dominated mining towns, Paraburdoo is mad about sport and,
like all sports-loving miners, the men of Paraburdoo have powerful thirsts"
"Thus in the Demons on a Sunday night, after a big weekend of footie, golf,
archery and tennis, it is perhaps understandable if the last-drinks bell
is roundly ignored and the members and guests continue to slake their thirsts
with Emu Bitter. A dozen or so of the town's 344 single men, cleanshaven
but tough in singlets and shorts, remain in the bar. The conversation is
about the need to get involved in as many diversions as possible and the
need to get out of town - to Perth or to Asia - as often as possible"
"""I save up and go to Thailand,"" says a miner named Andy. ""Not just for
the women either. I go rafting up near Chiang Mai. That's about as far away
from mining as you can get.""
  But even in the very middle of a company town a man can lose himself
in leisure.  For this reason Paraburdoo, with fewer than 2500 residents,
boasts 29 sporting clubs - including tae kwon do, pistols, darts, dog
breeding, speedway and the Hash House Harriers - and 13 service clubs, including
an amateur repertory company"
"The town's facilities, built by Hamersley Iron little more than a decade
ago, are superb, although some, such as the 18-hole golf course, have to
be viewed within the context of the generally brutish environment"
"""Iron ore fairways and sand greens,"" said club champion Bob Pepper,
delicately chipping onto the oiled green, where the ball came to an abrupt
halt.  ""We tee off on rubber pads and generally don't have any problems
on the fairway, unless you hit a chunk of ore and ricochet into the scrub"
"It's these sand greens that are a bastard to play. We mix oil into the sand
to make it stick together, but you really can't putt on it. We've got an
Astroturf green on order and I can't wait until we've got 18 of them.""
  Pepper, a 10-handicapper who drives truckloads of ore from the open face
to the crusher for seven hours each evening, plays nine holes every morning
and 18 on Sunday afternoons. He loves his golf, even on a track of iron"
"""It's the only thing that keeps me sane,"" he said with a grin"
"The mine, tucked behind the hills just a few kilometres out of town, directly
employs more than two-thirds of the population. The rest of the workforce
looks after the needs of the miners. In other words, despite a process which
is quaintly called 'normalisation', if you haven't sold your soul to Hamersley
Iron you don't belong in Paraburdoo"
""
"Here's a cheaper way to go skiing Cross-country skiing is gaining momentum John Turnbull reports.  

Gliding in graceful curves through sparkling, untracked snow, the speeding
figures flow effortlessly down the mountain side. Rolling hills of purest
white surround them, enormous snow dunes spreading away beneath the clear
blue sky. There are few trees here, so far above sea level, where the snowy
carpet lies so deep it hides all the bushes and rocks, creating an unblemished
landscape of great beauty"
"These skiers are far from the lift queues of the resorts, for they are
cross-country (XC) skiing, a kind of skiing new to most Australians, although
it is the world's oldest"
"European rock carvings show cross-country skiing was practised there some
4000 years ago. Archeologists have found early skis preserved in ancient
bogs - beautifully carved wooden planks which were strapped to the feet
for travel and hunting (and sometimes warfare) on winter snows too deep
for walking. Today's skis are similarly curved and shaped, but are marvels
of space-age technology - slim, super-light ""planks"" made from exotic fibres
such as kevlar, carbon, boron and glass, usually in two layers with cores
of low-density foam or honeycomb"
"XC equipment is much lighter than that used for downhill skiing at resorts,
where chairlifts carry people uphill so they can slide down again - ""yo-yo
skiing"", as XCers jokingly call it. The lighter equipment is part of the
reason XC skiers can glide with seeming effortlessness up and down hills
for hours"
"XC skis have special soles which grip when going uphill yet slide freely
downhill, enabling users to go virtually anywhere there is snow. And although
Australia's snowfields cover only a tiny fragment of the continent, that
fragment amounts to about 5000 square kilometres. In the Snowy Mountains
alone there are some 2000 square kilometres of snow country, much of it
above the tree line and thus ideal for ski-touring"
"Since XC skiers don't need resort facilities, they can roam the snow
country free of the expense which puts regular resort skiing out of many
people's reach. Uphill transport at resorts can cost about $25 per adult
a day, in addition to the travel, accommodation and equipment costs. Resorts
can also be crowded, especially at holiday times, with the associated
irritations of traffic congestion, parking hassles and queueing for lift
tickets and chairlifts"
"It's little wonder then that XC is booming, for it appeals to the
adventure-minded who want to get off the beaten track, and to those who
seek the healing solitude of the mountains far from the madding crowd"
"It also appeals to parents with young children wanting to enjoy the snow
away from the crowded resort slopes. In cross-country they can relax and
ski together inexpensively at their own pace, enjoying that sharing of
experiences which should be part of family recreation"
"Also, accommodation is cheaper away from the ski resorts, XC equipment
is cheaper than downhill gear and easier to learn to use, and the XC season
is much longer than the downhill one - for the snows come earliest and stay
longest on the higher ranges where only XC skiers roam"
"The first step in sampling XC is to decide where to go. There is good
skiing in both the Victorian Alps and the Tasmanian highlands, but the
best XC terrain is in the Snowy Mountains. Much of it is accessible via
the roads from Jindabyne to the main resorts and via the road off the Snowy
Mountains Highway near Kiandra"
"Outside Jindabyne the road forks: the left branch (the Alpine Way) leads
to Thredbo Village and the Ramshed Range; the right branch leads to four
other ski villages - Charlotte Pass, Perisher Valley, Smiggin Holes and
Guthega. All are in the midst of excellent ski-touring terrain"
"Mt Selwyn, a small downhill ski centre near Kiandra, is also surrounded
by excellent touring terrain, and this northern part of the Snowy Mountains
tends to be less crowded. Nearby is an XC ski area near Cabramurra, which
has a maze of groomed XC trails used for race events. There is also an
excellent set of groomed trails in the valley east of Perisher"
"These are good places to start, but there are many areas in the snowfields
where you can park right off the road, get out of the car and ski. But don't
park contrary to signposted restrictions, nor beside icy sections of road"
"Having decided where to go, the next step is to arrange the hire of skis,
boots and poles and to obtain warm outdoor clothing. Specialised clothing
is not essential at first, apart from a good parka, though it becomes an
important safety and comfort consideration on longer tours far from shelter"
"Ski gear is readily available in snowfield towns and sales staff are generally
knowledgeable"
"Many Snowy Mountains visitors hire their skis on the way through Cooma,
Jindabyne or Adaminaby. Some Cooma ski shops remain open all night during
winter weekends to serve late travellers. A good idea is to phone the Cooma
Visitors' Centre just before departure to check on snow conditions,
accommodation and hire facilities"
"The Visitors' Centre can also give information about ski lessons. If
you're a newcomer to skiing it is important to take at least one lesson"
"Group lessons are inexpensive and add greatly to your skiing pleasure,
introducing you to those basic techniques of striding, stopping and turning
which you will use whenever you ski"
"XC skiing is a blend of many delightful things: the ""wilderness experience"",
the beauty of unspoiled mountains; the excitement of back-country adventures
which may occur only a few hundred metres from the highway; and the bush
birds and animals which often take little notice of people gliding by on
skis"
But the departure and excitement must be tempered by reasonable caution
"The careless wanderer who becomes lost, caught in bad weather, or too tired
to get back to the car before nightfall may pay a tragic penalty in frostbitten
extremities or worse. People do die in the snowfields - although only a
few - and this is proof that the great outdoors should never be taken too
lightly"
"So stay close to civilisation or your car until you learn snowcraft, how
to make a competent snowplough turn, and how to use a map and compass well
enough to find your way back to the road after a few hours' skiing. On the
other hand, don't be so over-awed by the immensity of the mountains that
you fail to enjoy them"
"Injuries are very rare in XC skiing because back-country snow is usually
soft, and the light skis, loose-heel bindings and flexible boots impose
little strain during falls. But there are important safety rules which should
be followed"
"Never ski alone. Three people is regarded as a sensible minimum, since
one can go for help while one stays with an injured person. Never ski far
from shelter if the weather map shows a depression or cold front approaching,
or if there are signs of bad weather. Always carry a small pack containing
survival gear such as extra clothing, map and compass, trail snacks and
drinks, firelighting equipment, and a whistle for signalling"
"On longish day-tours I also carry completely weather-proof outer clothing;
a Swiss army knife for tightening loose ski bindings; quick-setting resin
and heavy tape for emergency equipment repairs; a down-filled jacket (very
warm but light) for rest in severe weather; extra mittens and a woollen
balaclava for severe wind; sunscreen lotion and protective lipstick. Other
incidentals may include binoculars and a camera"
"Such accessories usually add up to only four kilograms or so - barely
noticeable in a small daypack. However, firelighting equipment, maps and
compasses are useless unless you know how to use them, so don't blithely
wander off into the back-country without some practice first"
"Cross-country clothing has to be warm, yet has to prevent perspiration
during long periods of hill-climbing and striding, so don't wear cotton
garments (which soak up and retain moisture) or downhill ski clothing (which
is too hot fo XC)"
"Damp clothing is dangerously chilling, so experienced XCers remove layers
of apparel before perspiration soaks them"
"XC outfits typically consist of an inner layer of hydrophobic underwear
(such as Lifa's polypropylene under-garments), which keeps the wearer dry
by wicking moisture away from the skin. Over this goes the next layer -
long woollen socks, knee-length knickers of snow-resistant, stretch material
for unrestricted striding, and a thin wool or synthetic skivvy, plus cap
and gloves.                            
  These two layers are sufficient for most XC skiing, with extra pullovers,
down vests or jackets being added when required during rest stops, or if
it becomes windy"
"In extreme conditions of wind and falling snow, a completely waterproof
and windproof outer shell is added, consisting of overpants, parka and
mittens, leaving only the eyes and nose to be protected by goggles and a
scarf"
"You should always use good-quality sunglasses for protection against the
glare and excessive ultraviolet"
"Eventually, if XC gets in your blood - and it is extremely addictive -
you may discover that one or more of XC's three specialised branches attract
you: racing, back-country snowcamping, or cross-country downhilling (XCD)"
"Snowy Mountains phone numbers for ski, weather and snow reports
are: 
  
‚2 Members planning a skiing trip will find useful information in the NRMA's
Snowfields guide, which is available free through branches and district
depots; it includes information on motoring and survival in the snow country
and the use of snow chains. In the ski season the NRMA receives daily snow
reports and these are available by phoning (02)260-922 during office
hours and asking for travel information. NRMA road reports can be
obtained 24 hours a day on (02)11571. Accommodation in or near the snowfields
may be booked through NRMA offices"
""
"Television news disgusting  

THE tastelessness of television news and current affairs programs has amazed
me for years"
"However, their performance of late extends beyond mere tastelessness,
and leans towards absolutely disgusting"
"Not long ago they conducted a phone-in poll asking members of the public
if they thought Lindy Chamberlain was guilty or not guilty of murdering
her baby"
"Now, in the past few days we find them asking us to play jury once again,
this time in relation to the Brian Chambers/Kevin Barlow drug trafficking
case. It would seem that television news producers see themselves in the
almighty position of judge"
"By conducting and presenting such surveys on their programs, they only
serve to try to convict the people in question, and for that I offer them
no respect. I also have no respect for those who phoned in and and took
it upon themselves to act as jury. 
  What did you hope to achieve? The decision to hang the two men does not 
rest in the hands of the Australian public, nor does it rest in the hands of 
the media"
"- Craig S. Jenkins, Binowee St, Aspley.  The same old hodge-podge  

AS I understand it, at the last State election Sir Joh and his National
Party set out to and almost did annihilate the Liberal Party - even getting
a bonus of two defectors"
"Yet despite this, the Liberals still give their preferences to the Nationals
and keep them in office. Surely they should give their preferences to any
minority party and defeat the Nationals, as they don't owe them a thing"
"Yet we are constantly hearing of another coalition, and the Liberals
will work with the Nationals. The Premier of Tasmania has been taken back
into the fold and now supports his own party, and not the Nationals"
"I am sure that there are many would-be Liberal voters who do not want
to see the old hodge-podge dished up to us again. If the Liberals have something
to offer Queensland, they should go it alone and defeat the Nationals on
merit"
"Many of us want a change of State Government to one that is accountable
to the people, and a younger Premier who will live through his decisions"
We will never get it on present Liberal policies
"-  A. Conway, Willow St,
Biggera Waters, Gold Coast. Prices body a paper tiger  

I REFER to the intention of Australia Post to increase its charges from
August 25 with the approval of the Prices Surveillance Authority"
"In view of the alarming state of the economy, plus the almost certain
Budget blowout of up to a billion dollars this financial year, and the
Prime Minister's constant call for national wage restraint, there is every
reason for Mr Hawke to veto such a callous intention"
"Australia Post should not be exempt from exercising restraint. It should
keep within its income and defer the increasing of its presently exorbitantpresently-exorbitant
charges instead of planning for future expenditure on postal services and
capital projects"
"The Prices Surveillance Authority is only a paper tiger. It has no power
to legislate and can only act in an advisory capacity. Its weakness does
not justify its existence, as it cannot actually control prices and charges"
It appears to be just another burden on the economy
"- J.W.Mooney, Manson
Rd, Hendra. Hard work a fact of life  

S.MOLLY (C-M, June 12) is talking through her highly educated hat"
"Surely she does not believe that working at night, working hard, working
weekends, grabbing lunch when you can, is exclusive to the teaching profession"
Let me assure you that it is part of running a small business these days
"Like a lot of others in ""the silent majority"" she talks about, she probably
assumes if you have your own business you are wealthy and greedy"
"The fringe benefits she talks about relate to a small percentage, yet
she is of the opinion all business should be subject to this political tax
that will cost a lot of jobs in certain areas"
"As an employee of the Education Department, you are the recipient of
a generous annual leave scheme. You also get paid whether business is good
or bad. No risks for you!
  No borrowing money at high interest rates, no risk on mortgaging your
home, no risk of debtors going into bankruptcy overnight, no becoming an
unpaid tax collector for the Government for you"
"It is also hardly the fault of the ""greedy businessmen"" that you are
struggling to pay off a home, a third of your wages going in tax, and
trying to live week to week. You can blame your friends in Canberra for
that"
"As a self-employed businessman and a father of four children, for whom
I am trying to provide a reasonable standard of living, and a future, your
last paragraph is not worthy of comment"
"- Ron Franklin, Byambee St, Kenmore. Progress in education  

I WOULD like to respond to a recent article in your newspaper by Terry Black
and Norman Savage entitled ""Private universities: Is this the way ahead?""
  Mr Black puts forward the absurd proposition that if full tertiary fees
were charged ""there no longer will be artificial quotas stopping students
from undertaking the course they prefer"", and that the ""well-motivated
students"" would still be keen to undertake tertiary education"
"I would put it somewhat differently. If students were forced to pay full
fees of around $7000 per year (much higher for engineering and applied science
courses), very few Australians, and then only the very wealthy, could
contemplate a tertiary education"
"Mr Black goes on to propose a loans scheme, with graduates repaying loans
based on full fees after they have established themselves in employment"
"Some basic calculations based on Mr Black's loans proposal show that a loan
of $7000 per year, on current interest rates, over a four-year course could
result in repayments of the order of $700 per month for the next 30 years,
a total repayment bill of some $250,000"
Figures for engineering and applied science would be twice this amount
"Even the wealthiest in our society would not contemplate a higher education
under these terms"
"This Government has considered and rejected the tertiary fees/loans option,
concluding that it is both regressive and a disincentive to participation"
"We believe that fees would run sharply against our long-term goal of reducing
inequality in education"
"Without fees, a wider group of students apply for places, the competition
is greater and therefore performance and standards are better"
"The Government acknowledges that there is a degree of unmet demand for
higher education places, partly due to the success of our policies of
encouraging students to complete their secondary education. The main reason
is because of the backlog created by the Fraser administration. However,
most of the claims that appear in the press are wildly exaggerated"
"This Government has made significant progress both nationally and in
Queensland to increase higher education participation rates. By 1987 there
will be more than 28,000 more higher education enrolments than in 1983"
"In addition, we have taken steps to redress the disproportionately low
level of participation in Queensland"
"The growth rate in Queensland's higher education sector over 1985-87
is expected to be nine percent, well in advance of the national figure
of six percent"
"- Susan Ryan, Minister for Education, Parliament House,
Canberra. They must live somewhere  

THE decision of the Redland Shire Council to bulldoze up to 400 Moreton
Bay island properties which do not satisfy building regulations is a callous
and socially-irresponsible decision"
"The same may also be said of the 122 show-cause notices served on
island property owners by the council under the Queensland Building Act"
These latter properties face the bulldozer after June 25
"Cr John Bonney's recent remarks emphasise that the council decision will
prevent the islands from becoming ""slums"", discourage the sale of sub-standard
dwellings as weekenders, and clean up unsightly sheds and telephone box
lavatories"
"He did not say, however, that the council decision would also bulldoze
homes - illegal structures under the Building Act - but homes nonetheless"
"This decision involves many people living in caravans or shacks while
they save the money to build a home - people who perhaps did not have the
money to erect a standard dwelling on their own land, and the squatters
who have been living in derelict structures on Crown land for years"
"With apologies to Anatole France, the Building Act forbids the rich as
well as the poor to live in shoddy buildings. The council still has not
told us what provisions (if any) have been made for these people. 
  Rents everywhere are skyrocketing. All over the city, new glass and concrete
filing cabinets rise over the demolition of older buildings, which were
low-rent accommodation. So the question remains for councils and developers
to answer: a boom for whom?
   Where exactly are these people going to live? They must live somewhere"
"Why shouldn't they live on the islands?

 - Lynda Brownsey, Flaxman St. Banyo. Real reason for cheap care  

QUEENSLAND'S hospital doctors are probably the lowest-paid in Australia"
"They work long hours (more than 50 a week) with no penalty rates for weekend
and night shifts, and no entitlement to public holidays. They bear the
responsibility for assessment, diagnosis and treatment of all public and
intensive-care patients, and are repeatedly exposed to infectious illnesses"
"They are a population carefully selected for academic prowess and ability
and are paid at between $10 and $16 an hour (I net $7 per hour) - which
makes them a cheaper source of labor than nurses, cleaners and wardsmen
- all of whom are entitled to generous penalty rates"
This is the real reason why Queensland's hospitals are so cheap to run
"- Dr Stephen Woodford, junior house officer, Mount Isa Base Hospital. There! This proves they can read  

I REFER to John Seeck's letter (C-M, June 23) on bad drivers in Queensland"
"I thought I was the only one. Mr Seeck, you made my day. As a recent arrival
in Queensland and now a permanent (I hope) resident, I have been
flabbergasted, absolutely flabbergasted by Queensland drivers"
But I am a quick learner. This is what I have picked up
"- Freeway driving: 1. Stay in the right-hand lane and proceed at 5km
to 10km under the speed limit"
"2. Try to find a vehicle in the left-hand lane, drive up next to it and
proceed in tandem for the next 20km"
"3. When exiting the freeway, stay in the right-hand lane until 50m from
the exit and then pull left - don't worry about other traffic"
- Suburban driving: 1. Stay in the right-hand lane
"2. When the traffic lights turn green, wait 10 seconds, accelerate as
slowly as possible to a maximum of 50km/h in a 60km/h zone, and travel 10
to 15 car lengths behind the car in front"
""
"Site history and conservation analyses Ed. by Tony Lee  

  The redevelopment of the library and museum will involve the existing
library/museum and Queen Victoria Medical Centre sites. To ensure that the
historic, architectural and cultural significance of these sites will be
maintained, conservation analyses were commissined by the Public Works
Department in June 1985. In addition, existing conditions surveys were
undertaken either as part of these reports or previous surveys. 
  An initial report on the existing library/museum complex, which included
a detailed existing conditions report on the structure and services, had
been prepared by Peter Staughton. The 1985 library/museum study was undertaken
by Allom Lovell Sanderson Pty Ltd in association with the PWD; Allom Lovell
Sanderson had primary responsibility for the report preparation with the
PWD providing additional resources. Major components of the complex already
protected by the provision of the Government Buildings Register include
the Swanston Street wing, reading room and stairwell"
"The 1985 Queen Victoria Medical Centre report was prepared by Nigel Lewis
and Associates; it followed a preliminary report prepared by the same firm
in 1983 for the then Ministry for Planning. Later in 1983 the protective
provisions of the Government Building Register were extended to include
B, C, D, E and F blocks, the corridor and the main fence in Lonsdale and
Swanston Streets. At the same time the whole site was placed on the register
to ensure the compatibility of new structures with those scheduled for specific
protection. The 1985 study covered all the 1910-16 components still existing
as these were identified as being of significance in the earlier report"
"The primary task of both 1985 reports, as specified by the brief, was
to undertake a conservation analysis based upon the Australia ICOMOS guidelines
to the Burra Charter"
"From this, statements of significance were prepared, based on aesthetic,
historic, scientific and social values and including a comparative analysis
with other examples"
"The existing conditions survey for each site was also based upon relevant
sections of the ICOMOS guidelines. However, a number of specific tasks outside
these guidelines were added by the brief to provide a greater basis for
development proposals"
"In both cases this included the updating of existing plans and recording
alterations. The Queen Victoria Medical Centre report also included the
assessment of the buildings' potential for re-use"
"The final draft of the Queen Victoria Medical Centre report was submitted
in mid-September and the library/museum report at the end of October. The
former was made available to competitors in December and the latter was
not distributed"
"Statement of Significance. 
The State Library and Museum of Victoria buildings are collectively
significant because they have been an educational and cultural centre for
the people of Victoria for the past 130 years. The buildings physically
portray the library, museums and National Gallery's cultural and economic
circumstances over that time, and their architecture is significant for
reflecting their changing philosophies and status. Of particular significance
in displaying that process are Queen's Hall, Barry Hall, and the domed reading
room, its stairhall and stacks, and Monash, Palmer, McCoy, Baldwin Spencer
and Thorpe halls"
"The original Swanston Street building is significant as it houses one
of the first public libraries in the world, and the first public library
and permanent exhibition space in Melbourne. The whole of the Swanston Street
facade is of significance since it is a sophisticated early example of public
architecture in Australia and the first major building executed by Joseph
Reed in Australia"
"The dome building is significant for its advancement of reinforced concrete
technology and its application to a purpose-built structure. The material
was used at a scale previously unequalled and its properties were skilfully
utilized to create one of the largest and best proportioned public spaces
in Australia. The planning, fittings and usage of the dome building are
integral to its significance"
"History of the Buildings and Site.  
Introduction: The site that currently accommodates the State library/museum
complex has been associated with learned institutions since 1854. When Governor
Hotham laid the foundation stone for Melbourne's Public Library it was the
first in Australia. 
  Since then, the site has had a plethora of building activity, much ordered
and refined, the remainder ad hoc and unfortunate. It has been a most complex
growth, involving no fewer than twenty-nine phases of construction, of which
the La Trobe Library (built 1965) was the final phase"
"That the site has experienced such a development is largely a reflection
of the tussle for space by its occupants. While only two insititutions remain
today, it has had a total of five, plus a major exhibition, over the past
150 years. One of the survivors, the Public Library, was also the original
occupant, with its first building opened in 1856. The National Gallery was
soon to follow, opening in an unofficial capacity in 1861. The Gallery stayed
for more than 100 years, until 1967-68, when it moved to its present site
in St Kilda Road. In 1866-67 the site had a short lived yet most influential
occupant, the Intercolonial Exhibition. As a direct follow-on from that
Exhibition, an Industrial and Technological Museum was formed in 1869, and
together with the library and the gallery shared the site until 1899, when
the Natural History Museum was transferred across from the University of
Melbourne"
"The Public Library: When Melbourne's leading citizens were considering
the establishment of a general and public library in 1853, few of the major
libraries in Great Britain and Europe were available for use by the general
public. Most major libraries had grown from royal and church collections,
from private societies, or were based on the great collections of the
universities. 
  Before the Melbourne Public Library was built, the largest library in
the city was that maintained by the Melbourne Mechanic's Institute. In
1856 this institution had a library containing some 6,300 volumes. The use
of the Institute's facilities was only available to members who paid an
entrance fee of ten pounds and an annual subscription of one pound"
"The institute aimed to attract all social classes to its activities and
aimed to be at once a public museum, library and intellectual forum from
which would radiate all the benefits of European culture"
"Although it failed to achieve popularity, except among the elite and
Melbourne's middle classes, the institute represented an important stage
in the development of Melbourne's cultural institutions, and a crucial prelude
to the establishment of the public library, museum and gallery complex"
"Both Redmond Barry and David Charteris McArthur had been committee members
of the institute before becoming trustees of the Public Library"
"The library trustees were appointed by proclamation of Charles Joseph
LaTrobe on 20 July 1853. They received a grant of 10,000 pounds and two
acres of land in Swanston Street upon which to build a library. On 3 July
1854 His Excellency, Sir Charles Hotham laid the foundation stone on what
is now the central section of the main Swanston Street wing of the
library/museum complex"
"This first building was the result of a design competition won by Joseph
Reed. It comprised Queen's Hall dominating the first floor, with Palmer
Hall, the entrance foyer and Monash Halls below. Built in four stages, the
first, including the central core of the entrance foyer and small reading
room above, was opened by Major-General McArthur on 11 February 1856"
"Subsequently the southern section was opened in May 1859 and the northern
in 1864, completing the internal spaces of Reeds' building. It was not,
however, until 1869-70 that the portico was added and the facade appeared,
much as Reed had planned it more than fifteen years earlier"
"The Melbourne Public Library, although in many respects rather advanced,
did not have a lending library until 1892. A deputation from the Trades
Hall met with the trustees to discuss the need for a lending branch and
it was immediately decided to set one up in the newspaper room. Some books
were transferred from the reference library and others were bought as funds
permitted"
"Although the Government was criticised for the small amounts of money
it spent on building the Public Library collection, especially in comparison
with that of the Parliament library, it grew with such rapidity that by
1885 overcrowding was unbearable. In 1886, Barry Hall was opened in the
Little Lonsdale Street wing of the building. It had capacity for 50,000
books"
"In the first years of the twentieth century the overcrowded situation
again became unbearable. It was in these years that a considerable debate
developed on a suitable site for a new library and or gallery. In 1906 the
architects Reed, Smart and Tappin were instructed to draw up plans for an
octagonal reading room using sketches by Edmund LaTouche Armstrong, based,
it would seem, upon the Library of Congress in Washington. The design of
the new reading room, a central space surrounded by an annulus five storeys
high in which were stored the books, necessitated a system for access. Although
much of the collection was shelved against the walls of the reading room,
other works had to be requested from library officers"
"Armstrong, the librarian, defended his departure from the tradition of
direct public access to the book collection by stating that the most used
books would be kept in the reading room, that the new system would be speedy,
and that the fact that the collection was growing by 6,000 to 7,000 volumes
a year made adoption of some new system of storage inevitable. The new
octagonal building with long desks radiating from a raised central supervisor's
platform allowed supervision which was not irksome. The building would be
freestanding and could be separated from the old building by fireproof doors
thereby fulfilling another stipulation for modern libraries. The Swanston
Street wing would, it was argued, shield the great room from the street
noise. The reading room was to be lit by glass sections in the dome and
would be ventilated by a ducted motor driven fan system"
"The domed reading room was opened on 14 November 1913 by Governor-General
Lord Denman. The reading room, like its predecessor, was seen as a cultural
symbol, a focus of learning essential to the well-being of the metropolis"
"The people's pride in their new building was demonstrated by their constant
attendance"
"The Intercolonial Exhibition, 1866-1867: This exhibition was opened on
24 October 1866, and while housed on the library/museum site, little remains
of its buildings. The exhibition was, however, of profound significance
in the evolution of the present conglomeration of buildings and institutions"
"The notion of holding intercolonial exhibitions was conceived by the pioneer
of technical education in the colony, Samuel Henry Bindon, MLA (1812-1879)"
"The concept of an intercolonial exhibition was a new one because previously
at all exhibitions held within Australia or overseas, the colonies had acted
independently of each other. The 1866 event signalled a new community of
purpose, a sense that the colonies shared common interests beteen themselves
and the rest of the world"
"The decision to build the exhibition's buildings on the library reserve
was a result of the belief that there should be a great centre of interlinked
institutions which would nurture the intellectual, artistic and commercial
development of the colony. Such a complex should not merely gather together
books, works of art, scientific specimens and industrial exhibits, but should
also perform an active educative function. This ideal was largely fulfilled
with the exhibition and the subsequent creation of the Museum of Technology"
"The range of exhibits in the exhibition demonstrated its similarity to
a museum complex, particularly that envisaged by men like Redmond Barry"
"The nature of many of the exhibits - collections of gems from throughout
Australia, a large photographic record of the Colony of Victoria and a
project to document Aboriginal languages - evidenced a desire to record,
preserve and teach, which was essential to their vision of a museum complex"
"A master plan for the present library/museum site had been prepared in
1860. It comprised two bold quadrangular buildings: the west building for
the library, the east for the museums"
""
"By David Astle Level Pegs  

  TARQUIN was the youngest and most solidly built of the boys, and inarguably
spoke the worst English. His everyday vocab could be counted on all the
Monstrelli toes, Mum included. Shot was his syntax"
"""You doing you is what?"" could be translated into ""What are you doing?""
  ""Pardon?"" Art replied"
"""You heard mac.""
  Tarquin was the fellow in the fawn coat that had been regulating the queue
which wanted to see the tuxedo lady. Art noticed that he'd popped outside
the tent but thought nothing of it. In fact, Tarquin had spotted the wet
gleam of Art's eye through the tent flap and went round to bust him"
"Art's impulse was to bolt. To lose himself in the black corners of Enklefair
but he wisely saw the man in fawn coat as the more capable athlete"
He doffed his hat. It made him nuder
"""You see, you pay, mac, eh?""
  ""Yes,"" agreed Art. Surprisingly he wasn't that worried. Maybe because
of the beer, or the carnival buzz that was surrounding him once again. Maybe it
was because what more had Art to lose?
  He recognised Tarquin as one of the gypsies. Even in the slim purply light
of the evening, Art could see Tarquin's brow and height of cheek as belonging
to the face of one who'd moved his maze, over a year ago now. He was warm
and getting warmer"
"Tarquin didn't recognise Art. The event of pulling down mirrors, for Tarquin,
was not an event. Besides which Tarquin had changed little since that time,
while Art, a year ago, had worn less wrinkles and certainly more clothes"
Art replaced his hat and backed away
"""You see, you pay, eh?""
  ""Pay? I've no money. Someone stole my money. And my clothes.""
  ""Well shit up and bloody then!""
  ""Yes. I'm clearing off. I'm getting out of your hair. Yes. Everything's
normal.""
  Art was saying these words as he paced backwards. Feet on lukewarm earth"
"Tarquin didn't move. He watched the old man retreat. Meanwhile, on the
other side of the tent's wall, the lady in tuxedo made the sound of an
aluminium tape-measure, much to the delight of the ten or so people before
her stage"
"It was a cocktail of beer and buzz that heartened Art. He boldly walked
about Enklefair in underpants and hat and absorbed the magic of it all"
"Tarquin's familiar face was proof enough for Art that he had found the new
home of his mirrors. This was where the gypsies lived. This, therefore,
was where his maze must live. Mind you, Art could not help feeling crestfallen
with Enklefair. It was in no way comparable to the grandeur and invention of
Tupwick Realm. There were no, what he called, Big Rides. It was really a
very tame affair that all the same had attracted a sizeable crowd"
"As Art walked, the music of one popular song thinned and was then smothered
by another. The image that occurred to Art was that of fried eggs in a pan,
the white of the egg being one song overlapping with the music
of another white, the different yolks representing a ... forget it. For
Art to wrestle with such crap was indicative of such music and its universal
effect"
"It was very small, this Enklefair, only a few acres. Tupwick Realm was
fifty acres. Art remembered that from the brochure. Fifty fun-filled acres,
it read. And the lighting of Tupwick Realm was much more sophisticated"
"Enklefair didn't seem to have any electricity, apart from the amount its
puny rides were forced to generate. The hum of these generators melded with
the music and was at times adorned with the meaningless scream of a girl
in love"
"He ambled. The place was mainly stalls and galleries. Each one dimly lit
with gas or by kerosene cressets planted thereabouts. Or by old man moon
himself who had decided to be a capital D on that particular night. But
there wasn't much soliciting going on. None of that twirling cane routine,
the softshoe and the barking or the singling out of bodies from a passing
crowd. For there was a crowd. It walked through the night air, through the
sibilance of gas, the toilings of a generator, a scream, a wheedle, this
numbness of music, this silence"
"The cressets gave off a sharp oily smell, the generators a dowdy fume"
"Between both was the smell of cigarettes. The floor of the fair was dotted
with butts. Mostly youths were smoking. This was a familiar sight to Art"
"The coalition of night and carnival leased a brief independence for the
teenager, smoker and lover. A chance to fill their mouths with smoke or
another's tongue. Smokers stopped the momentum of mooching peers to steeple
the hands and light up. Lovers were more sly. You could see their interlocked
hands, sometimes the sloppiness of an arm across the top of shoulderline,
but when the business of kissing came, they made for the spots where even
the old man moon couldn't pry. Back at Tupwick Realm the favourite spot
was behind the roller-coaster. There was a bank of grass where the lovers
lay, breathing each other, focusing on themselves, or sometimes on a
roller-coaster car that cranked its way up to the circuit's peak,
excruciatingly teetered around the half-circle so as to confront the dip's
crest and then, and then, then, scream down rocket up. And of course, for the 
lovers, it was all performed for their eyes, an image with which to redefine 
their lot"
"But at this Enklefair there was nothing like a roller-coaster. A glut
of lovers but no roller-coaster. There was a ferris wheel for infants, a
manually operated carousel and maybe some other things that Art was yet
to find. Either way, the available images were earthier.  
  The gypsies that ran this Enklefair were not stupid. They had seen these
lovers and so filled the fair with silly machines that went to confirm the
boy's strength or the girl's kissability. For a varying number of coins, the 
boy was allowed to punch a bag, swing a mallet or Indian armwrestle against
the plaster biceps of a machine called Mister. While the girl could put
in the boy's money and get a card saying Yeech or Okay or Wildfire. 
  Art was looking for his mirror maze. His search was not a frantic one"
"He walked in the warm stupor of the carnival, as though aimlessly. The carnival
was as much part of him as were his mirrors. It was fantastic to be amid
things again. This ambience of fair was what his lungs had breathed as a
less old man, as a man in possession of a maze. The maze was his personal
history, he would re-acquaint himself with this duly. Now was the reunion
with his era"
"There was a cluster of people gathered about the next stall, which was
called Superclutch. It was out in the open, but lengths of ribbon were strung
between stakes to mark its boundaries. The man in underpants and hat
approached the other people and room, understandably, was made for him"
"All the stall consisted of was a long, loose cord covered with pegs. The
simple type of peg without the spring action but two wooden prongs and a
flat little top like a beret. A gypsy-looking girl was running the show"
She had bangles on each wrist and a brilliant smile
"""And you sir, would you care to take the challenge?""
  It was the gypsy girl that had spoken, but not to Art. Art's arrival had
been recorded by the girl and possibly he would be the next dared, but for
now the girl was addressing a man in a Hawaiian shirt, that even the night
couldn't douse"
"""No, no,"" he replied"
"""It costs only one blue token, sir,"" persisted the girl, ""and tonight's
record-to-beat is only nineteen.""
 ""Come on, Les,"" said a woman beside him. Her profile seemed to complement
the profile of Les, suggesting she was a wife; when they kissed it would
be as snug as the meshing of jigsaw bits"
"""No, no,"" said Les"
"""Only one blue token,"" said the girl, ""and only nineteen to beat.""
  ""One lousy token,"" said the wife, ""I'll give her my token if that's what
you're worried about.""
  ""Come on, Les."" This was Art. He was getting into the groove"
"""Look,"" said the girl, ""all you have to do is pull off a peg, like so.""
She did this and held the peg in her hand. ""Then, only using the same hand,
pull off another one. Like so. See? Easy. You look the type that could hold
more than nineteen pegs in one hand!"" She replaced the two pegs. The cord
wobbled"
"""Come on, Les.""
  ""It's a woman's job.""
  ""Look, here's the token. Show us how it's done.""
  Les took the token from his wife and sauntered up to the girl. There was
waggish applause from the onlookers. Les had become a character for the
evening"
"""Good on you Dad,"" said a boy who suddenly appeared around the shins
of Les' wife"
Les gave the girl the token. She dropped it into the pouch of her apron
"Les, with all possible sang-froid, pulled off a peg. The girl told him to
put it back and to join her on the other side of the cord. She was experienced
enough to know the hero Les had become. She held up the cord and Les stooped
under. Again there was applause, even some lewd whistling as the two stood
together, Hawaiian shirt and apron, on the other side of the line"
"""Can I start?"" asked Les"
"""You can start.""
  Les pulled off a peg. It was the same one that he'd pulled off with his
back to the audience. This was his way of being defiant"
"Spontaneously, the crowd said, ""One.""
  Les pulled off another one, pulling randomly now, and held them both in
the palm of his right hand"
"""Two,"" said the crowd"
"A third peg was pulled off, violently. Les was brimming with confidence"
The crowd was behind him
"""Three!""
  The cord still swayed from the violence of the third pull. Les showed
his versatility by steadying the cord with the ball of his fist, and then,
in almost the same movement, snaffled up another peg"
"""Four!""
  His right hand was doing all the work. His left was forbidden to be used"
"Just to be safe, Les had tucked that hand into the back of his shorts"
"""Five!""
  Not much longer after this came ""Six!""
  Then ""Seven!""
  The fingers of the gypsy girl were lost in the apron pouch. She was slowly
turning tokens over and over. Her smile was wide and bewitching"
"""Eight!""
  Les was sweating. The wood of the pegs was growing moist in his palm"
"He loosened his grip slightly. If he held them too tight, one might be squeezed
free and the entire exercise would be a fiasco"
"""Nine!""
  Yet if his hold was too loose then the topmost peg of his load might tumble
off. The crowd would swoon. He would not even be near tonight's record-to-beat"
"Trix, his wife, would console him, accustomed to his shortcomings. His son,
Nick, would be embarrassed. 
  ""Ten!""
  Halfway, thought Les. He was aiming for twenty. He wanted to just pip
the record. He would be a success. What pegs followed that would make himn
a legend. The crowd's counting had attracted more crowd. This was why the
gypsy girl was smiling. Les' pride was a sales pitch. Les cursed that
ever-hungry crowd under his breath. This was what had defeated those before
him, not just in the peg game, but on other stages, performing other feats"
Trying to quench the unquenchable
"""E - le - ven -""
  This had been a shaky one. A peg central to his load had shifted, so
receiving the eleventh peg unsurely. The line was wobbling again. Les had
lost the audacity to steady it with his fist"
""
"The Eucharist in our lives  

  Written a mere quarter-century after the death of Jesus, Paul's letter
to the Corinthians is most valuable because it shows the central place already
occupied by the Eucharist in christian worship"
"As at the Last Supper, so 25 years later at Corinth, the Eucharist was
celebrated in the context of a meal"
"The liturgical occasion was meant both to symbolise and to foster christian
unity"
"(""That they be one"" had been Christ's prayer at the Last Supper. ""As the
branch cannot bear fruit by itself unless it abides in the vine, neither
can you, unless you abide in me"" (John 15, 4). St. Paul told the Corinthians
(1 Cor. 10,17): it is Christ in the Eucharist who brings about this oneness"
"""Because there is one bread, we who are many are one body, for we all partake
of the one bread."")
  An abuse had crept into the Corinthian church whereby unity was being
threatened. The christians there had split into factions. This was bad enough"
"What was worse, their factionalism was being carried over into the celebration
of the Eucharist. Instead of joining together in a love-feast, the various
cliques remained apart. The poor went hungry; the rich over-indulged and
some even became drunk. This meant that they were not only shattering christian
unity; they were also sacrilegious in their unworthy reception of their
Lord"
"St. Paul dealt with this situation by recalling the tradition handed down
to him - and he quoted the sacred words of Christ in instituting the Eucharist"
"Then Paul added: ""As often as you shall eat this bread and drink this cup,
you proclaim the death of the Lord, until he comes. Therefore, whoever eats
this bread or drinks the cup of the Lord unworthily, will be guilty of the
body and blood of the Lord.""
  Today's feast of Corpus Christi invites reflection on many truths. For
instance:
  (a) As the fathers of Vatican II said, ""The Mass is the centre of the
whole christian life."" Without the Mass, the follower of Christ is necessarily
eccentric"
"(b) Our attendance at Mass and particularly our reception of Jesus in
Communion demand deep reverence"
"(c) In the sacrifice of the Mass, Jesus does not die again. Why, then,
does St. Paul say: ""You proclaim the death of the Lord""?
  At the consecration of the Mass, Christ is truly present under the appearance
of bread and wine. And just as his glorified body is now eternally marked
by the five wounds, so does his glorified Person contain the unlimited merits
of his dying. At the Mass, Jesus comes to us with the unlimited richness
of his sacrificial death. In this wondrous sense we proclaim the death of
the risen Lord"
"(d) Christ's sacrifice transformed the world. At Mass, we are invited
to live our lives in ever-closer union with the Eucharistic Lord, allowing
him to transform each one of us personally"
"Max Barrett, C.SS.R."
"Herald spells out growth strategy  

THE Herald and Weekly Times Ltd strategy of increasing assets through major
acquisitions will help future growth, directors said in the latest annual
report released yesterday"
"""We consider the 1985-86 period a year of change and consolidation,""
the directors said"
"The report said plans to organise the HWT publishing network into a national
system were well advanced, and will provide exposure for advertisers in
any of the group's 142 papers. 
  ""Australia's $3.3 billion annual advertising expenditure progressively
is being controlled by fewer people,"" directors said"
"""The advent of retail giants such as Coles Myer, Woolworths-Safeway gives
the HWT an exciting opportunity to benefit through its unique national
spread,"" directors said"
"The annual report said developing a national network concept, which
will also embrace overseas bureaus, builds a higher company profile and
more efficient use of journalists and technical resources"
"Despite a general downward trend in metropolitan newspaper circulation
which directors attribute to  changes in living and readership habits,
the HWT aggressively expanded its print activities"
"""We strongly believe in the future of newspapers and plans are in place
for further expansion,"" directors said"
"Through the acquisition of regional and suburban papers, HWT established
itself for the first time as a publisher in NSW"
"The strengthening of The HWT's print media activities is seen by market
analysts as consolidation of a profitable area of the group's operations"
"Directors said HWT consolidated profit, which accounted on a conventional
basis fell 4.4 per cent, was severely cut back by interest payments on
increased borrowings"
"Profit from trading and investment was 4.37 per cent less than last year,
in what directors described as a period of political and economic uncertainty"
"Directors described trading results as disappointing but they said some
recovery was evident in the second half of the year"
""
"QUEENSLAND'S WAITING FOR YOU  

Queensland calls itself the Sunshine State and boasts about being Australia's
leading holiday destination. Here we show you how much Queenslanders have going
for them"
"From the north-east corner of Australia, the finger pointing northwards is
Queensland. It sprawls for more than 1.7 million square kilometres, most of it
in the tropics, covering a land five times as large as Japan, one-fifth the size
of the United States of America, and equal to Great Britain, Denmark, the
Netherlands, France, West Germany, Italy, and Spain, combined"
""
"Far out in space the colony waited for visitors from Earth. Waited ... and
waited ... MEMORABLE STORY By Freda McLennan  

I WANTED to be at my desk, watching the far-distance scanners that had never
shown us any evidence of approaching life"
"I wanted life. And love, and companionship. Believe it or not, I even
wanted to quarrel"
"But I couldn't spend my life in front of scanners. It would be bad for
the residents and worse for me, and it was time for my visit to Village
A: time to walk down the street, breathe the air, feel the way things were
working. A day like any other day during my Initiative"
"It's a stable and pleasant village. They have always had a reliable range
of adjustments and counter-adjustments. They keep their houses well, the
roads are good, they maintain some industries. They grow some rather lovely
flowers, even some roses"
"There are roses and a smooth lawn under shady trees near my house. I could
relax there if I wanted, and perhaps drink some wine that my
great-great-grandmother laid down over a hundred years ago. Things were
- as I like them, but nothing was as I wanted it. 
  As usual there was nothing else on the helipad where I left my flyer"
"There was a little minor land traffic, with residents soberly testing their
mobiles and the roads. Nothing to note particularly as I walked through
the central area and out towards my house"
"Some residents were gardening. A few others were painting their houses
in the great sweeping rainbow bands of colour that please them, but I was
more interested in the gardeners, diligently reshaping the lives of plants
and insects, earthworms and other small creatures. In a sense they were
not part of all those different lives, a new part of nature"
"It was true that no one was just sitting in a garden, reading or talking
with friends, and on such a day someone should have been. Or perhaps not"
Suburban gardeners may have always avoided each other
"George would know, and would tell me, since lack of social activity was
the only reasonable criticism that I could make about Village A"
"If I made no criticism, or even offered a favourable comment, George might
be roused to try to entertain me - every walk interrupted by residents who
cut down trees or tore up flowering shrubs or threatened to destabilise
each other"
"Unreasonable criticism was tempting, of course, but it might destabilise
George. But perhaps he might expect me to behave erratically that day because
of, in the residents' terms The Other Thing"
"It was the end of a Fifteenth Year. My first Fifteenth Year since my father
went away"
"Within a few days I would have to open the grain stores and the refrigeration
chambers and throw away 10 harvests of grain, fruit, meat, honey, sugar,
oil and spices"
"Some of it would be ploughed into unproductive ground, some of it would
be thrown out for the wild creatures to eat (some of them have adapted to
eating foreign substances) and some of it would simply rot"
"Storage capacity had doubled and redoubled, but so had production. In
theory it should have been possible to store all of it in perfect condition
until someone came to use it, even if they didn't come for a thousand years"
"But in practice something would break down in the system, and spoilage would
set in"
"And above all we had to keep a necessity for all the activity and planning
of production, to ensure that it would continue, however arbitrary and
artificial that necessity might be"
"Dealing with minimal necessity is the basic law of life here, the real
necessity behind the artificial one. My family realised it a long time ago,
when they first set up the rule of the Fifteenth Year"
"Minimal necessity is the reason why the residents do not entertain each
other or use flyers. It's the reason why they do not eat or drink or lie
on beds or sit on chairs, except to test them"
"They don't need beds or chairs, they don't need an energy supplement"
"All they need is to continue to exist and to be aware for as long as
possible, so they rigidly conserve energy and structure"
"When they finish their set tasks for their community or the living creatures
around them, they go into their houses and close the doors and windows and
stand unmoving and unthinking, simply aware, for 14 or 16 hours a day"
"Awareness - consciousness itself - is the pleasure beyond all pleasure
for them"
"And yet their thrift in activity makes no difference really. Unless some
catastrophe prevents them - some disturbance of the terms of their existence
which we have not anticipated - they will continue to function perfectly
for five or even six thousand years"
"Minimisation of activity won't extend that period by more than weeks or
months, since their enemy is not friction or attrition, but the infinitely
slow crystallisation of their structure"
"But in a parody of life, something drives them to extend their possible
existence by the only means open to them. The only thing that makes them
extend their activity beyond a minimum is regular co-operation with a human
being, which is not available to most of them"
"George and his colleagues work serenely by day and by night, responding
to me and to the complexity and variation of their administrative work"
"But all the other residents insistently minimalise activity. Even the most
responsive of them, livestock workers constantly adjusting to animal needs
and predictably erratic behaviour, even they achieve minimal activity by
rostering themselves for lengthy alternating rest periods"
"""How very human,"" my mother used to say, laughing"
"And they are very human. When I was learning to program, and to initiate,
I asked my grandfather why they were always programmed in human form. He
didn't really answer me, but I suppose it's because of the intellectual
and emotional commitment we all put in to programming each of them - a new,
free-moving intelligent creature, with the capacity to survive for more
than five thousand years. To create them in human form was the final, complete
commitment to seriousness in what we did"
"It's fortunate for me now, of course. Humanity keeps me company, or at
least some aspects of humanity. And it might be going to survive for five
thousand years after me. But perhaps not. They themselves believe that they
need me to initiate new programs"
"Reality keeps changing while they do not change of themselves and even
our best programming cannot anticipate the constant, splendid unreasonableness
of the way living things and living conditions find new ways to change"
The Other Thing
"If I died, or otherwise lost my Initiative, George and his colleagues
might originate new, change-matching Human Beings from the cell banks, where
every one of the Fourteen Founders and their descendants had left cells"
It had been done before
"I probably wouldn't do it, for the same reason that my parents had not"
"Not even when they knew I was going to be left, quite alone"
At one time there were 40 human beings on this planet. Forty
"And when I was a child almost the entire human population was wiped out
in various ways including disease, accident and stupidity. And a genetic
weakness of some kind"
"I inspect the human cell banks regularly, but every time I walk into the
vaults I think of my young cousins, their clever, anxious, sickly little
faces. Please God, never again"
ERROL is probably the one I remember best. He hated me
"My other cousins were a little older, and kind to me with the rather anxious
kindness they showed each other. When I climbed a tree or fell down a hill
or picked up my father's gun and nearly shot myself, they reacted with a
kind of amused pride that anything human could be so wrong-headed and live"
"But Errol sat with a pinched look because he couldn't climb trees and
didn't have enough energy to go into the gardens or safe parks. He put a
lot of time and ingenuity into making trouble for me, including appealing
pathetically for my company and my non-existent sympathy"
"They couldn't make me put up with him. Or make me understand why he could
have almost anything he wanted"
"I remember being dragged into a ""party for Errol"" where they had made
him my favourite kind of cake, and he was smirking at me from a place beside
my mother"
"My father told me to apologise to Errol for some fault, real or imagined,
and slapped me in exasperation when I refused. The shame of being beaten
in public was the last straw. Suddenly I didn't care about any of it any
more, and I stopped crying and stared at all of them, including mother"
"""I'm not sorry. All he does is make trouble for me. Why should I be sorry
for him?""
  Everyone in the world looked at me, ruefully or disapprovingly, and the
silence should have been terrifying. But I had had enough. And that was
that. ""Bitch,"" said Errol, and tried to throw his plate at me. But he couldn't"
"They sat in silence a moment longer, and then my mother's father got to
his feet. ""That might be what it takes in this world,"" he said drily. ""Laura
you'd better take your daughter to her room.""
  For the Unit, this night provided an ideal opportunity. Baker would show
them havoc"
"He had a similar interest in watching Glass Reptile Breakout live, but
his own researches into biofeedback technique and its attendant miracles,
unlike the Inquiry's, were not public. Indeed, they were not even known
to the State government. Which did not mean that less rested on them. The
Inquiry's recommendations were limited to this one State. Yet whatever checks
it demanded on the use of the miracle-inducing equipment in Victoria - and
Baker intended that the ruling would be the unexpected one of total abolition
- his own involvement had a significance extending well beyond Victoria,
would benefit the entire Free World. His American and Chinese colleagues
were particularly eager to restrict public access to equipment and techniques
which created the BF-miracles"
"Officers of the Signals Unit were compiling a list of Australian leaders
who were suspected latents. It was part of an international intelligence
effort for the benefit of democracy. Eventually even small fry like Alderson
and Loerne would be tested against the Unit's criteria. Baker looked forward
to seeing the final list. Once established, it would enable his researches
to take on a very practical use. Latents, such as the flick-dancer in his
high cage, were potentially so vulnerable"
"Baker slapped another pair of two dollar coins down. He stared through
the gaunt feather-cheeked young barman, who passed over a pot of weak beer
and a modicum of change"
"He would wait until the end of the night, for the encores. Then he'd wreak
such ugliness that the BF equipment would surely be suppressed - if not
for good, certainly for the span of the resulting outrage"
"The Signals Unit could not maintain its Australian monopoly on the necessary
expertise while gross miracles were publicly flaunted by these so-called
miracle groups. So far no one in Australia outside the Signals Unit had
succeeded in replicating the miracle effects under artificial conditions,
without the participation mystique of the sharks and roe and their beloved
bands. Were research at the Universities and hospitals further advanced,
he'd be hamstrung, for tonight's work would then have the effect of spurring
rather than halting their studies"
"Sipping his beer, he gloated. The flick-dancer would make a perfect victim"
"The song changed tempo. Baker could see why the band called it a healing
song. It became almost parodically tranquil, redolent of fresh fields and
bird calls and all things sentimental. Baker resisted its cliched charm"
""
"US statistics point to paradox in drugs fight By Geoffrey Barker  

WASHINGTON. - ""The Americans... frequently allow themselves to be borne away,
far beyond the bounds of reason, by a sudden passion or a hasty opinion
and sometimes gravely commit strange absurdities"". Simon de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America (1835)"
"Could the anti-drug hysteria now sweeping the United States be an example
of one of those ""strange absurdities"" observed by de Tocquevill 150 years
ago?
  In raising this question I am not suggesting that drugs are not a serious
social and economic threat to the United States; nor am I suggesting that
the US administration is necessarily over-reacting to the public demand
for action to combat the drug menace"
"But there is this paradox: the public outcry over drugs, and the political
response to it, is intensifying at the same time as the use of all illicit
drugs except cocaine is either stabilising or declining"
"And while it is true that the number of cocaine-related deaths has tripled
since 1981, Time magazine reports that more Americans (570) died from
appendicitis last year than from cocaine abuse (563). Furthermore the deaths,
suffering and economic costs related to illicit drug use remain minute compared
with those related to alcohol and tobacco abuse"
"So why are President Reagan and Mrs Reagan so heavily into the anti-drug
campaign? Why this rash of lurid articles that talk of ""Crisis"" and ""The
Enemy Within""? Why the rush to extend testing for drugs through urine analysis?
Why the attempt (it failed) to legislate for the death penalty for drug-related
killings?
  Confronted by figures showing that one in every five Americans over the
age of 12 used one or more drugs in the past 12 months, worried Americans
now rate drug abuse as among the country's most important problems. For
many it is more important than unemployment and/or arms control"
"These concerns were magnified and reinforced by the deaths in June of
two prominent American athletes - University of Maryland basketball star
Les Bias and footballer Don Rogers. Horror stories about the effects of
the extremely addictive form of cocaine known as ""crack"" have generated
more anti-drug hysteria. 
  These developments have occurred against the background of a sustained
White House campaign on drugs. Last month President Reagan and Mrs Reagan
went on TV together to press their anti-drug campaign which Mrs Reagan has
taken to the nation's schools"
"At the same time President Reagan signed an executive order requiring
that Federal employees in ""sensitive"" jobs submit to urine tests. He,
Vice-President Bush, and 78 White House staffers set the example by submitting
to the tests which were immediately called ""jar wars"" by one amused sceptic"
"Following reports from Dr Carlton Turner, who heads the White House Drug
Abuse Policy Office, that drugs were costing the US economy more than $100
billion a year, some of America's biggest companies started insisting that
job applicants submit to urine analysis"
"And last week, caught up in the anti-drug mood, Congress came within an
ace of imposing the death penalty on drug-pushers whose customers died from
overdoses"
"Public fears have been confirmed and reinforced by scads of statistics:
nearly 6,000,000 Americans use cocaine at least monthly; 20 million use
marijuana once a month; 65 per cent of those entering the work force have
used illegal drugs"
"Small wonder, then, that massive national publicity was given to three
cases of children turning in their drug-using parents to the authorities"
"Dr Turner said these cases showed (a) how much the children loved their
parents and (b) the emerging American attitude towards drugs"
"Perhaps he is right. But emerging American attitudes towards drugs seem
to have appeared more clearly in studies showing that, in fact, most drug
abuse is either stabilising or declining"
"While pointing out that drug use was still very high throughout the US,
the National Institute on Drug Abuse reported recently that the number of regular
marijuana users had declined from 20 million to 18.2 million between 1982
and 1985. Heroin use had stabilised at about 500,000 users - the same number
as 15 years ago"
"There had been a modest increase in the number of cocaine users, but a
strong perception that ""crack"" was extremely dangerous. Cocaine remained,
the institute said, the most addictive popular drug, but the number of ""current
users"" remained below 6,000,000"
"But subjective perceptions matter more than objective trends, and America
remains, as de Tocquevill said, ""borne away ... by a sudden passion"""
"A clue to the reasons behind America's current concern about drugs may
lie in the country's history. In the late 19th century cocaine and opiate
drugs (basically heroin) were widely and legally used throughout the United
States to treat most aches and pains"
"They were outlawed by a tough act of Congress in 1914 after a 1910
Presidential report declared that cocaine was ""a vice"", a ""creator of 
criminals"", a substance that turned negroes into rapists"
"In the 1920s, in what was clearly one of de Tocqueville's ""strange
absurdities"", the US imposed prohibition on alcohol - a ""noble experiment""
that proved disastrous. Until the 1950s other illicit drugs remained marginal
and mostly restricted to marijuana"
"Then through the 1960s and 1970s, as attitudes to marijuana became more
liberal, there was an explosion in the use of drugs like LSD, and heroin
- and a revival in cocaine popularity"
"The devastating effects of these drugs - and their links to organised
crime originating outside the US - prompted a tough crack-down. Drug seizures
and arrests have increased sharply"
"Now, in the afternoon of the rigorously conservative Reagan era, the
United States is again moving away from tolerance of drug abuse. The
statistical trends are beside the point. National mood, national fear, is
the relevant consideration"
"The point, as usual, was well made by de Tocqueville in remarks immediately
after the epigram quoted above"
"""In despotic states men do not know how to act because they are told nothing;
in democratic nations they often act at random because nothing is to be
left untold. The former do not know, the latter forget; and the chief features
of each picture are lost to them in bewilderment of details"""
""
"Providing the correct environment in which to learn art By Anthony Lambert Teaching art to 900 students sounds a daunting prospect. Australian Artist
talks to the principal of the City Art Institute in Sydney to see how he
manages  

  Many people want to become artists: high school students, housewives,
grandmothers, accountants and even doctors in mid-career crisis. Ken Rinehart
has seen them all. As head of Sydney's Art Institute it is his job to see
that all those who come to the school are given the best environment in
which to study the skills they need to practise art"
"About 900 students attend the City Art Institute which makes it the largest
single tertiary art institution in Sydney. However, unlike the Sydney College
of the Arts it is not an independent establishment but part of the Sydney
College of Advanced Education, an odd conglomeration of six Sydney institutes,
formed in 1982, teaching everything from nursing to early childhood education"
"Prior to 1982 the City Art Institute was better known as the art school
in the Alexander Mackie CAE, a school which Rinehart helped establish"
"`I was head teacher in the fine art division of the National Art School,
(East Sydney Tech,) at the time,' Rinehart recalls. `The Gleeson Committee
Report had recommended the establishment of two art schools in Sydney,
one of which would become part of the existing CAE. On the 23rd of October,
1974, I was appointed dean of the school of art that was to be formed in
what was then Alexander Mackie CAE and was promptly told that on March 1
the following year I would have 600 students to teach. About 90 of them
would be first year students and the remainder ongoing students from the
fine arts diploma course at the National Art School. We managed to find
the staff, buildings and equipment to cope with those students and the
art school eventually grew to comprise about 800 of the College's total
student population of 1400. A year and a half before the 1982 amalgamation
which made us part of Sydney CAE I was appointed acting principal of the
entire College, a post left vacant by the appointment of the then principal
to chairman of the Education Commission'"
"The reorganisation which took place in 1982 that changed the Mackie art
school into the City Art Institute is a bureaucratic feat that is best
explained by Rinehart: `The Sydney Teachers College, Sydney Kindergarten
Teachers College, Sydney Nursery Teachers College, Guild Teachers College
and Alexander Mackie were amalgamated to form the Sydney CAE. But the
five colleges that became one were then divided up into six institutes
of a different composition to the original five colleges. Mackie became
two institutes - the art part forming the City Art Institute and the education
part becoming the St George Institute of Education. The Sydney Teachers
College also became two institutes - The Sydney Institute of Education and
the Institute of Technical and Adult Teacher Education. The two early childhood
education colleges merged to form one institute while the Guild College
largely disappeared as a major component, becoming simply the Guild Centre"
More recently an Institute of Nursing Studies has been established'
"Last year the City Art Institute was again the focus of bureacratic
attention with a strong proposal from the NSW Higher Education Board that
City and the Sydney College of the Arts be amalgamated. That proposal
was eventually squashed by the Minister for Education (see last month's
Australian Artist) but the problems that initiated the proposal persist"
"Both institutions have an accommodation problem (the Sydney College of
the Arts more so), their campuses scattered through a number of buildings
in several inner-city suburbs. And both need better funding. As a means
of solving those problems Rinehart came out in favour of the proposal at
the time and he still rejects the argument that an amalgamation would have
muddied the different approaches of the two schools"
"`That the two of us have different philosophical approaches is a load
of rubbish,' he argues. `Different philosophies apply more to individual
members of staff than to the schools. You will find far greater differences
in the philosophies of two people teaching painting in adjoining studios
than you would in any identifiable philosophies in the City Art Institute
and the Sydney College of the Arts. The two schools are very different
in composition - the Sydney College of the Arts has about 400 design students
doing very vocationally oriented courses and I think you would find greater
philosophical differences between their design and art departments than
you would between our art department and their art department. They have
300 people doing art and we have 900 people doing art: We would argue that
we have as many philosophies as we do lecturers and because of our greater
size we offer our students a greater choice"
"`I think larger art schools do in reality offer a greater choice than
smaller art schools. It is far easier for a student to come to an art school
of a reasonable size, take a particular option, realise it is the wrong one
and then change it, rather than go to a smaller art school, realise it is
the wrong one, and then change to another school. You only have to look
at Melbourne to see the problems with the numerous small art schools there'"
""
"By Bede Nairn Lang's Triumph  

At the end of 1929 the Labor Party held office in the
Commonwealth, in Victoria - under E. J. Hogan who had taken
over on 12 December - and in Western Australia, under Phillip
Collier. Every government in Australia was experiencing
extreme pressure from the deepening Depression. In February
1930 in the New South Wales parliament Lang said that `Every
day thousands of men are being sacked by the Government .."
"The Premier has not a shilling to jingle on a tombstone'. At
the April 1930 New South Wales Party conference Theodore
forecast a Federal deficit of £3 million"
"But from October 1929 to April 1930 the main issue in the
ALP was the role of Theodore. The great Labor vote in New South
Wales at the 1929 Federal election had been fundamentally the
result of the revival of that State's traditional support for
the Party, helped by the obvious inability of the Bavin
government to check economic decline and by the positive and
purposeful opposition provided in parliament by Lang and
several of his colleagues. But Theodore had been formally the
chief organizer of the campaign and much of its success was due
to him. He was a skilful politician with an authoritative
style, feelings of greatness and a firm belief in his destiny
to become prime minister"
"To a degree Theodore was similar to Lang, sharing qualities
of ambition, durability, deviousness and ruthlessness: and
they were both determinedly anti-`red'. On the other hand, he
was Lang's intellectual superior. Theodore had the coldness of
self-assurance which, however, complemented his air of
excellence and did not prevent him from collecting a circle of
friends and admirers; yet he lacked the ability of Lang to
project a charismatic image to the people at large. Unlike
Lang, Theodore was something of an epicurean and did not scorn
the delights of books, conversation and grand occasions; he was
neither a boor nor a bore as Lang was. On balance, Theodore's
achievements as premier of Queensland outweighed his failures,
but he was not universally popular with the labour movement
there"
"He also had the serious handicap, which Lang never had, of
being an obsessive speculator, especially in mining ventures"
"This habit reflected his self-centred optimism and often
conditioned precipitate judgements of people and events. And
his yearning to try to make money by company promotion and
investing in shares earned him a vaguely questionable
reputation in the Labor Party and in the business world. From
October 1929 he was under the threat of a Queensland royal
commission into some of his mining deals. It finally commenced
on 30 April 1930"
"Theodore was a cogent speaker and, when stirred, could
approach eloquence in a way Lang never could. But he lacked
Lang's demagogic gifts: above all, he did not have the long and
intimate experience the `Big Fella' had acquired from thirty
years activity in the beargarden of New South Wales Labor
politics. Indeed, Theodore's Queensland associations with the
AWU had produced grave disadvantages for him in New South Wales
and his attempts to overcome them had resulted in at least two
major tactical errors - in 1924 when his review of the
sliding-panelled ballot boxes had not exonerated Bailey, and in
late 1926 when his approach to Lang had backfired on him. At
the same time, Theodore had not placated the influential AWU
power brokers in the Federal branch of the ALP. Both Scullin,
especially, and Blakeley had been preferred to him. When
Theodore eventually became deputy Federal leader Scullin was
firmly at the top. And the 1929 Federal victory confirmed
Scullin's position"
"But in the first glow of triumph Theodore sensed the
possibility of displacing Scullin. The Herald published a short
but well-informed report over the name of F.A. Percival,
another of its senior political journalists, in which it was
stated that Theodore might make a bid for leadership at the
first party meeting after the election. Percival said that `One
union secretary yesterday described Mr. Theodore as the
greatest Australian political figure since the days of Deakin,
Barton and Reid'. He added that other union officials had the
same view; yet they recognized the great influence of the AWU
in the Federal caucus, and judged that because Theodore had
lost that union's backing he would probably not defeat Scullin"
"In the event Theodore did not contest the leadership, and
Scullin was not opposed"
"The most likely interpretation of this incident is that
Percival's report was correct. Theodore realized probably
better than any other politician the difficulties of the
problems that would frustrate the Scullin Labor government. An
inspired report of his possible leadership challenge would have
the dual effect of helping to secure his position as deputy and
give notice that, should Scullin falter, he would be available
and willing to take over. More importantly, Theodore had always
wanted to depose Lang as the head Labor man in New South Wales:
this would ensure maximum caucus support for him in any future
bid for the prime ministership and safeguard his pre-selection
in the Dalley seat - while Lang remained in control of the
State machine it was always possible that one of his minions
would oust Theodore as Labor's candidate there. During the
election campaign Lang and Theodore had avoided each other; and
Theodore, aware of Garden's submission to Lang, had tried
without success to prevent the Labor Council secretary from
speaking at a big election rally in the Domain"
"Theodore had some advantages in the brief trial of strength
with the `Big Fella'. A deputy prime minister and treasurer of
the Commonwealth was a man of distinction in a Party which,
under Watson, Fisher and Hughes, had contributed much to the
foundation and early growth of the Commonwealth parliament but
which had lacked Federal power since the defection of Hughes in
1916. Theodore's prestige was complemented by his intellectual
stature and repute as a financial expert, and, specifically, by
the expectations he had aroused that he would terminate the
destructive coal dispute, now clearly seen as a lockout"
"But Theodore had set himself a huge task. The structure of
the ALP was against him. While the Party had been out of office
in the Commonwealth for thirteen years, it had formed several
governments in all of the States in that time, including three
in New South Wales. This basic fact had retarded the
development of the power and authority of Labor's Federal
branch: the centre of action, particularly evident in the
organization of elections, remained in the States: the Federal
conferences, meeting usually at three-year intervals, were
remote from the rank and file, and lacked the vitality of the
State conferences. The Federal executive had gained respect
and influence by its intervention in New South Wales in 1923,
and through it the Federal conference had improved its
authority, but that advance had been wiped out by the Federal
capitulation to Lang in 1927"
"On the personal level, too, Theodore had challenged a man
who had entrenched himself at all levels of the State Party and
whose populist aura seemed a beacon to follow to escape from
perilous times. Still, against the odds, Theodore made the bid"
"He continued to gain some support at the Trades Hall and cut
himself off entirely from the State AWU. The Herald went so far
as to say that the `reds' were split over the two antagonists"
"But the coal dispute was Theodore's stumbling block. His
promise to reopen the mines was not redeemed"
"Rowley James, the Labor MHR for Hunter, summed up the
emotional and constitutional dilemma plaguing the government
and, at the same time, presented a vital element of the
realpolitik of the lockout. A bold move by Scullin with solid
cabinet backing might just have provided the basis for a
dramatic political solution. `My people', said James in the
Federal parliament on 3 December 1929, `were deserted by the
party which proposed to protect them'; he went on to assert
that the government should have resumed the mines, forcing the
owners to test the action in the High Court; the resulting
political circumstances `would have caused the fall of the
Bavin government ... and the people would have rejected it,
because they would not stand for the coal-owners starving the
miners into submission'"
"James kept the tension at fever pitch on 12 December when he
sought a grant of £25 000 for the miners to tide them
over Christmas - `There are 36 000 of my constituents
absolutely on the verge of starvation'. But Scullin shrugged
off the extraordinary devastation of the Hunter region;
pointing out that there was poverty in many electorates, he
added that there were five thousand unemployed in his own seat
of Yarra, in Melbourne; the government, he said, had done all
within its powers and concluded, `we are not a government of
school boys, filled with impractical ideas'. Latham gave
grudging approval. But the famous Lang snarl would have been
activated"
"Under Bavin's strategy non-unionists were recruited to work
some mines in December. On 16 December police with revolvers
and batons confronted pickets at the Rothbury mine near
Maitland, and in the melee a young miner, Norman Brown, was
shot dead. This deplorable incident gave powerful impetus to
the vehement community resentment represented by James: and it
graphically exposed the harshness of the State government's
policy, applied by R. W. D. Weaver, on the coalfields and the
inability of the Scullin government to end the struggle"
"The tragedy generated shock waves that spread from the
Hunter Valley throughout the Australian labour movement"
"Brown's death symbolized starkly the depth of the suffering of
the coal-mining communities. While the Scullin ministry was
hindered by the Commonwealth Constitution in its handling of
the dispute it seems surprisingly clear that Scullin himself
was not so understanding of the miners as a Labor prime
minister, especially one with his personal background, might
have been expected to be. But Scullin carried little weight in
the New South Wales Labor Party. Theodore received most of the
obloquy flowing from the failure of the Federal government to
make the daring move in the coal problem that was demanded by
assurances given during the election campaign, and justified by
its result. Whatever its fate, a resolute stroke would have
satisfied clear public opinion and produced a tremendous moral
boost to the labour movement: it also would have strengthened
the Federal government against its conservative opponents,
including the Senate majority, in its crucial early period"
"The day after Rothbury, Lang added to the force of the whip
hand he had over Bavin, who with his minister of mines, Weaver,
was directly responsible for industrial relations in the coal-
mining industry in New South Wales. Weaver had exulted in his
bigotry during the 1923-25 Ne Temere debate, and he remained
one of the most harmfully insensitive and obscurantist members
of the extreme right wing of the Nationalists. Lang scored
heavily against them in a censure debate although he lost the
vote"
"The State Labor Party reacted to the killing of Brown by
persuading Scullin to call an urgent conference on Saturday 21
December at the Commonwealth Bank Buildings in Martin Place"
"Graves was in the chair. Scullin, Theodore, Beasley, Francis
Brennan (attorney-general) and other Federal cabinet ministers
attended. Nearly all New South Wales MHRs were there, too, with
officers of the State Party, some MLAs and leaders of the
Miners' Federation. Garden and Crofts, secretary of the
Australian Council of Trades Unions, were also present. The
Commonwealth solicitor-general, Sir Robert Garran, and the
secretary of the Prime Minister's Department, M. L. Shepherd,
accompanied Scullin"
"It was clear from the outset that Scullin and his colleagues
had been convinced by his official advisers that the government
had no power to intervene decisively in the dispute. This was
a conservative view of the constitutional problem, and almost
certainly correct, given the composition of the High Court and
the innate intransigence of Australian federalism: the Bavin government and the
mine-owners had immediately appealed to the High Court when Beeby, now a judge
of the Commonwealth Arbitration Court and perturbed by the tremors of Rothbury,
had chaired a compulsory conference on 18 December and next day issued an
interim award for the resumption of work under the old wages"
""
"Travelling through Africa  

     1985 was truly an international year for the Australian Red
Cross Secretary General, Mr Leon Stubbings, as he explained to
New South Wales staff during a visit to the Division last
December"
"Mr Stubbings had visited a number of Societies in Africa
last year, as part of his campaign to become League President"
"Although he was unsuccessful at the election, his visit to
sister societies, including Sudan, Libya, Mali and
Mauritania was successful"
"""Mauritania was a hot, rugged country, with its Red
Crescent Society working with the League to take care of many
thousands of drought victims,"" Mr Stubbings said"
"""And to my fascination, Australian eucalyptus trees were
planted a mile out of Mauritania's capital city. The trees had
been planted as part of an attempt to stop the movement of the
sand dunes"
"""I also found this in several other African countries,
including Zimbabwe, Sudan, and Kenya"
"""The Australian eucalypts grow more quickly than normal
trees, hold sand, and are a quick growing fuel for cooking
purposes.""
     Mr Stubbings said he would be approaching the Australian
Government on a project for sending gum trees to Africa"
"In Sudan, he visited a refugee camp about 35 miles from
the Eritrean Border"
"""The houses they're living in are terribly primitive, but
most of these people are nomads, and the housing they would
build for themselves ""normally"" would have been similar"
"However, the health of these refugees is much better than in
the Ethiopian camps two or three years ago,"" he said"
"""The Sudan has a population of approximately 20 million
people, in an area the size of Western Australia. There are
more than 100 languages spoken in this country.""
     In 1956, civil war erupted in Sudan between the Arab North
and the African South, which lasted for 17 years, in which time
ties with the west were broken"
"In 1976, Sudan improved relations with the west, and at
the same time, the League entered the country"
"The economy is based largely on agriculture, but only 20%
of the country is arable, and not all of this is being
cultivated. It is little wonder that droughts, often lasting
10 years in regions, have helped to cripple the country"
"At present, there are 80 delegates in the Sudan, being
supported by the Red Crescent Branch"
"Food is distributed throughout the country by airbridge,
and by the use of camels"
"For 1986, over $AUS 19,152,500 (22,983,000 sf) is needed
for protection and tracing activities, dissemination of
information, medical supplies and relief, programme support and
administration, aid to the national society. The major area
of spending is relief. This is food and goods to civilian
victims of conflict and drought, as well as seed and tools"
"""I also visited Zimbabwe with Red Cross workers,
travelling on roads `where trucks don't go'"
"""In Zimbabwe, there are about 300 volunteers in the
outback rural areas, helping handicapped people"
"""In one small town, there was a young boy of ten or so,
who was born with cerebral palsy. The village people did not
know what to do with him, and his often `crazed' behaviour led
them to tie him to a tree every day to control him"
"""The Zimbabwe Red Cross, which looks out for handicapped
children, were able to help the boy.""
     Every week, a Red Cross volunteer nurse walks to the boy's
village, from her own, to check on the boy and his aged
grandmother who is now caring for him"
"""Apart from the extraordinary work being done in those
countries, what impressed me most was how the ICRC, The League
and the National Societies worked together as the one Red
Cross."""
"Snow food for all tastes  

EATING out at Mt Buller this season will cost only about $1 more than last
year"
"The mountain has 24 first-class restaurants and bars offering a variety
of meals, from quick snacks for skiers on the go, to cosy, candlelit dinners"
"Hungry hordes will find hearty meals of pasta, homemade pastries, spit
roast, seafood and Chinese"
"Anyone who has ever been to Mt Buller will have heard of, if not eaten
at, the Abominable Snowman, known as the Abom"
"The Abom's strawberry pancakes are renowned throughout Australia and are
always a highlight of a ski holiday feast. 
  They will again be on the menu this year priced around $4, along with
huge bowls of spaghetti for about $5"
At the middle of the cost scale is Alpine Retreat on Sterling Rd
"The restaurant is licensed and host Carl Mattern has been known to pour
out more than his fair share of complimentary drinks"
"Son Danny said a three course meal would cost about $15 this year. 
  Another popular restaurant, Breathtaker, will serve main dishes priced
about $17.50"
Breathtaker's food is always delightful and the restaurant oozes class
"The Arlberg at the top of Bourke St has three eating areas - Nooky's spit
grill restaurant, Albies and the bistro"
"Main meals will cost around $13.  Albies is a sort of brasserie, with
coffee and bagels for lunch and Albie cocktails and pancakes in the afternoon"
Supper is served from 11 pm to 3 am
"The Arlberg bistro is always jammed full at lunchtime.  Meals are quick
to go and prices won't break the bank"
"Hans Grimus, who runs the Pension Grimus, is a well-known identity.  If
you dine with him be sure to ask to try his ""snuff.""
  Main meals are priced around $14 at the Pension Grimus, with children's
meals also available"
""
"The junkman By Kevin Roberts  

  Just another no-hoper, they said when they saw the junkman on his horse
and cart shambling down Gold Dust Way at noon, past the empty stone buidings,
the boarded up hotels and the broken down Goldbreak Opera House. The saying,
`Future of Gold', was carved into the crumbling entrance of the Goldbreak
Opera House. But the gold went up somewhere years ago in a willy-willy,
and so did the people and the mines. The town was derelict except for the
Gladhand Mine. Full of unused Victorian buildings, Goldbreak sat for no
good reason anymore in the middle of gibber plains, where even the railways
had sent men years ago to pull up the rusty nails and ties. Only the Railway
Hotel remained"
"The junkman walked his horse slowly down Gold Dust Way. His dirty grey-white
mare, hips as sharp as plowshares, blinkers over its sad brown eyes, had
an old slouch hat on its swaying head"
"Squatting on the verandah of the Railway Hotel, Digger was offended by
the sight of those two horse ears, one up, one down, jauntily supporting
the slouch hat. Diggers' beer belly quivered in indignation at the sight"
"`I didn't fight for Aussie in two big ones just to see me national bloody
emblem go on a bloody junkman's horse!' he snorted. But Curly Chalmers from
the Gladhand was buying lunch in the Railway Hotel and called out, so Digger
slipped into the bar and the issue just as easily slipped his mind after
the first pint"
"The fourwheeler rolled on down the street, dust goblins dancing at the
feet of the mare and in the wake of the four wooden-spoked rubber tyres"
"It was very quiet, the cart and the town noiselessly merging, not even a
squeak from the cart. Above clung dark clouds, heavy as Golden Syrup. Apart
from a guffaw from the Railway Hotel now and then it was like everybody
was too tired, too worn out with living in Goldbreak or too cranky to notice"
"Everybody was as bored as the dark slag heaps about the town, as if all
the good human metal had been mined too, and there was nothing but traces
of colour left, or a momentary show of light among the dead heaps of potch"
"But this junkman was different. He slouched forward over the loose reins
and a kind of woollen poncho, maybe red or covered in red dust from the
gibber plain, hung like a tent over his whole frame. He kept his head down
so you couldn't see his face for his broad-brimmed black hat. But I was
a kid and curious and I ran out to have a look. He raised his head a little
to observe me standing there with my hand shading my eyes. He was between
me and the sun and a great fiery haze surrounded his head. I couldn't see
too much except for reddish long hair and a red beard and green eyes, big
ones, and a thin gaunt face. His skin wasn't red though. It was a kind of
look-through skin, one you got the idea might be like potch if you just
turned it to the light the right way and got a shot of green or blue or
yellow fire. He didn't smile or say anything though I yelled, `Good-day!'
But he kept looking at me intently, swivelling his head backwards a bit
as the cart moved slowly past. I wasn't alarmed or frightened though. There
was something comfortable in that tired face"
"I could see Mary Collins over the street at the Modern Cafe looking out
over the pies and pasties, wiping her hands on her apron in her nervous
desperate way and staring at the junkman as he went by. And it was just
as well Digger Rampart didn't see Liz Drogemuller, not that she gave him
the time of day, looking out from the Commercial Hotel, looking down her
long nose in her superior way. She stepped right out from the Main Entrance
and shaded her eyes so her big bust stood out even more. They said she was
too proud for Goldbreak but not proud enough to leave it. When the men wanted
to fire Digger up, they told him she pulled off men for $20 in her room
at the back of the Commercial Hotel after closing. Digger would froth at
the mouth at that and slink about the town gnashing his teeth like a dingo
with rabies"
"Not that the junkman noticed either of the women. He just went gliding
by with his dirty white horse and his noiseless cart with black plastic
tied over a series of humps and lumps and bulges criss-crossed with white
nylon rope. He went gliding on and on until he ended up a black spot shimmering
like glass in the heat a mile or two out of town, like it was all pre-arranged,
like he knew, and the town knew somehow, he would stop by the big rusted
corrugated iron shed next to the mine tailings of the deserted Humdinger
mine shaft"
"Of course it was the perfect spot for him. Anybody coming into town that
way would pass by. And from the other direction, it wasn't too far for some
of the sheep station people or the half a dozen wheat farmers or the handful
of people left in Goldbreak to drive out in their Holdens to have a look"
"The junkman had no need to advertise. Even though I thought no one was looking,
they'd all seen the black plastic and there were any number of guesses about
what was under it. Rumours of stolen goods. New mine equipment. Someone
said the junkman was about to start up Humdinger Mine again now the price
of gold had topped $200. Farm equipment. A foundry. Bootlegger. Casino"
"Anything that people wanted to do themselves, the junkman was about to do"
"Any scheme they'd nursed for years for Goldbreak, the junkman had in mind,
too. The rumours flew, squawking like a flock of galahs from waterhole to
waterhole, pub to pub, bed to bed"
"I was right in on it. I'd been the closest. I'd seen his face. Spoken
to him. Mary offered me a two-day old pie with sauce and questioned me about
his looks as she tore the label off a Rosella tomato sauce bottle in little
strips. Liz Drogemuller gave me a Nestle's milk chocolate bar with only
one edge gone white from the heat. She wanted to know about his hands as
well. I told her they were thin and bony. She bent over to ask me if he
was wearing rings on his fingers and I couldn't answer for a second or two
because the front of her dress fell full open and I could see a great brown-pink
circle pressing against the black lace and my voice kept breaking. I had
to say no. No rings. No rings. I said it a couple of times like a galah
before she stood up and raised her superior nose and looked far down the
road to where the Humdinger shed stood shimmering in the haze"
Digger brought us the first piece of news about him the next morning
"`He's a bloody septic. Quiet bloke though. He's got a sign up there. Says
he's going into business. Gotta grinder and an anvil and a soldering iron
and stuff. Repairs. That's all it says. Just ""Repairs"". Yeah, and this circle
cut by an S. Half black and half white. Some hippy sign. Look. He gave me
the slouch hat off his horse. Bloody thing even fits me. It says Khe Sanh
on the inside. But that's a Vietnam issue. I bet that hippie bastard was
never there. Prabably flogged it in a pub! All I gotta find is a rising
sun and an emu feather and Jake's your uncle!'
  Now everybody in the town was interested, but they weren't going to go
running off to see a newcomer right away. Especially if he was a Yank"
"Especially if his sign had only one word. No. Goldbreak might not have T.V.,
but we'd all been to Southern Cross, and a few people had been to Kalgoorlie,
and even Perth, so we weren't country bumpkins by a long shot. So we bided
our time. 
  `How's he going to make a living around here?' worried Mary"
"`I wonder if he can fix electric kettles?' Liz asked me. I didn't know,
but it was one of those questions you don't really have to answer"
"`He'll be gone in a week,' laughed Curly Chalmers. `With all your good
stuff, too, if you leave it with him. You can't trust dole-bludgers! How
they let him in the country beats me!'
  But the sign stayed up. And any day you could see the people of Goldbreak
go to and fro like a line of ants when they're onto a good thing, walking
out of the shadows of the town into the bright barren shimmer of the gibber
plain to the iron shed with the Repairs sign on it. They carried all the
old and broken things with them, the women in particular, hoping to get
some further use out of an old clock, or hoping to repair a wedding present
or something they'd loved. The junkman rarely disappointed them"
"`It's amazing,' said Digger from his perch on the Railway Hotel verandah"
"Somehow the junkman reached into his boxes and found just the right knob,
the exact handle, the one electric element the bloke in Southern Cross said
didn't exist. He found the right size belt, the proper fuse, the one bolt
or nut that fitted, the little screw, the uncracked lens, the curved lever
with a 7/16th hole in one end, the spigot with the right thread, the zipper
that zipped up, the buckle that would fit, the snap that fastened, the washer
that held, the wing nut that would not come off"
"And if by some miracle the junkman didn't have it, after rummaging about
in wooden boxes, he would make it, there and then. He'd take some metal
or a part and work with his quick hands quietly to fashion something that
would do"
"The wives of Goldbreak heaved sighs of relief again and again, thrifty
souls, when their vacuum cleaners or their favourite appliance, ones their
husbands had been promising to get around to fixing for months or years,
was put back into their grateful hands, renewed, working, and complete"
"If the men grumbled a bit when they extolled the junkman's virtues, the
women bore it. And if the men yelled when their lamb chops and spuds were
five minutes late because they'd rushed something down to the junkman to
have fixed at the last minute, the women gave back as good as they got,
and the men grew quickly to resent anyone who could do so many things so
well with his hands"
"It came to a head on the Saturday night. When the husbands met for a beer,
they all discovered they'd been shortchanged that week by their wives. One
by one they revealed the preoccupation their wives had with getting old
junk fixed. Their meals had been late. They'd had to take off their own
boots, make their own tea, run their own baths. A great fury grew among
them as they drank, fuelled by the collective indignities they'd suffered"
"`Over-paid, oversexed and over here!' they muttered"
"When the pub shut and the men staggered home it was as if with one hand
they picked up crockery in the kitchen and flung it out into Gold Dust Way"
"Plate and cup and bowl. Their wives tearful or stony eyed, watched in their
dressing gowns. The rest of the town awoke to the thunderous crash and the
great shout, as if with one voice, the men cried in righteous fury. `Let
the Yank bastard fix that bloody lot for you!' and stumbled off to fall
dead asleep in their beds"
""
"Antenna design principles for satellite communications By T.S. Bird, G.L. James, G.T. Poulton and B. Mac.A. Thomas  

SUMMARY   The antenna configurations used for both earth stations and
satellites are considered in some detail following an introduction outlining
relevant basic antenna principles. The specifications applicable to antennas
used for satellite communications and their effects on the design of the
antennas are considered. Examples of both earth-station and satellite antennas
and their characteristics are illustrated by reference to the INTELSAT and
AUSSAT networks. Future trends in earth-station and satellite antenna design
are also considered"
"1   INTRODUCTION  

Antenna systems used in satellite communications are the vital link in the
transfer of information between the ground station and the satellite and
also between satellites. The increasing sophistication of each successive
generation of satellites has meant that their antenna requirements have
become more demanding. Further, with the reduction in the angular spacing
between satellites in the geostationary orbit, tighter specifications are
being placed on the earth-station antenna performance. In this paper we
consider current and projected antenna systems developed to meet these
demands, with emphasis on the Australian context. This will be illustrated
by referring to the INTELSAT network within Australia (Figure 1) and also
the AUSSAT domestic satellite communication system (Figure 2)"
"Antenna design requirements for ground stations differ from those for
satellites. In both cases however some type of feed-reflector configuration
is commmonly used. We begin therefore with a general description of
feed-reflector antenna principles. This is followed by separate sections
dealing with earth-station and satellite antennas in turn"
"2   REFLECTOR ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS  

The basic operation of a reflector antenna is to concentrate into a desired
region signals emanating from a feed antenna. Figure 3 shows in cross-section
various feed-reflector configurations found in satellite communication
antennas. For earth stations, and for some satellite applications, these
configurations are designed to maximize the signal in one direction - i.e"
"for the examples given in Figure 3, parallel to the ray paths leaving the
aperture. Since a great deal of the terminology derives from such focused
or ""pencil-beam"" antennas, we begin by describing their main characteristics"
"It is not possible to design an antenna which confines all of the energy
within a narrow beam (pencil beam). A number of effects contribute to
unavoidable radiation into unwanted directions to produce sidelobes. The
spatial distribution of these sidelobes, together with the main beam, taken
over a spherical surface surrounding the reflector is known as the antenna
radiation pattern. Figure 4 illustrates the basic principles"
"The electric field radiated by an antenna is a vector quantity and can be
resolved into two orthogonal (i.e. independent) components. This field
polarization can be either linear, where the two independent signals are
vertically and horizontally polarized as depicted in Figure 4, or circular,
where the independent signals rotate in a left-hand and right-hand sense
of polarization. By radiating different signals in the two polarizations
the capacity of the antenna may be doubled: this is one form of ""frequency
re-use"". The spatial distribution of the desired signal is the ""co-polar""
radiation pattern, seen in Figure 4b, while the ""cross-polar"" pattern (Figure
4c) gives the energy in the unwanted polarization. A low level of
cross-polarization around the direction of the main beam (boresight) is
essential to reduce unwanted interference to the other polarization when
frequency re-use is required"
"For a pencil-beam reflector antenna most of the energy is concentrated within
the co-polar main beam - typically 90% - while the remainder is expended
in the surrounding sidelobes and the cross-polar component. The width of
the main beam is usually specified by the angle between the half-power points"
"As the diameter of the main reflector increases the beamwidth decreases,
with a subsequently enhanced field intensity within the beam. This is expressed
as antenna gain G, which is the ratio of the power density radiated in the
direction of the main beam to the power density due to an antenna radiating
the same input power uniformly in all direction. If D is the main reflector
diameter and    is the signal wavelength, then   . The factor
   is the aperture efficiency and related to the field distribution across
the main reflector aperture. For maximum gain this distribution should
be uniform. 

In the case of the satellite antenna it may be desirable to design it for
approximately constant gain across a chosen extended angular region. This
is often achieved by ""shaping"" the main reflector profile or using an array
of horns as the feed. In the latter each horn may be considered to radiate
a pencil beam to form a composite beam that is the superposition of the
multiple beams. For example, Figure 5 shows the formation of an almost uniform
beam from several pencil beams. By adjusting the amplitude and phase
relationship between pencil beams new, quite complicated, beam shapes can
be devised (see Section 4)"
"The unwanted random signals that an antenna receives from the sky and the
earth degrade the overall performance. This noise contribution is expressed
as an equivalent antenna noise temperature    (in kelvins). The ratio of
gain to overall temperature,
  
denoted by G/T (expressed as dB    is a commonly used figure of merit
for receiving antennas. Here    where    is the temperature
contribution due to feed losses and receiver noise. In earth-station antenna
design in particular it is essential to maximize G/T, and for this reason
the dual-reflector Cassegrain-type configuration of Figure 3b is preferred
to the simple front-fed paraboloid reflector shown in Figure 3a. The
additional reflector gives an extra degree of freedom in the design: the
two reflector profiles can be defined to enhance the gain by providing almost
uniform aperture illumination, while at the same time keeping the temperature
T low by minimizing ""spillover"" effects at the edges of the reflectors"
"Spillover is especially important past the main reflector edge, since this
allows energy to be received directly from the ""hot"" earth"
"A disadvantage of any axisymmetric reflector antenna is the blockage created
by the feed or subreflector and associated strut supports. These obstructions
have a deleterious effect on the antenna gain and, more important, on sidelobe
levels, particularly for small antennas   . Blockage can be avoided
by using the offset-fed reflector configurations of Figures 3c and 3d"
"Although the lack of symmetry creates a number of design problems these
antennas are capable of performance which is superior to that of their
axisymmetrical counterparts. They are at present expensive to build, and
the largest constructed to date has an aperture diameter of around 12 m"
"However, because of the better performance offered by offset antennas,
they are used extensively for on-board satellite antennas"
"More detailed information on the design of reflector antennas can be obtained
in references 1 and 2. 

 3    EARTH-STATION ANTENNAS  

Antennas for earth stations encompass a wide range of sizes depending on
the type of service. In Australia the largest size is the 32-m-diameter
axisymmetrical antennas operated by OTC for international communications
via INTELSAT satellites. However, there is now a trend towards greater use
of 18-m-diameter antennas, and these are gradually being installed in some
capital cities. The major bands used by INTELSAT are the 6/4 GHz bands,
where the 6 GHz band is for the uplink (transmitting) and 4 GHz for the
downlink (receiving). The bandwidth in each direction is 580 MHz, and both
senses of circular polarization are used to double the communication capacity"
"One of the smallest earth-station antennas is the 1.2-m front-fed paraboloids
for the HACBSS (homestead) receive-only service used with the
dual-linearly-polarized AUSSAT satellite system operating in the 14/12
GHz bands. For transmission the minimum size is about 2 m. Where transmission
is involved a number of specifications have to be met. These usually include:

(1) The G/T on receive, and on transmit the effective isotropic radiated
    power level (EIRP) in the direction of the satellite. The values specified
    depend on the type of service"
"(2) The isolation in decibels (dB) between orthogonal polarizations. For
    a dual-polarized system a value of approximately 30 dB is usually specified
    for angles within 1 dB of the main beam"
"(3) The peak level of the radiation pattern sidelobes for all angles greater
    than 1 from boresight. This is specified as a function    given in
    decibels relative to an isotropic source (dBi). Most telecommunications
    administrations use the CCIR recommendations, which are

        

The latter recommendation recognizes the fact that it is more difficult to
achieve low sidelobe levels with small antennas"
"With the widespread use of axisymmetric dual-reflector Cassegrain antennas,
particularly for earth-station antennas having diameters 18 m or less, it
is of interest to consider some of the design concepts and performance
characteristics of this type of antenna. Figure 6 (foreground) shows a typical
Cassegrain antenna (Moree 1), where the feed-horn, polarizer-diplexer unit
(feed-system), and low-noise receiver (LNA) are situated in the cone housing
at the vertex"
"Some new design concepts were initiated and applied during a recent upgrading
of the Moree 1 Cassegrain antenna carried out by CSIRO Division of Radiophysics
in collaboration with OTC. This upgrading was necessary to ensure that the
revised INTELSAT specifications on earth-station antennas could be met
to permit access to the new INTELSAT V satellites. A feature developed to
meet the specifications was a corrugated horn with specially shaped
""ring-loaded"" slots - see Figure 7. The use of ring-loaded slots and the 
design of the geometry of the horn in the throat region are critical factors 
in achieving a good match, constant beamwidth and low cross-polarization over 
an octave bandwidth or greater. The aperture section of the replacement horn 
for Moree 1 is shown in Figure 8. In optimizing the optics of the antenna the 
usual uniform illumination was replaced by that shown in Figure 9. The taper 
of 15 dB reduces spillover of energy past the edge of the main reflector and 
of energy scattered by diffraction at the reflector rim. Furthermore, the 
reduction of energy in the central blocked region also minimizes the energy 
scattered by the secondary reflector. With this as the basis for the aperture 
illumination, and by specifying tight tolerances on the machining of the new 
subreflector and setting of the surface panels, it was possible to achieve the 
low sidelobes for the antenna shown
  
in Figure 10. The mean level is 8 dB below the specification set for new
antennas. (The details of the upgrading and performance of the Moree 1 antenna
are given in reference 3.)
  

 Future developments  

Looking to the future, we see that the major effects on earth-station antenna
design will arise from the use of increased bandwidth, the use of a number
of pairs of frequency bands, and the need to reduce the interference to
neighbouring satellites as the spacing is reduced to accommodate more of
them. Already the CCIR recommendation for antennas installed after 1987 is
for a 3-dB-tighter sidelobe specification where   .   . Although the
future recommendation for smaller antennas    is still under
discussion there is a possibility that the same criterion could eventually
become mandatory for all reflector diameters. This could well force the
use of offset reflectors for all small to medium-size earth-station antennas"
"As a consequence of the increased number of satellites in the geostationary
orbit there is now a demand for communication between one earth station
and two or more neighbouring satellites. This, coupled with the wider bandwidth
requirements, will have considerable effect on feed and reflector design"
"4    ON-BOARD SATELLITE ANTENNAS  

Antennas on board a satellite operate in a very different environment and
have objectives which sometimes differ significantly from those of
earth-station antennas. The communication antennas produce one or more beams,
each beam defining a coverage region, or ""footprint"" on the earth's surface"
"Signals are either transmitted to or received from these footprints. The
type of beams generated may be a single pencil, or spot, beam over a major
city (e.g. Sydney or Melbourne), or a contoured beam designed to follow
the boundary of a State or country, as illustrated in Figure 2. An extreme
case of this is a circular beam of angular width 17.4° giving full earth
coverage from the geostationary orbit"
"Apart from making the best use of the available satellite transmitter power, a contoured-beam antenna reduces interference to adjacent coverage regions and makes possible a more uniform coverage in the desired region"
""
"CROC VICTIM GENTLE MAN - MOTHER By Neil Doorley  

  The mother of a Queensland man, who was taken by a crocodile in the Gulf
of Carpentaria, said today:  ""No one deserves to die like that"
"""What happened to my son was dreadful.  He was such a gentle, caring person.""
  Mrs Elaine Whereat, 68, of Bundaberg, yesterday identified the man taken
by a 4.5m crocodile as he slept on a river bank at Rocky Creek Landing,
Borrooloola, about 700km south-east of Darwin, on September 7, as her son,
Edward Jeffrey Whereat, 39"
"Darwin police had been trying to contact relatives, and released photographs
of Mr Whereat to newspapers ""as a last resort"""
"Mr Whereat, whose remains were found in the crocodile two days after he
disappeared, travelled under four different names, but commonly was known
as Lee McLeod"
His legs were found 100m from where he was attacked
"Mrs Whereat, a pensioner, said her son's remains probably would be buried
in the Northern Territory this week.  She and her son and daughter could
not afford to attend the funeral"
"""I hadn't seen Edward for 14 years when I found this had happened,"" Mrs
Whereat said.  She recognised a photograph of her son in a morning newspaper"
""
"Casino pledge by Unsworth  

  ORGANISED crime will not be allowed to infiltrate Sydney's legal casino, 
the incoming Premier, Mr Unsworth, pledged yesterday. 
  Mr Unsworth said it was imperative the Government take steps to
ensure there was no scope for criminal elements to intrude into its operations"
"He said his Government would take every step needed. 
  Only a few years ago, Mr Unsworth was quoted as saying he didn't like 
casinos because they were a cover up for organised crime. 
  He said at the time he thought casinos would provide a
method of tax avoidance and lead to the corruption of casino officials and
operators. 
  But Mr Unsworth said yesterday circumstances had changed since he
made those statements. 
  He said he now believed a legal casino at Darling Harbour would help 
eliminate the illegal activity that sprang up during the term of the 
Askin Government."
"Truckie falls out in bid to escape crash. SYDNEY:  

 The driver of this semi-trailer must have thought he was jinxed
last night"
"After his truck ran out of control and crashed into a bridge on the Hume
Highway, he tried to make a hurried exit from the cabin"
"But there was nothing but fresh air outside the truck door - the driver
fell seven metres to bushes below, with his truck still balanced precariously
on the bridge above"
The driver was taken to hospital with minor injuries
"Three motorists avoided serious injury after being hit in the semi-trailer's
mad scramble to right itself when it went out of control on the wrong side
of the road."
"INDIA Jailed for selling secrets NEW DELHI, Thursday (AFP).  

 - Six Indians, five of them government officials
were sentenced yesterday in New Delhi to three years' jail after being
convicted of selling classified information to the United States"
"The sentence climaxed a nine-year in-camera trial over charges that the
six men had been selling secret government documents to US Embassy officials
here since 1962"
"Documents included ""sensitive Defence Ministry reports, monthly reports
of the foreign ministry, the petroleum ministry and the chemicals department,
according to the prosecution"
"The six men convicted included a consultant engineer Mr P.E. Mehta, and
Mr K.K. Sareen and Mr R.P. Varshney, both directors in India's Planing
Commission"
""
"Jan's controversy on a par with her success By Michael Davis in Perth  

JAN STEPHENSON looked stylish enough in bright slacks and top as she breezed
around Lake Karrinyup golf course"
"One might even have conceded she's reasonably well-preserved for 35 and
not unattractive"
"But out on the fairways and around the greens, Jan neither looks or acts
like the reputed sex kitten of international women's sport"
"This week, it's been the length of her birdie putts, not her skirt, that
has had male members of the gallery ogling"
"And when called to the microphone to accept a gold medallion she won after
teaming with Greg Norman in an international challenge match, she gushed
cliches with the innocence of a girl-next-door"
"Yet only last weekend, Dunlop Slazenger released Jan's 1987 golf calendar
pictures to Sunday papers across the country to coincide with her arrival"
"Jan flew into Sydney prepared for a feminist furore over the seven
provocative poses but said:  ""While the guys want to see me, I guess I'll
continue to take off my clothes for the camera.""
  Last year she was in a poster impersonating Marilyn Monroe with the caption:
""Play a round with me.""
  The picture originally appeared in an LPGA magazine and caused a storm
among fellow professionals"
Former US Open champion Jane Blalock has been one of Jan's sternest critics
"""I am totally opposed to what I call quasi-pornography being used to market
our tour,"" Blalock said on a prime-time national TV interview in the US"
"""Is our organisation so desperate, so unaware of the real glamor and
attraction staring it in the face, that it must resort to such trash?""
  Through the criticism, Jan, said to have a standing offer of $150,000
to pose for Penthouse, remains unmoved"
"The Balmain girl has learned to live with controversy since she was
reprimanded by starchy Australian Ladies' Golf Union officials for wearing
psychedelic panties under a mini-skirt when she was a teenager"
"Since she turned professional, Jan's personal life has resembled a TV
""soapie.""
  Yet through numerous personal crises she has played superb golf - winning
a US Open, US PGA and becoming the first woman to break 200 for a 54-hole
tournament"
"Four years ago a London newspaper asked:  ""Is Jan Stephenson a femme fatale,
who drives men out of their minds with her sexual magneticism?
  ""Or is Jan Stephenson, for all her education, looks and talent, a weak
and embarrassingly insecure female, clearly influenced and manipulated
by men for their own power and financial gain?""
  At the time she was the central figure in a bizarre tug-of-war between
Eddie Vossler and Larry Kolb, who each claimed to be her husband"
"When Jan sought to have her two-month marriage to Kolb, then her manager,
annulled he tried unsuccessfully to have her committed to a mental hospital"
"Kolb then gained a court order to freeze her assets, claiming Vossler
had manipulated her. 
  Kolb claimed Jan had become a ""tiny caged bird"""
"Eventually a judge ruled Jan could not be married to Kolb because under
Texas law, she was already Vossler's common law wife.  Jan's life story,
Open Season, is said to be ""in the pipeline"""
"Her choice to play the lead in the film version of the book is Cheryl
Ladd"
"It should be a box office hit but its completion is not one of Jan's
major goals at the moment.  She's obsessed with improving her golf game"
"A  fitness and health fanatic, Jan does aerobic exercises and swallows
fists full of vitamin pills daily"
"""I want to be the most famous female athlete in the world,"" she said"
""
"CHIPP TO QUIT ON SUNDAY From PETER GIBSON in Canberra  

DEMOCRATS leader Don Chipp is set to quit politics this weekend"
"Mr Chipp plans to announce his retirement, which has been expected for
some months, on Sunday"
"A bitter struggle between deputy leader Senator Janine Haines and Victorian
Senator John Siddons is expected"
Senator Haines is expected to win the fight which will split the party
"The victory will make her the first woman leader of a parliamentary party
in Australia"
"Senator Chipp has been in Parliament for 25 years, spending the last nine
as leader of the Democrats"
"He quit the Liberal party after being passed over for a place in the
first Fraser Ministry"
""
"Laser gun blasts on to toy lists By BRUCE BASKETT NEW YORK  

- A game in which children can shoot one another in the heart,
brain or belly with a laser beam is the fastest-selling new toy on the
Christmas lists this year"
"Lazer Tag is selling out in a day after shipments arrive at New York toy
stores"
"Last Monday 70 crates of Lazer Tag arrived at the famous F.A.O. Schwarz
store in Manhattan - and sold out in 10 minutes"
"The game involves wearing a vest, a belt and a cap with sensors placed
over the middle of the forehead, the belt buckle and the heart"
"A beam of infrared light is shot from the gun.  The sensor beeps and
flashes when it is hit by the light"
"Lazer Tag's suggested retail price is $US40.  It includes a light gun,
a sensor and a belt.  Two sets are needed to play the game with someone
else"
"The top 10 toys in order are G.I. Joe, Barbie, Pound Puppies, Teddy Ruxpin
(a bear that tells stories and was the biggest success last year), Lazer
Tag, Cabbage Patch Dolls, Transformers (movable space creatures)
Cricke (a talking teenage girl doll), Baby Talk (a talking baby doll) 
and Mask (a series of action toys of the G.I. Joe type)."
"Kev strikes gold in the big city  

  PERTH'S original yobbo, Kevin Bloody Wilson, has struck gold"
"The Kalgoorlie-born comedian has sold more than 35,000 copies of his album,
Kev's Back (The Return of the Yobbo), and in the music industry that's pay
dirt"
""
"The Sticky Beak  

Up at the big house, private board had turned out to be something less than
private for Kate.  Mrs. Steel's hearty meals around the kitchen table could
turn into inquisitions. She was the best cook in the district, but Mum Two
would certainly have labelled her a ""sticky beak"".  The kindest of women,
she had a reckless tongue.  She just had to know, and she just had to tell"
Her family was a captive audience at mealtimes.  Now she had Kate as well
"""What do you think of the head teacher?"" and
""Did he tell you about Jason's glass eye?"""
"By Ernest Roe and Ingrid Moses III        THE REVIEW PROCESS III.1      Introduction  

   One would expect departmental review procedures to exhibit similar features
in different institutions, in much the same way as do other evaluative
procedures such as promotion, granting of study leave and allocation of
research grants.  It is normal for academics to be judged by their peers,
for evidence to be submitted by those being evaluated, for referees and
assessors to be used, for the whole exercise to be conducted through and
validated by some kind of committee system (and perhaps passing through
more than one such committee before a final decision is made)"
"Those initiating, conducting or being subjected to a departmental review
face similar sets of problems and challenges: similar, but, with due observance
of the proper tradition of institutional, departmental and individual autonomy
which pervades tertiary institutions, not identical.  It can easily be
demonstrated that most departmental reviews grapple with most if not all
of the following:  the reasons for the review, its terms of reference, the
composition of the review committee, the procedures for collection of evidence,
the timing of various procedures - committee meetings, submissions, interviews,
for example - and the total time span of the review, the provision of
administrative back-up, the writing and subsequent treatment of a report,
implementation of its recommendations, and other consequences of the review"
"That is not intended as a comprehensive list of all that typically happens
in a review.  But the significant point is that, however alike the problems
and challenges which departmental reviews encounter, the solutions vary
to a considerable extent"
"Thus, while it is relatively simple, after scrutiny of a number of reviews,
to say ""These are the usual stages of a review"" or ""These are the procedural
questions people generally have to answer"", it is much more difficult to
generalise about the ""correct"" or ""best"" answers.  Sometimes we shall have
to report that ""In institution A they chose this committee membership, adopted
this methodology, handled the report thus, whereas in Institution B they
made very different, even opposite decisions:  and, as far as we can tell,
the two reviews were equally efficient and effective.""  Nevertheless, if
this Report is to be a useful document, some generalisation must be attempted,
lightly or heavily qualified, hedged around with contingencies, wherever
the facts and our judgment seem to justify that.  In defining, however
cautiously, what seems to us from the evidence to be good practice, we accept
that individuals - and individual institutions - have chosen to take a
different path and will do so in the future"
"Procedures adopted in institutions are influenced by explicit or implicit
expectations of what role departmental reviews play.  Purposes of reviews
are discussed in section 3.  Here the more general dimensions which have
become apparent are briefly mentioned"
"(a)  formalised vs informal  
This could also be called objective versus consultative.  In some
        reviews formal channels of communication were observed, e.g"
"submissions were called, persons were invited for interviews and
        could speak to their submissions or make an oral statement. There
        were no other interactions between review committee and members
        of staff.  Contact with both the department and the institution's
        executive was restricted to official `business'.  In other reviews,
        however, members of the reviewed unit, notably the head, had continuous
        access to the review committee through consultation by phone or
        face-to-face, and were able to influence the outcome of the review
        considerably"
This leads directly to the next dimension
"(b)  inspectorial/evaluative vs developmental/educative  
On this dimension reviewers are either evaluators or facilitators
        of change.  Some reviews put the review committee into the position
        of independent judges, who, after having collected and assessed
        evidence, passed their judgment on the department.  In
        such reviews little regard may be given to what change is feasible
        and how change can be implemented. If the institution sees the
        reviewers' function, and if the reviewers themselves see their
        function, as more developmental and educative, then reviewers will
        want to interact freely with members of the department, with the
        institution's executive, feed their impressions and preliminary
        judgments to them and engage in a continuing dialogue.  In this
        case the review process itself is educative, and change may already
        occur during the review process"
"(c)  utopian (free from resource constraints) vs realistic (resource  
        bound)
        If reviewers can assess a department and recommend for an ideal
        situation, fundamental aspects of the department, viewed over a
        longer time-span, can be addressed.  Realistic recommendations are
        normally expected when the review brief specifies that developments
        in the short run, e.g. in the next five years should be addressed,
        and that recommendations should have no resource implications (which
        in practice means should not require additional resources)"
"(d)  crisis review vs regular review  
        If prompted by a crisis or a specific occurrence like change of
        headship, retirement of a professor, sharp decline in student numbers,
        reviews may be initiated with the specific task of addressing this
        situation and making suggestions on how to deal with it.  Regular
        reviews on the other hand become a normal and planned feature of
        the institution, and may pick up developments already under way
        in the department. 

    (e)  comparative within institution vs comparative across the discipline  
        The basis for comparison may be other schools or departments within
        the same institution, and may determine whether a department is
        seen as viable in size, productive, healthy and happy.  Institutional
        and public interests and how they can be reconciled may be addressed
        if comparisons are made Australia-wide across the discipline"
"(f)  review of a group vs review of individuals  
        The reputation of departments is clearly dependent on individuals,
        their teaching and research programs and their performance in these"
"In some reviews individuals and their contributions (or lack of
        them) have to be addressed, through recommendations concerning new
        positions, redirection of efforts, private and confidential reports
        to the Chief Executive.  In others, individual performance per se
        is not investigated, or at least not reported on, and the focus
        remains firmly on the department.  Generally the issue of individual
        contribution to the department cannot be avoided, but a departmental
        review report is not seen as the appropriate place to go into detail"
"Among the reviews we scrutinised were two which had unique features,
briefly described in this section"
"III.1.1     A descriptive review  

   In 1980 the Director of the (then) North Brisbane CAE submitted a proposal
which was ""to evaluate the effiency and effectiveness of the academic structure
and administrative practices of the Department of Liberal Studies as they
bear on the quality of its courses and its complex service role for other
Departments.""

   It was to be conducted by a team from the Centre for the Advancement
of Learning and Teaching (CALT) at Griffith University which would ""work
in consultation with the Head of the Department of Liberal Studies but .."
"have professional responsibility for the planning, conduct and management
of the study.""

   That quotation is taken from an Agreement drawn up between North Brisbane
CAE and CALT on the conduct of the review.  The Agreement begins with an
account of what the review ""will attempt to describe"", and Item 1 concludes
with this statement:

   ""While issues of effectiveness and efficiency will arise during the course
   of the study, and directions for change may appear, it must be recognised
   that the study is limited.  Its purpose is to describe and analyse but
   not to prescribe.""

Similarly, the Introduction to the Report begins with the statement, that
""The emphasis of the review was to be on description rather than judgment.""

   Other Items in the Agreement state that documents will be analysed, 50-60
people will be interviewed, including all staff of the department, that
the College will ensure the project team's access to these people, that
the study will be completed within six months, and that ""every effort will
be made not to report interviews in such a way as to identify individual
sources"" but that ""where an individual person is identified authorisation
will be sought"""
"There are therefore two unusual features in the approach to this review:
the drawing up of a formal agreement between the head of the institution
in which a department was being reviewed and the external review team,
concerning the conduct of the review; and the emphasis on description and
analysis rather than judgment and prescription"
"The review report duly presents, in considerable detail, facts and figures
about the department.  ""Description"" permits inclusion of evaluative comments
from others, as long as they are straight quotations.  Similarly ""analysis""
permits statements with a certain judgmental flavour.  Such statements are
usually prefaced by ""it is said that ..."", ""it is felt that ..."", ""some
staff say ..."" and similar phrases"
"Nevertheless the emphasis remains on description throughout this very
thorough account of the Department of Liberal Studies, an account with ten
appendices giving still more basic information.  Consistent with this approach,
the review team offers no recommendations.  The assumption - and the essence
of the Agreement between institution and review team - is clearly that,
presented with this full description, the College authorities or anyone
else intimately concerned will be able to make their own evaluations"
Unfortunately it was impossible for us to follow up this particular review
"When the review began, amalgamation of the North Brisbane CAE with two other
CAEs to form the Brisbane CAE had already been proposed, and it happened
almost immediately afterwards.  The situation was therefore radically altered
and became a situation to which the review had lost most if not all of its
relevance"
"This does not of course mean that the methodology of the review is no
longer relevant.  Neither of the two features noted here - the drawing-up
of an agreement, and a review confining itself to description - has been
adopted in other departmental reviews as far as we know, and certainly not
in those we have been scrutinising.  But they merit the attention of those
involved in or planning to undertake reviews"
"The arguments for a formal agreement with an external review team are
similar to those for explicit and detailed terms of reference discussed in
section 4 below.  Both help to make intentions explicit, to clarify
expectations, and to repudiate mystery and secrecy.  Formal agreements may
also help to ensure that an institution gets its money's worth, though that
does not seem to have been a problem in any of our other reviews. 

   ""Description"" and ""judgment"" are more clearly contrasted in discussion
of theory or principle than they are in practice.  Review reports vary,
with some more descriptive, some more judgmental.  The example from North
Brisbane CAE is an extreme example of the `descriptive' mode, making particular
efforts to avoid judgments, and making no recommmendations.  Other reviews
are largely descriptive, with judgments mainly at the end, in the form of
recommendations; and those may be cautiously phrased.  Towards the other
extreme are review reports with comparatively little description (or
presentation of data) and evaluative comments on practically every page,
leading finally to quite dogmatic recommendations"
"It appears to be the normal expectations of those initiating departmental
reviews that a review committee will ""evaluate"" and will make firm
recommendations.  Even the North Brisbane CAE proposal describes its principle
objective as ""to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness ...""  But this
example indicates that a review may concentrate on provision of a detailed
picture which others may then use as a basis for evaluation in the usual
judgmental sense.  The onus is on the institution, and on the department
itself, rather than on the external reviewers"
"We do not wish to recommend or to discourage descriptive reviews.  We
simply draw attention to this possibility which may, either as a matter
of principle or because of the peculiar circumstances of a review, be regarded
as the most desirable way to proceed"
"III.1.2     A developmental review  

   During 1983-84 CTEC supported an evaluation of ""Surveying and Mapping
Education and Training in Queensland"" through its Evaluations and
Investigations Program.  As the title clearly indicates, this was not a
departmental review.  Nevertheless it is methodologically of some interest"
""
"DRUGS: THE PENALTY IS DEATH 

NO-ONE likes the death penalty.  No-one wants to see two young Australian
men hang, side-by-side, in a foreign jail"
"In particular no Australian wishes to see Kevin Barlow and Brian Chambers
go to the gallows on Thursday in the grim Pudu jail in Kuala Lumpur"
"Even though they are convicted drug traffickers and they have exhausted
every legal avenue of appeal available to them under Malaysian law"
"And even though there is an appealing logic to the argument that if anyone
is going to be executed for dealing in drugs, it should be the bosses who
organise and finance the trade, and not the traffickers - the employees"
Barlow and Chambers cannot say they were not warned
"Had they committed a similar crime in Australia they would have got a
jail sentence - there is no death penalty here"
"But they were caught in possession of 179 grams of heroin in Malaysia
in spite of warnings they could not possibly miss about the inevitable 
consequences"
"Other countries have different penalties to Australia - as the 70 or so
Australians languishing in overseas jails on drug charges know to their
cost"
In Malaysia hanging is mandatory for anyone caught with 15 grams of heroin
The Federal Government has made its views known to the Malaysian authorities
It has appealed for clemency and expressed its opposition to the death penalty
It can do no more than that
""
"Dynamic road to more success Enjoy life and become wealthy through `love' By Gail Williams  

  IF YOU love jogging, love yourself and love giving money away, you are
the sort of person who stands to make a fortune"
"According to publisher, Mr Colin Sisson, who is very close to becoming
a millionaire, the easiest way to prosper is by working at things you
love"
"Think of 10 of your greatest passions in life.  Mr Sisson, author of best
sellers Your Right To Riches and Rebirthing Made Easy, guarantees you
could make a fortune out of any one of your loves"
"So you love playing backgammon?  Mr Sisson would advise you to open up
a backgammon school.  If that sounds too simplistic, one hour with the
enthusiastic Mr Sisson and his wife, Kathryn, will have you thinking you
have the Midas touch, and the purse of Fortunatus"
"Before you rush off to register your needlepoint or TV-watching company,
you'd be well advised to read how Mr Sisson made a fortune"
"Mr Sisson took about an hour, punctuated regularly by the deep breaths
characteristic of this rebirthing technique, to explain how he abandoned
his carpet shampooing business and suddenly started raking in the dollars"
"No, not by sheer hard work, investing in the short-term money market,
or winning the lottery"
"Mr Sisson, 40, from New Zealand, made his money by not thinking about
making money, and by giving away what money he had"
"As a member of New Zealand's Special Air Service he found himself thinking
about the meaning of life on the battlefields of Vietnam during the 1968
Tet offensive"
"When he returned from Vietnam, he started up his own carpet shampooing
business, hoping to make a fortune"
"Hard work, long hours and a desperate desire to succeed, returned enough
money only to pay his wages - and little satisfaction"
"""I realised the problem was within myself."" said Mr Sisson.  ""I lacked
self esteem, which I eventually found through rebirthing techniques, martial
arts, philosophy, meditation and yoga - all things which  contributed to
my understanding that all riches are first created in the mind.""
  Mr Sisson began interviewing wealthy people to find out the secret of
success and discovered they all shared similar characteristics"
"""I noticed they were all optimistic, they had faith in the future, faith
in themselves and a high self esteem.  They were all positive and really
good to be around, and all really nice people"
"""But the thing that got me was they showed integrity, and I began to
disbelieve the old myth that people get rich by ripping others off.  There
may be some who do, but they are not happy people.""
  Mr Sisson said the amount of money a person has is no indication of wealth"
"""Money is only by-product of wealth he said.  ""Wealth really is what's
happening in our minds and hearts.  I believe in the old adage of healthy,
wealthy and wise.  If a person chooses to be poor they are concord very rich.  If
a person is poor and resents it, that person is using energy unnecessarily"
"There's more work involved in being poor than being rich.""
  Mr Sisson draws on this philosophy in his weekly rebirth workshops he
holds in Exhibition Hall, Subiaco, and his prosperity seminars"
"Did he make his fortune from charging $115 per seminar and $25 per workshop?
  ""No,"" he said.  ""I don't really know where I get my money from.  Quite
often I get cheques in the mail where somebody's put a loveletter in,
saying they would like to make a contribution"
"""Tithing, the law of contribution, is one of the three laws of the 
right to riches.  The other two are the laws of attraction and accumulation"
"""Tithing is a very ancient principle of prosperity.  Whatever we give
away must come back to us - even money"
"""Whenever we contribute to prosperity, we must prosper also.  But the
idea is to give at least three-quarters to those who don't need it"
"""But we should give one-quarter to people who do need it.  This should
be done in the form of an idea - like my book - rather than money"
"By giving most of your tithings to folk who are already prosperous makes
a greater impact upon the general prosperity of the world.  They will use
the money you give them to build and create even more wealth in the world,
from which everyone benefits.""
  According to Mr Sisson, the Perth millionaires he has observed also
operated on this principle"
"""People like Holmes a Court and Bond may not realise it, but they are
using these laws.  To me they are very happy, and the reason is because
they have a very high level of integrity.""
 Mr and Mrs Sisson are doing a four-month stint in Perth running their
rebirthing workshops and prosperity seminars.  Rebirthing is a breathing
technique used to eliminate stress and promote relaxation"
""
"No sex please, we're British and celibate by JILL ROWBOTHAM in London  

IT is a brave woman who takes on the world and says celibacy would do it
good"
"But in the space of a fortnight, English journalist Liz Hodgkinson, herself
a partner in a celibate marriage with husband Neville, has become Britain's
best known celibate with the appearance of her book, Sex is Not Compulsory"
"It argues celibacy can be good for physical and mental health, creativity
and relationships"
"Liz and Neville have been married 21 years, but their sex lives ended
five years ago"
"The avalanche of publicity, including coverage in all the main daily
newspapers, television and radio, seems to indicate the time is right to
propose the case for celibacy, but why?
  One reason, according to Liz, is a wide range of medical arguments which
militate against a sexual lifestyle"
"These include mounting medical evidence of the danger of chemical and
mechanical contraceptive devices, the increase in cervical cancer, the
spread of hepatitis B and AIDS"
"Also she quotes new scientific evidence that a lot of sex produces a
lot of arousal hormones floating around in the bloodstream; these affect
the immune system"
"She says there is increasing evidence sex does not necessarily make people
happy"
"""The statistics disprove that sex keeps people together"
"""More and more marriages are breaking up; this at a time when people are
having more frequent sex than they have ever had in the history of the world"
"""There is also the inescapable fact that the incidence of child abuse,
violent sex crimes, rape, incest and pornography have gone up alarmingly
over the last 20 years"
"""A positive decision for celibacy would also alleviate some of the pangs
of adolescence, when teenagers feel they must be `getting it' or else they
are failures"
"""They could concentrate on school work and other development instead
of worrying about being sexually active"
"""These things seem to suggest that far from making people happy, content,
loving and giving, sex seems to be having the opposite effect in our society.""
  But in the end, health was not the prime reason Liz and her husband decided
to become celibate"
"""I was getting nothing from it. At that time I thought there was something
wrong with me and that if I tried harder I could bring back the excitement"
"""But I found it had gone and it was nothing to do with Neville; it was
that I simply didn't want it anymore, not with anybody.""
  Her husband, also a journalist, came to understand her point of view
when he came in contact with a meditation group which practised celibacy"
The Hodgkinsons decided to give celibacy a try
"""It sounded very odd at first but we found there was only benefit. This
is what I am anxious to pass on to people,"" Neville said"
"""I'm not saying everyone  ought to be celibate, I have no authority to
say that. But for many people it is an option they have never considered"
"""Everyone should realise they have the choice. If they do not want to
exercise it that's up to them.""
  In a sense, a commitment to celibacy would be a positive approach to
a change that occurs anyway"
"Marriage surveys show the frequency of sexual intercourse declines gradually
with every successive year of marriage"
"It is mildly ironic it was the proliferation of sex manuals which was one
of the main catalysts for the book"
"""As a journalist myself over the last couple of years, I seem to have
had an avalanche of sex manuals landing on the doormat, and all more or
less saying the same thing, that human beings were incomplete without a sexual
partner, Liz said"
"""But my feeling was that this simply was not true; that they were misleading
and perpetuating a lie"
"""So I felt a lot of people were being made very unhappy by thinking there
was something wrong with them if they weren't bursting with sexual desire
all the time."""
"Drug judge report shakes NSW Govt  

  THE State Government was rocked today by a potentially new scandal over
the sentences handed out to drug offenders by a NSW judge"
"While the Opposition called for a judicial inquiry, Attorney-General
Mr Sheahan admitted that if suggestions made about the judge were proved
correct it would amount to ""a monstrous perversion of justice"""
"The row was triggered by the findings of a study of the NSW legal system,
which was funded by the Australian Criminology Research Council"
"According to the report, which was leaked to The Sydney Morning Herald,
a NSW District Court judge appeared to have exercised selective leniency
in dealing with defendants represented by a particular solicitor"
""
"Farmers drive a new coalition of businessmen against Hawke  

Nineteen eighty-seven, says DAVID BARNETT, will see the emergence of a dynamic
new political group of business interests - possibly a new party - taking
its lead from the New Right and not only threatening the Labor government
but also the Opposition parties"
"BUSINESS organisations are cranking up to end the Hawke government in 1987-88
and none is more motivated and mobilised than the New Right's spearhead,
the National Farmers Federation, whose leader, Ian McLachlan, has united
a broad spectrum of powerful industry groups"
"The fringe benefits tax, trade union superannuation, interest rates and
Labor's industrial and fiscal policies are to be critically bombarded"
"McLachlan has provided the impetus for the setting up of a whole range of
new political structures. Committees are being formed in the marginaL seats"
"They say money has been raised and more is coming in. Nineteen eightyseven
will be the year of the New Right. It may be Bob Hawke's last year as Prime
Minister. If it is not it could be the last year of the Liberal Party as
it now exists, and the same can be said for the National Party"
"If the coalition parties do not succeed at the next elections, when they
are held some time between March 1987 and March 1988, the mood, the money
and the structures are there to pave the way for a new conservative party,
with pressure going on industry leaders such as Ian McLachlan and John Elliott
to enter political life"
"But on present indications it is highly unlikely to come to that. The
Bulletin's Morgan Gallup Polls show that Hawke's budget session strategy
has failed. The government went into the budget session with the polls last
August showing support for the coalition at 50 percent and support for
Labor at 40 percent. By mid-November the government had narrowed the
Opposition's lead to 1 point. They were trailing 44-45"
"Hawke, the Treasurer, Paul Keating, and the ministry set out to discredit
Opposition Leader John Howard and his colleagues by means of personal attack,
with the aim of producing a gory Liberal Party upheaval, and a challenge
from Andrew Peacock, setting the scene for an election in March or April
next year based on the inability of the coalition to present a united front
and a coherent set of policies. For that strategy to succeed, Hawke needed
the level of government support to continue its rise, overtaking Howard's
coalition during the end-of-year holidays, and it needed the Liberal Party 
to fall apart"
"The Liberals did not fall apart. Instead, some unknown well-wisher sent
them a copy of a letter to Keating from the Taxation Commissioner about
his unfiled tax returns, striking a dramatic and devastating blow at Keating's
standing in the electorate"
"The day Hawke learnt that the Morgan Poll was showing a recovery in support
for the coalition to 48 points, and a fall in support for his government
back to 42 points, was the day McLachlan as president of the National Farmers
Federation came to Canberra to see him. McLachlan's appointment, originally
for 2.30pm, had to be put off for 3 1/2 hours because cabinet was still
wrestling with the problem of logging Jackey's Marsh. It had earlier dealt
with Rupert Murdoch's takeover offer for the Herald and Weekly Times, and
Keating's submission for clearing his proposals for the double taxation of
company dividends, so they do not produce the host of unintended and adverse
consequences which have marked all the other proposals in the package of
business taxes"
"When McLachlan was shown into the cabinet room, he found Hawke shaking
with rage. Hawke berated him for having talked to the media on the way into
the meeting and for having made public his submission to the government"
"He refused to discuss the Farmers Federation's concerns and stalked out
after five minutes, leaving Keating to evict McLachlan, which he did with
an insult to McLachlan about seeking publicity instead of pursuing the
interests of farmers"
"McLachlan is a central figure in the New Right groundswell which is
transforming the business community. Under his leadership, the Farmers
federation has so raised its profile that it ranks as a major political
institution, backed by $15 million raised by popular subscription for a
fighting fund which gives it enormous financial solidity"
"The federation has devised a five-point strategy for 1987 designed to
advance the economic and political interests of the nation's 170,000 farmers
and their families. It has commissioned the former director of the Bureau
of Agricultural Economics, Andy Stoekel, to survey global markets for
Australian rural produce and recommend on where the efforts of the marketing
corporations should best be directed. It has decided in principle to
commission a lobbyist to watch out for Australian rural interests in
Washington, and it has commissioned a series of studies (which Stoekel will
also carry out) of the economies of countries which subsidise their rural
sectors heavily, such as Japan and the United States, along the lines of
an earlier study of the European Community, to draw out the hidden costs
to living standards of such subsidies"
"Apart from filling vacuums created by government inactivity, two aspects
of the Farmers Federation's strategy for the year are of direct political
relevance to the Hawke government. The federation has $1 million a year
in interest from its fighting fund to back the private sector against the
trade unions in disputes such as Mudginberri, which is continuing because of
an appeal, and Dollar Sweets. About 40 percent of the fighting fund came
from secondary industry, and the Farmers Federation, accordingly, will
not confine its backing to the rural sector. It is also setting up committees
in the marginal seats to question candidates about their attitudes towards
economic and industrial issues"
"The federation sees the committee as long-term, and it is their intention
to influence not only the result of elections through campaigning and
advertising, but also to be able to influence the preselection of candidates
for all parties"
"The Australian Small Business Association, which is only three years
old, operates on the basis of a mass membership, and so far has acquired
7000, of whom 2500 were enrolled between June and September, because of
concern about the fringe benefits tax. The association wants 20,000 members
by the end of 1987. It contributed $30,000 towards the Mudginberri fighting
fund, and lately has responded to union picket lines with its own counter
picketing, modelling itself on the United States National Federation of
Independent Businesses, which has 750,000 members, and the Canadian Federation
of Independent Businesses which has 55,000 members. Counter pickets were
used in the La Trobe Valley against intimidation by the Building Workers
Industrial Union and in Deniliquin, against the Australian Meat Industries
Employees Union"
"They say that once they have sufficient members, they will just opt out
of the present industrial system, refusing to acknowledge the authority
of the federal and state tribunals and negotiating directly with employees"
"In the meantime, the Small Business Association is also setting up
organisations in the marginal electorates to support ""pro-business""
candidates. 
  The Australian Tourism Industry Association has identified 14 areas which
it regards as vital to tourism and is developing a strategy for its approach
to marginal seats. Many are also seats where tourism is economically
significant. The strategy is to concentrate the level of interest rates
and industrial issues, particularly penalty rates"
"The chairman of the Australian Federation of Employers Andrew Hay is
endeavoring to achieve some coordination of activities through
21 affiliated organisations, which include the Farmers Federation, Small
Business Association and the Tourism Industry Association, but at this
stage coordination is not a problem. They are all determinedly marching
in much the same direction, basically that outlined in the paper which
McLachlan gave Hawke, and which Hawke refused to discuss"
"McLachlan's submission argued that the government's budget strategy had
failed, and that it was no longer tolerable, either for farmers or for
the business community, to operate with interest rates at 20 percent, as
they have been for the past 15 months. He wants Hawke to freeze wages for
at least one year and possibly for two and to drastically wind back government
expenditure. McLachlan says that supporting the dollar by holding interests
rates up without controlling either wages or government spending is no longer
tenable"
"Hawke's problem is that he already knows all that for himself but, for
party political reasons, won't do anything about it. Not only does he not
contemplate a wages freeze, but he has stepped aside from the hard slog
of expenditure control. He has decided not to chair the Expenditure Review  
Committee which spends at least five months each year going through ministerial
expenditure bids"
"The decisions about how much money is spent each year on defence, education,
pensions, the environment and so on are formally made by the full cabinet
and announced in the budget, but the allocations do come from the Review
Committee, whose work is central to the conduct of government"
"Yet it is this process from which Hawke has withdrawn. Instead, he will
devote his energies to being a publicist, campaigning non-stop for the next
election with speeches, interviews, radio talk shows and public appearances"
"Hawke is no longer trying to run the country. He is leaving that to his
colleagues. Instead he is trying to get his government re-elected"
"The polling which showed that the government's standing had slipped back
also showed that Keating and the fringe benefits tax are both electoral
liabilities. Keating's own standing has slumped since the controversy
about his private finances, while more people are against the fringe benefits
tax than are for it - 47 to 44 percent"
"The government's skilful advertising campaign has had some effect. Five
months ago the number disagreeing with the FBT was 5 percent higher. But
51 percent, up 7, believe the beneficiary should pay the tax, not the employer,
and 34 percent of Labor voters are against the tax, which has stirred up
strikes all the way from the Pilbara to the banks. The Morgan polls suggest
the tax is both a prime reason for the slide in the government's popularity
and an indication that the government is in an unwinnable position"
"Howard's strategy for 1986 was to discredit the government's economic
management, a task in which he could not easily fail. His strategy for 1987
is to convince the electorate that the comparatively youthful and not
particularly well-known front-bench which he leads is a credible alternative
to the government, and that he has credible alternative policies"
"He has called a meeting of shadow ministers for the first week in February
to finalise a new batch of policies, more for the sake of appearances than
anything else. The crucial industrial policy, with its measured approach
to deregulation, is already announced and he is hanging on to his tax policy
until it is too late for the government to pre-empt its more palatable bits"
"He also has to continue to isolate Peacock and his small band of supporters
and to live with the mysterious polls which appear from time to time,
commissioned by unknown persons, and which consistently rediscover that
he lacks charisma. Howard has decided that he can live with this"
"(The latest Morgan Gallup Poll - see page 29 - shows that Howard has failed
to make any impression on the electorate's view of the Liberal leadership.)
  Hawke and Keating were tempted by the November trade figures to spy the
first swallow in an economic summer, despite the question mark placed over
them by the Statistician. The deficit fell sharply to $635 million from
$1578 million in October, which itself had been revised downwards from a
record $1.7 billion"
"The figures were treated with scepticism by the media and with derision
by the Opposition"
"They showed that the deficit on merchandise trade, when smoothed and
seasonally adjusted through the Statistician's computer, was down to $140
million, and that there has been a progressive improvement in this deficit
since June, when it was $368 million"
""
DEAR Fed-Up Mother: In the 1930s Depression we didn't have dole cheques
"Our parents kept us while we tried to find jobs. They expected to do that for
the children they had brought into the world. 

 J.Anderson (Elsternwick)."
"CHAPTER 3 TEACHERS AND INDUSTRIAL CONFLICT Introduction  
Militancy is best considered as a capacity to take overt action
of an aggressive nature in the quest for certain objectives"
"The mode of expressing militancy can range from the `posture',
through the `threat', to the `action', and the action can range
from `persistence in discussion' (negotiation) to `mass
withdrawal of labour' (the strike). In extreme cases,
revolutionary action may be the chosen mode of expression. The
common thread is the existence of conflict between individuals
and/or groups and the origin of such conflict in basic
disagreements of aim, method or process. Militant action is a
response to the existence of such conflict"
"Australia's first teachers' strike occurred in 1920, in Western
Australia. Teachers and some public servants struck for three
weeks - this was the culmination of a campaign to secure
official recognition as the union representative of the
teachers in all negotiations. In New South Wales, the
organisational strength of the NSW Teachers' Federation (NSWTF)
was the foundation of a posture of militancy which, for many
years, facilitated its direct dealing with the Public Service
Board, the Education Department and the state Industrial
Commission. The Federation pursued both industrial and
professional interests in this direct manner, with concessions
gained through the process of demand, discussion and acceptance
of compromise solutions. Protest meetings and strike threats
were part of the industrial armoury"
"In Victoria in the 1940s, a campaign by teachers to obtain a
teachers' tribunal brought the Victorian Teachers' Union (VTU)
close to strike action. A ballot on the question of a one-day
stop work action was defeated by the narrowest of margins -
2587 (49.2 per cent) in favour, 2674 (50.8 per cent)against"
"The campaign was one of militant action that did not, because
of the ballot, proceed to visible expression - the stoppage of
work, the strike. Strong and deep feelings and the belief in
the cause of reform caused the militancy to be expressed in
political action and the teachers, together with the Public
Service Association, campaigned successfully against the
government of the day. It was not until 1965 that the first
strike by Victorian teachers occurred; but the period did
witness a strong campaign of action, though stopping short of
strike action, by the Victorian Secondary Teachers' Association
(VSTA) over the issues of first, the secondary margin and
second, the reform of the teachers' tribunal and the right of
the VSTA to be recognised and heard by that body. Militancy in
respect of the secondary margin was also expressed in a union
internal political campaign and ultimately in the formation of
the breakaway union (which became the VSTA)"
"Stages of teacher militancy - the Australian experience
Examination of the historical development of teacher militancy
indicates the existence of four sequential, albeit overlapping,
periods. A dominant causal thread runs through each period, and
this identification of stages does not imply that issues cen
tral at one time necessarily disappear at another"
"In the earliest stage, the dominant need (demand) was the right
to represent, the right to bargain, the right to present a
case, the right of access of teacher organisations to the
decision-making process of the employer (the Department), and
the right of access of teacher unions to independent
authorities charged with determining wages and conditions of
employment. The expression of this need in Western Australia
and in Victoria has already been referred to in this chapter"
"A campaign for recognition - the right to bargain - as the
earliest base cause of militancy is not unusual within the
totality of the historical or comparative perspective of
industrial relationships. It was such an action that was taken
by the six farmers of Tolpuddle when they met and decided to
seek collectively to discuss (negotiate) wages with their
employer. The Tolpuddle Martyrs were charged under the
Combination Acts, and sentenced to transportation in 1835 but
they also became a symbolic point of the beginning of the
modern British trade union movement. In 1935 the United States
Congress passed the Wagner Act and established, among other
things, the National Labor Relations Board and a process of
government agency-monitored elections in work units, asking the
question: `Do you wish the union to bargain on your behalf?' A
positive answer meant that legal protection of the right to
bargain was established. In 1904, the Commonwealth Conciliation
and Arbitration Act in Australia provided for the registration 
of unions and consequent right of access by registered unions to 
the federal machinery of conciliation and arbitration. 
Constitutional questions precluded teacher unions (the State 
Teachers' Case of 1929) from the recognition provided by this 
statute, but the right to bargain was established for many 
other Australian unions. 
  During the late 1960s, the momentum of militancy concerning
issues related to conditions of education increased and became 
the central theme of disputation. The physical conditions 
under which teaching/education was undertaken was the basic 
cause, and the object of the action was the improvement of 
delivery (the business synonym would be the increasing of 
productivity), with the child, of course, as the beneficiary. 
The expression of this viewpoint was widespread, but was perhaps 
most clearly and strongly expressed by the VSTA as it 
`...developed a strike ideology which emphasises that industrial
action is for the betterment of both pupils and teachers'
(Bessant and Spaull 1972, p.82)"
"Various general factors led to this second phase of teacher
militancy"
"1. Teachers' primary loyalties shifted from the employer to the
     union organisation, as post-war education became the
     responsibility of large unresponsive bureaucracies. There has 
     been a corresponding breakdown in informal relationships 
     between teachers and employers and an apparent lack of
     institutional democracy within the education system"
"2. Schooling was increasingly politicised, where the issue at
     education had become prominent in public life and national 
     economies had led to a sense of frustration, if not anger, 
     among teachers, that public expectations concerning the 
     importance of education and the teaching service were not 
     matched by government policy"
"3. Teacher militancy was an outcome of the inability of teacher 
     unions to be involved in policy making. Unions resorted to 
     electoral campaigns and demonstration stoppages, i.e. short 
     strikes associated with a protest movement"
"4. Teacher unions were beginning to extend their role-perceptions 
     in the light of the above conditions and the strength in 
     bargaining of trade unionism, so that they tended to see 
     themselves as trade unions as well as, or instead of,
     professional organisations; as a result, they adopted the
     techniques and tactics of the traditional trade union
     movement, including the strike. It was a change in outlook, 
     of `middle-class unionists acquiring working-class manners'
     (Spaull 1977)"
"The central feature of this second stage is epitomised by the
resolutions of the strike meeting held by NSW teachers in October 
1968, when there were twelve resolutions related to the theme of 
the quality of education. Nevertheless, the last of the resolutions 
did condemn the `... failure to reopen the current salaries
agreements, thus denying a measure of salary justice to teachers 
and lecturers' (Mitchell 1975, p.202). There is just a hint - but 
no more, in this period - of the conditions of education being held 
as a legitimising device, either internally by the individual 
teacher or publicly by the organisation, to justify the action taken. 
However, the transition to the third stage was under way"
"The third stage (1972 to c. 1982) is identified by increasing
concern with salary/reward issues and with the broader issues
of the employment, remuneration and living standards of the
teacher. Strikes and militant political action are but two of
the ways in which this source of conflict has had expression in
recent years, in more than one state system"
"A fourth, and current, stage has been that identified with
conflict and militant action leading from (and then
intermingled with) protest and action about broader societal
issues such as trade union rights, universal medical care,
uranium mining, the peace movement and women's rights. Teachers
and teacher unions have been both as individuals and as group
members, deeply involved in militant action linked to such
issues. Such action which has taken place to date may not have
involved work stoppages, yet overt militant action has
occurred - in public protests, in marches and deputations, on
the floor at trade union conferences and in political action"
"Action such as this has been added to action on issues more
clearly industrial or professional"
"The most recent manifestation of this has been the teacher
unions' expression of solidarity through publicity and
financial donation to the 1984 English miners' strike (the
Technical Teachers' Union of Victoria (TTUV) donated $10 000)
and to the sacked electric power workers in Queensland during
1985"
"Challenges have been to the closure of schools, to inspection
and control of entry, to disciplinary action by management and
to many other specific examples of incursions into the
`managerial prerogative'. In fact, there have been increasing
challenges not only to the right to manage, to authoritarian
management, but also to a range of power blocs (such as
developers and multi-nationals) and to the state itself. The
teacher strikes in New South Wales during 1985 are an example
of this challenge to authority"
"Emergence and Growth of teacher strikes since 1965 New South Wales  
Trainee teachers in New South Wales held a half-day protest
against inadequate training salaries in 1951, but the first
major strike did not take place until October 1968, when an
estimated 65 per cent of membership stopped work after a salary
award, perceived as unfavourable, by the Industrial Commission"
"A ballot in 1969 resulted in 9098 to 8090 against strike
action, but a one-day stop-work was the response a year later
to a ministerial request (instruction) that all teachers should
take an extra period each week as a contribution to overcoming
staff shortages. A one-day stoppage occurred in 1971 over
general conditions in schools, and from that point there was an
increasing readiness on the part of NSW teachers to resort to
stop-work and strike action in campaigns over industrial and
professional issues"
"Local and regional action, rolling strikes and state-wide
stoppages have occurred throughout the period. In 1974, one
newspaper's feature article (Australian, 1 April 1974) on the
militancy of the NSWTF declared:

   Neither the federation's senior officers nor the NSW Minister
   for Education, Mr Eric Willis, disagree with the assessment 
   that the federation is continually, and almost inevitably, in 
   conflict with him and his department. In fact, it has a 
   reputation for militancy that a Laurie Carmichael or a Jack 
   Mundy wouldn't be ashamed of. For a white-collar union, even 
   among the active Australian teachers' unions, it is pretty 
   well in a class of its own"
"During a prolonged dispute in 1985, an Australian Financial
Review editorial (11 March 1985) on public-service unionism
noted that the cause of the teacher strike was the transferral
of a teacher by the Department. `This is said by the union to
be against its policy - as if a union policy were above the law
and the executive discretion of government'. It also praised
the stand of the Minister for Education, who:

   ... is under attack from his faction and the unions for being
   tough with the teachers. In questioning such unionism, however,
   he is at one with the more intelligent socialists elsewhere who
   realise that their ideals and crude unionism have little in
   common.  

  The range and type of issues of NSW teacher strikes at state,
regional and local school levels can be seen in Table 3.1,
which represents a calendar of major NSWTF strikes over a ten-
year period, 1968-78"
"Since 1980, this pattern of NSW teacher strikes has continued
on a similar scale and with similar frequency. The types of
issues on which teachers have been prepared to take industrial
action have been extended and have resulted in a 2 1/2 day
strike by Sydney secondary teachers in 1981 over proposed
closures of several city high schools; strikes by infant-
teachers and TAFE lecturers over teaching loads and working
conditions in 1982; a two-day strike in 1984 by more than 4000
teachers in sympathy with a five-week strike by Migrant
Education Service teachers; and a one-day protest stoppage in
1984, in conjunction with other state public servants, over
government proposals to reduce benefits in the state
superannuation system."
"CURTAIN CALLS Dress up your windows  

Well-dressed windows can make a room. Here's our guide to choosing tapes,
tracks and fabric to suit your budget and your style .."
"Curtains can make or mar the finished effect of a room as well as serving
to give privacy, shut out light and darkness, keep in the heat and cut out
the draughts. Even if you make your own, curtains are not cheap; it makes
sense to do your homework before you part with your cash - and remember,
there's more to curtains than the fabric. The heading tapes and tracks are
just as important"
"Heading for success  

How a curtain looks when you finally hang it depends on the heading tape
and the curtain track or pole you use. Certain fabrics are unsuitable for
use with certain heading tapes and heavy fabrics cannot be hung on thin,
lightweight tracks"
"Commercial curtain headings produce a variety of different effects and
the type of tape determines the amount of fabric required. When buying,
you may find a shop that has small sample curtains showing the finished
effect of the different headings; otherwise ask the assistant to pull up
a section of tape to give you an idea of how the curtain will hang"
"Plain fabrics look good with almost any heading tape but with patterned
fabric you need to think about how the pleating will affect the design -
it could spoil it or produce a different effect from the fabric on the flat"
"The most popular heading tapes are as follows:
Standard gathered tape creates a frill at the top of the curtain. It's not
particularly decorative and is best hidden behind some kind of pelmet or
valance. It works best with lightweight fabrics and short curtains. Allow
one-and-a-half times the width of the curtain track if using curtain fabric;
twice the width for nets and sheers"
"Pencil pleat tape gives a neat, tailored finish to curtains. Pencil pleats
take up a lot of room on the curtain track when pulled back; if you want
to ensure that plenty of light gets into the room, either use tie-backs
or extend the track beyond each side of the window. You need twice the width
of track for curtain fabric, three times for nets and sheers"
"Pinch pleat or triple pleat tape is used extensively by professional curtain
makers and, happily, is also recommended for novices. You need twice the
width of the track for curtain fabric, two-and-a-half to three times for
the nets and sheers"
"Hints on Headings  

‚2 Always tack and don't rely on pins. Heading tape moves out of position
easily"
_ Sew all seams in the same direction
"‚2 Buy a little more tape than you calculate you need so you can have pleats
exactly where you want them"
"‚2 Don't cut off the cords when you've pulled up the tape. Store them on
a cleat or cord tidy so you can let out the fabric for cleaning or washing"
"‚2 To ensure the excess cord doesn't show, pull up the tape from a point
20cm to 30cm in from the outside edge of the curtain"
‚2 Secure the base of pinch or triple pleats with a small hand stitch
‚2 Use four hooks to each 30cm of curtain for good support
"‚2 If bulky headings bounce forward when the curtain is pulled back, fitting
a cording set will help"
"‚2 Give sheer fabric a little body along the length of the heading by using
iron-on Vilene or other non-woven fabric"
"On the right tracks  

You can hang your curtains from all manner of poles, rods and tracks made
from diverse materials and in a variety of designs. Have a good look at
what's around and check that the track you fancy is, in fact, suitable
for the fabric you've chosen, and designed to take its heading"
"Unusual windows may have special requirements: bays and bows look best
with a single track bent round; corner windows need curtains which draw
back to the outer edges; and windows with sloping tops require a cording
system to draw the curtains back to the longer side"
"In general, you get what you pay for with curtain tracks. The more expensive
ones are stronger, better made, more attractive and have gliders which run
more smoothly. However, you should suit track to fabric; you don't need
a Rolls-Royce rod to support your short filmy lightweight bathroom curtains"
"With large windows it is a good idea to check the manufacturer's
specification when you buy to ensure that the width and type of track you
choose can support the weight of your curtains (weigh them in a bin liner
on your bathroom scales)"
""
"Design at NSWIT Neville Quarry A selection of work from students at the School of Architecture NSWIT  

The NSWIT Bachelor of Architecture course involves the completion of six
years school attendance part-time, and the equivalent of four years
architectural practice experience, as the requirement for the degree"
"The combination of an academic input and a confrontation with the realities
of design and documentation in practice provide a foundation for instilling
creative and technical skills"
"In each year the subject of Design is concentrated upon a four hour studio
experience"
"Years 1 and 2 stress design as a language for the communication of ideas
about materials and places. The design of complete buildings tends to be
avoided until an elementary design vocabulary has been established"
"Years 3 and 4 involve the development of design from a given brief. Over
the last two years these Design Studios have been decentralised into several
studios. Each studio consists of 10 to 12 students and is independently
organised by a single tutor who is responsible for the teaching process
and for the achievement and assessment of each student throughout the year"
"Some of these studios lean strongly toward student participation while others
are more tutor-directed. As a result of this studio independence a wide
variety of approaches have emerged"
"The academic staff as a whole determine the general educational objectives
for each of the Design years, with the strategy for the pursuit of these
aims being delegated to individual tutors. Staff-student ratios range from
about 1:10 to 1:12, with many of the tutors being part-time"
"In years 5 and 6 the design projects involve large and/or complex buildings
as well as urban design issues. Students are expected to present a personal
design philosophy at this stage in their career"
"With the intention of complementing the studio work in Years 1 to 5,
architectural history is taught largely by the vigorous critical analysis
of seminal models of all periods thereby establishing a strong theoretical
basis for assessment of all design work"
""
"The golden triangle By Andrew Taylor  

  Phyllergry Maurice had eaten a hard-boiled egg for breakfast and spent the
rest of the day carrying a particularly unpleasant umbrella around Rome"
"The egg was a farewell present from his former hostess in Zurich, to whom
he had said goodbye the morning before. She was convinced there was nothing
to be eaten south of the Alps, and had provided him with two hard-boiled
eggs, two ham sandwiches, two carrots, two packets of fruit juice, but only
one slice of cake and only one packet of salt. These latter puzzled Phyllergry"
"Was he meant to have one meal with cake and the other with salt? Or was
he meant to be accompanied on his mission by someone else - someone who
ate cake while he ate salt, or vice versa?
  The umbrella had been pressed upon him by his wife as she said goodbye
to him at Melbourne Airport. She had been given it by her mother, who had
picked it up - as the saying goes - somewhere in the East: Bangkok, Singapore,
Vientiane. Descending to him by the female line like hereditary syphilis"
"`It's sure to be raining in Europe,' his wife had whispered in his ear,
pretending to kiss him. And while biting the lobe of his left ear so hard
that both his heels left the air terminal's Pirelli rubber flooring
simultaneously, she closed his fingers over the umbrella. By the time he'd
come back to earth, she had vanished"
"As luck would have it, it actually was raining when he arrived at Roma
Termini and it continued all next day. Phyllergry's umbrella was a loud
but uninvigorating red, with a pattern of purple and green dragons rampaging
around it, snapping at each other's tails and at anyone who happened to be
near. Phyllergry himself, after a day of it, was deafened by the oriental
riot he'd been carrying around Rome, and was looking for a rubbish bin to
shove it into"
He wasn't looking too carefully because he was prey to several worries
"First, Shielby Wright hadn't made contact. Ever since eating the hard-boiled
egg Phyllergry'd been on his feet, from Campo de' Fiori to the Campidoglio,
up Via del Corso to Piazza Colonna, from which he'd cut across to the top
of Via Veneto by way of the Pincio and a suspiciously long loiter in the
park of the Villa Borghese before embarking on a leisurely zigzag with
the crowd all the way south from Via della Croce to Via Frattina, showing
a particularly protracted interest in Gucci shirts and Pollini footware
around Via Condotti and Via Borgognona, with even a step or two into Bocca
di Leone. Not a bite. His umbrella should have attracted the whole of the
Italian Air Force, probably had, but nothing from Shielby"
"And that was his second worry. Did all this inattention mean that his
wife, despite or maybe because of all his precautions, wasn't in on it after
all? Did her pressing the umbrella into his hands, just two metres and seven
seconds from the Overseas Passengers Only door at Melbourne Airport mean
simply that she was worried about him getting wet? Or was there still, as
he'd begun in the last seven or eight months to suspect, even hope, a leak
in his security, a leak towards her, so that she too was protecting him,
and the rotten weather and the unsightly umbrella were the first two parts
of a triangle, the third part of which ought to have been contact with Shielby?
But he'd tramped the lengths and depths of Rome in rain and Shielby hadn't
made contact"
"It was dark, and it had stopped raining. Walking down Via Veneto with
that umbrella up was as conspicious as riding down it naked on a giraffe"
"Phyllergry crept into a side street, folded it as inconspicuously as he
could (it was one of those handbag umbrellas where the spokes folded in
two, so that the whole affair had to be brandished aloft to get it to collapse
at all) and pushed it into the brass letterbox of the Hotel Adriatico. Breathing
deep gulps of relief he strode back toward Via Veneto where a woman he'd
never seen before looked at him from a table where she was sitting alone"
"`So you've made it at last,' she murmured sideways, as he sat down. `The
umbrella, was it a disguise?'
  He spent the evening and some of the next morning trying to piece her
into the situation. Over dinner it seemed particularly sinister that his
Calamari Fritti had fishbones in it and this bad omen cast a shadow on all
that followed. No matter how he juggled the pieces, something was always
not quite in place"
"She had been born in the carpark of a Macdonald's takeaway in Westchester
County, N.Y., one particularly nasty February night in 1956 after a lorry
loaded with early models of transistor radios had skidded on the ice and
wiped out three traffic signals and a couple of important powerlines, tying
up traffic all round the district and beyond for seven hours. Her mother,
who was always hopeless at getting anywhere on time, hadn't got through
even half her Royal Chesseburger before Candice, always on time if not ahead
of it, arrived. From the moment of her birth she's had an aversion to fast
food, as she revealed to Phyllergry on finishing an entree of mussels and
waiting for her Saltimbocca alla Romana with accompanying insalata mista"
"Nonetheless, she had undergone the usual grisly American education until,
on graduating from college, she was awarded a scholarship to study umbrella
design and marketing at Mme. Lisenka Misticek's Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria"
"Arriving in Sofia with a pocketbook full of healthy American dollars, a
phone number and no knowledge of the language whatever, it had taken her
several months to discover that Mme. Misticek's Academy had passed from
this earth in 1934. Having gone, finally, to the police for help, it was
soon discovered that she had culpably overstayed her ten-day visa and only
the last of the American dollars and a mythical virginity saved her from
probably permanent residency in the Sofia lockup. She escaped to Dublin
disguised as the non-speaking part of a package tour, and worked for three
years at the famous Watershed, designing Wellingtons and sou'westers and
trying to perfect the mechanism which would enable an umbrella to go both
up and down automatically"
"Her design was based on a gas pressure principle not unlike that employed
in recoilless automatic rifles. Under normal operating conditions an umbrella
is subject to battering by high velocity winds which not infrequently turn
it inside out - you may have seen one which has suffered this unfortunate
fate, discarded in the street and looking like a vampire who has failed
to make it home to the tomb before daybreak. Candice's idea was to use the
canopy of the umbrella to harness this windpower in somewhat the way that
a windmill does; though instead of it revolving, an intricate array of springs
and rods was activated by its flapping and buffeting so as to compress air
in a cylinder concealed in the handle. When a button on the handle was pressed,
the air which had thus been gradually compressed in this cylinder would
drive a tiny piston within the shaft and draw the umbrella closed, even
if the handle were pointing up and the point down"
"Unfortunately the Irish police stepped in when she filed the plans at
the Patents Office. Not only was such an umbrella the ideal tool for
shoplifters, who could sweep whole trayloads of unpaid-for goods into the
open umbrella and then, at the touch of a button, furl it all up; but also
the principle was capable of transforming Ireland's most essential and hence
most common personal accompaniment into a dangerous clandestine weapon ideal
for terrorists across the border. Heartbroken, Candice tried to explain
that as she had developed it so far the umbrella wouldn't furl, but simply
close. No use arguing. She left Watershed under a cloud and returned to
Westchester, N.Y. Now she was working as deputy manager of a sporting goods
store with an interesting line in whips, cattle goads and handcuffs, as
well as the usual water proof paraphernalia"
"And there she probably would have stayed, instead of prowling aimlessly
around Phyllergry's hotel room in the morning wishing there were some way
she could make coffee. But two weeks ago an Irishman called Kaye or O'Kaye
came into the shop, looking for an umbrella to give his wife"
"`Somethin' broight!' he'd said, in an unconvincing accent. `Say now,
would you be havin' somethin' oriental?' Well, she'd had a tray of particularly
sharp backscratchers from Bangkok, but nothing in an oriental line of
umbrellas. Kaye, or it might have been O'Kaye, talked then at length about
the umbrellas of Cherbourg, a city he had obviously never visited"
"`It means dear, or rich, city, ye know. In Europe. What city in the orient
today, considerin' inflation and the cost of labour, could afford to build
the Coliseum, let alone run its show?' As he left her shop, after buying
a pair of green hip boots and a roll of barbed wire, he handed her his card"
"It read Shielby Kaye, or it might have been O'Kaye, 56 The Lower End, somewhere
in Ireland. She had been using the card as a bookmark in her copy of The
Winds of War so as to have it constantly handy when she lost it, and the
book, to a quick-fingered Canadian at Heathrow two days before"
"It may have been because he was having a shower during the last part of
her story that Phyllergry found it hard to piece it all together. But no
matter how he looked at it, it still didn't work: Wright didn't come into
it. Though so many other things did. The shoplifting, for instance, was
merely a front for something more deadly: a terrorist's dream, an umbrella
with a cylinder of compressed air concealed in the handle, simply waiting
for the touch of a button to transform it into a deadly weapon. And the
hip boots, he realised, looking miserably at the pair of light shoes he'd
ruined by tramping through every puddle in Rome the day before. As for the
barbed wire - and suddenly his heart somersaulted! Barbed wire, for tying
up hostages!
  `Excuse me,' he mumbled, `I have to call my wife in Australia.' His
two-year-old daughter answered"
"`Hello Daddy,' she said"
"`Is Mummy there?' he bawled into the phone again and again, and she'd
reply `Hello Daddy,' or `Daddy,' or simply nothing at all. He was about
to hang up in despair when his daughter, for a change, said `Hello Mummy.'
  `Oh, it's you is it?' his wife's voice came via satellite. `I thought
it was that beastly Irishman again.'
  `That beastly Irishman again', via satellite, came the echo. She sounded
like a poorly rehearsed two-part choir"
`Shielby Wright?' he shouted into the mouthpiece
"`Well, we're missing you, but we're managing okay. Do take care of yourself"
"I'd hate to think what this phone call's costing you. Darling, do take care,'
she said and hung up"
"`Darling, do take care,' came the little electronic echo and he was hung
up too"
"He found Candice in the hotel restaurant sipping a thoughtful grapefruit
juice. She had ordered blackcurrant yoghurt, smoked salmon with whipped
sour cream and capers, croissants and caffelatte for breakfast. Still
trembling, he absently asked for a cappucino and wished that he smoked so
that he could start breaking matches into little bits and making a mess
all around him. If there was a mess all around him, at present he was the
person who didn't know just what it was. Which meant that right now the
mess was all inside him too, like a traveller's gastric ailment, biding
its time, just waiting to get out"
""
"Planely, a new train of thought  

Peking. - ""Would everybody please get off the plane,"" the stewardess announced"
"""We apologise for the delay. The aircraft has been struck by a truck.""
  The announcement almost came as a relief. We had been sitting on the steamy
tarmac in Canton for just over an hour, waiting to take off for Peking"
"I had been flying with this particular airline, because in China, it's the
only airline in town"
"At first we had been delayed because we were waiting for some late
passengers to board. This was most uncharacteristic. The late passengers
had to be high ranking party cadres"
"And then we were delayed some more, ostensibly because there had been
a mix-up in boarding passes"
"This particular airline had been known to take whole gaggles of tourists
bound for Hong Kong and deliver them to the Tibetan plateau and not seem
to care overly much"
"""Probably got wind of somebody on board with a bomb,"" a fellow passenger
quipped blackly"
We laughed together
"And then we were told the plane had been struck by a truck. We disembarked
as we were told. And sure enough, it had. 
  Mobile stairs had been driven into the tail assembly of our aging Trident,
and remained jammed under the plane"
"The pilot and co-pilot had taken advantage of the convenient stairs,
and had climbed up to the tail with flashlights. In the pitch darkness they
were running their flashlights back and forth over the tail assembly in
search of damage"
"We were told to wait in the terminal, and that we would be told when we
could reboard"
"Reboard?
  Contrary to all expectations, I have discovered the Chinese to be among
the most happy, carefree, utterly laid-back people I have ever encountered"
"I have also developed the firm conviction that happy, carefree, utterly
laid-back people are the very last people you would want to be running an
airline"
"""X-ray! X-ray! Aren't you even going to X-ray the bloody thing?"" I demanded
of a bemused airline employee"
"To be fair they may have done in time. A fortunate few among us were shifted
to a different flight, and arrived in Peking only a few hours behind schedule"
"Ominously, a notice board in Peking's Capital Airport still showed the
original flight as ""delayed"". They were apparently still planning to try
to get the thing off the ground"
"""Probably waiting for the chewing gum to set"", a fellow passenger quipped
blackly"
We laughed together again
"Why not?
  We were on the ground"
"On the ground is where you can enjoy some of the stories you hear. Like
folding chairs being put in the aisles to accommodate surplus passengers
on routes in the back of beyond"
Probably an exaggeration
"And like a co-pilot finding himself trapped on the passenger side of the
flight deck door by a faulty lock, only to be joined there by the pilot
who came out to investigate and also got trapped. In full view of appalled
passengers the pair then proceeded to smash in the door with a fire axe
in order to get back to the controls"
At least so the story goes. I was not a witness
"I have been witness to emergency exits piled high with passengers' hand
luggage. And I have been witness to flights where 10 to 20 per cent of
the seat backs were broken and would not go into an upright position"
"And I have been witness to a Trident, carrying media during the recent
Royal tour, loaded to the hilt with camera gear requiring every last precious
millimetre of runway at Kunming to get airborne. The angle of attack was
such on take-off that several passengers reported hearing the fuselage
scrape the runway"
"I did not hear this myself, but then I was trying very hard to faint at
the time"
"And I have been witness to an aircraft in which I was sitting being struck
by a truck"
And that will just about do me for one lifetime
""
"KEN PAYS HIS DUES By TONY MEGAHEY  

It had been a while but Ken Salisbury felt at home amidst the blood, sweat
and liniment at Newtown Police Boys' club"
"The former Commonwealth light middleweight champion nodded his approval
as big Joe Bugner swapped thunderclaps with the bull-like Tongan Tony
Fulilangi.  
  And Salisbury shook his head at the sheer strength of Jeff Fenech in a 
sparring session"
"""When you've been away you miss it a lot,"" Salisbury said"
"""But Bugner really surprises me"
"""You've got to give it to him - he's super fit considerng his age"
"""He's worked hard at it and he'll still give them a fight.""
  Then Salisbury stunned the onlookers when he produced a photo for big
Joe to autograph"
It was the 1970 Liverpool amateur boxing and dinner show
Joe was presenting the trophies
"""Joe was the great white hope then,"" Salisbury said"
"""And over the years I feel the man hasn't really been given his dues as
a very good heavyweight fighter"
"""I mean he took a legend the distance twice - Muhammed Ali"
"""And Bugner fought Frazier at his peak"
"""Bugner is tough - neither could put him down.""  
  There's no comeback though for Salisbury"
"A car accident last year, not a pair of lethal boxing gloves, ended his
career"
"Severe neck and hip injuries make it an endurance test for Salisbury to
train"
"But Salisbury is embarking on the next best course for a man who still
loves the fight game"
"""I'm taking my exams to be a fight trainer - to put something back into
the game,"" Salisbury said today"
"""I'd love to work with some of the kids in the way Johnny Lewis does it
here at Newtown.""
  Maybe one day Salisbury will proudly present an amateur trophy to some
wide eyed youngster."
"When You've Had a Bad Day by Dick Innes  

Walter Elias froze with fascination"
"A sensitive child, Walter had grown up in the city until he was five years
old, when his family moved to a farm. One day, two years later, Walter was
walking through an apple orchard when he discovered, to his amazement, an
owl perched on a low branch"
"Remembering that his father had told him that owls hunted at night but
slept during the day, Walter crept quietly towards the sleeping bird"
"`What a wonderful pet this funny creature would make,' he thought to himself"
"So, sneaking right up behind it, he stealthily reached up and seized it
by the legs"
"Whew! What a shock both were in for. Terrified, the owl went berzerk"
"Flapping wings frantically, screeching loudly, and struggling furiously,
it did everything in its power to escape"
"Equally terrified, Walter panicked. He clung to the bird for dear life"
"In utter terror, he eventually threw it to the ground and stamped it to
death. When the struggle ended and the pounding of his heart subsided
somewhat, Walter looked down at the broken and bloodied bird ... and cried"
"Feeling terrible, he ran from the orchard, but later returned to bury
the owl. For months he dreamed of this bird he had wanted for a pet but
in terror had killed"
"Too ashamed to tell anyone, he kept his secret to himself. Only years
later did he share it"
"Perhaps it was this grief more than anything else that helped make Walter
the person he became. Never could he bring that owl back to life, but he
made all the animals of the forest come alive through his drawings and the
wonderful entertainment centre named after himself"
His full name? Walter Elias Disney
"Have you ever failed or felt as if you had? Ever done something that you
later felt terrible about? Or experienced a business or personal setback
that gave your self-concept a beating? Or gone through a relationship breakdown
that left you feeling less than whole? Or perhaps experienced some physical
hardship, handicap, sickness or a mental breakdown that devastated you?
  If so, welcome to the human race. When we fail or feel as though we have
failed, we tend to think we are the odd person out. It isn't so. Everyone
of us has failed at something. We have all done things we are sorry for"
"We have all faced setbacks at some time or another and felt as if we were
going under. I certainly have"
"It can be very easy to `preach' from an ivory tower or be an armchair
theorist and give out simplistic solutions to life's everyday struggles
if you've never failed, suffered, or been heartbroken, lonely, sick, or
overwhelmed with discouragement"
"But for what it might be worth, if you are in need of encouragement
today, I want you to know that I have, in part at least, sat where you sit"
"My home began to fall apart when I was a young teenager. Eventually my
parents divorced. In those days divorce simply was not accepted as readily
as it is today and I felt terribly ashamed. I felt very much rejected by
my father and ended up rejecting him, which left me feeling very insecure"
"And when it comes to doing wrong, I've committed enough sins to know that
I am less than perfect. I've known what it is to struggle in business and
verge on going under. I've also felt at times like leaving my wife, as she
has me. And I've known years of family sickness and disaster too"
"I can't say that I like trouble. Neither am I a good sufferer. But this
one thing I know: you and I can rise above our failures, misfortunes or
circumstances"
"Walt Disney turned his childhood nightmare into a beautiful dream, which
in turn became a reality. You and I can do the same, too, if we want to
badly enough and will persevere"
Not that it comes easily. It rarely does. It didn't for Walt Disney either
"Apparently he went broke seven times and had a nervous breakdown before
he realized his dreams and became successful"
"Here's how you, too, can be successful:
  First, accept yourself as human. Realize that it's all right to fall or
to fail. It's all part of the human experience. You don't have to be perfect
to be a worthwhile person. You just need to be you"
"Second, when you fall don't stay down. Recognize that the only real failure
is not to get up once more than you've either fallen or been knocked down"
""
"Kakadu: paradise in peril By Alan Attwood  

Can the federal government have its park and mine it, too?

  In shoes better suited to Parliament House corridors than dry stony scrub,
Barry Cohen was taking a close look at the Olgas, second-most popular
attraction in Uluru National Park. The Minister for Arts, Heritage and
Environment was exploring his portfolio at the grassroots level and recording
the experience with a video camera. A station wagon sped by on the nearby
red dirt road to Ayers Rock, leaving billowing dust in its wake. ""Perhaps
what we need here, Barry,"" said Professor Derrick Ovington, director of
the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, ""is a monorail.""
  The look on Cohen's face was similar to the expression favored
by New South Wales Premier Barrie Unsworth when he hears the word byelection"
"Cohen spent the next few minutes shaking his head in amazement. What next
- a lift to the top of Ayers Rock? Then it struck him that Ovington, an
eminently reasonable man who is on Uluru's board of management, was not
joking. Nor was Chip Morgan, the park superintendent and another reasonable
man. As a second car went by stirring up more red dust he noted how much
less mess a monorail might make. Cohen returned to his car with far more
to think about than sore feet"
"A monorail is not going to be built at Uluru; certainly not while Cohen
is minister, and probably never. No matter how many arguments are posited
about lack of dust or noise, cartoonists and conservationists would pillory
anyone brave or foolish enough to authorize it. But even the possibility
of such a project being raised is indicative of increasing pressures on
the Uluru and Kakadu National Parks, both visited by Cohen recently. The
ancient landscapes have fallen on modern times; the ruggedly beautiful
parks are being regarded less as wilderness areas and more as resources
for tourism, recreation and commercial ventures - all of which must be balanced
with Aboriginal interests in the land. Although a monorail can be dismissed
as a chimera, the question of mining cannot"
"The mere thought of mining in Uluru caused Cohen on his recent trip to
endorse a suggestion by Yami Lester, Aboriginal elder and chairman of the
Uluru board of management, that the park should be nominated for inclusion
on UNESCO's list of world heritage properties. This followed a submission
from the Northern Territory government on the proposed plan of management
for Uluru, in central Australia, which suggested that the possibility of
exploration and mining in the park should not be precluded. In response,
Lester described the NT government as ""a bunch of cowboys, interested only
in quick bucks,"" and Cohen privately expressed his opinion that certain
NT ministers would ""mine the gold in their grandmothers' mouths if they
got a chance.""
  Thus there was considerable piquancy in the news that Cohen had received a 
letter from Prime Minister Bob Hawke expressing his concern that the proposed
plan of management for Kakadu, 200 km southeast of Darwin, did not make 
provision for any future recovery of minerals. In two weeks Cohen had moved 
from the tranquillity of a bush trip into controversy, seemingly defending a 
besieged environment not only from northern marauders but also aggressors 
within his own camp. It may have made him appreciate the prescience of Justice
Russell Fox who, in his second report on the Ranger uranium project in
1977, said of the Kakadu area: ""Possibly no other part of Australia is faced
with as many strong and concurrent competing claims for the use of the
land as this region.""
  At issue is the proposed stage three extension of Kakadu, consisting
of about 6,000 sq km from the Gimbat and Goodparla pastoral leases. (Stage
one of Kakadu, including 6,144 sq km, was proclaimed on April 5,1979"
"In 1980 it became the first part of Australia to be included on the world
heritage list. Stage two, containing 6,929 sq km in the north, was proclaimed
on February 28, 1984.) At the opening of the present parliament, the government
announced its intention to extend the park. The proposed stage three would
take into the park virtually all the water catchments of the South Alligator
River system that feeds into Kakadu wet lowlands, rich with birdlife. In
his 1977 recommendations on the development of the region, Fox stated: ""It
is desirable to include at least one large total catchment in a regional
national park ... the South Alligator River catchment is clearly the most
suitable."" The problem for Cohen and his ministerial colleagues is that
this same region is being regarded by mineral exploration companies as
a potentially rich source of gold and platinum. And while the proposed Kakadu
plan of management states that a main objective ""is to protect the park's
resources from exploitation,"" it also acknowledges that mineral leases issued
before the declaration of the park should be respected. Such a lease is
that held by Coronation Hill joint venturers, with the major partners being
BHP and the Canadian-based mining company Noranda Australia. Located near
the South Alligator River, the mine would be in the park under Kakadu's
stage three extension. The question is: Can the government have its park
and mine it too?
  Barry Cohen describes as one of the few mystical experiences of his life
a helicopter ride he once made over the Kakadu wetlands as thousands of
magpie geese rose as one from the water. But his first view of the Coronation
Hill site during his recent trip did not inspire rhapsody. From the helicopter
as it circled the scarred hill the prospect was of dry
olive-colored scrub and ochre abrasions. The uranium mine
that was worked on the site from 1955 to 1961 resisted encroachment by the 
surrounding bush: still visible are the disused shafts and tailing heaps"
"Waiting to greet the minister were four men from BHP, led by Richard Carter,
the company's general manager for resource planning and development. Wearing
a peaked cap and sunglasses against the midday glare, Carter made a
presentation replete with charts and figures about what had been done in
the way of mineral exploration. At the end of 1984 the old data from the
mine was reassessed; since then exploratory drilling in the area has been
carried out. What has been found are significant quantities of gold - an
average of five grams per tonne. There are also workable amounts of palladium
and platinum and BHP believes there are diamonds and silver"
"Carter showed a perspiring minister a map with an area of about 60 km by
20 km colored red and marked ""Potential Exploration Area"", although
he added that present exploration is being done in an area measuring only
400 m by 150 m. Asked by the National Parks' Ovington why the joint venturers
were not interested in a less controversial area, given the environmental
sensitivity of the South Alligator region, Carter replied, ""I would rather
dig in a place I know there is gold."" This year the Coronation Hill joint
venturers will spend well over $A2 million on exploration and research"
"They hope that by next year they will know if a mining operation is feasible,
and also that the future of the region has been decided by the government"
"Not unnaturally, the miners would like some return for their investment,
but once again Cohen has reason to recall Fox, who wrote of difficulties
being accentuated ""because companies were encouraged to explore, and were
encouraged in the belief that mining would be allowed, before environmental
consequences were fully examined. Great care should therefore be taken
to ensure that no expectations are raised that further mining development will
be permitted."" In a confidential submission to Cohen on the project the joint
venturerers wrote: ""We believe the Coronation Hill deposit has less
environmental problems than many other mines in Australia."" But Ovington
and conservationists doubt if any mining operations could be contained"
"If there was any leakage of noxious materials into the river system feeding
into the park, damage to the ecosystem could be incalculable. This is why
one proposal about the future of the Coronation Hill project - that it be
excised from any stage three extension of the park, just as the Ranger
uranium mine is inside the park but officially not part of it - makes more
academic than practical sense"
"On the question of Coronation Hill specifically and, more generally,
exploration for minerals in the park - even if, as mining groups maintain,
it is just to ascertain what is there - Cohen faces such disparate opponents
as NT Chief Minister Steve Hatton, National Party Leader Ian Sinclair,
Resources and Energy Minister Gareth Evans and the Prime Minister himself
who, while denying reports that the government was considering further uranium
mining in the park, does not want to preclude exploration for other minerals"
"A semblance of unity was achieved on Sunday when Cohen and Evans co-issued a
statement discussing how ""overwhelmingly important national economic
interests"" could be balanced with ""one of the most beautiful and important
parts of our whole natural and cultural heritage""; but their portfolios -
Resources and Environment - are uneasy bedfellows"
"Although mining has dominated recent discussion about the future of national
parks, in the long term, other issues such as booming tourism (increasing
at Uluru annually by about 10%; at Kakadu about 30%) and the delicate juggling
act involved in reconciling black and white claims on the land, will warrant
equal attention. The parks are old, but not indestructible. As cabinet met
this week off Sydney aboard HMAS Stalwart there were reports that Hawke
faced a backbench revolt on the question of mining in Kakadu. One matter
before cabinet was Kakadu stage three. It was hard not to feel that the
government's parks policy, like the cabinet itself, was all at sea"
""
"America equal to the task  

THE United States is in the process of proving yet again that the price
of freedom is eternal vigilance against its own government"
"Whether President Reagan himself ordered and presided over a systematic
campaign to hoodwink, bypass and defy Congress is not yet proven but there
is, at the very least, the strongest cause for concern"
"It is now undoubted that such a campaign was run and that its aim was
to shrug off the limits on foreign adventurism imposed on the Reagan
administration by a wary Congress. Who was responsible will be revealed as
inquiries proceed in the full glare of media spotlights"
"There are two messages for the thoughtful. The first is that one of the
two most powerful men in the world must, whoever he is, chafe under restraints
on his power. But some presidents have managed to achieve greatness without
regarding themselves as above the law. The second message is that there
was genius indeed in the ranks of those who drew up the American constitution"
"The strength of US institutions which carried the nation through Watergate
and its aftermath is being drawn on again now, and will prove adequate to
the challenge. America is often reviled and berated around the world, but
it is the country's greatest attribute that for every question asked and
criticism heard outside its boundaries, five of each are heard within"
"No nation is so self-questioning, no country more aware of its own
imperfections"
"NOW a new bout of navel-contemplation will ensue as the tragic flaws in
one of the most popular presidents in US history become daily more plain"
"It is a process both painful and self-renewing for America, and ultimately
it is cleansing"
"Much of the criticism of the US heard in Australia is at least partly
justified. But even America's critics would do well to pause now, to watch
and listen and to marvel. At times careless of foreign friends, arrogant
and even imperialist, the United States can be the most irritating of friends
as well as the most ominous of enemies. But it is a great nation in its
defence of its own democracy even against itself"
"At bay now, President Reagan is saying the present crisis is all the fault
of a too-inquisitive press. Only his most unquestioning admirers will agree
with him. Richard Nixon said something similar and, finally, no one agreed
with him"
""
"Verdict of world's financial markets will be critical to Budget's 
successGLENDA KORPORAAL 

AS Paul Keating prepares to read his fourth Budget speech to the House of
Representatives at 8 o'clock tonight he has one piece of good news - that
the world financial markets appear to have temporarily expended their doom
and gloom about the Australian economy"
"That is not to say they will not turn vicious again if the Government does
not deliver what is seen to be a tough and responsible Budget. But at least
the document is not being delivered in an atmosphere of irrational panic
of the kind which we have seen in recent months. 
  The news that the influential Barron's financial weekly (a paper which
maintains Clarence Barron's tradition of perceptive financial analysis with
a wry sense of humour) has delivered a cheerfully contrarian thumbs-up for
the Australian economy, and that the London market was moving back into
Australian bonds late last week, is important for the relatively small
Australian capital markets which so constantly take their lead from what
they perceive to be overseas sentiment"
"In this atmosphere it should mean that the Australian financial markets
- assured that the bears in London and New York are taking a quiet nap for
the week - can sensibly analyse what will be a very crucial Budget for the
Australian economy"
"It would be very easy to write off the almost neurotic preoccupation of
the domestic markets with the sentiments of investors in the major world
financial centres as being yet another example of the Great Australian Cultural
Cringe"
But that is only partly true
"The fact is that the sheer size of international markets is sufficient
for any major change in overseas sentiment to have a major impact in Australian
capital markets"
"It was the sheer flood of overseas speculative capital which came into
Australia in 1983 which eventually forced the Government to float the dollar"
"And earlier this year, a bullish recommendation from the great American
bond trading house, Salomon Brothers of New York, was able to temporarily
reverse the steady slide in the Australian dollar"
"(It is no wonder that Salomon Brothers economists were enthusiastically
prescribing a good tightening of Australian monetary policy when the dollar
resumed its slide - one can only wonder what sort of phone calls the house
was getting from its US clients who had just sunk their hard-earned greenbacks
into Australian equities)"
"The simple fact is that financial markets are now irreversibly
international, inescapably multinational"
"A combination of the floating of the world's major currencies in the early
1970s, the development of advanced communication and sophisticated 
telecommunications systems, cheaper air travel, the late 1970s push to recycle
the petrodollars, deregulation of financial markets and the subsequent
intense competition across the board in the capital markets - from banking to
investment banking and broking - has produced an international financial
system which players ignore at their peril"
"Corporate clients, particularly the well-courted Australian company
treasurers, now demand a full range of international financial services
from their bankers and financial advisers. And if they cannot get it from
one house they will shop around for another which can offer international
products"
"These days it is almost mandatory for anyone in the financial business to
have ready - that is, virtually real-time - access to sources of information
about overseas markets, and preferably informal or formal links with firms
in the world's major financial centres"
""
"CHAPTER THREE MECHANICAL SAFETY Introduction  

55.      Claims have been made that the strong competition in
the coach industry has resulted in a reduction in the
mechanical safety of vehicles. However, the entry of new 
operators between 1980 and 1984 has resulted in a substantial
reduction in the age profile of the express coach fleet, which
has served to improve the overall standard of mechanical
safety. The major long established operators have undertaken
major fleet upgrading with the purchase of new coaches during
1984. Before the entry of the new operators the established
operators were running older fleets, with the average age of
coaches used by one operator being around 10 to 12 years. The
average fleet age at the end of 1984 was about 2 to 3 years"
"56.      Design standards for buses are specified by Australian
Design Rules (ADRs) and Consolidated Draft Regulations (CDRs),
which are formulated by the Australian Transport Advisory
Council (ATAC). ADRs are national mandatory standards for all
new buses while CDRs are used by States and Territories as a
model for their individual regulations. ADRs specify
technically complex standards for safety features or for the
control of motor vehicle emissions and noise. Laboratory
procedures are required in order to test for compliance with
ADRs"
"57.      It is felt that with some exceptions existing design
standards provide a relatively high level of passenger
protection, apart from a few deficiencies in the matters of
seating, brakes, tyres and roll-over strength which will be
discussed later in this chapter"
"58.      Some concern was raised during the Inquiry as to the
standard of imported buses. It was claimed that some states
will register these vehicles without a compliance plate and
that many vehicles are falling short of current safety
standards. All imported buses, including second hand vehicles,
should meet current ADRs at the time of importation. It is
essential that all imported buses are assessed for compliance
with current ADRs before customs clearance and that compliance
regulations be strictly enforced by the vehicle registration
authorities. The Committee recommends that:

        the Minister for Industry, Technology and Commerce 
        ensure that all imported trucks and buses, including 
        second hand vehicles, meet current Australian Design 
        Rules at the time of importation"
"Tyres  

59.      Tyres are vital to the safe operation of all road
vehicles. It is essential that the use of sub-standard tyres
does not jeopardise the safety of the vehicle. Tyres can be
sub-standard because of poor manufacture or design,
inappropriate use or simply wear and tear"
60.      Adequate standards are needed for new vehicle tyres
"At present there is no ADR for tyres on new heavy vehicles,
including buses. The only tyre standards for buses are those
set down in the CDRs, which specify only very general
requirements. The need for an ADR for commercial vehicle tyres
is currently under review"
"61.      The Road Safety Committee's 1977 Report on Heavy
Vehicle Safety recommended that a program of research be
implemented with a view to the drafting of an ADR on heavy
vehicle tyres. The Government accepted this recommendation in
broad principle but indicated that the Advisory Committee on
Safety in Vehicle Design (ACSVD) had advised that because of
the expense of research programs an analysis of truck accident
data was needed to identify the problem areas before a research
program could be recommended. It would appear that this long-
term project has not been completed"
"62.      While ADRs can regulate tyres on new vehicles they
cannot be used to ensure the quality of replacement tyres"
"Controlling replacement tyres, not only for buses but for all
vehicles, is at least as important as a mandatory standard for
original tyres"
"63.      The Federal Office of Road Safety supports the
introduction of an ADR for tyres on heavy vehicles and a
control mechanism for replacement tyres. Although the Committee
is not aware of any deficiencies in new tyres for these
vehicles it feels that to ensure performance characteristics
of tyres an ADR is warranted. The Committee therefore reaffirms
the conclusions from the Heavy Vehicle Report and recommends
that:

    (a) the Minister for Transport seek the cooperation of the
        States and Territories through the Australian Transport
        Advisory Council to prepare standards in the form of an
        Australian Design Rule for heavy vehicle tyres"
"(b) the Minister for Transport and the Attorney-General ensure
        that all tyre standards in Australian Design Rules be
        incorporated in a Product Safety Standard under the Trade
        Practices Act"
"This latter recommendation would include car tyres as well as
heavy vehicle tyres"
"64.      Ensuring the quality of new tyres through mandatory
standards is administratively easier than the next step, which
is ensuring that tyres are replaced when they become
unserviceable through wear and tear. Heavy vehicle tyres should
be safe when operated within their recommended service
limitations. It has been suggested that the most effective way
to avoid accidents due to tyre failure would be for regulatory
authorities to ensure that vehicle users maintain and operate
tyres according to the manufacturers' recommendations,
particularly those standards recommended by the Australian Tyre
and Rim Association"
"65.      One TWU witness claimed that replacing new tyres on
vehicles with older, worn tyres is a common practice within the
industry. He claimed that a ""baldy back dual-wheel tyre would
be put on the inside where it could not be seen"". However,
these claims were contradicted by several other drivers. One
driver who had been employed by one company for 6.5 years and
who drove about 9,000 kms a week, told the Committee that he
had experienced only one blowout during this time. Other
drivers said that the number of skids, flat tyres or blowouts
that they had encountered during their driving careers had been
minimal. One operator advised that only new tyres were fitted
as replacement tyres as these were more economic than retreads"
"Although the Committee was provided with no evidence to support
the views expressed by the TWU it is nevertheless concerned
that replacement tyres are not regulated"
"66.      The Road Safety Committee's 1980 Report on Tyre Safety
concluded that tyres are a causative factor in only a
relatively small proportion of accidents in Australia, while
at the same time commenting on the inadequacy of the available
data. It was suggested that tyres may play a more important
role in accidents than existing data generally suggest"
"67.      To ensure that sub-standard tyres are not being used
on vehicles, and thereby reducing safety, it is important that
there are mechanisms available to monitor the standards of
tyres in use"
"This is only possible through inspection procedures. Random
inspections are the most effective way of detecting the use of
worn or otherwise substandard tyres. Tyres can become
unserviceable between registration inspections. It is also
possible that inspections at the time of vehicle registration
may not detect such tyres as operators would have the
opportunity of removing these tyres and replacing them with
newer ones. Some witnesses claimed that such practices do in
fact take place. If there is any truth to these allegations,
a strong system of random inspections would detect those
operators using unroadworthy tyres on vehicles. This is
particularly necessary for commercial vehicles, such as
coaches, travelling large distances between registration
inspections"
"Brakes  

68.      Since July 1980 the braking of buses has been
specified by ADR 35A, which is based largely on USA
regulations. Buses first registered before 1980 may not comply
with ADR 35A. However, a major review of heavy vehicle braking
is currently being undertaken by VSAC, which is assessing the
suitability of the latest Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
braking regulations for their adoption as the ADR for braking"
"69.      There have been significant developments in heavy
vehicle braking systems in recent years. More sophisticated
systems such as the anti-lock braking system (ABS) developed
by Mercedes Benz have been shown to significantly improve the
performance of heavy vehicles when braking. Road tests have
shown that the ABS greatly increases vehicle control in all
driving conditions and reduces stopping distances and skidding"
"The ABS and other developments in braking should be looked at
closely in formulating a new ADR"
"70.      The Heavy Vehicle Safety Report in 1977 recommended
that consideration should be given to making auxiliary braking
a requirement on all buses which may be used on long distance
touring. Although auxiliary braking for coaches has not been
made mandatory, most coaches have some form of auxiliary
braking fitted, such as an exhaust brake. The Committee
was told that there would not be many vehicles operating
without such braking systems"
"71.      The NRFII similarly concluded that immediate attention
be given to the fitting of auxiliary braking systems, further
reinforcing the conclusion reached by the Heavy Vehicle Report
in 1977. Requiring all buses to be fitted with auxiliary will not be a burden to the industry. Making auxiliary mandatory will require that they be kept in working
order"
"72.      The Committee recommends that:

        the Minister for Transport seek the cooperation of the
        Australian Transport Advisory Council to give immediate
        consideration to making auxiliary braking systems mandatory 
        for all heavy vehicles"
"Structural strength  

73.      In Australia there are no statutory requirements for
the structural strength of the body and chassises of buses. The
main reason for this appears to be the high cost which would
be involved in determining a standard, which of course involves
crash testing of vehicles. The roll-over strength of buses is
receiving considerable attention in Europe, but as yet there
is no clear definition of appropriate standards. Most witnesses
agreed that Australia should await the conclusion of overseas
research and the resulting requirements because of the very
high cost which is involved in this research"
"74.      At present structural strength is determined basically
by calculation and by a certain amount of rig testing. Although
there is no crash testing, sections of vehicles are destroyed
to enable the estimation of the general strength of a body as
a complete body"
"75.      The Committee was told that Australian coaches are
more strongly constructed than those in Europe because of the
more damaging effects of many Australian roads on buses. It was
stated that there is ""no doubt that the roll-over strength of
Australian buses would be better than those constructed in
Europe"""
"76.      Although the Committee does not question this
statement, it is concerned that there are no standards or codes
of practice in Australia to ensure that the roll-over strength
of buses is adequate. While there is a need for a standard to
be determined, the Committee realises that there would be
problems in having a standard which was incompatible with those
in other relevant countries or which requires impact testing
for compliance. While any delay in the implementation of a
suitable standard should be avoided, the Committee recognises
the advantages of waiting for the European standard. However,
it is also important that the standards developed overseas will
be suited to the different conditions experienced by vehicles
in Australia. The Committee recommends that:

        the Minister for Transport in cooperation with the
        Australian Transport Advisory Council:

        (a) monitor European developments on standards for 
            bus roll-over strength to assess their suitability 
            for adoption in Australia"
"(b) develop and implement as soon as possible an Australian
            Design Rule setting standards for bus roll-over strength"
"Seating  

77.      The importance of strong seat anchorages and seat
structures in buses is self-evident, however, design
deficiencies in this area have been noted by several witnesses"
"78.      The 1977 Heavy Vehicle Safety Report drew attention
to the practice by which some bus seats are secured to the
plywood floor with bolts which would pull out at a load of
about 100kg. In a minor front-end accident it was alleged that
all the seats in the bus would pull out from the floor. As well
as not restraining passengers, the seat anchorage fittings
would then be in a position to cause injury to
passengers"
"79.      A study on seating requirements revealed relatively
low levels of energy absorption in the tests conducted on seats
being fitted to Australian buses at that time."
"Lionel Murphy's last stand By John Stackhouse  

THE TWO-YEAR drama involving Justice Lionel Murphy will now inevitably
end in tragedy. On Friday, the 63-year-old High Court judge, stricken with
terminal cancers, engaged in a crushing public exchange with the Chief Justice,
Sir Harry Gibbs, then ended his long isolation from the bench by marching
in with his brother justices and taking the seat he had not occupied while
facing criminal charges"
"Murphy's action effectively put an end to the legal and political
controversy that has surrounded him, the parliament and the court since
newspaper publication of the illegal New South Wales police phone taps
two-and-a-half years ago. The taps were on the telephone of Sydney solicitor
Morgan Ryan. Murphy's was identified as one of the voices on the tape and
allegedly he became involved in conspiring to influence the outcome of
criminal matters involving Ryan"
"A trial, before Justice Henry Cantor in the NSW Supreme Court found him
guilty and Murphy was sentenced to 18 months in jail. But the appeals court
threw out the verdict and the sentence and ordered another trial. At that
trial, Murphy chose to make an unsworn statement from the dock direct to
the jury, a course which drew unprecedented criticism from the legal
establishment. He was acquitted and discharged"
"But last May, before Murphy could resume his seat on the bench, the
government was told his brother judges would go on judicial strike. Prime
Minister Bob Hawke ordered rush legislation to be drafted for an investigation
by three retired judges into his fitness to occupy the bench"
"On Friday, Murphy broke the news he was suffering from bowel and liver
cancer in their secondary stages. ""There is no cure and no treatment,"" he
said in a press statement. ""The advice is that in the absence of a remission
I shall not live very long. At the moment, I am not in any pain and I feel
quite well. My medical advice is that I am able to resume sitting on the
court. I have chosen to spend what portion I can of the limited time available
in doing as much judicial duty as I usefully can.""
  Murphy also said he would not attend any more hearings of the parliamentary
inquiry. He ended the statement like a battler: ""Despite the medical advice,
I have not given up hope.""
  Before the court resumed, Gibbs took the unusual step of issuing his own
press statement. He recorded Murphy's notice that he intended to ""exercise
his constitutional right to sit on the court notwithstanding that the
parliamentary commission of inquiry has not yet made its report"""
"Gibbs went on: ""It is essential that the integrity and reputation of any
justice of this court be seen to be beyond question. That being so I regard
it as most undesirable that Mr Justice Murphy should sit while matters
into which the commission is inquiring remain unresolved and before the
commission has made its report.""
  After the Gibbs statement, Murphy retaliated. He made public a letter
which he had sent Gibbs earlier emphasising his ""constitutional right to
sit until death, resignation or removal... It is not for the Chief Justice
or any justice to decide whether it is undesirable for any other justice
to sit on the court. It is improper for one judge to publicly express an
opinion on the desirability of another to continue as a justice or to exercise
his functions as a justice. This is at the foundation of the independence
of the judiciary.""
  Murphy also took the chance to pin on Gibbs the responsibility for panicking
the Hawke government into setting up the parliamentary inquiry after Murphy's
acquittal on the conspiracy charges. He claimed: ""In May the government,
through two ministers, informed me that you had said that if I resumed
sitting the court might or would go on strike. I now know that most members
of the court had not even contemplated such a course. However, I have not
heard any public denial by you.""
  After this exchange, Murphy's entrance to the court had the effect of
making the inquiry irrelevant. He clearly had the government's support"
"Before flying to London, Hawke said while Gibbs was entitled to his opinion
""it is clear it is a different one to mine"". At the same time, the acting
Attorney-General Gareth Evans announced the government would pay Murphy's
inquiry costs, estimated at about $500,000. Friends do not expect Murphy
to remain on the bench very long. By sitting on Friday and again this week,
he has made his point and in the eyes of his supporters has vindicated
himself. His action closes his career and also a chapter in the history
of the court"
"Murphy's letter to Gibbs underlines a little understood point. As he was
apppointed before changes in judicial tenure in 1977, Murphy is a judge
for life. Gibbs as Chief Justice must retire at the age of 70 in a few months"
"Now, inevitably and tragically, the government will make two appointments
to the court which will substantially change its balance, from conservative
to liberal and from favoring state diversity to centralism. In his last
sittings, in fact, Murphy's liberalism and centralism may well influence
the way the commonwealth's powers are exercised as a result of cases that
have been sitting on the back burner because of difficulty in convening
a full court in Murphy's absence"
"Former Senate president Justin O'Byrne said at the weekend: ""I accuse
his accusers of sentencing him to death by the substantial pressures they
have placed upon him."" A legal admirer said: ""I have no doubt the disease
was caused by the unrelenting campaign against him. There is a collegiate
ideology in the law which is overwhelmingly conservative. Anyone who steps
outside the consensus is automatically a traitor.""
  Outside the emotional context of the weekend's events, medical opinion
is divided on whether pressures on an individual can or cannot trigger
cancer. Although the question is controversial, there is a strong body of
anecdotal evidence to suggest stress does"
"As another friend said: ""During these two years or more Lionel has bottled
up his stress. To the people around him he has exuded unruffled good humor
and has never let himself seem to be depressed. He never let it out or seemed
to give the stress any relief."" Murphy will live on in Labor legend and
ensure that he becomes a martyr to the changes the Whitlam era brought about
in Australia"
""
"Structural change in language obsolescence: some eastern Australian
examples By Peter Austin 1. INTRODUCTION  

The phenomenon of `language obsolescence' or `language death' was first
discussed in Swadesh 1948 but has only come to the attention of linguists
in the last decade, especially as a result of the work of Nancy Dorian (1973,
1978, 1981). In 1977 the International Journal of the Sociology of Language
devoted an entire volume (Dressler and Wodak-Leodolter 1977) to the topic
of language death. Other recent papers include Voegelin and Voegelin 1977
and Hill 1980; the latter work contains an extensive bibliography on the
subject. 
  Much of the material published to date on language obsolescence
has dealt with the sociolinguistic aspects of language contact, acculturation,
and changes which have occurred in the speech community as language usage
and preferences have changed. There has been a small amount of published
research on the consequences of language obsolescence for the structure
of the languages involved and the ways their phonology, morphology and syntax
have changed (see Dorian 1973, 1978, 1981; Dressler 1972; Dixon 1984; Hill
1973, 1980; Schmidt 1983, 1985). The present paper is a set of observations,
based upon my own work and the grammatical descriptions of Donaldson 1980
and Eades 1976, documenting some of the structural changes which have taken
place in a number of eastern Australian languages as a result of contact
with and domination by English"
"2. SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE OBSOLESCENCE  

Kloss 1984 (cited in Edwards (1985:49)) identifies three ways that languages
die: (a) language death without language shift; (b) language death because of 
language shift; and (c) nominal language death through a metamorphosis (e.g 
downgrading to dialect status). Most instances of language obsolescence or 
language death reported so far involve language replacement or shift, that is,
descendents of members of a speech community no longer speak the former
language but have switched to another one. Typically, the language of a
socially and politically dominant group replaces the speech of a (numerically)
smaller, less powerful group in the community. Many of the recorded examples
are of major Indo-European languages (English, Spanish, French) superseding
smaller minority languages (both Indo-European, e.g. Gaelic, or Breton,
and non-Indo-European, e.g. American Indian, Australian). Typically
obsolescence follows a phase of unstable bilingualism and represents the
terminus of a language shift. Extremely rare is the case of a language dying
because of the death of its last fluent monolingual speaker, although Swadesh
mentions Yahi, as spoken by Ishi, as an example. Much more common is for
monolingual speakers to be replaced by bilinguals and finally by monolinguals
in the replacing language"
"The replacement process can take quite a long time and the period of
obsolescence or death may extend over many generations, making it difficult
to say exactly when a language has died (in the sense of being totally
extinguished). Dorian has identified two types of speakers to be found in
the terminal phase of a dying language; to these we can add a further two
found in the last stages in Australia and elsewhere:

  (1) fluent speakers - bilinguals showing linguistic and sociolinguistic
competence in the dying language;

  (2) semi-speakers - bilinguals showing a reduction in their linguistic
repertoire and range of usage vis-a-vis fluent speakers - semispeakers
can often produce words of sentences in the language but show limitations
in structure and function. (Note, semi-speakers can often appear to have
greater fluency than they do depending upon their sociolinguistic skills and
ability to interact appropriately with fluent speakers);
  
  (3) former speakers - the last speakers of a language who may once have
been fluent but because of a period of disuse (during which there has been
no-one else to use the language with) show very limited ability to use their
former language;

  (4) rememberers - those who are able to recall a limited amount of lexical
material or fixed locutions in a language which they once heard spoken but
never really learned. Rememberers may exist many generations after the death
of the last speaker - for example, Tasmanian languages ceased to be spoken in 
the last quarter of last century but in 1972 Terry Crowley was able to tape-
record words and phrases in Tasmanian from two rememberers whose mother had 
been a former speaker (see Dixon and Crowley 1981)"
"The exact mixture of speakers in a speech community in which a language
is dying varies tremendously from group to group. There are a number of
sociocultural factors which interact to influence the fate of a dying language,
affecting its learning, use and recall in its last stages of disuse. These
factors are social, personal and historical and hence the actual process
of loss may be quite different in different communities. In general, however,
we find for dying languages: 

  (1) a narrowing and reduction of the communicative situations in which
the language is used, which leads to:
 
  (2) a narrowing of functional range within which the language operates,
leading in turn to:

  (3) a narrowing and reduction in total linguistic repertoire. This is
characterized by the loss of stylistic variation (""stylistic shrinkage""
is Dressler's term) and, later, structural effects on the remaining single
style, including:

    (a)  lexical reduction

    (b)  phonological levelling, with loss or confusion of earlier contrasts

    (c)  morphological reduction and levelling

    (d)  syntactic reduction and fossilisation, including a decrease in
         frequency or loss of strategies for producing complex sentences
         (subordination and coordination)"
"In the following sections we examine some instances of such structural
changes in Aboriginal languages of eastern Australia"
"3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND  

When eastern Australia was claimed in 1770 by the English explorer Captain 
James Cook there was probably an Aboriginal population of 300,000 divided into 
600 `tribes' speaking 250 languages (Blake & Dixon 1979:1). In 1788 a colony 
was established at the present site of Sydney (New South Wales) and initially 
amicable relations between the original inhabitants and the white immigrant 
population were begun. Over the years and with the establishment of
new colonies at Melbourne (Victoria), Hobart (Tasmania) and Perth (Western
Australia) in the early part of the nineteenth century, tensions developed
between the two groups and open conflict broke out. There were murders,
massacres of large groups of Aborigines and extermination of whole tribal
populations. Foreign disease introduced by the colonists also took its toll
and the population fell dramatically to the point where the Aborigines were
held to be a ""dying  race"". By 1876 the last Tasmanian full blood was dead
and it was felt that other groups would face a similar fate. The demographic
situation reached its lowest ebb in the 1930's, since which time Aboriginal
populations, especially in the north, have been expanding rapidly. There
are currently about 150,000 Aborigines (including full and part Aborigines)
living throughout Australia"
"The present-day linguistic situation can be divided into two areas. Firstly,
in the south (including southern and central Queensland, New South Wales,
Victoria, eastern South Australia and southern Western Australia) the languages
are either extinct or remembered by their last few speakers. In the north,
on the other hand, the languages are still spoken actively and for some
the speech community is expanding (some of the smaller languages are being
replaced by other Australian languages). Bilingual education programs are
operating in a number of areas and the survival prospects of some of the
languages are good, at least in the short term"
"Linguists working in the southern part of Australia, including myself,
have too often in the past been concerned with recording the structures
of the dying languages, usually from the oldest fluent speakers available,
while ignoring the contemporary speech situation. Varieties of language
spoken by generations below the oldest have been regularly ignored. The
only notable exceptions to this lack of concern in Australia with whole
community studies are Donaldson 1980 (see below), and Douglas 1976, which
contains an interesting discussion of the Nyungar language and its contemporary
variant ""Neo-Nyungar"", spoken in the south-west of Western Australia"
"Recently there has been an upsurge of interest in the range of contemporary
language varieties, including styles being acquired and used by children
and adolescents (see Bavin 1987, Bavin and Shopen 1987, Black 1981, Dixon
1984, Lee 1983, Schmidt 1983, 1985). As Australianists become more aware
of the issues involved there may well be more and better discussion of both
the sociolonguistic and linguistic structures of speech communities, not
just of the isolated elders preserving the `pure' form of the Aboriginal
language"
"4. THREE EASTERN AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGES  

I will be concerned with three languages spoken in New South Wales, Kamilaraay
(also known as Kamilaroi) from the slopes and plains around the Namoi river
system (including as a dialect Yuwaalaraay - see Austin, Williams and Wurm
1980, and Williams 1980), Ngiyampaa (or Wangaaypuwan) spoken in western
New South Wales near the Lachlan River (Donaldson 1980, 1985), and Dharawal
spoken on the south coast near the Victorian border (Eades 1976). All three
languages are on the way to extinction. Kamilaraay seems, from the available
evidence, to be quite closely related to Ngiyampaa; probably belonging to
the same subgroup as it (Austin, Williams and Wurm 1980). The exact
relationship between this subgroup and Dharawal has yet to be determined"
"Hill (1980:2) points out that there are two possible approaches to the
study of language obsolescence and death: 

  (1) longitudinal - comparing text material of several known dates;

  (2) the simulation of time depth by comparison of contemporary speakers
over a range of linguistic expertise"
"These approaches may be supported by contrastive analysis of the languages
in contact to identify features in the dying language that have arisen from
the process of shift, for example, incorporation of phonetic segments or
syntactic structures from the dominant language"
"In the case of Kamilaraay and Ngiyampaa we have two closely related languages
to which these methods of investigation can be applied:

  (a) for Kamilaraay we have good recordings dating back to the 1870's (Ridley
1875, Greenway 1877) together with records from trained linguists from 1955,
when the last fluent speaker was still alive (Wurm 1955a), and 1975 (Austin
1975). For the Yuwaalaraay dialect we have Williams 1980 which is a descriptive
grammar based on the speech of the last two fluent speakers recorded by
her in 1975-78 (and by Janet Mathews several years earlier), together with
Wurm's 1955 material (Wurm 1955b);

  (b) for Ngiyampaa there are poor early recordings from the turn of the
century (Mathews, 1902, 1903, 1904) and Donaldson's detailed work carried
out during 1973-77 (resulting in Donaldson 1980, 1985) with all members of
the speech community then living, ranging from fluent speakers through to
rememberers with knowledge of only a few words"
"We are thus in a unique position to document structural changes which have
taken place in the languages over time. Eades' 1976 study of the remnants
of Dharawal can be used as a comparative and confirmatory source"
"4.1 Kamilaraay  

Earliest recordings of Kamilaraay date from the 1850's and include large
amounts of material written down by the missionaries Ridley and Greenway"
"Around 1910 the amateur anthropologist R.H. Mathews recorded quite detailed
information (unfortunately fairly poor phonetically) including texts from
what seem to have been fluent speakers. In 1938 Tindale was able to collect
a text in Kamilaraay from an old man who had spoken the language in his
youth (see Austin and Tindale 1985). By 1949 Marie Reay found that:

    

She also describes the process by which the use of the language came to
be suppressed:

    

As a result of this connotation of shame connected with the use of the
Aboriginal languages they came to be more and more private languages used in
the domain of the family. Children grew up hearing them spoken less and less,
especially by their peer groups, and so the number of fluent speakers declined
rapidly. By 1955 S.A. Wurm was only able to find one fluent speaker of
Kamilaraay still living (he died within a year of Wurm's visit) and it is to
him that we owe recent relaible phonetic transcriptions with a fair amount of
morphological detail. Wurm 1955a consists of 44 pages of notes and is
accompanied by a 13 minute tape-recording of 118 sentences and some songs."
"Cricket pitch  

WITH the completion of a $4 million lighting system at the WACA Ground,
Perth has the facilities it needs to host more top-class cricket matches"
"All that is lacking now is a decent programme of matches for Perth to
give the cricket-starved WA public a long overdue fair go. That will require
a change of attitude by Australia's cricket administrators and more than
a few one-off matches this summer to coincide with the America's Cup"
"Despite WA's major contributions to Australian cricket, the State has been
a poor relation when it comes to hosting big matches. For instance, though
WA has reached the final of the limited-overs competition 11 times, only
two of those finals have been staged here. The rest have been held to cash
in on potentially bigger crowds - and financial returns - in other States"
"WA cricket fans are entitled to better treatment. With the provision of
the new lights, local facilities can no longer be used as an excuse to
deny WA a better share of top cricket action"
""
"By Brian Sweeney  CHAPTER TWO Stanthorpe and Coo-ee Cordials  

MY mother was a school teacher. And she was shrewd. She
confided in me that she had refused to be taught how to milk a
cow. She managed to have herself transferred from Roma State
School to the Fortitude Valley State School in Brisbane and in
1924, married my father. She was an ambitious woman and, after
I was born in 1925, the newlyweds moved into a hotel -
Sheahan's in Stanthorpe. My father had a good relationship with
the brewery and John Lonergan, subsequently managing director,
convinced Mr Devoy that he was worth supporting as a publican,
although he was very young"
"Both of them said these early years running Sheahan's
Hotel were the happiest years of their lives - a sentiment
certainly expressed by so many young marrieds of every
nationality. At twenty seven, my father became a civic leader
and a popular mine-host. He was always delighted to be able to
recount how A.B. ""Banjo"" Patterson spent a holiday with them as
a guest at their hotel. I still own Banjo's collected poems
signed by the poet, for my father. On the other side of the
sheet, a broken-down horse-trainer, George Benn (who had walked
700 kilometres from Cunnanulla leading his horse) was able to
tell me of ""Bob's"" great kindness to him. George subsequently
was a leading trainer in Brisbane. My father had the
pioneering spirit and, in 1929, with two other partners, he
began the first tobacco-growing plantation in Australia (which
later failed) and begot two more children"
"Eventually, the work of a licensed victualler became too
arduous, especially for my mother. As well, there had been a

strike by the drinkers of the town against a beer price rise"
"Miss O'Mara of O'Mara's Hotel (her brother was chairman of the
Brisbane Amateur Turf Club and the Queensland legal man for
John Wren) told me that my father had been leader for the five
hotel-keepers of the town and was fearless and wonderful. After
the strike was over, his business did suffer and, as my mother
did not like the environment of a hotel for bringing up
children, it was decided to change to some other type of
business. Eventually we came to Brisbane. It was early 1931 and
with the Great Depression about to strike it was a most
difficult time for a man, with a wife, three children and no
job"
"For a short time, my father was manager of the Queen's
Arms Hotel at New Farm and his money had almost gone. Then he
had the good fortune to meet in a bar (where else?) two of his
old friends, C.K. Norman and R.F.G. (later Sir Reginald)
Fogarty, later managing director of Carlton & United Breweries
Ltd. Mr Norman's firm was one of the creditors of the Coo-ee
Manufacturing Company, which made cordials and soft drinks at
a factory beside the Mater Hospital in South Brisbane. The firm
was bankrupt. Fogarty and Norman said my father should buy it,
and the amount of money needed was £286/6/0. I think my father
only had £20 and he borrowed £260 from my mother's midwife,
Matron Taylor of Finchly Private Hospital, Toowoomba. The
Sweeneys were in soft drinks"
"When I enrolled at the Christian Brothers, St Laurence's
in 1933, it was my sixth different school. There had been a
certain amount of contention as my mother wanted me to go to a
state school and, indeed, I had already been to four of them at
Stanthorpe, Ipswich Road Wooloowin and Coorparoo. However,
here I was at St Laurence's with an octogenarian teacher, the
same man who had taught my father (he was sixty years old then)
at St James, before World War I. Although many of us were in
awe of him (mostly I am sure because of his age), D.D. Quigley
was a dear man. Two things remain with me from my years at St
Laurence's; one, the fact that the relief workers who were
building a football oval for us were paid by the government so
they would not starve; the other, the fact that provided you
were careful, gelignite was not dangerous"
"I spent the next six years with the Brothers, following in
the footsteps of my father. During the whole of my student
time, I did not excel. The question of brains and talent is one
that still puzzles me. Perhaps I was and am mediocre, but I
believe all the early changes of school, and the personal
disruptions of my childhood and youth, made me a certain
mediocrity. (Also, I believe boys who are born late in the year
(in my case, November), should begin school a year later"
"This, of course, applies to sport and all other matters.)
     As far as sport was concerned, I was of no account. My
father said I had ""two left feet"", like him. I was endowed with
an excellent voice and, being the eldest, my mother had me
tutored in every conceivable peripheral activity. There were
singing and piano lessons from the Good Samaritan Sisters (Sister 
Bonaventure), tap dancing in the city at the G.J. Coles
building, Queen Street, and elocution lessons from Miss
O'Reilly. These elocution lessons made my Saturday afternoons
at Rialto Street, Coorparoo, so dreary. The walk home of over
a kilometre was especially tedious"
"But I did get a big chance in the theatre, when I played
Ginger in Ginger Meggs at the Princess Theatre, Annerley Road"
"The building is still there. During the last year or so the
Princess has been taken over by Remm Pty Ltd who have
refurbished it and leased it to the TN Theatre Co. We played
two nights in the theatre and gave one special performance for
the nuns at the Mater Hospital. Twenty-five years later, when
I was introduced to the Honourable V.C. Gair, he said to me at
once, "" I remember you playing Ginger Meggs at the Princess
Theatre."" Although I have no memory of the success or otherwise
of the play, it was a never-to-be-forgotten experience,
especially the red wig"
"One other event of those years that stays in my mind is
the St Patrick's Day March. Brought up as I was, distanced by
a generation from Ireland and its troubles, one would think
that I would have no interest. But, with people of the calibre
of Monsignor John English, the silver-tongued patriot, sitting
for hours with my father and grandmother ""talking treason"", as
they jokingly called it; one is influenced. I was aware, as we
walked down Queen Street four-abreast (""March on the tram
lines!""), that there was an element of dissent. I was not aware
then of the activities of Dr Mannix in Melbourne in 1919, with
his St Patrick's Day escort of twenty VC winners. Nor did a
ten-year-old know there was such a thing as the Protestant
Labor Party. It is a sign of the growing together of our
peoples that tolerance is more manifest today"
"The Coo-ee Cordial factory prospered almost at once, so
much so that my father bought a new house at Coorparoo - the
first home he had ever owned. My mother, ambitious as ever,
encouraged RJ to purchase another bankrupt softdrink company"
"This company was Owen Gardner and Sons, and had been in
business for 85 years. With considerable advice and help from
his accountant, Thomas Miles, and the financial support of the
National Bank, he took possession of the factory in McLachlan
Street, Fortitude Valley. The takeover day was most eventful
for my mother, as her last child - one of twins to survive -
Fabian, was born. The twins were a harbinger of things to come"
It was 3 February 1935
"CHAPTER THREE Owen Gardner & Sons  

IN 1924, Owen Gardner, a grandson of the founder of the company
of the same name, had taken leave from his business when he
was twenty four years old. He spent more than six years in the
United States of America and it is said that the cessation of
prohibition caused him to return home. Within a year or so of
his homecoming, he had no business, it was insolvent. My
father actually concluded the deal to purchase Owen Gardner &
Sons with Gardner in the Inebriates Home at Dunwich. In
epilogue , it must be said that Owen Gardner remained in the
service of the company until he retired more than twenty five
years later. Many times during that period, I reflected on the
fortunes of this man. (On one occasion, because of his
attachment to drink, the manager, Les Walmsley, gave him two
weeks suspension.)
     The Gardners had been prominent in Queensland since the
original Owen had arrived in Moreton Bay as a purser on a ship
in 1845. He was taken with the beauty of the district and what
seemed to him to be a place of great opportunity. And so, for
almost forty years, he began various businesses, both in the
city and at Strathpine. He founded the Normanby Rum distillery
in the Pine Rivers district, and had extensive timber
interests. He used to bring the timber and rum in his own
vessel to the city. Before long, he helped bring John Hicks
into business, using his timber to make Hixco furniture. He
built a soft drink factory on the river side of William Street,
but one of the floods in the 1870s caused him to rebuild on the
other side of William Street on a block that went through to
100 George Street, where today the premier of Queensland has
his offices. Gardner was most successful and public spirited;
for example, he presented the peal of bells to St John's
Cathedral in Ann Street, where they are still in use. When he
died in 1888, he left his heirs an estate of £120,000"
"The take over of this bankrupt business with Gardner was
very different from the Coo-ee Cordial purchase. It involved an
amount of about £4,000 but it meant that my father now owned
his premises. Moreover, he had trucks, machinery, a new staff
of about twenty people and not much cash. Within weeks, there
was a crisis. The manager, a Mr Kirkpatrick, left Owen Gardner
and Sons employ and almost immediately began negotiations with
the opposition, T. Tristram Pty Ltd, and gave them the rights
to bottle our ginger ale. This special product, sold by Owen
Gardner and Sons under the name of Kirks Ginger Ale was the
mainstay of the business. ( In fact, twenty years later, it
still comprised more than 60 per cent of our total sales.) T"
Tristram began selling Kirks Ginger Ale under the T.T. label
"Consequently, my father immediately placed an injunction on Mr
Tristram, and T. Tristram Pty Ltd"
"I can remember, at that time, there was no peace in our
home. A new baby, Fabian, coupled with the sad death of his
twin, and a new venture which had cost everything, as well as
an impending litigation suit with a much larger company, made
the situation at home very tense. I reckon my father (and I
suppose my mother) had no sleep at all"
"The best legal brains in Queensland were hired. Tristrams
had Mr McGill, KC and Mr Real. We had Mr Macrossan and Mr
McLaughlin. (I later married Mr Macrossan's daughter.) The case
was brought on fairly promptly before Mr Justice Edward
Douglas, and RJ won his case with damages of  £1,000, plus
costs"
"We all know the old adage about winners, how they can
laugh and the losers cry. Suffice it to say that the publicity
given to the litigation helped re-launch Kirks as a brand and
sales increased almost exponentially. The damages of £1,000
were like a real transfusion. Les Walmsley, my father's foreman
(and later works manager), told me that from then on, they
purchased sugar by the ton lot instead of by the bag, bottles
by the 100 gross instead of by the dozen, and all the trucks
had their tanks filled with petrol every night"
""
"Tragic Tony makes us laugh again  

 The tragic Tony Hancock still rates as a comic genius among 30 years of
television's great funnymen"
"Englishman Hancock, who took his own life in Sydney more than a decade
ago, was one of the early heroes of radio"
"So popular was his Hancock's Half Hour it was made into an even more
successful TV series"
"He developed a pompous, cowardly, but lovable character, adored by millions
around the world"
"The ABC brings back the best of Hancock with 16 black and white shows
on Wednesday nights at 8.30"
"The first in the series is the hilarious The Blood Donor which sees Hancock
teamed up with another great, the late Sid James"
"In this episode Hancock finds if you aren't careful, what you give can
very quickly be returned"
"Some of the other Hancock classics include The Missing Page, Twelve Angry
Men, The Radio Ham and The Bedsitter"
"It's a nice trip back to the sixties for those who remember Hancock at
his best"
""
"Politicians set to toil harder for their pay By Michael Grealy  

THE underworked politicians who fill the red leather benches of the NSW
Legislative Council may soon have to toil harder for their handsome salaries"
"State Cabinet has received a report recommending a Senate-style committee
system for the 45-member NSW Upper House"
"The council, for most of its 130 years a chamber of privilege and life-long
appointments, has survived repeated calls for its abolition and even a
referendum on its future as late as 1960"
"The Wran Government introduced the greatest reform of the council in 1978
by making it elected by popular franchise"
"The reform continued last year, when council members gained salary parity
with Legislative Assembly MPs and could devote their energies full time
to Parliamentary duties"
"`Geriatrics'
  Now, a select committee has proposed a system of five standing committees
for the council, a reform described last week by the committee's chairman,
Mr Ron Dyer, as one of the most significant developments in the council's
history"
"Mr Dyer, a Labor member of the council since 1979, admitted that council
members could make a greater contribution for their $43,098 salary"
"""In the past, the council was called a house of geriatrics and a gentlemen's
club,"" he said"
"""While there might have been some truth in this criticism, now that all
the members are full time and being paid on parity with Lower House members,
they ought to be working full time, but it is probably true to say they
are not sufficiently occupied at the moment"
"""The House needs to find a role, and the most effective way is by the 
committee system.""
  A former Liberal member of the council, Mr Lloyd Lange, called for a
committee system in 1980 but it was not until last year that the idea was
embraced by the ALP"
"The Premier, Mr Unsworth, then Government leader in the council, set up
the select committee, a fact Mr Dyer believes will help its passage through
Cabinet"
"The Dyer committee has recommended the immediate introduction of four
standing committees, covering subordinate legislation and deregulation,
State progress, social issues and country affairs, and a fifth committee 18 
months later to scrutinise legislation to ensure that civil liberties are not
infringed. 
  The report says the Australian Senate's committee system is comprehensive,
respected and acknowledged as having been responsible for revitalising
that chamber"
"It says the committees would give the Legislative Council greater relevance
and effectiveness, enhanced respect and greater sense of involvement by
members with contemporary issues and government business"
"""They won't obstruct government operations but complement them and give
the public input to policy before it finishes up in legislation,"" Mr Dyer
said"
"The select committee also recommended an expansion of the Public Accounts
Committee, the Legislative Assembly watchdog, to include Upper House members"
"The new joint committee should be required by law to examine at least one
statutory body in detail every six months, it said.  The choice should be
random to act as an incentive to good management of statutory bodies"
"Mr Dyer said the extra costs of the committees would be a ""very modest
$1 million"""
""
"Lawyer seeks user-pays NCSC, takeover tribunal By JOSEPH DOWLING and BEN POTTER  

The National Companies and Securities Commission should be entirely self-
funded and its power to hold hearings in relation to takeovers and market 
practices should be transferred to a takeover tribunal"
"The eminent takeover lawyer, Mr John Green from Freehill Hollingdale and 
Page, made these demands yesterday at a Sydney seminar on takeover 
legislation"
"Mr Green said the concept of ""user pays"" should apply to the NCSC, and he 
pointed out that the Securities and Exchange Commission in the United States 
and the Ontario Securities Commission were both self-funding"
"He said the NCSC should be freed from the restraints of government 
limitations on salaries and that the commission should be allowed to pay what 
was necessary to retain expert staff"
"""The securities markets and transactions in them move exceedingly quickly"
"""Therefore we need an NCSC that can move as quickly and readily and is able 
to call on outside expert resources if it needs to supplement its own"
"""If we had a system of self-funding, the costs of the system would fall on 
those who use and benefit from it rather than the general taxpayer,"" he said"
"The NCSC would raise the funds for its operations through charging 
additional fees, either for incorporation of companies, registration of 
takeover bids, lodgment of prospectuses or stock exchange trades"
"He said the current fees for registration of takeover bids were absurdly low 
at $330 for a cash bid and $660 for a non-cash offer"
"""If the fees were, say 0.01 per cent of the final bid price capitalisation 
of the target, (ie. $100 for every $1 million, with a minimum fee of $10,000) 
that should not be a significant deterrent for making bids.""
  He suggested a takeover tribunal should be established with a senior 
commercial lawyer or judge as its full-time head and two other members drawn 
from a panel of part-time members with relevant experience"
"""The tribunal would not be bound by the rules of evidence and would have 
powers similar to the subpoena powers of the courts"
"""Importantly, especially given the types of legal actions recently mounted, 
no question of procedure or of fact determination by the tribunal could be 
appealed to any court.                    
  ""Under this proposal, what would happen is that where the NCSC was concerned 
about some conduct it would - and it may under its existing powers - 
investigate"
"""It would not and could not hold hearings"
"""Once it formed a view that what had occurred was, for example, 
unacceptable, it would then apply to the tribunal for an appropriate order"
"""The tribunal would hold the hearing, not the NCSC.  The NCSC could not then 
be embarrassed because it also had an incompatible quasi-judicial function,"" 
he said"
"Also speaking at the conference, the Victorian Attorney-General, Mr Jim 
Kennan, said the NCSC and the Ministerial Council were working with 
international market regulators on proposals for the exchange of securities 
information for enforcing legislation. 
  He told the conference that the regulators were also examining guidelines 
for the acceptance of prospectuses and said these were the first steps in 
international cooperation and would assist Australian investors wanting to 
take advantage of foreign capital markets"
"He said bilateral arrangements between Australia and the US for the 
recognition of prospectuses had been proposed by the US Securities and 
Exchange Commission"
"In addition, Australia would seek to include companies and securities law 
in the multilateral treaty on mutual assistance in criminal matters"
"Negotiations were afoot to link the Sydney Futures Exchange with 
international futures exchanges and for an agreement on the exchange of market 
information in commodities futures trading,  Mr Kennan said"
"And a meeting to be held in London shortly would look at multilateral and 
bilateral treaties on securities regulation, he said"
"""It is envisaged that these treaties will seek to develop ways in which 
market malpractice across international boundaries can be deterred, detected 
and investigated.""
  Mr Kennan also called for discussion on raising extra funds from the private 
sector, saying it was not possible to raise the level of State and Federal 
government funding during a period of budgetary restraint"
"Options were to raise fees across the board, levy further fees on 
incorporation and the filing of annual returns (perhaps with a loading for 
listed companies), and further fees on securities licenses.  Registration fees 
could depend on issued or authorised capital, Mr Kennan said"
""
"No aid for the saint's solo single BOB CALLS THE TUNE  By Phil McClean  

LIVE AID hero Bob Geldof has bounced back into the charts with his first
single record since his work to save the starving"
"The former Boomtown Rats singer - dubbed saint after he helped raise
millions of dollars for the African masses - saw his single This Is The
World Calling reach No 34 on the British charts in less than a week"
In Australia the single made the top 100
"The crusader launched his solo career in Gibraltar last weekend on the
flight-deck of Britain's biggest and deadliest warship, HMS Ark Royal"
"Big seller  

  Gallup, who are responsible for the BBC music week national record charts,
said Geldof's record had sold about 10,000 copies so far"
"One Gallup chart-watcher said: ""The Boomtown Rats did not show any signs
of improving either before, during or after the Band Aid concerts"
"""So in my opinion this record has got where it is because of the quality
of the music, not only because of Geldof's name.""
  Geldof, 34, who recently married Paula Yates, his long-time lover and
mother of his two-year-old daughter Fifi Trixibelle, has spent the past
two years working for Band Aid"
"But he said he didn't get a sense of achievement or satisfaction out
of organising fundraising extravaganzas"
"""With Band Aid you just logically say: `Well, this is the best way to
beat this'."" he said"
"""But I do get a feeling of achievement and satisfaction out of having
written a good pop song"
"""With a song it's abstract, it's a risk. Every time you make a record
it's like taking an exam.""
  Bob said he was astonished a few days ago when a huge crowd of girls actually
screamed at him at an airport"
"""It has been a long time since anyone has done that,"" he chuckled"
"""Usually people come up, slap me on the back and say: `Well done Bob'.""
  Geldof's debut solo album, which has been produced by Eurythmics star
Dave Stewart, is expected out in Australia before Christmas"
""
"A Gully merger warning Soccer by Peter Desira  

GREEN GULLY should consider a merger before it disappears into oblivion,
according to George Cross president Alf Zahra"
"""Now that they have been relegated from the National League, it will take
a lot of hard work to get the club back on the rails in the next year,""
Zahra said yesterday"
"""You only have to look at clubs that never recovered once they took the
plunge - Mooroolbark is a prime example, sinking to the lower reaches of
the VSF once it got knocked out of the NSL"
"""And the mighty sides of the '60s - Polonia and Ringwood City - have never
been able to fight back to their former strength"
"""It wouldn't surprise me if a club like Green Gully moves to the verge
of non-existence within a year.""
  Gully and George Cross have been arch rivals for 20 years mainly because
they attract support largely from the Maltese community"
"Gully has the better facilities at Green Gully Reserve, while Cross has
always had the bigger following and a merger between the two clubs has
often been seen in soccer circles as the ideal solution for one stronger
club"
"But intense rivalry has always put a stop to the possibility and the
committees were put under pressure when talks were suggested two years
ago"
Zahra still believes it would be ideal but will not make approaches
"""We made the initial move last time and were rudely told off, so it's now
a situation of once bitten, twice shy"
"""However we remain the club prepared to listen, and if the few heads that
there are at Green Gully use logic, I still believe that the linking up
of the two clubs would be the ideal solution for us (the Maltese community)
to become a force to be reckoned with not only in Victoria but throughout
Australia.""
  Green Gully has lost much of the drive it used to go from the lower reaches
of the Victorian League to enter the NSL despite its poor support"
"The club needs a massive shake-up but has no ready-made replacement for
Guy Spiteri, who has become disillusioned with the soccer 
set-up and is determined to step down as president at the end of the season"
"Spiteri played down the situation and remained defiant despite Zahra's
gloomy predictions"
"""The NSL clubs are still living in dreamland and the league cannot be a
goer for much longer when the 24 clubs owe the league around $330,000,""
Spiteri said"
"""We'll just go back quietly to the State League and wait for all of the
rest (the seven Melbourne NSL clubs) to come back"
"""Green Gully will win the State League next year just to get the opportunity
of knocking back the invitation to join the NSL,"" Spiteri said"
"Runaway winner  

SCOTT FRASER is runaway winner as Green Gully's player of the year"
"Appeal date  

THE appeal against Brunswick Juventus developing the former Brunswick tip
site into the club's home ground will be heard on November 5"
"The club wants to establish Clifton Park, now cluttered with rubbish
and weeds, into a soccer stadium with grandstand, social club as well
as having training grounds, a tennis court and bocce rinks"
"Juve has the support of the Planning and Environment Minister and the
Brunswick council"
"A small protest group has claimed the area was promised as open public
space"
"Juve administrators believe this appeal is the last avenue for the 
protesters and are hopeful the three-member appeal board will 
rule in favor of the club to enable work to start on the project early next 
year"
"Juve vice-president Domenic Tenuta hopes the club will take a big contingent
of supporters to Adelaide this Sunday for the semi-final against Adelaide
City"
"Buses will leave Melbourne at 1 am Sunday and return straight after the
game.  Cost $40 return; bookings through Tenuta on 383 2213"
""
"The use of bread in diets for weight reduction By L.A. Simons, P.L. Stone and J. Simons  

This study demonstrates that weight loss and a fall in blood pressure and
plasma lipids can occur with a nutritionally adequate, energy controlled
diet containing six sandwich slices of bread daily. These changes were compared
to those occurring on a similar energy controlled diet but containing only
three sandwich slices of bread daily. Since the changes occurring on both
diets were similar, more bread if desired could be permitted in controlled
weight loss regimens"
"Overweight and obesity are major health problems in Australia with
approximately 43% of men and 35% of women between the ages of 25-64 years
being either overweight or obese (National Heart Foundation 1983). Dietary
Guidelines (Commonwealth Department of Health 1982) focus attention on weight
control. In addition they advocate reduced intakes of fat, sugar, alcohol
and salt, and an increased consumption of breads, cereals, fruits and
vegetables. A weight-reduction and maintenance diet should therefore comply
with these guidelines"
"Bread is a much maligned food. Australian-based surveys report that about
75% of consumers believe bread is `fattening' (Flour Millers' Council of
Australia 1979). It is therefore not surprising that bread consumption is
often severely restricted or even eliminated by those wishing to lose weight"
"Such a negative attitude has been one of the many factors contributing to
the 30% decline in bread consumption in the last 30 years (Australian Bureau
of Statistics 1984). In fact bread, being low in fat and sugar, moderate
in energy and an important source of dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals,
is an excellent food for dieters"
"To comply with Dietary Guidelines and persuade people while dieting to
eat more than the usually recommended 2-3 slices of bread it will be necessary
to eradicate the myth that bread is `fattening'. Limited overseas studies
have successfully demonstrated weight loss and reductions in blood fat levels
through use of diets containing large proportions of white or fibre-increased
bread (Steller 1979, Mickelsen et al. 1979). Against this background it
was felt desirable to measure changes in weight, blood pressure and blood
lipid levels in an Australian setting using a diet containing sandwich slices of mixed grain, wholemeal or fibre-increased bread per
day, and to compare results with those from a conventional weight-reduction
diet containing three sandwich slices of the same types of bread per day"
"Materials and methods  
To find a sufficiently large sample of healthy, overweight subjects who
liked eating bread, advertisements were placed in Sydney suburban newspapers"
"Subjects were asked to attend a preliminary briefing (Visit 0) where they
were informed that a 7-week commitment was required and that blood pressure
measurement and venepuncture would be performed at the commencement and
conclusion of the program. A questionnaire was used to measure past and
present bread consumption, attitudes towards bread and whether subjects
had previously dieted. All subjects were offered a low energy diet for weight
reduction; but they were not informed that 2 separate diets were to be
employed: the `Bread Diet' (5250 kJ per day including 6 slices of bread),
devised by the Bread Research Institute of Australia or a Conventional
Diet (5250 kJ per day including 3 slices of bread) as published by the NSW
Department of Health (Health Commission of NSW 1982). Table 1 shows a typical
daily menu from both the Bread and Conventional diets"
"Subjects opted to attend either a morning or evening group (about 20 subjects
per group, 2 morning and 4 evening groups). Unbeknown to the subjects, one
morning group and one evening group were offered the Conventional Diet,
while the remaining groups were offered the Bread Diet. That is, a
`quasi-experimental' design was established on the basis of time preference,
but with no randomisation or matching of entry characteristics"
"The dietary program (either diet) consisted of standard dietetic counselling
provided by a dietitian, plus support from a home economist and a physician"
"Approximate compositions of the prescribed diets are summarised in Table
2. The use of wholemeal bread was encouraged, but other varieties of bread
were permitted"
"At visit 1 a brief demographic and medical questionnaire was completed,
after which subjects were weighed in light street clothing and heights
measured. Relative body weight was computed from Metropolitan Life Insurance
Tables (observed/ideal x 100). Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as
weight/height2  (kg/m2). A single casual blood pressure reading was obtained
after 5 minutes seated rest (mercury sphygomanometer, standard cuff, phase
v diastolic, one observer) and a non-fasting blood sample was drawn for
measurement of plasma lipids. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels
were determined by automated enzymatic methods (Allain et al. 1974, Buculo
& David 1973). Blood pressure measurement or venepuncture could not be
performed in some cases due to technical difficulties"
"Subjects attended weekly thereafter for seven weeks and were weighed each
time. Each weekly meeting had a specific theme for discussion including
explanation of the diet, information on bread and bread varieties, health
aspects of obesity and diet cooking hints. To encourage a large attendance
at the final session (Visit 8), subjects who had completed Visits 1 and
2, but who failed to attend for Visits 6 and 7, were sent a letter urging
their attendance at Visit 8, where blood pressure measurement and venepuncture
were performed for the second time. After 42 weeks participants were contacted
by telephone to give their present weight"
"Data were analysed using The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(Nie et al, 1975). Differences between means were compared by Student's
t-test, using a two-tailed distribution. The association of weight change
with changes in other variables was examined through calculation of the
Pearson correlation coefficient `r'. A one-tailed test of statistical
significance was employed here because of a definite expectation about the
direction of r"
"Results  
The newspaper advertisements produced an encouraging response. Two hundred
people indicated an interest in the program; 134 attended the preliminary
meeting and 125 attended Visits 1 and 2. On a purely arbitrary basis, data
have been analysed only for those who attended Visits 1 and 2 indicating
minimum commitment"
"The 125 subjects comprised 115 females and 10 males with 25% taking
anti-hypertensive medication. Visit 8 was completed by 96 subjects, the
completion rate being the same for both sexes and for those using or not
using anti-hypertensive medication. The mean age of the group was 50 years
(range 19-71) and the average degree of overweight was 36% (range 5% to
157%)"
"Consumption, attitudes and dieting history of participants
  The questionnaire completed by all enrolled participants indicated that
in the non-dieting phase 77% consumed between 2-4 slices of bread per day
with the majority of subjects eating only brown, mixed grain, wholemeal
or fibre-increased. The responses to statements about bread indicated that
the group was approximately equally divided in their belief as to whether
bread was or was not `fattening' (Table 3). When rating bread on a scale
`excellent to poor', bread rated below fruits, vegetables, meat, fish and
poultry but scored better than milk, breakfast cereals and biscuits (Table
4)"
"Of the subjects 92% has previously dieted, and of these 95% had lost weight;
over half had lost more than 6 kg. While dieting, 81% had eaten 2 or less
slices of bread daily. Subsequently, lost weight was regained by 92% of
the sample"
"Bread diet versus conventional diet  
Of the 125 subjects completing Visits 1 and 2, 82 were allocated to the
Bread Diet and 43 to the Conventional Diet. In percentage terms, the
distribution of sexes, the numbers using anti-hypertensive medication and
the numbers completing the study were very similar for both diet groups"
"For subjects completing Visit 8, the mean age on each diet was identical at 50
years. In the Bread Diet group, 51% of subjects were overweight and 29.3% obese
while on the Conventional Diet group 55.8% were overweight and 23.3% obese
(based on BMI). Overall, subjects on the Bread Diet were 9% more overweight
than their counterparts on the Conventional Diet. For subjects not completing
Visit 8, those on either diet tended to be slightly younger and slightly
more overweight than those completing the study, although these differences
did not reach statistical significance"
"The cumulative weight changes over 7 weeks are summarised for each diet
in Table 5. Cumulative weight losses with each diet were very similar. Weight
loss seemed to have slowed by Visit 7, although it did not appear to have
ceased. This was confirmed by the self-reported weights at 42 weeks. Weight
losses varied greatly according to adherence to the diet, the greatest loss
being 8 kg on the Conventional Diet and 8.7 kg for the Bread Diet. Only
two people on the Bread Diet and one person on the Conventional Diet reached
within 5% of their recommended weight according to Life Insurance Tables"
"Since the attendance rates of Visit 8 were `inflated' (see materials and
methods), the attendance rates at Visit 7 give a more accurate reflection
of true dropout. In percentage terms, the cumulative rate of dropout (from
Visit 2) was essentially the same for each diet
over the whole period, reaching about 39% by Visit 7"
"There were falls in blood pressure and plasma lipid levels over the 7
weeks but there were no significant differences between the changes observed
with the two diets (Table 6). The respective diets were equally palatable
and acceptable to the subjects"
"Self-reported telephone follow up after 42 weeks
  It was possible to contact 60% of the total sample by telephone after
42 weeks to determine their current weights. Of those contacted, the initial
weights were 75.7 kg _ 14.2 kg and after 42 weeks their self-reported weights
were 71.6 _ 12.9 kg (P<0.001)"
"Discussion and conclusions  
This weight-control program was conducted in a general community setting
using diets based on differing quantities of bread. The dropout rate was
39% over 6 weeks, which is a fairly typical experience (Garrow 1981). Since
it was possible to examine 77% of subjects at 7 weeks it is likely that
the various metabolic changes noted are reasonably representative of all
subjects originally enrolled"
"The mean weight loss for both diet groups was the same at 3.3-3.5 kg over
7 weeks, an expected result in view of the similarity in energy content
of the two diets. This loss is in accord with recommendations by dietitians
of an acceptable weight loss of 0.5-1 kg per week while dieting (English
1979)"
"Compared with the West German Bread Study (Steller 1979), participants
in the Bread Diet group lost less weight. In the German study participants
eating 220-285 g of either white or fibre increased bread daily (about 8-11
slices) lost an average of 6 kg in 4 weeks on a diet of similar energy content"
"However, meals in that program were provided and eaten at the University
of Giessen, thus avoiding the temptation to overeat and pick during meal
preparation. Participants in our study indicated they `broke' the diet,
particularly when eating out or when guests came, hence dietary adherence
was not as strict"
"Perhaps the most severe test that any weight-reuction program faces is
the maintenance of weight loss. It was possible after 42 weeks to contact
60% of the participants by phone and to obtain a self-reported weight. The
results were encouraging with participants continuing to lose weight. There
was no significant difference beteen those on the Bread or Conventional
Diets. The average bread consumption had also remained about the same, being
3 slices per day for the Conventional and 5 per day for the Bread Diet group"
"While this result is potentially flawed, it does give a broad indication
of continuing weight loss"
"As expected, there was a significant fall in blood pressure and plasma
cholesterol and triglyceride levels with weight loss, confirming previous
results (Wolf & Grundy 1983, Reisin et al. 1978, Ramsay et al.1978, Tuck
et al. 1981, Steller et al. 1979). These changes could also have been
attributed in part to the composition of the diets. Compared to estimates
given as to what Australians are eating, both diets contained significantly
reduced quantities of fat, cholesterol, salt, alcohol (none) and an increased
proportion of polyunsaturated to saturated fats (Simons et al. 1978, NH&MRC
1982, Australian Bureau of Statistics 1984)."
"The villa in Australia By Clive Lucas Clive Lucas OBE, FRAIA, is principal of Clive Lucas & Partners, architects,
Sydney, and has been responsible for the restoration of a number of the
villas discussed in this article  

`Villa', to most readers, probably conjures up the suburban detached or
semi-detached houses of late Victorian and Edwardian Australian cities"
"But this article deals with the period before c1860, before the eighteenth
century sense of the word, villa, `was vulgarised' to quote Dr Mark Girouard"
"In 1827 James Elmes in his Metropolitan Improvements described the villa
thus:

The Villa (as distinct from the mansion), is the mere personal property
and residence of the owner, where he retires to enjoy himself without state"
"It is superior to the ornamented cottage, standing, as it were between the
cottage ornee of the French, and the mansion or hall of the English"
"The term is never more properly applied than when given to such suburban
structures as those that are rising around us, serving as they may well
do from situation as to the town, and from position as to rural beauty"
"Later in 1833 the influential architectural writer J.C. Loudon defined
it in his Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm and Villa Architecture as `a
gentleman's residence in the country ... a place of agreeable retirement',
a house to `be situated if possible, in a beautiful country, within reach
of a public road, and at an easy distance from the metropolis ... the principal
front as to be seen from the public road, and to command a beautiful and
extensive prospect over a fertile country; having in the middle distance
a town or village, with its ""heaven-direct spire"""
"It was, as Elmes said, a house which stood somewhere between the cottage
and the mansion. It was the abode, essentially, of someone who made his
livelihood elsewhere and, in the nineteenth century, someone who made his
living in the town, a member of the growing professional and mercantile
classes who proliferated in the nineteenth century"
"Loudon suggested such a house as a retreat and recommended it being `about
ninety miles, or a day's journey, from the metropolis', but it was also
suburban, a place where the merchant or professional lived outside the
immediate town, a house set in its own grounds of several acres with pleasure
garden, vegetable garden, orchard and stabling"
"The other thing that the villa had was style or, if you like, architectural
pretentiousness, as a glance through the many architectural pattern books,
which abounded in early nineteenth century England, or in Loudon's
Encyclopaedia itself, will prove"
"London's book has, amongst others, designs for a:
 ‚2Grecian Villa of a medium size, for a Gentleman of Fortune ‚2Suburban Villa of Two Acres and a half ‚2Villa in the Anglo-Italian Style ‚2A Cottage Villa in the Gothic Style ‚2A Villa in the Old English Manner ‚2A small Villa, in the Italian Style ‚2A cottage Villa ‚2A double suburban Villa ‚2A Villa in the Old Scotch Style.  
Similarly, many of the pattern books included designs for villas. Examples
are -
   Designs for Elegant Cottages and Small Villas, 1806, by Edward Gyfford
  Hints for Dwellings consisting of Original Designs for Cottages, Farm
Houses and Villas, 1800, by David Laing Architectural Designs for Rustic Cottages, Picturesque Dwellings, Villas
&c., 1807 by William Pocock Rural Residences consisting of a Series of Designs for Cottages, Decorated
Cottages, Small Villas and Other Ornamental Buildings, 1818, by John B"
"Papworth Sketches in Architecture containing Plans and Elevations of Cottages and
Villas, 1798, by John Soane or Designs from the Simple Cottage to the Decorated
Villa, 1802, by John Plaw.  
The prerequisites of a villa were that it be elegant, have style and be
an ornament to the landscape"
"In early nineteenth century Australia all houses with pretensions to style
were, in effect, villas whether they be suburban, in reach of the town,
or well into the country as homesteads on stations of thousands of acres"
"In this sense they were quite unlike English villas which were rural retreats
rather than the principal seat of a landed proprietor. The decorated villa
was the best the colonial gentlemanly settler could aspire to as, despite
the rural wealth of the place, nothing was built which can be described
as a mansion or hall in the English sense of the word. Gentlemen here either
lived in bungalows as the vernacular verandahed cottage really was, or in
villas. It was a matter of style. Wherever such houses were built, their
designs were either taken from pattern books or were designed by local
architects"
"The beau ideal of a villa in Australia, to use Loudon's term, is perhaps
Rosedale in Tasmania, named for the Yorkshire valley from whence its proprietor
came. The house has style (Italian), and it ornaments the landscape set
against hills with the view from its terrace over fertile country and river"
"As a contemporary traveller noted `Mr. Blackburn (an architect of this Colony)
has from a plain cottage converted it into a beautiful villa in the Italian
style'. James Blackburn designed this villa in 1847"
"On the Goulburn Plains, in the Country of Argyle in NSW - again on a large
sheep station - landed proprietor William Faithfull, built a villa in 1858"
"`A suburban villa, with the House in the Italian Style' taken from Loudon's
The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion, 1838. This design had first appeared
in Loudon's Architectural Magazine in 1836"
"By 1860 `villas' were in effect scattered across the settled areas of
Australia. Notable examples are Aberglasslyn at Maitland with its contained
villa plan; Panshanger in northern Tasmania with its chaste Grecian facade;
Killymoon, Fingal, Tasmania, with its geometrical preoccupation and its
basement offices is the contained villa in the round, as is Clarendon and
this makes them more in the mode of the English suburban villa than remote
country houses"
"The villa probably made its first appearance with the appointment of
Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1809. The first houses with architectural
pretensions were built at the instigation of the Governor and his wife"
"Mrs Macquarie, who considered herself an architectural patron, brought with
her a library of books including the 1806 Gyfford's Hints for Elegant Cottages
and Small Villas from which she chose `Design the First' and `Design the
Second' for two ornamental civil servants' houses built in 1813 in Bridge
Street, Sydney, just outside the gates to Government House. These were
probably Australia's first villas"
"Other designs influenced by pattern books were John Macarthur's proposals
for his Pyrmont estate. Here the design, a Grecian villa, is Plate XXIV
from Soane's Sketches in Architecture of 1798"
"The colonial estate agents soon took up the term `villa' and, then as
now, probably incorrectly applied it. In June 1815 we read `to be let .."
the beautiful Villa and Demesne of Vaucluse' advertised in the Sydney Gazette
"This was well before W.C. Wentworth had given that house style and created
the gothic ensemble we know today. Vaucluse was, in 1837, correctly described
as `Mr. Wentworth's charming villa, of classic nomenclature',  whereas in
1815 it was probably only a cottage, perhaps a decorated one, overlooking
Sydney harbour"
"The agent was perhaps correct in other respects; Vaucluse was the residence
of a gentleman (it had been let to Colonel O'Connell, later Sir Maurice
O'Connell, as a country retreat); it was beautifully sited in its own domain
and was within reach of the town"
"Sydney Harbour was a splendid place for building villas for gentlemen. Its
many inlets provided wonderful sites within reach of Sydney for the merchants
and professional men of the town"
"Henrietta Villa, an early substantial villa which adorned the harbourscape,
built in 1819 in the neoclassical style, was decribed as both a naval and
a marine villa.                                                
  Further up the harbour on Darling Point was a Gothic villa - our first
in this style - built in 1834 for the colonial treasurer, a Scotsman of
aristocratic lineage and connection. It was a villa in the round, with
basement offices, constructed by local architects but, most scholars claim,
heavily influenced by a Loudon design `A villa in the Old Scotch Style'"
"Agents must again take criticism for their imprecise terminology, for in
June 1841, when Lindesay was first up for sale, it was described as a `Mansion,
built substantially of stone in the Gothic style with grounds attached ...'
  Perhaps largest of all colonial houses, but contemporanously with its
construction described as a villa, was the colonial secretary's house at
Elizabeth Bay `the place is now granted to Mr. Macleay who has converted
it into an excellent garden with a prospect of creating a Grecian Villa
contiguous'"
"As well as the harbour itself, there are numerous inlets along the coast
that provide suitable sites for villas. One such site was at Nelson's Bay
overlooking the sea where, in the early 1840s, an intellectual barrister
and his singular wife built a villa in the cottage style. Robert Lowe was
Oxford educated and his wife, Georgiana, came of an English landed family,
so it is perhaps not surprising that they created one of the most picturesque
and Elysian of all retreats. A villa needed educated and informed taste"
"The 1820s, 1830s and 1840s were the heyday of the villa. Several of the
suburban villas of Woolloomooloo Hill were designed by local architect
John Verge; one, Rockwall, the agents described in 1837 as `that splendid
Italian Villa' and at Harrington Park, Glenlee, and Wivenhoe houses
which relate closely to the concept of a villa are to be found. Camden
Park itself, with its extensive prospect over a fertile country, and in
the middle distance a town with its `heaven-directing spire' must in NSW
come closest to the Loudon beau ideal laid down in his Encyclopaedia -
except in the matter of style. Loudon felt the old English style was right
`in that ornate manner of it called the Elizabethan'. Camden was classical,
but then it was New South Wales"
"However, other proprietors, who did not have the wherewithall to create
a setting like the Macarthurs at Camden, took Loudon's advice on style
more literally. One such man was the surveyor-general, Sir Thomas Mitchell,
who selected a `villa in the Old English manner' from Loudon as the design
for his harbourside villa, Carthona. For his country retreat within ninety
miles of Sydney, in 1847 he chose a `Villa in the Cottage Style', a Gothic
design from an 1835 pattern book of Rural Architecture by Francis Goodwin"
"From the late 1840s the idea of the villa seemed to wane, the term became
vulgarised as Girouard has said, and was not used by gentlemen. The term
continued to be used by agents, but it was applied to town cottages, farm
houses and buildings which had no pretensions to style, nor as the residences
of gentlemen. Richmond Villa, Rosa Villa, Penrose Villa, Hampton Villa
and such names proliferated right through Victoria's reign and into the
Edwardian period"
"It is interesting to note that Verge, who of all colonial architects is
responsible for so many `villa designs', never seems to have used the term"
"His ledger contains references to houses and cottages, but not villas,
even though many of his cottage designs were for gentlemen and were highly
finished and well placed. Houses like Bedervale, Wyoming and Rose Bay were,
to Verge, cottages. Even the highly decorated Tempe, which can surely
be termed a `Villa in the Cottage Style', Verge simply called `a cottage
at Tempe'"
"In the Australasian Sporting Magazine of November 1850 the following, which
is an interesting closing note to the story of the villa in Australia,
appeared:

Tempe this delightful villa residence ... the seat of A.B. Sparke, Esq.,
is situated on the western bank of the river named after the immortal martyr
of Ohwiee, Captain Cook. Selected originally as a retreat from the cares
of business, yet, within easy distance of the town, the spot formerly displayed
all those wild features of the unbroken interior, which yielded indescribable
charms to the seeker after the tranquility of romantic retirement."
"By Barbara Thiering 3   Sexism and fundamentalism  

The word `fundamentalism' has been introduced to the public in recent years
by journalists. It was applied first to the Muslim revolution, which revived
a traditional sexual code and grounded it in primitive Islamic theology"
"Then, with the visit to Australia of the American Protestant preacher, the
Reverend Jerry Falwell, in 1982, the word was more correctly used for his
combination of biblical dogmatism with an absolutist attitude to moral values"
"A group called `Toleration-a coalition against fanaticism' sprang into
existence in Sydney in reaction to his visit. In 1984 Jerry Falwell led
a significant faction in the US presidential election, and has been observed
to be moving towards a new kind of American established religion which
endangers the separation of Church and State"
"Originally, the word `fundamentalism' was used simply for an attitude
to the Bible. There is little doubt in the minds of most historians of
Christianity that it is a recent phenomenon, and one which is so at variance
with classical Chistianity that, if we were back in the days of orthodoxy,
it would have to be called a heresy. It came into existence in the late
nineteenth century, and from its inception flourished in the southern states
of the USA. After the First World War it became characteristic of Sydney
Protestantism, as its main weapon in the battle against Roman Catholicism"
"The effect of fundamentalism was to give to the Bible the same sort of
authority, based on infallibility, which the Roman Catholic Church had declared
for the Pope in 1870. Both Protestants and Catholics were setting up an
intellectual authority against the invasions of scientific rationalism,
but fundamentalism stepped right into the camp of science by claiming that
the factual statements of the Bible had the same kind of truth as scientific
descriptions, took priority over them, and were `proved' by the methods
of science"
"One reason why biblical fundamentalism flourished in Sydney was that a
form of it had been planted here from the beginning. In 1788 the Wesleyan
revival had thoroughly permeated the working classes in England, and it
was from their lowest levels that the convict founders came. The first
chaplain, the Reverend Richard Johnson, was appointed by the Society for
the Propagation of the Gospel. In Manning Clark's words,

[h]is sponsors entertained great hopes for the success of his work, that
he would prove a blessing to lost creatures, and hasten the coming of that
day when the wilderness became a fruitful field, when the heathen would
put off their savageness, and put on the graces of the spirit. To assist
him the Society provided a library of tracts and books...In addition to
Bibles, Books of Common Prayer, and Psalters, Johnson took with him copies
of Osterwald on the necessity for reading the scriptures, Kettlewell's offices
for the penitent, copies of exercises against lying, of cautions to profane
swearers, of exhortions to chastity, of dissuasions from stealing, together
with the most fervent wishes from the board of the Society that the divine
blessing might go with him"
"The Bible was already a symbol of class struggle, and remained so for a
long time wherever there was a deep resentment against the ruling classes"
"The historical circumstances meant that it was given an extraordinary position
here as the sole source of religious authority. The convicts and working-class
settlers were going to a place where they had no church, and they lacked
a sufficient sense of derivation from the Church in England to be able to
claim to carry its essence among themselves, unlike the Pilgrim Fathers
in North America. Thus, probably for the first time in its history,
Christianity was planted in a country on the basis of the Bible alone, rather
than on the Bible and the Church, the two traditional pillars"
"Further, the dependence on the Bible was held by people who were largely
illiterate, and made little connection between relying on it and reading
it. Thus began the tradition of making it a magic talisman, no different
from a cross or a set of rosary beads, an unsuitable basis on which to add
a belief, started in the early twentieth century, that its contents consisted
of rational propositions about the physical world. 
  In the United States, the emphasis was not so much on the Bible as a symbol
or magical object as on the Bible as a depository of Christian beliefs that
were said to be fundamental and unshakeable, something against which adherence
to religion could be measured. Its history has been traced by Gabriel Hebert in
his book Fundamentalism and the Church of God. Its formal phase began with
the publication by the Testimony Publishing Company of Chicago, Illinois,
between 1909 and 1915, of three million booklets free of charge to `every
pastor, evangelist, missionary, theological professor, theological student,
Sunday School superintendent, YMCA and YWCA secretary, in the English speaking
world, so far as the addresses of all these can be obtained'"
"The essentials of belief that were called fundamentals in these booklets
were emphatically Protestant; in fact Roman Catholicism was classed with
heresies. They included: the doctrine of the Atonement (that Christ died
vicariosly for sinners); the deity of Christ; the reality of hell and the
devil; the virgin birth of Christ; the second advent. The authority for
these was the Bible, said to be a revelation direct from God, infallible
and inerrant. The treatment of it which was then coming into use as a result
of both Darwinism and the new comparitive literature from the Ancient Near
East was condemned as fallacious if not wicked, because it implied that
the Bible was a record of human development in a particular place at a
particular time, a point of view which was said could not be held side by
side with a belief that it was a direct revelation from God in true form
for all time"
"Fundamentalism rapidly became a bad word, associated with bigotry and
fanaticism, and in 1955 the Reverend John Stott said that he preferred in
its place the term `conservative evangelical'. This label was accepted,
and is still proudly worn by a very large section of the Protestant Church
in Sydney, especially the Anglicans. John Stott himself was among those
considered for the position of Archbishop of Sydney in 1982"
"In their original form, as stated in the series of booklets, the selection
of `fundamentals' had no precedent in the previous creeds of the Christian
Church. The doctrine of Atonement was of course a central tenet of the
Reformation, being one of its weapons against the temporal power of Rome,
for it meant that every person could gain salvation directly by identification
with Christ's death without the intermediacy of a priest. But its meaning
had always included admission into a community, which was entered by means
of the symbolic death of baptism. Without a strong emphasis on Church, the
idea of atonement simply becomes a piece of magical thinking, making no
sense, and this is the form in which these booklets teach it"
"A belief in the second coming of Christ was held in the first century
AD, when they were using a calendar dated from the creation of the world
which was about to reach the year 4000, and under contemporary Pythagorean
influence they believed that a great crisis ought to happen in that year"
"Once the Christian era replaced their calendar, the basis for belief in
a second coming was removed, and such expectations moved further and further
to the fringes of the Church"
"Doctrines such as the virgin birth, hell and the devil, were part of the
contemporary popular language of the hellenistic period, and were simply
accepted and to some extent refined by the Church; they never taught them
in opposition to accepted belief, as supernaturalists now try to do; miracles
are no longer a common assumption. Further, there never had been such a
doctrine of the Bible - infallible and inerrant - even in the Reformation. It
was not the detailed information that it contained, but its power as a means
of independence of priests, that made the Protestants hold to it. Luther
stood quite cheerfully in judgement upon it, selecting those parts of the
New Testament he liked and deriding others. The Apostles' Creed contains
no statement about the Bible. The attribution of infallibility to the Bible
seems to be a direct reaction to the doctrine of papal infallibility
promulgated in 1870. In both cases, the hardening of authority was a response
to a loss of actual power"
"The label `evangelical', now associated with fundamentalist belief, has
been removed from its original context of meaning. The evangelical revival
in eighteenth-century England was a recovery of fervour, aroused by the
powerful preaching of men like Wesley and Whitefield. Preaching the gospel
gives the word `evangelical', the gospel being a challenge to personal
commitment to the figure of Christ. Its meaning is discussed in the Bible,
but could be understood without it, being preserved in a continuing community"
"The Bible became secondarily connected with the evangelical revival, because
it was the working classes in England who were aroused by it and given the
strength to stand up against the ruling classes, whose advantage was their
education. Schooled in the principles of the Enlightenment, they had reduced
religion to a rational formula which is certainly not found in the Bible"
"But the Bible does contain the gospel, the good news, and so it became the
manual of the uneducated in their fight against cold rationalism. Now, however,
the word `evangelical' is used for a process of strict reasoning from an
assumption that the Bible is a lawbook containing a set of absolute
propositions. Enthusiasm and fervour are on the whole distrusted by the
Evangelicals, as shown by their reaction to the charismatic outbreak of the
1970s"
"The best-known product of biblical fundamentalism, still very much current
as a matter of legal, educational and sociological concern, is the doctrine
of creationism, which is opposed to the theory of evolution as an account
of the way species came into existence. The so-called `monkey trial' in
the United States in 1926 dramatised issues which are still being fought
out in their legislation and have now found their way here, with the growth
of fundamentalist schools as part of a new phase of private education. Children
are being taught that God created human beings directly in their present
form, and all species independently, and that it is a matter not only of
science but of personal salvation and moral wholeness that this should be
believed"
"The answer of academic biblical scholars to this and related questions
is derived from both theology and historical records. The accounts of the
creation and flood found in Mesopotamia in the second half of the
nineteenth-century show beyond doubt that they belong to the category of
myth. They are intertwined with the stories of gods, and are a kind of
primitive metaphysics: an attempt to talk about the nature of reality in
terms drawn from human experience. They picture the way things must have
been in the light of the way things are now; for example, since conflict 
between opposing forces leads to a creative synthesis, they pictured the 
mother goddess Tiamat fighting against the hero god Marduk and being 
defeated, with the result that the physical world came into existence. The 
Old Testament is using the same sort of language to put forward a different 
philosophical point of view: that the world is unified, entirely under the 
control of a single god, not the helpless victim of a cosmic dialectic. 
There is every reason to suppose that Genesis is consciously revising and 
purifying an existing creation story in the interests of monotheism and the 
observance of the sabbath. Its concern is with theology and ritual, not with 
natural science"
"Theology has also recognised the place of myth and symbol in theological
language. As soon as we use language at all, we are dealing in images and symbols,
not with things directly."
"Nugget hits the world LONDON:  

 Australia has launched its new gold bullion coin, the Australian
Nugget, on the world market in the first sanctions salvo against South Africa's
Kruggerand"
"However, in carving up the lucrative bullion market at a time of peak
gold prices, the Australian Nugget will compete against Canada's Maple
Leaf, already on issue, and the soon-to-be-released American Eagle. 
  The WA Premier, Mr Burke, is in London to arrange dealer-distributors
for the coin, from the Royal Perth Mint, which is struck in denominations
from $100 to $530.   
  However, world market demand will set the nuggets' prices"
""
"Family Faith By Anne Fitzgerald LIVING ON LESS AND LIKING IT MORE  

  During 1985, our church held a seminar with Neil Milne, a missionary with
World Map. He challenged us toward the end of his message concerning the
words of Jesus, `If any man will follow Me, let him deny himself...' (Matt"
"16:24). Neil said, `You may have something legitimate; you can have it,
but you deny yourself.' Neil had been talking to us about the Third World
countries and India in particular. I got to thinking about things the Lord
had been speaking to me during the previous year"
"There was a time when the poorer countries of the world were considered
`dark' countries that were steeped in idol worship, greatly disadvantaged
economically and in need of God. Hence we very kindly sent out missionaries"
"We were considered `blessed' to have everything they didn't have. They were
considered `cursed' because they didn't know God and suffered accordingly"
"Today, however, as the light of God penetrates their cultures, we find
that they have so much more than us spiritually, and are moving into the
supernatural manifestations of the Holy Spirit so much more easily than
we are. Meanwhile, we still have all the things they don't have, and more,
and seem to be missing out on the extent of the supernatural they are enjoying"
"What has happened is that our materialistic society has caused us to become
clogged and bogged down, when it was designed to be a blessing for others
and our money a tool for God to use"
"MODEST LIVING  

  To deny ourselves, while everyone around us is getting as much as they
can as fast as they can, is a miserable sounding gospel at the best of times,
yet Jesus still says, `If any man will follow Me, let him deny himself...'
  In her excellent book, Living on Less and Liking it More, Maxine Hancock
gives us a clue to solving this dilemma"
"`Living modestly, by choice, means living somewhere below that level that
could be maintained if all of your income were administered for the family's
needs and wants. Years ago, when deep freezers came into the general public
market, I remember a discussion in our home about purchasing one. With a
growing family to feed, my frugal mother could see the obvious economic
advantages of owning a home deep freeze. Mother and Dad discussed the deep
freeze two or three times. Each time, the discussion died away and did not
resurface for several months"
"`Finally, a family-sized deep freeze was bought. I just assumed my parents
had purchased the freezer as soon as they could afford it. Because they
were people who did not let their right hand know what their left hand was
doing, I didn't stumble upon the truth until much later in a conversation
with my mother"
``Why didn't you get it earlier?' I pressed
"`My mother shrugged. `Because several times when we had the money laid
aside for the freezer, the Lord brought to our attention someone who had
a greater need.'
  `That's restraint. And it results in modest living. Modest living is refusing
to be coerced by T.V. and other advertising, into feeling that everything
five years or older is obsolete and in need of replacing"
"`But it does not necessarily mean living in a deprived state. It simply
means that income entrusted to a family is to be administered for the glory
of God. And that will require restraint in personal spending. Modest living
demands a strong sense of realism, something often dulled by easy credit
and high pressure advertising. It means living within our limited budgets
whether they are limited of necessity or by choice.'
  Something within me was excited by this concept"
"In our society it is hard enough for us to go without the things we can't
have, let alone the things we can have"
"Around this time I lost my purse with $100 in it and experienced the usual
anger and sense of frustration. As the days went by and it wasn't returned,
I decided I would use it as an opportunity to learn something, rather than
waste negative energy being upset. I saw that we were surviving quite well
anyway; our needs were still being met. So I let it go and left it with
the Lord. I reasoned that if we had survived so well when I lost $100, maybe
I could give more away and `survive' a great deal better than I might have
imagined"
"I am not a stranger to giving by any means. I was taught as a child to
tithe my pocket money. As a wage earner I continued this giving and in our
marriage we tithe and give offerings to the Lord's work. We are raising
three boys on a moderate wage, and I don't work, so it is not always easy
to give. But we know it is God's plan and way to blessing"
"USE WHAT YOU HAVE  

  But here God was challenging me to a little more personal giving. I always
treated my housekeeping with care to meet the needs of my family. However,
I began to look around for ways I could give small amounts of money by limiting
my buying to food, petrol and clothing the children needed - and I mean,
needed"
""
"Well run race  

  Over the next fortnight, the Brisbane Olympic Games delegation will filter
into the small Swiss city of Lausanne, on the shores of Lake Geneva"
"The Queensland capital will be on centre stage before the elite of the
Olympic movement - the delegates to the International Olympic Committee"
"At stake is the 1992 Olympics. We may win the right to host the Games,
but we have already been highlighted to the world through an adventurous
and successful campaign"
"Sydney lawyer John Coates and his Olympic Project Office team have put
Brisbane clearly on the world map"
"Lord Mayor Sallyanne Atkinson can rightly say Brisbane is now on equal
footing with those other great cities of Paris, Barcelona and Amsterdam"
""
"Black Tuesday  

  Australia will watch with fascination the campaign, launched yesterday,
to raise a $10m Australian Farmers' Fighting Fund, some of which will be
directed to attacking the Federal Government's economic policies"
"With the dubbing by businesses of yesterday as Black Tuesday - the day
some extraordinary new tax laws came into effect - an obvious target will
be the fringe benefits tax. This tax, arising from the first of three options
for reform which the Treasurer, Mr Keating, put to the tax summit a year
ago, has a rough modicum of justice in seeking to tax backdoor pay given
in the form of perks. Few could oppose the principle; but the Government
has singularly failed to distinguish between taxable rorts and legitimate
and even essential benefits, and it has further been clumsy with
administration and collection"
"Some time must be given for businesses - those which adapt rather than
whinge - to come to terms with the changes. But already we can see that
the implications of the fringe benefits tax are more complicated and dangerous
than has been suspected"
"Businesses may well seek administrative ease by eventually phasing out
anything remotely resembling a benefit, and this would threaten the accord
and industrial harmony. And as it stands now, the tax lowers productivity
by wasting human resources, inhibits enterprise and positively invites
the Australian personality to seek more ingenious ways of tax evasion"
"It may be futile to expect the Government, at this stage, to reconsider
the tax, even when faced with the new-found muscle of the farmers. But tax
officials might help us by issuing complete and comprehensible guides to
just how nasty and extensive the fringe benefits tax is going to be. And
the Treasurer might take courage in his hands and reassess the possibility
of selling again to the people the alternative Option C for a broadly based
consumption tax"
""
"Madam SPEAKER (Hon. Joan Child) took the chair at 10 a.m., and
read prayers"
"MIGRATION PROGRAM 1986-87 Ministerial Statement  
Mr HURFORD (Adelaide - Minister for Immigration and Ethnic
Affairs) - by leave - The purpose of this statement is to
announce the Government's migration program for 1986-87. In
doing so, I would first like to draw the attention of honourable
members to the demographic and economic issues relevant to
Australia's population and immigration policies in the longer
term. While current economic and social circumstances are
important in setting immigration programs, the Government is
conscious of the importance of the questions of the longer term
benefits and costs which must be addressed if Australia is to
exploit its full potential"
"Immigration intakes of recent years have combined with
decreasing natural increase to produce population growth rates
well below historical experience. Since 1946 the average annual 
population growth rate has been 1.85 per cent; as recently
as 1983-84 it fell to as low as 1.15 per cent. About half of
post-World War II population growth has been due to natural 
increase and the other half directly the result of migration"
"However, immigration has had a significant indirect stimulus
through natural increase"
"Although Australia's population is still slowly increasing by
virtue of natural increase alone, this will persist only while
the age structure of our population remains relatively young"
"The level of Australian fertility is currently 10 per cent
below the long term population replacement level and there is
little chance of a recovery. Although Australia's level of
mortality is low, still declining, and satisfactory by global
comparisons, the crude death rate will rise as the population
progressively ages. With a continuation of these trends in
births and deaths, Australia's population would begin to
decline half way through the next century, in the absence of
immigration"
"While still relatively young, the Australian population is also
ageing progressively. Honourable members will be aware that this 
development has significant welfare, taxation, labour market and 
economic consequences. Short of substantial increases in recent 
levels of immigration, the ageing of the population will 
accelerate sharply early in the next century. If current levels 
of immigration are retained, the aged dependency ratio would
increase by 58 per cent by the year 2021. This ratio broadly
relates those in retirement age to those available to the
labour market. A 58 per cent increase in this ratio would have
dramatic and far-reaching social and economic consequences. No
society and no government can responsibly ignore these trends"
"Immigration cannot reverse ageing of the population but it can
retard the process. Over the last decade or so, the average age
of new settlers has been some five years younger than the average 
age of the resident population. To retard the ageing
process significantly will require a sustained return to more
traditional, historical levels of immigration programs"
"Population is not merely a question of numbers, growth rates
or age profiles. The distributional impact of migration, both
international and internal, cannot be ignored. The Government
is conscious of the propensity of migrants to settle in
existing urban communities, but it does not regard this as an
issue which can be properly addressed in a migration context
alone, given that people in Australia are free to choose the
place in which they will live and work. Recent research
demonstrates that migrants are at least as mobile and flexible
as their Australian-born counterparts, particularly in the
early years of settlement. Equally, proper concerns about
environmental issues are relevant to population growth and
immigration programs. Ultimately, however, the capacity of a
nation to address environmental concerns largely resides in
areas other than immigration, including capacity to generate
economic wealth, a sufficient tax base and technological
sophistication"
"Immigration levels cannot be determined in isolation from
permanent and long term departures. In recent years permanent
departures have fluctuated from a low of 19,500 in 1980-81 to
a high of 25,000 in 1982-83. They have resulted in substantial
losses of skilled workers. Accordingly, the contribution of net
permanent migration to the Australian labour market has been
substantially less than the contribution of permanent settlers
alone"
"I turn now to the economic implications of immigration. Recent
research undertaken by the Committee for the Economic Development 
of Australia, CEDA, and my Department is relevant to our 
understanding of the role of immigration in the Australian 
economy. It is generally accepted that research of this kind 
is complex and based in part on econometric models, and
that the findings have to be seen in that light. However, the
more significant research findings are sufficiently important
to include in this statement. Until recently, many
Australians, and not least Australian opinion leaders, have
subscribed to the populist view that during periods of high
unemployment or economic downturn immigration is
disadvantageous to the employment prospects of Australians
seeking to enter the labour market. These mistaken perceptions
need serious attention. I draw the attention of honourable
members to three of the CEDA research findings. The first is
that immigration has contributed positively to economic growth
and development. The second is that immigration, even in the
very short term, does not adversely affect the employment
prospects of the Australian resident population, with few
localised and particular exceptions. The third is that the
skill, education, age and self-sufficiency profiles of a
particular intake are perhaps more important than the overall
scale of any one intake"
"In relation to this question of education and skills, the
Government has noted the call for higher levels of skilled
labour and business migration. The Economic Planning Advisory
Council, EPAC, suggested that the skill composition and base
of the Australian labour force could be enhanced in the medium
term from increases in these programs. Whilst agreeing with
these views, the Government is equally committed to upgrading
the skill base of the Australian community by appropriate
education, training and retraining policies and programs"
"In the long term, population policy objectives and economic
rationality will be best served by a progressive return to more
traditional levels of immigration. This return must be gradual,
in part because the lead times in immigration are significant"
"Australia faces as much international competition for people
with positive economic attributes as it does for commodity and
capital markets. If anything, the level of competition is
likely to sharpen in the medium to longer term. The Government
sees properly managed population growth and immigration as an
important strategy for economic policy options. All economic
policy instruments involve short and long term benefits and
costs, and immigration is no exception"
"In looking at the long term future the Government is concerned
to awaken Australia's interest in, and appreciation of, the
population dimension. The appendices to this statement, which
I shall table at the end of my speech, underpin the statement
and provide a basis for an informed understanding of where we 
are and where we are headed. I recently asked the National 
Population Council to develop and advise me on long term 
population options for Australia. I expect that the Council's 
advice and the statement I have made will both serve to elicit 
public comment on these longer term population and immigration 
issues"
"It should be noted that, if it were decided that Australia's
population by the year 2000 should be about 19 million, then
that outcome would be achieved by an average annual immigration
program of 120,000. If it were decided that there should be a
population target of some 30 million by the year 2038, the
250th year of European settlement of this continent, then such
an outcome would be reached with an average annual migrant
intake of 160,000. Both outcomes would be more likely were
fertility rates to recover to higher levels. In either event,
both could be achieved by manageable progressive increases in
recent levels of immigration to intakes comparable to those
experienced in the 1940s and 1960s when the population base and
Australia's absorption capacity were substantially less then
they are now or will be in the future"
"Australia's aim should be to see its immigration program in
the context both of humane and community concerns and of
population and economic development needs. Our understanding
must be that immigrants, carefully selected, create more jobs
than they take. It is against this philosophical and factual
background that the Government has considered the migration
program for 1986-87 and indicative planning levels for the
subsequent two years. In developing the program the Government
has had the benefit of formal advice from employers, trade
unions, community groups, State governments, local government
representatives, academics and the National Population Council"
"We propose a program of 95,000 visa issues and change of
status approvals in 1986-87. This compares with an expected
outcome of 89,000 in the current year and a planning level of
84,000. It represents a modest initial increase, and one I
expect will be achieved"
"For the two subsequent years the Government has set indicative
planning levels of 110,000 and 125,000, respectively. These
levels are no more than indicative for planning purposes. They
could represent the beginnings of a possible gradual increase
in immigration which may thereby, subject to community support
following from consultation on resources and needs, return by
managed steps to historical intake levels of 160,000 to 170,000 
or about I per cent of population at that time. These are 
decisions for the future - but the foundations are being laid"
"I announce one major change and initiative to the structure of
the migration program of interest to all honourable members"
"The Government has decided to develop the concept of an
independent and concessional migration category to attract a
wider and more numerous number of people with the potential to
contribute to Australia's economic and social needs. This
category is based on the principles of the current extended
family (category C) program, which as honourable members would
know, covers sponsored adult siblings and non-dependant
children. Applicants will be required to achieve a pass mark
of 70 points on the existing points system which relates to the
age, employability, education and skill characteristics of the
potential migrant. In recognition of the economic support that
family in Australia can provide, concessionary points will be
given to adult brothers and sisters and non-dependent children
(10 points out of 70) and nephews and nieces (5 points)"
"In summary, the new independent and concessionary migration
category brings benefits from the economic gains to Australia
from the people likely to succeed in their migration
applications, whilst recognising at the same time the economic
and social advantages of the extended family nexus. This
category is not one of entitlements but one of optimising human
and economic realities. Effectively, the Government is
concerned here with attracting people Australia needs,
motivationally, economically and in terms of population
building and the retardation of aging. Would-be independent
migrants with no family ties but who adequately meet the
criteria of employability, self-sufficiency, youth, skills and/
or education will still be eligible to be included in our
expanding migration program"
"At the same time, I emphasise the Government maintains its
commitment to reunion of immediate family. The family unit for
us is the Australian family unit based on husband, wife,
dependent children and retired parents. For aged parents of
independent means, spouses and dependent children, entry is
virtually automatic. On present levels of demand, I estimate
a program of 26,000 visas in 1986-87 compared with an
estimated outcome of 25,000 in 1985-86. A sensitive element has
been the Vietnam family migration program, which relies on the
continued co-operation of the Vietnamese Government. It needs
to be understood that in return for their responsibility to 
integrate into and contribute to Australian society, one of the
rights given to migrants is to be reunited with immediate family"
"But this right does not flow over to the extended family. Extended
family members are given preference for migration, more so in
Australia than in the United States or Canada, but they must qualify
for migration on the basis of the potential contribution they can
make to Australian society"
""
"Rare flop for ABC series  

  CHANNEL Two's ""A Big Country"" tonight is a rarity - an episode which
doesn't really work.  We have become so used to lovely, human television
from ""A Big Country"" that this one is a real surprise"
"It is called ""Two Women"". The two in question are 21-year-old Melissa McCord,
a Sydney photographer, and Lorna Blackwell, a 72-year-old goat farmer who lives
300km southeast of Carnarvon. 
  Melissa McCord is making a trans-Australian pilgrimage, photographing
and writing about women who live in extreme isolation and often in
considerable hardship. Melissa, who wears cute little scarves and outsized
beads, is captivated by the idea"
"Lorna, whom she meets during her travels, doesn't seem to have much time
for such nonsense although she goes along with Melissa's arty photographic
posing"
"I got the feeling she thought Melissa was a bit of a twit, but was too
inherently polite to say so. And anyway, her live-in friend didn't seem
to offer much else in the way of conversation"
"Melissa McCord, whose book will be released next month, seems to have
embraced the romantic notion that all such women are heroic. No doubt some
are, but some have chosen that way of life for a good reason, preferring
the hazards of isolation to the hazards of modern, city living"
""
"Travelling Man  

  As youngsters, we lived for many years along the Mannus Creek, on our
property ""Kalua"". There were a number of sad occasions during these years,
but luckily the fun and thrills outnumbered these"
During the 1940's the Forestry Commission built some huts for their workmen
"These were situated about half a mile upstream from our home and roughly
a hundred yards from the bank of the creek"
"To get across the creek the men used a raft which consisted of three
x 44 gallon drums wired together. This was attached by a wire to a cable
which was firmly secured to a solid post on either side of the creek"
"On one occasion the creek was flooded, and too dangerous to enter, even
on a strong swimming horse"
"One of the workmen, Les Henderson had to raft across to handle a chore
of some kind on the opposite side. About half way across, the wire holding
the raft to the cable broke and away went Les on the raft"
"There were a couple of blokes running along the edge of the creek, yelling
instructions to Les, while another ran back to the camp for a rope; but
it was only a few minutes before Les disappeared around a bend in the creek
and on his way into big trouble"
"A few hundred yards further downstream was a tunnel, where the water
turned really rough, creating whirl pools and charging amongst rocks into
much lower country"
"Another chap, walking along the creek, spotted this strange outfit, and
as Les got a little closer, despite his fears, he didn't lose his sense
of humour, for he called out as he went by, ""Is this the way to Mildura?""

  However, the current tossed Les and the raft out of the main stream into
shallow water and Les got out soaking wet, but laughing away in his usual
manner"
""
"State's programs will stay despite demise of CEP HEATHER McKENZIE  

  DESPITE the impending termination of the Commonwealth Computer Education 
Program (CEP) in January, computer education in NSW is alive and well, the 
head of the Computer Education Unit, Dr Ian Pirie, said in Sydney last week"
"Dr Pirie was speaking at the Computer Education Unit's (CEU) software 
suppliers' meeting"
"""The NSW Government has recognised that computer education is a priority 
funding area and subsequently we were untouched in the State Budget,"" he said"
"Dr Pirie admitted, however, that the CEU had no idea what repercussions the 
program's end would have"
"The unit's staffing arrangements were uncertain, with only five positions 
assured next year, he said.  
  Representatives of software suppliers, the Curriculum Development Centre, the
Catholic Education Office, the State Department of Education, the Federal
Attorney-General's Department, the ACT Schools Authority and the Queensland 
Department of Education attended the meeting"
"Several issues relating to the supply of software for educational purposes 
were discussed.  These included how the unit evaluates software, the proposed 
National Software Coordination Unit (NSCU) and the software industry's view 
of the education market"
"There were also group sessions where the question of copyright and the 
future development of software were addressed"
"""Software is the key to computer education.  Without good software, the 
rest of the equipment is a waste of time,"" Dr Pirie said"
"""We are here because communication is the key to developing good 
educational software.""
  A main problem was that industry was not generally aware of what 
constituted good educational software, he said"
"A lack of communication between education departments and software houses 
had led to the industry not knowing what the education departments required"
"Many software suppliers, however, expressed concern that the lack of 
communication with education departments meant they only knew what was wanted 
after a product was released and found to be wanting"
"It was suggested that software suppliers be given access to evaluation by 
education departments before the final product was released"
"Dr Pirie agreed with the idea, encouraging the suppliers to submit their 
programs for evaluation"
He said the unit was keen to become involved in this
"The general opinion among suppliers was that the amount of feedback from the 
Department of Education was not high.  The onus seemed to be on the software 
suppliers to submit their programs for evaluation"
"One of the major tasks of the unit is to advise teachers what constitutes 
good educational software"
"The CEU also has a limited software development committee, called Caresoft, 
which develops specialist educational software"
"""This group meets the needs we don't think industry would take up,""  Dr 
Pirie said"
"A member of the CEU software team, Ms Denise Tolhurst, explained how the 
unit evaluated software"
"The CEU has published 180 software evaluations.  These evaluations are based 
on a form sent to teachers who are chosen primarily through contacts made at 
workshops.  
  One problem with the evaluations is that they are not often tested in the 
field.  Problems of time have so far prevented this, although it is one of the 
unit's long-term objectives.  
 Software is evaluated either by a teacher, a regional consultant or officers 
at the CEU.  They rely on software being submitted by the suppliers for 
evaluation.  If a program is given to the unit, it is kept in the resource 
centre where teachers can access it for themselves. 
  ""The purpose of the evaluations is to provide a guide to teachers.  It 
should not be considered as an authoritative assessment of the 
program,"" Ms Tolhurst said"
"Some of the software suppliers expressed doubts about the evaluation.  It 
was suggested that some formal group should be established so evaluations 
could take place in a workshop environment, with input from a number of 
teachers, as opposed to individual assessment  Ms Tolhurst said some evaluations were already conducted in workshops, but 
there was no formal scope for such groups at present.  The unit would ideally 
like to conduct evaluations in that way, but the time it took to do so - three 
to four weeks - did not allow it. 
  ""The cessation of Commonwealth funding has not made computer education a dead 
issue,""  Dr Pirie said"
"""The whole area of computer education is really moving ahead.  Other 
sections of the NSW Education Department are working on it as well"
"""For example, a building code for computer rooms is being formulated and 
others are looking at creating criteria for qualified computer education 
teachers."""
"ART Christopher Robin and Wind in the Willows
Drawings by Ernest H. Shepard
Ginger Meggs memorabilia and original artwork on loan from James Hardie Library
Blaxland Gallery 
Grace Bros city store
Sydney
Watercolours by Rose McKinley
Hogarth Gallery 
Paddington GAY RICHARDSON  

FOR anyone who grew up with the delights of A.A. Milne's Christopher Robin
books, a visit to Sydney's Blaxland Gallery is a must"
"E.H. Shepard's enchanting illustrations of Milne's Pooh story, together
with some of the artist's drawings for The Wind in the Willows, are being
exhibited for the first time in Australia.  Shepard's illustrations at
the mid-city gallery are happy, bright watercolours or simply drawn with
pencil or pen and ink.  In the coloured pictures, Christopher Robin, Pooh,
Eyeore, Tigger, Owl, Piglet, Rabbit, Kanga and Roo are in delightfully coloured
settings - red carpet, a pink chair that looks ""like a chair"", yellow, blue
and white wallpaper with green pieces on the mantelpiece, and suchlike
things are everywhere. 
  Ernest Howard Shepard is remembered mostly as ""the man who drew Pooh"",
but his collaboration with Pooh's creator, A.A. Milne, represents only a
small part of his vast output as an artist and illustrator during a career
that spanned almost 70 years.  The qualities which distinguished Shepard's
work as a draughtsman were a free imagination and a vivacity of line that
marked out all his creatures as beings who lived and moved with grace and
energy, whether they were animal, human or ""feerie"""
"Shepard was born in St John's Wood, London, on December 10, 1879.  His
father was an architect and his mother was the daughter of the celebrated
watercolourist, William Lee.  He was educated a St Paul's School, Heatherley's
Art School and the Royal Academy Schools, where he studied until 1902"
"His first book illustrations were for an edition of Tom Brown's Schooldays
in 1904.  Shepard contributed his first cartoon to Punch in 1907"
"He became one of the most prolific contributors to the humorous magazine
by doing cartoons and illustrations for it for 50 years.  In 1968, Shepard's
illustration of Christopher Robin's Pooh Bear was sold at Sotheby's for
£1200"
"It is generally felt that as a result of this, the following year Shepard
decided to give all his original sketches for the Pooh books to the British
nation.  To mark this gift, an exhibition was held at the Victoria and
Albert Museum in London; and it is from that bequest that many of the drawings
in this present exhibition have been chosen"
"Ernest Shepard was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1972 for
his contribution to illustration.  He died at the age of 96, shortly before
the celebrations began to mark the 50th anniversary of the first publication
of Winnie-the-Pooh, which for half a century had delighted children all
over the world.  It was even translated into Latin"
"In the catalogue at the Blaxland Gallery, Sibley writes: ""Milne pays a
most gracious tribute to Shepard's skills when he wrote in the first American
edition of Winnie-the-Pooh:
  ""When I am gone,
  Let Shepard decorate my tomb,
  And put (if there is room)
  Two pictures on the stone"
"Piglet from page 111
  And Pooh and Piglet walking (157) -
  And Peter, thinking that they are my own,
  Will welcome me to Heaven.""
  Before starting the work on his illustrations for the Pooh books, Shepard
visited Milne and his family in Hartfield, Sussex, where he met Christopher
and the toys and was taken by Milne to various locations in and around
the Ashdown Forest where the Pooh adventures were set"
"Shepard made numerous studies of the environment which he used as backgrounds
in his drawings, so giving convincing realism to Milne's fantasies"
"In 1982 a selection of Shepard's sketches and drawings were published
as The Pooh Sketch Book by Methuen Children's Books Ltd (London).  It was
edited by Brian Sibley who also is responsible for the informative narrative
in the illustrated catalogue accompanying the exhibition at the Blaxland
Gallery"
"According to Sibley:  ""The success of Ernest Shepard's illustrations 
for the books of A.A. Milne led to his being commissioned in 1928 to provide
new illustrations for a celebrated children's book, The Golden Age, by
Kenneth Grahame (1859-1932).  Two years later Shepard illustrated its sequel,
Dream Days, and in 1931 produced his magnificent pictures for Grahame's
masterpiece, The Wind in the Willows"
"First published in 1908,  Grahame's delightful tale of the riverbank
and its inhabitants had been illustrated by various artists, but the author
was not happy with their work.  In 1954 Shepard observed: ""There are certain
books that should never be illustrated and I had felt that The Wind in the
Willows was one of these.  Perhaps, if it had not already been done, I
should not have given way to the desire to do it myself, but it so happened
that when the opportunity was offered me, I seized upon it gladly.""
  Shepard visited Grahame, then an old man, at his home in Berkshire.  Grahame
courteously listened as Shepard spoke of his plans for the book.  Then,
leaning forward, he said to the artist: ""I love these little people, be
kind to them.""  Shepard was kind to Toad and Ratty, Mole and Badger,
faithfully and sensitively capturing, in line, the fantasy and romance
of Grahame's riverbank idyll.  Shepard was to meet Grahame only once more
before the author's death.  When he took the completed illustrations
to show him.  ""Though critical,"" Shepard later said, ""he seemed pleased and,
chuckling, told me `I'm glad you've made them real'.""  
  These ""real people"" - a Rat and a Mole who go rowing and a Toad who drives
a motor car, also feature in the E.H. Shepard Exhibition at the Blaxland
Gallery, along with a Ginger Meggs exhibition"
"The artwork and memorabilia from the James Hardie Library is being exhibited
at the Blaxland Gallery to commemorate the 65th birthday of that lovable
Australian cartoon character, Ginger Meggs"
"Grace Bros are to be congratulated for using the Blaxland Gallery as
a museum, rather than as a commercial venue for almost two months.  Director
Margaret Meagher, said:  ""We'll be keeping the loan exhibition on until
January 23.  I am very pleased, as our Beatrix Potter one, which only lasted
two weeks, was far too short, but we are planning to have another Beatrix
Potter show next year.""
  To support Australian art, Grace Bros will sponsor for the next three years
Australia's most prestigious and best known art awards - the Archibald,
Wynne and Sulman Prizes.  The sponsorships total $150,000"
"New Zealander Rose McKinley, who lives at Byron Bay in NSW, is having her
first Sydney success at the Hogarth Gallery, in Paddington.  She does
competent, easy-to-live-with watercolours which have a personal touch, as
she puts many things relating to her life in these works"
"Rose, who attended the Sydney College of the Arts in Balmain when Guy
Warren (last year's Archibald Prize winner) was the principal lecturer and
the head of the painting department, gives a great deal of credit to what
she was taught at the college"
"McKinley had done only a little art at school in New Zealand, where she first
became interested in sound objects which still appear in her 
pictures.  She said: ""John Lethbridge, the sculpture teacher at the Sydney 
College of the Arts, used to tell me to concentrate on my own conceptions and 
my own past.  He told me to use myself and my everyday life as the source of my
work.""
  This is a feature in McKinley's present exhibition.  There are pictures 
within pictures which personally relate to her life"
"Her achievements to date include a sellout of her recent exhibition at
the Cape Galleries in Byron Bay and winning the Ballina Art Prize, the
Kyogle Art Prize and twice being awarded the Byron Bay Prize.  Says McKinley:
""I am always amazed when people really like what I do.  At first I thought
who would want to see my grandmother's table-cloth or a print that belonged
to my aunt, of a tree-lined avenue in Europe in a picture or a postcard
of the Madonna sent to me from Tuscany?  But, people seem to like them.""
  McKinley also says she is often governed by the seasons.  ""The works
I started in spring and others I did in late autumn and winter, all have
different flowers in them.  In a painting I did in wintertime in Byron
Bay, I put chrysanthemums.  I also put in mangoes and Jamaica limes because
we grow them where we live.""  
  This personal touch ""comes across"" in Rose McKinley's colourful watercolours"
""
"Conservatorium `bulging at the seams' on present site  

THE Queensland Conservatorium of Music wants to move to the Expo 88 site
on Brisbane's South Bank after the exposition"
"The idea is the latest in Brisbane's great debate - what to do with the
40 ha of prime real estate after the six-month, $250 million Expo finishes
on October 30, 1988. 
  The Conservatorium acting director, Mr Max Olding, yesterday said a proposal
had been put to the State Government mid-year but no answer had yet been
received"
"He said the Conservatorium, now on the Queensland Institute of Technology
campus, was bulging at the seams"
"A South Bank site next to the Cultural Centre would centralise the city's
cultural activities"
"The Queensland Institute of Technology deputy director, Dr Tom Dixon,
said the Federal and State Governments were sympathetic to the proposal,
which would make room for 800 extra QIT students"
There were no proposals to move QIT to the Expo site
"A spokesman for the Premier's Department said it was too early to discuss
whether the Conservatorium would relocate"
"The Expo Authority late last month called for worldwide expressions of
interest, to be lodged by February 16 next year"
"The authority, the Brisbane City Council and the State Government will
consider the submissions"
"The Expo chairman, Sir Llew Edwards, has said money is not the top priority
in the post-Expo scheme"
"It was an opportunity to leave the greatest memorial to Brisbane, he said"
"Yesterday, suggestions ranged from a State zoo, a drama centre, convention
centre and ""realistic"" proposals for a composite commercial, public space
and residential development"
"A senior partner in real estate agents Hillier Parker, Mr Rod Samut, said
the site was a valuation nightmare because it was not subject to town planning
regulations"
"It was tentatively worth about $300 million but its value was dependent
on what could be built there"
"""It is the most exclusive site in any capital city in Australia and it
should be given back to the people,"" Mr Samut said"
"""Brisbane doesn't have a zoo.  It would be marvellous site for perhaps
a maritime zoo for our young kids to enjoy"
"""It would be a shame to fragment the central business district by having
a commercial development on the site"
"""No one would propose another industrial development and there is not
a strong market for high ""medium-rise residential areas.""
  The Performing Arts Complex director, Mr Tony Gould, said a drama centre
on the site would complete Brisbane's magnificent cultural centre"
"He accepted that some commercial development was likely but hoped it
would complement the complex"
"The Brisbane Development Association president, Mr Noel Robinson, said
it was unrealistic to propose a zoo or to move educational institutions
to the site"
"""Expo will want the best dollar value it can get and there would have to
be a very good reason not to take the highest tender,"" he said"
"Mr Robinson said a likely result would be a mixture of commercial, open
space and residential uses"
"The director of architect firm Conrad and Gargett Pty Ltd, Mr Elwyn Wyeth,
said the site was ideal for an upmarket residential development, with about
20 percent devoted to commercial development"
""
"Ex-wife pays the price of divorce By PATRICIA MORGAN LONDON, Tues   

- Elizabeth Browne, former wife of a Tory MP, went 
to court today with her bags packed for a spell in jail - for 
failing to pay maintenance to her ex-husband"
"Outside the court she said: ""I just cannot believe he can do 
this to me.  He knows I have no more money.""
  She owes her ex-husband $350,000 in a divorce pay-off"
"Mrs Browne is the former wife of finance company chief and ex-
Guards officer John Browne, Tory MP for Winchester"
"She was awarded a divorce in 1984 on the grounds of Browne's 
adultery.  But a judge ruled she must pay the lump-sum 
maintenance, based on her assets"
"In August she was given a 28-day jail sentence on condition she 
completed the pay-off.  She has so far paid $248,000 but still 
owes $350,000. 
  There was no hearing today, so Mrs Browne returned home to 
Chelsea.  But Mr Browne's lawyers are planning new legal moves 
and she may still end up in jail this week"
"""I've paid over every penny I can raise, there is no more,"" she 
said"
""
"Trust aims to profit from imputation Peter Freeman  

THE planned introduction of dividend imputation is still 10 months off,
but at least one unit trust manager, Bankers Trust Australia Ltd, is
positioning itself to take advantage of the potential tax benefits"
"Under dividend imputation a company will pay tax at the proposed new rate
of 49 cents in the dollar, but this will then be allowed as a credit against
the tax liability of dividends paid to shareholders"
"An investor with a top rate of 30 cents in the dollar will be able to
claim 19 cents in the dollar as a credit against other income"
"The trust - launched at the start of July and known as the BT Equity Imputation
Fund - has raised $2 million and has been actively seeking shares that offer
the best chance of generating the highest imputation benefits"
"By getting in early it hopes to establish a well-balanced portfolio prior
to the expected rush into high-yielding shares later in 1986-87"
"Investors who buy units in the BT Equity Imputation Fund will be indirect
shareholders in the fund's shares and benefit from imputation, which takes
affect from July"
"Shares that presently yield 7 or 8 per cent pre-tax effectively will
give investors an after-tax return of 12 to 13 per cent as a result of
imputation.  
  But remember, it is not necessary for a local share fund to set up
specifically to take advantage of imputation since all of them will benefit
from this change"
"All that the BT fund is doing is signalling to investors that it will
be aiming specifically at taking the maximum advantage of imputation"
"As well there is always a possibility the Federal Government will change
its mind, although imputation was unaffected by the recent Federal Budget"
"Bankers Trust has attempted to lift the attractiveness of its new imputation
product by linking it with three specialist international trusts under the
banner of the BT Select Markets Trust."
"CONFIDENCE CRISIS FOR FBT SLEUTHS By Kenneth Randall The auditor-general's stinging criticism throws doubts on whether the new
tax can be administered effectively  

Introduction of the prescribed payments system in 1983 gave the Office
of Taxation its first big new project in almost a decade. It was a
straightforward system, devised and recommended by the tax department, which
then proceeded to make a hash of it, according to an efficiency audit by
the Auditor-General's Office"
"Compared with the fringe benefits tax, the prescribed payments system
is child's play. Hence the tax office's ability to cope with the fringe
benefits legislation has been called into question - publicy by the Opposition
and some quarters of business, and privately, but possibly with even greater
anxiety, from the Government side"
"Now, in addition to the report just published, the Auditor-General's Office
is believed to be examining the tax office's handling of profit shifting
and provisional taxpayers"
"As an example of the tax office's foul-ups on prescibed payments, its
investigation bureaucracy did not follow up tax assessor's advice that
a husband and wife in the building industry, identified as having failed
to lodge returns, were continuing to take a suspiciously secretive attitude
to the tax office. The auditor-general's team looked up the couple in the
telephone directory and made some simple checks which showed, among other
things, that they were trying to sell a new house for $430,000. They were
also directors and sole shareholders of a private company that had lodged
returns disclosing a gross income of $1.2 million and nil taxable income
over five years. The tax office did, after all, decide to investigate further"
"But bankruptcy had intervened, making it unlikely that further tax would
be recovered"
"The Labor Government has a great deal of its political future riding on
a smooth start-up and some early fine tuning of the fringe benefits tax"
"Things have been changing fast at the tax office since the end of the
auditor-general's foray. How fast, will become clearer when the House of
Representatives standing committee on expenditure begins hearings on the
efficiency audit report, probably in February or March"
"In the meantime, the report leaves the Government with a sizeable
presentational problem."
"Has Labor hit rock bottom?  

Just scraping home in NSW, shrouded in pre-Budget gloom, reeling from polls.."
"By TONY BAKER  

  This time last month political eyebrows shot up when Labor's commissioned
pollster Mr Rod Cameron revealed the Hawke Government would lose a theoretical
election held now"
"The risen eyebrows were the result of the assessment being made to business
observers attending the A.L.P. national conference in Hobart"
"What did it all mean in terms of conference factional politics?
  Also was it true? The published polls still were generally pretty good
for a government in mid-term"
"Afterwards Mr Cameron was heard to observe that it was true and, since
it was, there were pluses in being the first to say it"
And how right he was
"Hobart seems an age away and the days when Paul Keating was the world's
greatest Treasurer and the nation made jokes about charismatic Bob Hawke's
Messiah status seem like pre-history"
Mid-term blues are headaches affecting all governments
But rarely has it been such deep blue
"The king hit came two weekends ago with the now famous NSW by-elections
which saw Labor lose Neville Wran's old seat and his successor Barrie Unsworth
barely scrape home in another safe seat"
"The anti-Labor swings were bad enough on the numbers, sufficient if repeated
nationally to sweep the A.L.P. out of office nationally and in the States,
including SA, in the biggest landslide of the century"
"But that, calamitous as it is, does not explain wholly why it was so
devastating.  
  For that one has to go back to the mid-70s after the Whitlam dismissal
and the Fraser landslide"
Morale was rock bottom. Then Neville Wran won State Government in NSW
Then came the famous Wranslide re-election
"NSW became the jewel in the Labor crown. In the party's view NSW became
the power base from which it clawed back to government across the mainland,
except Queensland, and federally"
"To face such a backlash, to lose Mr Wran's very seat, was truly traumatic"
"How traumatic can be shown by the time Mr Hawke and Mr Unsworth spent on
Sunday analysing the result"
"What has been learnt about their talks is predictable to those who know
that while victory has many fathers defeat is an orphan"
"Mr Unsworth has blamed all but himself and identified such issues as the
fringe benefits tax"
"Mr Hawke, who with Mr Keating is stoutly defending the tax while having
what might appropriately be called a bob each way in hinting at administrative
changes, says this affected only 1 per cent of a swing in the order of 17
per cent"
"The evidence suggests Mr Unsworth was more correct. 
  The latest published opinion poll, in the Sydney newspaper the Sun-Herald,
conducted in three marginal seats identified Federal rather than State
issues as worrying voters"
"It showed 85 per cent of voters blaming either the Federal Government
or both Governments for the economic decline which is at the heart of the
present turn of the tide"
"In a hypothetical Federal election it gave the coalition parties 54 per
cent, Labor a derisory 30 per cent, the Democrats 10 per cent and other
6 per cent"
"ISSUES governing Labor defectors were economic policy, union influence,
taxation and poor government"
"The best that can be said for the result, not to mention the by-elections,
is that Labor faces a long battle in persuading voters its policies are
right and will work"
"And this before it has begun to sell what it acknowledges to be an
unpopular Budget"
This goes to the core of the biggest puzzlement of the Hawke Government
"No government in Australia has been more public relations and public
opinion minded"
"The Government's fondness for advertising campaigns to sell its policies
is well known, as well known as the Prime Ministerial taste for addresses
to the nation"
"But this Government's support now has slumped to the extent that although
the next election need not be until 1988 it may well be too late to recover"
"In the pre-history of its early days, the Hawke Government made its central
appeal to the electorate that it, and especially the Prime Minister and
Treasurer in tandem, were better economic managers than the Opposition"
On those terms it manifestly has failed
"The by-elections and the opinion polls show the electorate simply does
not believe either that the management is better or that events are beyond
the control of any government"
Labor had a Messiah. As of today it needs a Lazarus
""
"The JON HALL view  

  NEXT time you're out in your car, cruising through your local suburban
streets, take a good look around"
"Among your fellow road-users you will notice some good drivers, some
not-so-good drivers, and some bloody awful drivers"
It is the latter group that I wish to discuss
Let me attempt to describe your average weekday morning drive to work
"You pull out of your drive and proceed along a single lane road. Approaching
a street off to the right, the car in front of you slows and moves to the
right hand side of the lane"
"You naturally move to the left hand side, anticipating the vehicle in
front doing a right hand turn. Wrong"
"You're about five metres away, about to pass on the inside when suddenly,
with a single flash of the left blinker, the ignoramus whips across in front
of you into a driveway"
"Fortunately, it is early, and your mind is alert. You slam on the brakes
and swing right, easily avoiding a collision by a good three inches"
"Bert Newton is chatting happily away on the radio, and you have a chuckle
at one of his ad-lib ads"
"You continue down the same single lane road. Up ahead there is a school
bus taking on some passengers"
"Estimate distance      

  You estimate the distance between the bus and yourself and calculate
how long it is going to take for the remaining four kids to board"
"The answer? The last child should be on board about the time you pass
the bus"
"So right! For as soon as that last leg disappears inside the door, on
goes the bus's blinker, and out it pulls, apparently oblivious to your presence
on the road"
So it's down through the gears and on with the brakes
"It's at this time that the oncoming lane, previously deserted, now becomes
choc-a-bloc, giving you no chance to overtake the bus until 10 minutes later,
about five kilometres further on, when it stops to pick up another load. 
  The eight o'clock news comes on the radio. It is all very depressing"
"You come to a roundabout. Only one other car is in sight, about to enter
from the right"
"You slow down and come to a stop, law-abidingly giving way, even though
you could have probably flown through without hindering the other car"
"The other cas slows down and comes to a stop. You look across, wondering
what is going on"
"You notice the driver staring intently into the rear-vision mirror, brushing
her hair"
"""Oh well,"" you think, ""I might as well go for it.""
  You edge out into the roundabout, only to be almost wiped out"
"The hair-brusher, finally realising that she has right of way, has dropped
the clutch and kangaroo-hopped at breakneck speed through the intersection"
"Heart misses

  Your heart misses a few beats"
"You continue your journey, noticing the petrol gauge is below empty,
and the temperature gauge suggests you haven't checked the radiator for
three weeks"
"You fail to see any humor in Bert Newton playfully tongue-lashing his
sound man"
You come to a T-intersection where you need to turn left
"You look right and see a single car approaching. You decide to jump on
the gas and get into the lane"
"No, too late, it's too close. Well, it is going slow, I could make it"
"Bugger, too late now"
"All these thoughts cross your mind, and you end up waiting"
"The car turns left just before reaching you, no indicator signalling
its intent"
Enough is enough
"Down goes your window as you scream ""What d'ya think those flashing lights
on your car are used for goose.""
  So you complete your left hand turn"
"Just up ahead, you spy a truck nosing out of a side street. ""No,"" you
think to yourself, ""he wouldn't.""
  He does"
You check your rear vision mirror
"There's absolutely nothing else on the road behind you, yet this misbegotten
driver decides he can't wait another ten seconds, and laboriously drags
his 16-wheeler out in front of you"
"Winding hill

  Naturally enough, directly ahead is a winding, one kilometre hill"
"The truck manages to accelerate to a magnificent 15kmh, before dropping
back below double figures on the steep gradient"
"By the time you get to the top of the hill, there is a line of 18 cars
trailing along behind you"
"The law of the jungle then prevails, as all 18 cars move into the right
lane to overtake, while you sit tucked behind the truck, suffocating on
diesel fumes"
"You successfully negotiate your way onto the freeway and pull out into
the right lane to pass a slower car"
Naturally you leave a safe distance between yourself and the car in front
"This safe distance is regarded as an ideal opening for one of those dreaded
lane-switchers"
"You know exactly what is about to happen when you notice a car streak
up on your left"
"He drives into the gap you have left, and then, finding himself almost
on top of the car in front of him, slams on the brakes"
"Your body and mind go on full alert as you expertly apply the brakes
just enough to avoid slamming into the lane-switcher, and not quite enough
to allow the tailgater behind you to ram into your rear end"
"You finally arrive at work and turn off the engine and slump back in the
seat, bathed in sweat"
You tell Bert Newton to shut up about what a nice day it is
"And just think, in eight hours, you've got to do it all again"
""
"Yass Shire to review safety of old dam By Teresa Mannix  

  Yass Shire Council has decided to reverse an earlier decision and proceed
with a safety review of Yass River Dam, as recommended by the NSW Dam Safety
Committee"
"The shire engineer, Mr Bert Kaub, said yesterday that the council had adopted
his recommendation that specifications be sought from the committee and
a costing obtained for the review"
"The decision was prompted by the committee's fears that the dam could
burst, causing loss of life and property"
"The 60-year-old dam was built when there was inadequate knowledge of
likely floods and rainfall levels"
"According to the committee, two floods had already subjected the dam to
its maximum stress levels, and larger floods could be expected"
"The council previously rejected Mr Kaub's recommendation that the safety
review be carried out"
"He said the specifications would include such matters as the likely size
of future floods, whether the structure would hold under such stresses,
the waterproofing of the dam, the condition of the concrete and the general
safety of the structure under adverse conditions."
"Thrilling Grand Prix for world crown Champions set to battle out old scores in Adelaide By Fred Knight  

  The 1986 World Grand Prix Championship will be decided in a flashing
blur of speed and sound over Adelaide's now famous round-the-houses course
today"
"The race, besides resolving who will wear the world racing crown, will
also stamp Adelaide as a major venue of the international racing circuit"
"The event promises to be an even bigger success than last year's debut
which has already received the coveted Foca Award for the best Grand Prix
of the 1985 season"
"The Adelaide organisers have spared no effort to make the event even
better than last year"
"They have added many more grandstand viewing areas this year and room
for a lot more spectators, many of whom could not find a place for the race
last year"
"But almost certainly the biggest factor of this year's Grand Prix season
finale will be the fact the race will decide the 1986 world champion"
"With Alain Prost bringing his Marlboro McLaren home in second place
in Mexico, he has moved back into second place in the world championship
points standings, just one point ahead of Nelson Piquet and only six points
behind leader Nigel Mansell who finished fifth at the last race and thus failed
to wrap up the 1986 title he had been leading by 10 points"
"""It should be a fantastic race for the public with three drivers fighting
for the title,"" said Prost"
"Certainly all the pressure will be on Mansell and I am going into the
race completely relaxed.""
  Prost is aiming to be the first driver to win the world championship two
years in succession in more than 20 years"
"Last year's Australian Grand Prix winner, Keke Rosberg, will be ending
his Formula 1 driving career in Adelaide just as ex-world champion Niki
Lauda did with the Marlboro McLaren team at the same race last year"
"Niki was leading the race when a braking problem saw him spin out of
the race and into the wall"
"One feature of the Adelaide Circuit is its ""billiard-ball"" smooth surface
and that's something which will certainly appeal to both the Ferrari drivers
Michele Alboreto and Stefan Johansson"
"""We have had troubles with our chassis handling on bumpy circuits so Adelaide
will hopefully give us a better chance of a win in our final race of the
season,"" said Alboreto"
"Certainly one driver who will be looking forward to that possibility
will be Johansson, who will be driving his last race for the Ferrari team"
"""I have had two great years with the team and it would be fantastic to
leave them with my first GP win and the first for the team this season,""
said an optimistic Stefan"
"Hopes are also high for the Minardi team members Andrea Decesaris and
Sandro Nannini to take their first points of the season after Decesaris
scored an encouraging eighth-place in Mexico the best finishing position
of the season for the Minardi Team"
"It is bound to be a nailbiting affair as Britain's Mansell takes on his
Williams team-mate, Brazilian Piquet, and Frenchman Prost in the last
desperate battle to come out on top"
"""It's going to be a terrific finale to what has been one of the best seasons
for years,"" Mansell said"
"The big Englishman wrecked his own chances to pull off the championship
victory earlier this month by failing to find first gear when the traffic
lights changed to green at the start of the Mexican Grand Prix"
"The gear box worked perfectly throughout the race once he got going -
in last place - and he clawed his way back to finish fifth behind Piquet"
""
"Education Schoolchildren fodder in a feminist war By Geoffrey Partington  

FEW CLAIMS are heard more often about Australian education than that it
systematically disadvantages girls and women. People paid high salaries
for running school systems shout the bad news from the rooftops, although
they never offer to resign. John Steinle, for example, Director-General
of Education in South Australia recently wrote in a booklet distributed
by the tens of thousands: ""The department recognises that particular groups
are disadvantaged by our present education system. The largest of these
groups is girls."" But the cry of unfair discrimination is most often bruited
from the serried ranks of women's advisers, equal opportunity officers
and various other shes who must be obeyed. How true are their accusations?
  Even the more ardent feminists do not claim that there is overt
discrimination against girls in schools. Boys and girls are subject to
the same attendance laws and the amount of money spent on schooling is little
affected, if at all, by gender. On the whole, being more docile and sociable,
girls take to school more readily than boys, are quicker to master skills
prized in schools - being in particular notably neater and better co-ordinated
on average - and gain higher average levels of achievement in primary schools"
"Most primary teachers, especially in the junior grades, are women so that
suitable ""role models"", to use the trendy phrase, are more abundant for
girls than for boys"
"Curricula have not been highly differentiated by gender in the past,
but until very recently feminists latched on to every form of differentiation
as evidence of unfair discrimination against girls. The biggest feminist
hate until as recently as 1980 was single-sex schools because, as English
feminist Madeleine Arnot put it, ""the dominant form of reproduction of
bourgeois gender relations (until recently when it has been modified) has
been that of single-sex schools"" and ""the use of single-sex schooling has
been the major form of reproduction of gender relations - relations that
constituted the bourgeois ideal of the family form of male hierarchy and
female dependency and subordination"". Bourgeois ideals are, of course, known
by feminists (nearly all highly bourgeois themselves), to be very wicked
indeed"
"For nearly 20 years Australian governments have been following feminist
advice to abolish single-sex schools and to make the curriculum of boys
and girls identical in mixed schools. In high schools there was an assault
on woodwork and metalwork for boys as against cookery and needlework for
girls; in the junior primary schools, boys were encouraged to play more
in the Wendy House and girls to engage in more boisterous pursuits (no pretend
guns though, please). Child-centred feminist teachers found their underwear
in a constant twist because they believed with one part of their minds in
letting children follow their own interests, but with the other they felt
it necessary to prevent children, also victims of our disgusting bourgeois
society, from choosing ""traditionally sex-related"" interests"
"On the playing fields the cry is still for identity of treatment. Federal
Education Minister Susan Ryan, the Commonwealth Schools Commission's
Commissar for Girls, Eileen Duhs, and an army of female jocks continue to
demand uniformity in sport. In South Australia in 1986 Equal Opportunities
Commissar Josephine Tiddy has succeeded in producing an outstanding feminist
blueprint for equality: schoolgirls must be permitted to participate in
traditionally boys-only sports, but boys will be banned from messing up
traditionally girls-only sports. Sex differences in sport, so many feminists
believe, are merely ""socially-constructed"" and not based on real, objective
differences in average height, weight, speed or aggressiveness"
"Just as victory seemed nigh in the feminist fight against single-sex schools
and against sex-based differentiations in mixed schools, along came Dale 
Spender and a new wave of feminists. Spender is a luminary in the London 
University Institute of Education, but she and her equally militant sister 
Lynn, still in Australia, are female scions of the famous Spender family of 
which Sir Percy was merely one of the most prominent in the Australian upper 
crust. Dale Spender's great contribution to the gender debate is the claim 
that in mixed classrooms teachers, women just as much as men, unfairly 
discriminate against girls by concentrating more on the boys. In so far as 
this claim is really true, it relates only to the tendency for boys to 
misbehave more than girls and for teachers therefore to spend more time on 
correcting and censuring the boys. This does not seem to be evidence for 
unfair discrimination, but Spender's disciples repeat the claim with 
enthusiasm. Judith Whyte, a science educator, writes that ""boys initiate more 
contacts with teachers, are more successful in gaining teacher time and 
attention and are perceived by teachers to be more rewarding and reponsible 
pupils"". Whyte fears, too, that ""the possibilities for equalising male and 
female participation are very limited"". Another science educator, Jan Harding, 
told South Australian feminist teachers last month that giving more time and 
attention in mixed classes to girls is no good either, because ""what often 
happens is that teachers instinctively go and help girls in science and 
technology classes and in doing so often confirm their helplessness"""
"Feminists often try to have it both ways. Until the late 1970s a larger
proportion of boys than of girls stayed on at school after the age of 15"
"Feminists cited that as evidence of ""unequal participation of girls in
education"". In recent years a larger proportion of girls than boys have
stayed on at school after 15. Feminists hold this proves ""the unequal
participation of girls in the work force"". Similarly feminists allege unfair
discrimination because girls, if given the choice, opt for mathematics and
physical sciences less frequently than do boys but, despite lip service to
bilingualism, no feminist claims that the smaller proportion of boys choosing
a foreign language to an advanced level shows unfair discrimination against
them. Heads the feminists win, tails they sure don't lose"
"It is strange that feminists, despite frequent rhetoric about the uniqueness
or even the superiority of women's insights, invariably regard patterns
of choice by women as worse than those made by men. Traditional areas of
women's work are automatically denigrated by feminists yet they claim
that non-traditional areas in which women come to predominate, as with medicine
in the Soviet Union, are only conceded because they are trivial and
unimportant. As Marx (Groucho) put it: ""If it's a club that will let me
join it, it's not worth joining"". It's what the American anti-feminist Midge
Decter calls the ""shit-work"" thesis: whatever women do in larger numbers
than men is defined by feminists as low in worth"
"For Australian politicians the immediate problem is that, after reducing
and well nigh abolishing single-sex education in every government school
system in the commonwealth in response to feminist demands, they must now
go back over the course and separate the boys from the girls again, at
the behest of new feminist demands. For feminists the problem is that bourgeois
ideals are generated both by single-sex and by co-educational schools. The
Partington 1986 Award, of too handsome a value, will be presented to the
feminist theoretician who finds a third way, so that we can both avoid having
the girls together with the boys, or separate from them"
""
"Monday August 11 HOLY, HOLY, HOLY PRAY  
Almighty God, show me what it means to be holy as you are holy"
"READ  
Leviticus 6:24-30"
"THINK  
How do you understand the word 'holy'?

  What is described as 'holy' or 'most holy' in verses 25-27 and 29? How
does this fit with your definition of 'holy'?

  The basic statement about holiness in Leviticus is the reiterated claim
by God, 'I am holy' (for example 20:26). In fact, the motto of Leviticus
could well be 'You shall be holy for I am holy' (for example 11:45). Holiness
is primarily related to the character and being of God - his 'otherness'
or 'separateness'. Thus people or things become holy when they are separated
for and dedicated to God. And uncleanness therefore has nothing to do with
dirt or germs; rather it is unlikeness to God"
"The command in verses 27 and 28 must be seen in the light of this
understanding of holiness. Because of the holy blood on the priest's clothes
or on the cooking pot, these articles become holy and must be separated
from common use. So the garment and the pot must be washed carefully (or
destroyed in the case of a clay pot which could not be thoroughly scoured)
to prevent contact between these holy things and anything unclean"
"To us these prescriptions may seem strange. Yet the underlying principle
remains as true today as in Moses' time: the holy God cannot co-exist with
the unclean"
""
"Pilot `may have been asleep' SYDNEY:  

  A pilot on a flight from Sydney to Brisbane may have fallen asleep
behind the controls, aviation authorities believe"
"The Bureau of Air Safety Investigation has begun an inquiry into the mid-air
incident"
"The pilot was commanding a freight operations flight to Brisbane on
Monday morning but shortly before touching down failed to report his position
to airport control"
"""We don't really know what happened up there,"" a spokesman, Mr John Death,
said today"
"""We are fully aware of the incident and have begun a thorough investigation"
"""For some reason the pilot failed to report his position but there was
no actual danger involved.""
  The pilot, who landed the plane without incident, has been grounded while
the investigation is carried out"
"Airline authorities believe he may have experienced a technical breakdown,
but have not ruled out the possibility he could have fallen asleep at the
controls"
""
"Matron will stay, rules Taylor  

THE row between the Health Minister, Mr Taylor, and Gnowangerup Hospital
Board over Matron Ruth Griffiths reached a new pitch yesterday"
"Mr Taylor decided to scrap plans for a tribunal inquiry into her
unexplained sacking and ordered her reinstatement"
"But hospital board chairman John Humphreys last night said that the board
would stick by its decision"
"Mr Taylor said that he was angry at the hospital board's rejection of
what he called his ""last-ditch attempt"" to resolve the dispute"
"He condemned the board's rejection and said that its ""absolute intransigence""
was astounding"
"The Minister's decision follows his efforts to mediate since the board
decided to sack the matron several weeks ago"
"At first, Mr Taylor said that he had not been given valid reasons for her
dismissal and asked the board to reinstate her"
"The board's refusal - and an outcry from Gnowangerup residents complaining
of past doctor-matron clashes - resulted in the Minister's tribunal plan"
"He had proposed a three-member tribunal, perhaps involving the nurses,
union, the Australian Medical Association and an independent chairman"
"Mr Taylor said that Matron Griffiths and the nurses' union agreed but
the board refused"
"""The absolute intransigence  of the board is astounding - especially
as the matron is willing to participate,"" he said"
"He now had no choice but to go ahead and reinstate Matron Griffiths -
who was surprised by the news last night"
"She said that she was still awaiting a date to return to the hospital
and until then she was ""keeping busy.""
  The Minister said he did not want to sack the hospital board but its
membership would be thrown open tomorrow night at the hospital's annual
general meeting"
"Mr Humphreys said the Minister's claim that the board had acted
intransigently was ""ridiculous.""
  ""The Minister does not know the facts,"" he said.  
  ""He does not know the reasons behind the sacking.""
  He said that the reasons had been revealed only to the board's lawyer
and he disputed Mr Taylor's power to reinstate the matron"
"""Only the Government has that power,"" he said"
"Mr Humphreys said that the board had opposed a tribunal inquiry because
it was on the condition that it withdrew the matron's dismissal notice"
"""I feel we have the support of the town and that we should stand by our
actions,"" Mr Humphreys said"
"The controversy surrounding Matron Griffiths came to a head earlier
this year when the Medical Board cleared a former Gnowangerup hospital doctor,
Terence Gould, of misconduct charges brought by the matron"
"She first made headlines in 1978 when the town's GP of 20 years, Dr Alec
Winrow, resigned and moved away after reporting difficulties with the
matron"
"In 1985 a rift emerged with the town GP, Dr Peter Cummins, who in December
referred his patients to Katanning Hospital, 60km away"
""
"Terms of embitterment By Frank Robson  

What would you do if the Family Law Court forbade you to see your children?
  
  It's almost midnight when Steve, a labourer, gets on the phone to the
crowd he's read about in the Sunday papers: Fathers Against Discrimination in
Childcare"
"""I can't get in my own house!"" he cries. ""The bitch reckons I beat her
up ... so I get home and she's got a bit of paper saying I can't come in
my own house ...""
  ""Whoa!"" pleads FADIC organiser Dean Weily. ""Start at the beginning."" He
lights a cigarette, dreading what will follow. Steve groans as though his
search for the ""beginning"" is causing him physical pain"
"""Look, I just want to know what law says I can't go in my own house! You
tell me what fucking law stops a man ... Jeez, I been making payments on
the bastard for six years! So where's the justice, eh? Where's it say I
can't ...""
  Weily grips his hair (Steve's voice conveys an infectious sense of
desperation). Slowly, carefully, Weily explains that a magistrate or a
judge can make any ruling concerning property that he or she sees fit"
"It's known as an ex parte ruling and is intended to protect the applicant
from .."
"""But where's the law!"" Steve demands. ""Where's it written that a man can
be kicked out of his own fucking house? I've called the cops, my local member,
now you. No-one can show me the bloody law that says it!""
  Dean Weily hangs up half an hour later with a familiar feeling of futility:
Steve has not understood. He will probably spend weeks looking for a law
that doesn't exist. In the end he might go over the edge and take out his
fury on his wife, or his children ... or even on the magistrate who made
the ex parte order"
"Not for the first time, Weily - self-appointed adviser to thousands of
Australian men caught up in the grim complexities of divorce, child custody
and access - sees the enemy face-to-face. It is confusion ... the kind of
confusion that spawns despair. Weily thinks of the innumerable ""Steves""
out there, each trapped in the quagmire of his own befuddled anguish. Since
he launched FADIC only a couple of months earlier, the young Brisbane
businessman had listened to hundreds of them. Despite FADIC's avowed purpose
(to change perceptions of men as solitary parents and to focus attention
or perceived flaws in the Family Court system) Weily, 27, can't disguise
early misgivings"
"A few days before, he'd told me: ""I just want to find out why so many
apparently rational individuals go into the [Family] Court system and emerge
as lunatics who do desperate things ..."" But tonight he wonders: is it possible
to achieve anything amidst so much mental chaos?
  ""Help me! Help me! moan the voices on his phone. ""I'm going to waste myself!""
the voices scream, or more alarmingly: ""Nothing matters now.""
  Each caller has a separate story of tragedy and injustice, against a
background of legal battles of astonishing vindictiveness and torturous
complexity. Who's sane and who's crazy? Who's lying and who isn't? Who's
seeking attention and who's a bona fide psychotic?
 Dean Weily smokes another cigarette, staring from his window at the lights
of the city. ""Jesus,"" he whispers. ""This is a bloody nightmare ...""

 News Report - 19.12.85  

... A Cairns man who abducted his daughter from her mother's custody and
made her live as a fugitive for 18 months was jailed for 15 months"
"Mr Justice Simpson in the Brisbane Family Court sentenced Allan Lindsay
Sealey, 38, to 15 months jail from the time of his arrest in Perth on November
27, to be released after 10 months subject to a $1000 bond relating to certain
conditions"
"The conditions obliged Sealy to seek a fresh application for access to
his daughter and restrained him from entering or loitering near his wife's
premises. Sealey pleaded guilty to contempt of an access order following
a ""bitterly contested"" four-day custody hearing in March last year before
Mr Justice Simpson"
"Mrs Rhonda Sealey, 34, said in Cairns yesterday she feared her husband
would try again to take their daughter Jayde, 7, when he was released from
jail. ""He told me he would never give her up,"" she said. ""But I don't know
whether prison is the right place for him. He needs psychiatric help.""
  
  Alan Sealey is slight and sandy-haired; he stands waiting in the prison
visiting area with a big plastic bag full of newspaper and magazine articles,
sworn affidavits, legal transcripts and letters. He puts the bag between
us on the table and watches me attentively, his eyes red-rimmed and his
skin pallid. 
  I ask if he is ill. Sealey shakes his head"
"""Prison is terrible,"" he says softly, almost apologetically. He smiles
and rests a hand on the plastic bag, staring down the long table where men
with tattooed arms sit opposite exhausted-looking women in cheap clothes"
"For 90 minutes we discuss what Sealey did on the run with his daughter
... how they lived for nine months in a religious community in Western Australia
and how, on November 27 last year, the forlorn escapade ended when Jayde
was recognised in a small WA town by an off-duty policeman who'd seen pictures
of her in New Idea and on TV. (""Sweetheart, please tell someone who you are
- maybe your teacher or a policeman. Don't be afraid my darling; Mummy is
waiting for you and I love you with all my heart.""  - Rhonda Sealey, New
Idea, 2.2.85) 
  Why did Sealey run? Why did he fail to return Jayde to her mother after
a normal access outing on May 5, 1984? He told me his reason many times,
but because of restrictions imposed by the Family Law Act, I cannot quote
him"
"I can quote a letter written by Sealey and read to the court after he
was sentenced on the contempt charge: ""I honestly believed, and still do
believe very strongly, that Jayde is in very real moral danger by her continual
exposure to the letter named one of the child's maternal relatives and the
home environment of my former wife,"" he wrote"
"""I am remorseful for having been in contempt, however my mind was in
such a state of mental exhaustion, having the continuing worry of my child's
safety and having been involved in many court battles, that I took steps
that perhaps only I understand as the father of Jayde.""
  In other court reports, Sealey's barrister Leo White says his client's
fight was triggered by claims by Jayde that she had been sexually molested"
"Barrister Graeme Page, for Mrs Sealey, told the court the sexual incidents
Allan Sealey complained of had been raised in earlier court hearings and
had been ""explained as not in any way sexually abusive or arousing.""
  But Mr Page's next reported assertion - that Sealey had not raised the
""incidents"" until interviewed on the radio on the run in October last year
and that he had not attempted to ""engage in the legal processes open to
him"" - seems to contradict his statement that the incidents had been raised
during earlier court hearings"
"In fact, a sworn affidavit exists in which a close relative of Rhonda
Sealey raises these sexual indidents in support of Allan Sealey's bid for
custody of Jayde. According to transcripts from the Sealeys' custody hearing
- also before Mr Justice Simpson in Brisbane - an attempt by Sealey's barrister
to introduce this affidavit as evidence was rejected by the judge, who
described it as ""character assassination.""
  Before ""stealing"" his daughter and hitting the road in his Kombi van,
the ex-photographer had discussed his concern over the sexual incidents
with the Bishop of Cairns, a Member of Parliament and others. Apparently,
their advice was unanimous: Sealey could not hope to win a criminal case"
"At the prison, Sealey tells me he intended to hide from the world with
Jayde until she was 11 - an age, he believes, when she would be able to
make her own judgements about what would be best for her future"
"""Yesterday,"" he says, looking at the big plastic bag, ""I got a letter
from Rhonda. She told me Jayde would not be writing to me anymore ... or
seeing me.""
  He looks away"
"""Jayde's welfare was always my main concern ... When I get out, I will
apply for access to visit her. I would not take her away again - that was
a mistake. But because of the conditions of my early release, it'll probably
be at least a year after I get out [in September this year] before I can
even see her.""
  (""I just don't believe the sentence is severe enough. He said on television
he would do it again. How safe is Jayde once he gets out? He could come
up here and take her out again and the whole nightmare would start all over"
"If the sentence had been five years, it would have given her time to grow
up. Ten months is nothing."" - Rhonda Sealey, New Idea, 1.2.86) 
  I ask Sealey how much time he spends thinking about his problems"
"""All of it,"" he says. He picks up his plastic bag and walks off toward the
cell block ... a small man with red eyes, the subject of just one of about
400 warrants for child abduction sworn out yearly in this country"
"Since it replaced the nasty old Matrimonial Causes Act in 1975, the Family
Law Act has been hailed as a brilliant piece of reformist legislation and
damned as the cause of untold misery, violence and tragedy"
"It's made divorce more ""civilised"" by doing away with the need for tacky
accusations of adultery and cruelty and the use of private investigators,
but - critics say - it's done nothing to improve the three worst problem
areas: custody, maintenance payments and property division"
"Conciliate, don't litigate - the Family Law catchphrase - has worked to
the extent that 90 percent of Australian divorces are now settled outside
the courtroom ... with the divorce rate now running at about one in three"
"Yet, although Family Court rulings on custody squabbles involve only a
tiny percentage of separating couples, the aftermath of those decisions
has sometimes been horrendous"
"In NSW, particularly, there's been a wave of terror directed at the Family
Court system, with five attacks on judges since 1980. These include the
shooting of Mr Justice David Opas in Sydney and the bombing of the home
of Mr Justice Watson in 1984, a tragedy that took the life of the Judge's
wife, Pearl"
"In October 1985 a Perth father, distraught over a Family Court ruling giving
custody of their three children to his wife, drove to an isolated area with
the youngsters and took his and their lives by feeding a hosepipe from
the exhaust to its interior"
"Another West Australian, Terry Douglas, became what single fathers' groups
call a ""runner"" after a Family Court awarded custody to his ex-wife. Captured
with his abducted kids in Queensland, Douglas was returned to Melbourne
and jailed for 18 months for contempt. Near death after a 52-day hunger
strike, Douglas was released from Pentridge prison - winning the battle
but, so far, not the war: he has had no access to his children since 1980"
"Right across the nation, thousands of disgruntled men (and even a few
women) have banded together under various names - Divorce Law Reform, Men's
Confraternity, Lone Fathers, Families Against Unnecessary Legal Trauma,
etc - to proclaim their outrage against the ""system"" and to try to change
it"
"Their main grievance, hotly denied by Family Court judges and their backup
network of social workers, counsellors and Legal Aid solicitors, is that
the system favors women ... and that statistics used by the Family Court
(especially the oft-quoted claim that fathers get custody of at least one
child in 41 percent of contested cases) do not accurately portray the
situation."
"Music Update Gold gets manager job at Big Time  

ROGER Gold has been appointed general manager of Big Time Records following
the resignation of Brook Massey from the position late last month"
"Gold was Big Time's A&R manager and national promotions manager for three
years"
"According to Gold, Massey resigned because he was ""frustrated with the
job and tired of the record industry."" He said Massey's departure was
""amicable, to an extent"""
"Geoffrey Weiss from Big Time's Boston office will fill Gold's previous
position from April. Weiss headed the Boston office and managed East Coast
Promotions for the past year"
"Big Time's American-based managing director, Fred Bestall, will be in
Sydney later this month to hold talks with Gold and renegotiate Big Time's
distribution deal with EMI Records in Australia"
"Big Time Record's Australian artists include Hoodoo Gurus, Hoxton Creepers
and Painters & Dockers"
"Hot leaves EMI for Lassie film.  

INDEPENDENT Sydney label Hot Records has left distributors EMI and signed
to the Tasmanian distributor Another Record Distribution (ARD)"
"Hot Records, which originally distributed its own product, has not been
satisfied with distribution deals previously held with CBS and then EMI"
"Stefan Markovitch set up ARD in Tasmania five years ago. The company
specialises in importing jazz, classical, folk and independent rock music
which isn't covered by the major record companies"
"Hot Records managing director, Martin Jennings, signed with ARD because
the company was independent and had a good performance and financial record"
"ARD has sales representatives in each State. This is the company's first
distribution deal with an Australian label"
"Moyle sets up Black Flag label  

FORMER product manager of Regular Records John Moyle has started his own
label - Black Flag Records"
"First signing to the label is Sydney band Glam Savages, although a distribution
deal has not yet been confirmed"
"The managing director of Regular, Martin Fabinyi, says Moyle, who left
earlier this year, will not be replaced immediately. Fabinyi and general
manager, Jennifer Wright, will reassess the structure of the company given
an expected increase in business this year"
"Regular will release three albums over the next two months - from I'm
Talking, Scribble and Icehouse"
"Machinations album for CBS  

MUSHROOM band Machinations have secured a distribution deal with American
label Empire Records, through CBS America, for their 1985 album ""Big Music"""
"A new track, ""One Closer Step"", will replace ""Five Minutes Black"" on the
American release and the first single from the album will be ""No Say In
It"""
"Machinations are currently rehearsing with new drummer Paul Wheeler and
auditioning for a back-up singer for their next album to be produced by
Julian Mendolsohn"
"Rolling Stone's music awards  

ROLLING Stone Australia magazine and Sydney radio station 2MMM will stage
the first ""Australian Music Awards"" this year"
"Rolling Stone is currently distributing voting forms for the awards to
be held in Sydney in April"
"The awards will be divided into two categories: industry votes for several
classes of achievement and a public vote for act of the year"
"Rolling Stone publisher, Paul Gardiner, says the Australian Music Awards
will fill the gap left by other awards. The Rolling Stone awards are
exclusively for Australian rock artists"
The awards will be broadcast on 2MMM in Sydney and EON-FM in Melbourne
"The announcement of the Rolling Stone awards follows a decision by the
Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA) to host a national music industry
awards in August (Encore February 27 - March 12)"
"Bullamakanka singer dies  

LEAD singer of bush rock band Bullamakanka, Rex Radonich, was killed in
a car accident late last month. Two members of the band were seriously injured"
"Lead guitarist Russell Hinton and drummer Jimmy Dube-Yonge were injured
in the collision, which took place on the road to Gloucester, NSW"
"Radonich, 35, was a founding member of the band"
"Hinton is still in hospital with spinal injuries, but Duke-Yonge bassist
Mal Clarke and fiddler Paul Jenkins have been released from hospital"
"Promoter Paul Wheatley says Slim Dusty, The Bushwackers, Anne Kirkpatrick,
John Williamson and Alan Caswell have offered their services for a benefit
concert"
"Studios on the move  

TRANSISTOR Music in Sydney has moved from its eight-track facilities at
EMI to a 24-track studio in Rozelle. Recording at the new premises began
in February"
"Meanwhile, the owners of York Street Studios in Melbourne - administrator
Angela Governer, director and sound producer Rob Scott and producer David
Williams - have sold their facility and will operate as freelance producers"
"The York Street Studio premises will be taken over by Silkwood Studios
in April"
""
"Chianti rediscovered  

Heretofore much maligned by serious red drinkers, chianti has broken free
of its straw-covered prison and moved into the realm of the world's finest
wines"
"Here, Sandra Symons is converted to the cause by one of its most fervent
and charming champions"
"It is rather ironical that chianti has gradually been saddled with a
pizza-parlour image when it is the very wine that initially made the most
positive headway for Italian wines in the international marketplace"
"But chianti has been described as the phoenix of wines - and Italy's leading
winemakers are currently making a huge effort to see that this particular
great wine is re-born with an even greater reputation. Leading the drive
to upgrade chianti's image is the world-renowned Tuscany-based company,
I.L. Ruffino. The company is now wholly owned by the Folonari family, which
first took control of Ruffino in 1913 after the founding cousins, Ilario
and Leopoldo Ruffino, got into financial difficulty"
"One of the six Folonari brothers, Dr Italo Folonari, recently made his
move on Australia, visiting distributors, quizzing consumers and conducting
seminars in an effort to determine local attitudes to this much-maligned
wine. An executive director of the company, Dr Folonari is responsible for
all export markets and for increasing wine sales overseas. What he discovered
during his visits to Perth, Melbourne and Sydney was that Australians equate
chianti with a straw-covered bottle and regard all chiantis as tasting exactly
the same. Dr Folonari intends to correct that misapprehension"
"Italo Folonari is the embodiment of what you would expect of a man who
travels the world extolling the virtues of Tuscan wines. He is charming,
handsome, eloquent. He greeted this gourmet writer in his Melbourne hotel
room with an urbane kiss on the hand, laughingly flicking his eyes up to
gauge the effect of the gesture. The pleasure generated was somewhat diffused
by the drink offered, Coca-Cola, the original, naturally"
"Charming gestures dispensed with, Dr Folonari gets right down to business
by explaining that no wine has had a grander tradition than chianti. Did
we know that Michelangelo owned chianti vineyards and gave the wine to Pope
Pius II? And in more recent times, Thomas Jefferson introduced it to the
White House and, presumably, to America, Australians have not been so
lucky"
"""The wines coming here,"" he said, with a barely disguised look of
displeasure, ""were those being made for Italian consumption, and the average
Italian wine drinker is not too discerning."" Was there, perhaps, just a
hint of a suggestion that the Australian approach to Italian wine, chianti
in particular, hasn't been one of discernment either? Dr Folonari doesn't necessarily 
lay the blame here. ""No, the mistake lies in another place,"" he declared
dramatically. It transpired that he actually meant two places - Italy, for
exporting cheap wines, and France, for doing the same"
"But attention for this misdemeanour is focused, he commented, on Italy
because ""it is the last arrived"". And it follows that good Italian wines
have, in consequence, suffered. ""The problem is not new to us. Until ten
years ago, the newcomers to the industry had not the technology, so the
wine coming from them had perhaps too much tannin and acidity and was maybe
cloudy. We decided then to start an operation by which some of the most
sophisticated markets around the world could be educated to drink our wines
in bottles not covered in straw,"" he said"
"This move by Ruffino has caused an enormous hiccup among those who like
to drink their chianti and have a candle-holder too. But the company is
determined to put chianti back in its rightful place as Ruffino sees it
- among the acknowledged great wines. ""It is not a question of making our
chianti better - we already make the best,"" Dr Folonari said. ""In 1956,
I approached a top New York restaurant and suggested they try our Chianti
Classico Riserva Ducale. It is not presented in the straw fiasco but in
an elegant bottle. They took ten cases and within two years had bought 1000
cases.""
  The idea was to show winelovers that traditionally made Chianti
Classico was a fruity, soft, velvety wine, quite unlike the ""harsh"" reputation
gained by several chiantis on the market. So successful has this quality,
expensive, up-market wine become, that Ruffino had had to put the gold label
Riserva Ducale on quota"
"One of the secrets of the success of Riserva Ducale is the Ruffino insistence
on using the maximum permitted proportion of the Sangiovese grapes in the
make-up of the blend. This is the grape variety that produces the classical,
traditional, soft chiantis. And Ruffino also respects the use of the governo
all'uso toscano, the addition of a quantity of must, which creates softness
in the wine"
"In 1974, Ruffino launched an advertising and promotion campaign, presenting
chianti in a new, special Florentine bottle, based on the assumption that
people were more interested in the wine than in the old, straw-covered bottle"
"It was such a shock tactic that even Time magazine reacted by running a
story on the Ruffino campaign. ""In the first year, our sales dropped five
percent but by 1978, our overall sales had trebled. Now in England, our
chianti sales are 75 percent in the new bottle, 25 percent in the straw,""
Dr Folonari said"
"The making of Tuscan wines is one of the oldest and most fascinating
traditions in the world. One cannot imagine chianti without Tuscany - and
it is equally difficult to imagine Tuscany without chianti. The chianti
grapes thrive on the steep hillside slopes lying, variously, between 200
and 700 metres above sea level. This area which has nurtured some of the
world's greatest artists, also produced some of the world's earliest wines"
"The Etruscans grew grapes and produced wine as part of religious ceremonies
in the 9th century BC. The Romans, who conquered the land, also knew about
winemaking. The Lega Del Chianti was established in 1270 to defend the people
and the land, and it also created the first wine quality law"
"In the 14th century, the local wine acquired the name chianti. Some
historians say the name comes from  the Latin clangor, meaning the
high-pitched squeal of a trumpet or cry of a bird. At that time, the country
was wild and covered with forests, and some place-names in Chianti, such
as Avane and Avenano, have strong connections with the art of hunting"
"In the 19th century, the Baron Bettino Riscasoli developed the new combination
of grapes that is still used today"
"Chianti, recognized as a wine having every right to the protection of
a controlled denomination of origin (DOC), has been subject to standards
regulating its production since 1967, when a law was passed introducing
these standards to be applied in five provinces of Tuscany - Florence,
Siena, Arezzo, Pisa and Pistoia. The law dictates that the wine must be
made with grapes from certain types of vines: Sangiovese (which gives the
wine body and perfume), black Caniaolo (which helps to soften the wine),
Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia del Chianti (which lighten the wine and
increase the flavour). The grapes are mixed in the following proportions:
50-80 percent, Sangiovese; 10-30 percent, black Canaiolo; 10-30 percent,
Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia del Chianti, with five percent maximum other
complementary grapes"
"Supplementary vines recommended for addition to the basic brew include
Colorino, which has proved to be particularly suitable for governing chianti"
"This traditional winemaking technique, the governo all'uso chianti, consists
of a slow period of fermentation of the newly drawn wine, brought about
by the addition of from five to 10 percent of specially selected grapes
picked before the harvest from a limited number of vines registered in the
Chianti Roll"
"The best bunches, known as ""the chosen few"", are selected and set aside
to dry out a little on specially constructed racks. This ""governing"" technique
gives the wine a more rounded flavour, a higher glycerine content, greater
freshness and more vivacity than would otherwise be the case. Chianti wine,
to warrant that name, must never be put on the market before it reaches
an alcoholic content of 11.5%, while for Chianti Classico the minimum is 12%"
"The greatest quantities of chianti are grown in the hills around Florence
and Siena and in the region of the ""Chianti Classico"". About 39,000 winemakers,
from small private growers to large industrial companies, are involved
in the production of chianti. This multiplicity, still partly in the hands
of the families that have been vine-tenders for generations, is proof enough
of the artisan nature of wine-growing in Chianti. Less than a quarter of
the entire regional production of Tuscany has the right to call itself
chianti and to have the DOC denomination. And not all wine produced within
the Chianti region necessarily carries that name since, if a season has
been poor and local harvests of indifferent quality, a portion will be
downgraded and used in the Tuscan vin ordinaire"
"In the 1920s, Chianti Classico winemakers banded together to bring quality
to their abused name. In recent years, Ruffino has widened its production
sources in the heart of the Chianti Classico area. The company has four
wine farms in the region around Panzano, including the Tenuta Casa di Sala
and the prestigious villa and estate, Fattoria di Zano, high on the hill
overlooking the town of Greve. Another wine farm a little farther north
of Greve, Fattoria di Passo dei Pecorai (where the shepherds used to meet)
has recently been totally modernized with vast installations of
temperature-controlled stainless-steel vats and fermentation tanks. Farther
north on the edge of the Chianti Classico between Grassina and San Polo
is Fattoria di Montemasso where Ruffino has invested in new plant and cellar
equipment for the production of traditional chianti wines"
"Dr Folonari explained that, while Ruffino has been dedicated to maintaining
the fine old traditions of chianti-making, the company has had to be cognizant
of changing attitudes. Chianti wines have always been the most popular of
all wines in Italy but with the Italian lifestyle changing and the traditional
patriarchal lunch at home as the main event of the day becoming a thing
of the past, consumption of wine has declined, particularly the red wines"
"The trend has been to lighter wines as everyday consumption wines and there
has been a perceptible increase in higher quality wines as the general
standard of living has risen. In meeting new demands, Ruffino has, says
Dr Folonari, recently launched a special ""wine of the spring"" called Torgaio
di San Salvatore. ""It is young chianti made mostly from Sangiovese grapes
with a proportion of Trebbiano."" Once the second fermentation has finished,
the wine is immediately put into bottles for distribution as a light cool
red for summer drinking"
"Another recent Ruffino introduction has been the single estate Aziano
Chianti Classico. The Zano estate is one of the oldest in Chianti and was
mentioned in a sale document dated 1009. The area was dominated by a round
tower used to keep watch for raiders; the tower is reproduced on the Aziano
label"
"And thus is the way paved for the revival of a classic. Italo Folonari
gave me a bottle of Ruffino Chianti Classico. It was a perfect toast to
a future ""when everything old is new again"". Only this time it won't be
a fiasco"
""
"Drafting a workable Constitution Special report by MALCOLM FARR  

ONE of the most easily read parts of Australia's Constitution - Section
92 - has caused 86 years of dispute and litigation involving our most
senior courts and judges"
"And it could continue to do so for another 86 years unless Justice Mervyn
Everett and his colleagues can suggest a workable replacement"
"Section 92 says quite clearly ""trade, commerce and intercourse among the
States... shall be absolutely free"""
"Essentially, it is taken to mean that a State cannot impose a tariff or
a duty on goods coming from another State"
"What else it means has been the subject of great debate, often in the High
Court, from grain growers, egg producers, dairy farmers and others"
"Submission collection

  Their evidence is now being collected by Justice Everett, chairman of
the Advisory Committee on Trade and Economic Management - one of five
specialist committees which will report to the Constitutional Commission"
"The commission, headed by former Commonwealth Solicitor-General Sir Maurice
Byers, will make its report on a revised Constitution in June, 1988"
"Since October 13, Justice Everett's committee, currently sitting in
Brisbane, has been collecting submissions on matters ranging from the
Constitutional position of local government to the Trade Practices Act
and the importance of consumer protection"
"Its brief to cover hard economic matters doesn't seem particularly exciting
but is perhaps the most important handed out by the commission, as it deals
with dollars and cents and the nation's economic future"
"The report will probably be the thickest to be considered by the
Constitutional Commission"
"Scheduled for delivery at the end of April, it could be delayed until
May"
"One of the reasons for the delay will be that at every stop, at every
hearing, someone raises Section 92"
"""Now, those words of Section 92, I think to most people, would appear
to be extremely simple,"" says Justice Everett, who is also president of
the Interstate Commission and a Federal Court judge"
"""But the sad fact is that after 86 years, the situation is that most
of the cases which have gone to the High Court involving Section 92 have
resulted in split decisions between the judges"
"""To the average person, I imagine it would seem extraordinary that in
86 years there couldn't be an accepted and adopted interpretation of those
words"
"""But the judges have brought their own philosophical concepts to the
interpretation of those words"
"""They posed the question `freedom from what?' and their ideas differed.""

Committee's obligation

  For example, can a State marketing authority, such as a grain board, prevent
a farmer selling produce across the border outside its authority and against
its wishes?
  The farmer might argue that Section 92 means the authority has no right
to stop the transaction"
"Can a dairy board, which licenses milk production in one State, prevent
dairy farmers jumping the border and selling their surplus without a license?
  Only the High Court can decide when the Constitution is cited in these
cases and some judges say yes to some questions and others say no"
"""It is our committee's obligation to point out the drawbacks, which for
the whole of the Australian nation occur as a result of that varying
interpretation,"" Justice Everett said"
"""I suppose if you analyse all the cases - and I suppose there are hundreds,
if not thousands, of them over a period of 86 years - some of them were
not very important within themselves"
"""But in numbers, certainly, and in potential importance.""
  Justice Everett also sees a much broader question attached to his brief"
"""The question is: Should Australia's economy be treated as one national
economy, or in practical effect have we got six of them?"" he asked"
"""Or if you add the territories, eight of them?
  ""In other words, can we do better than we are doing at the present?""
  The overall review, announced almost a year ago, will also draw attention
to the Constitution itself, which according to Justice Everett has become
a subject of apathy"
"""That apathy, in my opinion, is the product of lack of information about
what the Constitution really is,"" he said"
"""Very few people have seen that document, let alone know what's in it.""
  People must be educated in their Constitution if they are to understand
and endorse or reject any changes which might be proposed in a referendum,
Justice Everett says"
"""There are no other ways, except revolution,"" he says. I'm serious when
I say that."""
"By R.W. Simpson, G. Miles, J.A. Taylor, K.A. Verrall & J.P. Woodland 5.  The application of the hybrid model  

        The CRES model is referred to as a hybrid model as it
combines a deterministic model with a statistical model (eg see
Jakeman, Simpson and Taylor, 1986). It is clear from the
previous section that the appropriate statistical distribution
to be assumed for Brisbane TSP concentrations in step (a) of
the hybrid modelling methodology outlined in Section 3 is the
2-parameter lognormal distribution. Step (b) of the method
requires the use of a deterministic model. The work of Simpson
and Jakeman (1984) and Jakeman and Taylor (1985) in Newcastle
(New South Wales, Australia) indicates that a simple empirical
relationship exists between the wind speed percentiles and the
air pollution concentration percentiles of the form

  

where    and    are the wind speed (lOO-p) - and pollution
concentration p - percentiles, respectively, and K is a
constant for the range of percentiles considered. Equation (6)
leads to an expression for K of the form

  

        This empirical model can be validated by examining the
behaviour of K given in equation (7). If the derived values of
K for most percentiles are constant then the model is
applicable. An example of such a test is shown in Fig 2 for the
Hamilton monitoring site where clearly K is constant for most
percentiles. The use of this model considerably simplifies the
problem of predicting the pollution distributions"
"This simplification follows from the use of equation (5) to
calculate    or maximum likelihood methods, and then
substituting for the pollution percentiles using equation (6)"
"For example, with the fractile method this leads to an
expression for    of

  

That is, the calculation of    may be derived simply from the
wind speed data. Given    the estimate of the maximum follows
directly from equation (4) provided the geometric mean can be
calculated. If we assume it is a relatively straightforward
matter to construct an air pollution model to predict the
annual arithmetic mean then the geometric mean may be
calculated from such a prediction using the ?-value derived
from wind speed data (eg from equation (8)) in equation (2)"
"Therefore the emission scenario in the air pollution model used
to predict the annual arithmetic mean TSP level may be linked
to estimates of both the annual geometric mean and maximum TSP
levels, and these in turn may be compared to the health
standards. In this way an annual average emissions scenario for
Brisbane may be tested for violations of both short and long
term health standards"
"The central problem with this method is devising a
technique for estimating B using wind speed data. The
simple fractile method may be used as set out in equation (8)"
"In this case the problem is deciding upon a suitable range of
percentiles. However the work of Jakeman, Taylor and Simpson
(1986) suggest that maximum likelihood methods may be the most
appropriate, so equation (6) must be used to estimate a range
of pollution percentiles. Once again the problem is to choose
an appropriate range of percentiles to which to apply the model
in equation (6), a percentile range which in turn defines K"
"In the Newcastle study, Simpson and Jakeman (1984) used the
fractile method and Jakeman and Taylor (1985) used maximum
likelihood methods. The Bureau data set used in that study was
of the same standard form as the airport data set in Brisbane,
and these data sets are only accurate for estimates of high to
medium wind speeds given that their primary purpose is to
measure high airport winds. Therefore we use the 50- to 90-
percentile range when using these data, as well as for the DAPC
wind data (although using the middle range, the 30- to 70-
percentile range, for the DAPC data yielded similar results)"
"These ranges were chosen after examination of the variation of 
K with percentile values. Taylor (1985) has shown that, if    is 
the angle of the straight line fit to data such as that shown in 
Fig 2, when the absolute magnitude of    is greater than 0.0005 
radians the errors in using the model in equation (6) became 
significant. With such a stringent requirement on the constancy 
of K, the percentile range must be chosen with care. Clearly the
variation in K over the 10- to 90-percentile range shown in
Fig. 2 would lead to    values above 0.0005 radians so 
much of the error in the method is due to the assumption in 
equation (6). The results for the Hamilton site shown in Table 
7 still show an agreement to within a factor of 2 with the 
expected values"
"A measure of the accuracy of using the fractile formula in
equation (8) can be seen by examining Table 6 where estimates
of    derived from this equation are compared with the values derived
from the raw TSP data. The results using the maximum likelihood
estimation (MLE) method are also shown. The use of the MLE
method requires the specification of K which, following Simpson
and Jakeman (1984) and Jakeman and Taylor (1985), was
calculated using the 50-percentile values in equation (7). The
K-values differ significantly from site to site but the
B-values derived from the MLE method were the same, a result
that could be expected from the form of equation (8)"
"The results of Table 6 indicate that the empirical model in
equation (6) yields reasonable estimates of the mean ?-value
for TSP sites in Brisbane when Bureau wind speed data are used"
"Jakeman and Taylor (1985) likewise found that the model yielded
good results using Bureau wind speed data in Newcastle similar
to that in Brisbane. However the ?-value is consistently
consistently underpredicts this value when DAPC wind speed data
are used. There may be a number of reasons for this result. The
Bureau data gathering network is designed to estimate the high
wind speeds and are in airport sites relatively free of
building effects so a higher geometric standard deviation could
be expected in these results than at the DAPC sites. On the
other hand the geometric standard deviations of the raw TSP
data would include variations in both emissions and meteorology
throughout the year while the estimates using equation (6) only
include the variability of wind speed data. It is notable that
the ?-values for the TSP data at the industrial sites are the
highest. However the nephelometer results also shown in Table
4 are consistently high and comparable at two light
industry/commercial sites. It is also notable that the Bureau
?-values are usually higher than 1.51 while the DAPC results
are always lower than 1.51, so the Bureau results
predict possible violations of the maximum standard without
violations of the geometric mean standard whereas the DAPC
results predict the reverse. Another possible explanation for
the differences between the DAPC and Bureau data sets is the
method of measurement. There is no information available for
a comparison of the accuracy of the manual recording methods
used for the collection of the Bureau data with the continuous
dataloging at the DAPC sites but it is possible to test the
errors in collecting measurements every 3 hours. Consequently
estimates of    were carried out using DAPC data corresponding
to the 8 collection periods per day used by the Bureau of
Meteorology and we found negligible differences between these
estimates and those derived from the full data sets. All the
calculations shown here (eg in Table 6) using the DAPC wind
speed data derive from these shortened data sets"
"The results derived using equation (6) to predict maximum
concentrations from equation (3) are shown in Table 7. The
observed values of the geometric mean are used in equation
(3) and B is estimated by the MLE method. Given that the TSP
data are collected at best every six days, we include the
estimate of the maximum value,    derived by assuming a
lognormal distribution for the TSP data and using maximum
likelihood estimates of    and    computed from the raw TSP data"
"The model estimates,    should be compared with these values"
"The 95% confidence intervals are included for the predictions. The
agreement between the model predictions and the expected
maximum levels is usually to within a factor of 2, an example
of which is shown in Fig 3 for the Rocklea results. The airport
Bureau model predictions are usually higher than those derived
from the DAPC wind data, as expected from Table 6, but the
differences are often not large. The worst results are the
nephelometer predictions which usually are significantly lower
than those expected"
"In Table 7 both the estimates of the maximum derived from the
raw particulate data and those predicted from the hybrid model assume 
lognormality for the statistical distribution of the particulate 
concentrations, an assumption which is usually correct, given the 
results shown in Table 5, but not always. A measure of the inaccuracy 
introduced by this assumption can be gauged from Table 8 which compares
observations Of the 98-percentile particulate concentration
value with those estimates derived by assuming lognormality for
the raw data. It is clear from these results that the
assumption of lognormality yields good agreement with the
observed data"
"The differences between model predictions and raw data
estimates shown in Table 7 arise in the calculation of    as
the geometric mean is assumed to be given in the methods used
to estimate K and the maximum concentration; that is, the
differences arise in the factor,    on the right hand side
of equation (4). The results indicate that using only wind
speed data to estimate this factor accounts for much of the
concentration fluctuations and leads to estimates of the
relative magnitude of the maximum particulate value to the
geometric mean which are accurate to a factor of 2, an error
quite acceptable in air pollution modelling (eg see Hanna,
1982; Simpson and Hanna, 1981). Since fluctuations in
emissions are necessarily ignored (such information is rarely
available) the model used generally underpredicts the maximum
so the methodology outlined here yields a lower limit to the
expected outcome and therefore the subsequent predictions of
the controls on emissions can be regarded as conservative"
"6.        Worst case scenario air quality management  

        In the previous section we established that a hybrid model
could be used to estimate the ratio of the maximum particulate
concentration to the geometric mean. We tested the model on the
six years of particulate concentration and meteorological data
available for the period 1979 to 1984. In principle therefore
we can construct a standard air pollution model to estimate the
annual arithmetic mean using meteorological data and annual
average emissions data, use wind speed data to estimate the
geometric mean (using equation (2)), and then estimate the
maximum particulate level using equation (3). An air pollution
control strategy based on average annual emissions can then be
devised to avoid violations of both geometric mean and maximum
TSP health standards. From the previous section it is clear
that it would not be uncommon for such a strategy to require
that the geometric mean TSP level be substantially below the
health standard so that the maximum TSP standard not be
violated. Given this situation, the question then arises as to
what is the lowest level for the geometric mean TSP concentration 
which ensures the maximum TSP standard is never violated. Clearly
this new `standard' depends on the value of B in equation (4)
which is a measure of the fluctuations in TSP levels throughout
the year. Such fluctuations in turn depend on fluctuations in
particulate emissions and meteorology. It is improbable that
emission fluctuations can be adequately predicted so of
necessity we have only discussed controls on annual average
emissions. However the effect of changes in meteorological
fluctuations year to year can be estimated from the annual wind
speed data sets given the success of the hybrid model outlined
in the previous section.  The underlying assumption is that the distributional form representing TSP data does not change as meteorological conditions change"
In Brisbane there are Bureau airport annual wind speed data sets of the type used for the predictions in Tables 6 and 7 available for the 35-year period from 1950 to 1984
""
"The passing of a Golden Age By Peter Kirby  

In the Australia of the fifties, sixties and early seventies, few, if any,
were contemplating making the unemployed work for their unemployment benefits,
dramatic reforms of our education and industrial relations systems, or very
large expenditures on labour market programs"
"In particular, the deficiencies in our institutions and systems for educating
and training the young did not matter much. A buoyant labour market took
care of the problem"
"The common experience for teenagers on leaving school was to go into full
time employemnt. Of the total employment of teenagers only 8 percent was
in part-time work. Even after the major expansion of post-secondary education
in the sixties, and a long period of rising retention in secondary schools
and increasing participation in higher education, a majority of teenagers
still went to full-time work after leaving school"
"The changes to our circumstances since the early seventies would not have
seemed credible to us just over a decade ago"
"The world has become far more competitive for Australia. The loss of the
overseas markets, increased international competition, technological
developments, low birthrates, reduced immigration and an ageing population
among other things, have shown up a number of deficiencies in our systems,
institutions and approaches for educating and training Australians"
"We can see that through all the changes we have preserved an educaiton
and training ideology which was so beautifully summed up for us in the 1985
OECD report on our youth policies:
‚2  ""A system founded on the dangerously obsolete notion of an economy
requiring a small majority of professional and skilled trade workers and
a large majority of semi-skilled and unskilled workers.""  
  Today some of the most pressing educational needs involve people outside
of the formal education structures, who have no prospect of getting in"
""
"Parents must be made responsible  

  CONGRATULATIONS to Howard Sattler for his support of Ian Laurance's Private
Member's Bill to make parents responsible for the consequences of their
children's behavior"
"This commonsense proposal is long overdue and deserves the full support
of all our parliamentarians. This one single act would go a long way to
restoring order in our community"
"For years now the community has suffered the consequences of libertarian
lawmakers and civil liberties propagandists who have promoted the concept
of rights and ignored responsibilities and consequences. The  practical
effects of this now confront us all.      
  To name just one, increasing taxes and government charges are needed
to finance Australia's massive welfare bill caused in the main by the breakup
of families and the abandonment of parental responsibility"
"Also the financial cost to the community of vandalised schools and stolen
cars would be enormous"
"BARRY T. MORGAN,
Samson. A grave threat  

  John Ormond's article about ""union images"" in the Sunday Times of November
23 is correct in reporting that I am in WA to discuss with the unions the
propaganda war that has been launched against them by the New Right"
"But I am certainly not here, as Mr Ormond suggests, to ""teach"" or ""show""
the unions how to use the same propaganda techniques to combat New Right
propaganda. Indeed, I am flatly opposed to their doing so because I regard
those techniques as a grave threat to our democratic system"
"ALEX CAREY,
University of NSW. Tour agents hit  

  CONGRATULATIONS on publishing the letter, ""Travel Trouble"" by Michael
Warrener (ST. Nov 16). I have been a travel professional for more than
20 years"
"There is no way we can compete with non-profit organisations and I often
wonder how the non-travelling members of credit unions would feel if they
knew how much they were losing by the huge discounts given on travel sales
to members and non-members alike"
"JANE BLADES (Mrs),
Gooseberry Hill. Let's hear it for Australia  

  EVERYBODY is gearing  up for that lovely time of year, Christmas. Carols
By Candlelight should cause us to reflect on what we are celebrating - the
birth of a Savior - and that this is not just a time to give gifts just
for the sake of giving. 
  Although I enjoy these nights of carol-singing, I wish more Australian
carols could be included in the repertoire. They are beautiful, both in
words and music, and are something to be proud of, along with our flag and
anthem"
"The carols I have in mind are those by John Wheeler (words) and William
G. James (music), but I have never heard them sung in the 18 years I have
lived in Australia"
"M.BAILEY (Mrs),
Wanneroo Kids have to sweat it out  

  IT has taken our first hot day with temperatures over the 30s, for the
yearly plight of teachers and pupils, to come to the fore. It was heartbreaking
to watch the children pass my door - hair wet and looking absolutely exhausted
after a day in classrooms, especially pre-fabs, which have no cooling system
whatsoever"
"I wonder what condition our politicians would be in if they were brought
out of their air-conditioned, comfortable offices and put into one of the
classrooms for just one whole day during the summer"
"It's strange money can always be found when it comes to vote-catching
items, such as the ""dolling up"" of Freo, or casinos, but not, it seems,
for the basic comfort of students and teachers"
"IDA GOODY,
Forrestfield. Time for truth  

  THE WA branch of the AMA is to be highly recommended for its Smoking
Death Cards Project"
"As the son of an emphysema victim, and the brother-in-law of a lung cancer
victim, I feel it is time for politicians - and the tobacco industry -
to acknowledge the facts and stop clouding the issue with trivia and
falsification"
"G.W.W. DRINKALL,
Director of Health Services, 
Western Australian
Conference of Seventh-Day Adventists. Hoist missing  

  HAVING just experienced the pleasure of sitting in a bus talking to my
friend who happens to be an electric wheelchair user in America, I am struck
by how we take non-accessibility for granted here"
"When I saw the America's Cup buses, new and modern, I looked in vain
for the wheelchair hoist"
"Perhaps when all the potential users and their friends write to TransPerth,
this issue will be given adequate attention"
"LEONIE RAMONDT,
Maylands, Tuition impeded  

  REGARDING your article, ""Education `rush' stirs Opposition"" (ST. Nov,
16), how can the Government justify salaries totalling more than $290,000
for four new positions in the education system when it cannot even provide
funds for computers and four-year-old pre-school as promised in its election
campaign?
  If those who supposedly run the department cannot do the job, then the
Government should get rid of them, as any normal business would"
"As a parent and ex-teacher, I am appalled to know that my children's
education will be severely impeded because of this blatant waste of taxpayers'
money. 

 N.D. BYFIELD,
Lockridge. Gold in Australian Nugget all ours  

 STATEMENTS made in the article in the Sunday Times of November 23 that
gold used in the production of the Australian Nugget gold coins originates
from South Africa and Russia cannot pass uncorrected"
The Australian Nugget gold coins are being produced from Australian gold
"GoldCorp Australia borrows gold under commercial arrangements with the
Reserve Bank of Australia for the  gold required in each stage of gold
processing and coin production"
"As The Australian Nugget gold coins are sold, Australian gold is purchased
from institutions in Australia to replenish stocks"
No gold from Zimbabwe is being used to produce The Australian Nugget
"Arrangements were made by the Perth Mint at the outset to ensure gold from
Zimbabwe is refined separately"
"Contrary to the claims of Mr Lightfoot, no South African gold is being
used to produce The Australian Nugget gold coins. No Russian gold is being
used to produce The Australian Nugget gold coins"
We do not need other countries' gold to produce The Australian Nugget
Australia is the fastest growing gold producer in the world
"MICHAEL NAYLOR,
Deputy Chief Executive,
GoldCorp Australia."
"Case of Misdirected Prayers  MOSQUE OFF LINE LONDON (AAP):  

  The first mosque built in Rome is claimed to be five degrees
off beam and facing Tel Aviv instead of Mecca"
"The story was broken by the Italian magazine Europeo, which is being sued
for libel by architect Paolo Portoghese"
"Portoghese claims there is no problem, but Europeo is standing by its
story"
"The Muslim League, which represents all Arab nations in Rome and is paying
$59.39 million to have the mosque built, launched an inquiry today"
"Given the speed that things are done in Italy, the inquiry probably will
take up to four months to complete"
"Plans for the mosque were drawn up in 1976, but controversy over the design
caused a long delay.       
  Changes eventually were made and work began two years ago.  Now, the marble
building is half finished.  
  The mosque is being built on a slope and that is reported to be the reason
why it is off line"
""
"Bird racket crackdown coming By Bill Watt  

  NEW measures to restrict illegal trapping of wild birds are being 
considered by the State Government. 
  This follows a National Parks and Wildlife Service survey which
discovered many more birds had been sold in retail outlets than had been bred
in captivity.  
  ""It is obvious many of these birds are being taken illegally from the 
wild,"" a spokesman for the service said. 
  The new measures being considered include setting up three classes of 
licence for bird traders instead of one. 
  The Government is also likely to introduce new penalties which
could see dealers' licences downgraded or withdrawn if they trade in illegally
captured birds. 
  Mr John Whitehouse, director of the National Parks and Wildlife
Service, also said computers would be extensively used in the battle against
illegal trading. 
  ""With all bird trading records on computer it is very 
simple to run cross checks to make sure dealings are above board,"" he said. 
  The service's officials believe popular targets for illegal trappers are 
Major Mitchell (pink) cockatoos, superb parrots, and regent parrots. 
  A spokesman for State Planning and Environment Minister, Mr Carr said changes 
would not go ahead immediately so comment from within the bird trading 
industry could be considered."
"The surprise is at the beginning FILMS NEIL JILLET  

  PLEASE don't give away the surprise beginning! In the opening scenes of
`Wetherby' (Rivoli, Camberwell Junction) Jean, a middle-aged English teacher,
is having a dinner party for a few friends in her Yorkshire Cottage. It is an
enjoyable, argumentative, boozy occasion. And one of the guests, Morgan, turns
out to be a complete stranger to the hostess and everyone else. 
  The next day Morgan returns to Jean's house and - this is where details
should not be revealed - does something shockingly violent"
"What follows is a combination of an entertaining rerun of `Plenty' and
a detective story (why did Morgan do what he did and why did he involve
Jean?). `Plenty', a US film directed by Australian Fred Schepisi, was an
adaptation by British writer David Hare of his own stage play. `Wetherby'
is a British film with an original script by Hare. It also marks his debut
as a feature film director"
"`Plenty' was very much a vehicle in which Meryl Streep displayed her
ability to imitate yet another accent (this time upper-crust English) and
to be fascinatingly neurotic. It was also a whingeing piece about Britain's
post-World War II failure to become the New Jerusalem of the socialist
dreamtime. It made valid complaints in a tiresomely repetitive way"
"`Wetherby' is very much an expression of Hare's hatred of post-Atlee
Britain. At times this hatred is too directly expressed (as in the tirade
to camera that one character launches against Mrs Thatcher); but for the
most part it is subtly expressed, notably in a scene where a restless pupil
traps Jean into supporting political and social attitudes that she believed
were contrary to her philosophy"
"The chief interest of `Wetherby', though, is in its form rather than
its content. Hare explores his themes of disenchantment, loneliness and
betrayal by constantly taking us back - in weeks to Morgan's obsessive
pursuit of a fellow-student and in years to Jean's adolescent affair with
an airman conscripted for service in the Malayan emergency. The handling
of these flashbacks is faultless in its intricacy and clarity and compensates
for the slimness of the plot and the lack of novelty in the political analysis"
"Despite some arch staginess in the writing, the actors do a fine job as
soloists and in ensemble. Vanessa Redgrave (Jean) is in top form as a woman
gradually forced into an awareness of her loneliness and inadequacies. The
young Jean is convincingly played by Redgrave's daughter, Joely Richardson:
we are given simultaneously a reminder of what Redgrave was like and an
explanation of how Jean's character is shaped"
"My only serious reservation about this film is the soupy music - Hollywood
mock-Rachmaninov from the 1940s - that kept making me feel Hare was making
a joke I didn't get"
"LOOKING like a sick spaniel and sounding like a Carlton greengrocer, Tom
Conti oozes through `Saving Grace' (Australia) as the fictional Pope Leo
XIV, who does a Haroun al Rashid and wanders out of Vatican City to see
how the people are getting on. He ends up in a village in southern Italy
and teaches its impoverished inhabitants the dignity of labor"
"This piece of sanctimonious drivel is so soggy that I suspect it has been
sponsored, as is the papal fashion these days, by a brewery. The vague
credits suggest it is a US-UK-Italian coproduction. The film never touches
on any of the issues that one assumes concern contemporary popes, but there
is an unresolved scene where a violent act by Leo is followed by a murder"
"Apart from this brief excursion into action, `Saving Grace' is directed with
remorselessly slow solemnity by Robert M. Young from a grovelling script
by David Ward"
"THE coldly beautiful Catherine Deneuve is the classiest grande dame of
French cinema, and Christopher Lambert is adequate as a Gallic macho man,
best-known for swinging on a vine (`Greystoke') or wielding a broadsword
(`Highlander'). Now the iceberg and Tarzan have been oddly coupled with
non-combustible results in `Paroles et Musique' (Russell)"
"At the start of the film (English title `Love Songs') Margaux (Deneuve),
who is a workaholic executive in the music industry, and her two small
children have been abandoned by her American husband. Finding Paris too
distracting as a place in which to write his Great Book, he has fled to
the calm of New York. Meanwhile, Jeremy (Lambert) and his mate Michel (Richard
Anconina) are trying to turn themselves from waiters into rock singers"
"Margaux and Jeremy begin an affair which threatens to foul up his career
and his friendship with Michel, and destroy any chance of saving her marriage"
"Writer-director Elie Chouraqui tried to make three films here and ended
up with one bland bundle. As a musical, `Paroles et Musique' is clogged
with big doses of unexciting rock (not so much soft as mushy ). As a romance,
it suffers from the lack of chemistry between the lovers and from a failure
to explore their characters or their relationship. As a study of male
friendship, the film does slightly better, thanks mainly to Anconina, who
is loaded with charm and promise. If he had been paired with Deneuve, `Paroles
et Musique' might have had some slight entertainment value"
""
"Police cop a good rating  

 Ninety per cent of Australians think their State police forces are doing
a good or a fair job, according to the Gallup Poll"
"Only eight per cent said their police were doing a poor job: two per cent
were undecided"
"Tasmanians, South Australians and Victorians were all very pleased with
their police forces"
"The poll found a ""good"" rating in those States of 65, 63, and 62 per cent
respectively"
"In WA, 57 per cent gave a ""good"" response, 36 said fair and four per cent
poor"
WA had the highest (three) percentage of undecideds
"Satisfaction was lowest in NSW, where only 39 per cent felt their police
were doing a good job"
"Forty-eight per cent regarded police work as fair, and 11 per cent
described it as poor"
"The feeling was much the same in Queensland (40, 47, 12)"
""
"TERROR BOMBINGS French doubts on Syria PARIS, Thursday (AFP). - 

France is convinced of the culpability of a Lebanese family in a wave of
Paris terror bombings last month which killed 10 people, but it remains
sceptical of any Syrian involvement, the French Minister for Interior, Mr
Charles Pasqua, said today in Paris"
"In a radio interview, Mr Pasqua said police were ""entirely convinced of
the culpability of the Abdallah clan"", brothers of Georges Ibrahim Abdallah,
the jailed presumed leader of the Lebanese Armed Revolutionary factions,
in attacks in Paris in September which left 10 dead and 162 wounded"
"Mr Pasqua said the French Government had no proof of Syrian involvement
in the Paris bombs, although this was not to give Syria a totally ""clean
bill of health"""
"He stressed that the conservative Government refused ""to negotiate with
terrorists"" and was committed to bringing them to justice"
"But he refused to comment on an article in yesterday's Le Monde claiming
that the Government had used Syrian and Algerian intermediaries to arrange
a four-month truce with the Abdallah clan on the understanding that a
scheduled February court hearing against Georges Abdallah could go in his
favour"
"The Minister's remarks came four days after France, along with other European
Economic Community countries, failed to endorse a British call at an EEC
foreign minister's meeting for tough diplomatic and other sanctions against
Syria"
"Yesterday, however, France announced it had frozen arms sales to Syria,
in response to the British call for measures against that country"
""
"The immigrant By Andrew Lansdown  

The first few days? Yes, I can remember"
"I came on account of the coal strike. We were out for a year. This was
1925. At the end of it, they wanted us to go back on less pay. So I booked
for Australia. Assisted Passage. Came out on The Bendigo"
"When we docked at Fremantle, it was sweltering. This was a week before
Christmas. We were thinking of snow and plum puddings. As I was disembarking,
I heard one of the crew say, ""I'll just pop down to the stokehole to cool
off a bit."" That raised a laugh"
"Well, after the heat, the first thing I noticed was the wharfies. Honest
to goodness! I'd never seen such a hard-faced lot of men - not even in the
trenches. Looked as if they'd hang you for sixpence. Blimey, I thought,
I hope they're not all like this"
"And another thing. There was a young chap standing at the bottom of the
gangplank giving out headache tablets. Aspros. Little sample packets. That's
a good start, I thought, giving you headache tablets first up. I began to
wonder if I shouldn't have taken my brother's advice and gone to Canada"
There was a fellow selling hop beer in front of the customs building
"He wasn't having much luck. Everyone just wanted to clear customs and get
about making their fortunes. Well, he looked pretty dejected, and I was
feeling thirsty, so I thought I'd part with a penny. He took my money happily
enough, but then he started giving me the eye. Looked me up and down, hands
on his hips. ""Whatcha come here for?"" he said. ""Got enough Poms to clear
the land already. That's all we want you for."" I dropped his glass and it
shattered on the pier. ""See if you can get a Pom to clear that up for you,
then,"" I said, and left him to it"
"After customs, they shunted us off to the Immigrant Home, where we had
a wash and a meal. Then a chap came and gave us a pep talk. ""What do you
think of Australia?"" he asked. Well, I guess none of us thought much of
it at all, so noone said anything. Finally one of the women said, ""It's
as hot as Africa."" And that set him off. ""You're better off coming to this
part of the Empire, Madam,"" he said. ""You can lie down in this country anywhere
you like without fear of tigers or lions or any wild animals."" Well, I don't
know if she appreciated that. Her only thought of lying down was on satin
cushions. Anyway, this chap kept it up for a good ten minutes, telling us
what a wonderful country Australia was and how we were lucky to be here"
"Then another fellow came with a parcel of papers. He had a list of jobs
and he read them out, and you had to put up your hand if you thought you
were suitable. There were a lot of jobs for dairying, but they were low
wages. Fifteen shillings a week with keep. Some of them as low as twelve
shillings. Then he started announcing jobs on the wheat farms - the `wheat
belt'. They were better paid, I remember one clear enough. ""Wanted, youth,
strong, must be able to cut suckers. 18 shillings a week with keep."" I looked
at the fellow next to me. ""Heaven knows what a sucker is,"" he said. ""Us
probably,"" I said. Another one I remember. There was a man wanted to drive
a team for a harvester at 30 shillings a week. Only you had to be experienced"
"The chap next to me said, ""By George, it must be a wonderful fella to get
30 bob a week."" Now I had my own pony in the pits, so I thought maybe that'd
pass for `experience'. But by the time I put my hand up, another fellow
had beat me to it"
"Well, finally there were only one or two of us left. Everyone else had
got a job. I said, ""What else is there?"" ""Well, there's coal mining down
south at Collie,"" he said. ""Only I don't think they want anyone at present.""
""Well, I don't want to go in the pits anyway,"" I said. ""What else is there?""
So he rummaged around in his papers and found one that said, ""Wanted, young
man, must be strong, used to horses, and willing to work. Twenty-five shillings
a week and keep."" So I took it. Next thing they had me on a train to South
Walgoolan"
I had to change trains at Perth. Transferred to the Kalgoorlie Express
Why they called it an `Express' is beyond me. It stopped at every station
"I heard some of the passengers refer to it as The Rattler. I asked the guard,
""How will I know when I get to Walgoolan?"" We'd gone through five or six
stations, and I hadn't heard him call a name out once. ""Oh,"" he said, ""the
same as everybody else."" ""How's that?"" I said. And he said, ""Stick ya head
out the window and when ya come to Walgoolan, that's it."" So I had my head
out the window half the night to make sure I didn't miss it"
"Couldn't see anything much, of course. But one thing that did surprise
me was the fires. There were little fires all along the track and across
the countryside. I'd never seen anything like it. I asked one chap what
they were. ""That's just people camping out,"" he said. ""What people?"" I asked"
"""Fettlers and road gangs mostly,"" he said. ""Maybe some cockies burning off."" 
Well, I didn't know about `cockies'. When I asked him, he just laughed and 
said, ""You're a new chum."" Anyway, the fires were strange and beautiful to me. 
About the only beautiful thing I saw those first few days"
There was an old man on the train for the first leg. He was a German
"And the thing that struck me as odd was that he liked England. He said several
times, ""England is a beautiful country, it'll grow anything."" Maybe he only
said it to be polite. A kind gesture to a `new chum'. Anyway, we talked
a bit about what England could grow. He got off at the Northam station"
"I tell you something that took my fancy at Northam. There was a chap on
the siding selling hot tea in beer bottles. One shilling a bottle! But he
sold the lot. Seems I was the only one on the train who didn't understand
the distances in Western Australia. 
  We pulled into a place called Merredin at about 5 o'clock in the morning"
"It was just light, but there were a lot of people on the siding. Everyone
was standing back a bit from this man, watching him. He held the body of
a little girl. Rigor mortis had set in. She was curled up with her hands
clasped about her knees, so he held her awkwardly. And he was weeping. Weeping
without a thought for anyone around him. I had never heard a man weep like
that before. It frightened me. It seems the little girl had been lost since
late afternoon. They were afraid that she had wandered into the bush. They'd
had parties out looking for her all night. Found her just before the train
pulled in. She'd climbed into a powder magazine which was on the platform
awaiting shipment to Fremantle. The lid had fallen down and locked itself"
No one heard her calling out on account of the box being padded on the inside
"Smothered, poor mite. The train was late leaving Merredin. Everyone had
got off, including the driver"
"Burracoppin was the next major siding. And there were camels there! A
whole herd of them in a holding paddock by the hotel. The travel people
in London had suggested I go to Persia, to work for the Anglo-Persian Oil
Company. When I decided against the idea, I thought I'd lost my chance of
ever seeing a camel. Except in a circus maybe. Now here they were in Australia"
"One of the passengers told me that the camels were used by the men who serviced
the Number One Rabbit-Proof Fence. I asked him, ""What's a Rabbit-Proof Fence?""
""Like it sounds,"" he said. Then he asked me where I was heading. When I
told him, he laughed and said, ""You'll learn about the Fence soon enough"
"Walgoolan's the wrong side.""
  Walgoolan was next up. I was the only one who got off the train. I must
have been a pathetic sight, standing on the platform with my gear littered
about and not a soul around. I felt pathetic. Walgoolan was just a name"
"There was a big stack of wheat on the siding, and a tin shed at back of
it. And a small corrugated-iron store across the road. That was it. Walgoolan"
"I wandered around the wheat stack. It was huge. Fifty yards by fifteen,
and maybe seven high. Hundreds of sacks stacked like slabs of stone. And
mice! Scampering everywhere like tufts of shadow. Then I sat on my trunk
and waited"
And that's another thing. Parrots. There were dozens of parrots
"Twenty-eights and Smokers, as it turned out. Smokers are extint now, of
course, but they were plentiful then. And the thing that intrigued me was
the way the parrots walked. They even climbed the sacks one foot after the
other. The birds back home hop, so it tickled me, seeing birds walk like
people"
"Eventually I saw some smoke coming out of the store, so I wandered over
and knocked. A chap came to the door and said, ""What d'ya want?"" I said,
""Well, actually I've come to work for a man around here, by name of Johnson.""
""Which one?"" he said. ""Oh,"" I said, ""is there more than one?"" ""There's three.""
I had written it down, so I got out my bit of paper and told him, ""S.L"
"Johnson."" ""Him,"" he said. ""He'll be in about 8 o'clock."" This was a bit
before seven. ""How will I know him?"" I asked. ""There'll be a lot of people
in shortly,"" he said. ""Your man'll be in a Chev. Ford. It's got no canopy
on, and he'll have a little black dog sitting alongside of him.""
  Well, pretty soon farmers started arriving with their wheat. Waggons and
trucks, Model T's and Morrises. And on the dot of 8, along came a chap in
a Chev. Ford. I walked up to him and said, ""Excuse me, are you Mr Johnson?""
""No,"" he said, ""There's no misters in this country. I'm Sam Johnson."" ""Well,""
I said, ""would you be S.L. Johnson?"" ""That's me all right."" So I said, ""I've
come to work for you - from the Immigrant's Home."" ""Oow,"" he said, sort
of surprised. ""Oow, I believe I did send down for a man."" As if he'd sent
down for a spanner and forgotten all about it. I said, ""Anyway, I was told
to come here, 25 shillings a week."" ""Yes,"" he said, ""I think that's right.""
Then he looked me up and down like I was a horse and said, ""There's not
much of you, is there? Are you strong?"" ""Yes,"" I said, And so he said, ""Well,
don't just stand there. Knock on these bags.""
  He had twenty bags of wheat on the back of his truck. I had to lift each
one down and place it on the scales. The agent would weigh it, then his
man, the Lumper, would take it and stack it on the pile while I fetched
another. Well, I'm no weakling, but I was fair done in by the time I'd lifted
those twenty bags. They weren't that heavy - around 180 lbs, most of them
- but they were awkward. And I had my good clothes on. When I had finished,
Johnson got a couple of bag hooks from the front of the truck and threw
them to me"
""
"Barriers to reform  

SIR, Bill Goff's recognition of the way the Australian Constitution underpins
the existing industrial relations system in Australia and provides a barrier
to reform of that system (""Push by Right is turning full circle, Northern
Territory News, November 6) is very welcome"
"However, the implication that the Constitutional Commission stands for
preservation of the existing system is mistaken"
"Mr Goff quoted from the issues paper of the Constitutional Commission's
advisory committee on distribution of powers"
"That paper correctly makes the point that there are more constitutional
and institutional barriers to reform of the existing industrial relations
system than the critics of that system have acknowledged"
"Australia's industrial relations system is very much a product of the
existing Constitution"
"The Constitutional Commission is receiving submissions, including about
whether the existing Australian Constitution is appropriate to our industrial
relations requirements today and into the future"
"Submissions can be made to the commission at PO Box E2, St James, NSW,
2000"
"I.G. Cunliffe,
secretary,
Constitutional
Commission, Sydney. Water to cost more  

SIR, This Government has broken another promise"
"Your water bill is now being assessed in quite a different manner and
it could cost you a packet"
"Previously you had a basic allowance and if you did not exceed 500 kilolitres
you paid no extra"
Now there is no basic allowance or charge
You pay 25c for every kilolitre used
"I'm off to buy a water tank and get as much as God sends me, free"
"Stella Kirk,
Darwin. Wagait disgrace  

SIR, The Wagait decision on traditional ownership is unjust and a disgrace
to the Northern Land Council and Clyde Holding, the Federal Minister for
Aboriginal affairs"
"The full-blood people have every right to continue to seek a fair decision
in accordance with Australia's Lands Rights Act and not to accept a decision
which was made under such controversial circumstances"
"For the Northern Land Council to have this opposition from the very people
they are supposed to be advancing, points to the fact their decisions are
not as knowledgeable as we are led to believe or the Aborigines are not
as involved as they should be in the decision-making processes"
"Ten years ago the part-Aboriginal element had nothing to do with Aboriginal
tradition"
Now they all seem to be experts
"The NLC white staff are employed to make decisions informed as much as
possible, but on Wagait the white staff's recommendations were ignored
and vocal colored people overrode the true Aborigines"
"In the particular Wagait case even the council admits they do not have
any idea who originally had possession of this land. 
  They were asked to listen to oral reports from the contesting groups"
"This put the bush people at a disadvantage immediately as European debates
are not the Aboriginal way of making decisions"
"At Lake Bennett, a meeting was held two years ago"
"Wagait was discussed and finally all the full-bloods were asked to go
and sit down together and come to a decision"
"They agreed the Marranunggu people were the rightful Aboriginal owners
and delivered their decision to NLC members present"
"The NLC did not accept this decision and no reason was ever given why
they did not"
"If the NLC makes a decision no common person has a channel to contest
this unless he can produce finance on a large scale"
"Aboriginal people are worse off as they have not even the knowledge to
go about complaining as Europeans do"
"If NLC decisions are wrong, bad luck you cannot change it unless they
change their minds themselves"
"As a result of the Marranunggu people's fight for their land and this latest
revision of ownership and current decision, the NLC should take a look 
around Berrimah shops and Knuckey's Lagoon fringe camp where methylated
spirits is being used to console frustrations at their latest decision on
Wagait"
"Who are they trying to help, the Aboriginal people or the
Aboriginal-claiming conmen who are most vocal"
"Name and address
withheld by request."
"By Sally White Ink in the Blood THE SYMES - A NEWSPAPER FAMILY  

   Every morning from Monday to Saturday some quarter of a
million people buy their copy of the Melbourne Age. Tucked away
across two columns somewhere in the broadsheet pages is the
mandatory notice: `Printed and published ... for David Syme & Co"
"Limited, at 250 Spencer St., Melbourne. Registered by Australia
Post - publication No VBF 1305 and registered as a Newspaper at
the British Post Office.'
   No Syme family member works these days in the five-storey
building which faces west over the railway yards, the docks and
the low, elegant curve of the Westgate Bridge. But the Syme
name remains, a daily reminder of four generations' devotion to
news and opinion"
"David Syme was born on 2 October 1827 in North Berwick,
Scotland. His parents, George Alexander and Jean Syme, had
moved from their native Montrose so that George could take up
the post of parish schoolmaster and session clerk of St Mary's
parish. His sons - James, George, Ebenezer and David - were among
the students in the parish schoolhouse. George was a hard
taskmaster, a man of a disciplined but contrary character"
"David later wrote that his father `had no idea that it was
necessary or desirable that his sons should find any pleasure
in their work, or even in their life'. The children had no time
for play. `Cricket, football and such games ... were not for
us. We had no holidays. We commenced our tasks at seven in the
morning and continued them, with short intervals for meals,
till eight or nine in the evening. There was no relief even on
Sundays.'
   When George Syme died, David was barely seventeen. He had `a
sound English education and some knowledge of Latin', but his
father's teaching had not fitted him for a career. James had a
medical practice near Glasgow, George junior was studying for
the ministry in Aberdeen and Ebenezer, a missionary-student
evangelising throughout the Scottish countryside, was soon to
start as an assistant editor on the Westminster Review. David
did not know what to do"
"During a visit to brother James, he was introduced to the
radical theology of Reverend James Morrison. Morrison's
teachings turned him from the orthodox Calvinism of his father
and David determined to study theology, the Scriptures, Hebrew,
Greek and Arabic. But he was an indifferent linguist and still
spiritually troubled. At nineteen, he appears to have suffered
a nervous breakdown and was sent to Germany to forget study and
take a water cure"
"After a year he returned to Scotland, health restored but
future still unclear. He took a brief job as a proofreader for
a Glasgow paper and then, in 1851, embarked on the Princess
Royal bound for the goldfields of California via Cape Horn. The
insularity of the American prospectors was not to his liking so
he set sail again, this time for Australia in the Europe, a
poorly provisioned and leaky tub"
"On his arrival in crowded Melbourne he had barely enough
money to pay the 5s charge for a night's sleep on a bed on a
tabletop in a Bourke Street hotel. The next day he set off on
foot for Castlemaine"
"The Victorian diggings were kind to him. He made a fair
living in the colony's main fields: Castlemaine, Bendigo, the
Ovens, Beechworth, Daylesford and Ballarat. But his last mining
venture at Mt Edgerton was less successful. He and his partner
appear to have been victims of inefficient claim-staking. A
protracted battle against the alleged `claim-jumpers' finally
petered out in 1856 and the young Scot began work as a road and
bridge contractor for the Central Roads Board"
"During the claim dispute, David had enlisted the support of
his brother Ebenezer who had followed him to Victoria and
become chief editor of the Age. The paper was somewhat
curious. Dependent on the advertising backing of establishment
merchants, it still pitched its editorial voice at the working
man. It was a staunch advocate of miners' rights and, in the
aftermath of Eureka, criticised the government's handling of
the agitation"
"Ebenezer Syme was a member of the experimental workers' co-
operative which bought out Henry and John Cooke, the merchants
who first published the Age on 17 October I854. Within two
years, the co-operative ran into trouble. In June 1856
Ebenezer, backed by several liberal-minded citizens, bought it"
"Three months later, David brought a small amount of his capital
into the business and the brothers became joint proprietors"
"He used his mining expertise in compiling the mining news
for a weekly edition of the paper specially prepared for
sending to England. He also probably shouldered much of the
day-to-day administration for Ebenezer was busy campaigning for
the seat of Loddon in the first Legislative Assembly of
Victoria. But the paper's finances were shaky and insufficient
to support both brothers. After about a year, David returned to
road building and, presumably, to the wooing of a young
Yorkshire girl, Annabella Johnson. They were married on 17
August 1858"
Within months of the marriage David was back at the Age
"Ebenezer had been suffering from tuberculosis for some years
and his condition was worsening. David both managed the paper
and took increasing responsibility for editorial content"
"Ebenezer Syme died on 13 March 1860. Five days later David
announced the business would continue under the joint imprint
of E. and D. Syme but would be conducted on behalf of himself,
Ebenezer's widow Jane and her three sons"
"The first decade of David Syme's proprietorship required an
application he had not experienced since boyhood. He
breakfasted at 8, read the papers, rode to town and arrived at
the office at 11 a.m. He looked after financial and production
matters before lunch and then went upstairs to the editorial
department where he briefed the three permanent reporters,
edited contributed material, read overseas newspapers and
corrected proofs. The paper went to press at 2 a.m. and David
Syme called for his horse and rode home. He was rarely in bed
before 3"
"Wisely, he did not seek to change the Age's editorial
direction. Its competitor, the Argus, had become the voice of
the squattocracy but the Age, under David Syme, built on the
firm liberal foundations laid by Ebenezer. The campaign for
land reform in Victoria had already been mounted. David Syme
increased its tempo. The difficulties of establishing local
industry had already been noted. Syme publicised protection as
a solution. The movement for constitutional reform had begun;
universal manhood suffrage and the abolition of property
qualifications for membership of the Legislative Assembly had
been enacted; the Age demanded even greater change"
"The vigour with which Syme prosecuted his causes of land
reform, protection and constitutional change won him few
friends among the establishment. When the squatters exploited
loopholes in the Land Act of 1862 to secure - for a mere 100
individuals - some two-thirds of the 1 million acres sold by
auction under the legislation, the Age published lists of the
squatters' dummies and their parliamentary associates. The
government retaliated by withdrawing government advertising for
the paper and introducing a bill that sought substantial cash
sureties from newspaper publishers"
"The merchants, too, were offended by the Age's stand and
tried several times to organise advertising boycotts. David
Syme reacted to the boycott of the late 1860s by dropping the
cover price of the paper from 3d to 1d. The strategy had worked
earlier when, soon after Ebenezer's death, David halved the
paper's original price of 6d in a successful attempt to boost
circulation. It worked again. Within a few weeks, sales had
doubled from the 3d circulation of 5000. By the end of 1868,
they had trebled"
"It was the Age's vociferous advocacy of tariff protection
that particularly antagonised the merchants. While David Syme
later claimed the Age was the first newspaper to espouse it and
he was sometimes called `the father of protection', the real
pioneer was James Harrison of the Geelong Advertiser, who had
publicly advocated protection as early as 1852. The Age did not
enter the battle strongly until the 1860s when the chilly
economic climate predisposed people to listen to arguments
aimed at restoring Victoria's prosperity. Gold exports were
down, artisans were finding difficulty in getting regular work
and local industry was sickly"
"The squattocracy and the mercantile class, with their tight
control of the Legislative Council, were enraged by Syme's
calls for reforms which included payment of members of
parliament, a breaking of the Council's power to veto the will
of the lower house and non-interference by the British Colonial
Office in Victoria's domestic affairs"
"The Age's sedulous pursuit of extravagance in government
and corruption in the places of power did nothing to soothe
Syme's opponents. The paper attacked venal politicians with a
venom that kept libel lawyers busy. But its readers supported
the stand. Public subscription and donations from Age employees
paid most of the legal bills. And, by the end of the century,
the Age was selling 120 000 copies. It was the largest
circulation in the country and considerable even by overseas
standards"
"David Syme earned himself a reputation as an attacking
newspaperman, but he was also concerned with building the
colony. He advocated the introduction of compulsory secular
education and pressed for industrial and agricultural
development. He owned several farming properties and supervised
their running in minute detail and, through the Age and its
associated rural weekly the Leader, championed agricultural
innovation. He sent Alfred Deakin to India in 1890 to report on
irrigation projects and supported the plans of his former
agricultural editor, John Lamont Dow, who, as Minister for
Lands and Agriculture, helped extend settlement of the Mallee
wheatlands and gave rural subsidies to help establish dairy
co-operatives"
"The first factories and shops legislation of 1885 resulted
partly from the exposure given in Age articles to the demands
of the National Anti-Sweating League and to the details of
exploitation of home workers in the clothing and boot trades"
"And the Age, unlike its competitors, drew public attention to
the suffering of the unemployed during the Depression of the
1890s"
"It was during that harsh decade that David Syme's health,
never robust, began to falter. In 1891, the Age became
embroiled in the `Great Railways Case'. It alleged excessive
expenditure on railway construction and laid the blame on
Railways Commissioner Speight. Speight sued the paper for
damages which, had they been awarded, would have ruined Syme
despite his growing resources. The pressures of the case, the
hard depression years and the changing tenor of political life
- which saw the rise of party politics and the push for
federation - all contributed to the lessening of David Syme's
fire and personal influence. But his power was still
sufficient to ensure that all Age-endorsed candidates to the
Federal Convention of 1897 were elected. His involvement in
every issue of the paper never flagged"
David Syme was definitely a man of the nineteenth century
"He was a boy of ten when Victoria ascended the British throne
and he outlived the Queen by only seven years. He was, the
Sydney Daily Telegraph judged, `in a very real sense an
embodiment of the Spirit of the Time'. Inevitably, the end of
the Victorian era and the birth of the Commonwealth of
Australia saw his reputation as the most powerful man in
Victoria dim. However, when he died on 14 February 1908, most
Victorians still knew him as `The Kingmaker'"
"The year he died, the new Commonwealth decided - much to the
Age's indignation - to build the national capital at Canberra,
inside Sydney's sphere of influence. The Victorian heyday of
Victoria's ascendancy was well over"
"Although David was seen as the personification of the Age,
he drew heavily on the talents of his family. His brother,
George, having also given up the church as a calling, edited
the Leader. Ebenezer's son, Joseph Cowen Syme, became business
manager in 1879, a position he held for twelve years before he
sold his third share in the company for a reported £140 000."
"Victorian Paddlers Raise $110-120,000 by TRACEY NORQUAY  

WHAT involves 343 canoes, 552 paddlers, 3000 landcrews and
officials, hard work, and is expected to raise $110,000-
120,000? The answer is the Victorian Red Cross Division's
Murray River Canoe Marathon, which I ""landcrewed"" for"
"The Murray River Canoe Marathon, which has been held for
16 years, involves a 403 km paddle down the Murray River from
Yarrawonga to Swan Hill"
"This year's paddlers ranged in age from 16 years old (the
winners) to 60. The standard ranged from semi-professional
competitive paddlers to those in hire canoes, who probably
began ""training"" a few weeks before the event. Many were
ecstatic to have 30 seconds off the record and did not stop
racing all day, others just wanted to finish, and say ""done
that"""
"But for dedication, or sheer desire for punishment, the
paddlers shared equal place with the landcrews, and officials"
"The paddlers had to paddle an average of eight hours a
day, 92 km on the first day, 96 km on the second, 77 km on the
third day, 62 km on the fourth, and 76 km on the fifth, making
the total 403 kilometres"
"Landcrews had to rise at dawn, cook breakfast, pack up the
tents, drive along corrugated dusty roads to checkpoints, meet,
feed, encourage and massage paddlers, and set up camp in the
next town"
"The Marathon committee and officials, who included
starters and wakerupperers, organised the event, and made sure
that everything was running smoothly. Starters check boat
numbers from 6.30 am each day - check and double check that
each boat starts, and that they had life jackets, etc;
wakerupperers risk almighty abuse, as they drive through the
marathon camp each morning at around 5 am, with Morning Has
Broken, Always Look on the bright side of Life, and Wakey Wakey
Everybody, blaring over the loud speakers"
""
"Wire fence prospect to curb footy louts By STEHPEN MEESE and PETER SIMUNOVICH  

THE VFL might have to consider erecting wire barriers around football ovals
if violence became commonplace, the Sport and Recreation Minister, Mr
Trezise, said yesterday"
"Mr Trezise, commenting on Saturday's incident at Victoria Park, said
loutish behavior had to be stopped before it became uncontrollable"
"""We must nip in the bud any trend that could see Australian sports crowds
emulating the overseas situation, where on big sporting occasions special
police and army riot squads and equipment are needed,"" he said"
"Mr Trezise said he would discuss the incident, which resulted in the arrest
of six people, with the VFL commissioner, Mr Jack Hamilton, and the Police
and Emergency Services Minister, Mr Mathews, today"
"Mr Hamilton said yesterday the incident was ""in the hands of the police
because no player was involved"""
"""We are concerned about the crowd behavior, but the police will conduct
an investigation thoroughly and efficiently,"" he said"
"Asked if grounds would be barricaded to prevent any further violence
towards umpires, Mr Hamilton said: ""Fortunately the incident is an isolated
one"
"""I think football crowds are wonderfully behaved, especially when you get
130,000 going to games week in and week out"
"""I don't think we should label our crowds on one incident"
"""Personally, I wouldn't like to see barbed wire around the grounds, but
we will have to monitor it.  If it happens frequently then we will have
to look at it.""
  Mr Trezise said the Government shared the concern of the VFL and the 12
clubs on loutish behavior affecting innocent people and would help tackle
the problem at any time"
"He said incidents in which sports crowds were prepared to inflict violence
on umpires, players or officials simply because their team lost could not be
condoned. 
  More police might be needed at games to control outbreaks of violent
behavior.  
  ""If violence became the norm, which I doubt, consideration would
have to be given to putting up wire barriers around the arena,"" he said. 
  Mr Trezise said he would regret seeing the installation of barriers to keep 
spectators off the ground"
"""I trust Saturday's occurrence was a rarity and merely a case of frustrated
barrackers getting carried away by the example of a few ringleaders,"" he
said"
"- Melbourne psychologist Dr Francis Macnab said it was not uncommon for
people to behave violently when they thought they had been unjustly deprived
of victory"
"People also often behaved differently in a crowd to what they would
individually, he said"
""
"Grand jury's historic role: judge  

Victoria's first grand jury in 46 years was today empanelled in 
the Supreme Court to decide if a solicitor should be sent for 
[Atrial on fraud charges"
"Mr Justice O'Bryan told the 17 women and six men comprising the 
grand jury that it was an historic and important event"
"He told them their function was unusual and very different from 
ordinary criminal proceedings.  
  The defendant, John Gerard McArdle, played no part in the 
hearing and was not represented, the judge said.  Neither the 
judge nor any barristers took part"
"The judge said legal tradition meant he had to ask the grand 
jury panel whether any of them were aliens or outlaws"
"Before the court was cleared and became the grand jury chamber, 
the judge spent about two hours explaining the function of the 
grand jury"
"He said their job was not to decide if McArdle was guilty or 
innocent, it was to decide whether or not he should be sent for 
trial"
"Mr Justice O'Bryan said this meant a different standard of 
proof, which was that there was ""probable evidence in support of 
an offence"""
"It also meant that unlike other juries, only a majority of 
them, that is 12, need be satisfied one way or the other"
"The judge told the grand jury the two charges alleged against 

McArdle were fraudulent conversion under the Crimes Act and 
conspiracy to defraud under common law"
"The judge said the grand jury should ignore anything they had 
read or heard about the procedure"
"""It is not for you or me to decide if the grand jury procedure 
is the most appropriate procedure.  That is for the State 
Parliament.""
  The judge said the foreman would have to write on the 
indictments either ""true bill"" which meant McArdle would be sent 
for trial or ""not a true bill.""
  The judge said the grand jury deliberations and examination of 
witnesses would be completely secret and any notes they took 
would be shredded later"
The hearing is not finished
""
"Mixed messages on migration Two recent government decisions raise questions about Australia's policy A migration smokescreen  Renata Singer  

  THERE ARE SO MANY LARGE AND difficult issues facing this country at the
present time, it is puzzling that the Federal government is investing time
and funds in running a campaign on the relatively insignificant problem
of illegal immigration. For a campaign is certainly being waged. A ministerial
statement on illegal immigrants in October 1985 announced, unheralded and
undebated, tough new measures against those not legally in Australia.  
  Readers of newspaper reports on this issue in recent months might imagine
that Australia has a serious problem. The Department of Immigration and
Ethnic Affairs (DIEA) quotes a figure of 50,000 people living in Australia
without legal authority"
"Where does the figure come from? The department itself concedes that it
is an estimate, not calculated on the basis of numbers of arrivals and
departures, visas issued or other substantive data"
"Roughly the same figure has been used in the past whenever the department
has focussed on the issue of illegal migration. Before the amnesty of 1977
the claim was that at least 40,000,00 people were in Australia illegally. But
only 7207 came forward and applied for amnesty. At the time the Regularisation
of Status Program in 1980, it was claimed there were 60,000-70,000 illegals"
"When the amnesty ended in December of that year, about 11,000 applications
had been made representing approximately 14,000 people. In 1982 the department
announced a `crackdown' on illegal immigrants, and this time it claimed
100,000 as the likely figure. Since then, without any campaign, 50,000 illegal
immigrants must have disappeared of their own accord!
  Who then are the prohibited non-citizens? No one can say with any certainty
who they are, or why they came and stayed in Australia, but some data is
available for those who apply for, and are granted, change of status to
become permanent residents. Prior to October 1985 anyone could apply to
change their status who had strong and compassionate grounds, whether they
had current `legal' status or not. Since October 1985, only those who are
considered `legal' in Australia can apply, no matter how strong, humane
or compassionate their case might be"
"In 1984-85 9898 people applied to change their status. Of the 6014 granted
residence status, 69 per cent of approvals were for spouses, children and
aged parents of Australian residents and citizens. They were eligible to
stay under the family reunion aspect of our immigration program. In many
cases they tired of waiting for the departmental process, which can take
years. In some cases a disaster had occurred which made it imperative for
them to leave immediately, or they were given incorrect advice by friends,
relatives or immigration officials"
"MRS Z IS JUST SUCH A CASE. Born in Spain in 1925, she married at 18, and
conceived 18 children of whom eight survived. Five of these children,
themselves married, are now resident in Australia, the first having migrated
twenty years ago. Mrs Z's husband died in 1965"
"Of her three daughters married and living in Spain two live far away from
the city where she had lived her whole life, and the third could not
accommodate her mother in already cramped housing"
"The well-established and flourishing part of the family applied under
family reunion for their mother to join them in Australia. After the usual
delays of many months, permission was refused because Mrs Z was deemed by
the Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs not to be a 'dependent parent'
as she was not yet 60 and had other children living in Spain who could support
her"
"In 1985 the daughter who lived near Mrs Z, and to whom she was most attached
and dependent on, received permission to migrate to Australia and Mrs Z
came with her"
""
"In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit  

  Do you remember what the priest (or some other minister of the Sacrament)
said when he poured the water on your head to baptize you? Most of us don't
of course because we were baptized as babies. But if we have attended a
baptism or two since then we have heard the words. And if we have received
some religious instruction we have learnt something about the Sacrament
there"
"The priest says, ""I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the
Son and of the Holy Spirit.""
  The words proclaim that we have entered into a new relationship with a
God who is one, yet somehow three"
"St. John tells us that ""God is love"". He is a community of love. His life
is a life of love - the love of the Father for the Son and of the Son for
the Father that is somehow personified in the Holy Spirit. The relationship
between Father and Son is lived in a Spirit of love"
"By our baptism we become part of that life of love. We share in the very
life of God"
"Indeed, in baptism we become one with Jesus Christ, the beloved Son of
the Father. So, like Jesus, we are now beloved sons and daughters of the
Father. We are children of God, members of His family. Like Jesus we can
address the Father familiarly (""Abba"") as He does"
"Being joined with Christ, the Son, through our baptism means that we are
called to live in the Spirit of Christ. That is to say we are called to
love the Father as Christ loves the Father and we are called to love our
brothers and sisters as fellow children of the Father. Like Christ we are
called to live in a Spirit of love - love of the Father and love of others"
"Jesus said, ""You must love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all
your soul, and with all your mind"" and ""You must love your fellow-man as
yourself"" (Mt. 22:37, 39)"
"Jesus also told us that He came to do the will of the Father. His whole
life was an act of love of His Father. He invites us to see the Father as
the One towards whom our whole life must be oriented. He invites us to be
His co-workers in making the Father's kingdom come on earth - that is, to
help make the world a place of peace and love"
"The Father is the loving Creator who has given us the gift of life. Our
hearts were made for Him and they will not rest, will not find fulfilment,
until they learn to love Him in return for His love of us"
"God has chosen to reveal Himself to us in terms of family relationships
- something that is part of our experience. If we haven't experienced the
love of a parent or haven't experienced what it means to belong to a loving
family, we have at least seen something of what is meant in the lives of
other people"
"This does, of course, highlight the importance of loving parents and loving
families. They give us insight and understanding of what God had in mind
in revealing Himself in terms of Father, Son and the bond (Spirit) of love
between them"
"Today we celebrate the fact that God has revealed Himself as Trinity -
Father, Son and Holy Spirit. We recall that He has invited us to share in
His intimate life of love. And we remember that He calls us, through our
baptism, to share in the work, the mission, of the Beloved Son - making
the community of His love present in our world"
Neal Dwyer C.SS.R.
"Qwertymania By Carole Wilkins  

IT was Friday morning.  Another exciting day in a lifetime battle for riches
and fame."
"The Sun `shows the way'  

DIRECTORS of The Herald and Weekly Times said The Sun showed there was a
strong future for newspapers"
"""We strongly believe in the future of newspapers, and plans are in place
for future expansion,"" they said"
"""The best example of the continuing future of newspapers is The Sun"
"""By any criteria it is an amazing success story.  An average daily
circulation in excess of 550,000 makes it an institution in Melbourne and
country towns throughout Victoria.""
  Directors said The Sun was sold by 7500 newsagents and sub-agents
and home-delivered before most people rose"
"They said all afternoon newspapers were facing the difficult task of finding
answers to falling circulation"
"""Our policy is to establish The Herald as Melbourne's newspaper and this
year under the theme `Your Town - Your Paper' new sections and features
have been added,"" they said"
"""The Herald remains one of Australia's largest selling afternoon
newspapers, and compares favorably in circulation with most morning
newspapers.""  
   Directors said that in regional areas the HWT was well represented, 
with The Weekly Times continuing to sell more than 100,000
copies a week"
"The Geelong Advertiser, The Geelong News and The Bellarine Echo all made
a major contribution to group profits, while the Bendigo Advertiser produced
a record profit, despite the depressed rural economy"
"With the acquisition of the Leader group, the HWT also became the largest
suburban newspaper publisher in Victoria"
""
"Highway one RMIT helps give computer chips a better memory  

The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology has joined a project to
revolutionise computer memories by producing commercial high-speed,
non-volatile memory devices for computer chips"
"The project is based on a technology called Rampac which uses a thin film
of the ferroelectric material potassium nitrate to store information on
standard silicon or gallium arsenide chips"
"Rampac was developed by Ramtron Corp, a US subsidiary of the Sydney
technology-transfer company Newtech Development Corp. Ramtron staff worked
with engineers at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs to prove
the technology on a laboratory scale"
"Newtech is now setting up a company in Victoria to manufacture the memory
devices which are known by the acronym FRAM (ferroelectric random access
memory). The company will be strictly a manufacturer, and all further R&D
and testing will be carried out by 2 groups at RMIT - the Microelectronics
Technology Centre and the Centre for Industrial Microelectronics Applications"
"MTC director Dr Jim Williams said RMIT is still negotiating a contract
with Newtech but the 2 groups are likely to earn $1-2 million for contract
R&D and design assistance"
"Total investment in the project over the first 2 years will be about $25
million"
"Rampac represents a major breakthrough in the search for memory chips
that do not lose their stored information when power supply is cut off"
"This characteristic, known as non-volatility, is currently available only
from slow and relatively expensive magnetic bubble and PROM (programmable
read-only memory) devices. These take milliseconds or microseconds to store
1 bit of information. FRAM, by contrast, takes about 15ns"
"Williams said the lack of high-speed, non-volatile memories is what has
prevented widespread use of chips in environments where continuous power
supply is not guaranteed - for example in condition-monitoring systems in
cars"
"Successful development of FRAM would solve that problem and put Australia
in a leading position in the non-volatile RAM market, which he estimates
will be worth about $16 billion by 1990"
"The feasibility of Rampac technology was first demonstrated by George
Rohrer, an engineer in the US doing research on ferroelectric materials,
which can be switched between 2 polarised states by voltages passing through
them. Ferroelectric materials remain polarised even when power is cut off"
"Most of these materials lose their ferroelectric properties when they
are reduced to thin films. But Rohrer found that potassium nitrate, which
normally is ferroelectric only at high temperatures, also has a ferroelectric
phase in thin-film form at room temperature"
"Equally exciting was his discovery that KNO#;3 can be switched between states
of polarisation by an input of less than 5V, much less than is required
for other ferroelectric materials. And when the film is partitioned into
tiny cells, each cell can be polarised individually - the basic principle
of microprocessor memory cells"
"Rohrer was negotiating to sell the rights to his technology to General
Motors when Ross Lyndon-James, executive chairman of Newtech, stepped in
and bought them instead"
"Newtech set up Ramtron Corp in the US rather than Australia because of
doubts about Australia's capacity to develop such an important and
sophisticated technology. However, now that several technical milestones
have been reached, including production of a prototype 1kb memory array
for General Motors, Newtech and its backers feel confident enough to bring
the technology to Australia"
"The new factory will initially make memory devices and put them on
conventional silicon or gallium arsenide chips made in the US. It is expected
to turn out about 10,000 chips/week after 2 years"
A longer-term goal is to manufacture the entire chip assemblies in Australia
"Williams said State Government incentives and proximity to RMIT were
the reasons for the new factory being located in Victoria"
"""RMIT has a unique combination of the facilities and capabilities needed,
both for chip design and for depositing and characterising thin films,""
he said"
"RMIT's involvement will include design of the chips to be made overseas,
materials testing and assessment, testing the initial memory arrays and
general troubleshooting"
"QEC helps repair damage from cyclone  
The Queensland Electricity Commission is providing the Solomon Islands
Electricity Authority with powerline steel structures to repair damage caused
by cyclone Namu"
"After receiving a request for assistance from the Solomon Islands, the
QEC found it had 2 suitable steel structures for a construction project
that could be supplied to the Solomon Islands without affecting the local
completion date"
"The cyclone brought down a 33,000V transmission line that supplied a rice
mill, major sawmills and a large residential area"
"The steel structures are needed for a river crossing where an island was
washed away and a new powerline span of 700m is needed"
"The QEC is also supplying the services of a surveyor to supervise the
construction work"
"Third Aussat launch date up in the air  
The launch date of Aussat 3 may be delayed by up to 6 months following
the failure of the recent Ariane mission"
"The Ariane rocket and its satellite payload had to be blown up by mission
control in French Guyana when the third stage of the rocket failed to ignite"
"A committee of investigation will be set up by Arianespace by the end
of this month"
"The third Aussat satellite was due to be launched on Aug 12. Aussat spokesman
Leighton Farrell said a delay of up to 6 months will not worry the company
which, however, is still confident Aussat 3 will be deployed by the end of
this year"
The other 2 Aussat satellites were deployed by the US Space Shuttle program
"The decision to launch the third satellite with Arianespace was made before
the Challenger disaster in January"
"Farrell said it is not yet clear what implications the Ariane disaster
will have for satellite operators trying to obtain insurance"
"Professional virtue  
Engineers are considered to be more honest and ethical than many other
professionals including accountants and lawyers and they also rate higher
than both state and federal members of parliament, according to a Morgan
Gallup Poll survey of professional virtue contained in a recent issue of
The Bulletin"
"56% of the people interviewed for the poll thought engineers had high
standards of ethics and honesty"
"Above engineers in the poll came dentists, the top scorer with 63%, doctors,
bank managers and school teachers. Police were on the same level as engineers"
"The 2 lowest scorers were union leaders with 5% and car salesmen with
3%"
"Test drilling for proposed harbor tunnel  
Test drilling of Sydney Harbor's floor began this month to establish the 
best route for a road tunnel proposed as a second harbor crossing"
"The drilling, being carried out by Coffey & Partners, is only one facet
of a $2 million feasibility study for the project"
"The Transfield Pty Ltd/Kumagai Gumi joint venture proposing the $350 million
tunnel has also engaged the services of other consulting engineers including:
‚2 Gutteridge Haskins & Davey Pty Ltd, Maunsell & Partners Pty Ltd and Parsons
Brinckerhoff of the US as a consortium to design the tunnel's mechanical,
electrical, ventilation, control, hydraulic and fire control facilities
‚2 Macdonald Wagner Pty Ltd, assisted by Freeman Fox & Partners of Hong Kong,
to design the immersed-tube tunnel section
‚2 John Connell-Mott Hay & Anderson to design the land tunnels"
"GHD is also carrying out land survey and traffic studies for the joint
venture"
"All the groups working on the project are being co-ordinated by Wargon
Chapman Partners Pty Ltd, the design manager"
"The NSW Government has appointed Pak-Poy & Kneebone Pty Ltd to advise
it on the engineering aspects of the project"
"Lee Gibbon, formerly of Transfield's Queensland office, is project manager"
"He has worked on the recently completed Gateway Bridge in Brisbane, 2 other
major bridges across the Brisbane River and on a 11 km, 880mm-diameter
submarine pipeline under Spencer Gulf"
"The joint venture is to complete the feasibility study and report to the
State Government by the end of this year"
"Painting inspired 'city of tents' concept  
A travelling exhibition described as a journey through time and space
will hit the road in Australia for the full year in 1988"
"Designed to entertain, delight, celebrate and enjoy, it is an exhibition
that will be about attitudes, values, perceptions, myths and dreams"
"The Australian Bicentennial Exhibition will start in Albury/Wodonga on
Jan 1 1988. It will travel 30,000 km throughout Australia visiting 34 towns
and cities in all states and territories"
"Exhibits will include hands-on elements such as computers, interactive
games and computer-activated audiovisuals"
"The exhibition will be transported by a convoy of 20 pantechnicons pulled
by prime movers"
"At each location 6 pairs of pantechnicons will form display modules
concentrating on different themes. Each module will comprise 2 pantechnicons
linked by colorful fabric structures. There will be about 250m2 of exhibition
space in each module"
"The dominating feature of the exhibition is expected to be a 25m-high,
600-seat Bicentennial theatre. Other structures will include a specially
designed sound shell"
The structure of the exhibition was designed by architect Daryl Jackson
"His concept was selected as the result of a competition conducted by the
Australian Bicentennial Authority in 1983"
"Jackson said: ""My ideas for the design were inspired in part by a Eugene
von Guerard painting depicting Ballarat as the tent city it was in the 1850s.""
  The computer-aided design work for the exhibition's ""city of tents"" recently
won a prestigious award in the US against 40 finalists from 5 countries"
"The Best CAD Application Award was made to Computer Plot Australia Pty Ltd
of Melbourne. It is the highest award made each year at the annual conference
of the Intergraph International Graphics Users' Group"
"Jackson used Computer Plot's Intergraph 780 CAD system as a design tool
to refine his original concept and to produce a series of line drawings
and colored photographs displaying transparency and shadow"
"Once he formed the idea for the ""city of tents"" the structural details
were added by engineer John Connell & Associates"
"After this the drawings went to Computer Plot which generated 3D
full-color models on its CAD system"
"The models can be rotated and expanded and internal as well as external
views can be displayed. Computer Plot used the Intergraph sculptured surface
modelling and RSURF software packages in this work"
"The contract for 25 prime movers has been awarded to Kenworth Trucks,
while the order for the pantechnicons is expected to be announced soon by
the exhibition's project manager, the Federal Department of Housing and
Construction"
"The Federal Government is providing $19 million for the project and BHP
is providing a further $6 million. Other funds will be raised through the
activities of a bookshop, exhibition shop and food services"
"Bureacratic red tape smothers development  

Community concerns about many major engineering developments in the past
have been largely responsible for the complex review procedures of government
agencies which now must be satisfied before development proposals can proceed"
"Engineers accept that the environment must be protected and that the community
should be consulted about planned projects"
"But the approval procedures cause so many uncertainties and delays, says 
John Hannan, that developers can lose confidence and seek opportunities 
elsewhere"
"Hannan, who is manager, planning and environment, of the NSW Coal Association,
says in the Perspective article beginning on page 42 of this issue of Engineers
Australia that the commendable aim of protecting the environment seems to
have become lost in a plethora of bureacratic procedures"
"RMIT to stay with Rockwell  
The Council of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology has rejected
a move to end RMIT's association with a fellowship scheme run by the US
arms manufacturer Rockwell International"
"At its May meeting the Council voted not to accept a recommendation from
the academic board that the Institute sever its links with Rockwell which
each year gives 2 RMIT engineering graduates the chance to work in the US
for 12 months"
"The academic board's recommendation resulted from a motion put by Andrew
Dodd, president of the Student's Representative Council, who said RMIT
should not be the recruitment ground for a nuclear weapons manufacturer"
""
"Modelling examination marks D.J. Daley and E. Seneta Summary  
The paper proposes a model to describe marks as awarded to students who
select and sit for examinations in a subset of the courses offered"
"For each subject a linear transformation of the raw marks is sought so
as to place all marks on a common scale. In this guise, the set-up reduces
to a simple linear model with multiplicative interaction term, totally lacking
in balance as would results from experimental design practice"
"A variety of methods of estimating the linear transformation parameters
is described"
"O. Introduction  
The main object of this paper is to exhibit and study some properties
of a simple stochastic model which facilitates the study of data sets
consisting of examination marks"
"At the end of secondary schooling in Australia a student is usually provided
with a certificate indicating his achievements at that stage relative to
others within the same system. Usually, the certificate includes a few (usually
in the region of 4 to 7) course scores which decades ago were examination
marks but nowadays may include or consist entirely of some form of school-based
assessment. These  course scores have usually been moderated from the raw
course score data, the aim of this operation being to produce scores which
can be compared ""fairly"" or ""equitably"" across subjects, and hence (so it
is argued) can be summed to form a student's aggregate score as the sum
of his best v moderated course scores for some fixed number v"
"Different educational systems have different schemes for moderating the
raw scores, and have different rules governing formation of the aggregate"
"The main purpose of the model proffered below is to provide a framework
within which different moderation procedures can be compared as statistical
procedures. It is used here to illustrate versions of three existing
procedures"
"Clearly the availability of an appropriate model makes simulation a possible
technique for the empirical investigation of its applicability. The model
itself (see equation (1.3) of the text) can be viewed as a single factor model
associated with the name of Spearman (see e.g. Section 1.2 of Lawley and
Maxwell (1971). In this context, it must be noted that preliminary examination
of data suggests that, in spite of this one factor being quite dominant and i
nterpretable as a general level of ability/achievement, a further factor akin 
to a contrast of quantitative and verbal abilities may also be identifiable"
Neither of these matters is pursued in the sequel
"The moderating procedures of various examining bodies are documented mostly
as internal memoranda and they are not necessarily available to the general
academic community. Yet such procedures are widespread (e.g. Broyden (1983),
Murgatroyd (1975, 1979), Smith (1971); all of these are encompassed by the
model below or special variants of it). Comprehensive documentation of
Australasian experiences is overdue (cf. Cooney (1976)"
"1. Notation and the Model 
  We are concerned with a finite population of candidates, i=1,...,N, each
taking a selection from the courses j=1,...,S. We write    if candidate i
takes course j, =0 otherwise. When    we denote by    the raw course 
score of candidate i in course j. Moderated course scores    are taken to 
be given by an appropriate linear transformation of the raw course score for 
each course. Thus, if   
  
for some course parameters      . An important empirical observation
is that correlation  coefficients of raw course scores      
for distinct courses j,k taken over their common candidature i, are positive
(usually, in the range 0.3 to 0.7). On the basis of this, the crucial
assumption is made that appropriately moderated scores    can be placed (apart
from random error) on a common scale furnished for individual i by some
unobservable value vi which can be interpreted as representing a general
measure of i's achievements, or alternatively, i's ability. Thus, when
  
  
where the residual random variables    are assumed to have   
   and to be uncorrelated amongst themselves. Here and below 
(e.g. (2.1b), (2.4a)) the notation    and    refers to variances (as 
second moments of random variables) whereas       
      refer to formal moment expressions defined on 
finite sets of numbers"
"Substituting from (1.1) into (1.2) the model becomes
  
where    so       say, with    
for distinct (i,j) uncorrelated, and we regard          as unknown parameters"
"In the language of experimental design, (1.3) is a model with multiplicative
interaction term, but there is complete absence of balance so our analysis
is necessarily ad hoc. For purposes of statistical inference, further
conditions, such as normality, may need to be imposed on the eij's"
"Krishnaiah & Yochmowitz (1980) surveys such questions in the case of a balanced
design and allowing for more general structure of the interaction term"
"2. Moments  
From (1.3) it follows that, if   
  
  
i=1,..., N; j=1,...,S"
"Writing    for the number of candidates taking course j, we introduce
formal moments with respect to i or j as illustrated by"
"Thus,"
"From (2.1a) it follows that
  
or equivalently from (1.2),
    .  
Linearity gives us another equivalent form, namely
    .  
Also, from (2.1),
    
where we have used (2.2a). Thus,
    .  
  As the variance analogue of (2.2a) and which we regard as a manifestation
of the double expectation theorem we define
    
but it must be noted that this differs both from 
  
and of course from
    .  
  Finally we note that from the identities    we can construct
normalized linear expressions like both
  
and the minimum variance linear combination
    .  
  In the next three sections we outline approaches that have been (or, could
be) used to estimate in particular the parameters       with a
view to being able to form an aggregate score for i out of the totality
of moderated scores   . We shall find that the expressions developed
above at (2.2)-(2.5) concerning moments and formal moments have analogues
in equations for estimation in Section 3"
"3. Maximum Likelihood Estimation  
The strongest set of assumptions which we consider is that the r.v.s
   are independent normal r.v.s with zero mean and variance   . The 
log likelihood of the data set    is then given by
    .  
Differentiation with respect to          and    leads
in the usual manner to the following relations satisfied by the maximum
likelihood (ML) estimates             in terms of
the data set   :
    
    
    
    .  
  Clearly, these equations are just the analogues of (2.2a), (2.3), (2.4a)
and (2.5b) respectively. Consequently, the estimators in (ML.1-4) can be
regarded equivalently as moment estimators which do not in essence require
the additional assumption of normality imposed in the present section"
"It is relevant to later comparisons to note that the equations (ML.1-4)
can be written in terms of the ML-moderated course scores    the 
formal correlation coefficient 
    
and    as follows:
    
    
    
    .  
  Nothing has been said yet about existence or uniqueness of any solution
of (ML.1-4). These matters will be discussed later in Section 6. Digby (1979)
considered three algorithms for solving equations (ML.1), (ML.2) and (ML.4)
in the case that all    (and so (ML.3) does not arise)"
"4. An Approach for Weighted Scores  
It is well known that, provided the variances    are known, the ML 
equations for          can be obtained by minimizing
    .  
Now it is not uncommon, in the formation of any aggregate, to have the course
score    contribute with the weight or unit value    which is
typically a smaller integer: in the present NSW system,    takes one
of the values 1, 2, 3 and 4, while in the ACT system it takes values 0.6,
1, 1.6 or 2. The weight may reflect either or both of the amount of work
being covered in course j and the extent of assessment (e.g. the amount
of examining). In the latter case it is plausible that the variance
   viewed as a measurement error of    should be inversely 
proportional to   . In other words, we would assume that    
where    is known, and then (4.1) becomes (apart from a multiplicative 
constant)
    .  
  Minimizing this last expression for S with respect to      
   we obtain least-squares (LS) or maximum likelihood estimators
         which satisfy
    
    
    
or equivalently, writing    
    
    
    
where    and    is the total number of units taken by candidate 
i. Clearly (LS.1) and (LS.3) resemble (ML.1) and (Ml.4), but the estimating 
equations for    and    differ in the role of the correlation coefficient. 
We discuss this point later in Section 5"
"A computational attraction of (LS.1-3) is that the reparametrization
   and    leads to a linear system of equations for the
estimates    and   . Thus, (LS.3) becomes
    
so (LS.2) becomes
    
using (4.3). Similarly, (LS.1) takes the form 
    
so (4.4) and (4.5) constitute a linear system for    and    can then be 
obtained from (4.3) if the linear system is soluble"
"5. A Bivariate Adjustment Procedure  
In Queensland, Western Australia, and the A.C.T. an essentially different
practice to either of those above is followed, though of course there are
modifications as to details in the different regions. The essence is that
the common scale values    are estimated in a separate test (the Australian 
Scholastic Aptitude Test (ASAT)). Thus, in contrast to the approaches of 
Sections 2-4, this component of the modertion procedure is external. Denoting 
these external estimates by    the course parameters       are then defined by 
    
   
because with these values, the ASAT-moderated course scores 
   
are then claimed to be on the common scale of the vi on account of
    
    .  
  Inspection shows that (5.3a) is of the same form as (ML'.1) and (LS'.1),
just as (5.1a) has the appearance of (ML.1) or (LS.1); indeed, (5.1a) can
be deduced from (LS.1) or (ML.1) as follows. Regard the    as having the 
status of moderated course scores yi0 say, corresponding to some fictitious 
course 0, so    (all i). Suppose the weight w0 is exceedingly large 
(for(LS.1)) or else    (for (ML.1)). Then from (LS'.3) we have 
   and similarly from (ML'.3),"
"On the other hand, on comparing (5.3b) with (ML'.2) and (LS'.2) which
it parallels, we see that if it should happen that    for all i then"
"The equations (5.3) quite clearly take the approach that ""abilities""
as represented by    determine the ""achievements"" as represented
by yij, whereas the other approaches regard the achievements   
as measuring the unobservable underlying abilitites   . In fact,
the most that is claimed by the designers of ASAT is that the observed measures
   are estimates of some general scholastic aptitude measure. While
attention has been given to relations like (ML'.2) and (LS'.2), with (5.3b)
emerging as a compromise (see Cooney (1975, 1978), Hasofer (1978), Hasofer
& Davis (1979)), it has been in the context of a bivariate selection model"
Our model and approaches are much closer to those of a multivariate model
"6. Existence and Uniqueness  
These problems arise only in connection with the procedures of Sections
3 and 4. First, supposing    it follows that in (1.3) we can write
  (6.1)  
where for any real    and non-zero    we have    and    
so there is of necessity a considerable degree of non-uniqueness present. What 
we discuss here is the simplest case - and of practical relevance for a 
procedure currently implemented by Sydney University - where, in the 
situation Section 4, we suppose that the values of the paramaters    are fixed 
beforehand. Then the relevant estimation equations are given by (LS.1) and 
(LS.3). Equivalently, we need to determine the    from the system (4.5),
which, the    being known, can be rewritten as
  
where j=1,...,S. Thus by introducing the S x S matrices    and
   and the S x 1 vectors       where
    
    
where    is the Kronecker delta, (6.2) can be rewritten compactly
as 
    .  
Now the matrix B is stochastic, i.e., its elements are non-negative and its row
of sums are unity, so that the matrix I - B is singular.  If we assume (as is usually the case in practice) that it is irreducible (Seneta, 1981), this implies that there is a unique left eigenvector     satisfying
  
and it is then elementwise positive. This in turn implies that I - B is of rank S -1, and that u =    spans the subspace orthogonal to the subspace spanned by the columns of I - B. It is easily checked directly that in our case, u =    using (6.3), and    using (6.4), so    is in the space spanned by the columns of I - B, and hence (6.5) does have a solution, albeit non-unique. Now if    is any specified solution and    denotes any solution, it follows from (6.5) that"
""
"Our first (and last!) renovation. By J.C.Hamilton  

Renovation always costs three times more than you think, takes three times
longer than ever you have planned and is never finished"
"Who then would renovate a 100-year-old weatherboard house that hadn't
seen a paint brush for decades and was sitting far too close to terra firma
on rotten foundations?
  The answer is that there is always one fool willing to try, in this case,
dear reader, your honorable writer"
"The task: fix the house on the old Brooklands property near Port Arthur,
in southern Tasmania"
"To be frank, first impressions were not encouraging. There was no water
supply, save for a couple of shonky water tanks so a pump into the nearby
creek was a first priority"
"As with most renovating efforts the coffers were not bottomless so the
art of compromise was much practised"
"A pressure hot water cylinder was rejected on this basis- the old model
was connected to a rather inexpensive header tank on the roof"
"Stage two was a reassessment of the state of the bathroom, having decided
that a simple drainpipe poking through the wall to a rusted tin bath receptacle
outside, was too primitive"
"Besides, the holes in the floor would give access not only to the odd
Rattus rattus but also small elephants"
"For this job the services of one P. Rigozzi were engaged, he being not
only an artisan of the first order but also a man of considerable
practicability. Frankly, he needed to be"
"The floor was patched with one quarter inch hardboard overlay in preparation
for a vinyl tile job, the walls were expertly lined with radiata V-joint,
a combination fibreglass shower and bath was installed, and a washbasin
complete with Laminex bench, fitted"
"It took three times as long and cost nearly three times as much as this
naive renovator expected. Still, it worked, and a stream of visitors were
proudly shown the ""beginning"""
"Outside the plumbing work was considerable, the effluent system being
joined with the drainpipe from the kitchen sink that went nowhere except
somewhere under the dwelling. A decent french drain was a must"
"In all, time has revealed only two mistakes for this first attempt at
fixing a place up"
"The french drain out in the paddock for the kitchen and bathroom waste
should have been twice as big, especially as it was in a slight depression
that also attracts storm water. Also the floor fixing should never have
been done simply with overlay"
"The green and white tiles which matched well with the taps and towel rails
started to break up as the moisture crept through the hardboard. In short
the patch-up has proved to be a false economy with the short term prospect,
now, of having to rip it all up and put down a new floor"
"What we should have done is what the next fix-it expert, with the unusual
name of Ready-To-Go-Jones, advised for the laundry and back porch - put
down a concrete slab"
"The result is likely to outlast the rest of the abode by many a summer. It was simple and reasonably inexpensive, especially as we finished it ourselves to a 98% standard which was eminently suitable for the heavy duty vinyl floor covering"
""
"Puzzle as North Korean leader is reported dead  

Radio Pyongyang's broadcasts remained normal, with programs on the President's
recent visit to Moscow and upbeat music"
"If the rumor is true, sources say a power struggle might be in train and
this would explain the radio's silence on the issue"
"Officials in Seoul said South Korean national police had been on full alert
since yesterday because of ""unusual North Korean movements and for fear
of any machinations by impure elements at home and abroad"".  Seoul calls
pro-communist radicals in the south ""impure elements"""
"A Western diplomat travelling north of Seoul in the afternoon reported
seeing columns of combat-ready troops pouring north towards the demilitarised
zone (DMZ), which is only about 40 kilometres from Seoul"
"The Defence Ministry made no further comments after this morning's
announcement, but Seoul newspapers, quoting ministry sources, reported
this evening that two broadcast towers along the DMZ first broadcast the
report of Mr Kim's death"
"One report said the broadcast, beamed towards the south along the heavily
fortified zone, gave the news that he had been shot in a train"
"Officials of the United Nations Command said they had heard no such
broadcasts in the Panmunjom area of the DMZ which is policed jointly by
UN and South Korean troops"
""
"Triumph for the refugee  

  When Phnom Penh fell to the Communists, thousands of refugees streamed
out of the Cambodia capital seeking safety on foreign shores"
"AMONG the desperate folk who were to be described generally as ""boat
people,"" there was a little girl named Liun Yann. 
  The nine-year-old and her family of six sought refuge in America, stumbling
bewildered into a land only a little less frightening at first than the
war they had just escaped"
"The story of Linn is told in the new release movie from a new label -
THE GIRL WHO SPELLED FREEDOM, on the Disney Premier Cinema cassette"
"Linn slowly finds her way as a new American, but there are still shadows
of war which haunt her"
"Helping to combat them in this film are Wayne Rogers (well known in M.A.S.H.)
and Mary Kay Place as George and Prissy Thrash, the Cambodian family's
sponsors. 
  Well made and with a lot of compassion, The Girl Who Spelled Freedom is
good family viewing"
"Interest at the end also, as Rogers becomes interviewer and talks to
the real Linn (played in the film by Jade Chinn) and the Thrash family"
"-TOM HANKS, Lori Singer and Jim Belushi combine talents for the CBS-Fox
cassette THE MAN WITH ONE RED SHOE and succeed in entertaining us no end"
"A trifle slow to get moving ""shoe"" is a comedy cum undercover tale about
an innocent musician caught up in the middle of a crazy conspiracy"
"Lori Singer (The Falcon and The Snowman, Footloose) plays the beautiful
spy who falls for Hanks and goes out on a limb to save him from the CIA"
"Some faces you'll recognise make up the rest of the cast, including Carrie
Fisher, Dabney Coleman, Charles Durning and Ed Herrman"
You'll enjoy this comedy of errors from CBS-Fox
"-ATTITUDES to custody, access rights for men and the non-rights of defacto
parents are addressed in the powerful film JENNY KISSED ME out on
RCA/Columbia/Hoyts cassette"
"Starring Ivar Kants as Lindsay the defacto father, Deborra-Lee Furness
as Carol the reluctant mother and Tamsin West as Jenny, Jenny Kissed Me
is about a loving parent-child relationship between Jenny and Lindsay and
their search for each other when Carol leaves Lindsay"
"The film also looks at other important contemporary relationship issues:
managing as a single parent, the bloody mindedness (for whatever reason)
of parents when it comes to custody and access, lack of communication and
being a mother unable to cope with this responsibility"
A well-made drama to tug the old heartstring
- JOHN MARR
"Snow White the post-punk CHILDREN'S TV Fiona McIntosh  

  IN the bright blue bowels of the Open Channel studios in Fitzroy, a group
of excited 10-year-olds were learning that show business wasn't all it's
cracked up to be"
"You had to do a lot of standing around, you know, waiting for cues, repeating
scenes when things went wrong, wearing weird clothes and heaps of make-up
... and on top of all that you had to remember your lines"
"But, you do get your face on TV"
"After six days of filming, and countless weeks of preparation, the result
of all this effort will be a 15 minute film ... but a mighty fine 15 minute
film which will be shown on the ABC next year in the Kaboodle children's
television series"
"PRODUCED by the Children's Television Foundation, Kaboodle will be 13
half-hour programs, a melting pot of animation, live action and puppetry
from up-and-coming film makers working round Australia"
"Each mini-film within the half-hour segments runs from between two and
20 minutes, and all will feature experienced actors and actresses ... apart
from one"
""
"Jesus the sinner's mate By John Hannaford  

IS IT BLASPHEMOUS TO SEE GOD AS A friend? Does He dwell in unapproachable
light? There seems at all times to have been a dispute about the `otherness'
of God, and how approachable He is"
"The Jewish testimony of faith was that God was `other' and awesome and
this is gathered up in the idea of holiness. As Isaiah reported: `Holy, Holy,
Holy, The Lord Almighty is Holy' (Isaiah 6:3, G.N.B.)"
"Yet the Old Testament also has a strand of intimacy in the relations of
the deity and the devotees. Yahweh was the husband and lover to Israel and
Judah. David saw Yahweh as a caring shepherd to a `pet' lamb. (We need to
remember that Israel treated sheep differently from us. They had small flocks
and knew each sheep by name, only eating meat at major religious feasts.)
  Enoch spent time with God in fellowship, Moses saw God face to face and
Abraham was the friend of God"
"The easy familiarity with God that belonged to the golden age of innocent
man, in the Garden of Eden, was reapproached only occasionally. But there
is the promise of restoration hinted at, a return to the Garden Paradise
when God is again our friend"
"To have strolled with the Master Gardener - sometimes talking over the
day's business, crops and yields, or sometimes silent - and to have been
friends in the pleasant intimacy of a garden, is a clear picture of paradise
and the joy stored up for us in heaven"
Jesus is the restorer of that lost relationship
"Jesus claimed an intimacy with God, indeed, to be God. Yet He shocked
the `separated ones', the Pharisees, by mixing with ordinary people"
"Jesus was accessible to all men and cheerfully mixed with the underworld
and prostitutes. The outrage of the good religious people was expressed
in their scornful outburst, ""Here is a...friend of tax collectors and
`sinners'"" (Matthew 11:19)"
"MORE THAN ONE EVANGELIST HAS PORtrayed Jesus as the sinner's friend. Yet
recently one of Australia's best published theologians cautioned against
viewing Jesus as a friend. In fact, hardly anyone does speak of Jesus as
a friend, except in one well-known hymn. 
  It seems obvious to me from John's fifteenth chapter and throughout the
gospels that Jesus came and lived as a friend to all, even the poor, the
outlaws and the undesirables"
"But how genuine was that friendship? Did Jesus just `act' friendly? Is
He really our friend today?
  Jesus said in John 15:12,13, ""My commandment is this: Love each other
as I have loved you. Greater love has no one than this, that one lay down
his life for his friends.""
  What a relief - from His part He really did offer true friendship and
true caring. What is our part of friendship?
  You can't be mates unless you share - that is obvious from Australian culture,
and from reading more in the New Testament. In A Peculiar People, the
fascinating book about `New Australia', the utopian journey that went from
the 1890 shearers' strike to Paraguay, Gavin Souter tells of Labour leader
Lane's rediscovery of God and, incidentally, quotes a court hearing about
mateship. Mates were more than acquaintances - they shared. Mates took one
cheque and held a common purse (kitty)"
"As a young post-war Australian, it was not until after I left primary
school that I got through Anzac week without hearing of the thrilling courage
of Private Simpson and the Red Cross donkey which served as a Gallipoli
ambulance until Simpson paid the supreme sacrifice and laid down his life
for his mates. The Victoria `Cross' expressed it as no other star or medal
could. There were other heroes too"
"Perhaps with a mythology like this, Aussies find it easier to relate to
Jesus than His church. (I mean `mythology' technically - as the ideal
recollection of an event which shapes our current values.) The source of
the severe standard for judging the church may be in this ideal"
"This `real' mateship finds a poor substitute in sitting in rows for an
hour on Sunday, with perhaps an extra Bible study or a lukewarm cup of tea
thrown in"
"We know it takes two to be friends. We can't do it alone and we are commanded
both to love one another and also told what love is"
"It is a common theme in the New Testament. An old enemy of Jesus commented,
""We were God's enemies but He made us His friends through the death of His
son"" (Romans 5:10 GNB). And Jesus' best friend said, ""This is how we know
what love is: Christ gave His life for us. We too, then, ought to give our
lives for our brothers"" (1 John 3:16 GNB)"
"I feel a bit funny calling John the evangelist of old Jesus' best friend,
because actually He's my best friend too"
"The rest of the passage from the fifteenth chapter of John's Gospel goes
on to say:
  ""You are my friends if you do what I command you. I don't call you servants
any longer, because servants don't know what's on the master's mind. Instead
I call you friends, because I've told you everything I have heard from the
Father. You didn't choose me, I chose you and appointed you to go and bear
much fruit, the kind of fruit that endures.""
  Quite clearly we are Jesus' friends if we care for each other and follow
His directions. It's good to know that Jesus chooses to be our friend, calls
us friends, and wants us to go on to make lasting friends. `Lasting friends'
for ourselves, and for Him, is surely what `fruit that endures' is all about"
"PART OF WHAT HAS BOGGED DOWN THE church is that we simply are not in the
business, the family business, of making friends that last"
"Much of the dross which passes for discipleship is not the true gold but
merely information transfer. Many a man or woman would cheerfully take on
teaching a discipleship class - but what, in Australia, is closest to
discipleship?
  How many would befriend the entire class?
  When I was first ordained I was warned against making friends in the parish"
"It seems to have been common, if wrong, advice"
"Yet discipleship is more than easygoing acquaintanceship. There is also
learning"
"I preached one sermon on discipleship with a driver's `L' plate around
my neck. Part of discipleship surely means `driver under instruction'"
"But it is friendship as well, and it is definitely on-the-job learning,
not classroom teaching"
"By custom and necessity along the narrow tracks of Palestine, a band of
friends walked line-astern, and followed the leader. But across the wide
dusty Australian plains, He'd say `Walk with me', as well as `Follow me'"
"Yes, He is the only Son of God. He is the Truth and I'm only a man - but
He offered men then, and me now, His friendship"
"If you walked with Him and talked with Him then you were His mate and
you became a disciple"
"Jesus said, as you learn to do things His way - in fact make friends His
way, for Him - you are bearing much fruit and so becoming (or showing yourself)
to be disciples (John 15:8)"
"It was His own actions, Jesus went on to say in the same chapter, that
made people hate Him. Those actions included befriending outlaws and `scum'
as much as healing and preaching"
"IN RECENT TIMES THERE HAS been a healthy tread away from emphasis on conversion
to emphasis on discipleship"
"But perhaps it is an over-correction. The Bible speaks of the gift of
evangelism, although many churches seem to have misunderstood its meaning"
"I hardly know how to illustrate just how ludicrous it is to ask people
you don't know to become followers of Jesus, whom they don't know"
"It seems ridiculous to ask people in our culture, on the basis of a 20
minute story, to make a `decision'. You wouldn't try to get married on that
basis, but you might make a date. You wouldn't make a lifetime friend on
that basis either, though you might start being friendly. We ought to treat
being a Christian at least as seriously"
"To set the scene, let me tell a little story"
"Imagine a well-meaning headmaster who believes that the best friendships
start at school but who is shocked to realise that he has many new students
who do not know each other well enough to be friends"
He asks the local minister to organise for them to become friends
"The assembly begins with a short welcome and explanation. In the next
hour the minister and the headmaster would like them to become friends"
"It would be nice to have time to use names and find out a few details but
to save time each is given a number, starting from one"
"Taking a number from the hat the minister explains that the person behind
the number needs a true friend. Someone to share their lunch, to take their
notes in class if the other is sick"
"Some detail is given: being a real friend would mean walking home together,
perhaps even moving to a closer home to allow more visiting. Certainly a
true friend would have to change subjects so that they could do projects
together. And it is to be a life-long commitment. 
  So the students are asked to signify who will be the life-long friend
of the first number from the hat"
"If no one puts a hand up at once, a few jokes are told about numbering
off and friendship generally to relax the class. A girl from last year's
`Friend for Life' school assembly is brought in to say it worked out well
for her. It is a moving testimony"
"Then the school choir sings a song about friendship and a rousing appeal
is given for a volunteer to be the friend of number X"
A new number is drawn from the hat and the process is repeated
"What a simple, quick process to make friends the headmaster and minister
have discovered. But is it any good?
  Aussies don't like to be pushed into friendship - but they are loyal to
an old friend"
"By no means am I denying the role of an evangelist or even less the need
for a crisis encounter with the Lord of the Earth. But I simply want to
say that this is a secular country with church-going numbers roughly comparable
to percentages in Japan and Pakistan"
"`Out there' they think Jesus is something to do with dropping a brick
on your bare foot, something to do with Father Christmas, and a reasonable
bloke who wouldn't ask a worker to get up early on Sundays"
"That anyone responds to such an appeal says a lot for `irresistible grace'
and little for cultural sensitivity. It is not the way to make friends in
our culture, is it?
  And, of course, Jesus is not presented as a friend anyway. `A cosmic
aspro' for life's little bothers seems the technique of our American brothers"
"A mixture of legalism, ethical and religious propositions, the answer to
guilt, the antidote to sin or even mediaeval nostalgia is offered by others"
"Jesus is everything to me and sometimes some of the above. But above all,
He is my `true-blue' friend. You might be able to sell an aspro, but no-one
has sold me a friend. Instead, it happened by introduction"
"PEOPLE HAVE INTRODUCED ME to friends. My sister introduced me to Janine,
now my wife. Other friendships have started by sharing a common interest
or experience"
"I believe Christ the Ascended King gifted His church with gifts like mercy,
help and hospitality which bridge the gap in helping people become friends"
"The way I see it happen is that you may just be a terrific friend, the
best bloke in the street, and so you are asked what makes you different"
""
"The suppliant By Graham Sheil  

For a one-time believer become estranged, the Church prescribes
he kneel - then believe. A rational man, surely, would
reverse the prescription, requiring decision first, then the
deed; and insist the prescribed order reveals merely the
suppliant's will. Yet by this illogic might an unsure painter
draw his first charcoal strokes, by this tenet might a writer
start a story"
"For Rodney Hallens - driving, the needle towards a hundred
and twenty, the bitumen ahead quite straight between scattered
gums - rationality had been his polestar. Yet since his return
to people and places that chafed with their familiarity, the
decision whether or not to again leave the familiar had become
a search for a symbol or sign that would present the decision
ready-made and unequivocal to him"
"We would see a sign a poet had lamented, and he sought
one. Specifically, at the moment, a road sign. But the pointed
direction assumed in his mind transatlantic proportions: a
sign that might point the future direction of his life"
"A sign-post ahead, and he eased his foot on the 
accelerator. But it was miles yet to his sign. He sped on. To
his left a gum-strewn plain; but on his right there
increasingly rose above the red sandy ground and gums, a range
of craggy shoulders and hips of naked rock"
"A different range, this, to those he had gone walking in
half a year before. There he had followed roads that climbed
and elbow-turned beside tumble-and-swirl streams, past houses
with antlers over doorways and cow pastures called Blaa-alm;
then leaving the road to climb the track that brought him above
the tree-line, to see the glacier on the Dachstein suspended
in the sky, and below, the village, dotted and blocked beside
the perfect pear shape of the lake"
"His memories of Europe were all like that: chocolate box
tableaus of fir and deer-antler and snow, or of an Openhaus
with marble steps and statues, or of artists painting at easles
among the sidewalk throng"
His stay in Europe had been a dream exceeded
"This European dream had grown out of his awakening from
another. This first dream had been of his own country rising
at last out of its cat-o'-nine-tails and English-overlord past
to become uniquely itself. His reading, visits to one-time
convict cells, dumps of gold and copper-mines, his notebooks
in which he recorded the accents and phrases with which old
people told of the past, had become the material out of which
he fashioned stories and plays of his country's past. Magazine
and stage-stories that were celebrations of the heroic"
"But what could rise heroically out of the clipped lawns and
pruned roses of suburban streets, the macadam, carbon-monoxide
and chrome of the highways?
   That something heroic and unique could rise, he had held no
doubt. And had counted himself a volunteer among those who
worked to make it happen"
"He had been woken from that dream by the sound of police
boots kicking into a felled demonstrator during the Johnston
visit. And hearing cabinet ministers braying hoarse with
denunciations of demonstrations against the war to be flagrant
lawlessness on our streets"
"The south-east Asian wars had been one part of his
awakening; the disintegration of his marriage had been the
other"
"His marriage to Victoria had commenced with a honeymoon on
the Queensland coast. Then year following year they'd returned
to walk far out on the mudflats at low tide. Days were spent
fishing from the beach; nights in playing cards with people
from the caravan park or holiday flats; and to clinging and
panting together in the warm nights"
"This life of shared hedonism came in time to be blown away
by the smallest of puffs: squabbles over the TV programs she
watched, her resentment that he would again be writing for
hours, or at yet another meeting or march or demonstration. In
the end they sold the house and split the surprisingly little
they had to show for their eight years together"
Victoria was going north to the coastal town of their holidays
"She had arranged lease of a shop there and was confident she
could make a living selling to tourists and to people from the
caravan park opposite"
"Victoria delayed her own drive north until the day he left
for Europe. In what had previously been his car, she drove him
to the airport. They sat in the car park. Each, at first, made
attempts at conversation. Then they sat without speaking. They
shook hands. Neither attempted a kiss"
"His disenchantment with his marriage and his country had
become linked in his mind as the public and private faces of
the same thing. So as the plane took to the air and he saw the
coastline slip behind, it seemed symbolic to him that he had
left both on the same day"
"After his slow awakening from one dream, he dived from the
sky into another"
"He prowled London streets with a satchel of plays under arm
and a street guide in hand, searching out backstreet playhouses
where he left copies of his plays. He left manuscripts of
stories on editors' desks, being able to remind one editor of
a story previously published by his magazine"
"On his second morning in London, he rang Michael Bruthern"
"Bruthern converted novels into playscripts for British
television"
"The pub in which they met was the one pub in London
(Bruthern pronounced) where you could get a Carlton and United
icy cold. The bar was crowded with Australians. Not the place,
Hallens reflected, to plead that cold beer gave him bladder
trouble"
"His bladder was still painful next day when Bruthern
introduced him to a television producer. The producer scanned
an offered script, pronounced it competent, though far too
Australian. He stated that later in the year they would be
embarking on a series of European Classics. Previously they had
done Madame Bovary and The Idiot. The producer suggested
Hallen make his own selection, do a precis of, say, ten
episodes, and a pilot script of the first episode. Nothing
promised, the producer said, but, well-l-l, we'll see .."
"Elated at not having to immediately set to work, Hallens
stayed another week, endured another bladder-aching session of
the amber fluid, told Bruthern he would return in about three
months when his money would have run low, then boarded a plane
for Hannover"
"If London had been an up-tempo version of a world he already
knew, Hannover was his introduction to what might well have
been another planet"
"His first aerial glimpse, was of ancient three-tiered barns
and triple-storeyed farm buildings squatting among flat green
fields. Then, feet-on-the-ground, he stared at men in peaked
caps and overcoats riding bicycles beneath bare branches of
linden and birch under soft grey skies"
"In this mystic world the theatres he attended were not the
cramped back street playhouses of London, but giant Openhausen
where doormen in tails ushered you to even the cheapest seats"
"Here, too, was an open-air stage in palace gardens where a row
of gilt statues formed the backdrop. There a season of open air
theatre began in June, so he pencil-marked the program and
altered his plans so as to return for performances of Moliere
and Brecht and Shakespeare. 
   Then from train windows he glimpsed castles veiled in rain
and deer seen in the early-morning half-light; he walked
beneath linden trees in northern deer-parks and in Austria
climbed among rocks and snow and the mountain lying fir; at
sidewalk stalls he ate herring in rolls, smoked salmon in
rolls, and drank bier that was warm, frothy, and kind to his
bladder. On railway platforms and in carriages and pensione
rooms he read novels by Tolstoy and Turgenev and Flaubert, and
made tentative divisions of each into episodes"
"By then the shape of his own future had presented itself
sharp-edged and primary-coloured to him. He would live and
work, say, nine months of each year in London; then three
months of each year in Europe"
"Any likelihood of returning to Australia did not appear in
this possible future at all"
"He was in Milan, visiting prescribed galleries, and had
returned to his box-sized room after a morning that included
Leonardo's Last Supper, when the proprietor handed him a
package. He sat on the bed and opened it to find inside a
letter from Bruthern, and a sealed envelope with an Australian
postmark"
"Though the second letter intrigued him the more, he read the
first. Bruthern wrote that while none of the London playhouses
expressed interest in his plays, a theatre in Leeds was
impressed to the point of almost certainly putting on one of
his plays in July or August. Would he be able to be present
during rehearsals?
   The second letter was typewritten and as terse as a
telegram: 

      Rod  
Vicki's stacked your car and in hospital. The
     Holden's a write-off and Vicki damn-near. 
     On Intensive Care list. If she gets over 
     concussion etc she'll be in traction for months. 
     Shop's shut. Rent and wholesalers' bills still 
     to be paid and bank low. Don't let a little 
     thing like this spoil your gadding about. No 
     love
                                               Val"
"His youngest sister had never accepted his marriage to
Victoria was finished. On re-reading the letter, he felt the
barb go in. He left the room to walk the crowded footpaths,
apologizing to people he kept bumping and finding himself at
corners without any idea of which way to turn. He became hungry
and bought cassata but later found he was still holding the now
soggy cone and the cassata melted in pink and green dribbles
over his wrist and down his sleeve. Later that night, he was
first sarcastic, then bullying, to the man who answered the
'phone at the airport terminal"
"Along the Queensland coast Summer had continued through the
months of Autumn without a glimpse of the sun-routed season"
"Holiday flats bordering the esplanade and the foreshore caravan
park continued full in May. Though mackerel began their run up
the coast on-calender, the winter whiting refused to appear"
"Rodney Hallens twice put down his cases and tried to arrange
his coat on top of one of them as he walked the esplanade
footpath. The second time was outside Victoria's shop. He stood
sweating, as he peered through locked glass doors at the rows
of groceries behind counters, the deep freeze, card racks,
fishing rods, reels and lines arranged in a corner. Though he
held the key, he pushed arms into coat sleeves and carried the
cases around the corner at the restaurant next door; then two
blocks along and up stairs to Victoria's second storey flat. 
   Plane, train, bus and taxi had finally discharged him at the
Harcourt Bay Hospital an hour and a half previously. Mrs
Hallens, he had been told, was now out of Intensive Care. She
was in Ward Three. Yes, he could go up"
"Ward Three was really a balcony enclosed by high, vertical,
aluminium louvres that could be opened, angled and shut"
"Victoria lay with one leg bare from the knee raised in
traction. He saw her eyes open wide on seeing him, then she
closed them. She said he might at least have given her warning"
"For an hour he sat beside the bed, trying not to stare at
the stainless steel pin to which weights were attached that
protruded each side of her shin. He made the bantering remarks
he had prepared during the thirty hour plane flight; then they
sat, not so much conversing as each offering phrases then
waiting and watching to see if the other accepted"
"On subsequent visits that tentative note remained. Only when
discussing pricing or ordering or the takings for the day did
they regard themselves on neutral ground"
"Each day he opened the shop at eight, took delivery of
bread and milk, then swept the floor and the footpath outside"
"At first he had taken an exercise book, pencils and thesaurus,
for he had definitely decided upon Flaubert's Sentimental
Education as the European Classic to be adapted for television"
""
"HEALTH CARE DECLINES 

""It's got to the stage where people have to die before anything is done.""
This disturbing statement, published on the front page of The Canberra Times
on Thursday, was made by a doctor who had tried for 10 days to have a patient
with heart trouble admitted to a Canberra public hospital. Health authorities
say the doctor ""clearly has not followed standard admission procedures"""
"Whatever the reason, it emphasises the growing frustration of the medical
profession, not just in Canberra, but in most parts of Australia, with the
shortage of hospital beds, especially for patients requiring elective surgery"
"In Canberra, it appears that the longer an elective surgery patient is
likely to be in hospital the longer he or she will have to wait for a bed"
"Preference goes to those expected to be discharged within a day or so. To
get patients to hospital, some doctors have, in desperation, sent them to
casualty departments hoping that from there they would gain admittance to
a normal hospital ward. The word ""elective"" is not strong enough to convey
the urgency of the needs of many patients. Too often the word is associated
with cosmetic surgery - a facelift or a ""nose job"". While many people accept
that cosmetic surgery has a role in improving the appearance and therefore
the self-esteem of a patient, it is generally accepted that when hospitals
are crowded the cosmetic patients should drop to the end of the queue. However,
elective surgery can be much more serious: it can reveal that the patient
is seriously ill, as when elective surgery to remove a lump reveals the
presence of cancer and the need for urgent treatment."
"By John Macgregor  

Next morning, a Saturday, I shopped for a new suit in the
company of Sam, Alice, and Sarah. Children, Sam had cautioned
me, were not well tolerated in London's clothing shops. I
wasn't greatly concerned. There couldn't (I reasoned) be a city
left in the world where convention spoke louder than money. Two
years in business had taught me something"
"The pound's stage whisper, it turned out, was audible the
length of Bond Street. Alice and Sarah were quickly accepted,
even occasionally twinkled at"
"I bought my grey three-piece at Brides, from the most overtly
homosexual man I had ever encountered. Even the children picked
up on it, laughing uproariously whenever he spoke, or arranged
the limp, mutinous hair over his bald patch. They had to be
taken out while I organised myself some shoes"
"We moved on to an Oxford Street children's wear shop, where I
purchased the girls each a mauve tutu. This time I was told I
had lovely children; things were looking up"
"When we parted, after a lunch by the Serpentine, it was
arranged that Sam would pick me up at six. I spent the
afternoon in a health studio near Browns, retaliating against
the calls of the flesh, and bottle, to which I had lately
fallen prey. I let the sauna do most of the work"
"Sam buzzed me from the foyer at six-thirty. She seemed
chronically late - no doubt a legacy of single motherhood"
"I looked very nice, she said, herringbone suited me; she
squeezed my arm affectionately. I said she too looked very
nice. And that, ah, birds suited her. Under her full-length
cashmere coat she was wearing a simple black cotton dress, with
maroon seagulls all over it"
"Sam's father, whom I was permitted to call Roger, was a most 
unchristian Christian, I thought"
"`How is the Philistine, daughter?' he asked at one point,
referring to David Macguigan. Other diatribe included the
phrase `the stupid Pope', and a colleague was referred to as
`a pestiferous bishop'. Anglicans are the most likable
Christians, I concluded, for they are hardly Christians at all"
"`An icicle formed in the cold air of the dining vault'. Half-
expecting that kind of night, I'd been quoting Under Milk Wood
to Sam in the car"
"In fact the Deanery, which was a part of the Abbey complex,
was a warm, spectacularly decorated priest's warren. Decor
included Richard the Lionheart's armour, and red tapestry
hangings from the fifteenth century. And the Dean, for all his
lack of charity to others, was pleasant enough to me"
"He was a small, dried-up man - but cocky, opinionated and
volatile. He was rather as I imagined Bertrand Russell to have
been, except for the swarthy (Desert Campaign) face, which was
surmounted by a shock of wry, Einsteinian hair"
"He sat us down under a portrait of Elizabeth 1, dated 1594,
and gave us oysters and white wine. I expected to be
overwhelmed by history and erudition, but he seemed more
interested in Australia than the Abbey. I was quite ignorant
of Australian cathedrals, about which he asked me a few
questions. The only one I'd ever set foot in was St Paul's in
Melbourne, where an aunt was once wed to Christ in a white
veil, in the time-on period of her life. I didn't talk about
my aunt, but elaborated, so far as memory permitted, on the
architecture of St Paul's. I rashly called it Norman, but after
I'd described its spire and half-remembered buttresses Dean
Goode said it was more likely Modern"
"I switched topics to spiritual cults. As well as looking like
an old bird, the Dean now started squawking like one,
ventilating his feelings towards `oriental charlatans' and
`Indian social climbers'. The Dean's religion, it seemed, was
nearly always framed in the negative"
"I disagreed here and there, mainly to keep the conversation
going, caring little about cults and not at all about religious
architecture"
"The three of us, partly thanks to the labours of the invisible
cook, had a reasonable time of it. After dessert I drank, for
the first time since my school Speech Day, a quantity of
sherry. Sam was fairly quiet, possibly a little overcome by her
father - who tended to gesticulate more as the evening went on"
"Eventually the movements subsided a little, and we were settled
before a big log fire in his with-drawing room, and told
stories from the Abbey's past"
"Henry IV had died in Jerusalem Chamber, `Through that door,
then down the old cloisters'. His son, Henry V, came to the
Chamber the same night and appropriated the crown. His father's
effigy, the Dean told me, was carved from heart of oak, with
a solid silver head"
"William Caxton had his printery in the Abbey, next to St Anne's
Chapel, and Edward IV would drop in to look at the presses from
time to time"
"During the Duchess of Northumberland's funeral in 1776, as if
that year wasn't bad enough, the front of St Edmund's Chapel
had collapsed. Three tons of iron, stone and timber had fallen
onto the congregation, he told me with a histrionic gleam in
his eye"
"Before coffee the Dean took us into the library. For my benefit
he removed a wall panel near the fireplace, revealing a ladder
leading upwards into a tunnel. Throwing a light switch, he
invited me to ascend"
"The ladder led me up to a small alcove. `Is this the internment
room?' I called"
"He ignored the question. Levity, it seemed, was on the Dean's
terms or not at all"
"`That is the room,' he stated. `where Atterbury and his friends
plotted the Jacobean invasion of England.'
  I climbed down again. `Who was Atterbury?'
  `He was an eighteenth century predecessor of mine.'
  `What happened to the invasion?'
  `Oh, the poor old chap was caught out,' he snorted. `They
arrested him in this house in 1722. He was exiled forever.'
  `Poor old Atterbury,' sighed Sam. `He's one of my favourite
Deans.'
  `Hmm. Well - he was careless.' He turned to me, `He's over by
the West Door now, with his wife. He did come back - in a
coffin.'
  These long-dead clerics were departed colleagues to him. One
could almost see him with them in 1722, discussing the falling
collections, or masonry"
I noticed a hideous black object staring from the library wall
"`Pitt's death mask,' he stated"
"I looked at it more closely. `Valuable, I'd imagine ...'
  `Not really. Fellow called Nollekens made six hundred of the
things. Rushed off to do the mould before Pitt was even cold,
then sold the casts to the gullible public. Made thousands of
pounds.'
  `Rather like the bloke who did the John Lennon memorial record"
"It was in the shops within thirty-six hours of his death
apparently.'
  `Who?'
  `John Lennon. One of the ...'
  `Never heard of him.'
  The Dean strode off, leaving Sam and I to reciprocate looks"
"During coffee Dean Coode, now finally onto his favourite
subject, began to relax"
"`We are looking,' he began, his thin, bird-like mouth pursed
a little, a frail Second Empire cup balancing casually on his
knee, `We are looking at a mystical tradition which has its
seeds in eternity. England's! And that's why I'm intolerant of
those who leave so-called organised religion for the ambiguous
nonsense of the East.' A wrinkled hand swooped on the cup, and
he gulped some coffee. `Right here on our doorstep - literally
so at the moment - is knowledge which eclipses that available
from any other tradition. Westminster Abbey contains not just
the bones, and mistakes, of ambitious kings and prelates: it
holds direct information as to the nature of God himself.'
  `I don't recall gaining that impression when I looked round,'
I said bravely, thinking of Latin inscriptions, and dead stone
eyes"
"`You wouldn't have,' he answered. `You wouldn't have. And you'll
probably miss it again tonight. Nevertheless, my friend, it is
there.'
  He stood up. We stood up. There were grave farewells, as if a
great voyage were commencing. Sam and I departed. The evening
had ended dramatically"
"`What's going on?' I asked her, as we walked the nine-hundred-
year-old cloisters built by the Confessor for his faithful
monks. I was unsure of what I'd heard. Had there been more
Dark Insinuations - or simply a gratuitous religious lesson?
  `Father likes you.'
  `What do you two know that I don't?'
  `I know all three verses of the national anthem.' she
volunteered. It must have been the sherry: she started singing"
"`Scat-ter her enemies! 
    Con-found their knavish tricks! ... I think.'

  `Listen,' I insisted. `You alluded, when I last saw you, to
certain mysteries here ...'
  `Mysteries!' she sang to the empty cloisters. Mysteries!'
  I grabbed her hand, and it occurred to me she was not nearly
as tipsy as she made out. I held her still"
"`Please Sam.' She looked at me: the body wavered a little, but
the eyes did not. She took my other hand too, and we faced each
other like lovers"
"I spoke more calmly. `Your father. Now he's suggesting there's
more to this place than meets the eye.' We started walking
again, and I took a deep breath. `He could have been referring
to the ancient tradition of Anglican ... whatever. Or he could have
been supporting - unintentionally supporting - something you
started to tell me. Something a little more specific.'
  We reached the North Entrance where someone, it had been
arranged, would let us in. He did - a pleasant young verger"
"Greeting Sam by name, he told us to enjoy ourselves"
"The lights were half-up, just short of eerieness, but
sufficient for our purpose"
"We ambled into Poets' Corner for the second time, and stopped"
"`Aren't you going to tell me anything?' (I was standing on John
Keats.)
  She raised a finger to her lips. `Please wait a while.'
  She somehow managed to make me feel intrusive, so I kept quiet"
"Silently we made our way into the Confessor's Chapel in the
Ahbey's east. It was nearly midnight. A service had finished
not long before, and the candles were still smoking on Edward's
ancient vault"
"Sam knew the place as well as her own home. We passed into the
Chapel of Henry VII, tacked on to the Abbey's eastern extreme"
"She led me here and there, in and out of smaller chambers, past
graves and plaques and enormous leadlight windows, wafting
ahead at times. We were completely alone. There was silence as
we at last stood at the centre of the enormous chamber, and
drank it in. The fan-vaulted ceiling arched high above us over
the crypt of Henry VII and his wife, Elizabeth of York. I
walked the black marble floor from tomb to tomb: Bloody Mary,
Elizabeth I ... Mary Queen of Scots. On one wall I examined
statues of St Matthew, wearing spectacles, and a bearded female
saint"
"`This place is so lifeless,' I breathed, when I'd rejoined her
in the centre of the Chapel. `Beautiful, but lifeless.'
  `You said that before ... It's true of course.'
  Everything in the Abbey had been dead so long it had taken on
the impersonality of stone. There was little remaining even of
death's forbidding splendour. It was all very grey"
"Sam began to move slowly, gently, about the Chapel: it was a
kind of dance, almost, and took me very much by surprise. She
swayed here and there for some minutes, and I glimpsed her face
every moment or two in the gloam. She wouldn't actually look
at me"
"I'd stepped over a low barrier into a kind of sanctuary, and
was watching her, fascinated, with my elbows resting on some
Tudor's shins. She looked over at last, then disappeared behind
a statue. Flirtation? No, the coyness had another message"
"Sam's character, it was already clear, was rather more
amorphous than mine: was always disclosing something
unexpected. Innocence, or strength ... more recently a dry and
satirical wit."
"Power in the church by Brian L. Smith  

At a regional synod of the Methodist Church in 1976, Queensland National
Party Senator Stan Collard stated that he had learnt his politics in the
Methodist Church in North Queensland. As expected this remark was greeted
with laughter. It was not however the laughter of Christians who thought a statement was ludicrous, but rather of those who could identify with
the claim because they knew all too well the truth that lay behind it. They
had experienced first hand the struggles and manoeuvering for power that
characterise the life of many parishes and congregations"
"Whenever and wherever a number of human beings are gathered for a common
purpose - whether it be a sporting club or a multinational corporation,
a kindergarten committee or a state - there will inevitably be a struggle
for power, a quest by some to exert their will over others which may be
met with acceptance, resignation or resistance. The church, even with its
divine origins and purpose, is comprised of a number of human beings and
as such is no less susceptible to power struggles than any other grouping
of people"
"Many opportunities for the church to experience the liberating power of
the gospel within its own life and structures are lost because this simple
fact concerning the reality of its life is either not recognised or is
deliberately ignored"
"A young minister in his first parish lay sleepless, metaphorically pulling
the knives out of his back after a particularly torrid church meeting. In
the small hours of the morning after a painstaking analysis of the meeting,
he came to the conclusion that the whole thing could only be understood
in terms of different people trying in various ways to assert power over
others. To his surprise, when he later applied this analysis to a broad
sweep of parish activities, he discovered that it could account for many
incidents which to that point had appeared puzzling and unconnected. Because
he had stumbled across the reality of the struggles to exercise power that
underlay much of parish life at that time, he was able for the first time to
gain an integrated and comprehensive understanding of the situation in
which he sought to serve"
"Many Christians are not so fortunate. How many ministers have toiled hard
but made little headway because they have not understood the structures
of power that were already operating amongst lay people in the parish or
congregation to which they have been called? How many gifted, caring lay
people have found themselves unable to break into an `in group' and so have
never been allowed to participate fully in a congregation and make their
unique contribution to its life and witness?


 Rationalisation and denial  

The major reasons why we fail to identify power struggles in the church
for what they are may be summarised as rationalisation and denial"
"Rationalisation:  Very few Christians who want to exercise power and become
involved in power struggles actually see themselves in this light. In their
own minds they are always involved in something far more noble: `a matter
of principle', `right doctrine', `the responsibility the church has given
me in this matter', `the better ordering of the church's life', `our concern
about what is happening to our people'. I do not want to suggest that whenever
any of these or similar phrases are used they always hide a more ambivalent
motivation. However, we all need to recognise that whereas we might identify
the desire to exerise power as a motivation in someone else, we are rarely
able to discern the same motivation in ourselves. We readily rationalise
our own desires for power under more worthy aspirations"
"Denial:  As Christians we are aware that power struggles are not only a
characteristic of human life but also a symptom of its brokenness, and as
they are also aware that Jesus' comment on the dominating exercise of power
over others was `it shall not be so among you' (Mark 10:43), many deny the
existence of power struggles and domination in the church."
"Breath Tests Illegal  

Queensland Law Society has suggested the State Government's new breath testing
campaign could be illegal"
"This follows a stepped-up police blitz on drink-drivers - incorporating
a trial of the new campaign called the Reduce Impaired Driving plan"
"Police stopped about 300 drivers in a crackdown in Woodridge and Beenleigh
on Friday night"
Thirty of them will face drink charges
"A law society statement yesterday backs claims by leading Brisbane lawyers
the Cabinet-backed RID plan is unlawful"
"Society president Elizabeth Nosworthy's statement said:
  ""The law is not clear about the circumstances under which a police officer
may stop a motorist and administer a breath test"
"""The law society believes it is important the law be clarified both for
the protection of the motorist and of the individual police officers involved"
"""If the Government proposes to go ahead with its RID program, the society
believes the Traffic Act should be amended to clearly state the rights of
the police and the motorist.""
  Police intend pressing ahead with the RID trial"
"Brisbane Traffic Branch chief Cal Farrah said the trial was being conducted
quietly with only half a dozen men. 
  Supt Farrah said they would continue to pull up motorists at random,
anywhere in the city and suburbs, and request to examine licences"
"The procedure was that, if liquor could be smelled, the motorist would
be asked to leave a vehicle and step on to the footpath where police would
continue to talk to him"
"If other signs were present that the motorist could be under the influence,
a breath specimen would be requested"
Supt Farrah said motorists last week has cooperated fully with police
But some police have grave doubts about the legality of the RID methods
"They want the law changed to give police the right to breath-test at
their own discretion, without any of the mandatory provisions of the Traffic
Act"
"These proclaim either a traffic offence has to be committed, positive
indications have to be present that a driver could be under the influence
or there has been an accident"
"Police cases have been lost where people have refused to blow and later
claimed they had been stopped for no lawful reasons"
"A leading Brisbane lawyer said police apparently were being pushed into
bending the law to obtain convictions"
"It would amount really to a serious conspiracy,"" the lawyer said"
He said police could legally stop a driver for a licence check
"But the normal provisions would still apply on the requirements 
necessary before police could legally require a breath test"
"A spokesman for Police Minister Bill Gunn said the Government had legal
advice that the law would not have to be changed for the RID campaign"
"""Our advice is that spot checking is not illegal,"" the spokesman said. 
  He said that before the campaign proceeded some administrative difficulties
had to be worked out, such as manpower needs"
""
"Social harmony and Australian Labor: The role of private industry in the 
Curtin and Chifley governments' plans for Australian economic development By Carol Johnson  

The Chifley government's unsuccessful attempt to nationalize the banks has
given it the reputation of being a particularly radical and
socialist-influenced Labor government.  However, an examination of both
the Curtin and Chifley governments' attitudes towards private industry reveals
that in fact both governments believed that sections of private enterprise
had an important role to play in post-war economic development.  Much
government policy was designed to assist private industry since industrial
development was seen as playing an essential role in achieving Labor's
wider social aims.  Above all, both the Curtin and Chifley governments aimed
to develop a humanized capitalist society rather than a radical socialist
one.  While Labor remained hostile to private banking and believed that
the banks were holding back Australian economic development, other sections
of business were seen as socially beneficial and as sharing common interests
with the Australian people as a whole.  While there might be competition
between classes, their interests were not seen as being mutually incompatible"
"Rather, elements of social harmony belief underlay both governments' policies
and strongly influenced their shared vision of post-war Australian society"
"Plans for Post-war Reconstruction  

The Curtin government had begun to prepare for its post-war tasks long before
the war ended.  It recognized that one of the major problems facing the
government would be the lack of federal powers once the defence powers were
no longer valid.  In 1944, the government attempted to extend its federal
powers by referendum.  However, the powers were only to last for five years
after the war ended.  The government asked for increased powers over
fourteen areas which included employment and unemployment; organized marketing
of commodities; companies; trusts, combines and monopolies; profiteering
and prices; the production and distribution of goods; the control of overseas
exchange, overseas investment and the raising of money and national works"
"The government argued that these powers were essential for a smooth transition
from a war-time to a peace-time economy.  Curtin emphasized that the government
was not requesting excessive powers.  On the contrary, `the states have
all had these powers and have had them since last century.  The British,
South African and New Zealand Parliaments have these powers'.  He particularly
stressed that `no question of socialisation or any other fundamental alteration
in the economic system arises'"
"In fact, the `Yes' case in the Fourteen Powers Referendum was largely
justified in terms of the benefits it would bring to all sections of Australian
society.  The powers would prevent the Australian economy from sliding into
a serious depression.  They would ensure security of employment for wage
and salary workers.  Female workers would benefit from the continuation
of the Women's Employment Board.  Housewives would be saved from rocketing
food and clothing prices and from exorbitant rents.  Government pensions
and benefits brought in during war-time would be able to continue.  Farmers
would benefit from guaranteed prices and be assured of a reasonable income"
"Regional development of industry would increase employment opportunities
and expand local markets.  Businessmen would benefit too.  Small businessmen
would benefit from legislation against monopolies and combines.  The government
would establish an aluminium smelting industry in Tasmania and assist the
shipbuilding industry.  Businessmen would be assured of necessary materials
and machinery.  The control of profiteering would not interfere with
businessmen making `fair' profits but would merely prevent `extortionate'
ones"
"However, the referendum proposals were defeated.  Despite such assurances,
the Opposition mounted a bitter campaign against them, arguing that the
proposals involved `the perpetuation of policies which have struck at the
whole root of freedom in Australia'.  By voting `No', citizens would be
`curbing the illegitimate authority of bureaucrats' and opposing a system
of industrial conscription which would order people to go to jobs selected
for them"
The defeat of the Fourteen Powers Referendum was a major setback for Labor
"Nonetheless, the government still believed that it could achieve its major
aims and pressed ahead with its plans for post-war reconstruction.  These
plans were most clearly articulated in the 1945 White Paper on Full Employment"
"The proposals in the White Paper epitomized the dominant tendencies in Labor
party ideology.  Its Keynesian-influenced arguments provided a rationale
for full employment, social welfare and an enlarged public sector which
argued that they would benefit the community as a whole, including sections
of private enterprise.  In the words of the White Paper:

                          

The White Paper argued that the amount of employment possible at any particular
time depended upon the volume of what was being produced, which in turn
depended upon the demand for goods and services by private individuals,
businesses, public authorities and overseas purchasers.  Therefore, in order
for full employment to be achieved, total expenditure had to be sufficient
to provide a market for the goods and services being produced.  Fluctuations
in total expenditure had to be offset.  For ease of explication, total
expenditure was divided into five component parts: public capital expenditure;
public expenditure on current services; private consumption expenditure;
private capital expenditure; and expenditure from overseas.  The White Paper
argued that fluctuations in private consumption spending could be offset
by achieving stability of incomes and employment.  Fluctuations in overseas
expenditure posed a major problem but could be lessened by international
agreements and by overseas governments instituting full employment policies
themselves.  Fluctuations in private capital expenditure also posed a problem"
"However, the White Paper argued that these problem areas of expenditure
could be largely offset by public capital expenditure.  Public capital
expenditure included expenditure by state, federal and local government
on railways, roads, bridges, buildings, land development, power and light,
irrigation and so on.  Public capital expenditure had always been particularly
important in the Australian economy but, traditionally, such expenditure
had been reduced in times of economic depression.  The White Paper
proposed that this previous policy be reversed, arguing that a `relatively
small' increase in public capital expenditure combined with an appropriate
banking policy could be used to stimulate private spending.  The increased
government expenditure would `give additional employment and incomes to
some producers; their extra spending will still further increase employment
and incomes, and this process will go on for some time multiplying itself'"
"In short, as the White Paper summarized its own arguments: `The essential
component of full employment is that public expenditure should be high enough
to stimulate private spending to the point where the two together will provide
a demand for the total production of which the economy is capable when it
is fully employed'"
"Such a full employment policy would necessitate the `closest collaboration'
not only between state and federal governments but also between governments,
employers and trade unions.  The White Paper argued that these groups would
all collaborate since there would be benefits for all of them.  In addition
to the points mentioned earlier in this section, the White Paper argued
that the government's policy would result in increased efficiency and
production, due to increased expenditure on capital goods, and this is turn
would lead to a higher standard of living.  Rising living standards would
not only benefit those on lower incomes but would also have benefits for
business.  For example, `provision by governments of benefits in social
legislation permits a higher proportion of private income to be spent on
consumption goods and services.'  Increased consumption would benefit those
businesses producing or selling the goods that were bought and would enable
them to provide more jobs.  Similar arguments were put forward regarding
the quality of employment which should be provided.  For example, `intelligent
factory welfare provisions' could improve health and efficiency.  Shorter
working hours would have a similarly beneficial effect and any adverse effects
would `be offset by consequent improvements in ... efficiency'"
"Underlying the White Paper generally was the view that the interests of
all classes in capitalist society are interconnected.  Business would benefit
from full employment and government welfare benefits because more people
would be able to buy more of the products which business produced.  The
working class would benefit from a healthy business sector because private
enterprise would provide economic growth and higher standards of living"
"In particular, the government would support private industry's major role
as an employer, rather than challenge it.  As the White Paper summed it
up: `Full employment will restore a sense of security to workers and
businessmen, and will ensure a revival of enterprise that will in turn,
ensure production of the goods and services wanted by the community'"
"It is noticeable that the White Paper took the workings of a capitalist
economy largely for granted.  Large sections of the paper revolved around
the role which government expenditure could play in stimulating private
capital expenditure and compensating for any drops in private investment"
"The desirability of private capital investment playing such a crucial role
in the economy was never questioned.  Rather, it was assumed that capitalism
could work fairly efficiently and relatively equitably as long as the
government engaged in minor tinkering with its economic mechanism.  There
was no discussion of the fact that private investment depends on adequate
profits being made and is not decided on the basis of social utility.  There
was no discussion of whether the government could be successful in encouraging
socially beneficial private capital investment given that it had no control
over the levels or areas of such investment.  Similarly, the implications
for wage levels of the need to ensure adequate levels of profitability were
largely ignored.  Significantly, early drafts of the White Paper had contained
sections arguing that wage rises should be restrained in order to ensure
that they did not outstrip productivity increases or contribute to a cycle
of boom and bust.  The widespread introduction of piece-rates had been
suggested as one way of overcoming this problem, but this suggestion had
met with strong opposition and had therefore been removed although Chifley
was to advocate both piece-rates and wage restraint later on.  Keeping a
capitalist economy functioning smoothly was to have its price"
"Privately, a few left wing critics in both the government and the public
service pointed out the obvious fact that the White Paper was clearly a
blueprint for managing a capitalist economy rather than a plan for radical
social change.   However, such comments seem to have had little effect,
given that that was precisely what most members of the government appear
to have wanted.  The White Paper was also a relatively conservative document
in other ways.  It should be noted that the White Paper was largely a full
employment policy for men.  Although the White Paper often uses the term
`men' in a very ambiguous way, an informed reading suggests that the term
`men' usually meant precisely that.  Curtin and other male politicians tended
to assume that most women would wish to stay in the home in the post-war
period and the government was only advocating full employment for those
seeking work.  So central is the concern with men as the subjects of the
White Paper that the question of what would happen to women thrown out of
work by returning ex-servicemen was not even addressed.  Yet women were
only employed in `male' jobs during the war on the understanding that they
would be replaced by men when the war ended.  In 1941 Cabinet had approved
`the extensive employment of women in industries where men were not available
in sufficient numbers to attain the scale of production approved as a war
objective'.  However, the government had guaranteed that `all women employed
under the conditions approved shall be employed only for the duration of
the war, and shall be replaced by men as soon as they become available'"
"Senator Cameron had comforted male trade unionists concerned at this
development by arguing that he `would far rather run the risk of additional
women in industry than of allowing Japanese to land on our shores'.  One
would therefore have expected the issue of women's employment to be discussed
in some detail, but this was not the case"
"The White Paper was to remain the most detailed overview of government
plans for Post-War Reconstruction."
"By Alister Kershaw George Gribble  

NOW how old would George have been when we first met? Not very
much over sixty, as nearly as I can calculate. He was in
excellent physical shape, he walked briskly, he held himself
well. Intellectually, too, you might say, he held himself well"
"He should have given the impression of being rather less than
his age. However, he didn't. On the contrary. I'm not sure why
this should have been so. Was it perhaps because he spoke with
the intonation and occasionally in the idiom of an upper-class
Edwardian? Or was it because of a certain aristocratic languor
in his manner, or because he was accustomed to express himself
in a meandering fashion which might almost have been mistaken
for a symptom of senescence? Or because he was often vague to
the point of seeming to exist on the astral plane? Whatever the
reason, there's no denying that, in the initial stages of one's
acquaintance with him, he struck one as being distinctly older
than he was"
"One very soon got over this misapprehension. A livelier
fellow was never born. He was ready to talk until any hour of
the night - you couldn't stop him talking until any hour of
the night - and his conversation was at once erudite and
extremely droll. He was remarkably receptive to whatever was
new and radical in the arts, he had none of the tetchy
prejudices or morose nostalgia of the elderly. He lived very
much in the present"
"His physical stamina was frightening. On one of his birthdays
- it must have been his seventieth, I fancy - my friend
Deasey and I took him to dinner. George's circumstances were
such that he was rarely able to treat himself to a restaurant
meal. This birthday, we felt, was an event which justified,
which indeed demanded, a certain excess. We drank two or three
aperitifs, we drank two or three bottles of wine, we had cognac
with our coffee. From the restaurant we went to one of the
cafes on the Boulevard Montparnasse and ordered champagne"
"George had drunk level with us at the restaurant; he now
proceeded to leave us well behind. We ordered another bottle
but we were becoming uneasy. Surely George was forgetting his
venerable age? It was highly imprudent of him to drink as if he
were a youngster like ourselves. We didn't want the festivities
marred by having him keel over with a heart attack.   
  By the time we had finished the second bottle of champagne, 
Deasey and I were ready to call it a day. Anyway, the cafe was 
about to close"
"""So soon?"" said George wistfully. ""It seems a pity to break
up such an interesting conversation. Isn't there anywhere...?""
  ""Well, it's about three o'clock, George. The only places that
are open now are the nightclubs.""
  ""Nightclubs! Good heavens, it must be thirty or forty years
since I ... Or quite possibly more ...""
  We went to a nightclub. It was daylight when we left George
and stumbled towards our beds"
"Within minutes, it seemed, I was awakened by a knock at the
door. I had the ugliest hangover since the discovery of
fermentation. I could hardly see, I could hardly speak. I
croaked something inarticulate. The door opened. It was George"
"He had drunk far more than I and he was at least forty years
older. I looked at him blearily. He was immaculate and full of
bounce"
"""Good God! Did I wake you up?"" he said on a note that
conveyed a mild disapproval of such sluggardly habits. ""I never
dreamed you'd still be in bed. It's nearly ten o'clock. I just
dropped in to thank you for that invigorating evening.""
  Invigorating? What a nerve! That was the only time I ever
hated George"
"Presumably nobody these days has heard of him. Not many
people had heard of him when he and I met in 1947 - nor, if it
comes to that, before then. He wrote plays. They were
characterized by a bland disregard for current taste, as though
Maugham and Coward had never happened, but in their own way
they were pretty good. Marie Tempest thought well enough of his
Masque of Venice to play the lead in it. George could
reasonably have expected to enjoy a modest success in the
theatre"
"The trouble was that he had the most abominable luck. As soon
as a play of his was accepted for production, there'd be a war
or a general strike or some similar calamity. I wouldn't be in
the least surprised to discover that the Wall Street crash only
occurred because some foolhardy American producer had taken one
of George's plays"
"Through all these mishaps and disappointments, George went on
living his life (it was not always clear how) with the utmost
insouciance, as though he had not noticed his ill fortune or
had not thought it sufficiently interesting to merit his
attention. His complete unawareness of the tawdry realities of
everyday existence, his grandiose vagueness, were what the
obituary writers would have called an inspiration to all who
knew him"
"""Y-es, y-es,"" he said one day when telling me some anecdote
of his youth, ""I remember going to the office - ""
  ""An office?"" I interrupted in astonishment, ""you, George, you
in an office? But what on earth were you doing in this office?""
  ""Oh,"" replied George with a negligent wave of the hand,
""work, you know, and things of that kind.""
  Was there ever a more patrician dismissal of the fatuous and
febrile activity that goes on in offices?
  Unlike most people, I knew something of George before our
paths actually crossed, but only because Richard had talked
about him in his autobiography. Pound, Marinetti, D.H"
"Lawrence, Eliot, Herbert Read, H.D., Yeats and loads of other
notables crop up in Richard's memoirs. Somehow, it was the
obscure George who, as I read Richard's account of him, 
provoked in me the keenest curiosity"
"One lovely autumn day in Rome (Richard recalled), the gun and
  bells announced noon; and I put away work for the day. At that
  moment, enter George. No, he wouldn't sit down, he was in a
  hurry, he merely wanted to ask ... I forget what. I was engaged
  in removing the oil from the top of a wine-flask for lunch,
  which was being prepared over a charcoal fire. I was conceited
  about this wine, and insisted that George must taste it"
"Protesting that he must leave at once, he sat down on the edge
  of a chair and took a glass. Conversation started. George grew
  interested, and discoursed with knowledge and eloquence,
  gradually and unconsciously settling himself more comfortably
  in his chair. I refilled his glass in spite of his fainter
  clamours that he must go. Presently lunch was put on the table"
"Starting to his feet, George said he must go. This, we said,
  was ridiculous. He had to have lunch somewhere, and how could
  he get it more quickly than when it was served under his nose?
  Still protesting, George shared our frugal meal, and finally
  left about four o'clock. Only later did we discover from the
  reproaches of his wife that George was supposed all that time or
  part of it to be interviewing the Pope or the Prefect of Rome
  or some other bigwig for the American paper whereof George was
  supposed to be Rome correspondent"
"But what wisdom! George was bound to lose the job, so why not
  lose it pleasantly and instructively?

  Such was the delightful sport (in the entomological sense of
the word) who came to visit Richard during the first summer I
spent at the Villa Aucassin. After Richard's depiction of him,
I expected someone rather farouche, an ageing Bohemian. He was
anything but that. He was positively spruce in appearance,
although his clothes were well worn; his shoes were worn, too,
but they were beautifully polished, his hair was neatly cut,
his thin distinguished face impeccably shaved. With our
espadrilles, blue cotton trousers and open-necked shirts,
Richard and I were lamentably down-at-heel by comparison"
"Nobody could have looked more invincibly English than George
although in fact his mother had been German and he himself,
married to a Frenchwoman, had spent most of his adult life in
France and Italy. If I remember correctly, he had also - with
exemplary lack of success - attended universities in Germany
and the United States as well as in England. He was the most
complete cosmopolitan I ever encountered"
"Apparently he always had been. Immured at one point in his
career in some ghastly English public school, he soon reached
the conclusion (""They would play games all the time"") that
enough was enough. Abruptly, at the age of fifteen, with less
fuss than his contemporaries would have made about a journey
from Piccadilly to Wimbledon, and in the middle, as it might
be, of the Michaelmas term, George took off for Germany"
"""D'you know,"" he told me, ""d'you know, when I got off the train
in - where was it? Trier? Nuremberg? - anyway, I stepped
right into a weinfest just outside the station. You can't
imagine how reviving it was after having had to swallow so much
ginger-pop.""
  George would certainly not have narrated his little story
half as coherently as this. He spoke English, German, French
and Italian with equal ease, but he could not always make up
his mind which of the languages he ought to be speaking. As a
consequence he would not infrequently switch capriciously from
one to another in midsentence:
  ""   my dear fellow,    who recently 
published     ...?""
  On other occasions, this linguistic indecision of George's
would manifest itself differently. He would manage to limit
himself to one language at a time but, as far as his
interlocutor was concerned, it would invariably be the wrong
one:
  ""  ?""
  ""I'm sorry, George, but the only word I understood was `Sartre'.""
  ""  .""
  ""George, I don't know Italian either.""
  ""   opinion ...""
  ""Well, of course, we can always talk French if you insist,
but wouldn't it be more sensible to stick to English?""
  ""Yes, naturally, naturally, I can't for the life of me think
why ...""
  Really, one had to admire George's ability to create what are
now called communication gaps. Even when he contrived to speak
a single language, and even when that language was the right
one, he had a most disconcerting propensity to omit the one
word which would have made his meaning altogether clear, while
further compounding the listener's bewilderment by laying a
marked stress on other words where no particular emphasis was
required"
"In a letter recounting a luncheon to which he had taken him,
Richard admirably rendered this aspect of George's verbal
eccentricity. ""The old George,"" Richard reported, ""chirruped
over his cups and was mightily content. On the other hand, I
must avow to you in secret that some of his discourses somewhat
baffle me. What is one to make of such statements as this?

  `Oh, ye-es, ye-es, of course - reminds me of something that
  happened - good many years ago now - mos' straw'ny affair -
  never really cleared up - matter of fact, he was a very
  distant cousin of mine - least, so my sisters said - you
  never know - can't remember his name of course - Yvette would
  know - it was before Guy - she was going to have a baby and
  so on - so forth - made a great impression on her - can't
  remember what he did - perhaps he - no, no - anyway,
  something he ought not to have done - it was in the papers -
  can't remember which ones - but you must remember - many
  important people involved - friends of Prince of Wales - ye-
  es, ye-es - so on - so forth - made 'normous impression on
  me - recollect it all perfectly ... '

Difficult as it often was to understand George's elliptical and polyglot conversation (or conceivably in part because of the difficulty) one couldn't have wished for a pleasanter man with whom to pass an evening"
""
"Building Societies changing their act By David Macoboy  

Financial de-regulation has created new pressures and new opportunities
for finance professionals everywhere - but nowhere so decisively as in 
building societies"
"Building societies as we know them are an endangered species. Within five
years, some may still survive in name, but they will bear little resemblance
to the placid creatures that grew and bred so profusely in the lavish pasture
of financial regulation"
Nobody will feel that change so acutely as the building society executive
"It will involve not just a change in attitudes and philosophies, but honing
up a whole range of previously under-used skills in risk management and
marketing. The opportunities it creates are every bit as great as the
pressures.  
  To explain why the change is so dramatic, we need to look at the
environment in which building societies grew"
"After World War II there was a chronic shortage of housing finance - indeed,
there was sustained demand right through the 1950s, 60s and even much of
the 70s. In raising housing finance, the building societies then had a clear
legislative advantage. The savings banks were limited to offering 3 1/4
per cent interest on savings, but the societies were under no such constraints;
they could, and did, offer up to three times that rate"
The money poured in - and there was ample demand for housing finance
For the building societies these were halcyon days
"In this environment a distinctive management philosophy developed that
still owed much to the co-operative nature of societies. There was little
need for marketing, only modest need for risk management. It was a
single-product business - savings came in one door and loans went out the
other. All that was needed was to contain administration costs"
"This philosophy lingers today in some societies. It is an inward-looking
view, concerned largely with simple internal efficiency"
"Yet, for building societies, the world was turned upside down in 1982
when savings bank interest rates were deregulated. Suddenly the societies
had little advantage in attracting savings"
""
"Conflict in the air at Leningrad's perfumery By Norm Sanders  

  SENATOR Norm Sanders continues his reports on his tour of the Soviet Union
and Poland with an Australian parliamentary delegation"
LENINGRAD. - We were exhausted by the time we got back to the hotel at 8.30pm
"Our day had started that morning with the Gromyko meeting in Moscow. 
It seemed like a week ago"
"We reassembled in the hotel dining room for dinner.  
  The restaurant was modern and well patronised, in contrast to the Moscow
hotel's grandiose emptiness.  A small band played ideologically sound rock
while we organised ourselves at our table"
"A stream of male waiters brought in the food.  We were never served by
females in the Soviet Union, which is a pity because the waiters universally
suffered from underarm odour"
"Knowing how much to eat of course at a formal dinner is hard enough at
home.  In a new country, it's almost impossible"
"At first in the Soviet Union I made the mistake of loading up on the
extremely substantial preliminaries: smoked sturgeon, cold cuts of meat,
tomatoes, and sometimes two soups. (There were also loads of cucumbers,
which are my pet aversion)"
"Then, feeling quite sated already, I had to face perspiring waiters carrying
prodigious main courses of steak, veal, or chicken and potatoes"
Any crannies left after this lot were subsequently filled with ice cream
"Our only beverages were the ubiquitous mineral water, tea and coffee"
Never a trace of alcohol touched our lips
"I got up at 6 o'clock the next morning, determined to walk off all the
excesses of the previous evening"
"I noticed, gratefully, that the car and bus drivers were very polite to
pedestrians"
"At one stage I was crossing a side street when a bus turned off the main
thoroughfare and headed right at me"
In Australia I would have had to dash for my life
"In Leningrad, the driver stopped, smiled and motioned me in front of him"
"Little courtesies such as this impress tourists - a lesson some Tasmanian
drivers have yet to learn"
"Like Moscow, the main streets in Leningrad are wide and tree-lined"
"Every few hundred metres there are bulletin boards where Pravda and the
other newspapers are plastered for those who don't wish to spend the few
kopeks to buy their own"
"It was here that I encountered my first graffiti:  Someone had scrawled
""Don't work!"" in Russian in large letters across the front page of Pravda"
"This must be the supreme sacrilege in a society which glorifies the value
of labour.  A little further on, a peace symbol had been chalked on a wall"
I later asked Big Igor Saprykin about the graffiti's significance
"""Hooligans!"" he snorted, ""It is of no importance.""  He seemed annoyed"
"Whether at the graffiti or at me noticing it, I couldn't tell"
I showered and joined the others for our 8am breakfast
"Our entire itinerary was laid out with military precision, down to 24-hour
time notation"
"Our last item on today's schedule was supper at 2245, after a dozen
engagements"
"Breakfast, like all the other meals, was a massive production:  Cold meats,
fish, cheese and yoghurt, followed by cool toast in the English tradition"
"Then came fried eggs or blintzes (pancake filled with cottage cheese)
which were delicious"
"These bountiful meals didn't come cheaply.  The Soviets footed the bill
for the delegation, but spouses were charged $70 per day for food.  We paid
these charges, along with spouses's air fares, out of our own pockets"
"By 9am we were at the Piskarevskoye Memorial Cemetery for a wreath-laying
ceremony"
"During the siege, bodies had to be buried in mass graves.  A total of
640,000 men, women and children lay here in an area of some five hectares"
"The cemetery is comprised of a series of low grassy mounds the size of
a tennis court.  Each mound holds 30,000 bodies"
"I wrote, ""We must never have another war,"" in the visitors' book"
"On the way back to the cars, I reflected on the 20,000,000 Soviet war
dead with Ambassador Ted Pocock.  He grumbled, ""Stalin killed 20,000,000
and the Russians don't build monuments to them.""
  I suppose he had a point, but I was weary with death and didn't want to
get into an argument at that moment over whether Hitler or Stalin was the
most brutal tyrant"
"We were next shunted to the Aurora Borealis perfumery where we were met
by a smiling Mr Y.A. Aleksandrovich, a tall, fair-haired man with glasses,
who told us about his factory"
"The perfumery started in 1860 under the name of the ""St Petersburg Chemical
Laboratory.""
  Today, the perfumery has over a thousand workers and supplies perfumes
and colognes for the Soviet Union and the export market"
"While we talked, a stylish blonde woman who was responsible for new products
handed out strips of cardboard with different scents for us to try"
"Mr Aleksandrovich talked of his factory's constant search for new
fragrances.  I mentioned Tasmania's essential oils industry which I vaguely
remembered from a story I did once as a TDT reporter"
"He showed considerable interest and I subsequently arranged for the
Tasmanian essential oils people to contact him"
Our embassy staff prodded me into asking a question about shift work
"The Soviets normally work during the daytime on weekdays.  However, Gorbachev
had recently decreed that shift work should be implemented to use idle
production capacity, and that Leningrad would be the first to use the new
system"
"I naively asked Mr Aleksandrovich what he thought of the idea.  His
pleasantries vanished.  It was obviously a touchy subject"
"He explained that his plant was labour intensive and that there was little
idle machine capacity at night.  At this point our Soviet minders started
arguing with him"
"The ensuing discussion was geographical as well as ideological.  Our minders
were all from Moscow, the Big Apple of the USSR"
"Anybody from Leningrad was distinctively provincial.  For their part,
Leningrad residents consider themselves intellectually and artistically
superior to the clods from Moscow"
"John Denton and Rakesh Ahudja from our embassy were overjoyed with the
shift work information which became another piece for their jigsaw puzzle
of Soviet society"
"Mr Aleksandrovich and the blonde enthusiastically waved goodbye from their
factory door, relieved that we had gone"
"We weren't quite sure why we had visited the perfumery in the first place
but had little time to ponder this question as we hurtled off to the Hermitage
to see acres and acres of Rembrandts"
""
"Grim topic tv telegraph By PAUL WICKS  

  The ugly subject of rape appears in two of Channel 7's regular US police
series in the next six nights"
"In tonight's episode of ""Cagney and Lacey"", Chris Cagney (Sharon Gless)
is working unsuccessfully on a case of rape, but receives a lot of help
from a temporary partner, played by Julie Fulton, who looks at times like
a young Audrey Hepburn. Yes, she is that pretty"
(Cagney's usual partner Mary Beth Lacey is off on maternity leave)
"However, the new partner becomes obsessed with the case, for a variety
of reasons, causing Cagney to have some mixed feelings"
"It's another solid offering from the show about two likeable, but frenetic
New York cops"
"But the drama of this rape issue doesn't quite reach the impact heights
of next Tuesday night's special length edition of ""Hunter"""
"There's much drama then, because the joint star of the show, Dee Dee
(Stepfanie Kramer) is the victim"
"The scenes of the attack and, particularly, the soul-destroying aftermath
are dramatically effective, and a quality highpoint - if there can be such
a thing when dealing with the trauma of rape"
"Kramer shows that she is not just a good looker. She's a good actress,
too"
"Predictably, her partner Hunter (Fred Dryer) is outraged by the rape and
goes to extreme measures to nail the offender - who seems likely to gain
diplomatic immunity"
"Sadly, the second hour of the episode in which the pair head to a
strangely-named foreign country (it was probably shot in neighboring Mexico)
degenerates into little more than a shoot'em out, run-and-chase sequence
- something you'd expect in a lesser show. It isn't a patch on the earlier
scenes"
"The episode is not the first of movie-length in the ""Hunter"" series. Perhaps
for the purposes of quality, this one should have been condensed into just
the one hour"
"Best show tonight is the second episode in the ""Clive James On Television""
series at 8.30 on Channel 2"
"Although not exactly new, it's still highly entertaining. Mind you, it
doesn't have much opposition"
"In spite of some union problems, Channel 9 claims it has enough episodes
of its ""Flying Doctors"" series in its stockpile to ride out the storm so
far"
"I believe there are about a dozen ""in the can"". However, any problems
will hit here first, because Channel 9 locally is a week ahead of the rest
of the country having begun with a double-header"
""
"Swiss may pay for Rhine toxic spill ZURICH, Thursday -  

Switzerland has assured its neighbors on the Rhine that
it will consider paying for damage caused by toxic spillage and tighten
regulations on dangerous chemicals"
"European Community Environment Commissioner Stanley Davis said the Swiss
President, Mr Egli, had made valuable concessions on the question of
compensation for heavy pollution of the Rhine following a fire at a chemical
warehouse in Basle about two weeks ago"
""
"Share bargains galore at monthly auctions By DAN BROOKS  

Unwanted shares end up at garage sales, too"
"Partly-paid shares - forfeited by investors who fail to meet instalment 
payments - are auctioned after trading has finished at the stock exchange"
"Usually, one auction is held each month"
"It offers companies the chance to finish raising the extra capital they 
sought when making calls on their contributing shares"
"Last week, geologist-unit trust manager Graeme Foley swapped the office for 
the auction room to rap the gavel on 85,000 BA Petroleum Explorers Trust 
(BAPET) units"
"Mr Foley, manager of BA Oil and Gas Management, knocked down the lot for 
$22,100"
The bidders paid 26c - 9c above the reserve price
"The 17c reserve equalled the size of the call on the units. Defaulting 
shareholders can expect to recoup the difference above the reserve price"
"Why do bidders bother buying other people's discards?  Like any auction, 
they have an eye on the bargain"
"This wasn't so at the BAPET sale where the price paid was the same as the 
ordinary sharemarket value"
"Stock exchange officials say 95 per cent of forfeited share auctions involve 
mining companies, usually No Liability companies, with unpaid calls"
"Occasionally, an industrial company with partly-paid shares holds a sale"
"Investors in danger of having their shares confiscated and sold from under 
them are given six weeks' grace to pay up"
"In BAPET's case, call money was overdue on 241,000 units in the fortnight 
leading to the auction"
"Tardy payments by some investors reduced the number of shares to finally go 
under the hammer to 85,000"
A licensed auctioneer is hired for most occasions
"The rules specify the company gives 10 days' notice of a proposed sale to its 
home exchange"
""
"THE ONE THAT GOT AWAY By GLENN ROBBINS  

THE New Zealand breeders of Myocard and Cardiac might well believe Aussies
are a heartless bunch. 
  But shrewd, when it comes to fair play, might be more accurate"
"Trainer Geoff Chapman is at peace with the world after last Friday's Rosehill
barrier trials when the two-year-old Cardiac won his heat in the style of a
highly promising prospect."
"Morals in a meltdown THEATRE A FAULT-LINE
By Luigi Pirandello, translated by Tim Fitzpatrick
With Wenanty Nosul, Daniel Mitchell, Dasha Blahova, Tracey Callander, Brandon
Burke"
"Director: Richard Lawton; set: Jacqui Brown; costumes: Melody Cooper 
Downstairs Theatre, Seymour Centre. August 20  

  THIS production is being presented by Sydney University's Theatre Studies
Service Unit (all that remains of the useful Theatre Workshop) and the
Department of Italian, to honour the 50th anniversary of Pirandello's death"
"The play was the last to be completed by Pirandello. It was written in
1934, just after his Nobel Prize. This is its first production, professional
or otherwise, in Sydney. That should surprise nobody. Pirandello in Australia,
as in England and America, is the most neglected of major 20th century 
playwrights. Here even his best-known masterpiece, Six Characters in Search
Of An Author, awaits professional attention"
"For this occasion, Dr Fitzpatrick of the Italian Department, working with
the director and cast, has produced a translation that is grammatically
fluent. Pirandello's last conducted tour of his inimitable metaphysical
maze comes across with the sparkle, clarity and wit that have always
distinguished Mediterranean philosophy"
"In important ways, this last play is a departure for Pirandello. His subject,
though lavishly adorned with metaphysical paradoxes as ever, displays a
dance of life in which the compulsions of the newfangled Freudian subconscious
dominate philosophical probing. The old games of identity, appearance and
reality here employ the language of Freudian dream and guilt. We watch the
melting down of traditional codes of morals and of honour in the heat, 50
years ago, of the Freudian revolution"
"Even so, it is Pirandello who is in charge, not Freud. The character who
may be going mad in this adulterous vortex of unintended sins and imagined
infidelities does so only because he feels guilty about having no sense
of guilt. That situation is Pirandello as ever was; and so this is the way
that emotional passion, not intellectual probing, spins the plot"
"Or so it seems to me. My argument with this poised, visually attractive,
well-considered production is that the director takes his cue too literally
from the patterned advances; retreats and circlings of the argument. He
matches these with choreography, balletic or acrobatic, that tends to play
up the artificiality of the forms of action and to reduce the characters
of two mixed-up marriages, with interlocked triangles, to puppet functions"
Diagram takes over from drama
"There are problems also with style (and with a medley of accents from
the cast). The production misses the irony that makes this play a comedy"
"When laughter finally erupts, it comes from the acrobatics of farce"
"However, one must be grateful for spirited and elegant acting (especially
from Brandon Burke, stylish in decadent, aristocratic egocentrism, and Dasha
Blahova, who best suggests the irony). As well, there is Jacqui Brown's
handsome, Roman marble, porticoed set. Above all, there is the rare opportunity
to savour a fascinating play by this master dramatist"
H.G. KIPPAX
"THE Sun SAYS 

ROCKDALE was always going to be a tough hurdle for the apprentice Premier,
Mr Barrie Unsworth"
He had little time in which to find a winning formula of his own
"The amazing thing about this by-election, and the one for Bass Hill, is
that so much could go wrong"
The results are shattering to Labor's confidence in NSW
"Ten years of almost uninterrupted easy-riding are over. Mr Wran took
his coat - and the coattails - with him when he quit politics"
"Federal Labor, too, is shaken. Its economic struggles are a gloomy backdrop
for any election"
"With a Federal Budget in the making, Rockdale and Bass Hill are vivid
reminders of Mr Hawke's pledge to do the right thing for the nation - even
at the risk of political defeat"
But it would be wrong to see Barrie Unsworth as helpless political flotsam
"What went wrong for him, however, were matters of style more than substance"
"Mr Unsworth came to the Premiership in a display of power politics which
was both breath-taking and offensive to many people"
"His humbling is a lesson for machine politicians that manipulating or
intimidating each other is not the same as winning popular votes"
"Tweed Heads - home or holiday house - hurt. Certainly, an earlier decision
to live in Rockdale would have helped Mr Unsworth"
The Premier flirted with a smiling image but quickly settled for brusqueness
"And the monorail, not a key issue for Rockdale, helped to confirm the
Premier as more at home with back-room deals than open Government"
"Should he scrape in, Mr Unsworth will need to run a Government less by
the divine right of the NSW Labor Council than in response to popular will"
"And Opposition parties, State and Federal, have to start looking like
alternative governments if they want to benefit"
"They can't count on Labor disasters mounting to crisis point. Anti-Labor
parties have to show they possess not only hope for power but some chance
of doing a better job"
""
"More or less equal? Australian income distribution in 1933 and 1980 Ian Mclean and Sue Richardson  

     Utilizing information in the 1933 census we estimate several
  measures of individual and household income inequality for that
  year. Allowance is made for the effect of the Depression on the
  1933 income distribution, revealing a clearly adverse impact"
"Comparisons with recent years indicate marked declines in
  aggregate income inequality"
"I Introduction  
The pursuit of an egalitarian ideal has a long history in
Australia. A widely shared objective during the colonial period
was the creation of a society free of extreme disparities in
wealth and income and of the rigid divisions of class that had
prevailed in Britain during the 18th and l9th centuries. These
aspirations found expression in the assertions of the miners'
rights on the goldfields, the squatter-selector conflicts of
the 1860s to 1880s, the rise of the trade union movement and
Labor parties, and in the innovative regulatory and social
welfare legislation that dates from the depressed years of the
1890s. Since Federation, policies to reduce perceived
inequalities have been part of the social and economic program
of all governments, State and Federal. What has been the
result?
     Our knowledge of trends in economic inequality over this
century is fragmentary, despite the social, political and
economic significance of the subject. The principal impediment
to an improved understanding is the limited amount of survey
information available on either income or wealth. An income
question was included in the special 1915 wartime survey of
private wealth holding (Knibbs, 1918). The 1933 population
census was the first to include a question on income: such a
question was not repeated until the censuses of 1976 and 1981"
"No official surveys were conducted between 1915 and 1933, or
between 1933 and 1969, though an unofficial survey of household
expenditure was conducted in 1967 which collected details of
income. Beginning in 1969 the Australian Bureau of Statistics
began surveys of income distribution that have been repeated in
1974, 1979 and 1982. And in 1976 it conducted a survey of
household expenditure which also sought details of income. Thus
evidence for the period since the late 1960s is abundant
relative to that available for any earlier period, and the 1915
and 1933 censuses acquire considerable significance as sources
of information about long-run changes in income distribution"
"This last-mentioned source has been totally ignored in previous
inquiries, yet it provides the only opportunity to observe the
distribution of income directly and in a comprehensive manner
in the half century between 1915 and the late 1960s. Although
serious obstacles face would-be users of the income-related
information in the 1933 census, our contention is that these
obstacles are surmountable"
"It is the primary purpose of this article to estimate the
distribution of income for 1933 in a manner that permits
comparisons with the official estimates for recent years. Brief
comparison is also made with the less reliable measures based
on the 1915 war census. In addition, we report an attempt to
take account of the different economic conditions that attended
the 1933 and recent censuses, namely, to estimate the degree of
inequality that might have existed in 1933 had the economy at
that time not been in severe depression"
"The paucity of survey evidence regarding inequality in
Australia has not prevented speculation about long-run trends"
"In 1970 Encel wrote `the distribution of income appears to have
remained largely unchanged during this century' (quoted in
Jones, 1975, p. 21). In the most thorough and frequently cited
empirical assessment of this judgement, based on the evidence
of male incomes in the 1915 war census and 1969 ABS Survey,
Jones concluded, `It would require a mind peculiarly
resistant to evidence to deny that over the last half
century there has been a significant reduction in inequality of
income distribution among men' (Jones, 1975, p. 32), and
estimated that the Gini coefficient had declined from 0.420 to
0.338. One purpose in constructing income distribution
estimates for 1933 is to assess whether or not this decline has
been continuous. For three reasons our prior expectation was
that the decline occurred primarily after 1933. The major
expansion of redistributive social welfare programs dates from
the 1940s; unemployment has been lower in the post-war than
inter-war decades; and if Australian experience paralleled that
of the United States, it may be noted that marked declines in
American income inequality this century have been confined to
the 1930s and 1940s (Williamson and Lindert, 1980, Chap. 4)"
"In the next section we briefly describe the 1933 census
information regarding income. We then report our procedures for
estimating the distribution of income in 1933 (Section III). In
Section IV the 1933 distribution is compared with those for
1915 and recent years using as a basis individual male and
female income recipients. In an effort to remove the effect of
the Depression on measured income inequality, we `re-employ'
part of those recorded as unemployed and the hidden unemployed
in 1933, and then re-estimate the distribution of income for
that year (Section V). There follows an attempt to convert the
1933 income data to a family rather than individual income unit
basis, and to compare family income inequality trends between
1933 and the present (Section Vl)"
"II 1933 and the Census  
Either 1931 or 1932 marks the trough of the Depression,
depending on the choice of economic indicator, with some
recovery evident in most time series by 1933. For example, the
trade union based estimates of the unemployment rate peaked in
the June quarter of 1932 at 30 per cent, and over the ensuing
12 months had fallen to 26 per cent (Commonwealth Year Book,
1934, p. 739). The general unemployment rate similarly declined
from 21.4 to 19.3 per cent between 1931-32 and 1932-33, while
over the same period real GDP rose by 6 per cent and total
employment by 5 per cent. The census on 30 June 1933 thus
occurs at the end of a year in which a strong recovery in the
economy commenced"
"In his report on the census of 1933 the Commonwealth
Statistician, Roland Wilson, states that the decision to
include an income question for the first time was in part
`actuated ... by the special interest in the effects upon the
pattern of distribution produced by more than three years of
severe Depression'. But in addition to the special
circumstances of the time he indicates a more general
appreciation of the value of such information for the study of
inequality in Australia: he cites `the increasing need for
recurrent and comprehensive statistical measurement, in the
place of occasional and partial measurement, of income
distribution throughout the community' (Wilson, 1940, p. 332)"
"We share the same twin interests in the long-neglected evidence
he decided to collect. 
     The income question did not ask for actual values but for
an indication as to the class into which the respondent's
income fell. It follows that there is no census estimate of
total income either within any income class or for all classes"
"There were seven classes: zero income; £1 to £51; £52 to
£103; £104 to £155; £156 to £207; 
£208 to £259; and £260 and over"
"The basic information with which we must work is thus the
number of income recipients in each of the seven income
classes, cross-classified by such characteristics as sex, age,
marital status, grade of occupation, industry, religion and
State or territory of residence. The absence of precise income
data makes difficult enough the task of estimating means and
distributions within any closed income interval; it raises
special problems for the open-ended upper income group -
problems to which we return in the next section"
"The advice given on the census form concerning the
definition of income or earnings is worth quoting:

     all income for the year ended 30th June, 1933, by way of salary
     or wages or from any business must be included plus any income
     from property or other sources. The value of board and
     lodgings, rations, or other allowances received from an
     employer must be included"
"In every case the income to be stated is the total income for
     the year without deduction for household or domestic
     expenditure"
"Allowances received by wife from husband should not be included
     by wife as income nor should allowances from surviving parents
     or other relations be stated unless received as payment for
     services rendered"
"A strict interpretation might exclude some forms of income
(or imputed income) that the survey was meant to capture. The
Statistician notes, for example, that maintenance and
allowances in money or kind received from persons other than
employer (for example, from family or charities) might be
omitted. He also notes that there is likely to be
understatement of the imputed value of primary produce consumed
on farms (Wilson, 1940, p. 334)"
"Two further comments on the census are warranted. First,
among those responding to the census, 2.4 per cent of male
breadwinners and 5.8 per cent of female breadwinners did not
state their income class. Whatever uncertainties surround the
accuracy of the recorded figures, comparatively few respondents
failed to answer the question. Second, for purposes of
comparison we treat the term breadwinner as equivalent to
income recipient, as this term is used in contemporary ABS
publications. In doing so, we acknowledge the possible
inaccuracy arising from the exclusion of dependants who receive
an income"
"III Estimating the 1933 Income Distribution  
As mentioned, it was necessary to estimate mean incomes
for the seven income intervals, and this posed particular
problems with the open-ended, highest income class of £260 and
over, and to a lesser extent with the interval that covered the
range of £1 to £52. For the other five (closed interval) income
classes we have simply adopted the mid-point of the range as
the average"
"For the bottom income interval of £1 to £51 Clark and
Crawford assign an estimate of £46.4 for average income (1938,
p. 9). Since the source of their estimate is unpublished, we
sought an independent assessment of this figure. From
information in the census regarding the occupational
composition of those recorded as receiving between £1 and £51,
it was possible, separately for males and females, to allocate
them into five occupational groupings: unemployed; self-
employed; wage and salary earners (full or part time) and
apprentices; pensioners, persons of private means, and persons
engaged in religious and benevolent institutions; and
employers. This provided a set of weights to apply to estimates
of the average income of each group. The weighted average
incomes thus derived for those earning less than £52 were £39
for males, £45 for females and £41 for persons"
"Two approaches were adopted in the estimation of the
average income for those reporting incomes of over £259. The
first was simply to impose a top-tail distribution (we are
dealing with the top 14 per cent of income recipients) drawn
from more complete censuses. This was done using the 1915 war
census and the 1979 income distribution survey data. Insofar as
some secular reduction in inequality was thought to have
occurred over this period, these alternative top-tail
distributions would be expected to produce upper and lower
bound estimates respectively of measures of inequality in 1933"
"The second approach was more direct. In principle it is
possible to adjust national income estimates to obtain a
measure of total personal income of residents consistent with
the census definitions. Subtraction of the estimate of total
income attributable to those earning less than £260
leaves a residual amount which then can be divided by the
number of income recipients recorded in the census as earning
over that amount. In practice the procedure is hazardous. The
most widely accepted and secure national accounts estimates for
1932-33 (Butlin, 1962) have been compiled from the production
rather than the income side. For national income figures
derived by the latter approach it is necessary to turn to the
contemporary estimates of Clark and Crawford (1938, p. 13). No direct
assessment of the reliability of these is possible in the absence of
alternatives; indirect assessment is feasible, however, by comparing other,
production-based national income figures Clark and Crawford arrived at with
those of Butlin"
""
"Our space race  

IT was not a good week in many ways for the National Party. There were more
claims of party cronyism, one allegedly involving a Cabinet minister. There
was also Sir Joh's cousin, Les"
"And towards the end of the week, the Premier's political opponents must
have had a good laugh on first hearing of his plan for a space station on
Cape York. But Sir Joh has long had a reputation for landing on his feet,
and an apparently far-fetched idea appears to have been basically sound"
"One expert says Australia would have an advantage over other nations,
because a satellite-launching base close to the equator would mean larger
payloads. Another described Sir Joh's $93,000 feasibility study as a ""serious""
project"
"But what must have pleased the Premier most is that he beat the Federal
Government to the gun. The day after his announcement came the news that
Canberra was to establish a National Space Board to co-ordinate space
technology activities by Australian companies"
""
"For whom the bell tolls  or, hunting the media snarks By Edwin Morrisby Sixty Seconds  

There is a British television director called Anthony Thomas. He has won
a number of awards and chooses his images brilliantly but seems less concerned
with facts. You will probably remember his Death of a Princess"
"Interviewed about it he said:
  The problem with an ordinary documentary is that people don't say important
  things when the cameras are rolling. Cameras change people and they lose
  their naturalness. By using actors to say the words you end up with a
  more truthful picture"
"Which prompted The Times to devote an editorial to Mr Thomas' views on
this matter. ""It exploited,"" the leader writer stated,
  the atmosphere of mystery and romance with which many aspects of Saudi
  society are surrounded, in order to compile a salacious detective story
  fallaciously presented as fact"
This is not the first time such a thing has happened in British television
"During the 'sixties similar misgivings were expressed in the columns of
The Times about some of Granada's World in Action programs. Has the complaint
now spread to Australia?
  On the night of Sunday July 27th I watched 60 Minutes. One of the segments
was a report by Jeff McMullen on the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster"
After viewing this story I wrote a letter to the program's editor
"I began with the statement that McMullen, by positioning himself on the
parapet of what appeared to be a belvedere and announcing that he was about
to meet a secret informant, had aroused my suspicions. I went on to say
that I had filmed in every Eastern European country (including Albania)
and that I knew from first-hand experience the sorts of restrictions placed
on foreign camera crews. The minders (read KGB or its equivalent) are never
very far away, a point McMullen himself made when talking to two Ukranian
women about the disaster. I said it was very unlikely a visiting fireman
would find an informant. A resident correspondent, perhaps"
"I also queried the location of the alleged interview. I said that, although
the Dnieper was wide at Kiev, it was not so wide as to be boundless. My
guess was that the belvedere was either near Yalta or Sochi on the Black
Sea, something that was reinforced by McMullen closing the story among a
group of Young Pioneers evacuated there from Kiev"
"Where did the mysterious voice-over of the informant come from? (We never
saw him, needless to say.) I suggested it might be the tape of one of those
radio hams in contact with the West at the time of the disaster. Or,
conceivably, it might have been a Russian or Ukranian emigre in Sydney"
"In conclusion I remarked that, if my suspicions were correct, 60 Minutes
had taken some initial steps along a very slippery slope. Two days later
I had a reply from no less a person than Gerald Stone, the Executive Producer"
"Dear Mr Morrisby,
  We note your letter suggesting, in essence, that 60 Minutes went to Actors'
Equity in Sydney to get a voice that we then pretended was a secret Soviet
source. We further note your proof that, in your experience, it would be
unlikely that any secret contact would approach a visiting fireman"
"One good working definition of paranoia is that it takes malicious fantasy
and turns it into reality. Thus, having posed your suspicions that a program
of the stature of 60 Minutes would present to its audience such a blatant
lie, you then go on to condemn us in these terms: `60 Minutes has taken
some steps along a very slippery slope.'
  The only thing that seems to be sliding, in this instance, is your powers
of reasoning. I must admit, though, your memory is still very good - that
structure was on the Black Sea. If you had listened to what McMullen was
saying, instead of concocting silly conspiracy theories, you would have
heard him state clearly that his secret source was from the area between
Kiev and Chernobyl. He further stated quite clearly that our team did not
apply to, and would not have been allowed to, visit that area. McMullen's
commentary placed us firmly in the Black Sea area where, as he stated, many
thousands of Chernobyl-Kiev area residents had been temporarily housed"
"You might be interested to know that Jeff McMullen has had three assignments
inside the Soviet Union and was in a much better position than most `visiting
fireman' to pick up contacts"
"So, next time you feel like creating conspiratorial fantasies, please
leave us out of them"
"Cordially,
  Gerald Stone
  Executive Producer  
Mr Stone doth protest too much, methinks. Fortunately, a friend of mine
taped the program"
"McMullen opens interviewing Adamov of Gosradio in Moscow. He then says:
""But listen to this secret conversation with an ordinary Russian. Was there
great panic in Kiev?""
  The unidentified man says there was. His English is good though Americanised"
"He has a thick but not heavy accent. McMullen goes on to explain that he
and his crew had not been permitted into the area around Chernobyl and adds:
""We were told that about a quarter of a million people from the Chernobyl
area had been evacuated to these Ukranian towns to the south.""
  Pace Gerald Stone, this does not place him ""firmly in the Black Sea area""
though I will admit Odessa lies to the south of Kiev and is both a Ukranian
city and on the Black Sea. The only time McMullen places himself firmly
anywhere is in the closing sequence when he films some children singing
and says: ""This group was evacuated to what they call a Young Pioneers'
Camp on the Black Sea.""
  Now to the bit about the belvedere. McMullen says:
  To get away from the minders and hear uncensored comments, you've got
to find a very safe place. I've had to climb up here to get a chance to
tell you what's really going on. We've had either the KGB or local police
looking over our shoulder every time we tried to speak to Russians in public
about the Chernobyl accident ... One man who lived between the city of Kiev
and the Chernobyl reactor has taken a great risk to meet us secretly to
tell us what he's seen. We won't be showing his face because he's afraid
of the consequences for himself and for his family"
"This happened in the Soviet Union? I am incredulous. Not only would the
authorities prevent a foreign camera crew trying to talk to ordinary Russian
citizens, they would keep that crew under constant surveillance. There are
per capita 43 times as many police of one sort or another in the USSR as
there are in Australia: 43 more pairs of eyes watching every move everyone
makes. And when that crew lugged cameras, tape-recorders and gear up to
a high place overlooking the Black Sea you can be sure those eyes were there"
"It is a pity the cameraman didn't zoom out to a wide shot. You would have
seen them standing somewhere below McMullen but probably out of earshot"
"This still does not solve the problem of where the voice-over of the
secret informant came from. I still stick to my ""conspiratorial fantasies""
but there are a number of people who know the truth - the cameraman, the
sound recordist, the editor among them and, of course, McMullen"
"Does Gerald Stone?

 Bad Weekend  

  There is only one word to describe Anna-Maria Dell'oso's pieces in The
Sydney Morning Herald's Good Weekend magazine and that is twee. I tried
a few others on for size - mawky, gushy, vapid, maudlin, schmaltzy, banal,
prolix, etc. - but someone who calls her companion ""my dearest person"" deserves
twee. It is dated, I admit, but so is Ms Dell'oso's prose"
"Let us look at a few examples:
  ""I decided to go north to the wuthering colds of the Orkney Islands.""
Now there is no such adjective as ""wuthering"". Without doubt she intended
to imply that she was as au fait as the next lady with the Bronte sisters,
though I would have thought members of the Mills & Boon stable more her
mark. Wuthering Heights was set on the moors of the West Riding of Yorkshire"
"While bare and sometimes windy, they are never really cold. Dampness is
their abiding feature"
"In the same article she refers to ""a shabby London winter"". ""Shabby,""
of course, means ""faded from wear or exposure"" and, by extension, ""contemptibly
mean or ungenerous"". Neither sense can be applied to a season. Seasons
are seasons - good, bad, hot, cold, wet, dry - but not faded or ungenerous"
"On another occasion discussing the Chambers-Barlow hangings, she has this
to say: ""a shabby"", (correct usage this time) ""helpless end that demonstrated
to plump middle-class Australia how cheap life is in an Asia which it has
so often exploited for that very reason"". Is that so? Why wasn't I taught
at school about the Australian empire in Asia where coolies and other lesser
breeds were starved or worked to death so that their Australian masters
could amass great wealth and enjoy the good life?
  Later she treats us to some instant philosophy. ""Animals know aggression
but violence is peculiarly human."" Not true. There is such a thing as a
rogue elephant. Not to mention bears with sore heads. A type of walrus is
noted for its violent behaviour. And in the insect kingdom there have been
many instances of what can only be called cruelty by one insect to another
actually filmed"
"And what are we to make of:
  Even around the city streets we are never far from ancestral memories
of the whip and lash, that we are descended from people who never wanted
to be here"
"Speak for yourself, madam. At most perhaps 10% of Australians are of some
convict descent. Seldom during Australia's first fifty years (the major
period of transportation) did the convict population comprise more than
forty per cent of the total. The ancestors of most Australians migrated
here of their own free will. They may, indeed, have not liked what they
saw but they only had themselves to blame. Not overseers"
"Ms Dell'oso can be trendy when it suits her, women's lib. trendy that
is. Writing about learning to ride a bike, she notes that ""I was forced
quickly to balance in the air on pain of a thousand accidental hysterectomies""
and claims that when she fell off, it ""almost induced labour pains"""
"Hysterectomies and labour pains? Well, you can't have one without the other,
to further muddle the metaphor"
"But she is at her best when dipping into purple prose. The bush is ""a
force that blew through the organ pipes of my soul. Jagged edges, glinting
liquids, cold, high and wild - so wild it was ancestral to violence and
impassive to the fur and claw of mammalian fear."" The last two lines are
meaningless as far as I can determine"
"The city, on the other hand, evokes this image: ""as soulful as the crooked
back streets of Newtown on a rainy day"". Soulful they are certainly not"
Mean maybe
Beverley Nicholls rides again
"Yet, in all fairness to Ms Dell'oso her film criticism in The National
Times on Sunday reads much better. More controlled, at times even astringent"
"Some may well see these strictures as a way of using a sledge hammer to
crack a nut, a young (she is only thirty) and defenceless nut. They would
be the gentlemen among us"
But Ms Dell'oso does expose herself to the public each week. And willingly
"Which brings to mind that saying attributed to Harry S. Truman about heat
and kitchens"
"SBS: The Sheltered Workshop  

  In the sheltered workshop known as SBS something approaching panic set
in after the Budget Day announcement that the service was to be merged with
the ABC on January 1st, 1987. It was not so much the prospect of being absorbed
by a larger organisation but rather of having to come face to face with
the fact of professionalism and the lack of it at SBS"
""
"Dante's car park...where fools rush in By Robert Haupt  

I WENT shopping the other day. ""So!"" I hear you exclaim, closely followed
by ""what?"" Well, it is always a change for me. I shop, all right, but I
don't go shopping"
"Somewhere, some time, possibly during my brief, compulsory attendance
at Sunday school, someone implanted in me, as it was implanted in us by
the thousands, that shopping is ... well, dodgy spiritually,
part of the soil of commerce, I suppose, and certainly not to be undertaken
for its own sake. (This idea never took off in America, where shopping and
religion have become intertwined and more genuine reverence may be found
at the mall than at the shrine.)
  So I generally sidle into stores, hope no one is looking and make a purchase
so abrupt that the salesperson goes round-eyed at my certainty. ""Are you
sure you don't want to look at the others?"" they will ask as I demand the
pair of slippers in the window, counting our the money as I talk. It is
a sort of smash-grab where you pay, a giving of money with menaces"
"But this time it was different. This time we were going to do it properly:
in the suburbs, where they know how to go shopping. And it was only a short
drive to the nearest Vast Shopping Centre. You know the VSC, there's probably
one near you. Actually, I'm not sure it isn't all the same one, right down
to the last bar of canned music"
"Only a short drive it was, as I say, to the VSC. Once within its portals,
however, it was a very long drive, oh a long and wearisome drive indeed:
so many kilometres did we cover inside this retail maze that I feared we
would have to stop the car for an oil change"
"When Dante wrote his Inferno, he had only Hell to work with. Imagine what
a terrific work of art he would have come up with had he known of the
multi-level carpark. There, instead of the sinners being arrayed in circles
while the tortures are inflicted on them, they move in endless circles through
a concrete purgatory assailed all the while by unbearable noise, unbreathable
fumes, impossible monotony"
"Through the smoke and gloom, you see the pallid, haunted faces peering
through the foggy windows of Range Rovers, men and women with corrugated
foreheads hunched in their seats"
"The procession would stop from time to time, leaving one staring at a
blank concrete wall or sniffing the exhaust of a machine called Bronco or
Mustang. After an unendurable delay, the crawl would begin again as you
always knew it would: torture without end may not be allowed to finish"
"Each of the countless levels of the multi-storey car-hell is the same
as the others. Occasionally, a glaring sign will go by saying""Liquor Pick-Up""
or ""Ezy-grow Garden Care Centre"" but there's no way of remembering where
you saw them or even, after a while, when"
"It occurs to you that you entered this concrete car-canyon a young man
full of hope. You believed - poor fool - that it was going to be simple:
drive in, stop; get out, shop"
"Ah, folly! The VSC doesn't want clear-eyed, un-disoriented people as its
shoppers. It has no use for people just in off the street. It wants you
the way it gets you: broken by noise, smell, delay, anxiety, boredom and
all that circling"
"When it gets you after such a torture, it knows it has got you. Just as
a victim of brainwashing must be given a new identity to cling to after
his old one has been broken down, so the VSC inserts its ersatz reality
into minds made blank by half an hour (or was it half a lifetime?) in Dante's
Car Park"
"And what a world it is, retail! Lights, mirrors, lights in mirrors, mirrored 
reflections of lights in mirrors, all is dazzle and glitter after the sensory 
deprivation of Dantes. Vistas sweep; paths beckon; cash registers go pip, pap, 
barp against the engulfing flow of Music to Buy By. You hear a man demand, ""I 
know it is a copy but is it a real copy?"" and you begin to wonder whether the 
chintz is fake"
"Is it by accident with the VSC that the contrast is so great between outside
and within? Or is it cleverly, even fiendishly, designed to make the real
outside seem grim so that the tawdry inside seems glam? The owners of VSCs
would no doubt say that all they do is concentrate their resources on the
point of sale but if that were really true wouldn't they provide that most
useful, most scarce resource of all - the sales assistant who knows something
about the goods on sale?
  And who are the owners of these mausoleums of merchandise, anyway? It's
always a consortium of companies with names like Selvac and Martran with
interlocking directorships and branch offices in the Cayman Islands. The
principals are as hard to find as their principles are easy to understand"
"Principle No. 1: don't give 'em what they want, make 'em want what you've
got to give 'em"
"Principle No. 2: when in doubt, install more mirrors"
"Principle No. 3: who needs more than two principles?
  While they go off to coffee in their Rollses, we load the fruits of this
Age of Wonders - the finest commodities Taiwan can offer - into our Holdens
and bring them home, where they never quite look the same. 
  Why is it, after going shopping, I feel like taking a bath?"
"Brother Bill By Geoffrey Bingham  

WHEN it comes to birds I am quite helpless, and, as my wife
says, `Hopeless.' This condition has been mine since I was a
small boy. I had a brother - Francis - who built a large aviary,
and kept birds. They were budgies and finches and made quite
a noise. It is this noise which planted itself in my strongly
associative mind and memory, and I grow a bit weak when I hear
the cries and chatterings and whistlings which issue from any
aviary. In fact, any conversation I am having, or any
rumination visiting me, is ignored whilst I peer and stare
towards the centre of bird cries"
"From time to time, the obsession has come upon me. I think I
am due for the blue ribbon for having built aviaries in so many
places, not only in this vast continent, but also overseas. On
top of this, I have dreamed wildly of the vast and lofty
aviaries I could build, even ones in which forty-foot high
trees are covered with bird-wire, and domestic birds lived as
though in the wild"
"Generally I am too shy to talk about these things, but an event
has happened in my life which impels me to break bird-silence
and tell the story. With this is a bit of softness that comes
to you when you are moving towards seventy years - in terms of
age. I notice older people become almost maudlin about 
gardens - flowers, shrubs and vegetables. They also show 
signs of softness in the head or brain about pets. Dogs 
suddenly become precious to them, cats become indispensable, 
and even fish become little individuals all on their own. 
Especially, however, parrots and other birds assume
significant identities"
"If you think about it, older folk either revert to their
childhood affections, or they become childish in a way that
children are childish. That is about the sum of the matter"
"I sometimes assure myself that if the bird that flew in -
willy-nilly - had not been Bill, then I would not have
succumbed to so much parrot interest, or, as my wife would
say, `Obsession.' But then Bill was - and is - a long-billed
corella. To be precise, he is Cacatua Tenuirostris. I have
learned a lot about LBCs in my bird books, but nothing which
would have prepared me for the advent of Bill himself"
"At this point, I suppose I ought to describe to you what a
long-billed corella looks like. The good (modern) book on
parrots says that he is .375 metres in length, including his
130 mm tail. He is a reasonably large white parrot who is
sometimes called a white cockatoo. He does not have a yellow
crest like the sulphur-crested cockatoo, but he does have
yellow under his wings. He has orange scarlet around his eyes,
across his forehead and on the foreneck, which gives him the
appearance of having had his throat cut a bit. He has large
grey eye-rings. His eyes are most unusual. Brown in colour,
they fix you with their stare. No other parrot has quite the
same look. It is that superior look, almost of hauteur, which
tells you he knows all about you. Such is a regular long-
billed corella"
"I heard this harsh cry, and when I looked up, a fierce pair of
our territory magpies were hurling themselves at the white
offender. They knew Bill had no right in our six acres of
bushland. Not only had they pegged out their territory, but
they knew that LBCs do not normally inhabit the Adelaide Hills"
"Parrots in plenty do that, parrots such as Adelaide rosellas,
green grass parrots, and even - from time to time - little
corellas, who are related to the long-billed variety of the same
name"
"So they were attacking Bill, and he was warning them off with
harsh parrot cries. Because of this they were a trifle wary"
"One thing they did do, and that was let him alight on the
gutter of our two-storey house. That was when I saw him
- against the light and the sky of a summer mid-morning. It
was the way he cocked his head on one side, and looked down at
me - gamin-like - that entranced me. I immediately wanted to
know Bill. I called him `Bill' in my mind"
"`Pretty cocky,' I said, and if parrots can be scornful, he was,
at that stupid statement. Anyone knows a long-billed corella
is not pretty. He might be called `handsome' (though I doubt
it), but he is not pretty. He is - well, he is just a
long-billed corella, the tough guy and gamin of all the parrot
species"
"Nobody had warned me against Bill's ilk. Later I heard of a man
who possessed such a parrot, and it chattered away day-long,
had a great dialogue and repertoire, plus a whole stack of
antics, and this man became deeply attached to his bird. In
fact - if I have the matter correctly - he built a business
around that feathered friend, and the business was a pet shop,
mainly featuring birds. The bird was famous, and the shop-owner
lived in the reflection of its glory. One night a covetous
fanatic broke in through the plate-glass window and stole the
bird, and the man gave up his business. He even offered to buy
back his own bird, but - no response. Somewhere, at this very
moment, there is an idolatrous possessor of the stolen bird,
whose eyes are glued to the parrot in its cage, and who is
babbling away like a buffoon, so caught is he in his LBC
addiction. I myself am warned by this event, and by no means 
will give you my home address or even my phone number, for 
fear you or someone else will steal my beloved Bill"
"To get back to the gutter: Bill was cocking his eye down at
me, so I rushed off and hastily gathered up budgie seed and a
few spare crusts. Then I laid these out in inviting fashion
below. His eyesight was telescopic, and to my enormous relief
he flew down, and stood staring at me from a distance. I had
to back away some metres before he would come to the food. When
I did, he walked cautiously, and with a certain amount of
birdly hauteur, towards the grain and crusts. He thought the
whole matter through, after which he scattered the seed in a
lordly sort of way and took up a crust"
"That should have told me that he was a domesticated parrot,
but then I knew little about parrots. When I was a boy my Irish
grandfather kept parrots - large exotic birds like giant
macaws - and they were so large and I was so small, that I have
always had an awe of such creatures. Bill, of course, was not
overly large, but there was just something about him, and I
watched with fascination"
"After a time, he took a crust up to the roof guttering. He
stripped it into pieces. Some he ate, some he dropped. I could
only look at him helplessly, and after a time I decided I had
better get back to my vegetable gardening"
"Now that was just what the LBC wanted of me. He followed me
to the garden. To my trembling delight he even followed me
along the rows where I was planting seed. When I went into my
summer house (that is, my plastic-covered igloo, my hot-house),
he had the curiosity and temerity to try to see what I was
doing. LBCs are like that, I have discovered. They have an
insatiable curiosity, and this is about the only thing they
have which can prove their undoing. Curiosity can catch a
parrot!
  I would be lying if I said I caught him, there and then, in
the hot-house. Oh, no! It took more than a day, I can tell
you. In fact, I was near heart-failure more times than I care
to tell. One cause of that was that my plastic-covered
hot-house igloo is a delicate thing, and just one parrot with
a sharp, long and pointed upper mandible such as Bill possesses, 
could do dreadful havoc in a little time. When he would alight 
on to the hot-house I would go hot and cold. Just a claw or two 
through that plastic sheeting would be enough to make `Kaput!'
  Strangely enough, no damage was done. But Bill loved to forage
in my vegetable garden. He liked carrots, or, rather, rooting
them up. Later I learned that his bill was not overgrown - I
was going to take him to a vet to have it cut down! - but that
he had been given that bill to dig up yams and roots. Well,
he was doing that"
"Most of all, he liked strawberries. Ah! Strawberries! When he
was not doing wild flights across the hills, giving his strange
harsh cry and irritating magpies galore, he would be seated
high on the hot-house, staring down at the strawberries"
"Strangely enough, he did not eat them. But when I began picking
them, he did the closest thing to scrounging that I have known
a bird to do. He would cock his eyes at the strawberries, give
me a look in a gleaming eye, and almost say, `What about a few
strawberries, mate?'
  One day I was in the hot-house, planting out young tomato
seedlings. Curious Bill made his way to the door-opening and
poked his head inside. He waddled in, swaggering slightly, and
began systematically to either snip off the seedlings at earth
level or yank them from the soil. Indignation stirred in me"
"Then I had an idea. I picked a half-punnet of strawberries. I
strewed them around halfway down the hot-house. I beat a
retreat and closed the eastern door behind me. The western
door, of course, was open. I watched Bill"
"Sure enough, his passion for strawberries overcame his
psittaciformian caution, and he began eating them. I crept
westwards slyly and slowly, and shut the door. I then went for
my big net and a small cage. I guess I trembled a bit as I
approached him, and he, for his part, seemed surprised. It was
a quick operation, and in a flash I had secured Cacatua
Tenuirostris. I savoured that triumph with unholy delight"
"Capturing a threat to your strawberries and your plastic hot-
house may seem a small matter, but let me tell you it wasn't"
"There were phone calls to and from the National Parks and
Wildlife people. We chatted long over the phone about Bill, his
threat to our property, and the fact that he was a domesticated
creature. Finally I was issued with a Rescue Permit, and Bill
was validly mine. He was mine under legal permit and licence"
"He, of course, knew nothing about this"
"Strangely enough, he did not seem to resent the new cage. In
fact, it was as though he was relieved to be in captivity. Not
that he did not try to undo the catch and little things like
that. He was always busy looking over his cage, but he settled
in. It soon became clear that Bill was a domesticated bird"
"Whilst my awe of parrots continued, he took the thing rather
nonchalantly and entertained me and the team of men and women
we have at our place. He could spring, jump, walk and waddle"
"He could even do a sort of nodding walk in which his body would
go forward whilst he did a kind of slow march. It was most
ceremonious, and, from what I could gather, was a form of
skiting. He loved it, and so did we. But it was his talking
repertoire that would get us in fits of laughter"
"He talked only when it suited him. It was a kind of ruminative
chatting away to himself"
""
"An infinitely funny guide for the faithful, the fallen
and everyone in-between. By Gabrielle Lord, Mary Jane Frances, Carolina Meara, Jeffrey Allen, Joseph
Stone, Maureen Anne Teresa Kelly, Richard Glen, Michael Door CATHOLICS AND PUBLICS  

Publics are unfortunate children who have not been given the gift of the
Faith. It is hard to say whether or not they are at fault, or whether they
are simply victims of the crass ignorance of their parents. They are more
to be pitied, really. They are rude and swear at their teachers, and attend
State schools. Occasionally, a public becomes an honorary Catholic and
is permitted to attend a Catholic school. This is often the case with Jewish
children (who are never real publics in the true meaning of the word anyway)
and Greek or Russian Orthodox children. Sometimes the parent of a public,
alarmed at the recent attempted murders at the State school, will enrol
their child, but as a general rule of thumb, publics attend public schools"
"In an attempt to emulate the Catholic school system, certain publics got
together and formed the GPS schools. Sometimes they win the Head of the
River and they have been known to do quite well in other areas of sport"
"But they are hopeless at handball and this is why the great GPS sporting
events always omit this difficult Catholic sport. One of the ways to tell
an old Catholic schoolboy is to look at his wrists. Old scar tissue there
indicates eleven years of handball. 
  Female publics chew gum in public and wear very short tunics. They pull
their belts in far too tight and have long red nails. Catholic school girls
should remember that there is always an Old Girl on the train ready to report
them if they should ever display these characteristics. This is why a change
in the school uniform is always so welcome. That cranky woman in the corner
of the carriage might well have been the head of a convent school in '36
but if the uniforms have changed twenty-seven times since then you're
reasonably safe. Some publics become very rich and then they often tempt
Catholic girls to marry them. To avoid this sort of thing, it is best that
you keep right out of their way, otherwise you might end up in a family
with a Mixed Marriage"
"TIPS FOR CATHOLIC SCHOOL-LEAVERS  

After you leave school, you may hear of something called the Reformation"
"Be on the safe side and ask a priest about it. Basically, it came about
because of the rebel and heretic, Martin Luther, and the sins of Henry the
Eighth against the Sixth and Ninth commandments. This is why Catholics
have the Pope and why the Pope doesn't even have one wife. Any questions
you might have concerning history, philosophy or science should always be
discussed with a Catholic adviser. Similar prudence should be used if you
ever see a Bible"
"When forced to take secular, external Exams:

‚2 Always refer to Catholics as ""Papists"" or ""Roman Catholics"" not ""we""
  or ""us"""
"‚2 Call the Pope ""the Pope"" and not ""Our Holy Father"""
"‚2 Refer to the English, the Dutch, the Germans, etc. as ""the English"", ""the
  Dutch"" and ""the Germans"", etc. Do not lump them all together as ""the
  heretics"" or ""the Protestant forces"""
"‚2 Protestants will often try to embarrass innocent Catholics by bringing
  up the matter of the Inquisition. Do not be alarmed. Allude to Marx and
  the necessity for a thorough going-over of an institution every once in
  a while. (It's quite okay to do this; you are permitted to use one enemy
  to confound another.)

‚2 Remember to use your initial only if your first name is Kilian, Polycarp
  or Aquina"
"‚2 Do not write ""Ad majorem gloriam Dei"" across the top of every page. God
  will understand"
"‚2 Pray to St Jude, hope of the hopeless, if there is a heavy weighting given
  to the topic of the Reformation or the Inquisition on the exam paper"
"A novena beforehand should have prevented this from happening in the first
  place"
"NUNS  

Tiny First Graders dressed in tunics and regulation white shirts have little
idea of what they are getting into. Known to terrify even the bravest child,
from day one nuns are a complete mystery. Some even have men's names. But
they are a fact of life for children of the cloth"
"Nuns practised behaviour modification ages before it became trendy. Quickly,
Sister's students learned to follow her instructions, and thus the path
to Heaven, on threats of swats from the ruler for so much as a sideways
glance. The good nuns, who jingled their rosary beads to let you know they
were coming back into the classroom so they wouldn't catch you misbehaving,
were few and far between"
"Early in the school year, good girls and boys learn that God or Sister,
or both, is always watching, so they do what they're told and nothing else"
"They quickly learn it is a venial sin to draw a picture of Sister Gabriella
with her eyes crossed. Minor infractions such as these can be cleared up
with a visit to the confessional, a good Act of Contrition, and collecting
more money for Black Babies than anyone else in the class. The prize, a
little Pellegrini madonna, is a bonus"
"THE SPIRITUAL BOUQUET  

What is a Spiritual Bouquet? A Spiritual Bouquet is a transferable gift-voucher
of a spiritual nature, made up of masses, prayers, rosaries and other works
of devotion. The benefits accrued by these pious activities are automatically
transferred to the recipient of the Spiritual Bouquet in much the same
manner as the piles of gold ingots are moved around Fort Knox, from one
country's pile to another's during international monetary transactions"
"But the treasures are infinitely more valuable than mere metal and the
Spiritual Bouquet makes a good, inexpensive gift if you've spent all your
pocket money on fun parlours or cigarettes. A typical Spiritual Bouquet
might be as follows:
   For your intentions, I have offered up 3876 ejaculations (aspirations) 562 Hail Marys 746 Glory be's 198 Our Fathers 74 rosaries 69 masses  

  Ejaculations are short prayers such as ""Jesus, Mary and Joseph"". They are
often known as aspirations and this means the same thing. When you add up
all the indulgences that these prayers attract, you'll realise that what
you're giving the recipient is an early release from Purgatory similar to
the government's early release plans for model prisoners. The invoking of
the Holy Name alone is worth three hundred days. Try remembering this next
time you have a severe fright. That way, instead of being guilty of blasphemy,
you can add another three hundred days to your time out of Purgatory"
"When you have tallied up all the devotions, it is usual to make a pretty
little card decorated with drawings of angels, lilies and other heavenly
motifs. Roses are also very popular. You should have the boxed set of Derwent
coloured pencils for this exercise, with gold and silver coloured pencils
for the angels' halos and the dewdrops on the heavenly flowers. Lakeland
colours will do at a pinch. A generous Spiritual Bouquet given to an aunt
for Christmas can often result in the desired boxed Derwent set next year"
"While we're on the subject of indulgences, let's clear up two troublesome
misconceptions that cause confusion for Catholics and non-Catholics alike,
and having done so, they can be completely forgotten, as they both invariably
are. First, indulgences. A three hundred day's indulgence does not refer
to time off a sentence to Purgatory. What it amounts to, is this: A long
time ago, the fathers of the Church, concerned at the number of wailing
penitents crawling up the steps of Chartres Cathedral on their knees and
beating themselves with whips (the usual sort of penance after Confession
in those days) decided to improve traffic flow here and at other religious
centres. (Kids have it easy these days. Just imagine having do do one of
the old sorts of penance instead of a few quick prayers. Your mother would
know what you'd been up to if you had to stand in the Devonshire tunnel
for a year and collect alms.) So what the Church fathers did was to make
up a standard, not unlike the gold standard briefly referred to above. Instead
of, say, begging outside an inn for a year, they worked out that certain
prayers were the spiritual equivalent of such a penance. This cleared
congestion around cathedrals and inns and probably reduced the number of
beggars around in earlier times. No doubt, too, it improved the economy
as men and women were able to stay in the workforce instead of travelling
to the Holy Land on their hands and knees. The problem with this change
was that no one really believed that a single rosary was the spiritual
equivalent of a real, old-fashioned penance, such as scourging yourself
for three years at the cross roads, and so this ""time off Purgatory"" confusion
has persisted"
The other troublesome misconception refers to the Immaculate Conception
"This does not, as is widely believed, refer to the conception of Jesus,
but to the Blessed Virgin's unique status as the only human conceived without
Original Sin on her soul. This is all explained quite clearly in the Green
Catechism as a ""singular privilege"" and in no way establishes a precedent
just because your name is Mary or you see an angel. These two important
facts should be forgotten as soon as possible as they are by good Catholics
everywhere"
"FIRST HOLY COMMUNION  

Nuns tell you it's the happiest day of your life. Parents beam at you proudly,
momentarily forgetting that you broke the lamp playing indoor basketball
last week. Greeting cards, often containing money, arrive in the mail for
you. 
  The cause of all the merriment? Your First Holy Communion"
"Heart, soul and body have undergone intense preparation for this sacred
event. For weeks, catechism class has consisted of pre-Communion drills,
to the extent that you can pronounce ""transubstantiation"" and almost
understand what it means. Father has been visiting your Third Grade classroom,
simulating what will happen on The Big Day. As each name is called, a child
walks slowly up to the front of the classroom, hands praying reverently,
fingertip to fingertip, and head bowed slightly. Then Father places an
unconsecrated host on the child's outstretched tongue. After a brief pause
and thoughtful Sign of the Cross, the recipient shuffles back to her seat"
"By the day the Day of Days arrives, your class is well rehearsed, yet
someone always faints or vomits because of all the excitement. Parents act
understandingly, but they're usually annoyed because they've gone to all
the trouble of dressing you up. Girls look like little brides of Christ
outfitted in pristine dresses and veils, clutching shiny new rosaries, prayer
books and pocketbooks. Little boys in white suits look like page boys at
a wedding. In the eyes of teachers, parents and relatives, however, on their
First Communion Day, all little boys and girls are angels"
"DO-IT-YOURSELF PLAY MASS KIT  

Catholic children, like any others, need diversions on rainy days. There
is no better way to keep youngsters amused, while at the same time instilling
traditional Catholic values, than by playing Mass. Parents should not be
concerned that Play Mass is sacrilegious. Thousands of priests started out
this way"
"MATERIALS NEEDED FOR PLAY MASS  

Bath towels (St Mark's brand preferred) become colourful priestly vestments"
"Usually, the eldest male child plays the priest. He wraps a bath towel around
his waist and drapes another over his back, securing it in front with a
big safety pin. Younger siblings, male or female, attend as altar boys"
"They may also wear towels, although this is optional"
"A card table is easily transformed into the altar. Cover with a sheet
and decorate with Sick-Visit crucifix set, a Missal, and salad-dressing
cruets"
A shoe box covered with a hand towel makes a fine tabernacle
""
"By Marion Campbell I  
It's an odd sort of sentimentality that makes Billie use the
gas lamp in here. There's a cable connecting the house up to
the electricity. The pool of light isolates them, over the
board. Harry is reading, Lydia says, yet leaves me to the
penumbra. Looks like a seance going on. Billie, studying the
tiles, works away at her jaw. The movement makes the pinned-
back zebra tuft of hair jump. Odd departures: holidays for her
are a break with the taste codes more than anything, the rules
she sets herself in the city. She leaves behind all that
infrastructure of corsets and things and lets the massive
breasts have their way under the windcheater to an
indeterminate point of fusion with the belly. She leaves the
old butchers' and real estate agents' calendars on their nails,
hasn't bothered replacing the lumpy velveteen furniture, this
sofa with its embossed orange triangles and nebulae of
sparkles, springs popping through in places. Lydia sighs,
rattles the ice in her scotch. Juvenated by the soft light"
Gaze! Billie says between her teeth
Lydia has put down gaze. The curve of her cheek relaxes a bit
"The high seriousness of it. That's where we've always had
problems: the emotion she spends over little things"
"The immense effort she made that day, all soap-lathered in the
shower, to rescue an albino cricket that had been mishatched
in the drain. When do they get their colour? Does the sun bring
the pigment out? She got herself into a frenzy, skidding on the
soap, covering the poor bugger, as Billie would say, with
lather. If it had had the heart, she would have applied
artificial respiration there and then. What do they use to
breathe? Apertures? Little holes in the abdomen? What kind of
fluid transport for food? Kind of clear liquid when you squash
them. Liquid: good way of adding to someone's quid in that
game. But is quid slang? These two don't allow slang. Gaze, she
put. Always fancied crossing eye myself. The Y on a triple
letter:

That'd be, say, one plus three times four plus one, that's
fourteen twice, that's twenty-eight. Trouble is though, the
single player can't do it, can't go in two directions at once"
"Just the two of them, night after night, at the Scrabble. Harry
would rather read, Lydia says"
Would Harry? Does Harry? Billie asks
"I think he's dozed off already, Lydia says"
What can I do but doze off when they leave me without light
"Look at that: the small flat spread of my thighs. Were they
ever ... And then this old baggage. Lydia never said
anything, but for how long now has it been? Five, ten years,
more, that she has been buying these formless trousers with the
low crutch. Harry Grogan spreads his toes: see his pale old
horny nails"
"Ageing, it's got her too of course. Except in that glow,
there's the peachy down on the cheek as reminder. Still that
same nervous quiver in the lip she had that first day. Lipstick
sometimes gets canalised in the fine cracks running up. No use
saying anything, though. First time I walked in on her
plastering herself with night creams, she gave a little
screech. I said, come on, Lyd, a face with a couple of lines
is more interesting, more touching. A face that has lived,
felt"
"Withered and sagged, she hissed"
"She took it that I was triumphing in her catching up on our
fifteen-year difference. If I said: Your face brings out a kind
of sorrowful tenderness in me, she'd take it that the old man
is just trying to wheedle something out of her. Her old
cornflower blue eyes with that touch of real violet, they still
have the occasional flash. No, not a flash: a sudden flooding
glow"
"I didn't consciously go for the opposite in Bess. But there it
was: Bess all olive, with the scattering of small black freckles 
over the nose. Sinewy where Bess was softness. Hint of a moustache 
I saw that day on the ferry. Her rousing bitter wit. Something 
like savagery at times. Harry Grogan was just an excursion for 
her, anyhow. Harry she said, there's something almost immoral in 
your placidity, your British control. Something Lydia has never 
done, attacked my Englishness. Lydia with her poodle perm peroxide 
and the Australian wrinkles I know are there, at the back of her 
neck. The bowed nape calls out for touch. There is a tacit taboo 
against my wandering over to take a peek at their letters. Perhaps 
that's what's in this game for them: the tracing and crossing of 
little stories they won't tell out loud. Or they can't tell. 
Hinting through the grid their female unsayable"
"Lloyd's muzzle is quivering, he lets out a groan. He shrinks
and ripples his skin: it's the irritation of the salt. My
bringing old Lloydie slightly resented. Nothing said of course"
"But Lydia has Ratsel on her lap. That's all right but that dog
of yours smells, Harry. Burmese travel well, she keeps on
insisting. Despite the operatic yowl he maintained through the
ninety minute trip here. Billie asks: What is it between you
two and your pets?
  They relieve us of unnecessary talk, Lydia says"
"True, she makes little speeches about men to Ratsel, who's a
bloke anyhow, for God's sake. But she felt bound to sterilise
him, poor bastard"
"Ratsel, she says, you'd think an eighty-year-old man would have
at least learnt to carry his cornflake bowl to the sink,
wouldn't you?
  And I fall into the game too: Old Lloydie, I say, let's take
a walk, take a break from these fusspot women"
"There she is, anyhow, applying her palm to the sleek elastic
body of her beloved castrato"
"Five, Billie is saying. That's a double letter, that's eight
and one, that's nine and four and one, that's oh dear, that's
pretty poor isn't it, that's fourteen"
"Don't worry, Lydia says. I don't think I can do anything much"
"Oh, wait, wait. It might just ... Dreiundzwanzig dreimal,
... Das macht neunundsechzig, she murmurs"
"That's how they catch spies out - now who told me that? -
they get them to count. Not many, even amongst the best
linguists, who can count in an automatic way in a foreign
language"
"Gazeboes, Billie says, my God, on the triple too. That's what,
that's sixty-nine. Harry, Harry, Lydia has gazeboes on the
triple word score!
  Five gazeboes, Lydia laughs. She gives Ratsel a long deep caress
this time"
"That house with the gazebo in East Fremantle is going for
three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, Billie says. Did you
see that? Seems the first owner stuck it on for her cigar
smoking husband"
"He probably planned it all. Probably took up cigars so she'd
have to give him his own space. Could tell them about the bloke
on the Costa Brava who built seven gazeboes onto his place, one
hexagonal turret for each of his daughters. In that case for
display? Seven daughters embroidering their complaints through
the latticed stars, dark limbs aglow. Lydia catches my look:
what has she meshed into? Or does she just want my accolade
for her tour de force?

Silly songs Bess improvised. Her laughter gypsy warm. Inside
the gazebo at South Beach, she stretched out in a lewdly
seductive pose:

  Honey just when you think you're spying on them 
  you find your bodies form a harem 
  inside it .."
"I've got it here, that's what Lydia doesn't know. The postcard
inside the Anna Karenina: the Turkish Bath as only memento. Lydia 
is not such a psychic that she could see a connection in that. Keep
it more for its negative charge anyhow. Bess said she'd never
seen anything so repulsive. The painter she most hated, she
said, when I admitted my fascination. Especially his Turkish
Bath. It's not just cold, she said, it's arctic. It's an arctic
celebration of voyeurism, and you like that, Harry! Look at
that, that's how he sees women. Bess's exaggerations. Harry,
she said, it's pornography, all the more creepy because it's
so controlled. Nasty poreless, hairless, satin bodies submitted
to the demands of so-called Neoclassicism: balance. Taming
grids. And you like that, Henry Grogan!

Perhaps, perhaps there was something of that, but there's more
to the picture. As you stare, it's the three dark bodies that
come alive. And the dark recesses, the false exits, arresting
your gaze. Bess, Bess, never did unlock your secret. Bess, the
landlord's daughter tying a dark red loveknot in her long black
hair. Stock Road unribboning to her. But it had to be always
in the glare of the afternoon. Catching my breath on the bare
porch of her ugly little house in Palmyra. Bess who mocked me
for slavishly entering ticks for present and a's for absent in
my register. Bess, I said, it's your larrikin mentality that
is deviant, not my observation of a few rules. The way you cook
marks is downright dishonest. Bess: too much of an inveterate
actress or exhibitionist to keep discipline. Kids need a
certain predictability, consistency, and she was never that,
consistent. Her classes always riotous. Doubt if the kids ever
picked anything up from her lessons, but a certain fascination
for her unaustralian animation might have lingered. I would
find her leaping around, darkly flushed, picking up Plasticine
and paper projectiles from the classroom floor after school"
"Once she lost her whole class to the lavatory block. They had
made their exits, one after the other, all miming desperately
overburdened bladders"
"Harry's back in his Tolstoy, Lydia says"
"Harry is not. Harry is rereading Bess through Ingres. Her
surplus of energy diminishing mine. Harry's just all talk, she
jibed later in the staffroom. Henry's into the History of Crime
and Punishment: so she introduced me to the other guests at the
Rottnest Lodge"
"And Bess is into Histrionics, I said"
"But later, she was unable to give way to her normal sexual
exuberance. In the cell where they had locked away mainland
Aboriginals. And later, after 1907, wanton or homeless boys of
any race. She peopled the little room with tortured bodies,
unable to accept my white flesh intact. This time, the failure
was hers. The last time. And the texture of the moth-eaten
candlewick spread, I can still find its sad grooves and ridges
under my fingertips. Finally we fell into an uneasy sleep in
our disunited cots. The next morning, Bess had a terrible
darkness under her eyes"
Might as well shuffle off now. They're set to play for ever
"Lydia puts off sleep until later each night. She doesn't sleep
and claims that as a kind of virtue. Against my fondness for
siestas. Unnecessary siesta sleep breeds the best dreams"
"Lloydie bows in a prolonged stretch, yawns. He tags along"
"II  
Look at that: his hip humped against where I am meant to lie"
"The sheet drawn up to his side. What is it now? Close on twenty
years that we've had our separate beds, ten that we've been in
separate rooms. He never got used to eiderdowns. Nor Ratsel"
"The sea's suspenseful crashing in this room full of breath, dog
breath and his shallower kind. Window white, blue white and
then darkened, whitening again: the lighthouse beam. He holds
his face pouched to the cushion and the mulberry mapping of the
capillaries laces the retina after the beam has gone. These
distances he establishes. Diese endliche Ferne. Although Billie
knows it, we didn't play in German. But I could have used
ferns. Ferns on the forest bed in that sifted light. Not this
sweeping alternation. Das brausende Getose des Seegangs says
it better for these rhythms, for the push, the big push, the
hush and then the stifled roar again, with the light curtain
lifting. If I had this place, I'd have no curtains, only the
shape of dunes shouldering the house, the rhythm of those and
the light"
""
"Bored Mulray will quit morning radio  

  CHEEKY morning radio announcer Doug Mulray has quit 2MMM - and he's planning
to join the ranks of the unemployed"
Mulray will leave in five weeks when the current radio rating survey ends
"Mulray said he is leaving ""because I'm tired of being a breakfast radio
announcer after seven years"""
"""I want a job where I get home at 4 o'clock in the morning instead of
having to get up at 4 o'clock in the morning,"" he said"
"Mulray says he is going on an extended holiday and when he returns he will
start looking for a new job"
""
"The star of Crows Nest  

For real eating pleasure, it would be hard to better Athens Star: Greek and 
seafood restaurant of Crows Nest. 
  The atmosphere is friendly and happy - thanks to owner Archie Mitsios and 
his staff - the decor cosy and charming, the food a delight"
"Specialty of the house is a Greek banquet - $16 pp for groups of four-10, 
$15 pp for bigger parties - that includes lots of delicious starters,  main 
courses of moussaka, calamari, dolmades and souvlaki, four different desserts 
and coffee"
Upstairs is a big party room for groups of 30-150
"For a special event, the chef will make a cake, free!
  We dined in great comfort by the light of Tiffany lampshades. Laughter and 
happy conversation helped make our meal memorable"
"On the comprehensive menu, entrees are around $3.50 (Greek style) and $6 
(seafood  vinaigrette, garlic prawns, saganaki prawns, calamari, etc)"
"Greek lamb dishes are $7, veal and beef $8 - $9.  
  A magnificent seafood platter (for two) is $27.80 and the delicious Athens 
combination, $8.60"
"Seafood is around $8.50 (lobster extra) while pasta, stuffed capsicums, 
zucchini and others are from $6"
"Melt-in-the-mouth house special - the lamb dish exohiko - is $8.50 and a 
traditional moussaka, $6.50"
"Athens Star (65 Alexander St, Crows Nest) is licensed with cocktail bar.  
Lunch is Mon-Fri, dinner Mon-Sat.  Book on 439 4734."
"Macbeth to music  

SHAKESPEARE'S play Macbeth has been transformed into a very funny musical
by pupils of the Jamboree Heights Primary School"
"King Macbee and The Walking Tree was only supposed to be shown once, but
it proved such a hit with audiences at the weekend that another performance
could be just around the corner"
"The adaptation was written by Bruce Clark and produced by the children,
with the help of five Year Seven teachers who also directed the play"
"""The children have had so much fun preparing for the production, making
the props and the scenery. Mothers helped make the costumes,"" teacher Muriel
Johnson said yesterday"
""
"Custodian gets land title  

  Federal Aboriginal Affairs Minister, Mr Clyde Holding, arrived in Darwin
unannounced yesterday and handed over title for the most contentious land
parcel in Kakadu National Park"
"Traditional Bunitj custodian, Mr Bill Neidjie, a patient in Royal Darwin
Hospital, accepted the Aboriginal land title to the Jabiluka National Land
Trust"
"Mr Holding said his sudden decision was based on compassionate grounds
after ""Big Bill"" was admitted to hospital on Friday with pneumonia"
"""This is a serious condition for a person his age and circumstances,""
Mr Holding said"
"""And I felt obliged to ensure the early delivery of the title for which
he and his people had waited so long.""
  Aboriginal title for the mineral-rich area of about 400 km2 or 7 per cent
of Kakadu National Park stage 2, was first recommended under the South
Alligator River stage 2 land claim on July 3, 1981"
"Mr Holding said in making his decision he had taken into account recent
submissions from the NT Government and mining giant Peko EZ"
"The area, including the multi-million dollar Ranger 68 deposit, was the
subject of legal action since the minister indicated his intention to grant
the remaining land in 1983"
"The NT Government sought an injunction last month to prevent the minister
recommending the grant to the Governor-General, Sir Ninian Stephen"
"Mr Holding revoked his decision and gave the NT Government and Peko EZ
further opportunity to make submissions"
"Surprised
  ""I received these submissions and considered them closely along with
other relevant material,"" Mr Holding said"
"Mr Holding claimed the granting of title was not related to the Federal
Government's decision to ban mining in Kakadu National Park stages 1 and
2"
"Mr Holding's visit surprised the Northern Land Council, the NT Government,
and the Darwin-based National Media Liaison Unit which did not know his
intentions until after 6pm yesterday"
""
"A sort of grace in acqua profunda - the fiction of Helen Garner By Jane Cotter  

It seems Helen Garner can't miss. Her success began in 1977 with Monkey
Grip, the novel of soft fucking and heroin addiction, love and subcultural
angst"
"Monkey Grip got the National Book Council Award. It hailed as a consciousness
raiser, praised for its authenticity. It shocked, it depressed, it bored,
it gripped, it was made into a film. Three stylish and relevant nouvelle
followed: the flow of superlatives from reviewers (""bewitching shape and
gleaming surface"") became a flood"
"Postcards is her latest, stories with the expected high polish and dead
accuracy, more experiments in relevance. Garner continues highly articulate"
"She speaks for emotional shapes and corners of her generation (roughly 30-45
now) - mainly urban, postfeminist, multicultural - which hankers for
articulation of itself. Garner fans buy her books as a matter of course,
and those who can't stand her work buy it anyway in case they miss something"
"She's been accused of transcribing, copying merely, the more flamboyant
or depressing habits of her generation; and she is thanked for the insights
into them. Most importantly, her style, with its pungent details and resonant
spaces, is sure; capable of sustaining itself under fire, or the dangers
of cultism; and promises further development. Be it noted that she is right
up with White when it comes to tea leaves and rancid fat: and no-one does
a better dunny"
"Her characters know their way round the furniture of their ideologies,
their suburban culture and its various alternatives (whether dope and colonic
irrigation, or Mozart and dogs in the kitchen). Such competence does not
protect, however, against moments of change. Anyone can drown in the deep
water, suffer changing relationships, loss, ideological confusion. Garner's
writing reflects - and perhaps is also a symptom of - a consistent personal
and cultural anxiety. It shows people in hard sexual worlds, unbearable
worlds with junkies, with other people's children, faced with the sheer
difficulty of achieving grace under pressure. I think there are serious
problems in her work traceable to the writer's distance, or lack of it,
from all this; but she is rightly praised at least for showing it"
"""I'm not all that worried about futures. I don't want love anyone forever.'
  `Look - don't get me wrong, he may be a scoundrel, but I really dig him
- apart from anything else, he's a fuckin' JUNKIE.'
  `He's NOT. He's off it. He got off it in Hobart.'
  We stared at each other across the table"
"Everything she knew about junkies was written on her face. I knew it too,
but at that moment I chose to deny it. I stared at her face, gritting my
teeth against the way she loved me. I looked at her thin, long fingers and
kept my eyes on them until I heard her sigh. She stood up and picked up
the coffee cups and carried them to the sink"
"Already too late, too late"
What harsh lives we lead
"This is Monkey Grip. Nora is already hooked on Javo, already out of her
depth. The narrative forms itself from such kitchen `sessions', ordinary,
utterly accurate; all the details of communal living, songs and cooking
and biking the hot streets to the baths, conversations, bed and kids. This
is the language in which Nora strains to read her life, to read Javo in
his restless movements - Hobart, Freycinet, Bangkok - to read her own fluxing
responses to him. The novel's insistently repetitive rhythm thus has its
base in the rhythms of Javo's addiction, but is in a way too a distillation
of all their lives:
  
  ""We all thrashed about swapping and changing partners - like a very
complicated dance to which the steps had not yet been choreographed, all
of us trying to move gracefully in spite of our ignorance.""

  This passage may serve as an insight to all the fiction"
"Nora tells her own story. The problem is that it's frustratingly long
and serious, particularly as Nora herself finds little in the way of
""choreography"". She thinks on hints, in the I Ching, in troubling fantasies,
an acid trip; she dreams of ""big airy open houses""; she has transient empathies
with others, and her daughter. Small Grace is one of the stronger characters,
wry, wise, loved, and thoroughly mucked about in spite of her clear needs"
"One wonders how creative is her incessant drawing of ""beautiful lady's""
with the perennial box of Derwents"
"Though smaller pieces by far, HONOUR & OTHER PEOPLE'S CHILDREN are thankfully
less urgently subjective, and show a more spacious treatment of the way
in which households break up, change, come `together' again. Frank and Kathleen
of HONOUR are trying to separate nicely, but can't relinquish the ""domestic
memory"", the apparel of a shared past (which includes small daughter Flo
- NB Flo). Frank's new partner, Jenny, who denied all this, is floundering"
"In the kitchen the spouses yarn on, while

  ""Jenny was left striving for grace, for a courteous arrangement of features
while they recited, delighted in the ring of names without meaning for her"
"Frank put his arm round her bare shoulders, but she kept looking at her
beer can and fiddling it round and round, letting her curly hair fall across
her face to shield her. There was a short silence in the room, during which
Flo could be heard splattering the hose against the side wall of the house"
"They had opened the door and taken down the blanket as the afternoon drew
on and the sun shifted off the concrete outside the kitchen, but the heat
was still intense.""

Typically cinematic this scene, with Garner in full control of all the
elements, including Flo, and the full weight of the unspoken. Three people
at a loss in a unchoreographed situation. The narrative moves in and out
of houses and the various perspectives of the three who are trying to get
it right. Eventually there is a scene between Flo and her parents, this
time in an espresso bar. Flo is ""battling for honour"" in her turn:

  ""I want us ALL to live together, in the same house. Can't we all go back
to Sutherland Street? I KNOW it would work! Oh, can't we?""
She wept bitterly, in floods of grief: she did not touch her face, for she
was sitting on her hands so that neither of her parents might seize one
and sway her into partiality. The tears, unwiped, splashed off her cheeks
and on to the table. The Italian waiter behind the espresso machine turned
his face away in distress, his hands still slinging to the upright handles.""

What harsh lives we DO lead. There's no right, or wrong; but still it is
a strong moral pressure that Garner brings to bear. Here the child, desperate,
the (beautiful touch) Italian waiter, our own response, all simultaneously
demand relief. The writer has caused a set scene to become painfully
inevitable. HONOUR's final scene is just as inevitable. Sitting in the park
as Flo plays with dog, the two women open to each other in tentative
friendship. Flo cons them into getting on the see-saw, and the result is
an appropriately uneasy balancing image; but this reader is a bit uneasy
about its slickness. Garner is not immune from slickness"
"This then is her territory. Two, three, more people make a structure,
and when the structure shifts, it loosens, exposing people's needs through
the gaps. Children are points of insight to these gaps, and Garner attends
to the ways people use kids as litmus paper - or catalysts - when they are
confused about themselves. There is Grace waking before dawn in a strange
house - ""Draw wit' me, Nora - draw wit' me""; Flo; wild little Wally who
has slept on beaches most of his life with his father - ""thin and dirty
with little muscles like string and pearly down in elegant whorls along
his back-bone"". Children reflect the present, they provide moments of clear
truth, and they testify to the prevailing anxiety. Someone in postcards
says ""I think in an ideal world everyone would have children ...That's how
people learn to love. Kids suck love out of your bones"". Put this way, that's
a large responsibility for a child"
"There are no ideal worlds, or ideal collective households. In OTHER PEOPLE'S
CHILDREN, Wally and freckled, stolid, endearing Laurel identify some hard
truths in their various relationships with the adults. Ruth, single parent,
lives with childless Scotty and rock muso Alex. The household's heyday,
when ""the kids were everybody's kids"" is past; Ruth's and Scotty's needs
are different and unequal, and the strain increasingly puts grace out of
reach. Particularly as the kids refuse to be idealistic"
"Garner's capacity to render domestic life and its tiniest privacies gives
such pleasure of recognition that at least one reviewer has compared her
with Christina Stead, whose THE MAN WHO LOVED CHILDREN is the supreme family
novel. Here's a bit more:

  ""The institution of Telling Life Stories had gone swimmingly at the old
house, once a week, in each of the bedrooms in turn: the cups of tea, the
packets of Iced Vo-Vos and Chocolate Royals, the knitting, the open fire,
the horror stories that any childhood will turn up. `My father read my mail
and found the contraceptive pills.' `He was driving so fast I thought I
could just open the door and jump out.' `When I got home from school my
mother...' `He came into the bathroom and I was in the bath with my sister
and he said, Who did it?'""

The comparison with Stead is fair comment. What Garner is less clear about
than Stead, is the sheer dangerousness of using childhood as an emotional
haven from reality, an alternative to `tackling the hard truth head on'"
"Her large-scale sense of balance is flawed; and it's a problem, because
other people's children sets out to cover all that shared ground of personal
history, childhood and the seductiveness of nostalgia (""whenever Ruth washed
herself with Johnson's baby soap, she remembered when Laurel was a baby"")"
"The men exhibit a sort of childlike defencelesness: Ruth can only hold
the odious Dennis in sleep or sickness (a shadow here of Nora and Javo);
childless Scotty looks at Madigan and sees that ""something in the angle
of his leg and foot was child-like to her: Paddle shoes, free milk at
playtime."" There might be limits to the pleasure the reader gets from
discovering weaknesses in others, but the characters go on diary-snooping
and trading failings. Without the strong objectivity and structural thrust
of Stead - or something like it - one wonders what holds it all together"
"This problem of overall thematic control is somewhat better addressed
in the children's bach, though it's still the delicacy and accuracy of the
writing that appeals most. Dexter and Athena's household is the most fully
drawn yet; its attractions are freshly surveyed through the eyes of teenager
Vicki, who strays in and stays:

  ""Vicki loved their lavatory in the corner of the yard, its shelves made
of brick and timber stuffed with old paper-backs, broken tools, camping
gear and boxes of worn-down coloured pencils. She loved the notes they left
for each other, the drawings and silly rhymes, the embarrassing singing,
the vegetable garden, the fluster under which lay a generous order, the
rushes of activity followed by periods of sunny calm: Vicki was in love
with the house, with the family, with the whole establishment if it"
"`Bunker Street is her GOD,' said Elizabeth.""  

Bunker Street makes sense to Vicki; but her sister Elizabeth, who is something
in TV and very worldly, lives in a sort of warehouse with only a huge pink
bed, TV, phone, cassettes, - which DOESN'T make sense. Through Elizabeth
(who is loosely associated with the mandatory rock muso Philip), Dexter
and Athena's ""establishment"" is threatened by ""the rough sexual world that
lives outside families"""
""
"Help for male rape victims  

A support group for male rape victims is to be set up in Melbourne next year"
"Ms Gayle McDonald, who formed a support group for female rape victims
two months ago, said yesterday she had received a number of calls from males
who had been raped"
None of the callers had been homosexual
"""I was very surprised when I got the first calls,"" Ms McDonald said"
"""They are ordinary guys who have perhaps been at a party and been sexually
assaulted by other men"
"""Others have been assaulted after being at hotels or hitch-hiking, or
perhaps even at work"
"""It obviously goes on in the community to a greater degree than thought.""
  The callers ranged from teenagers to middle-aged, married men"
"The Child Exploitation Unit had told her 80 per cent of the victims it
dealt with were males, she said"
"Ms McDonald said men faced many of the problems female rape victims faced
and felt they could tell no one what had happened"
"The sexual assault group can be contacted at the Victims of Crime Assistance
League office on 690-1877"
""
"Warning of threat to wage fixing MELBOURNE:  

 The current system of wage fixing was under threat, the
director-general of the Confederation of Australian Industry's industrial
council, Mr Bryan Noakes, warned yesterday"
"He predicted that the system would end if there was continued industrial
action of the type since the national wage decision"
"But Mr Noake's warning came as an end of the petrol dispute appeared
to be in sight"
"He said that the Australian economy was being torn to shreds by
irresponsible union actions"
"""The actions of the Storemen and Packers Union in particular over the past
week has cost the economy millions of dollars in lost production and has
imposed massive inconvenience on the ever suffering Australian public,""
he said"
"""This followed hard on the heels of similar action by the waterside workers
that also cost the economy dearly.""
  Mr Noakes said that many unions seemed unable to appreciate the reality
of the economic crisis - and intent on finding ways to exacerbate the
problems.  
  He said that the industrial council decided at a meeting in Sydney
on Friday that employers had simply had enough of these actions"
"If they continued, the CIA would seek to have the national wage bench
reconvened to consider the future of the present wage-fixing system, he
said"
"Employers were not going to bear the cost of increases awarded through
the commission and also bear the cost of claims being pursued with industrial
action in the field"
"But petrol stations will begin receiving fuel today if striking oil workers
accept an industry peace package at mass meetings this morning.    
  The end to the nine-day dispute neared after 30 union delegates yesterday
agreed to recommend a return to work"
"The meeting of Federated Storeman and Packers' Union delegates accepted
the Arbitration Commission's recommendations for a return to work and a
re-negotiation of oil-industry wage rates"
""
"Living off the land  

Aboriginal people have probably lived aound Uluru for over 10 000 years"
"Excavations in the James Range, 80 kilometres east of Alice Springs, produced
material more than 10 000 years old (Gould, n.d., p.8), and the more recent
excavation at Puntutjarpa, 400 kilometres west of Uluru, in Western Australia,
uncovered camp debris shown by radiocarbon dating to be about 10 200 years
old (Gould, 1971, p.165). Richard Gould found that, despite small changes
in the stone tools of different ages in Puntutjarpa rockshelter, the evidence
was generally of `a stable hunting and foraging way of life which can be
regarded as the Australian desert culture' (Gould 1971, p.174)"
"The culture was a subsistence one; that is, the people produced all they
needed locally and, unlike the Europeans who brought the pastoral economy
to central Australia, did not specialise in the production of single foods"
"The only things traded were ceremonial items, such as pearl shell from
Australia's north coast. To supply all their needs from the semi-desert
in which they live, people must know where to look for many different animals
and plants, and where water, scarce as it is, can be found"
"Pitjantjatjara dialects recognise at least four distinct types of country:
the mulga flats, open sand dunes, rocky hills and the encircling trees around
rock faces such as those at Uluru. Each must be visited from time to time
to obtain vital resources - different parts of the bush favour different
plant species and animals also have their favoured habitats. Water is never
present in large quantities.  Rain falls irregularly to fill rock holes
among the hills and replenish soaks in dry creek beds, where the sand can
be dug away until water seeps into the hole. The Aborigines moved
opportunistically, retiring to base camps in drought, spreading out after
rain"
"Useful plants  

The semi-desert country around Uluru is a varied one. In open country,
sandhills alternate with low-lying flats, and many useful plants grow in
each environment. Spinifex, desert oaks and light scrub grow on the windblown
sand of the dunes, and mulga grows on the intervening flats"
"According to Peter Latz (1978, p.81), the largest variety of food plants
is found on the sandhills, yet this is also the habitat where drinking water
is most scarce"
"Mulga seeds were ground for flour. Mulga wood is used to make spear-throwers,
throwing sticks and coolamons (wooden bowls). The Ayers Rock mulga grows
long, straight branches, which are shaped into heavy stabbing spears called
winta. The roots of the witchetty bush, which also grows on mulga flats,
are dug up and broken open to take out the witchetty grubs: one side of
the bush growing less well than the other is a sign that grubs are in the
roots. Another clue is the presence of discarded skins of adult insects
that have emerged. The seeds of woolly-butt grass and `native millet', which
also grow in mulga country, were harvested and ground to make flour, from
which unleavened bread was baked in the ashes of a fire. The red flowers
of the Eremophila bush are filled with a sugary nectar, which can be sucked
from the base of the flower"
"In the sandhills, different types of plant can be found growing on the
ridges and in the hollows. On the ridges grow a grevillea with nectar-filled
flowers, and also wild `plum' trees. The Gyrostemon tree provides lightweight
timber for carving carrying dishes. Emu-poison bush provided poison which
was put in water where emus came to drink; the leaves of ilpara, waterbush,
were burnt to an ash and mixed with the `chewing tobacco' picked from the
base of rock faces at Uluru. In the hollows, at the foot of desert oaks,
grows a solanum with an edible fruit, sometimes called a wild tomato, which
is considered to taste like a grape. Spinifex grass provides natural gum,
which was used to mount the stone blade on the end of a spear-thrower. The
desert `poplar', a botanical relative of Gyrostemon, also grows in the
sandhills, and its soft wood is sometimes used for animal carvings"
"The steep rock faces of Uluru and Katatjuta harbour different species:
Ilyi, the rock fig and a wild `plum', which, although classed botanically
with the sandhill species, is given a different name by the Pitjantjatjara"
"The tumbled boulders at the foot of rock faces are the source of `chewing
tobacco', and light hunting spears are made from the spear bush, urtjanpa"
"In the Petermanns and Musgraves, more gentle hill slopes predominate"
"Here distinctive species of acacia grow, including utjalpara, a source of
witchetty grubs and a sweet gum exuded by insects which Aboriginal children
liked to suck. One middle-aged man explained, `I often got a lolly from
that one when I was a little boy.'
  Rain falling on the vast expanses of bare rock at Uluru, Katatjuta and
smaller outcrops flows out across the surrounding soil before soaking away"
These sheet-flooding zones harbour flourishing colonies of bloodwood trees
"Bloodwood provides timber for making several types of coolamon, including
the deep bowls called piti, the scoops called wirra, and spear-throwers"
"Between the bloodwoods can be found a low, crawling plant with a red, fleshy
stem called wakati, which bears a seed that was ground to make flour. The
grass kunakanti, which also has edible seeds, grows here, as does an edible
solanum. Different species of eucalypt grow beside creeks: Apara, river
red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), grows along Britten-Jones Creek and
gives its name to the soak, creek and country, Aparanya; in the vicinity
of Docker River, the ghost gum (Eucalyptus papuana) also occurs. River red
gum and ghost gum provide wood for coolamons and other artefacts"
"Animal habitats  

Many animals tend to live in only one of these plant habitats. The red
kangaroo is restricted to level grassland and is mainly found on the mulga
flats; the euro feeds in spinifex on hill and rock slopes (Frith 1973, pp.273
and 281). Although the emu lives in sandhill country, it was often caught
near water, either by covering the main rock hole with stones and poisoning
smaller pools, or by spearing the birds as they came to drink. Men hid behind
artificial stone hides or natural boulders, because emus which drank poisoned
water would try to regurgitate and the hunters had to rush out to wrestle
with the birds, keeping their beaks shut"
"Change in subsistence activities  

Some plants, such as spinifex and the wild plum, grow in more than one habitat,
and resources such as nectar or wood for coolamons and spear-throwers can
be obtained from more than one species, but each habitat must have been
regularly exploited for its unique resources. The disappearance of traditional
subsistence activities would have as big an impact on the region's ecology
as the extinction of one of the main animal species, but Aboriginal people
still rely on the bush for many things. Kangaroo and euro meat are preferred
to beef; so is rabbit. Artefacts for sale are still made from traditional
materials. Withetty grubs are enjoyed. At Kikingkura outstation we saw edible
berries harvested. Although this was not done regularly by the people living
at Uluru, children were quick to pick wild `plums' and `tomatoes' when
they could, during expeditions to the sandhills"
"One of the biggest changes since White contact has been the disappearance
of controlled burning of the bush. Peter Latz (1978) writes that many of
the most important food plants appear during the early stages of regrowth
after minor fires, and that controlled burning of small patches of bush
was an everyday part of foraging expeditions. Early explorers repeatedly
found parties of Aboriginal people firing the land. Since people have been
gathered into missions or settled around station homesteads, regular burning
has largely ceased. In the 1970s several years of good rainfall caused a
build up of inflammable scrub, grass and branches, resulting in disastrous
wildfires that swept over wide areas in the Uluru National Park during 1976"
"Aboriginal diet has also changed since contact. It is thought that when
people were entirely dependent on the bush for food, meat made up only 20
to 30 per cent of the diet (see Gould 1969a). With traditional weapons,
animals such as kangaroo or euro were hard to catch. Paddy Uluru once recalled
how as a young man he had killed a kangaroo at Tjulu (now the site of Curtin
Springs homestead) and carried it back to Uluru, a distance of 80 kilometres"
"Richard Gould, living with people in the bush in Western Australia during
1966 to 1967, found that the women produced an average of 4.5 kilograms
of vegetable food each day, devoting 4 1/2 hours to collection and 2 1/2 hours
to preparation, while the men found only lizards. Although reliable, collecting
vegetable foods could be hard work. Peter Brokensha asked Pitjantjatjara
women living at an outstation from Amata to make damper from wild millet,
kaltu kaltu (Brokensha 1975, p.25). He found that to gather less than 2
kilograms of seed from an area within 1 kilometre of their camp took three
women 3 hours. To grind, winnow and cook the seed took another 2 hours"
"Although, as he says, there was a mad scramble among the camp's children
for a piece of the cooking, it is not surprising that purchased flour has
almost completely replaced indigenous sources. At Yuendumu in the mid-1970s,
almost 30 per cent by weight of purchased food was flour; at Yalata a family
of five would buy 11 kilograms of white flour a week (figures cited in Peterson
1978, p.32; see also Rose 1965,pp.31-2; Cutter 1978, p.67 and Brokensha
1975, p.25)"
"The amount of meat obtained from the bush has, on the other hand, probably
increased, not only because guns are more effective than spears, but also
because cattle grazing and bore water help kangaroos to flourish (Frith
1978, p.90). The introduced rabbit has also become a major source of meat"
"At Brokensha's outstation, rabbits were eaten practically all the time (1975)"
"W.V. MacFarlane, who briefly visited two outstations in Western Australia
during the 1960s, records that at Kutjuntari seven euros were shot in eight
days, and at Warawiya the men, using .22 rifles `brought in a kangaroo almost
every day' (1978, pp.51 and 54)"
"Appendix C lists the observed hunting trips made by people at Uluru during
the period of my fieldwork. There is no reason to think the euro or the
kangaroo, let alone the rabbit, is threatened, because people's subsistence
needs limit the amount of hunting. The only threat to natural resources
seems to be that of commercial exploitation. D. Roff suggests that the
brushtail possum became locally extinct during early contact times because
too many were killed to sell their skins to White men (1976, p.15). Sedentary
life also exacerbates the local depletion of resources around camps, which
is one of the reasons people in settlements rely more on purchased foods"
"N.B Tindale's comments on traditional camps (quoted below) suggest that
this may always have been a problem"
"Traditional artefacts  

Traditional Western Desert tools and implements have been described by
Brokensha (1975) and B. Hayden (1979). Brokensha describes how the
spear-thrower is made from a slab of wood split from a mulga tree using
metal tools; Hayden described how stone tools were used for the same purpose"
"The same technique is used to obtain wood for wooden bowls, throwing sticks
and other implements. Paddy Uluru used axe blades as far as possible as
wedges rather than cutting tools, paralleling the way in which Hayden shows
stone wedges and axes to have been used. This technique does not kill the
tree from which the wood is obtained. Both Hayden and Brokensha describe
how digging sticks and spears are made. Only the straightest of urtjanpa
limbs are suitable for making spears. They are cut at the base and pulled
downwards out of the tangled mass of intertwined branches. Twigs must be
trimmed off, traditionally with a stone adze, like those mounted on
spear-throwers, and the stem straightened by warming it in a fire"
""
"The ""Queensland system: analysis and response"" Dan O'Neill with Ross Fitzgerald
based on a talk by the former  

     If one thinks about what happens here in Queensland one quickly
becomes aware that although we are supposed to have a
Westminster system of government, in effect we don't. Some
people recently have been tempted to call the Queensland
system nascent fascism or to speak about the distinction
between personal and military dictatorships, thinking for
example of the Marcos regime as a personal dictatorship or of
the Chilean regime as a mixture of personal and military
dictatorship. People have begun to speak about Queensland in
this way with some justification"
"We have a system of government in  Queensland which nobody
has yet sufficiently analysed. There has not been  a
significant book or article analysing  how government actually
works in Queensland and why the system here significantly
differs from the rest of Australia. There are twelve
components of the situation that would need to be taken into
account in such an analysis. If one goes through these
components, each of them suggests a different way in which
there has been a growth in central power in the State. Put them
altogether and one has the makings of an analysis not just of a
personal rule that has broken decisively with democracy, but
of a system that is no longer democratic"
"These twelve dimensions are dialectically interrelated so
that the growth in dominance of one of them is linked all the
time to conditioning factors of the others that allow the
Queensland system to continue"
"1. Parliament and the power of Cabinet  

Firstly there is the phenomenon of parliament and the way it
works. While the underlying factor is the gerrymander and
malapportionment, if one looks at parliamentary procedure in
Queensland there is obviously no pretence of conventional
procedure in, for example joint party committees, the number of
parliamentary sittings and so on. Also the extremely powerful
Cabinet is not significantly related to the Parliament so much
as to other bodies that are rather more difficult to identify"
"In particular it would seem the underlying structural
relationship is one of Cabinet to the mining industry. Although
Queensland is often looked upon as a State in the grip of the
rural back-blocks, one can analyse the whole phenomenon of
rural politics in Queensland as a kind of surface show that
has to go on in order that real power continues being co-
ordinated, not with the most rear-guard elements of Australian
capitalism, but with the most forward-looking elements of
transnational capitalism. The fractions of capital that really
have access to Queensland Cabinet are very cleverly disguised
by populism. However it is not just a disguise, because in
many ways populism really is believed in by those whom the
circumstances of power have thrown up as crucial spokesmen. It
is almost as if the Premier and other National Party `bucolic
types' have been sweated out by the pores of a complex
conjuncture of forces"
"2. The press  

An important dimension in Queensland requiring analysis is the
lack of responsibility of the press. It has been obvious since
the time of the dominance of the premier's influential media
adviser Alan Callaghan, ""Mr X"", that the local press has
gradually come to serve less and less the function of
ventilating a critical body of information and of leading
(rather than `merely reflecting') public opinion in Queensland"
"Hence the famous Bjelke-Petersen quote about `feeding the
chooks'. By and large, with a few noble individual exceptions,
the Queensland press functions here at times almost like  a
kind of publicity agent or PR exercise for the government. It
certainly does not perform a very critical function. As a
consequence, Queensland Newspapers Pty Ltd (proprietors of The
Courier Mail, The Sunday Mail and the Telegraph) are in
considerable part responsible for the current political
situation"
"3. The demise of the Liberals  

This has been a long and complicated process but which now
looks as though it is fairly decisive. It is almost as if the
requirements of Queensland politics demand certain criteria
from Liberal party `leaders' at radical variance from those
usually connected with leadership. Moreover, because of the low
level of manufacturing in Queensland and the lack of an
important capital city there has never really been the economic
and demographic basis for a strong Liberal Party in Queensland"
"4.The demise of the ALP opposition  

It seems clear that the ALP over a number of years has not been
able to function as an effective opposition. In the main, the
party has been factious, male-dominated, anti-intellectual and
anti-principle. This is connected to the whole trend within the
ALP and its links to Australian capitalism, so that federally
the ALP seems to be orienting itself more and more towards
becoming an anti-ideological, `consensus' body like the
American Democrats"
"5.The reorganisation of the public service  

This is a complicated story because the facts are hard to fully
explicate. In Queensland the public service, instead of
functioning as a semi-independent body reflecting about the
long-term interests of the whole structure of civil society,
has become more and more instrumental over the last 15 to 20
years. At least three elements need to be examined: (a) the
growth in power of the Premiers Department which started off as
a fairly small department, but now engrosses more and more
power, (b) the establishment in 1971 of the Co-Ordinator
General's Department and (c) the establishment in 1974 of the
Priorities Review Committee. Through such bodies and through
the more recent filching away of the Treasury's functions from
the Liberal Party, and by connecting these with the dominance
of the Premier in the Cabinet, one gets powerful tools created
within the public service that can be geared into all these
other centralising elements"
"6. Control of the police  

This is an increasingly significant factor. Especially after
the struggle in 1976 between the police union and Ray Whitrod -
the `reforming' commissioner - the police have become more and
more of a para-military force in Queensland. It is indeed
fortunate that the Premier has not got the national power of
using the army. The more one examines how the police is used in
Queensland the more it seems to serve a function intermediate
between a police force like the London Police and the
military. (Elements of the judiciary in Queensland also give
the appearance of having been politicised.)

 7. Decline in power of the trade unions  

In the wake of the SEQEB issue and in the wake of recent and
impending anti-union legislation there is little need to
underline this fact. Because trade unions are changing
structurally in an even more dramatic way in Queensland than
in the rest of Australia and in other capitalist countries,
this throws up a different kind of leadership within
Queensland trade unions. Although many people would attack the
present leadership as though it was some sort of personal
deviation that leads to their not pushing industrial struggles
very hard, and not being as militant as traditional trade union
leadership, it makes more sense to take a structural analysis
and see the emergence of what could be called `9 to 5' trade
unionism in the Queensland leadership. This is another factor
which breaks all sorts of ideological and traditionary links
with the organised working class movement"
"While the above are seven `institutional factors,
there are five highly significant cultural factors that are
related to these factors"
"8. The rise of general influence of a extreme right-wing  

This right-wing, much in the style of American right-wingism,
has got access in a big way to the ear of Queensland ministers:
the Education Minister for example strongly believes in
creationism. Then there is the direct influence of Rona
Joyner's organisations, like STOP (the Society to Outlaw
Pornography) and CARE (the Committee Against Regressive
Education), and pressure groups like the Creation Science
Foundation, plus their powerful indirect influence through
media, schools and other state institutions"
"9. Continuing nullity of the liberal professions in Queensland  

At least since the nineteenth century, one phenomenon our Anglo-Saxon culture has been that throughout society the
professions have acted as an unofficial non-commissioned
officers rank of a more liberal and enlightened conception of
civil society. This is entirely lacking in Queensland"
"Although perhaps not dramatically evident in places like
Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide, the professions there have not
yet severed their links as strongly as they
have in Queensland, with the traditions of scholarship and with
the general humane aims of the culture that has come down to
us from the Greeks and Romans. If one looks for the influence
in a supervisory way on the general process of society,
particularly of the legal profession in Queensland, where are
the great civil libertarian lawyers in Queensland, where is
the tradition of defence of the public interest? While one
expects even less from bodies representing doctors, dentists,
accountants and so on, in general the professions as a distinct
kind of estate within society have not shown much social
responsibility in Queensland"
"10. Linked to this there is the almost complete absence of  

Brisbane intellectual life. In other Australian cities there
is what might be called an urban intellectual machine which
functions in the society and which constitutes centres of
intellectual life outside the tertiary institutions. Over
many years in Queensland the centres of intellectual life have
only been the universities. However they have not fulfilled
that function very well. Within the academy it has been left to
significant minorities, particularly at times of upsurge like
the late 1960s and early 1970s; these minority groups have been
the real centres of intellectual life in Queensland society"
"11. Impotence of public opinion  

Apart from simply being the result of the above, hard work by
significant elites goes into making sure that public opinion
continues to be impotent. There is evidence that in a
calculated way things are done in such a style that possible
outcries are diminished. If one looks for example at the
timing of the significant destructions of public buildings in
Queensland there is evidence here of political will as well as
the general apathetic state of things"
"12. Apathy of the educational institutions  

From the middle of the Whitlam period, there has been a decline
in the function of the educational institutions as centres of
dissent and of intellectual conscience. While this is connected
with an international situation of capitalist recession, in
Queensland one can cite evidence of that actively being
fostered, not only by the recent attack on the student unions,
but by a creeping dominance of the State Government within the
educational sector. For example, it wasn't too long ago that
academics at Queensland universities were required to submit
reports on their study leave that would eventually wind up
being read by members of Cabinet. The disgraceful decision by
the University of Queensland in 1985 to award Sir Johannes
Bjelke-Petersen an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree is a powerful
symbol of the supine role of tertiary institutions in
Queensland (but see later)"
"The consequences of these twelve dimensions which have
resulted in marked growth in central power in Queensland are
that many people feel a despair about possibilities of reform"
"Thus the right to vote is experienced as nearly meaningless,
the right to strike has been taken away, and the right to
assembly is under continual threat. This, of course, is not a
new phenomenon. Errol O'Neill's April 1986 play `Popular Front'
dramatically analysed the present situation as having emerged
from the whole post-war period: it was a Labour Government
under `Ned' Hanlon that brought in the Act that is still used
as the main vehicle for barriers on the right of free speech
and assembly and the denial of other basic civil liberties"
"One upshot of this is the privatisation of resistance and eventually,
in many people, various forms of tuning out of whole areas of public life
- either going away physically to some place like New South Wales or Victoria
or South Australia or effectively going into a sort of psychic sleep or
into various illusions disguised as realism, including joining the ALP"
""
"PCs take to the congressional campaign trail From Jack Bell in New York  

  When the Unites States Congress adjourned last week ahead of the November 4 
election, congressmen from across the country returned to their home 
districts to campaign for re-election"
"These, however, are days different from any other in US politics, thanks to 
the growing use of personal computers by political groups for both 
sophisticated and mundane tasks"
"A Washington DC-based consulting company, Electronic Data Services (EDS), 
for example, uses an IBM PC and specialised mapping software to analyse 
demographic information"
"The office of Wisconsin State senator, Mr Lloyd Kincaid, recently acquired a 
Sperry PC to perform traditional political grunt work - word processing and 
mass mailings"
"During the 1984 presidential campaign, workers for the eventual loser, Mr 
Walter Mondale, were the first to use PCs in a national campaign. 
  ""There's no doubt that computers have an application for us,"" Mr Kincaid's 
administrative aide, Mr Dan Satran, said"
"""We got our equipment from another senator who had lost in the primary, so we 
really didn't have to do any shopping around."" 
  On the national level, EDS is using five networked IBM PCs along with the 
Atlas advanced mapping package from Strategic Locations Planning Incorporated 
of San Jose, California, to perform demographic research and consulting for 
the Democratic Party.  
  ""We take census information, which includes demographics such as age, race 
and income, and combine it with political information such as voter 
registration and turnout numbers,"" an EDS research associate, Mr Dale Tibbits, 
said"
"The Atlas program, a general purpose mapping package that constructs maps 
and then displays the corresponding data, is linked to a Hewlett-Packard 
plotter for the production of full-colour maps which display demographic 
information for particular geographic regions"
"For example, if we find that a candidate's support comes from one 
particular precinct, we can tell you what racial and economic groups make up 
that precinct and how you can use this information strategically,""  Mr Tibbits 
said"
"""Because of our ability to combine census and political information, we can 
tell you where you should be concentrating your broadcasting money, where to 
set up campaign headquarters and other strategic decisions.""
  In the State of Michigan, the Republican candidate for governor, Mr Dan 
Murphy, used an Apple Macintosh and the business file-vision graphic 
database from Telos Software of Santa Monica, California, to aid financial 
decisions such as media spending and campaign appearances.  
  ""Michigan has an especially rigorous campaign financing law,"" Mr Murphy's 
campaign director, Mr Dick Southern, said"
"""It's very important to target your funds carefully."""
"CIA ran guerrilla war fund:  report WASHINGTON  

- The United States Central Intelligence Agency ran a $500 million
account in Switzerland to bankroll anti-communist guerrillas in at least
three countries, a report said last night"
"The Washington Post said arms were purchased with the fund for
anti-government forces in Angola, Moslem guerrillas in Afghanistan and
Nicaraguan Contra rebels"
Money in the account included profits from US arms sales to Iran
"The report said the fund contained $US250 million (A$387 million) secretly
appropriated by Congress to aid rebels fighting Soviet troops in Afghanistan
and an equal amount from Saudi Arabia which was used to buy Soviet, Chinese
and other arms from dealers.                           
  Congressional investigators had found that the $US10-30 million (A$15-46
million) in profits from the Iranian operation was put into the same bank account"
"An administration source was quoted as saying the Swiss account supplied
funds from which ""the various accounts involving the Reagan doctrine are
administered"""
"The doctrine referred to is the President's policy of supporting insurgents
battling communist governments in the Third World"
"The CIA is supposed to keep separate records of how the funds are disbursed
but a Congressional source told the Post the agency was having trouble
identifying separate accounts and military purchases"
"By law, the CIA is supposed to turn over any profits from sale of material
to the US Treasury"
"The Swiss fund was administered by the CIA but had been monitored by the
National Security Council deputy director, Mr Donald Fortier, who died earlier
this year"
"Since Mr Fortier's death, the source said, the job was apparently handled
by Marine Lt Col Oliver North, who was fired from his NSC job last week"
"The US Attorney-General, Mr Edwin Meese, has described North, now under
questioning by the Senate intelligence committee, as the only person who
knew precisely about the profits of the Iran arms sale and their diversion
to the Contras"
"Members of Congress are questioning whether the diversion of funds to
the Contras violated the Boland Amendment which prohibited the use of US
finances for military aid to the Nicaraguan rebels"
"Meanwhile, Congressional leaders yesterday hailed President Reagan's move
to appoint a special prosecutor over the Iran-Contras scandal"
"They said it was a first step towards resolving the political crisis
engulfing his Administration"
"They also unanimously welcomed his appointment of Mr Frank Carlucci, 56,
as the new National Security Adviser - the fifth during Mr Reagan's six
years of office."
"Arthur discharges broadside at White By Sandra Lee  

After a week in hospital, 19-year-old Arthur Ainalis was 
sympathetic to the nurses' strike"
"As he left Western General Hospital yesterday afternoon, all 
Arthur wanted to do was to get a message to the Health Minister, 
Mr White, and say goodbye to his new nursing friend"
"He was injured in a car accident last Tuesday week, and was 
admitted the next day"
"Mr Ainalis was one of the patients discharged as the hospital 
geared up for the full-scale strike today"
"When he left, he couldn't find the nurse, but was still 
intent on getting a message to the Minister"
"""Mr White should come here and work for a couple of weeks and 
then maybe he will change his mind,"" Mr Ainalis said"
"""The nurses are all right"
"""Even though they are on strike they still looked after us and 
they have worked really hard to help everybody"
"""I feel really sorry for them"
"""They are always running around doing this and doing that, and 
from what I've seen and heard I think they deserve more pay"
"""They are trying to do their best and I hope they get what they 
want out of the strike.""
  His mother, Ritsa, believed the nurses had a point in their 
strike, but was also concerned for the sick patients having to 
leave the hospital earlier than planned"
"Mrs Ainalis said the nurses had worked extremely hard over the 
past few days and were at patients' sides as soon as they were 
called"
"About 100 patients left the hospital yesterday, but the 
critically ill and those who were unable to be moved stayed"
""
"Central role in nation's finances  

ESTABLISHED in January 1960, the Reserve Bank is Central Station to the
nation's financial traffic"
"It has a staff of more than 3,600 in all States and Territories as well
as key representatives in London and New York"
"It is banker to governments, banks and certain other financial institutions;
it prints and manages the nation's bank notes; and it provides some short-term
seasonal finance for the rural sector"
"Its major purpose is to formulate and implement monetary policy, which
has been described as the fine-tuning knob on the TV set.  Fiscal policy,
determined by government, is the bigger one that changes channels"
"As agent for the Federal Government, the Reserve Bank distributes coin,
conducts stock registries for Commonwealth securities and manages the
Commonwealth's domestic borrowing programs"
"From its headquarters in Sydney's Martin Place, it also oversees Australia's
foreign exchange market and holds and manages Australia's official reserves
of gold and foreign exchange"
"At the end of the 1985-86 financial year, the bank's total assets of $16.9
billion included almost $2 billion of gold, $8.6 billion of foreign exchange
and $4.7 billion of treasury notes and other securities"
"The governor and chairman of the board, Mr R.A. Johnston, and deputy
governor, Mr D.N. Sanders, hold seven-year appointments.  The secretary to
the Treasury, Mr Bernie Fraser, ranks third"
"Five of the other board members, TNT's Sir Peter Abeles, Sir Samuel Burston,
Mr J.N. Davenport, Mr R.G. Gregory and Sir Gordon Jackson, are all prominent
business leaders.  The former ACTU Vice-President Mr Charlie Fitzgibbon
represents the union movement"
""
"Two fighters  

THE recent sad deaths of two men carried a message of inspiration for other
Australians"
"Phil Thompson, the dedicated campaigner for the rights of Australia's
47,000 Vietnam veterans, was a man who put the problems of others above
his own"
"Although in constant pain from wounds he received in action in Vietnam
and involved in an 11-year battle with cancer, he gave everything to the
cause - undertaking a strenuous and constant work load"
"He represented Australian veterans in a successful class-action against
US chemical companies and was a force behind the Senate inquiry and subsequent
Evatt Royal Commission into the effects of chemical herbicides"
"He will be sadly missed by Vietnam veterans, but his example will endure"
"John O'Malley, Australia's first heart and lung transplant recipient,
fought his own battle with quiet and cheerful courage"
"He knew the risks of the pioneering operation he underwent and accepted
them philosophically and with optimism"
"During his long wait for a suitable donor to be found his bravery was
an inspiration not only to his family, friends and the medical team but
also to others who face similar tragic illness"
""
"Management in schools  

  Education is big business. In SA, the Education Department employs 22,000
people and has a wage bill of about $590m. Yet there has been increasing
evidence - through disputes over staff appointments and planning and the
growth of such modern employment diseases as stress-related illness - that
the management of education needs a thorough overhaul"
"So the announcement by the Minister of Education, Mr Crafter of a major
review of staff management by a leading Australian expert on industrial
relations and personnel issues is most welcome. Professor Di Yerbury, of
NSW's Macquarie University, a United Nations consultant, has excellent
credentials for this important task, which will seek to improve management
practices, to the benefit of students as well as teachers. 
  The staff management problems within schools have been exacerbated by
several factors, not least economic pressures which demand greater value
from the money spent on education. There are other, apparently conflicting,
pressures from the decline in enrolments. While this could be seen as freeing
some teaching resources to cope with wider choices in curriculum for students,
it has not emerged in that light"
"Instead, the department and the SA Institute of Teachers have been in
conflict over ""displacement"" policies which have forced teachers to change
schools at short notice. And the issue of stress, which resulted in an
astounding $1m in compensation payments in the past financial year, has
become a major management problem which requires urgent attention. Professor
Yerbury has an exacting task ahead"
""
"Premature adult mortality and short-stay hospitalization in Western
Australia attributable to the smoking of tobacco, 1979-1983 By C. D'Arcy J. Holman and Ruth E. Shean  

ABSTRACT  The proportions of total deaths and premature adult mortality
in 1979-1983, and of short-stay hospital admissions and bed-days in 1983,
that were attributable to the smoking of tobacco were estimated in Western
Australia by the use of aetiological fractions that had been derived from
the published literature. Premature adult mortality was measured by the
person-years of life that were lost from ages 15 to 69 years
(PYLL6915). In men it was estimated that 25% of all deaths and
14% of PYLL6915 were attributable to smoking. In women the
corresponding proportions were 15% of deaths and 8% of PYLL6915"
"The proportions of short-stay hospital bed-days that were attributable to
smoking were estimated at 7% in men and 3% in women; for hospital admissions
the estimates were 4% and 1% in men and women, respectively. In all,
tobacco-related disease and injury accounted for around 1700 deaths and
7500 short-stay hospitalizations each year in a population of 1.4 million
persons"
"(Med J Aust 1986; 145: 7-11)  

  In April 1985, the Commonwealth Department of Health produced a document
for the Special Premiers' Conference on Drug Abuse in Australia that was
entitled, ""Statistics on drug abuse in Australia"". In that paper it was
estimated that 16 620 deaths occurred in Australia in 1983 as a result of
the smoking of tobacco. When the same methods were applied to Western
Australian mortality data, the number of tobacco-related deaths was estimated
at 1204 a year"
"There are three reasons why we consider that the above figures underestimate
substantially the true number of deaths in our population that are
attributable to tobacco"
"First, the Commonwealth Department of Health estimate was based on
aetiological fractions that were derived by Drew. Drew generated these
fractions for the purpose of the estimation of tobacco-related deaths in
Australia from 1969 to 1980. Drew's calculations were based on sound methods,
and the utility and application of his report in this country have been
considerable. However, the aetiological fractions that were contained in
Drew's report were derived from the prevalence of smokers and recent ex-smokers
(that is, those who had given up smoking in the last five years) among
Australian men and women in February 1977"
"These exposed proportions of the population, 51.9% of men and 33.7% of
women, were combined with rate ratios for smoking-related diseases in which
the exposure contrasts were formed in terms of ever-smokers compared with
never-smokers. Thus, the appropriate prevalence of ""exposure"" to use with
these rate ratios was the proportion of persons who had ever smoked regularly,
which was estimated in February 1977 to be 63.7% and 39.0% of Australian
men and women, respectively. The effect of the exclusion of long-standing
ex-smokers from the prevalence estimates that were used in the calculations
was that the aetiological fractions were underestimated by an absolute
error of 2% to 4% (the relative error ranged from 4% for lung cancer in
men to 20% for cerebrovascular accidents in men)"
"A second problem occurred because, although the prevalence of current
smoking in Australia from 1974 to 1983 remained constant in women and declined
slightly in men, the prevalence of those who had ever smoked regularly
increased, especially in women. In 1983, 68% of Australian men and 49% of
women had smoked at some time, compared with around 64% of men and 39% of
women in 1977. This trend towards a greater prevalence of persons who have
ever been regular smokers must be taken into account in applying Drew's
methods to deaths that have occurred in more recent time periods. This is
because the published estimates of rate ratios for tobacco-related diseases
apply to exposure status within six years of death, and, for this reason,
it is appropriate to combine them with the current prevalence of ever having
smoked. Failure to recognize this fact results in further underestimation
of tobacco-related deaths, particularly in women. Respiratory cancer mortality
rates in Western Australian women increased by 28% from 1973-1978 to 1979-1982"
"It is likely that most of this increase reflected a greater prevalence of
women who had ever smoked regularly, for whom the latent period between
the onset of smoking and the occurrence of chronic smoking-related diseases
had elapsed"
"Thirdly, and most important, both Drew's estimates of tobacco-induced
deaths and those of the Commonwealth Department of Health excluded several
causes of death which are known, or very likely, to be smoking-related. These
are cancers of the pancreas, stomach, uterine cervix, bladder and kidney;
diseases of the pulmonary circulation, heart failure and complications
of heart disease; peripheral vascular disease; low birth weight; and injury
caused by fire"
"In this report we estimate the proportions and absolute numbers of all
deaths, premature adult mortality, short-stay hospital admissions and
short-stay hospital bed-days that were attributable to the use of tobacco
in Western Australia. To the extent that it was possible, we have incorporated
into our analysis the revised procedures that are necesssary to avoid 
overconservative estimates"
"Methods Mortality Data  
The total numbers of deaths that occurred in Western Australia in 1979-1982,
and the number of deaths in which the underlying cause of death was a
tobacco-related condition, were read from data tapes that were provided
by the Office of the Registrar General. For the purposes of analysis, deaths
were tabulated by underlying cause, sex and age at death in five-year groups"
"Hospital morbidity data  
The total numbers of short-stay hospital discharges and bed-days in 1983,
and those in which the principal condition that was treated during the hospital
stay was tobacco-related, were based on the Hospital Morbidity Data System
and were provided by the Planning and Research Branch of the Health Department
of Western Australia. Discharges and bed-days were tabulated by patient
sex and principal condition (except for injuries that were caused by fire
and flames, where use was made of external cause coding)"
"Prevalence of smoking  
The derivation of most aetiological fractions required estimates of the
prevalence of persons who had ever smoked regularly in Western Australia
in 1979-1983. For this purpose we used the results that were reported by
Armstrong and Butler from the 1980 National Heart Foundation Risk Factor
Prevalence Survey which was conducted in Perth. It was estimated that 61.5%
of men and 43.6% of women had ever smoked cigarettes regularly. The 95%
confidence intervals for these estimates were 56.9%-66.1% in men and
41.3%-45.9% in women. No woman had smoked a pipe or cigars exclusively,
whereas 4.2% of men had done so. However, exclusive pipe and cigar smokers
were not included in the prevalence estimate for men"
"Aetiological fractions  
Revised aetiological fractions for tobacco-related diseases and injury were
derived by the use of the following methods"
"Cancers of the lip (ICD-9 140); mouth (141,143-145); salivary glands
(142); pharynx (146-149); oesophagus (150); stomach(151); pancreas (157);
nasal cavities and accessory sinuses (160, which includes the middle ear);
larynx (161); trachea, bronchus and lung (162); uterine cervix (180); bladder
(188); kidney and other urinary organs (189); as well as carcinoma-in-situ
of the respiratory system (231) are known or suspected to be smoking-related"
"With the exceptions of cancers of the salivary glands and of the nasal cavities
and accessory sinuses, we accepted that the strength of the evidence of
the association of these cancer sites with smoking was sufficient to warrant
their inclusion in our calculation of tobacco-related hospitalization and
mortality. Raw figures that pertained to the two excluded sites are present
but were not used in the analysis"
"Aetiological fractions (F) were derived from the formula 

    
where RR, the rate ratio in those who had ever smoked regularly compared
with non-smokers, was taken from the American Cancer Society (ACS) results
which are in Appendix Tables A and B of the 1982 US Surgeon General's report
on the health consequences of smoking. The prevalence of ever having smoked
regularly, P, was estimated from the results of Armstrong and Butler"
"Thus, for lung cancer in women, RR = 3.58 and P = 0.436. Therefore:"
"For men, separate ACS rate ratio estimates were available for ages 45-64
and 65-79 years. As such we calculated separate aetiological fractions for
these two age groupings, and in the final analysis used a weighted average
in which the weights were the numbers of cancer site-specific deaths at
ages of less than 65 years and ages of 65 years or more"
"No rate ratio was available for renal cancer in women and an aetiological
fraction of one-half that estimated in men was assigned on the basis of
the relative position of men and women with respect to fractions that applied
to other cancer sites. The generalization of ACS rate ratios to Western
Australia was considered valid for all the cancer sites that were studied
with the exception of lip cancer. For cancer of the lip it was considered
necesary to make adjustment for sunlight-induced cases, which probably account
for a higher proportion of lip cancers in Western Australia than in the United
States as a whole. An arbitrary multiplicative adjustment factor of 0.5
was applied. In any case the numbers of deaths from and hospital admissions
for lip cancer were small (see Tables 1 and 2)"
"Aetiological fractions of ischaemic heart disease (410-414), and
cerebrovascular disease other than subarachnoid haemorrhage (431-438) were
calculated by means of the rate ratios of Garfinkel"
"For diseases of the pulmonary circulation (415-417) we assigned aetiological
fractions that were identical to those that were calculated for chronic
bronchitis and emphysema based on the view that the latter are the underlying
cause in most cases of acute and chronic pulmonary circulatory problems"
"Heart failure and ill-defined descriptions and complications of heart
disease (428-429) were coded as the underlying cause of death or the principal
condition that was treated during the hospital stay in substantial numbers
of instances (see Tables 1 and 2). In our view, a very high likelihood exists
that most of these deaths and hospital admissions, which were often ascribed
to ""congestive cardiac failure"" and other similar non-specific diagnosis,
were due to ischaemic heart disease. As such we have applied the aetiological
fractions of 0.31 in men and 0.22 in women as were derived for ischaemic
heart disease"
"Aetiological fractions for peripheral vascular disease were derived by
means of rate ratios from a case-control study of intermittent claudication
that was reported by Hughson et al"
"As with heart disease, for chronic bronchitis and emphysema (490-492,496)
the aetiological fractions were calculated by means of the rate ratios of
Garfinkel. Although it was considered likely that smoking was a contributory
cause in a proportion of respiratory diseases that were diagnosed as
pneumoconioses (for example, silicosis, asbestosis), because of insufficient
information we did not attempt to derive aetiological fractions of
pneumoconioses due to smoking"
"The aetiological fraction of low birth weight due to smoking was taken
as the average of five estimates from the different studies that were
summarized in Table 1 of Meyer. The average estimate was 0.32"
"The proportion of fire deaths due to smoking was estimated by a review
of the records of these deaths that were kept by the Coroner's Office"
"Forty-two of a total of 55 fire deaths were investigated by the Coroner,
and of these smoking was determined to be the underlying cause without doubt
in three. A further eight fire deaths were classified as possibly being
due to smoking (for example, a ""respiratory cripple"" on oxygen who caught
fire in bed; a person with a high postmortem alcohol level who was burnt
while asleep in a hotel). In calculating our estimate of the aetiological
fraction we assumed that one-half of the eight ""possible"" deaths were truly
caused by cigarette smoking. Thus, our estimate was 7/42 = 0.17"
"Method of analysis
The person-years of life lost (PYLL) were calculated by the method of
Hakulinen and Teppo, which was based on Chiang's approach to the problem
of estimation of death rates after the removal of some, but not all, causes
of death"
""
"Salon design Lighting Psychology by Vincent de Lorenzo  

  Lighting a salon has long been the most neglected aspect of salon design"
"Despite the increasing attention given to furniture colour, fabrics and
finishes and the way they set the style and mood of a salon interior, lighting
has continued to be dominated by the despotism of a few spot lights or if
not that, just maintaining the present lighting with the salon space"
"Lighting is a technical subject that progresses in tandem with the
development of new kinds of light services. It is important also not to
lose sight of the fact that lighting is an art and that to master it properly
we need to apply a range of creative skills with taste and discrimination"
"The psychology  
The emotional dimension should never be overlooked and lighting is of
central importance in establishing mood. Just as sunny days can create a
feeling of elation, similarly an attractive indoor salon lighting scheme
rich in contrasts and points of interest can have a stimulating effect"
"For example, while shampooing a client at the basin, we need a high level
of lighting, but while doing the client's hair we are unlikely to want the
same bright lighting as at the basin"
Also of interest is the way lighting can affect our appearance and behaviour
"By carefully adjusting the lights to control shadows and highlights cast
on people's faces, people can actually be made to look more attractive"
"However, if the lights glow into our eyes or throw deep shadows over faces,
the effect will be unsettling; everyone will be put on their guard and the
conversation may flag. Not such a good point from the salon owner's viewpoint,
when they are promoting more client services in the salon"
"Important in the lighting design of a salon is the need to create an
atmosphere. The way in which we decorate our salons is one of the ways in
which we express our personalities. By means of colour, pattern and texture
and possessions such as fittings and furniture we make statements about
the kind of hairdressers we are and the way we live. Lighting has an important
part to play in supporting atmosphere. This is not just a matter of the
fittings themselves, although these make a conspicuous impact. Equally
significant is really the quality of light they produce. There are various
types of possible light fittings for a salon"
"Lighting hardware  
In the last ten years or so , the design of light fittings has entered
an exciting new phase characterised by innovation and elegance. Fittings
can determine the distribution of light by employing the principles of
reflection, diffusion or refraction. The shape of the fitting and the materials
of which it is constructed also have a crucial effect"
"Spot lighting  
During the 60s and 70s there was a general mania for spotlights, which
had a lot to do with the appeal of glistening metal and the quest for low
budget modernity"
"This vogue resulted in spots being used in salons in many quite unsuitable
positions. Their directional flexibility was insufficiently exploited and
the appearance often clashed with the style of their surrounds. Today in
salons some spotlights can appear very outdated. But it would be a pity
if changing fashions were to kill them off altogether"
"Provided they are sensitively deployed, spots are an important tool in
the art of lighting an interior"
"For example, they can provide strong contrasts of light and shade that
will bring a flat lighting scheme to life. Also, spots are invaluable for
your retail display lighting"
"In relationship to work stations it is recommended that two tracks for
spots should be installed one and a half metres from the walls either side
of a room to prevent `shadow fall'"
"Fluorescent tube  
Fluorescent lights have been available commercially since the end of World
War Two. They provide such an efficient way to convert electricity into
light that they have become the almost universal method of lighting shops
and offices. In an energy conscious era, the fact that a fluorescent tube
uses up to five times less electricity than a tungsten bulb to provide the
same amount of light would strike one as a compelling attraction. Fluorescent
tubes also radiate less heat and have a longer life"
"In general the main function is that of providing a high overall level
of light which on its own creates a flat shadowless effect"
"The general fluorescent tubes used in a salon should ideally be recessed
into the ceiling and have a light diffusing cover. The Philips series 80
Fluorescent Light Strips can provide excellent colour rendering"
"Downlighters  
Downlighters are essentially fittings that concentrate all the light output
downward into a room. The light takes the shape of a precisely controlled
beam whose profile is determined by the size and shape of the fitting, the
bulb and the disposition and character of the reflectors. Essentially you
should make use of downlighters if you prefer a darker ceiling tone, or
in a salon this could be over the lounge and reception areas of a salon
or any decorative salon photos"
"However, one word of caution with the use of downlighters - they can
be expensive, expecially if recessed into the ceiling"
"Duplicating daylight  
In salons today colour corrective lighting should be employed, especially
over the work space where hair colouring is carried out. Today most light
manufacturers produce a range of `Daylight Tubed Lighting'. For example,
Philips colour 47 duplicates 98 per cent daylight with no warm reflects"
"This is an excellent colour corrective method of lighting. For white clinical
areas Philips colour 37 is recommended. This gives a much warmer atmosphere
and duplicates up to 96 per cent daylight"
"In summary, the following points are critical when considering the nature
of lighting a salon"
A. Assess the characteristics of your salon space
"B. Work out an appropriate lighting strategy - consider task lighting and
   mood lighting, weighing colour rendering and energy saving requirements"
"C. Rooms used in daylight generally demand a careful attempt to make the
   best of available sunlight with pale coloured high reflective finishes on
   the wall and ceiling. (Semi gloss/gloss finish.)
D. Display lighting is especially important for take-home hair care areas"
E. Draw a lighting plan over the salon area and mark each fitting type
"F. Consult manufacturers' catalogues and price lists for downlighters and
   spotlights; use manufacturers' beam profiles to work out fittings suitable
   for particular needs"
"As a rule fluorescent tubes have a cool efficient feel conducive to work
while low level tungsten lighting creates a relaxed atmosphere"
Remember: good looking light fittings never compensate for bad lighting
"Finally, consider the use of a professional lighting designer. They use
a repertoire of tried and tested techniques from which we can all draw lessons
to apply to our salons"
""
"HUMAN RIGHTS AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION BILL 1985 HUMAN RIGHTS AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION AMENDMENT BILL 1985 HUMAN RIGHTS AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION (TRANSITIONAL 
PROVISIONS AND CONSEQUENTIAL AMENDMENTS) BILL 1985 AUSTRALIAN BILL OF RIGHTS BILL 1985 Second Readings  

    Debate resumed"
"Senator GARETH EVANS (Victoria - Minister for Resources
and Energy) (6.48) - Before this debate was interrupted I had
identified the two basic themes which seemed to have run
through the opposition to the Australian Bill of Rights Bill
at least so far as the contributions in this chamber are
concerned. The first theme was that the Bill is unnecessary
and, secondly, that it is undesirable, indeed undesirable in
some people's minds to the point of being dangerous"
"As to the first point, the alleged lack of necessity in
this legislation, I had begun by dealing with the argument that
the common law was the great protector of individual rights and
was, indeed, a sufficient protector of rights beyond which we
needed no support of the kind embodied in this Bill. I called
in aid an admirable contribution to the debate from Senator
Puplick in which he demonstrated comprehensively and precisely
just how that argument could not be sustained. The reality of
the matter is that there are a number of rights and freedoms
matters where there is a vacuum in the law and which the common
law has at the moment absolutely nothing to say. The reality
also is that there are a number of other areas where reality
also is that there are a number of other areas where the
legislatures have filled the vacuums, but in an unacceptable
way, again leaving in a different fashion the courts with
nothing to say - nothing to say because there is no hook on
which they, the judges, or the litigants before them, can hand
an argument advanced for the protection of fundamental rights
and freedoms"
"The reality is that rights and freedoms cannot be left to
be secured by default; they do require active care and
attention by legislatures around the country. They require
active care and attention both in the form of individual
measures in specific areas such as race and sex discrimination
legislation; property protection legislation; criminal
investigation; law protection legislation and all the other
piecemeal areas with which we have become familiar. They also
need protection by the kinds of overarching, overriding,
standard setting, guarantee-producing legislation of the kind
involved in this Bill of Rights. It is necessary that our
human rights performance in this country be better than it has
been in the past, whatever the standards of comparison that
might properly be made between us and many other countries in
the world with worse human rights records. We have done well
in the past but we can do a lot better. The judges and courts
could do with the extra reinforcement and weaponry in the
interests of rights and liberties which this Bill will give
them"
"Let me turn to the group of arguments which says that this
Bill of Rights is positively undesirable and dangerous. So
many statements which have been made here and outside the
Parliament have been so wildly and grotesquely astray that they
have been difficult to take seriously. Let me at least try to
deal quickly with some of the more extravagant claims that have
been made. A lot of more detailed points, I guess, can be made
during the Committee stage of this debate, which I do not think
will be short"
"Firstly, we have had the constantly reiterated and
dogmatically asserted argument that this is a Bill which takes
away rights, that fewer rights will be enjoyed in the community
than before the Bill of Rights was ever dreamed of. The basic
argument which seems to prevail when people run this line is
that a number of rights around the place which are recognised
as important or in some cases fundamental are not
specifically addressed in this Bill. The right to own property
and not to have it acquired unjustly or compulsorily is often
repeated as being in this category. As I said earlier in this
speech, and no doubt will be saying again a dozen times before
this debate is out, this Bill of Rights contains a very central
and important Article which protects absolutely, unequivocally
and clearly those rights which may exist but which are not set
out in the list in this Bill. I am referring to Article 2 of
the Bill of Rights, which makes it absolutely clear that any
right which is not set out in the Bill of Rights, but which may
otherwise exist, is not to be regarded as diminished in any way
by not appearing in this otherwise fairly comprehensive list"
"A second claim that is made about the alleged dangers of
the Bill goes to the suggestion that it gives protection to
certain alleged rights around the place, or claims of right,
which, if protected, would undermine the fabric of society"
"Thus, it is suggested that the Bill would operate to legalise
abortion, to encourage and legalise homosexual adoption, to
authorise the confiscation of private property, and half a
dozen extravagant claims of this kind. I can assert absolutely,
without fear of rational contradiction, that claims of this
kind are absolutely false and without foundation"
"I give just one example of a claim which has been made and
which featured as recently as Senator Lewis's contribution to
this debate late this afternoon; that is, the extravagant claim
that this Bill, at least in its original form, would have
operated so as to legalise homosexual marriage. How on earth
could anyone read into any of the provisions of this Bill that
it could legalise homosexual marriage? A lot of people have
chosen to read that in because of the language of the first
draft of this Bill of Rights, which simply said:

    All persons have the right to marry. Every man and woman of
marriageable age shall have the right to marry"
"So we had the lunatic argument that `all persons' meant,
construed literally, that men could marry men and women could
marry women. All I say in relation to that is that I do not
think it is seriously advanced by any of the people around this
place that the Pope is in favour of homosexual marriage. Yet
we have a document, the Charter of the Rights of the Family,
presented a little while ago by the Holy See, in which we find
in Article 1, as the pre-eminent right of the family, the
proposition, not qualified in any way by reference to `opposite
sex' or language of this kind, which states:

    All persons have the right . . . to marry . . . every man
and every woman, having reached marriage age . . . has the
right to marry . ."
"That is the kind of distortion we get. Nobody would remotely
think that language of that kind could be construed as an
invitation to, encouragement of or justification for
homosexual marriage, yet such is the perverse, twisted and
distorted - sometimes deliberately so - mentality that people
have taken to the Bill of Rights that they have asserted that
language like this, which appears in a document from the Holy
See, is capable of that construction when it appears in the
Australian Bill of Rights Bill. It is a nonsensical chain of
argument, one which we have heard ad nauseum and about which
we have been driven to distraction"
"Then we have the alleged dangers involved in leaving the
interpretation of rights to unelected judges, as distinct from
distinguished parliamentarians and self-restrained legislators
of the kind who have acted in civil liberties matters in the
past. There are several answers to that claim. This is a theme
which again can be picked up in more detail at the Committee
stage. The first is that it underestimates dramatically the
extent to which judges are already involved in determining
sensitive issues in their administration of the common law; in
particular, in a system such as ours with a written
Constitution, in adjudicating on disputes that arise under
that Constitution. Judges have a sensitive and delicate task
already involving the exercise of judgment, which they exercise
very well, and it is nonsense to suggest that they will be
exercising some fundamentally new role in any potentially
dangerous way as a result of this legislation being passed. I
quote from one of the most distinguished law lords in British
judicial history, Lord Scarman, who, in a lecture in 1980,
said:

    We can, therefore, dismiss as completely unsound such
objections as those which, frequently heard in the United
Kingdom, are variations on the theme that judges must not be
brought into the political arena. They are there already - as
umpires, not gladiators or competitors. They have always been
there: and there they will remain. There is nothing
inappropriate in requiring judges to decide justiciable issues
arising in a political struggle: and no reason for judges not
to be trusted to act judicially and according to law, though
the case raises political as well as legal questions"
"There is a comprehensive and very effective rebuttal of that
particular line of argument. One can expect Australian judges
to find the interpretation of the Bill of Rights an unfamiliar
task, but we can reasonably expect them to cope very well with
that task, just as their brethren in Canada have. I had the
pleasure of talking about just this issue with the Canadian
Chief Justice, Sir Brian Dickson, very recently. He made just
that point; that a Bill of Rights, although initially
unfamiliar, had become part of the judicial landscape and the
courts are responding to it constructively and effectively"
"Finally, the answer to the concern about the role of an
unelected judiciary is that under this kind of legislation, and
designedly so, Parliament has the last word. If the judgment
of the courts goes astray, in the opinion of this Parliament,
we will retain the capacity to legislate an appropriate
amendment accordingly. Among this litany of complaints about
the dangers associated with the Bill of Rights, a number of
suggestions are made about the dangerous powers being vested
in the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. It is
extraordinary that so much should be made of this and so little
regard should be had to the character of this institution that
is being created, or very largely recreated out of the existing
Human Rights Commission, because it is an institution which
exercises investigative, conciliatory and reporting functions
in exactly the same way as scores of other similar institutions
now enshrined in statute law at both Commonwealth and State
levels with powers that are not in any significant way
different from the powers exercised by dozens of other similar
institutions"
"The Government is prepared and willing to listen carefully
to arguments that may be made in the Committee stage on this
question. It may be that different views can reasonably be held
on the scale of penalties or the need for self-incrimination
provisions of the kind that appear in some 90 other statutes"
"The argument may be made, which we will listen to, about the
need for compulsory conferences and so on, but I simply do not
accept the validity of the root and branch attack that has been
made. I particularly do not accept it when I have regard, as
I hope other honourable senators will, to the very clear
precedent which exists in the Human Rights Commission, which
now exists as a result of legislation enacted by the Fraser
Government. The element of hypocrisy and humbug in the attack
on the proposed Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
model, when one compares what is involved in the proposal here
with what exists at the moment, is really quite breathtaking"
"Let me finish by saying this: None of the criticism that
has been made of the Bill has in any way destroyed its
credibility as the most farreaching and far-sighted attempt
in our history to secure the protection of fundamental rights
and liberties."
"Artists paint for peace  

THIRTY of WA's top artists are meeting this Saturday to arrange their planned
exhibition for the 1986 Spring Peace Festival"
"The artists have previously attended a workshop on peace and are working
on paintings to be displayed in the old courthouse building in the cultural
precinct, which now becomes part of the Art Gallery of WA"
"The art exhibition, which opens on September 1, will take up the top floor
of the old courthouse while a special travelling exhibition by three women
artists from the Eastern States will occupy the ground floor with ""Peace
and Nuclear War in the Australian Landscape.""
  Running concurrently in the Alexander Library will be the ""Young People's
Peace Show."" Last year this attracted more than 1000 entries, from a giant
quilt from a kindergarten to wallhangings from Aboriginal students"
"The Spring Peace Festival has received an $18,000 grant from the Australia
Council and this will be used to cover administrative costs of what has
become one of Perth's longest running arts festivals"
"The festival also provides for groups such as ""Scientists Against Nuclear
Arms"" which will hold a seminar on peace with international speakers in
October, and the State film theatrette in the Alexander Library which will
host a week-long festival of peace films"
"The Spring Peace Festival will be opened on September 1 in Trinity Church
by the Minister for the Arts, Mr David Parker. -

 John Hyde."
"Hooker: Larger market and higher profit in US SYDNEY  

- Mr George Herscu's Hooker Corp. Ltd yesterday blasted ""anti-business""
Federal Government policies and blamed them for forcing the company to
expand overseas"
"Hooker executive director Mr Paul Carter, in a speech read at the annual
meeting by company secretary Mr Harry Berkovic, said the US offered the
company a larger market where it could achieve higher profit"
"Mr Carter's criticism follows similar attacks this week on the Federal
Government's economic policies by Industrial Equity Ltd's Mr Ron Brierley
and Coles Myer chairman Mr Bevan Bradbury"
"Mr Carter said in addition to the capital gains tax and fringe benefits
tax, which were disincentives to investment, the Federal Government was
adding imputation tax and the foreign tax credit system, all levied at the
""exceedingly high"" rate of 49 per cent"
"""Unfortunately, the aggregate effect has forced Hooker to direct further
investment offshore,"" he said  ""In striving to maximise its return on shareholders' funds, Hooker is
obliged to consider this climate as it adjusts its policies for 1987 and
beyond"
"""An increasing proportion of profit will come from our US operations,
where substantially lower interest rates and tax burdens allow Hooker to
achieve a reasonable return on investment"
"""We will continue to grow in Australia, but the rate offshore will be
significantly greater.""
  Mr Carter said Hooker hoped the high interest rates, taxes and increased
business costs would fall"
"""But the rigid wage determination system. the tough work conditions imposed
by union leaders and the apparent anti-business attitude of the Government
make this unlikely,"" he said. 
  Hooker's growing overseas involvement was not solely a reaction to the
economic climate in Australia, but was part of a conscious fundamental
policy of minimising risk through geographic diversification"
"The executive chairman, Mr Herscu, told the meeting that US assets had
increased to 32 per cent from 28 per cent, and US profit had doubled to exceed
$20 million for the first time"
""
"Leaf shedding an odd characteristic  

J.M. of BUNDABERG, has young leopard trees growing on a property"
"About one-third dropped their old leaves and quickly made new growth,
now the new leaves are falling.  Why didn't the rest of the trees shed their
leaves?
  This is an odd characteristic of leopard trees.  I have seen trees shed
their leaves three times in a year, sometimes within six weeks of new growth"
"The reasons are obscure - it is probably tied in with temperature changes
or some other climatic factor"
"M.J.R. of SUNNYBANK HILLS, submitted for diagnosis a disease troubling
the skin of a bisexual papaw which was badly scarred.  The leaves have
shrivelled.  Lime Sulphur spray has been used"
"The damage is the result of a powdery mildew fungus infection.  Lime sulphur,
if used as regularly as stated, should have controlled the disease.  Powdery
mildew is a winter disease.  In future use only wettable sulphur sprays
as lime sulphur can damage plants under the local warm growing conditions"
"N.B. of MOOROOKA, asked why lima bean leaves were yellowing and falling"
"Sight unseen it is difficult to diagnose accurately.  It could be
overwatering, however I would expect the vines also to be affected and
begin to collapse"
"V.P.F. of PALM BEACH, is concerned by the lack of worms in the garden
despite using compost.  The site has been filled with sand"
"No matter how much compost or other organic matter is used, the only way
to ensure worms is to put some into the soil.  They will quickly multiply
if the organic matter is there to support them.  Try to obtain some from
someone else's garden or buy some from a commercial worm farm.  Sonwise
Worms, Box 68, Esk 4312 sell worms at $17 per 1000, postage paid.  By the
end of one year they should have multiplied to at least 40,000, if soil
conditions suit"
"H.McF, of ISLE OF CAPRI, recently visited Toowoomba gardens where three
plants attracted attention: (1) a white flowering shrub, (2) a yellow to
orange-flowered annual, (3) a plant called blue pacific.  Samples of 1 
and 2 were submitted. 
  (1) is double white may, Spiraea cantonensis flore plene, often called C"
"reevesiana.  (2) is Californian poppy, Eschscholzia californica, extremely
useful for trailing over terrace walls.  It must be grown in full sun and
have good soil drainage.  (3) I suggest blue pacific may apply to a deep
blue flowered form of Rosmarinus officinalis, the rosemary"
"To improve your soil, incorporate copious amounts of leaf compost and
use light applications of a complete fertilizer formula frequently.  This
should be standard procedure for all pump-filled areas which have been topped
with a thin layer of soil"
"G.H. of TARINGA, has two problems with garden plants.  A Eugenia has pockmarked
foliage and potted ferns and coleus are slowly dying.  The soil in the pots
is heavily infested by small ant-like insects"
"The Eugenia Australis, or as it is now known Syzygium australis, scrub
cherry or lillipilli, is troubled by a small wasp which stings the leaf to
lay eggs.  Small galls and depressions result.  The species in question
is rather prone to attack, I doubt if much can be done to control it.  You
could try spraying young foliage with Diazinon.  You may have ants in the
pots, they farm out root aphids and mealy bugs on the root systems.  These
pests quickly debilitate the plants, also the tunnelling by the ants causes
excess aeration which in turn dries up the root hairs"
"This action alone can kill plants.  Water the soil with a solution of Diazonin
at spray strength.  This will dispel the offender, even if it is not an 
ant"
"L.P. of MARYBOROUGH, sent foliage of a tomato bush which was curled, distorted
and had a rusty and silvery sheen"
"The condition is due to mite damage.  Dispose of all badly affected plants
in future.  Spray young plants regularly with a miticide, such as Kelthane,
Rogor or Wettable Sulphur"
"M.A. of CLEVELAND, has noted two plants in a batch of 50 gerberas are producing
green flowers.  On one plant the flower is partially deformed"
"The condition is most likely due to infection by a virus, for which there
is no cure.  Remove the problem plants and dispose of them in the garbage
bin.  Spray the rest regularly with an insecticide to control sap sucking
insects, such as aphids and thrips, as these carry the virus"
"J.A. of BURLEIGH, asks for recommendations for two plants suitable for
growing in tubs on a balcony facing the sea"
"The best plant I know for such a position is the variegated form of
Metrosideros excelsa or New Zealand Christmas bush.  Clip twice a year
to keep it compact, and give the tub a quarter turn each month so light
does not unbalance growth.  This should ensure you have good plants.  A
matching pair is advised"
FREQUENTLY readers request advice on how to establish a good lawn
"At this time of the year many new lawns are laid down.  Quite a number
will end up looking very ordinary, simply because the approach to laying
the turf was:  ""It will be OK, it's only grass.""  If the laying techniques
are slipshod it may take years to get the lawn to a good standard
  The area to receive the turf should be level in accord with the natural
fall of the land.  A thin layer of fine sand is spread evenly over the site
to enable the roots to bed in.  Each row of turf is closely butted against
the other, and fine sand placed in any crevices.  Each row is firmed down
with the back of a spade or tamper"
"The newly-laid turf must be well watered and kept evenly moistened until
it has established.  Mowing is not advised sooner than three weeks after
laying, as it could cause lifting"
"The first mowing should be higher than normally acceptable, just to tidy
up the growth.  Mowing settings are progressively reduced until the turf
has reached the height suitable for sound management and good presentation"
""
"Folk flower tonics by Roy Victor Love, Kuraby, Qld.  

Last issue we looked at how the tonics worked, converting flowers into tonics,
making personal mixtures and included instructions and guidelines for making
up and dispensing the folk flower tonics"
"Folk Flower Tonics BANKSIA, Banksia integrifolia (boiling method)  
The lemon coloured cylindrical shaped flowers of this native occur all year
round, but more often during autumn or late winter. The seeds are shed soon
after maturity, unlike other banksias which retain their seed until the
death of the plant. The Banksia remedy is for a feeling of insecurity or
fear of the future, also a slightly wrong approach to life"
"BLUE BILLY GOAT WEED, Ageratum houstenianum (sun method)  
The prolific blue pom-pom flower is attractive to some people and not to
others. This plant grows wild in many gardens as a weed. It has been effective
in cases of loneliness, isolation and introversion. Key words - `lost and
lonely'"
"BLUE PIMPERNEL, Anagallis arvensis (caerulea) (sun method)  
This plant is poisonous and looks like chick weed. It has a pretty little blue
flower and grows in the cooler mountain regions. Only the flower is used,
which is not poisonous and is attached to the plant with a very fine stem"
"For purity of thought and wisdom; when we know we should rise above `angry
feelings' even though there may be justification for

 BLACK-EYED SUSAN, Thunbergia alata (sun method)  
A dainty flower with yellow petals and a `black eye' in the centre, it secretes
a sweet sap which attracts ants. This creeper has also been called `Bright
Eyes'. This tonic has been helpful in treating a despondency due to lack
of direction in life. For the person who lacks perception and cannot see
the real functioning of things - he or she cannot see the wood for the trees"
`Bright Eyes' is for insight
"BROWN KNAPWEED, Centaurea jacea (sun method)  
A pink-mauve flower atop a long stem. The leaves are long and narrow. We
found this plant growing wild in black soil but it is not a native of
Australia. For a complete lack of confidence, for people who are too influenced
in times of trouble by other people's criticism of their actions, both past
and present. This remedy helps a person to again take charge of their life
and decisions"
"CREEPING LANTANA, Lantana motevidensis (sun method)  
This creeper has a purple flower, similar to that of the lantana bush. It
grows over fences, ground or shrubs, and is frequently used in gardens and
landscaping. This tonic is for thoughts that trouble and preoccupy you before
or after friction or conflict with someone, irrespective of who is in
the right. It is also for hate and allied thoughts - it promotes love"
"CREPE MYRTLE, Lagerstroemia indica (boiling method)  
This shrub bears profuse soft, crinkly flowers which weigh the limbs down"
"The variety we potentised is of a soft pink colour. This remedy is for
disillusionment or disappointment, if one expects people to feel the same
about certain subjects or aspects as oneself. This will help to bring about
tolerence of other people's attitudes and priorities"
"DAY LILY, Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus (sun method)  
The variety potentised has individual flowers on strong stems above tall,
grassy foliage. When faced with seemingly insurmountable problems or emotional
worries, this remedy will allow you to take one day at a time, to break down the 
large problem into smaller manageable ones"
"GOLDEN WREATH WATTLE, Acacia saligna (sun method)  
This native has pom-pom flowers and long narrow leaves. The Golden Wreath
Wattle blooms in August or September. This is for people who are worn-out
or weak during spring and early summer"
"IVORY CURL FLOWER, Buckinghamia celsissima (sun method)  
Bushy evergreen native shrub with masses of sweet-smelling cream flowers
in summer. This remedy is for the elusive fear that one cannot fight because
its source cannot be pinpointed. It can be for a spiritual fear of something
trying to tear one down; or for the nameless terrors than can come upon
an individual for no particular reason"
"MOONLIGHT CACTUS, Hylocereus undatus (sun method)  
`The Ray of Light' is a big beautiful cactus which blooms at night in late
summer. This remedy is for the person who is searching for light in the
darkness, and will help them to see which way to go, and to reason out their
problems"
"MORTON BAY CYPRESS/BRIBIE PINE, Callitris columellaris (boiling method)  
This large tree is a native of the Morton Bay area and is laden with pollen
when flowering. It is a soothing remedy for helping to calm a restless, uneasy
feeling, and has been used for emergencies and in panic situations"
"MOSCHOSMA, Iboza riparia (sun method)  
A deciduous shrub with soft, grey green foliage, bearing small feathery
flowers in autumn or winter. When crushed the leaves have a strong smell"
For tiredness through being drained by people who need love and understanding
"This remedy is invaluable for those people working with patients, eg. social
workers, practitioners, healers, who give a lot of themselves, and can
therefore become very depleted"
"NASTURTIUM, Tropaeolum majus (sun method)  
This ground cover plant is commonly found in gardens and has rounded leaves and red 
or yellow flowers. This is a soothing remedy for tired people who seem to
have small reserves of energy which are often and easily depleted"
"PINK PERIWINKLE, Catharanthus roseus  
This appears similar to the pie-eyed periwinkle, but the leaves are bright
pink. This is for people who need love, attention or pampering. They feel
they have missed out on their share of recognition for their efforts. They
feel they deserve more attention. In children this may appear as aggression"
"PINK SHAMROCK, Oxalis latifolia (sun method)  
A small plant, this garden weed is very prolific under shady trees. It has
a tri-lobed leaf like clover, but much bigger, on a straight stalk of up
to 10 to 20 cm. The flower is mauve-pink. It is for acceptance of, or
adjustment to, change"
"PIE-EYED PERIWINKLE, Catharanthus roseus (sun method)  
This flower has five plain white petals on a plant which grows to 60 cm high"
"The centre of the flower is pink, thus `pie-eyed'. A remedy for the suppressed
spirit which is trying to give expression but cannot because it feels trapped
in a situation. This feeling can lead to depression and hopelessness because
creative ability is supressedPRIMULA, Primula obconica (sun method)  
A garden plant with small pink and mauve flowers. This remedy has been helpful
for shock eg. accidents, bad news"
"PURPLE GINGER, Dichorisandra thyrsiflora (sun method)  
This garden plant has long leaves and beautiful purple flowers growing in
clusters on an upright stem. This tonic helps those who have been through
a difficult time gather their thoughts and compose themselves. It eases
the accompanying mental exhaustion, and may be needed after another remedy
or series of remedies has helped the patient"
"QUEEN OF THE NIGHT CACTUS, Epiphyllum sp. (sun method)  
This beatiful bloom looks almost the same as Moonlight Cactus. For the person
who has made progress but is in danger of slipping back, and who needs
strengthening to move on. They may have overcome an illness or crisis, but
their health is still hanging on a fine thread"
"SENSITIVE BUSH, Mimosa pudica  
A ground creeper with small leaflets which close when disturbed. It has
small, fluffy, pale pink flowers. The nature of this plant seems to point
to the type of person who closes off to the outside world; loneliness, and
to some extent shyness"
"SMART WEED (PERSICARIA), Polygonum Lathifolium (sun method)  
When I applied to have this flower and plant identified, Smart Weed was
the name that the government botanist gave to it. However, I have since seen
a colour sketch of it in a book, labelled Persicaria. This remedy helps
to strengthen the mind for good during times of mental conflict. It erases
the impulse to do the wrong thing under stress conditions, or indeed at any
time. It can help people who, through an impulse that is not their real
self, have difficulty in giving up food, alcohol, drug or smoking addictions"
Their real self wants to give it up but the impulsive self wants the addiction
"In some rare cases a patient will become slightly worse at first when taking
Persicaria, but if they are patient and keep trying they will win the battle"
"SILKY OAK, Grevillea robusta (sun method)  
A big tree with sticky sweet flowers. This remedy is for nostalgia and for people
who have an emptiness in life due to change or loss of someone or something
- a bereavement. The positive side is making home in the present with a
full heart"
"TRIGGER PLANT, Stylidium graminifolum (sun method)  
This plant has dainty pink flowers growing on a long stem. A remedy for
temporary frustration because present circumstances prevent the realisation
of dreams and ambitions"
"TANSY, Tanacetum vulgare (sun method)  
A herb with small yellow button-like flowers, found in many gardens. This
is for the very deep depression and despair that one sinks into when feeling
cut off from all that one has previously held dear. Doubt of one's faith,
chosen path in life, or partner, when previously one had been so sure of
following the right way. Very deep despair and doubt"
"VETCH, Vicia sativa guarangustifolia (sun method)  
A legume which grows wild in the spring. It grows about 30 cm high and has
small pods which are quite edible but too small to be of value for food"
"This remedy has a soothing effect on a troubled person who does not know
what job to do first. If they start one job they feel guilty that they should
be doing something else. The vetch remedy will make them happy doing one
thing at a time and be more efficient"
"WHITE GINGER, Hedychium coronarium  
This grows to approx 2 m high with large, firm, white, very fragrant flowers"
"This remedy is for the person who is attempting to live a more spiritually
oriented or an improved lifestyle where more help can be given to their
fellow man. Modern living demands can lock this person's thinking too much
into the physical day-to-day life"
"WHITE PERIWINKLE, Catharanthus roseus c. v. albus (sun method)  
This flower is similar to the pie-eyed vinca, but has no pink eye. It is
sometimes called Madagascar Perrywinkle. Vinca is a common garden plant
which comes in many colours. This remedy is soothing and orientating to
a troubled, depressed or scattered spirit"
"WILD CARROT, Daucus carota (sun method)  
A cluster of white flowers with a small black central spot. This remedy
is for the person who suffers from feelings of being a black sheep, and the
odd one out in their present company"
"We have available a comprehensive booklet on the Folk Flower Tonics,
containing further detailed information on potentising, plus a full set
of colour photographs of all the flowers and plants - price $25. Roy Victor
Love, 43 Didcot Street, Kuraby 4112. Ph: 07-341-3592"
""
"Change strikes the manors of the Western District  

The grim realities of modern agriculture are having their impact on Victoria's
upper crust Western District - Australia's richest farming region. NIGEL
AUSTIN explains how a region that rode tall on the merino's back is coping
with drastic changes"
"THE CHILL winds of Victoria's Western District winter blow an instant message
to the mind on leaving the stately Woolongoon homestead; the nearby lakes
and low lying, flood prone land are a further reminder of the area's generous
climate"
"The Weatherly family's Woolongoon property lies in the middle of the
most fertile, broad expanse of farming land in Australia, yet land prices,
based on its productive potential, are cheaper than anywhere else. In recent
decades the region has failed to make the large productivity gains achieved
in newer farming areas. When modern technology enabled the plough to push
further north and west into those regions, arid land prices escalated"
"Unfortunately, in the Western District water-logging remains a serious
impediment to greater profitability. Now, however, industry leaders believe
Australia's most renowned agricultural region is on the verge of a
breakthrough that will see an explosion in cropping"
"James Weatherly, 44, owner of Woolongoon, believes it is unfortunate that
the Western District has become a victim of its own image - it has held
the region back. Some people living there and others in urban areas have
mistakenly regarded it as the last bastion of the squattocracy era. The
two storey Woolongoon homestead is part of the false image. It was built
for past generations and represents a huge maintenance burden. ""You don't
realise the hard work involved in its upkeep,"" Weatherly says. Like the
homestead, the neat bluestone entrance and narrow bitumen road leading to
the former are a legacy of bygone days. 
  The post-war years have seen a rapid erosion of the district's wealth"
"Numerous small towns like Caramut, Penshurst, Hexham and Coleraine are
dying. The number of farmers is falling rapidly, the workforce is shrinking;
only the size of farms is increasing"
"Since its settlement 150 years ago the Western District has invariably
reflected the health of Australian agriculture, shared its secrets, nursed
it through bad times and occasionally held the nation's power in its cradle"
"The flat, windswept plains were in turn the starting point for much of
Australia's rural settlement, the stud stock farm for the nation and the
financial strengths behind many early developments. Until recent years
the Western District was the richest farming region in Australia, its large
sheep and cattle populations enjoying a climate that rarely failed to provide
an abundance of feed"
"The high cost nature of agriculture has held the district back. The Victorian
Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs says it is producing far below
its capability. Yet in the years ahead it will have the ability to recapture
some of its past prosperity. The department believes cropping holds the
potential to reshape the pattern of agriculture in the region. Rapid advances
in technology and new crop varieties are the main factors behind this promised
escalation"
"The new technology is expected to increase wheat yields from an average
of 1.8t a hectare to 7t a hectare. It is typical of productivity increases
which have carried Australian agriculture from generation to generation,
through gloom and boom to its position as the most efficient, unsubsidised
producer in the world"
"The Weatherly family is typical of the Western District landowners whose
families have held land for several generations. Grandfather William bought
the land back in 1893 in the aftermath of the great bank crash after selling
a parcel of BHP shares. The family prospered. James' father, William, assumed
control and in the years immediately after World War II the Weatherlys,
like most in agriculture, enjoyed a golden era"
"""The wool boom came in the early 1950's, farming was a way of life and
people made a lot of money,"" Weatherly says. ""My contemporaries went to
public schools and then after school a lot went to universities in England
or New Zealand for further education. We had 16 on the staff in the mid-1960s
and that was after the real wool boom"
"""I remember the general feeling when I left school that if someone wasn't
too bright, then stick them on the land and they would make plenty of money"
"But the old way of life has gone and people who tried to maintain it have
left the area. We're probably still fortunate in the standards we enjoy
and the homesteads we live in compared to other parts of Australia. But
you can be deceived by appearances, a lot of people appear traditional and
conservative, but few don't have a modern approach to running their
properties.""
  Weatherly can remember his childhood when Woolongoon ran just under one
sheep to the acre (0.4ha). It is now nearly 4 sheep to the acre. Woolongoon
has dramatically lifted its productivity in the past 10 years. Shearing 26,000
sheep it cut 760 bales of wool this year compared to just 480 bales from
24,000 sheep in 1976"
"""If we were achieving the same production as 10 years ago we would be
finished,"" Weatherly says. ""But we're starting to push production gains
pretty hard now. Sheep are still the mainstay. Like my parents say, sheep
will always make you a quid, cattle sometimes and horses never. For all
that it's very kind country, there are few droughts and it will carry a
family for generations. You don't make big forturnes, but it's pretty hard
to go broke.""
  Woolongoon has slashed its staff in the past 20 years. Weatherly runs
the property with only five full-time men. Jobs such as shearing, mulesing
and fencing are now performed by contractors - a more productive way of
employing people because of the large additional costs involved in a
permanent work force, he says. He thinks the cost-price squeeze has probably
hurt farmers in the Western District more than in other areas. ""And every
time they put a new tax on it's the smaller blokes trying to make a go of
it who get hurt.""
  Weatherly says in future farmers are just going to have to be more
productive with what they are presently running. Wool has a big advantage
in not having to compete with overseas subsidised products as most other
rural commodities must. He can't see deer or goats taking over in the Western
District"
"However, Weatherly believes cropping, especially oilseeds, leasing of
land and contract machinery ownership will become more important"
"Robin Ritchie, owner of the nearby Blackwood property at Penshurst, is
one of the few descendants of a pioneering family of the region to still
own the land taken up by his forebears. James Ritchie started Blackwood
in 1841, only seven years after the Henty family became the first farmers
in the Western District at Portland. ""My descendants came to Australia
to better themselves from Scotland, where they had been tenant farmers"
"They were successful and to some extent I consider myself a trustee of
the land from one generation to the next. I didn't buy it, I didn't earn
it, I inherited it - if you like, I chose my parents well"
"""We're making about 5 percent return to capital from sheep, which isn't
good enough. But if all you were in farming for was the return on capital,
then you mightn't be in farming. Another reason I continue is because it
is the industry I know. Yet I think if I hadn't been born at Blackwood I
wouldn't have gone farming.""
  Ritchie says a possible reason his family has survived while many others
haven't is that there have been only four generations compared to six for
many other families. But Blackwood is a great deal smaller than it was and
keeps getting smaller. Ritchie believes that without primogeniture there
just isn't going to be a continuation of families in agriculture"
"""I think it is astounding that hardly any of the original families are
left. One of the reasons is a number of people going on to the land are
not being educated well enough. Too few people are looking at agriculture
commercially. They are looking at it still as a way of life and farming
land in Australia is not performing because of that. In the longer term
farming will go on attracting people who like the life or who just drifted
on to the land after school without making a specific career decision"
"""Another reason is the after tax climate is not adequate to encourage
people to invest in a particular project and make it perform. In a recent
list of Australia's wealthiest 250 people, only 5 percent were exporters
- 20 percent were import competing and 75 percent trade protected. Not until
after tax profits are arranged so they encourage export industries will
the `bright boys' go exporting.""
  Ritchie says he could increase production at Blackwood by 15 percent
or more, but if he did he would only be rewarded with increased taxes"
"Ritchie says part of the problem is the mentality that believes success
means maintaining one's financial position, while the metropolitan view
is that success means growth"
"More merino sheep, less crossbred sheep, less beef and dairy cattle and
less hay making are part of the Western District's future, Ritchie says"
"""But there is no guiding star up there telling us what to do. Wool is the
only thing we can see"
"""There is one resource in south-western Victoria near Portland, Port Fairy
and Peterborough about which no one is doing anything. It is hot artesian
water coming to the surface from more than 1000m below the surface. There
is an opportunity to find a product - like flowers, orchids or seedlings
- that is dependent on warmth. I don't think it will be one of the older
Western District families who will use it. Maybe it will, but it's more
likely to be somebody with entrepreneurial skills.""
  Ritchie also believes the Western District is going to learn a lot more
about cropping, especially in well-drained areas, because of its ability
to grow higher yielding crops and closeness to ports"
"Bill Gardner is leading the technology battle to introduce cropping from
the Crops Research Institute in Horsham. He says higher rainfall zones
like the Western District have considerably more scope to improve cropping
yields than arid areas. The Mallee has reached 75 percent of its potential,
while the Western District has achieved only 20 to 30 percent of its potential"
"The present Western District wheat yield is 1.8t a hectare, while better
farmers average 2.2 to 2.5t. Gardner says there is no reasons why wheat
yields can't be lifted to 7t a hectare. ""About one million hectares could
be cropped to wheat in the Western District if we can develop the drainage
technology and develop the correct management procedures,"" Gardner says"
"""I would expect the wheat belt to contract to the higher rainfall areas
in the next 20 to 40 years because that is where the productivity gains
will be achieved.""
  Gardner says the aim is to achieve a yield increase of 2t a hectare which
would be more than adequate to repay an investment of $1000 a hectare for
subsurface drainage. It would also be tax deductible and with that sort
of increase would be well and truly justified. Rape seed would be an even
more profitable crop to grow, he says. Drainage would be achieved by
underground plastic pipes, mole drains and even raising the soil into beds"
"Higher yielding varieties of wheat from overseas are being trialled with
considerable promise. The use of nitrogen, lime and crop rotations would
be an integral part of the new cropping system, according to Gardner"
"""Once we drain the soil there is really no limit to what can be grown,""
Gardner says. ""One farmer has already installed subsurface drainage. When
the system is proved I would expect it to snowball.""
  He adds: ""As the cost of producing wheat increases, and it has always
increased faster than prices have risen, you must lift productivity to
survive"
""
"Today's kitchen with Vo Bacon  

  Have you noticed in the markets a new vegetable called Spaghetti Squash
or Spaghetti Vegetable? If not, look for a slightly tough-skinned,
yellow-looking marrow in shape, a member of the squash family. When boiled or
baked, its flesh can be forked out like strands of spaghetti. It can be
used instead of pasta with traditional sauces or fresh herb sauces such
as pesto. Easy to cook - bake, boil or microcook - either whole, or cut
in half with seeds and fibre removed. Delicious tossed with butter, or
butter and brown sugar and cinnamon"
"News flash! Look for a leaflet in supermarkets and grocery stores, ""Frozen
Foods ... from store to table"", explaining how to buy, store, use and care
for your frozen foods. It gives precise and important information to the
consumer, and is prepared by the Australian Frozen Food Council"
"Many varieties of sweet potatoes can be found in the markets, from whitish
tan to brownish red, dry or soft-fleshed. They are an excellent source of
vitamin A and potassium, and a good source of calcium, phosphorus, thiamin
and vitamin C. Here is an unusual recipe to go with veal, chicken or ham:

 Orchard Sweet Potato Bake  

  The red-skinned with deep orange flesh are the best to use when available"
"In a saucepan of boiling water place 
  3-4 small to medium sweet
    potatoes, well-scrubbed
and cook, covered, until just fork tender. Drain, and let cool until able to handle"
"Peel and slice into circles or cut lengthwise, and place in a shallow baking
dish"
"Spoon over  
  
In a small bowl combine 
  
and spread over sweet potatoes-apricot mixture"
"Sprinkle with  
  
Bake at 180°C (350deg;F) for 15 to 25 minutes, or until top is lightly 
browned and hot"
"Makes 4-6 serves  

  Fun with Pancakes: Make your favourite recipe or use a pancake mix. Just
before serving sprinkle with crushed mixed cereal of your choice; chopped
nuts or raisins; wheatgerm; dried fruits, finely chopped; crumbled crisply
cooked bacon; grated apple; chopped fresh fruit; or make pancakes the size
of 50-cent pieces to entice the young"
"A haggis made easy for haggis lovers. Prepare one package of onion soup
mix with 3 cups water, following directions. Add 2 cups quick cooking oats
and 1/2 teaspoon black pepper. Cook until thickened, then add 500 g sausages,
crumbled. Cook 3 to 5 minutes longer. Shape into a buttered bowl and turn
out on to a platter. Warm 1/2 cup Scotch whisky, ignite and circle the haggis
with flames. Serve"
"Tuna a la Grande: Chill tuna in the can. Turn out and encircle with sour
cream, hard-cooked egg yolks and whites, sweet white or red onion, all finely
chopped, and garnish with chopped dill or parsley. Serve with fingers of
dark bread or toast as an appetiser, salad or entree"
"With beer only? Not necessarily, but great with beer comes this sandwich
from Switzerland. Spread two slices of dark rye or pumpernickel with butter"
"Cover one side with slices of sweet red or white onion and the other with
crumbled blue cheese. Slap together and enjoy"
"A great dessert from Lebanon. In one cup of boiling water soak 1 cup sultanas
for about 5 minutes. Drain and mix with 1/4 cup orange juice, 2 tablespoons
honey, grated lemon rind and dash of cinnamon. Spoon over 6 bowls of plain
or chilled vanilla yogurt"
"I once had this Basque Shepherds Stew at a Basque Ball. Very tasty! In
a pan heat 2 tablespoons butter and 2 tablespoons oil. Lightly brown 1 cup
long-grain rice, add 1 onion and 1 green pepper, sliced. Stir in 1 can consomme
(or beer stock). Cover and cook slowly for 18 to 20 minutes, or until liquid
is gone, rice tender. Stir occasionally and toss with 1/2 cup sliced stuffed
olives"
Makes 4 serves
"One of my favourite salads is the Orange-Onion Salad. From Spain, where
you find the greatest olive groves, comes the Ensalada Valenciana. Combine
2 large sweet oranges, thinly sliced; an onion, thinly cut; 1/4 cup Spanish
olive oil; 2 tablespoons red wine vinegar; salt and pepper to taste. Marinate
15 to 20 minutes. Toss with salad greens and sliced black and pimiento-stuffed
olives"
"Speaking of olives, try this cold sauce poured over grilled fish or chicken"
"In a blender or processor place 1 small onion, halved, a handful of parsley,
1 clove garlic and blend until fine. Add 1/4 cup olive oil, 1 teaspoon prepared
mustard, salt and pepper to taste. Blend well. Add 1/2 cup each sliced green
olives and tomato sauce. Stir to blend. Also makes a good barbecue sauce"
"Want an easy way to obtain onion juice? Cut off the end of an onion and
press on a glass lemon juicer, with a plastic bag over the onion. Presto,
onion juice"
""
"Nutritious foods and drinks By Demeter Hillman  

  Travel in the past used to be an experience with stimulating, surprising
experiences of distinctive architecture, customs, food and drink. Travel
in our modern age, with mass transport, to well advertised destinations,
either on holiday or to cities, means experiencing the uniformity of western
civilisation in its various forms and climates, depending upon the Continent"
"We are then persuaded that mass catering and processed foods and drinks
are to our benefit. Distinctions and distinctiveness have almost totally
been sacrificed to ambitions that serve a mass market"
"Many traditional foods and drinks with valuable health properties are
now almost unobtainable and finding an unpolluted area that has not been
saturated with mass travel, a beauty spot not spoilt, can be a problem unless
one is prepared to go some distance to maintain individuality"
"Growing economic problems for rural populations and the increasing influence
of technology have for many areas increased the plight of how to remain
self sufficient. Changing world influence, world markets and world tension
have created new population patterns, but in most instances a flight from
the land for an uprooted and unprotected rural population is a common fate"
"With such uprooting much simple, but valuable knowledge and practices,
traditional food preparation, are lost. Such sad patterns have been experienced
for hundreds of years, but our age has accelerated this destructive process
and put nothing in its place"
"Creating Tranquility  

  The only compensation would be to once again create  conditions favourable
towards a return of an unhurried, unstressed way of life, in chosen rural
areas with programs for their restoration, without pollution and any violent
technology with an emphhasis on biological needs first, and in housing,
to be able to build biohouses without health hazards"
"Creating tranquil, unpolluted islands where the health of future generations
may be safeguarded is a priority in all countries because of the encroaching
adverse effects of what a violent technology already has created, threatening
the very existence of life on this planet. That is why the study of a
non-violent, advanced biology and ecology with a new awareness of past
and present should be a new priority"
"Also biological clothing is important in order to overcome the ever
increasing allergies and multiple allergies caused by many thousands of
chemicals everywhere in our environment near and far"
"Study of traditional food and drinks that have prophylactic properties
can be rewarding, also when it can be combined with reading books on travel
in the past, when it was still adventurous and hazardous and took perhaps
many weeks or even months to make progress across one Continent"
"Handing On Traditions  

  In remote areas of various countries one can still be assured of traditional
customs having kept their place, where people in rural areas are still able
to follow their natural life styles"
"Although in many areas in remote country regions the diet may have been
rather monotonous, in order to ensure survival, traditional knowledge on
how to prepare fermented foods would be passed on to the next generation
without question. Fermented foods ensured immunity against some illnesses
that threatened because of an absence of hygiene, but fermented foods and
drinks also ensured that hardships resulting from weather changes and exposure
to the elements need not be injurious to health"
"Plain foods were made piquant by means of the micro-organisms developing
in fermented foods and drinks, thereby enhancing or ennobling the foods
by increasing their food value"
"In recent centuries meat consumption has increased five fold and it has
become a symbol of affluence; its modern production has caused many new
health hazards, from hormones, antibiotics, implants of penicillin and
so on"
"In past centuries in some remote areas, potatoes and grains accounted
for 60%-80% of food by weight. This meant that ingenious preparation and
methods of serving, additions of herbs and spices, would provide stimulation,
together with the addition of some other vegetables"
"Until about 300 years ago, bread was baked by the sourdough fermentation
method and provided some of the necessary lactic acid, as did the traditional
drinks with health giving properties. In our modern foods we may find many
new ingredients that render the food sterile instead of keeping it full
of living micro-organisms to enhance the body's resistance to ill health"
"However, not all travellers in the past were prepared for what they found,
nor did they appreciate it. ""The bread was normally black rye bread"", an
English writer, travelling in Russia in the 1840s complained: ""They ferment
their bread to the third or acetous degree; the black bread, unlike that
of all other countries, is bitter and sour, and as nauseous in the mouth
as alum."" Others argued that Russian workers showed sound nutritional judgment
in preferring a bread that was well fermented and as heavy as possible,
the lactic acid which made bread sour was a vital dietary supplement and
its heaviness was also valued"
"Solid Food  

  ""Solid"" (Prochnyi) food is food which is both nourishing and slow to digest,
which remains in the stomach for a long time, for once your belly is empty
you can no longer do heavy work until you eat again"
"As black rye bread is the main component of the diet, it is important
that the bread should be thick, not light, not doughy, and made well, out
of fresh flour. A worker pays great attention to bread. Good bread is the
most important thing"
"More observations about Russian food are that mushrooms and sorrel may
also be ""soured in"", like white cabbage. ""Pickled cabbage (Parkinson's
`saurkraut') was a universal staple in Great Russia. ""Pickled vegetables
may have provided a valuable antiscorbutic. Certainly peasants generally
attributed great importance to the presence of something sour in the diet.""
  ""For the peasants, something acidic (kislota) is an essential part of
any diet.""
  The rural population in Russia in particular relies on having for their
meals regular supplies of pickled cabbage, pickled beetroot, mushrooms,
gherkins, or, in the absence of such soured vegetables, whey or buttermilk
to add to soups made with fresh vegetables. Also the best known Russian
drink, Kvass, may be added to soup, or fermented dough, in order to supply
the acidity that is appreciated for its energy giving qualities"
"Kvass was an essential for preventing infectious diseases and epidemics
also an antidote to scurvy in country regions where hygienic arrangements
were absent. Kvass or quass was also a nutritious drink, however, and
making Kvass was a basic skill acquired that was as important as making
bread, as both were equally important in daily life. Kvass could be made
with barley, rye, wheat, buckwheat or oats, to which fruit juices were added"
"Among the fruit Kvasses there could be additions of pears, cherries, lemons,
berries, herbs, apples, etc., whatever could be found in the countryside
and was easily available from the natural environment. 
  Another traditional drink is Kaffir beer, the national beverage of the Bantu
tribes of South Africa. Kaffir beer is characterised by the fermenting of 
previously soured gruel, generally prepared from ground malted and unmalted 
Sorghum. ""A great variety of similar beverages is still prepared today by the 
natives throughout Africa from indigenous cereals, and Kaffir beer from 
Southern Africa is quite comparable with `merissa' from the Sudan, `bouza' 
from Ethiopia and `pombe' from East Africa,"" writes J.P. Van der Walt in 
Kaffircorn Malting and Brewing Studies II. Studies on the Microbiology of 
Kaffir Beer. The Kaffir beer is rich in lactic acid and vitamins such as 
Thiamine, Riboflavin, Nicotinic acid, also in fibre and protein, etc., 
provided the original fermenting process is retained, home brewing guarantees 
high nutritional value"
"Modern Diet Deficient  

  Our present ""civilisation diet"" which has relied more and more on convenience
foods and luxury foods from supermarkets during past decades is sadly lacking
in enzymes, as fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable to the city dwellers,
as it may take two days for them to be delivered from the country through
the commercial channels"
"Also the contamination of many foods with PCP and PCB has caused many
new outbreaks of ""allergy"" diseases as well as multiple allergies. Coeliac
disease, caused by malfunction or breakdown of the pancreas gland, is a
frequent and growing complaint now. 
  Dr. A. Vogel, the famous Swiss Nature Doctor, who also produces more than
3,000 homoeopathic medicines in his Bioforce Laboratory, mentions that there
are dozens of Lady's Bedstraw plants and that all of them have the strange
property of coagulating milk, like rennet obtained from calf's stomachs"
This juice in the plant makes it suitable for producing cheeses
"(Lab-Labferment). 
  It is in particular this biological combination, besides other mineral
constituents that are in the Lady's Bedstraw plants, that has an excellent
effect upon the pancreas gland. It is known that the pancreas gland has
a double function. The external secretion excretes enzymes, amylase in
particular. This has the effect in the small intestine of changing carbohydrate
into sugar, i.e. digesting cereals, potatoes or any other starch; it is
this starch that is digested by the enzyme, provided the cereal grains have
been broken down first"
"Hence, if there are problems with the digestion of carbohydrate, if
fermentations and flatulence become a problem in that the transformation
of the starch into a sugar form is not working properly, then Lady's Bedstraw
is the correct treatment in order to stimulate and support the malfunctioning
of the pancreas gland. It ought to be used freshly gathered when blooming
between June and August, otherwise dried as infusion, to make a tea. Two
teaspoons fresh or one teaspoon dried herbs are enough for half a litre"
"Lady's Bedstraw also has an intensely stimulating effect upon the kidneys,
this can be further enhanced by adding Solidago, about 30-50 drops. It is best
drunk in the morning. One will be able to observe that this has a diuretic
effect during the day. Drinking this tea during the afternoon would tend
to disturb the night's rest. Lady's Bedstraw also contains bitter substances
that provide a supporting effect in every cancer therapy"
"Anti-cancerous Effect  

  ""Whether it is the bitter substances that aid cancer therapies it is
difficult to say,"" says Dr. Vogel. It has been observed, however, that there
are surprising experiences when Lady's Bedstraw is employed in cancer therapy"
"Mrs. Marie Treben has reported that Lady's Bedstraw may produce surprising
results when used in cancer therapy, as this plant has made a considerable
contribution during external as well as internal applications or
administrations, i.e. during treatment of various cancer tumours, as well
as during treatment of cancer-like skin diseases. ""One should, of course,
not merely rely on the effects of one single plant but ought to observe
the principles of holistic therapy when there are serious diseases to be
treated, such as the pancreas gland or cancer,"" says Dr. Vogel. Nutritional
principles as well as all other healing factors that support, which strengthen
and re-activate the regeneration powers of the body and support it, are
to be considered. ""If Lady's Bedstraw was taken as a prophylactic, this too,
would not ignore the many sided good properties of this healing plant, and
could prevent many unnecessary illnesses.""
  When foods are fermented they unlock additional nutritional factors that
have health enhancing properties. This is the case also for ancient,
traditional drinks, many of which have been sacrificed to the development
of civilisation and have been forced to make way for more artificial drinks
produced commercially that do not have these prophylactic and nutritious 
properties. Wherever the natural rural life has had to make way for industrial
life with all its disadvantages and commercialisation, the enslaving of 
women into factory work and the displacement of a rural natural rhythm for a 
stress filled life, there the natural raw materials are less easily accessible
and home brewing is displaced by the commercial brewing of traditional 
nutritious drinks"
"Where traditional drinks were based upon a thick gruel that was fermented
into an opaque drink with suspended particles, where this drink acted not
merely as an energy drink but also as a food, supplying many nutriments,
we find that some adulteration or mass-production without basic ingredients
may lead to malnutrition as a natural outcome in the native population"
""
"By J A Genoni  

  In the dining room that evening a rather tired looking Fred
asked Jim to come to the office after the meal, where they
could have the promised yarn"
"Greg left the house after finishing his meal, informing Judy
that everything in the jewellery department was progressing
favourably, and her pendant would soon be coming off the
production line"
"In the office Fred sat down heavily in the big chair behind
the desk and gestured for Jim to take the seat opposite"
"Reaching into a side cabinet he withdrew a bottle and two
glasses. He looked at Jim enquiringly but the younger man shook
his head. Pouring a double measure into his glass he drank
slowly. He said, ""That's genuine French cognac, laid down by
Sir Henry himself, so it must be mature by now. I'm getting old
and I needed that.""
  Jim said nothing in reply. He waited expectantly"
"Neither of the men were smoking, so for a moment Fred sat there
silently, apparently gathering his thoughts. Jim noticed how
gnarled and workworn were the hands spread out on the desk"
"Yes, Fred was an old man, and a tired old man at that"
"At last Fred broke the silence. ""Well Jim, what do you think
of station life? A bit different to what you expected, I guess,
eh?""
  Still Jim said nothing. He was here to listen to a
proposal, a very important proposal which might have
a great bearing on the course of his family's future life"
"Fred went on, ""First Jim, I have to tell you how glad I am to
see that Judy latched onto a steady fellow like you."" He smiled
slightly at Jim's embarrassed look. ""I'm being straight with
you because at my time of life there's no time to be aimlessly
beating about the bush. I've got a big property here and it's
on the threshold of bigger things to come. I've had my fun at
building something up for myself, and I also feel as if I've
done something for Australia as well. We feed a big part of the
world, my boy, and that's no small thing in itself. As they
say, I can't take it with me, more's the pity."" Fred added this
with a rueful grin. ""I've got some good friends on this
station, my family as I call them, who regard Glencoe as their
permanent home, their country, as the black fellows have their
way of saying. They depend on Glencoe and Glencoe depends on
them. After I go I don't want the place sold to some syndicate
whose only aim is to chase the almighty dollar. Syndicates have
no feelings for people or what may happen to their lives. This
place is not a gold mine to be exploited. Every cent has to be
wrenched out of this land by more than just hands, it needs brains, 
judgement, business sense and plain old fashioned guts. Don't shake 
your head, boy. I know about Vietnam and the medal you earned. I
was a soldier once and know they don't give them away for
nothing. I know you came home in a wheelchair and what you
did to get out of it. You don't know that Ben Jason and I
were cobbers in the first world war, do you? Ben wrote back
to me saying you were his right hand man in the business,
steady and resourceful in handling difficult customers, always
reliable.""
  Jim felt himself flushing. So old Ben had given him a good
write up indeed. Ben was a fair and considerate boss noted for
his square dealing to everyone, and now it looked as if he had
taken more interest in his staff than would have been
thought"
"Fred continued, ""I can see in you Jim, the potential leader,
but you have to come out of where you're hiding. I believe
you've gained confidence since coming up here. You look as if
you belong in this country. You've learned to ride and you've
picked up a lot from the boys in a damn short time. I'd be
proud to call you nephew any time."" Fred grinned, and they
ceremoniously shook hands"
"Jim laughed, the tension going out of him, ""Thanks uncle Fred,
we could say it's mutual.""
  Fred grinned, ""Let's drink to it, eh?"" This time Jim accepted
the proffered glass. It was good brandy, there was no doubt
about that"
"Out of curiosity he leaned forward to examine the old bottle
closely. He could just make out the label. Courvoisier, the
cognac of Napoleon. The date was obscured but he could see
eighteen hundred and something, so it was genuine"
"Jim said, ""Too valuable almost to drink. The Englishman
never had anything but the best, it appears.""
  ""Cost me nothing,"" said Fred with satisfaction. ""All thrown in
free with the rest when I bought the place.""
  Some of the tiredness went out of Fred's face. He went on. ""I
will say without bragging that we have a very smooth operation
here on this property and it's mostly because of the people I
have working with me. You get the point, Jim? I never say
anybody is working for me. They're working for themselves and
their own future on Glencoe. We all respect each other, but we
also know who is boss. Jim boy, I want you to be boss here on
Glencoe when I'm gone. I want someone like you who can be
trusted to keep this property, this land, this people, together
and marching forward.""
  Fred paused to replenish his glass f rom the cognac bottle
before carrying on. ""Before you make your final decision I'd
like to tell you a bit about the place. Abe Jenkins gets out
a balance regularly and he can tell you exactly about the
financial side, but only I can tell you about the great years
and the disaster years that can happen again. Such years you
have to prepare against beforehand if you're to survive. I
really had to battle it out early on to pay off this place"
"Fortunately for me black labour was plentiful and cheap to
help round up the wild cattle that had over run the property
in their thousands. I think I told you before that I helped to
start the meatworks, and that turned out to be a smart move,
even if I say it myself. After the cattle were thinned out I
was temporarily free of debt, and the sheep did well, just as
I thought. The Namultja used to go after the dingo scalps, and
the dogs never bothered us much. Reminds me, a lot of scalps
came in that didn't look much like pure dingoes, but it was
one way of keeping the camp mongrels down. Dogs that go wild
are always worse than true dingoes at killing sheep, I've
found. They know too much about men and don't scare away as
easily as the real dingoes. We were shearing a great many sheep
when the Korean War sent prices of wool sky high. Near a
million dollars for the wool cheque is not bad money, I can
tell you. That's when I started most of the solid improvements
that really made this place. New bores and mills,
subdivisional fencing, stockyards, staff houses, our first
power plant and cool room. It was marvellous to at last have
the capital to do things the right way."" Fred raised the brandy
glass again"
"""As our black labour faded away we started a mechanisation
programme which we keep modernising with the times. Jock Angus
was a real find for me, and now Daisy's boys have grown up and
are sticking to the station we are getting by quite well with
using contractors in the busy times of the year. I can remember
the blacks we used to have here. Both men and women made damn
good stockriders and as far as I could see were quite happy
with the situation till the bloody do-gooders and trade unions
had their blasted standard wage idea. Up to a hundred used to
be on Glencoe, doing a bit of mustering, droving and stock
handling beside the trapping. They did it when it suited them,
then went on their walkabouts and attended to their initiation
ceremonies and such. They were handy but few would ever settle
down to steady work all the week. We supplied them with tucker,
tobacco and blankets, and all their cousins and uncles and
friends as well. It cost us plenty, but after all it was their
country we were using, so we didn't mind. But big wages for
what they did, and houses supplied for the whole mob, was out
as far as we were concerned. If somebody died in a house they
wanted a new one, and rather than go out far for firewood
they'd chop up the furniture and use that on their campfire"
"A real black doesn't want a house. A windbreak and the dust to
sleep in surrounded by his dogs for warmth is their idea of
living. The chairbourne experts wanted to make him into a
whiteman and a Christian but now that's all backfired. He
wants all the whiteman has but doesn't realise that it has to
be worked for. He wants the land he never made use of, returned
so he can get mineral royalties as well as free social
services. It's well ahead of what is offered to a white
citizen, and is going to lead to plenty trouble in the future"
"The only word that's important to him now is `Gimme, Gimme.'""
  Fred laughed apologetically. ""Sorry Jim. I'd better shut up"
"We old squatters are one-eyed on the subject. And, of course,
I must admit there's any amount of good black people as well"
"Many of them have good jobs in Canagra. We've got a lot doing
well at the meatworks. At home here we've Johnny and George,
and old Annie and the younger ones, all belonging to Glencoe,
all good friends of mine.""
  Fred grinned as he remembered something. ""Old George must have
been quite a lad in his day because in his mispent youth he stole 
old Mary away from the Bundaru tribe when they were all having 
some big general corroboree over near Ayers Rock years
ago. They sent their kadaitcha man after him but George trailed
out into the desert and circled around on him. He caught the
Bundaru executioner asleep and settled his hash with a
tomahawk. George dug into the side of a big anthill, put his
man inside and left the ants to mend the hole. Swept out all
the tracks, and came home with a clear conscience. The other
mob must have had their suspicions but they never came after
his kidney fat again. George told me all about it knowing I
wouldn't give him away to the white police. Perhaps that's why
he sticks so close to Glencoe.""
  Jim showed his amazement, ""You mean little old George, the
gardener?""
  Fred chuckled, ""Surprised you, eh? There's more to Glencoe than
meets the eye, I can tell you that.""
  Jim thought...Maybe even more than you know yourself, uncle
Fred"
"Fred said, ""That's my policy, Jim. I want to know all about
everybody who shares a future on Glencoe. If you know them you
can handle them. You know what you can get out of them. You
know how they will react to every situation.""
  Jim was impressed. This good psychology which uncle Fred
expressed was based on a lifetimes experience in living with
and handling his fellow men. A man could learn a lot by
listening to him. One weakness was very apparent to Jim. It
was damned hard to know everything about everybody, especially
on Glencoe where there seemed any amount of secrets floating
around"
"Fred continued, ""After most of the blacks left, the dingoes
gradually took over and now we're down to half the sheep we
once carried"
""
"Marching on a great road By Peter McConnell  

IN HIS THIRD YEAR at university, Jeffrey Watson grew a beard and took to
wearing jungle boots into lectures. He bought a Mao badge and a Little Red
Book, joined the Labour Club and on a visit home announced to his parents
that he was rejecting, out of hand, the entire existing social order"
"His mother was a little shocked. She had brought her son up in a respectable
way, a Christian way, and had always wanted him to have nice friends. It
was her hope that he should settle down in a good career. At Scotch College
Jeffrey had been a Prefect and a Cricket Blue. He had won a prize for an
essay entitled ""What Does the Commonwealth Mean to Us?"" But now all that
lay in the past. Jeffrey had grown a beard and was associating with a scruffy
crowd of radicals, many of whom were not even British. Where would it all
end?
  Jeffrey's father on the other hand was non-committal. The boy was still
very young he would say, and going through a stage. He must be left alone
to work out his own pathway in life"
"In spite of Mr Watson's tolerance however, relations with his son did
become rather strained at times. At weekends Jeffrey would arrive home with
carloads of his new friends. They would virtually occupy the old Victorian
house in South Yarra. Its panelled rooms would echo to the strident sound
of Chinese songs: ""Red is the East"" and ""Marching on a Great Road."" Violent
arguments would break out beneath the family portraits on Imperialism,
Revisionism and other ""isms"" which no-one else in the family had so much as 
heard of. At his own mahogany dinner table Mr Watson would be needled
about his Directorships, his BHP shares and his Heysens by wild-eyed, bearded
youths"
"However, he remained unfailingly tolerant and at the most heated moments
would calm everybody by saying: ""Gentlemen! What about some more wine?""
  Jeffrey seemed to blame his father for so much. Behind his back he would
describe him as ""a reactionary bourgeois"" or ""a comprador"". It seemed to
him that the men of his father's generation had betrayed the youth of today
and had left them facing a world of poverty, war and injustice. Take Vietnam
for example. It made him angry and bitter to think that people like himself,
with a good education, could be packed off to Vietnam to fight"
"On May day, Jeffrey Watson was arrested at an anti-war demonstration at
the US Consulate. On hearing the news Mr Watson proceeded at once to the
police station to bail him out. As a civic leader with a legal background
he was able to arrange this quite easily. Jeffrey was amused by the whole
experience. It gave him something exciting to talk about at the Labour Club"
"A little later, on July 4th, Jeffrey was arrested again at a second
demonstration. Mr Watson was not so quick on the scene this time. He was
forced to spend the night in a small, damp cell. There were also some
unpleasant threats from an insensitive policeman. When Jeffrey mentioned
his father's name the threats ceased abruptly. Still, for a moment he had
been thoroughly frightened. On his release next day he resolved that he
would avoid undue prominence at future demonstrations and concentrate more
on agitational work among the broad student masses"
"Besides, he had another distraction now. He was becoming very involved
with a new girlfriend whom he had met at a political meeting"
"Her name was Hannah. She had long black hair, pale skin and a very dramatic
personality. A firm believer in Women's Liberation, she refused to wear
make-up or dresses on principle. Jeffrey was fascinated by her. With her
independence and contempt for convention she was a complete contrast to
the middle-class girls he had known in the past. After a short acquaintance
they decided to set up house together in a student commune in Carlton"
"The commune, or ""foco"" as it was sometimes called, was situated in an
old, run-down terrace with a wrought-iron balcony. Jeffrey shifted his stereo,
his clothes and his textbooks there from South Yarra and comforted his mother,
who insisted on weeping at his leaving home"
"He and Hannah spent a whole day painting their new room white and decorating
the walls with red and yellow posters from the East Wind bookshop. The posters
showed the workers of the world breaking loose from their chains and striding
heroically towards the sunrise"
"Their life together was very happy. On Saturday mornings they went shopping
in Lygon St. They wandered hand in hand through the park, helped one another
with their essays and slept together in a big double bed with a red and
black bedspread"
"At night, students from the commune and the radical movement would crowd
together in the lounge. The room would fill with blue marijuana smoke and
to the sound of clinking beer glasses Maoists, Anarchists and Guevarists
would clash furiously. Someone with a guitar would strike up a Bob Dylan
song. Karl Marx himself, in his black frock coat, gazed benevolently down
from the wall, next to Mick Jagger. Looking up at them with a ""joint"" in
his hand Jeffrey would think proudly of how far he had come. He was light
years away now from family and his old college friends"
"Nonetheless, he never lost touch entirely with his former world. Now and
then he would run across old Scotch College acquaintances in the university
cafe. Smiling faintly he would listen as they talked of their boring bourgeois
lives - the same old chundering sessions, sports cars and law studies. Then
quietly, with the air of an insider, he would relate some incident from
hs new life. He would describe how they had exposed a Revisionist, thrown
rocks at a govenment office or let down the tyres of the Vice-Chancellor's
car. His old friends would listen, horrified, yet secretly impressed"
Nor did Jeffrey lose touch with his family
"In second term he even took Hannah out to South Yarra for tea. The evening
however was not a great social success. Hannah insisted on wearing her
filthiest blue jeans and on parading her full vocabulary of four letter
words. Mrs Watson was frigidly polite. Mr Watson did his best with questions
about Hannah's family - her parents had kept a small shop - but it was clear
that nobody was at ease. Among the family portraits and monogrammed silver
Hannah seemed strangely out of place, and a little vulgar. Her table manners
were atrocious"
It was soon after this visit that they began to have their first quarrels
There were several things about Hannah which puzzled and worried Jeffrey
It turned out that she had slept with several other boyfriends before him
"That shocked him a good deal, and they had a quarrel about it. Then again,
she was absurdly over-sensitive on some subjects. Once Jeffrey had made
a perfectly harmless joke about the Jews and she had flared up at him in
a ridiculous way. They had a quarrel about that too"
"It was a very difficult relationship on occasions. Sometimes Hannah would
cling to him like a child, then at other times she would act as if she hated
him. She would tell him about her unhappy childhood: her alcoholic father,
her chaotic family and the Polish relatives who had died in concentration
camps. She would break down, cry and cling to him, and Jeffrey would feel
embarrassed and guilty. At these times he wanted nothing more than to get
away from her"
"Little by little he was also becoming disillusioned about the radical
movement. The demonstrations were no longer as exciting for him as they
had once been. It was always the same old red flags and familiar faces from
the Labour Club and SDS. The political discussions were beginning to bore
him too. Sometimes, sitting in the middle of a long, involved debate about
Dialectics or Alienation or what Trotsky said to Bukharin in 1928 he would
find himself yawning and almost dropping off to sleep"
"The student radicals were starting to irritate him. He couldn't help thinking
sometimes that they were narrow-minded, resentful and envious, and a little
unbalanced with all their talk of injustice. They all seemed to have chips
on their shoulders, and were forever in a rage about something - Vietnam,
Aborigines, prisoners - if it was not one thing it was another. Certainly
there was injustice in Australia, but, as his father said, no society was
without its faults. You couldn't change human nature. It was all very well
for them to do away with God, the family, private property and the State,
but what were they going to put in the place of these things? Utopian theories
which had never worked! It was not very constructive"
"Sometimes, watching them arguing furiously away about the worries of the
world, Jeffrey would find himself thinking of his Uncle George who was
a Colonel in the Army. Uncle George had said once that all these grousers
and malcontents and radicals were just people who couldn't make it in normal
society. They should all be given a taste of the lash and clapped into the
Army for a few years: and that would cure them. Dear old Uncle George and
his simple notions"
There were incidents at the commune which got on Jeffrey's nerves
"Because he had an allowance from his parents they expected him to contribute
constantly to every cause which came along. Money was always being needed
for legal expenses, for getting draft resisters out of gaol, for medical
aid to Zimbabwe or Vietnam or the West Zanzibar Liberation Front - and they
looked down their noses at him if he didn't contribute. They seemed to think
he was made of money"
"Another of his pet grievances was that the others at the commune had no
sense of property. They were forever borrowing his stereo and his typewriter
and his Bob Dylan records, and somehow he never liked to object. To object
would have been ""bourgeois"""
"But the worst thing of all about the place was the dirt. Jeffrey did his
best to keep the house clean, but the others seemed to simply revel in squalor"
"There was always rubbish lying about, dirty dishes in the sink and half-starved
cats prowling through the kitchen. Hannah was the worst offender of all"
"In spite of his efforts she kept their room like a pig-sty, with underwear,
books and papers scattered everywhere. It was driving Jeffrey up the wall"
"And then, beyond all the temporary problems at the commune, there loomed
the rapidly approaching final exams and the prospect of having to get a
job"
"Mr Watson was becoming worried by this very question. On one of his son's
rare visits home he invited him into the study for a heart to heart talk"
"""Isn't it time Jeffrey that you devoted some thought to the future?"" he
began seriously. ""I'd be the last one in the world to interfere with your
freedom, but all this political activity - is it doing you any good? It's
all very well now - you're just going through a stage - but if it goes on
too long it could have repercussions on your career.""
  Jeffrey defended himself half-heartedly, but the unknown future when he
would have his Arts degree loomed over him now like a menacing black cloud"
"Then, a month before the exams, to cap everything off, Hannah announced
that she was having a baby"
"Jeffrey was simply flabbergasted when she told him. He had the feeling
that his life was turning into a nightmare"
"They argued until 3 in the morning about what to do. Hannah became quite
hysterical. She behaved in a very immature way. Naturally there was no question
of them keeping the baby or of getting married."
"To Theosophise Australia By Jill Roe  

Over seventy Australian theosophists attended the Jubilee celebrations at
Adyar in December 1925 when, it was claimed, the Lord spoke through the
chosen vehicle, Krishnamurti, for the first time. Leadbeater's party returned
in early 1926 hugging the idea that the Coming had begun. They brought with
them the young Peter Finch, abandoned at Adyar by a gallivanting Buddhist
grandmother; and, more auspicious, Annie Besant's loyal lieutenant since
1902, George Arundale, with his beautiful young wife Rukmini"
"Although Arundale had never been to Australia before, he was almost
immediately elected general secretary of the Australian section, on
Leadbeater's recommendation, which post he held from 1926 to 1928. The
delighted and now orderly section presumed, correctly, that exciting days
lay ahead. They had been delivered in Arundale, a Cambridge-educated
Englishman, with glittering theosophical credentials dating back to childhood
acquaintance with HPB herself, twenty years' service in India, including
foundation of the Order of the Star in the East. In 1925 during an exciting
week of clairvoyance in Holland, Arundale had entered, and subsequently
rose to be regionary Indian bishop of, the Liberal Catholic Church. It would
be perfectly proper for his new hosts to address the impressive newcomer
as `Bishop Arundale' or Dr Arundale - honoris causa from the would-be
theosophical world university planned for Madras in 1925 - though he often
appeared as the Rt Rev. Arundale, and liked `Bishop George'"
"Mrs Ransom, in command since 1924, departed gracefully for a new tour
of duty in South Africa with the assurance of an administration ready for
the transformation of Australia into a great theosophic community,
which, it speedily emerged, was Arundale's plan of action. Convention responded
keenly to his slogan `theosophise Australia'"
"Initially, `to theosophise Australia' meant doubling membership, increasing
cash flow, putting theosophy `across Australia', and uplifting the nation"
The time had passed for technical discussion of karma and reincarnation
"Arundale announced in exemplary fashion that he had already joined nine
brotherhood movements in Sydney, the League of Nations Union, the Prohibition
Society, the Food Reform League, the Humanitarian Society, the RSPCA, the 
British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (NSW branch), the Good 
Film League, the Peace Society and the WEA; and agog with such dynamism, 
Convention in April 1926 rushed to maximise good fortune. It heard about 
a new Advance! Australia publishing company and endorsed a plan to transform 
Theosophy in Australia into a monthly magazine. A.E. Bennett, partner in the 
new publishing company, also reported a bold technological initiative: the 
newly developed medium of wireless would be deployed in a proposed theosophical 
broadcasting station at Adyar House, to be linked with the Manor, the Star 
Amphitheatre and St Alban's Liberal Catholic Church, to spread theosophy 
and a first-class program of music and lectures over Australia. The pioneering 
possibilities of a spiritual community in Sydney, mentioned by Leadbeater, 
regained an optimistic glow, now that a maker of theosophical men had arrived. 
The record states primly that all Arundale's plans were endorsed, though what 
happened to the idea of a theosophical museum is not known; and members 
restricted their `terrific enthusiasm' to Australian projects, shelving the 
idea of making the society a base for a world religion, as mooted at the 
Jubilee. 
  In a matter of months, theosophising Australia began in earnest. Advance!
Australia, a political monthly, did not replace Theosophy in Australia,
which continued under the symptomatic name change, The Australian Theosophist,
but the monthly duly appeared, with official backing from the section, in
July 1926, forty-eight pages, sixpence, co-edited by Arundale and South
Australian journalist James Leonard Davidge. A month later, on 23 August
1926, the Theosophical Broadcasting Station Pty Ltd, headed by Arundale,
officially launched Radio 2GB as a `B' class station, that is, financed
by advertising. Atypically for `B' class stations, it was to be resolutely
highbrow. (2GB, in other hands since 1936, is a major commercial broadcaster
in Sydney, to the present day retaining a reputation for thoughtfulness.)
Two new press agencies, Fidelity New Service and the Country Press Agency,
dispensed favourable theosophical information"
"The new general secretary galvanized Bligh Street, now more vital and
bustling than the old Hunter Street building had ever been, with many new
departments of work. Publicity was especially busy, despatching 4000 magazines
per month to influential people nominated by members. Adyar Hall, advertised
as the most beautiful hall in Sydney, attracted substantial bookings, and
provided cultural space for members with artistic abilities: for art displays,
lunch-hour concerts arranged by the Music Lovers' Concert Committee and
given by the Theosophical String Quartet formed to service 2GB, and topical
midday lectures. It was decreed that Wednesday evening lodge meetings
henceforth would revolve around a program of music (the section now had
a musical director, Edward Branscombe, who formed the Adyar Ladies' Choir);
socials; debates, preferably on the lives of great men; and Star meetings"
"The irrepressible Arundale and Australian theosophy awaiting the World
Teacher made the preparation of other sections look simple-minded and staid"
"Suppressing doubts about the expensive amphitheatre, undaunted by the closure
of the model school, Australian theosophists rallied, this time to the call
of culture. Never before, and never again, would the Theosophical Society
in Australia assume such a high profile as in the late twenties, the Arundale
phase"
"At first Arundale could not be sure what to make of Australians. But,
as a pupil of Dr Besant, `the greatest statesman the world has at present',
he began by talking: on radio stations, from pulpits, and through the house
journals. Like previous theosophical visitors, he saw a rare type inhabiting
this hospitable land, combining the key theosophical virtue of brotherliness
with a promising pioneering spirit. A young country appealed to Arundale
the theosophic educator. And there were good vibrations. `I feel in the
air of Australia,' he wrote, `a certain intangible something which presages
a wonderful future not yet, except by the idealistic visionary few, contacted
by the people as a whole ... Nowhere in the world, I imagine, should the Great
Teacher win a warmer welcome.'
  Since theosophists never doubted that they were the visionary few, word
that they should now give a lead to Australia was welcome. It was not just
a matter of permeating national life with brotherliness, as first thought,
but of setting true national standards. Arundale's `The Australia Section:
A Vision' had them living in peace, harmony and hygiene in suburban communities
with beautiful libraries and the wireless, preparing to serve their fellows,
inspired by `Christ's immediate presence'. Strenuous work lay ahead of the
lodges, instructed to build up a noble Australian citizenship: `every lodge
and every centre a community'. Theosophical keys must be applied to every
area of life, political, religious, social, educational and industrial. 
Australia, perceived as a melting pot, at a time of political experiment, 
was `open to the influence of great ideals and far-reaching schemes for human
betterment'. 
  The rhetoric improved with use. `It is the task of members of the Order
of the Star in the East and of the Theosophical Society,' continued Arundale,
`to see to it that Australia perseveringly treads the appointed pathway,
for members of these movements are the truest pioneers even in this land
of pioneers.' A Fellowship of Pioneers to celebrate the lives of world
benefactors formed immediately, with Arundale addressing its Anzac Day ceremony
in 1926 (the program included the recessional, chamber music, a reading
from poet John Masefield and the national anthem). Thereafter, Thursday
lunch-hour at Adyar House featured readings from great lives. Advance! 
Australia pamphlets, 3d each, included `A Pebble of Goodwill' and `Theosophy
and an ideal Australia'. While Arundale familiarized himself with Australian
life, and offered more exact strategy, members reminded themselves how small
Australia was compared with India, and basked in `colossal ambition'"
"There were indeed powerful new grounds for hope. With a magazine and a
radio station, the old obstacles of incomprehension and misrepresentation
could be removed. (That hostility derived from the public perception of
theosophy as non-Christian and even anti-Christian, never seemed to be taken
quite seriously.) Also theosophical standards in personal, social and political
life, if explained clearly, would win respect and influence. By 1927 both
Advance!  Australia and 2GB were running well, with the magazine at a print
run of 5000 monthly, and theosophists responded to calls for support for
the station. For the first time, the theosophical claim to public attention
extended beyond the lectern. To put it colloquially, theosophists had come
out"
"What then did a fringe group like that have to offer? As we have seen,
they had considerable resources, wide rather than deep, avowedly alternative
to the mainstream. How far theosophical values in personal, social and
political life represented the promised alternative in the twenties is the
most interesting question of all those raised by the history of theosophy
in Australia"
The answer is complicated by the fact that theosophy was an esoteric culture
"Even at its most open, in the late 1920's, with sources which make assessment
possible virtually for the first time, the fact remains that by definition
they are still usually incomplete, and at crucial points, unsatisfactory"
"Esoteric culture always exists in some sort of relationship to the general,
or exoteric, culture, sharing a common tradition even while interpreting
its basic realities quite differently, so that tense and unstable
juxtapositions are the norm. A neat example of the silences, and the
relationships, which also illustrates how far theosophical values posited
alternative values, emerges in the story of the piece de resistance radio
2GB"
"As noted earlier, the broadcasting idea went to Convention in Easter 1926"
"However, Karel van Gelder of Blavatsky lodge was experimenting with
transmission from the Manor as early as 1923; and in 1925 a group of
theosophists had formed a theosophical broadcasting company in Sydney. Like
some spiritualists, notably E.J. Fisk managing director of Amalgamated
Wireless 1916-1944, theosophists readily appreciated the possibilities of
the new medium. Not surprisingly they were quick off the mark in establishing
a station - though not quick enough to claim their first choice of call sign,
2AB, AB for Annie Besant, this call-sign having already been claimed by
Mr A.V. Badger of Neutral Bay. As is now fairly well known, the theosophical
broadcasters therefore had recourse to 2GB, Giordano Bruno, thought to be
a previous incarnation of Annie Besant and an old freethought hero, a
sixteenth-century martyr to `true science'"
"Credit for 2GB probably belongs to Alfred Edward Bennett (1889-1963),
a theosophist since about 1920, who managed the station 1926-1936. One of
the large family of Melbourne schoolmaster George Jesse Bennett, and younger
brother of Lieut.-General Henry Gordon Bennett, A.E. Bennett was an 
accountant who set up in Sydney in 1922, having previously managed
meatworks in Victoria and Western Australia. Arundale, with whom Bennett
was to have a dynamic partnership, gave him the credit, but also implied
that the station was his own initiative, prompted by the discovery that
the infant medium was not a monopoly in Australia as in Britain, and by
personal success lecturing on citizenship over Trades Hall stations in Brisbane
and Sydney:
    I dreamed a regular program of good things, things which would provide
    refined enjoyment, develop public taste and appreciation. Good music,
    not the rubbish we mostly hear, interesting addresses on art, on science,
    on literature, on the great social problems, on the various movements
    working for Australian betterment, on Australian ideals - political,
    religious, social, educational, on international questions, short addresses
    on Theosophy and its application to the problems of life, topical views
    ... such could form the ordinary program"
"Publicity for theosophy, scope for theosophical lectures, and a demand for
theosophical literature would all flow from this limitless opportunity"
"Whatever the inspiration, theosophical money and skills were readily to 
hand, and it was astute to be early on the broadcasting scene. The proposal
caused anxiety, not only to the residents of Mosman, fearful of interference
with existing reception from the new masts at the Manor, but also because
the idea of religious broadcasting in a sectarian community frightened liberal
opinion."
"Bear bites off boy's arm LONDON:  

 A bear in a Scottish wildlife park last night bit off and devoured
the arm of a boy, 10"
"Police said Ross Prendergast, who also was mauled on the chest and shoulders,
put his arm into the bear's cage after he, his brother, and some friends climbed
two fences to reach it"
"The 227kg European brown bear, Jeremy, well known for his appearances in
Sugar Puffs commercials in the 1960s, is a star attraction at the Camperdown
Wildlife Centre, Dundee"
The park was closed when the incident happened at 8 o'clock
"Staff heard the boy's screams and rushed to help him.  Prendergast was taken
to the town's royal infirmary, where he was given emergency surgery"
His condition was described as satisfactory
"A hospital spokesman said his right arm had been bitten off just below
the elbow"
The fence surrounding Jeremy's cage was 1.55 metres high
"Prendergast's grandfather said: ""He's a brave wee laddie.  He's really
quite perky.  I'm sure he'll bounce back"
"The attack was the second in 48 hours at the wildlife centre.  Earlier,
a man had been bitten by a wolf"
"Ross, his brother, Mark and six of their friends had slipped through the
fence into the centre shortly after closing time"
"Employee Angad Taha was trying to round up the children when he heard
frantic screams from the bear's enclosure"
"A stick was found nearby and officials believe Prendergast might have
been taunting the bear, described by the centre as ""just a big softie"
"Mr Taha, who gave emergency first aid, was too shocked to speak about
the incident"
"A spokesman for the district council, which licenses the centre, said
he did not think the bear would be put down"
"However, an urgent inquiry has been ordered"
""
"Gaslights May Return To North Terrace MP bids to restore the grandeur By William Reschke  

  The statue of the nude Venus on North Tce may soon again be viewed in
gaslight by the gentlemen of the Adelaide Club"
"In an earlier Adelaide, the members' glowing cigar ends at the club windows
drew as much scandalised comment as the statue"
But not for Venus alone is the new move to gaslight
"It is a bid by Mr Legh Davis, MLC, to recapture the spirit and classic
grandeur of our boulevard"
"Mr Davis, the Opposition spokesman for the arts, considers the North
Tce precinct - ""our kilometre of culture"" - as an important attraction
for visitors to the city"
"""Adelaide's streets were gaslit for 50 years, from 1863 to the outbreak
of World War I in 1914,"" he said yesterday"
"""Elegant Windsor design gas lamps, imported from England, were used
in the city in those days"
"""A Sydney company, Australian Gas Light Company, is selling an accurate
hand-made reproduction of these lights"
"""The gas lights would be placed on both sides of the terrace between East
Tce and the Railway station"
"""They would provide effect lighting rather than illumination,"" Mr Davis
said"
"Old world charm, however, would not extend to the lamplighter serenading
his way through parking meters to get the place lit up, Mr Davis added"
High technology would see it done with electronic ignition
"Mr Davis said benefits would far outweigh the cost of buying and running
the gas lights"
"Implementing the project would require co-operation between the City Council
and the SA Gas Company"
"Mr Davis has been encouraged by the positive response to his suggestion
from the Gas Company and Adelaide's Lord Mayor, Mr Jim Jarvis"
"Mr Jarvis believes it is a commendably simple way to achieve a most effective
result"
"""You know, tourists talk with me when they have seen our city and always
it comes back to this"
"""North Tce fascinates them as a grand boulevard in the classic European
style and it is our heritage,"" he said"
"""As long as we get back to a real representation of what it was, I would
support it,"" he said"
"""Government House still has the real thing.  They are superb,"" Mr Jarvis
said"
Mr Davis said he would like another old custom to return
"""The ambience of Adelaide, its Victorian architecture and wide streets
can be further enhanced by window boxes and greenery,"" he said"
"""Many cities overseas add color to their streets by encouraging the use
of window boxes"
"""It was pleasing here to see again the introduction of Floral Day for
the Festival of Arts, earlier this year"
"""The floral carpet in North Tce is a particular attraction of great appeal
to visitors at Festival time.""
  ""Sadly, a lack of expertise and volunteers have made it difficult to
hold an annual Floral Day"
"""Skills such as this should not be lost to the Festival City.""
  ""Adelaide's Mediterranean climate means we are ideally placed to show
off a wide range of flowers"
"""For example, many visitors to the recent International Heritage Rose
conference commented on the extraordinary quality of roses in SA ... as
good as anything in the world,"" Mr Davis said"
""
"A fine job, Mr Premier  

MR UNSWORTH has had an ill-starred start to his premiership, so it's pleasant
to be able to offer him congratulations on the comprehensive, sensible and
overdue changes to the system of justice in NSW"
"The Attorney-General, Mr Sheahan, joined the Premier in announcing the
overhaul, but Mr Unsworth's will was clearly discernible in persuading Cabinet
to support the measures. Following on the decision to deny the casino contract
to the Hooker/Harrah's consortium, the establishment of a series of new
judicial bodies indicates a new and firm will to boost public confidence
in the State Government's attitude on moral and ethical issues"
"The new Judicial Commission will be charged with offering guidance to judges
and magistrates on consistent sentencing. Its conduct division will deal
with all complaints about the behaviour of judges and magistrates and it
will have the powers of a royal commission, which will be exercised for
the first time in an inquiry into the conduct of John Foord"
"The establishment of the post of State Director of Public Prosecutions is
ironic, in the light of what the former Premier, Mr N.K. Wran, had to say
about the federal holder of this post, Mr Ian Temby QC. But to pass 
responsibility for higher court prosecutions out of political hands makes
good sense. In particular, there is much to like about the decision that
the new DPP will adjudicate on no-bill issues, the cases in which the
authorities decide to take no further action"
"MR Sheahan, a man of good sense, will feel no regret at the passing of
that poisoned chalice. Some of the traditional diehards, who like to arrange
many matters out of public sight, may feel the decision is naive, but this
is more a measure of their cynicism than of public benefit"
"The Opposition talks of ""knee-jerk reactions"". Well, they would, wouldn't
they? And there are some criticisms and arguments among the legal fraternity
about the detail of some of the new arrangements. The new scheme of things
is complex and some amendments might be made with advantage. But generally
the response among concerned citizens and organisations has been warm"
"The Chief Justice, Sir Laurence Street, carries heavy responsibility in
the new system. He will have the good wishes and encouragement of many people
previously sceptical and bitter"
"As for Mr Unsworth, if he continues to build public confidence in State
institutions and systems, he may yet find the public opinion polls playing
sweet music for him"
""
"Tottie Tippett By Barbara Hanrahan  

SHE USED to dream she could fly like an angel, but she didn't know where
she wanted to fly to. She just had to use her hands and go, but she always
woke up before she left the ground (if you flew that'd be the end of you)"
"Riding was the nearest thing to flying - the faster the pony went the happier
she was; the harder she rode the better she liked it. Though once she had
a nasty buster on Maud when she came back from the Ardrossan Post Office
with the letters; and she rode Ruby, the cream pony, when she brought the
cows in and stayed on her back when she opened the gates and once she fell
off and skinned all her knees. When she rode the ponies on the cliffs they'd
go down the steep path by Mallee Creek to the beach, and she'd really have
to hang on. Riding, she never had any fear. Then, she had confidence in
herself and everything, she always had an idea that God was going to look
after her. But she was frightened of the sea and couldn't swim. The seas
round that part of the Peninsula were so rough that when you looked out
from the front door of the house, one minute you could see the steamer from
Port Adelaide making for the jetty, then the next it'd be hidden by the
waves"
"Her father had helped put the new piles in the jetty and the first thing
she remembered was walking down there with his dinner on a plate, wrapped
in a teatowel to keep it warm. She was only four then, and when she was
six Queen Victoria died, and the next year it was the earthquake and her
mother knelt down in the front room and prayed they'd be saved. And that
year, 1902, was when her father got smoker's cancer on his lip. He was a
fine looking man, clean-shaven, who never hit her but he'd sometimes tell
her to get out of the road. Towards the end they had to syringe the food
into him and he only had half a face. Her mother was changing the bed when
he lay back on the pillow and died"
"Because he'd been born in Germany their surname sounded like the dirty
word. Her mother was that angry when the Aldridges said their name the bad
way - but Mother couldn't write; it'd been Father who'd written all their
names in the big German Bible that was kept in the front room cupboard"
"Her name was written in as Ernestina Louisa, but they called her Tottie,
and sixteen brothers and sisters came before her. Her sisters were Emma,
Lizzie, Elsie, Clara, Rosie, Winnie, Gertie, Hilda; two of her brothers
had died as infants of convulsions, then there was Herb, Arthur, Dick, Jack,
Bill and Tom"
"Some of them had married and moved away years ago, so Tottie didn't know
them. Arthur drove the coach from Ardrossan to South Hummocks before he
went to live with Elsie, who'd married a fellow from Yongala where the
cauliflowers weighed twelve pounds each and foxes bit out the lamb's tongues"
"Tom was the only one in the family who had a big nose and Bill had lovely
curly hair. Jack worked at the butcher's in Ardrossan and his wife made
a gallon of soup at a time and it was that thin you didn't know whether
you were having soup or water. When Dick shifted to Adelaide his wife took
to the drink and one day when he came home from work all the furniture was
gone (she'd sold it for booze). Winnie and Gertie were the ones who'd nursed
Father and then they went up to Maitland as housemaids, to work off the
debt to the doctors. Hilda was very dainty and thought she was a bit above
everybody else. Rosie got struck by lightning - Mother put her to bed but
in the morning she was dead. Clara's husband was a fisherman at Port Wakefield,
where there were picture shows and Japanese wrestling tournaments and a
circus; after Clara died he still sent a box of fish over now and then,
and it was always Tottie's job to clean them"
"Over at Kadina a fellow had six or seven girls in the family way, and
Mother was horrified at girls wandering. She whipped Hilda with a piece
of rope tied to a stick when she sneaked down to the town one evening. `Your
body is your own,' she'd say. `Don't let anybody interfere with it.' She'd
married Father when she was fifteen; they'd come to Ardrossan when the country
was all mallee scrub, tea-tree and kangaroo bush, and lived in a hole in
the ground before they built the house. After he died, she took the steamer
to Adelaide to see a Chinese doctor and then she married Andy Yates, the
carrier. Andy had been bitten by a snake when he reached into a burrow to
grab a rabbit (he killed it, then put his finger on a plough wheel and cut
it off with a blunt tomahawk). He was a small man, gingerish, and Mother
was boss. The ponies were always sweaty after Andy had been riding them
(he had to keep riding all day to see the cows didn't get to the wild onion
weed that went straight to their milk) - sometimes when Tottie rode Ruby
to bring the cows in, Ruby was so sweaty that the saddle slipped round and
off she'd come. Tottie walked in her sleep. She'd fetch the milk-can, then
put it down beside her mother and Andy's bed and get in with them"
"As well as the cows they had pigs and sheep, hens and geese and a bit
of wheat. When the geese were sitting, they pecked at Tottie and chased
her. She stuck a big thick goose's quill through a cork in a bottle of milk
to bottle-feed her pet lamb. She loved him but he grew fatter and fatter,
and one day she came home from school to find that Andy had killed him -
he was hanging in the meat house, cut up. Tottie hated Andy then, but she
still ate the lamb chops for tea"
"A sailor gave Jack a monkey. Monkeys were dirty little beggars and Mother
made Tottie and Hilda stay inside when he sat on the underground tank stand
and fiddled with himself. Monk was a curiosity in the district, he used
to get up to some tricks. He walked along the telegraph wires and followed
Tottie to school. Once he got down the chimney of old lady Aldridge's bakehouse
and threw the dough that was rising over the walls. He kept going off to
the rubbish dump but got tangled up in some wire and they found him there,
dead"
"There was no money to splash round, they couldn't even afford a headstone
for Father's grave. But the front room had boards on the floor, not dirt
like the other rooms, and at Christmas there were cherries to eat. Mother
had a china ornament in the shape of a hen sitting on a china nest and she
made wonderful dampers that tasted better than bread. Mother had nice skin,
no pimples or anything; she dressed up in leg-of-mutton sleeves and a hat
with a feather and one Sunday she went to the Methodist Church, the next
to the Church of England, but she had a bit of Catholic in her somewhere"
"Old Mrs Wundersitz visited Ardrossan twice a week from Maitland to meet
the steamer and get her vegetables, and as soon as her one-horse van came
into sight, the kettle would be put on. When the Afghan hawker came walking
round with his big white bag on his back full of sheets and pillowslips,
laces and ribbons, he always stayed in the wash-house overnight, and Mother
would never have a word out of place said to him (he was a neat old man
with a turban who cleaned his teeth with a stick off a gum tree and his
teeth were as white as snow). She was kind to anybody who passed the house,
swaggies and all"
"Ardrossan was a little town famous for its cliffs and farm implement factory
where Mr Smith had perfected his stump-jump plough, the Vixen. And Mr Cane
was the butcher, Mr Polkinghorne the baker, Mrs Huckvale had the hotel;
and Barton's, opposite the Institute and Post Office, sold groceries,
ironmongery, furniture, drapery and clothing, boots and shoes, and patent
medicines; and Tiddy's was another shop to sell all sorts, and the early
settlers had carted water from Tiddy Widdy Wells. There was a Vigilance
Committee, a brass band, and the football club's first uniforms were made
out of sugar bags dyed blue and white. In summer, when the tide was out,
boys dived off the ketches Stormbird and Crest of the Wave to have a swim;
and every New-year's day, past inhabitants of the district came back to
Ardrossan on the steamer and there was a picnic on the beach (the only thing
that spoilt the beach was that the tide fretted the cliff away and they
got a dirty sand)"
"Mr Ryan was the schoolmaster and you were in awful trouble if you copied,
but Tottie never needed to because she was a clever scholar; she liked
arithmetic and reading and was a very good writer. She sat next to her best
friend, Lily Slaughter, whose mother was half an Aborigine, but only one
of the Slaughters had turned out really black - they called him Israel,
he ran the hand truck up and down the jetty to load goods on to the steamer"
"Annie Evans sat in the seat in front; she had a lot of hair and was one
of the certain kind of people who bred lice. One day Tottie's head felt
itchy so she got straight on to the fine-tooth comb and found a couple of
big ones. She had a beautiful head of hair and was scared stiff; she rubbed
kerosene into her scalp, just to be sure, and made it all red and itchy"
"When Tottie left school at thirteen, she wanted to be a dressmaker and
she dreamt of a dress of heliotrope cotton voile with a six-gored skirt,
a blouse of Peking messaline, a coat with a suggestion of the Russian mode"
"But Mother wouldn't let her use the sewing-machine so she had to watch for
her chance - they were down with the cows and the needle went through her
finger and she worked the machine till she got it out and never ever told
a soul. When she learnt to sew she made dresses for her mother and she had
a wonderful eye for measurement, but mostly she milked the cows and drove
the dog cart into Ardrossan to sell milk from a five gallon container with
a tap on it; and she sold eggs and did Mrs Tiddy's washing. Tottie's ambition
was to always go on working"
"The evangelist came to church and told about scarlet and crimson as indicating
shades of guilt in the same kind of sin - murder would be a scarlet sin
if committed by a worldly person, but hatred would be a crimson stain (a
sin of deeper dye) if cherished by a child of God. Old Mr McGeoch, who was
a bit cranky and often called out in church, shouted that all mankind had
inherited sin-tainted blood from Father Adam; Tottie and Lily went forward
with the others who believed in the new age of Messiah's Kingdon and vowed
they'd never touch alcohol. A young man took Tottie home from church, but
when they were crossing the paddocks he put the hard word on her and tried
to have connections. Tottie yelled out and Andy Yates heard and the young
man ran away"
""
"By Dr Terry Carney and Prof Peter Singer Chapter Five Options in caring for and protecting intellectually
disadvantaged people INTRODUCTION  

In Chapter One two competing goals in the care and protection
of intellectually disadvantaged persons (on the one hand,
maximising the freedom of the individual, and on the other
hand, protecting the welfare of the individual) were discussed"
"Most programs for the intellectually disadvantaged attempt to
steer a middle course between these goals. There are several
ways of doing this, and the course chosen determines, in a
rough way, the relative weight to be accorded to each goal"
"This chapter commences a more detailed discussion of
guardianship schemes, both existing and proposed"
"There are two questions to be addressed in discussing
guardianship alternatives. First, what type or model of
guardianship is to be preferred? Second, what sort of
administrative delivery structure should underpin the
preference for a particular model of guardianship? The first
question involves choosing between three models:

‚2 a legalistic or `substituted judgment' model which aims to
  facilitate only a person's legal functioning in the community;
‚2 a welfare oriented or therapeutic model which strives to
  bring a wider range of benefits to the person; and
‚2 a `parent-child' or developmental model which aims to promote
  the development of the individual's functioning in a range of
  areas"
"The second question involves choosing from volunteers backed
up by a co-ordinating agency, social work professionals
employed by a public or private agency, and an agency which may
seek guardianship but whose prime function is the delivery of
social services"
"Some delivery structures may be capable of delivering more than
one type of guardianship, but there are inherent limitations
which will emerge from the discussion which follows. In his
discussion of models for guardianship, McLaughlin notes that
the conflicting internal logics of the various solutions seem
to make it impossible to form a hybrid model of the best
aspects of each. 
    The field of choice is also narrowed by some practical
considerations and by the impact of principles such as that of
the least restrictive alternative"
"Some parents, for example, suggest that the law should
`automatically' continue their guardianship rights when their
handicapped offspring reach adulthood. The insuperable 
practical barrier to such a scheme is that of classification;
intellectually disadvantaged people cannot readily be
identified by their behaviour, by their history of utilisation
of specialist services, or from any public records. Most people
will not classify themselves or be universally regarded by
their close family as being disadvantaged to the degree which
would justify appointment of someone as their guardian. Even
where this identity is established, it will not generally be
known to any public agency. And where an agency does have a
record - such as would be the case where services have been
supplied to assist in say the education of a disadvantaged 
child prior to adulthood - it does not follow that all (or 
indeed any) of these people require guardianship. This is 
really the nub of the matter, for it squarely raises the 
question of policy.   
    Assuming for the moment that the class of people to be
covered could somehow be established with precision (and
precise it must be if the law is not to have the effect of
stripping competent non-disadvantaged adults of `self
guardianship'), there would still be the question of the
application of the principle of the least restrictive
alternative. For automatic guardianship would, at worst, be
plenary guardianship or, at best, over-generous guardianship"
"One cannot tailor a suit for a client whose measurements and
needs remain unknown; equally, it is not possible to limit the
powers of the guardian to the bare essentials necessary for
that person if the law is required to be `automatic' in its
operations. Guardianship would inevitably be of the `off the
peg' variety; and it would be manufactured to accommodate the
client whose needs were the most extensive. In place of least
restrictive guardianship we would be ushering in a `most
restrictive' guardianship regime; it would automatically
appoint guardians for people who do not require them, and it
would clothe many guardians with powers substantially in excess
of that required to meet the needs of the particular
disadvantaged person. 
    This chapter puts such impractical schemes to one side and
concentrates attention on those guardianship options which are
both workable and consistent with the basic guiding principles
laid down in such documents as the United Nations Declaration"
"The models to be explored here result from a serious attempt
to devise workable models which are broadly consistent with
these guiding principles. One of the fundamental questions
which must, however, be addressed in this context is whether
limited guardianship should be made available. This matter is
also considered in this chapter"
"THE LEGALISTIC OR `SUBSTITUTED JUDGEMENT' MODEL Introduction  

McLaughlin and Frolik both acknowledge that the expressions
`legalistic' and `substituted judgment' may be used to describe
the same model for guardianship. The following discussion uses
the expression `legalistic' wherever possible, in order to
avoid confusion"
"McLaughlin commences his discussion of the legalistic model
of guardianship by quoting the following definition of
guardianship: 

    The term `guardianship' refers to a legally recognised
    relationship between a specified competent adult and another
    specified person, the `ward' who, because of his tender age or
    because of some significant degree of mental disability,
    judicially verified, is considered to lack legal capacity to
    exercise some or all of the rights pertaining to adults
    generally in the country of which he is a citizen. The guardian
    is specifically charged with protecting his ward's interests
    and, for certain purposes, exercising essential rights on his
    behalf"
"This definition, says McLaughlin, makes it clear that
guardianship is essentially a legal device by which:

i)  the exercise of certain rights is transferred from one
    person who lacks mental capacity to another person with legal
    capacity, and 
ii) certain duties of protection are imposed on the person to
    whom the rights are transferred"
"In other words, the guardian becomes a `substitute
decision-maker' for the person subject to the guardianship, and
is given legal responsibility for the protection of that
person"
"What group of intellectually disadvantaged people does the
substituted judgment model of guardianship address?
    McLaughlin has identified three broad groups in relation
to which the question of a need for guardianship might arise"
"The first group includes severely and profoundly intellectually
disadvantaged individuals, among others, who have a need for
valid consents to be given to medical procedures and other
forms of treatment, therapy and rehabilitation, and for
assistance in matters of day-to-day living, because they do not
have the mental capacity to understand the information that
underlies the validity of consents. This group most clearly
requires guardianship to enable its members to interact legally
with the world, and its members frequently require protection
as well since they are very dependent upon others for even
basic life functions. They have extremely limited communication
skills, paid human service workers are often the only people
aware of their existence, and they are often housed in
institutional settings where individual needs give way to
institutional maintenance"
"The other two groups identified by McLaughlin are: those
mildly and moderately intellectually disadvantaged persons who
do have the mental capacity for forming legal relationships,
but who exercise that capacity in a way that is perceived by
other people as not being in their best interests, probably
because they just cannot keep pace with the demands of modern
life; and those intellectually disadvantaged adults who are in
situations where there is a risk of physical, sexual or
economic abuse or exploitation from which they are unable or
unwilling to extricate themselves"
The legalistic model addresses neither of these groups
"Members of the former group primarily require guidance and
counselling. However, proponents of the legalistic model argue
that guardianship is not an appropriate vehicle for the
provision of such services, because they can be provided
without the imposition of authority and resultant restriction
of rights that guardianship entails. Guardianship according to
the legalistic model is not a social service; it should only
be used where a substitute decision-maker is needed to
facilitate legal relationships"
"In relation to the latter `at risk' group, McLaughlin
argues that guardianship should not be used to deal with issues
of neglect, abuse or exploitation, and recommends that society
should be more ready to make use of criminal sanctions against
those responsible for such situations. After all, that is how
people are normally protected in our society. 
    The legalistic model for guardianship is based on the
presumption that everybody is entitled to exercise all the
rights generally available to all persons within the
jurisdiction.  Thus it has been said that:

    ... every human being should be presumed to have [the basic
    rights of privacy established by the Supreme Court of the
    United States] unless someone can show an almost certain
    probability of disastrous consequences if he exercises them .."
"There is a fundamental right to be left alone, a right to be
    allowed to succeed or fail, a right to ignore gratuitous
    advice, a right not to tell every problem to the social worker
    and a right not to answer the door"
"Persons who lack sufficient mental capacity to participate
intellectually in certain legal acts, such as the giving of a
consent which waives the right not to be touched by another
person, may not engage in these legal acts. This is a serious
deprivation of the legal right of such people, but McLaughlin
argues that it is necessary `if the enforcement of legal
relationships is to have any moral foundation'. 
    The dangers of over-protection have already been referred
to. One way of avoiding them is to make use of limited or
partial guardianship schemes. This form of guardianship is
discussed in more detail later in this chapter. The main aim
is to take away legal decision-making power only in those areas
of a person's life in which he/she has been found to lack legal
competence. It is a sophisticated modification of traditional
guardianship schemes, and is directed towards implementation
of the principle of the least restrictive alternative. With its
emphasis on legal functioning, it would fit in well with the
legalistic model"
"The legalistic model seeks to deal with the dangers of
over-protection and abuse of control by restricting the size
of the group on which guardianship may be imposed and the
purposes for which it may be used. According to McLaughlin, the
appointment of a guardian under the legalistic model is
effected by a court in a juridical proceeding, and the guardian
is personally subject to the supervision of the court. 
However, in recent times there has been support for
guardianship tribunals composed of experts in the field of
intellectual impairment and incompetence, and chaired by
lawyers, to be placed in charge of guardianships.  If the
principles of the legalistic approach to guardianship were set
out in the enabling legislation as goals for which such a
tribunal should strive, there seems to be no reason why it
could not administer a legalistic type of guardianship"
"Because of the serious deprivation of legal rights under
guardianship, proponents of the legalistic model argue strongly
for extensive due process and evidentiary safeguards in order
to minimise infringement of the rights of persons who are
capable of exercising legal rights themselves. Such arguments
accord with the views expressed in paragraph 7 of the
Declaration on the rights of mentally retarded persons. 
    In theory, there are two main possible effects of extending
due process and increasing evidentiary standards. First, there
might be a decrease in the number of cases in which a guardian
is unnecessarily appointed. This is obviously a good effect,
because it reduces the number of people who are unjustly
deprived of their liberty. Second, there might be an increase
in the number of cases where no guardian is appointed although
one is necessary for the welfare of some person. This may be
a bad effect. However, advocates of the legalistic approach
believe that the good effect outweighs the bad, on the basis
that we are all better off in a society which minimises the
denial of liberty to its members."
"Colloquialism By Arthur Delbridge  

  There seem to me to be two questions about colloquialism for this Council:
first, what is it? Are there some characteristics of a word or a phrase
that would let you say confidently this is a colloquialism, or is not a
colloquialism? And supposing the answer to the first is ""yes"" - here's the
second question: in what circumstances is the use of colloquialism either
good or bad? What place does colloquialism hold in communicative competence?

  So let me start with the question of definition. And I shall work my way
into this question first entirely as a lexicographer, concerned only with
words and phrases as they may be listed and labelled in a dictionary"
"As you know, dictionaries often use colloquial as a status label, along
with other labels like formal, slang, coarse slang, taboo, informal, vulgar,
not in polite usage, deprecated, familiar etc. Now, where does colloq. fit
in that list of status labels, if they can be put in order between the two
extreme terms? The etymology of the word doesn't help much: Colloq. is an
English form of Latin colloquium; the loquium part means ""speaking"", and
col- is a variant of con, meaning ""with"". So colloquium etymologically is
speaking together, conversation, conference. But the usual sense of colloquial
(OED) is ""belonging to common speech; characteristic of or proper to ordinary
conversation, as distinguished from formal or elevated language"". This
definition suggests a dichotomy common and ordinary as against formal and
elevated"
"Now formal and elevated have an old-fashioned ring. They put you in mind
of the sort of journalism in which a policeman doesn't ""go"" but ""proceeds"",
and the news reporter arrives transpiring at every pore. Or perhaps the
words call up the parliamentary style of Edmund Burke, or the prose of Gibbon's
Decline and Fall. That definition was written for the Oxford English Dictionary
(OED) about a hundred years ago, and it has not been given any amendment
in the four volume supplement in which the Oxford editors concentrated on
twentieth-century English. But it's not hard to agree that the words used
in an editorial in say, The Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) or the Melbourne
Age are more formal than those of some columnists in the same papers. Among
critical reviews written in those papers, the vocabulary of reviews of ""fine""
music concerts tends to be more formal than those of rock concerts. If you
had the job of rating on a scale of formality from 1 to 10 all the pieces
in a single issue of a modern daily newspaper, you'd probably have no
difficulty in using up all or most of the numbers; and if you could calculate
the median degree of formality for a number of different papers, it would
be interesting to see if that bore any relation to their circulation figures"
"Even so you may be left with a feeling that formal is not quite the right
word for the extreme right-hand end. It is impersonal, detached, neutral
in tone, but it may well lack the sense of ""front"" that the word formal
suggests"
"Nevertheless, there is that dichotomy expressed in the Oxford, and the
colloquial is to be found on the lower side of it, a side which is itself
subdivided in a graduated way with a set of labels like taboo, coarse slang,
slang, colloquial. All else is on the higher side, as formal or elevated"
"This isn't very satisfactory, for it's so hard to find the basis of the
categories.  Let me illustrate with the OED's treatment of the word pull
in the Third Supplement of the OED in (see The Age Monthly Review Vol"
"2 No. 11 March 1983). This Supplement, which presents twentieth century
usage, devotes seven and a half pages to recent uses of pull. We learn that
pull off (as in ""clever enough to pull such a thing off"") now has its status
amended: it had been slang in the Dictionary itself (that is, up to 1933);
but the label is changed to colloquial in the Supplement, on the evidence
of citations taken from Policeman's News (1918), H.G. Wells (1923), The Times
(1968) and The Times again (1977). To pull down a salary is labelled slang,
and to take a pull (at oneself) in the sense of pull oneself together, is
colloq. (chiefly Australian). The various sexual senses of pull are labelled
either slang or coarse slang, though it is not clear whether the distinctions
are on linguistic or moral grounds. And there are many senses of pull and
its phrases left unlabelled, (e.g. pull rank, pull the other one). One can't
imagine that the OED editor is implying that these are formal or elevated;
rather it seems that there must be a middle ground of words (perhaps
accommodating the majority of all English words) which are neither colloquial
nor formal in the senses suggested, but rather occupy a vast neutral ground
between the two. If one must have a complete classification expressed in
a range of usage labels, let's make it at least tripartite, with left to
right separated by a large central neutral class that accommodates words
like come and go, banana and apple, man and woman and (I suppose) person"
"Of course, it must be allowed that the same word might enter different
parts of this classification, depending on its meaning. The OED says,
charmingly, of the word bugger, that it is ""found in decent use only as
a legal term for a sodomite or one who commits buggery"". That use of the
word is not labelled. OED goes on to say that ""in low language"" bugger is
""a coarse term of abuse or insult"". For this sense it is labelled coarse
slang. And so it is (though without any necessary sense of abuse or insult)
when the meaning is just ""something unpleasant or undesirable"" (that's a
bugger, What a bugger!). So it is, too, with the sense of ""go away"", as
in I think you'd better bugger off, and with the sense of occupying oneself
in a desultory fashion (bugger about), or the sense of ""nothing at all"",
in bugger all. All labelled coarse slang"
"I think the OED is typical of English dictionaries in the confused attitudes
it reveals in this sort of treatment. The Collins Dictionary changes the
labels - coarse slang becomes taboo slang. According to Collins it is slang
to say bugger about, but taboo slang to say bugger off. The Encyclopedic
World Dictionary admits that it is not always pejorative to call a person
or even a child a bugger: yet the label for this usage is taboo slang; the
label for bugger as a verb (as in bugger it) for a strong exclamation of
annoyance or disgust is the simple imperative: taboo, i.e. (according to
EWD's definition of that word) ""forbidden to general use; placed under a
prohibition or ban"""
"It was precisely this instance that led the Macquarie Dictionary team
to look again at questions of definition and labelling, and not for ""swear
words"" only, but for the whole vocabulary. If there is one thing that one
learns from the study of sociolinguistics, or indeed from simply observing
the way people choose their words in company, it is that there are many
factors in such choosing. The intended sense is just a first consideration
since it is usually important for it to be clear what you're referring to
(usually but not always). But that's not the end: suppose you intended to
say that something was good. According to the Macquarie Thesaurus you might
consider choosing an appropriate word from a list that included amazing,
bang-up, bonny (Scot.), bonzer, bosker, brave (Archaic), braw (Scot.),
budgeree, capital, castor, copasetic (US), corking, crackerjack, cracking,
crash-hot, daily, dandy, decent, desirable, excellent, extra, extra grouse,
etc., etc"
How the choice is actually made depends on three principal factors
"Halliday's terms for them are tenor, field and mode. Tenor is the nature,
the personal nature, of the people present in the speech event, including
the speaker as well as those spoken to and those within hearing range, and
their role in the present occasion. Field is simply what is going on: a
feast, a funeral, a party. If a party, is it an apres ski, a bottle party,
a conversazione, a soiree, a shivoo, a reception? Choice of words depends
again partly on what role one has for this occasion: Are you host, guest
of honour, old family friend? Are you held to be the life of the party?
If so, do you want to fill the role in the expected way, or are you out
to surprise people, even shock them? The third term mode relates to what
part language is playing in the occasion"
"The choice is wide, whether you are using speech or writing, whether you
read aloud from a prepared script of do some ad-libbing, but the range of
choices is different for each medium of expression. I don't want to labour
the point; there are many factors which may constrain your choice on particular
occasions. You are aware of the constraints from your knowledge of the language
norms of the community you belong to. The major constraints tend to lead
you towards conformily with the norm, towards standard usage, towards being
conservatively safe, correct; particularly in public utterance, tho' less
so in intimate utterance. Nevertheless, your reaction to these constraints
is individual and occasional: the existence of a lexicographical constraint,
a label (like coarse slang or taboo) even if known about, may not influence
your decision at all"
"The Macquarie team formed the view that there is little to be gained from
using labels to create a dichotomy in the lexicon or of initiating a tripartite
classification in typical dictionary style. Rather, we felt we should mark
certain words to alert the dictionary user to the possibility of there being
constaints of one kind or another operating in the community against their
use at least in some particular situations. One could not specify the precise
strength of the constraint or which type of situation the constraint applied
to. All that could reasonably be done was to mark the word or phrase in
a cautionary way. It was our decision, then, to mark all such word uses
with the single label colloquial. And we defined colloquial as ""appropriate
to or characterisitic of conversational speech or writing in which the speaker
or writer is under no particular constraint to choose standard, formal,
conservative, deferential, polite or grammatically unchallengeable words,
but feels free to choose words as appropriate from the informal, slang,
vulgar or taboo elements of the lexicon"""
"We've never regretted making that decision, and on the whole it has been
very well received, because it did not pass judgement: instead it invited
the user to consider in what degree the use of the word was appropriate
to the speaker (or writer), the company, the roles involved and the situation"
"It made the user the master, like Humpty Dumpty, and it is the user, also
like Humpty Dumpty, who pays. The user is responsible, as always"
"Now let me turn to the question of attitudes to colloquialism. These tend
to be polarised: the colloquial is seen as either good or bad. I quote a
note by Thomas Pyles, writing about George Santayana that ""as might be expected
of one with his cultivated use of English, he uses colloquial in the sense
`familiar, easy-going, informal' (in Thomas Pyles Origins and Development
of the English Language, second ed., p.17) the meaning which it still has
among the highly educated. It is notable that in common usage the word has
come to mean `regional' or `local'... Hence a word which for many denotes
a quality altogether attractive and desirable (and in fact usually unavoidable)
has come frequently to denote what is supposed to be bad.""

  Well there certainly is, especially in well-educated use, a perception
of ""the colloquial"" as naturally good. Daniel Jones in his English Pronouncing
Dictionary said simply and without argument that his dictionary records
""the pronunciation used by a considerable number of typical Southern English
people in ordinary conversation""."
"Lagging law  

LAW reform can be a painfully slow process. But 28 years is an extraordinarily
long time to deny a group of Australian citizens the right of trial by jury"
"Though Christmas Island has been an Australian territory since 1958, its
criminal law is a hangover from the days of British colonialism"
"Even the death penalty still exists on the Christmas Island statute book
- though under overriding Austrlian law it can never be invoked"
"At the other extreme, the serious offence of drug trafficking carries
a maximum three-year gaol sentence - a legacy of a time when drugs were not
regarded as a deadly menace"
"The WA Law Society has rightly called for the island's laws - which are
similar to those applied in Singapore during the ""Malayan Emergency"" - to
be brought up to date"
"The legal anomaly does not seem to have caused practical problems till
now because the small island community has been free of serious crime"
But that is no excuse for allowing it to go unremedied for so many years
""
"25 years as top ABC show  

  Australia's best television current affairs show celebrates its 25th
birthday tomorrow night"
"Four Corners has been around since the infant days of television and it
has always set the highest standard for current affairs reporting"
"It may not have had a Sixty Minutes budget but it has always been more
than competitive in the thing that counts - getting the right story"
"A 90-minute tribute to this Australian institution goes to air on the
ABC at 8.30pm"
"Producers Andrew Olle and Bruce Belsham have compiled this special, using
75 sequences from the best Four Corners programs"
"There's Who's Who of reporting staff with Michael Charlton, John
Penlington, Mike Willesee, Caroline Jones, Chris Masters and John Temple"
"There are interviews with Australian reporters. Willesee and cameraman
David Brill recall covering a story in Vietnam when troops stopped fighting
so Brill could fix his camera"
"Mirror  

  Here is a sample of some of the stories which feature - a Tupperware
convention. Bankstown boys involved in gang bangs, the RSL, sexual life
in a country town, Asian immigration. Queensland politics, and even
electromagnetic radiation"
"Four Corners has been the mirror of Australian life for so long it is
fascinating to see how our attitudes have changed over the years. 
Or have they?
  There are some quotable quotes from such differing personalities as Sir
Joh Bjelke-Petersen, Germaine Greer, a young John Laws, wrestler Killer
Kowoski, and even actress Vivien Leigh"
"Perhaps the best way to describe Four Corners is to steal a quote from
one of the show's originators, Bob Raymond: ""What Four Corners did was to
introduce Australians to themselves.""
  Happy Birthday, Four Corners. May you have many more"
""
"Raging  Gunning for a hit Pressure is on for Do Re Mi   

LOCAL band Do Re Mi, who last year had a big hit with the sparse-sounding
Man Overboard, is back with a another single and a slightly new style. 
Guns And Butter marks a change in Do Re Mi's style. The song has a fuller,
bigger production sound than anything they have done before"
"But, according to bassist Helen Carter, Guns And Butter is ""more the
exception rather than the rule"" of material written for the band's second
album, due to be released in March"
"She said the band, led by singer Deborah Conway, was under a certain amount
of pressure to come up with a charting album following the success of
their debut LP Domestic Harmony"
"""There is pressure to do better, but I think that should be put to the
side,"" she said"
"She said material on the new album would be more cohesive because the
band had less time to write"
"Do Re Mi, who has just finished supporting Simple Minds, is about to do
some Sydney gigs"
"Dates are: Sweethearts, November 5; Newcastle Worker's Club, November
6; Sydney Cove Tavern, November 7 and 8; and at Avalon RSL on November
9"
""
"Looking at People with Frank McCaffrey  

 Kerryn Hindmarsh has been around a long time, or so it seems. Ten years
it could be, and this young NSW South Coast distance star is still only
18"
"I remember Kerryn taking out her category in the first ever female fun
run in Australia, the Betty Cuthbert Run at Lidcombe. Kerryn was in primary
school then, and ran like an Olympian on a very hot, windy day. Since then
her name has become a household word in fun runs and NSW AAA events"
"Kerryn is coached by John Hansen, who does a great job with his young,
talented group. Tuesdays and Thursdays she does speedwork. Saturday comes
a 7-mile (11km) time-trial over hills. Wednesday it's a one-hour outing"
But Sundays are what Kerryn enjoys most - approximately 2 hours in the bush
"Being able to handle this latter run and enjoying it so much tempted Kerryn
to tackle the '86 Budget Australian Marathon, which she completed in 2:54.39"
"Aerobics and some gym work help her keep supple and flexible, and make a
welcome break from running now and again"
"This remarkable young lady has taken out the Sutherland to Surf four times
in a row - 1980, '81, '82 and '83. She also won the Australian CHS
cross-country in '83"
"Kerryn just loves running and fun runs, and the wonderful people she meets
through the sport. One of her goals is to run for Australia in the Olympic
Marathon - and I reckon that could be on the cards"
"I first met Wayne Larden (see photo page 13) at Brian Sharp's Ebenezer
Camp about three years ago. He immediately impressed me by his smooth,
effortless running form and his obvious enthusiasm for running - in fact,
not just enthusiasm but downright excitement about his future"
""
"Taking on economically rational man By Eve Smith  

BEING POOR IN AUSTRALIA ISN'T much fun: you don't starve, but you may go hungry
from time to time; you won't go naked, but the clothes you have will rarely be
what you would choose; you may live in a public housing estate in a fringe area
if you are lucky, but it is more likely that you will move through poor but
expensive private rental accommodation; you don't have outings and holidays,
and you often miss out on what other people around you take for granted. Poverty
is relative, but painful"
"For at least one in five children in Australia, the right to live in a rich
country is a very limited right. They are the new poor, the children of
pensioners and beneficiaries who seem to have lost their claim to a fair share
of Australia's ample resources. And it's the government that makes them poor
and, more importantly, keeps them poor"
"The social security system in Australia was developed to cope with an affluent
country and full employment. The only people seen to be in need of community
support were those who were prevented by age or infirmity from supporting
themselves in the workforce. Unemployment was a temporary condition. Married
women were kept by their husbands, children by their fathers. Widowhood was a
calamity which led the State to assume the role of husband and father to allow a
few deserving women to claim government support for their child rearing"
"The poverty inquiries of the 1960s and 70s identified aged people as the real
poor, and governments moved to correct this. Retirement income moved slowly from
means tested, narrowly targetted welfare to broader, adequate support for most,
with an assumption that in the fullness of time advanced age alone would entitle
someone to a pension. Both major political parties had a universal aged pension
as part of their platform. Reforms of the early '70s - introducing pension for the over 70s, removing the means test and easing the income test -
clearly signalled an intention to move from a `safety net' to a `retirement
entitlement'"
"These changes were argued on the grounds that the aged were entitled to a
reasonable living standard, and that one should not penalise those who had been
frugal by providing for themselves. David Ingles (AS, March 1986) has clearly
shown the demise of this concept, and its replacement by an income related
superannuation scheme. This works to the advantage of workers over those out of
the workforce, and of the higher paid over lower paid. Even in retirement
inequality will persist, and be officially encouraged!
  These changes bode ill for those whose poverty comes not from age, but from
the recession of the last decade, the restructure of the labour market and, as a
result, women's limited earning power. The new poor of the '80s are the victims
of the feminisation of poverty: those families where men are either not present
or can no longer provide for their families. In lone parent families, families
where neither parent can find work and those where a parent is incapacitated, the
children have become the new poor"
"Unfortunately, the capacity to help these families and children out of poverty
is likely to be inhibited by the increased conservatism of the body politic"
"The last three years' changes in social expenditure policies indicate the strong
possibility that future changes will further trap the poor, albeit while perhaps
slightly improving the cash available to some"
"A series of somewhat tattered swallows are signalling a dry summer of welfare
changes: moves that deny the right of access to benefits and replace this with
an obligation to prove penury as the only basis for support from the public
purse. So far we have seen cost savings through the abolition of the universal
pension for those over 70s, the abolition of family allowances for full-time
students in post-school training, and the implementation and extension of the
income tested family allowance known as the family income supplement. In the
area of community services, a major change has occurred with the switch of child 
care funding emphasis from an operational subsidy to a fee relief system. Other
straws in the wind are the narrow escape from the re-introduction of university
fees on an income tested basis, and the often touted possibility of demolishing
the universal family allowance system"
"The only advantage that such systems have is that they reduce public
expenditure, and allow for tax reductions for high income earners. They do this
by imposing extremely high effective `tax rates' on the poor and those on the
edge of poverty, so that these pay for the benefits to the rich"
"In looking at the options that should be considered by the current review of
social security support for families with children, it is necessary to emphasise
a couple of little-known facts about the Australian economic system: the first
is that we are a comparatively low tax country, with a smallish public sector as
a proportion of gross domestic product compared with most of our OECD peers; the
second is that we are one of the few countries in the world that pays the bulk
of our social security payments from general revenue, rather than from social
insurance payments. Therefore the options of being mean or generous are an
integral part of government policy"
"THERE ARE A COUPLE OF CHARACters around who I heard argue the issues of tax and
economic policy on radio recently. They are Economically Rational Man, known as
ERM for short, and Economically Viable Equity, known as EVE. Rather than the
intricacies of equations determining what the right answers are, it seems that
social security policies tend to reflect people's value positions. These two
represent the differing viewpoints"
"ERM is the character that most economic texts study. He believes that people
are narrowly self interested. They will select the option which immediately
maximises profit. His perception, like those fathers of the discipline of
political economy such as Malthus, Adam Smith and Co. is that personal profit
drives us all and therefore the market place is the arena for all transactions"
"He has many friends in Canberra, on both sides of politics. They are determined
to chop government spending so that the entrepreneurs can be bribed to create
wealth"
"His views on reform are neatly encapsulated in a quote by Jim McClelland in a
recent article on the present Federal government in the Sydney Morning Herald (4
March): ""The essence of conservative governments is the right of postponement of
social amelioration. Today is never the right time to improve the lot of the
masses. Today's problem is keeping the economy on an even keel so the conditions
will be created under which society can afford such improvement."" Or, as it was
put more succinctly by the White Queen in Through the Looking Glass, ""Jam
tomorrow"" but never today"
"EVE has a somewhat more optimistic view of human society. She realises that an
assumption that we only do things for immediate financial gains doesn't hold for
the roles most women perform. They take the responsibility for children, the
infirm and the distressed because these people need care. If ERM's hypothesis
can be so easily refuted, it can't be held to be universal. She feels that
people are prepared to give up immediate benefits to themselves for the broader
good, and also to ensure their society is worth being part of. She thinks
unfettered markets, which have no human element, create social systems based on
fear and greed"
"She freely admits her antecedents are Godwin and Keynes and the architects of
the welfare state, who came out of the Depression with a commitment to
eradicating poverty. She still has the dreams of the '60s and '70s, and can't
see why these should be superseded by the nightmares of the last century! After
all, Malthus was wrong and the vice and greed of the masses has not brought us
undone"
"ERM's friends around the boardroom lunch table discuss the way that the tax
system is ruining their enterprises, making it unprofitable to make more money. 
They find it more profitable to move as corporate raiders on borrowed tax 
deductible funds, than put their capital into new enterprises. They mention to 
the PM that these government controls inhibit their ability to move money around, 
and gently threaten non-co-operation unless government spending is cut. ERM pops 
back to the office and studies briefs on ways that a family allowance cutback 
would reduce the deficit"
"EVE drops in on her friend down the road who has just seen a job advertised
for a nurse. She would love to go back to work as the marriage is a bit and money and outside interests would both help. She starts to count the
costs. On two salaries she will pay full price for day care for both the
children - about $9,000 per annum. They will lose the family income supplement,
the rental rebate, the secondary allowance and TEAS for the two older
stepchildren. She tots it up, adds the costs of going to work, the loss of the
dependent spouse rebate, and realises that the nursing job may actually leave
them no better off than existing on her husband's low single income. EVE checks
the calculations, they are right and watches her friend rage that her attempts
to lift the family from poverty are taxed inexorably away by the withdrawal of
piecemeal means tested allowances"
"Another friend living on the pension drops in and shows how she worked out
that a possible part time clerical job would cost her almost all her wages. Her
child care would be subsidised but the loss of pension and ancillary benefits
mean that 30 hours work would actually leave her with less that $20 per week
extra! Both women are trapped by a combination of the withdrawal of income
tested payments and the low wages most feminised jobs attract. Unfortunately EVE
hasn't access to the government, so she writes a letter to the paper which is
not published"
"ERM pursues his quest for cutting the welfare budget. He suggests that those
on pensions be denied access to TEAS; he also points out that some pensioners
earn their annual allowable income in a few weeks, and suggests that they be
penalised on a weekly basis on their income; he also supports the income testing
of family allowances, but writes a defence of the dependent spouse rebate as an
appropriate reward for men who need home-cooked meals. He also updates the brief
on the cuts to the highest income tax brackets, expected next year"
"He then goes home to his wife's ministrations, and works on his investment
portfolio. His tax relief on superannuation together with the non-taxable share
investments is making his retirement look a very attractive financial
proposition"
"EVE spends the day on the phone trying to find child care for a friend who has
been offered a place in the full time TAFE course, starting on Monday. The local
centres tell her that the minimum fees under the new system of subsidy would be
about $18 per week, because the centre's fees are over the federal limit. Katie
is in tears of rage because she can't afford that on the pension. 
 
THESE VIGNETTES ILLUSTRATE that the value positions and political access of the
groups concerned are more likely to affect the outcome of debates than any
rational economic argument. There is no doubt that the framework the government
has set, with promised tax cuts, restrictions on the size of the public sector
and the deficit, and the folk panic engendered around the supposed blow out in
welfare expenditure, are all likely to condemn the poor to further poverty"
"Yet a rational debate on the effectiveness and efficiency of the present
payment system should lead to the exploration of other options for changes to
the income security system. Irwin Garfinkel, a recent visitor to Australia from
the University of Wisconsin, has worked over the years on a proposal to
alleviate the problems of children dependent on welfare mothers"
""
"Last exit to Laguna Beach By Barry Westburg  

  He wakes up by stages, climbing out of dream within dream. He is surprised
to find he's still alive - for in one of his dreams he was blown away -
murdered. The Jewish Toy Merchants of San Francisco, losing patience with
him for not finishing everything on schedule, had sent a woman. Sure, they
knew it was not his fault, but they were losing thousands of dollars every
day that production of the COPYCAT was held up. It was time somebody was
taught a lesson. She had rubbed him out in a most considerate way. Still,
he didn't like having to die"
"But he wakes up to a bad dream, too, only it's called Reality - which
is to say, a bad dream with all the continuity written in. And ... there's
a girl beside him. His ex-prizefighter's instincts tell him it's not his
wife - she's back in Scarsdale for a few days ... weeks ... months. The
pressure on her was getting a bit much. A professor's daughter who did honours
classics at Swarthmore could not be expected to thrive in the world of
business. That's why Brad had resigned his Vice-Presidency on the East Coast
- in a very big concern - and moved to California. If nothing else the climate
would do her some good. Anyway, they'd buy a place with a pool and lie in
the sun. But the competition on the West Coast was unbelievable. He'd done
a bootstraps operation and set up a little engineering concern from scratch"
"A few of his best boys from the East had been talked - bribed - into following
him West"
"Braintree, the best plastic fabrications man on the East Coast, led the
gang who'd made the big shift. They all were a little afraid of California"
"It was like being at a jungle outpost on the edge of darkness. So they all
bought houses on the same street in Laguna Beach. That way they could keep
in close touch, day and night. They were going to stay a team. 
  Before they were able to get furniture in their houses, or grass seed
down (or chlorine in their pools) they were hard at work. They began by
designing assembly lines for small manufacturing concerns and then they
got into installation of assembly lines and then they decided, what the
hell, they might as well jump into manufacturing one hundred per cent. They
knew plastics like nobody else in town"
So they started a few product lines on contract from certain retailers
The company name changed from BRANSTETTER ENGINEERING to BRADFAX
"At first circumstances conspired to help BRADFAX get off the ground. It
so happened that Brad's wife had some old school friends in Southern
California. Once debutantes, they were now single professional women, forming
a close knit group, into radical politics and heavy feminism. (One day Brad
had to pick up Charlotte at Jane Fonda's house, but he had avoided going
in - he just waited outside, revving the Pinto. Before his wife came to
his rescue, he was hassled by Fonda's security guard.)
  And then the contracts started rolling in - from Charlotte's friends,
in fact. The first ones: bubble packages for motivational cassettes (So
You Want to Help: Woman's Guide to Minority and Third World Investment
Packages) and plastic buttons printed with slogans (Women who Strive to
be Equal with Men lack Ambition). After a time, more fringe groups in Southern
California were using BRADFAX for their promotional materials. For instance,
the Chicano Community Festival commissioned BRADFAX to make half a million
plastic tortillas, stamped with revolutionary slogans, and equipped with
the aerodynamic properties of the frisbee. Some of these floated as far
as Laguna Beach, to the dismay of the little team, who felt compromised
by their new vocation. After all, they were conservative elitists"
"And then Braintree disappeared, with a hundred fifty thousand bucks, and
the heady winking noon wine all turned to vinegar"
"Brad rolls over and the girl stirs. She's young and ... good God, he
recognizes her! She's Braintree's eldest daughter (Midge, Mamie?) He had
sent her a Sweet Sixteen present when they still lived in the East. She
throws a well-tanned leg over his thigh. California changes your life"
"Later, after she has gone, the phone rings. It is Brennbaum himself, the
Toy Merchant. Brennbaum always means business. A guy named Cozy Cousins
vanished last year and the disappearance was laid by almost everyone at
Brennbaum's door. Then Cozy's ... uh ... remains were found lashed to a
paling on Laguna pier - and they were very untidy. Lots of not-so-nice things
had been done to Cozy before he had finally snuffed it. The Coroner's Inquest
of course ruled it death by suicide. When Brennbaum's toy business suffers
other people got to suffer, too"
"Okay, so maybe Brad's just being paranoid. Maybe Brennbaum is harmless,
just an irascible old bee-jeeper and heaps of malicious folks are talking
out of the wrong sides of their mouths. Sure, sure!
  Brennbaum - a.k.a. `The Philosopher' - reputedly knows the works of Sartre
and Camus by heart. Reputedly subscribes to a highly idiosyncratic theory
of Reincarnation based on mathematical concepts of Probability. A self-styled
authority on what he calls the `Big Picture'. In short, a dangerous man"
"- Listen, schmuck, how come you always keep on the wrong side of the
metaphorical shithouse door, Brennbaum hisses, over the phone. And that's
not a question, by the way. And now you make another mistake and you climb
into a little blonde shiksa. Not to worry, not to worry - she's clean. She
just told me all about it on the phone, in tears. What kind of a man are
you? Just because her father crossed you. What is more, she thinks she loves
you, even though I paid her to surrender her sweet little tocus to you"
"So now I take her off the case, send her back to Bryn Mawr to study Business
Ethics. May I tell you the story .."
"- Brennbaum, excuse me but I can't help feeling paranoid, I told you that
the girl's father absconded, defaulted on me, left me a hundredfifty K in
the hole and I've found no way to finish rewiring the assembly line. I got
to scare up some money to cover the short-term costs. Otherwise, they won't
even turn on the electricity at the Laguna Plant! How else are we going
to get the COPYCATs into production? For chrissakes, Brennbaum, try to see
my side for two minutes!
  - In two minutes I can tell you a story, kid. About how they took the
flea-ridden cur which was given unto them and they dressed it and they called
upon the name of Baal from morning even until noon, saying O Baal, hear
us. But there was no voice, not any that answered .."
"- Brennbaum, forgive me but I don't see what you are getting at. Braintree,
my best man, has left me, absconded, and I wake up with his daughter this
morning and ask myself what she is doing here! I'm a happily married man"
"- And they leapt upon the altar which was made, Brennbaum said. And it
came to pass at noon that the Prophet mocked them, and said cry aloud for
he is a god; either he is waiting, or he is pursuing, or he is on a journey
... on a journey, my friend!
  - Brennbaum, it is already the middle of the day. I have bad dreams, and
I can't even sleep right anymore. I miss my loving wife in Scarsdale, and
if the pressure doesn't ease off soon I can't meet any of my obligations"
"I have been living on Ricco's pizza Special for six months and I've put
on a small but noticeable potbelly and I can't find time for jogging anymore"
"The neighbours are getting suspicious of my lifestyle, and then somebody
sends that young kid over. And then ... and then Ricco puts too many anchovies
in his pizza and the salt is raising my blood pressure!
  - And they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their manner with knives
and lancets, till the blood gushed out upon them .."
The phone goes dead
"Brad faces another day of trying to wriggle out of his little spot. He
can either get the assembly line cranking or ... or take the long walk"
"Think about it, though. Isn't it basically a matter of getting the rewiring
done real soon? But of course that takes money - in round terms forty thousand
bucks! His options are pretty minimal. Like, he could try to rent out his
two empty warehouses in Santa Monica. He'd worked on that idea night after
night, sitting in Ricco's pizza parlour, soaking up `the Beer that Made
Milwaukee Famous'"
"But Brad will need both warehouses if ever the assembly line does get
cranking. Which means that if he rents them out to somebody else right now
- in a matter of only a few weeks he will once again be up Old Bullhead
Creek. For who would rent a warehouse to him? He'd made exploratory phone
calls to other manufacturers but no dice, they said. BRADFAX was crashing
a game where they once called the shots. Let the Jewish Toy Merchants help
prune the competition. Like Cozy Cousins he would have the wear the suit"
"That's showbiz, folks!
  The COPYCATs are already being advertised in the F.A.O. Schwartz Christmas
Catalogue and orders are pouring in. But nobody has seen anything yet but
the Prototype released for promotions. Braintree himself had made the Prototype
by hand so as to determine the assembly line parameters. It was left for
safekeeping with Brad. He had gone out one day for his usual run on the
beach with his dog Americk (o Americk!). Coming home he found that the
Prototype was missing! Howls from Brennbaum. Shock/horror reactions from
everybody else in the City. Braintree had preserved a prolonged silence
- contemplating his defection no doubt. That was the only Prototype. The
key to the assembly process!
  COPYCAT is, well, the ultimate toy. COPYCAT (whose precise formula is
a secret closely guarded by wise Toy Merchants in the City of San Francisco)
is light-years ahead of the computer, which merely relays to children the
thought-processes of adults. It is basically not much more than a stripped-down
three-dimensional solid-copying device, but it has the potential to make
kids independent of adults forever - almost. For COPYCAT will not copy itself
- and that is where BRADFAX comes into the picture"
"Small wonder, then, that Brennbaum offered a reward of twenty thousand
bucks, no questions asked, on the return of the Prototype, which, if it
fell into the wrong hands .."
"Bear in mind that, technically speaking, BRADFAX is involved only in
packaging COPYCAT. The high-tech bubble plastic container is itself a marvel
of design, and superficially COPYCAT is all container. The `contents', the
active ingredients, are supplied by the wise Toy Merchants at the bottom
of the assembly line, and BRADFAX doesn't know how they are made, if they
are `made' at all; BRADFAX merely reserves a region within the package for
the proprietary AM (`Ark Module' - so named in keeping with the Talmudic
interests of its distributors). The missing Prototype was, unfortunately,
primed with an AM"
"Brad drives into Laguna Beach for a midday pizza, racking his brain for
solutions. As he pulls up in front of Ricco's Pizza, he notices a kid standing
next to the parking meter. He gets out, carefully locks his Porsche, as
she approaches him"
"- Gee mister, that's a nice car. You used to run on the beach, didn't
you? With your dog. Then one day he ran away from home, didn't he? I know
what happened to him. Do you want to hear?
  Poor Americk! Wretched mutt! Brad had missed him that day after their
jog on the beach, had scoured the neighbourhood (for a few intense hours),
but had finally been too busy - hunting for the Prototype, in fact - to
continue the search"
""
"Star brims with a love for people By GLENN ROBBINS  

WAVERLEY Star's biggest asset in his Japan Cup lead-up is his preference
for humans, according to rider Lance O'Sullivan"
"Which is a rather unusual but huge plus for Waverley Star's preparation
considering he is segregated from other horses"
"""He doesn't mind being the only horse in a 20-stall complex,"" Lance said"
"""He's always preferred the company of humans to other horses"
"""It is hard to define why, but that's just his nature"
"""He's contented having the company of Paul (brother Paul O'Sullivan,
the co-trainer) and his strapper.""
  Waverley Star emphasised his chances in Sunday week's Cup with an effortless
win in Tokyo over 1800m last Sunday"
"""He's pulled up perfectly and everything is fine,"" trainer Dave O'Sullivan
said from New Zealand today"
"But not so with the other Australasian representative, Cox Plate winner
Bonecrusher"
"Reports claim Bonecrusher has been fretting since beginning his
seven-day quarantine period last Saturday, which is no surprise since he's
a gelding"
"Bonecrusher is going into the Cup without local track experience and a
race for four weeks, whereas Waverley Star has proved he has fully adapted
to his new surroundings"
"Despite the great Australian interest in Sunday week's Cup, no television
network is willing to screen the race because of the fee asked by the Japan
Racing club"
""
"Pumpkins please with their ease By Peter Cobby  

  PUMPKINS (Cuburbita pepo) are easy to grow"
They'll perform well in most home gardens
They have good keeping qualities.
"A rainforest journey By Margaret Hotson Evolving undisturbed for millions of years, Queensland's tropical wonderlands
are a trove of natural treasures worth protecting  

  THE TROPICAL rainforest is a cathedral. Its trees form pillars that soar
into the sky. The leaves create a canopy like stained-glass windows. The
ground is a tapestry of a thousand shades of green, dim in most places
because the tree-tops block out the sun"
"Some 7800 square kilometres of such forest lie in scattered fragments
along Queensland's coast between Ingham and Cooktown. They contain some
of the oldest undisturbed ecological systems on earth - formed more than
100 million years ago, when the great reptiles ruled the globe. Over 50
national parks protect about one-seventh of this area, providing unique
holiday camps for nature lovers. Last summer, I joined the growing number
of tourists who arrive here to bushwalk, birdwatch, spotlight for nocturnal
mammals, raft the rivers and swim in crystal pools beneath waterfalls"
"On the first evening of my visit, I went with two biologists, David Thomae
and his wife Kerstin, to spotlight possums in the Mount Hypipamee National
Park on the Atherton Tableland. More species of marsupials live in this
3.6-square-kilometre stand of rainforest than in any other area of comparable
size in the world"
"As the sun set, David identified the birds whose songs filled the clearing
where we sat. ""Emerald dove ... eastern whipbird ... spotted catbird .."
"Lewin's honeyeater ...."" A large black brush turkey emerged from the forest
and stretched out its red head, yellow wattle dangling, to peer at us, then 
scurried off. ""Grey-headed robin ... crimson rosella ..."" David continued"
"Queensland's tropical rainforests, though covering just one-thousandth of
our land area, are home to almost one-fifth of our bird species"
"Darkness closed in. The birds fell silent and a chorus of crickets took
over to a background of frog mating-calls. Kerstin swept the spotlight over
the trees. ""There's a green ringtail,"" she whispered. Gazing along the beam
of light, I saw two brilliant orange pinpoints - its eyes - and made out
the shadowy form of the possum's body. Then I saw the glint of a second
pair of eyes - the young on its mother's back. Both remained stock-still
while the light was on them, but disappeared behind the cover of branches
and leaves as soon as it was swung away. ""The animals don't seem to mind
the light,"" said Kerstin, ""and by mesmerising them, it allows us to get
much closer than would be possible otherwise.""
  Later, we spotted a coppery brushtail possum, a dark brown and white
Herbert River ringtail and a pair of lemur-like  ringtails with rich
chocolate-brown coats and fawn bellies. Our evening's climax, however,
was finding a baby green ringtail on a low branch by the road. It stared at
us balefully, clasping a half-eaten leaf, so close that I could count every
whisker on its delicate pink nose"
"My next expedition was to a waterfall hidden in the rainforest behind
the little sugar-producing town of Mossman. Local guide Sue Goadby led me
past pandanus and tall, parasol-like fan palms into the heart of the forest"
"After an hour's climb in extreme humidity, it was a relief to head down
a gully towards the waterfall. Across our path lay a fallen rainforest
giant, its trunk covered in orchids, bird's nest ferns, staghorns and lichens"
"Bright orange fungi already sprouted from its damp underside, beginning
to break down the dead plant and return its nutrients to the soil. Across
the gully, the snaking roots of a strangler fig spread their fatal embrace
round another liane-draped tree"
"We scrambled down to the waterfall, where shafts of bright sunlight pierced
the forest canopy. Around us, beautiful forest ferns grew thickly, and overhead
danced a blue Ulysses butterfly, 10 centimetres from wingtip to wingtip. Film
star Diane Cilento, who owns and protects the land below this waterfall,
says, ""People who view the forest from the roadside have no idea how full
of life it is.""
  My next stop was at Cape Tribulation, in the Greater Daintree region"
"This area boasts one of the world's most remarkable concentrations of
primitive angiosperms, or flowering plants"
""
"WHY MORE SAY NO TO MARRIAGE - BY MICHAEL O'DONNELL  

DE-FACTO relationships are being dubbed the ""arrangment of the 80s"" by marriage
counsellors"
"Latest figures from the Bureau of Statistics show a marked decrease in
the number of people under the age of 20 getting married"
"Males under 20 made up less than one per cent of all marriages in 1985
(nine per cent in 1971) and females only 10 per cent (31 per cent in 1971)"
"Mrs Gelinda Spencer of the Family Life Marriage Counselling Service, says
the figures show up the latest trend among young people"
"""There is less pressure on young people to marry because they now have
the socially accepted option of living together,"" said Mrs Spencer"
"She said people prefer to trial a marriage-type situation first without
the commitment but added it is really a farce"
"""It is not a real indication of how a married relationship will fare because
the individuals have the immediate option of getting out"
"""My colleagues and I believe those statistics will continue to fall and
the incidence of de-facto relationships will rise,"" she said"
""
"Julio: Italian in Kingsford  

THE PIAZZA is Kingsford's newest Italian restaurant:  a revamp at 14 Gardeners 
Rd (near the roundabout) of Julio's Plaza Mexico"
"Owner Julio and his excellent Italian chef are offering delicious food at 
incredible prices"
"Pasta is $3.80 entree, $5.40 main course, seafood entrees around $4, veal 
from $6.80"
"The Piazza - both licensed and BYO - opens for lunch Thurs-Fri and dinner 
seven nights"
Book on 662 8231 and join the throng!
"Aboriginality in the art of Byram Mansell by Martin Terry  

Considered somewhat beyond the artistic pale by his
contemporaries, it is time to reassess Mansell's contribution,
through his interest in Aboriginal art themes and styles,
not only to the development of a uniquely Australian art form,
but also to an appreciation of Aboriginal culture"
"WITH AN ever-increasing number of exhibitions and publications
the art of Sydney in the 1940s and 1950s is becoming more
thoroughly documented and understood. As part of this reappraisal
a timely retrospective exhibition of the art of Byram Mansell, who
died in 1977, was held at the Woolloomooloo Gallery, Sydney in
1985"
"Mansell, born in 1894, grew up in Sydney's eastern suburbs, the
son of a factory owner. From 1911-1912 he studied engineering at
Sydney Technical College which, being overlooked by Lucien Henry's
waratahs and other Australian motifs, would have been his first
experience of the applied arts being combined with Australian
themes. In 1914 he studied at night at Julian Ashton's Art School,
followed by a period in 1921 at the Academy of Art, Honolulu. He
later attended the Academie Julian in Paris in 1922, before
returning to the United States of America where he settled in Los
Angeles"
"Little is known of this period, although like most living in Los
Angeles hope to do, he worked for the film studios and as an
interior designer. On the basis of sketches now in the Australian
National Gallery, and The songbird, reproduced in the June 1926
issue of ART in Australia, it is possible to speculate that these
interiors, rather than being in fashionable proto-modernist style,
were of a more retrospective kind, examining Art Nouveau and the
work of Tiffany and others"
"Mansell returned to Australia in 1930 and while executing the
occasional interior commission, such as some native flora
decorations for the Wintergarden Theatre (circa 1939) at Brisbane,
he would have probably remained a rather obscure personality, had
it not been for his discovery of the power of Aboriginal art"
"His interest in the Aborigines was not in itself exceptional;
Aborigines had after all featured in the art of Australia's white
culture since Sydney Parkinson portrayed Two of the natives of New
Holland advancing to combat"
"However, it was another matter to be interested in aboriginal
art. Margaret Preston is often credited with being the first white
artist to be impressed, her article, `The application of Aboriginal
designs', being published in 1930. Preston's awareness however was
perhaps more fortuitous than inspired, for coloured reproductions
of Aboriginal art had been available from at least 1904 when The
Northern Tribes of Central Australia by Baldwin Spencer and F. J"
"Gillen had been published. The Arunta by the same authors was
published in 1927 and in 1929 the exhibition `Australian
Aboriginal Art' was held at the National Museum of Victoria. The
catalogue contained many illustrations of Aboriginal art, two
being in colour"
"While Preston was to travel to Central Australia, Mansell saw no
particular reason to eschew Killara for the primitive safari"
"Rather, the specific inspiration for him was a set of photographs
sent him by Charles P. Mountford, leader of an ambitious
expedition to Arnhem Land in 1948 which was sponsored by the
Commonwealth, the National Geographic Society and the Smithsonian
Institute. Its two-volume report was published in 1956. From about
1949 however Mansell was absorbed by Aboriginal art themes,
responding not only to their blend of narrative power and design,
but also to Aboriginal art's ability to both represent and express
spiritual values. As he explained, `Every Stone Age painting tells
a story and every design has a meaning, meanings that western
artists are often unable to express.'
   Aboriginal art in the 1950s also became increasingly appreciated
in nationalistic terms, as something ancient and indigenous opposed
to the internationalism of the period. A contemporary article
discussing Mansell felt that `Australia is coming, largely through
this new art form, to a realisation that the Aborigine has a
culture of his own, well worth the white man's study, even among
the distractions of the atomic age'"
"Mansell himself in discussing a barbecue set that had been
commissioned for an American's `Australiana room' remarked that `It
is important to the growth of Australian culture that we strive to
develop typical Australian arts and crafts. Otherwise in the next
century or so we shall find the influx of old European arts and
crafts being sponsored here by New Australians will swamp our
national culture'"
"The isolationist theme was echoed by Joseph Burke who contended
that, `With a Stone-Age culture surviving on her soil, and proximity
to tribal societies on the north and east, Australia need not look,
like Europe, to the museum for the inspiration of the primitives'"
"Mansell was to express his new-found interest in paintings,
murals and decorative arts. He had been painting professionally
since about 1921 when, in Honolulu, he executed flower paintings on
glass and lacquer. In the mid-1930s his work reflected the more
conservative qualities of Australian art - Elioth Gruner-like
portrayals of Palm Beach and Heysenesque studies of the Macdonald
Ranges. These stylistic uncertainties were resolved by the
discovery of Aboriginal art"
"Mansell executed few large works although his 1949 Sulman entry
was an exception. It demonstrates not only his use of various
styles - X-ray figures with the more representational treatments of
the Oenpelli region combined with Western perspective - but the
literalness of his approach, the legends that fascinated him being
carefully and comprehensively described"
"Mansell's affection for Aboriginal art led him to work with
ersatz Aboriginal materials. In his smaller works he used a parrot
feather as a brush, natural pigment (red from Bowral, yellow from
a local railway cutting) and cactus juice as his binding agent"
"(The Prickly Pear Commission ordered him to destroy his well-tended
specimens.) These works have an attractive, taut, graphic power,
a simplicity of conception and richness of colour which was ideal
for the expression of Mansell's beliefs"
"The most public acknowledgement of Mansell's interests was the
extensive number of mural commissions he received. Murals at their
best are an equal blend of architecture and art and today, when
they are used almost solely as doctrinaire instruction, the
extensive use made of them in the early 1960s seems almost
touchingly naive. Mansell was popular with Sydney's local
councils, executing murals for the Lindfield Library, Willoughby
Council Chambers and a park in Camden"
"His murals were also seen further afield. In 1953 Aborigines
fishing at the Kosciusko Chalet was entered in the Sulman Prize"
"(Eric Smith was awarded the prize for a work at Berrima Gaol in
1956.) A large mural, measuring over five by seven metres, based on
legends about Taree, was constructed for the local Commonwealth
Bank and, while there, Mansell executed a decor for the Elite Cafe
In 1957 Mansell was commissioned to do another mural, painted on
caneite, of Yondi raising the sky - the legend of the boomerang for
the Boardroom of the Hebrew University"
"Mansell had been Australia's first Boy Scout, enterprisingly
founding his own troop: 1st Bellevue Hill. Mindful perhaps of the
Scout Guild motto `Always a Scout', he gave, in 1966, the mural
Kangaroo Hunt (91.44 x 182.88cm) to a sister organization in
Denmark"
"In similar vein was his Gift to Australian Youth for the Sydney
Police Boys' Club at Woolloomooloo, 1961. Its swarming Aboriginal
motifs and animated atmosphere is a fine demonstration of
Mansell's mural style and his ingenuous hope that a familiarity
with a clarified, accessible expression of the atmosphere of
Aboriginal art would be of cultural value to contemporary
Australia"
"The third aspect of Byram Mansell's career was his interest in
the decorative arts. He had been interested in fabrics at least
since 1930 when he opened a textile studio in Elizabeth Street,
Sydney, but his most attractive work is from the 1950s. His
scarves, a number of which were exhibited at David Jones in 1953,
run through a range of styles, from an emphasis upon floral motifs
to representational views of Aboriginal life, the spearing of fish
for example, and other more abstract motifs. Others are in a looser,
semi-X-ray style, blending with the attenuated linearity of Mimi
figures to produce in a fishing scene one of Mansell's most
handsome fabric designs"
"Like the best designers of the period such as Frances Burke who
also used locally-inspired motifs, Mansell realized that the fabric
medium required a boldness of design and colour to be effective and
that the designs needed to be integrated with the medium, not
applied to the surface. These principles were used in his other
excursions into the decorative and applied arts such as the
intarsia panels for the Commonwealth Bank in Martin Place, coffee
tables and a wide range of ceramics where grass, trees and leaves
were abstractly suggested. Later his ceramics designs became more
eccentric with, for instance, tiled planters like crazy paving and
rather peculiar mushroom-capped ceramic fountains"
"Mansell's wide-ranging interests are suggested by his tapestry
Legend of the boomerang, made in France, a Mulga wood table of his
design and a silk square Sky and the boomerang, representing
Australia, which was given to the Queen"
"Mansell adopted a popular course. He was happy to be interviewed
by Pix and Woman's Day and felt no embarrassment at executing work
for the Albury-Sydney Express, or the Empress of Australia. Like
his contemporary, Douglas Annand, he was considered somewhat beyond
the artistic pale and was until recently unrepresented by public
institutions"
"In contrast to Preston's carefully crafted asides, Mansell's
interest in Aboriginal art was direct, largely unmediated by
theories. It is an uncomplicated view of a complex culture but
largely in keeping with the temper of his time, a period, for
example, when a white artist, Alistair Morrison, could design a
catalogue cover for the important exhibition `Art of Australia
1788-1941' in Aboriginal style, or Gert Sellheim could create
Aboriginal-like postage stamps. It would be a pity if some of the
criticism levelled at Mansell in his own day became a retrospective
habit that paid no attention to his sincere efforts to encourage an
appreciation of a much neglected art"
""
"Let them go free 

It takes an extraordinary man and an extraordinarily worthy cause to bring
nearly a third of a million people out on to the streets of New York City"
"Mr Anatoly Shcharansky, the Soviet Jew who survived 13 years of persecution
before being allowed to emigrate to Israel several months ago, is such a
man. His cause is the tragedy of up to 400,000 Jews who have asked for
permission to leave the Soviet Union and thereby fallen foul of the authorities"
"To apply for an exit visa is an act of courage in itself for, more often
than not, it means instant loss of position in Soviet society. To be Jewish
in the Soviet Union, even for those who have no desire to leave, is to
experience a form of discrimination that is tolerated, indeed encouraged,
by the senior leadership in Moscow. Anti-semitism, usually in the guise of
anti-Zionism, is a part of life"
"Practising Jewish families are harassed. Conspicuously intelligent children
mysteriously fail to pass university entrance examinations. Innocent
individuals find themselves being convicted of crimes and sent to labor camps"
"Yiddish is no longer allowed to be taught in Soviet schools. Hebrew fares even
worse. The disproportionately large Jewish contribution to Soviet art and
science is disregarded. Only by the very widest stretch of imagination could
most of those who wish to leave be termed dissidents. Most still simply want to
go to Israel, although a great many would rather go on to the United States"
"But the message that Mr Shcharansky was trying to get across at his rally in
New York was that the refusniks have pathetically few opportunities for
publicising their plight in a closed and repressive society. Similar problems
are faced by any number of other ethnic or religious groups which find
themselves at odds with the Soviet system, including Armenians, Pentecostals,
Lithuanian Catholics, Ukrainian nationalists, Crimean Tartars, and individuals
who for various reasons find themselves in conflict with the state over issues
of conscience or principle. 
  Yet the Soviet Union is obliged by the Helsinki accords on human rights
to respect individual liberties, including the right to emigrate. The fact
that no attention is paid to this commitment, even by a new Politburo which
prides itself on a more open style of government, shows that the Soviet
Union remains morally moribund. It falls to governments, organisations and
individuals in the West to ensure that international attention remains
focused on the appalling lack of human rights in the Soviet Union. Seven
years ago, the Australian joint parliamentary committee on foreign affairs
and defence recommended the formation of a standing committee on human rights
to remind the Soviet Government of its obligations. The Federal Government
could set an excellent example by acting on that recommendation"
""
"By Robert Spicer  

Ash walked into an onslaught when he arrived at the hospital for his next
session with Dr Love. Myra had him captive instantly. `You are not going
to believe this, Jack.'
  `I promise you, I will. What happened? Did you get someone?'
  `Someone, someone - Jack, there are four people living in my flat!'
  `What?'
  `A brother and a sister and two sisters came about the same time, they
were early. I mean, the phone never stopped ringing while they were there
even and I liked them all so much we just sat around talking and talking"
"In the end we took the receiver off the phone to get some peace and someone
suggested getting a wine cask while we discussed who was to move in. It
was crazy. We did it. At 4 am on Sunday morning we were still all talking.'
  `So what did you decide?'
  `Everybody moved in and we're looking for a house for all of us to rent
and as soon as we can find one we're going to move in together.'
  `I don't believe it.'
  `I told you you wouldn't, didn't I? Jack, I have never had so much fun
in my life. We all get on so well. They all want to meet you and I told
them it won't be long before they can. You will come and visit, won't you?'
  `Of course. The quicker the better.'
  She laughed and then turned and looked out the window"
`What do you think of the hair?' She did a pirouette to face him again
She looked five years younger and very pretty
"`Sensational,' he said. `God, you're nearly up to my standard.' They both
laughed"
"`All that seems a long time ago, doesn't it?'
  He nodded and asked, `What about your brother, have you seen him?'
  `Jack, I couldn't bring myself to ask him over but I did want to do something
you know, like you said, clean out all the cobwebs. I called him on the
phone, Jack. We talked for a long time. I told him I thought I understood
a little now. He said when his love and guilt grew strong enough that was
when he stopped. He didn't just forget me or not want me near him anymore"
"He said when he left home it was because he loved me too much to keep doing
things. The only way was to leave home and find someone else but once we
were separated he just couldn't talk to me anymore even though he wanted
to. I believe him, Jack. I told him what you said, that in a way we were
like a divorced couple and it would always hurt us to see each other with
other people being close but we should stay good friends. He said he'd like
that and from now on that's what we'd be.' She looked down at her feet"
"`So that's that, case closed, everything fixed.'
  Ash put out his hand and lifted up her chin and looked into her eyes"
"`All your own work too. You know, Myra, anybody can give a bit of advice
but the trick is for the person themselves to put what they like the sound
of into effective action. That's what you did and I'm really proud of you.'
He ruffled her hair. `And let me tell you, it did me a lot of good talking
with you. I felt really good when I left here last time, so you see it's
been a two-way street.'
  `I guess it has, hasn't it?' She looked at him, smiled and turned away
quickly. `Well, he's in,' she said. `I'll see if he wants you yet.' She
went to the surgery door, knocked, poked in her head and said, `Jack Ash
here to see you, Doctor.' Then she beckoned him to go in. He winked at her
and walked into the doctor's surgery. Love leaned back in his chair to face
him as he sat down"
"`Well, what did you think of it?'
  `What? Think of what?'
  `The automatic writing I gave you to read.'
  `Oh, I haven't seen you for such a long time and so much has happened
that I wondered what you were talking about. I have read it but only the
once and I have to say that I thought you may have been writing in terms
that you have been taught or don't remember being taught and may have absorbed
just the same. Even stories told to you by aunts or grandparents as a child
and in a certain state - you open up a channel to those memories. Possibly
even extended genetic memories remembered through the generations.' Ash
paused and it was to Love's credit that he seemed to be giving serious
consideration to what he had said. He went on, `That's just my opinion,
Doctor, because I can't accept the doctrine of selective reincarnation.'
  `What do you mean, selective?'
  `Well, let's say twenty generations ago there were 200 million people
on Earth and now we have 4,000 million people and in another five generations,
if we haven't destroyed ourselves, there will be 8,000 million. That means
to me that there just aren't enough past lives to go around, in a spiritual
sense. But there are enough inherited memories, perhaps, and certainly
enough bedtime stories, so I find it a lot more rational to look in that
direction for a solution to the phenomena of Mozart and the others like
him, including yourself. I don't see how that detracts from the law of Karma
anymore that it detracts from the law of averages. I don't see how the
supernatural need necessarily be involved but that's not to say it isn't.'
  Love sat very still for what seemed like a long time. `So you think it
would have to be selective?' he asked. `A God-being, allocating past lives
to suitable human vessels to carry on the self-improvement process. That
is, if it has any basis in reality.'
  `Yes, if it has any basis in reality I believe that would follow.'
  `I intend to give what you've said a great deal of thought, Jack, and
thanks for being honest with me. I rather expected you would be a little
more impressed.'
  `Whatever the source, it is certainly intriguing.'
  `Where do you think your drive for self-improvement emanates from if it
has no spiritual imperative?'
  `I don't know. Maybe the load of guilt instilled in my early Christian
moral training became too heavy as life went by until I had to set the account
straight or die in the crossfire, or maybe it was just a rational process"
"Does it matter?'
  `Perhaps it doesn't. But if it doesn't, aren't we just trying to treat
the symptoms here? You know, the manifestations of the condition with external
psychological ointments rather than finding the root of the crisis and treating
that with the drug of reality.'
  `No, I believe what we are doing is a sort of sorting process, psychological
data processing. Helping the computer get the encyclopedia of personal data
into proper perspective, something like that. I mean, that would have to
be the basis of most neurotic and stress problems surely, taking things
out of perspective?'
  `Yes, that is true to a great extent but subconscious suppression of certain
aspects of data can also throw the wheels of personality out of balance"
"A little like the Vietnam War. The Americans could have won the war by
obliterating Vietnam from the face of the Earth. Due to other considerations,
however, they chose to fight with one hand tied behind their back so to
speak, almost on the other fellow's terms. Now, if the positive psychological
forces in a person's personality are similarly disadvantaged by subconsciously
sabotaging the information with which they have to deal, they have a great
deal more daunting a task in overcoming negative tendencies in respect
of inner conflicts, between guilt and self-respect, duty and self-interest,
self-appraisal and self-assurance, proper responsibility and the right to
pleasure and gratification. This, I believe, is a factor in your own stress
and tension and its physical manifestations in the form of welts, hives,
head bumps, itching and rashes.'
  `In what way? I don't think I understand you.' That particular example
annoyed Ash. `The Americans would have liked to obliterate Vietnam as they
did Hiroshima but this time they had the problem of not getting the Soviet
Union involved so they were restricted to conventional warfare. They knew
why they had to fight under a disadvantage.' Dr Love looked unconvinced"
"`You may analyse the position in that way but others may say that America's
sentimental love of fair play or immature concern over what the world may
think of her was, in fact, the Achilles heel. In your case, for example,
I believe you deliberately underemphasize the role your first wife played in
the destruction of your marriage and overemphasize the negative role you
played because you're the only one who is best equipped to take the blame
and handle it. In fact, I think this type of tendency is prevalent in your
way of dealing with many conflict situations. Because of this you give your
own mental processes an almost impossible job in repairing psychological
damage. For example, most people after a marriage break-up blame the other
party almost entirely for the whole shemozzle. There is a very good reason
for this. By doing so, they themselves survive emotionally. After some time,
when they have well and truly put themselves back together they will gradually
make certain allowances for the other partner until, in the fullness of
time, they can often become quite good friends. If, however, someone says,
""I am so superior, or I believe I should be so superior, that the frailty
or venality of the partner is irrelevant"", and therefore leaves himself
no alternative but to take all the blame on his far superior shoulders,
then, depending on how superior those shoulders  really are and depending
on how often he plays the scenario this way, one can have no real difficulty
in surmising, when his body fails to match strength with his determination
and his will to take the rap himself for all failed relationships and
enterprises, that it capitulates into a sea of hives and rashes. It is really
just screaming out, I surrender, I've had enough. Can you see that?'
  `Yes, but only to a degree. I'm always aware of the contribution other
people have made to those failures.' Ash hardly felt himself completely naive"
"`Of course, but can't you see that that information is usually filed in
the irrelevant basket? What does it matter what they did or didn't do? To
all intents and purposes they were irrelevant. You think you should have
been able to manipulate them more effectively so that they did not act in
a negative or damaging way. The fact that they did is just further proof
of a failure on your part to do a proper job on them. The conclusion,
therefore, is that you are to blame for their failings as much as your own"
Most people throw all the blame on to others to ensure they will survive
"Your personality prefers to take full responsibility for the lot, often quite
unfairly I'd suspect, and very egotistically. You are now carrying a
superhuman load of this type of rationalization and each new load of data
could be the straw that breaks the camel's back. Your self-concept is such,
that to change your willingness to shoulder the blame could be seen as just
another failure, almost the daddy of them all. For that reason, the cure
could be as damaging as the neurosis.'
  `Hardly a neurosis.'
  `Losing perspective in any area is neurotic. I would like to hear, for
example, what you believe your first wife did to destabilize the marriage
without any rationalization on your part.'
  `I think her actions were really only reactions and the kind of neurosis
you have described could only apply to much later in my life, not these early
events.'"
"Palestinians forgotten  

AS a Palestinian Australian of Christian background, I would like to
express my anger at those who organised the Papal tour"
I believe the organisers used the Holy Father for political ends
"While the Palestinian community in Australia was denied the request made
by their Palestine Liberation Organisation representative to meet the Pope,
Zionists were given half an hour to discuss political matters"
"How can it be that the oppressors are respected and listened to and the
victims and oppressed are denied the right to be heard?
  If Jesus was in Australia now, I strongly believe that he would surely
have refused to meet the criminals, and he would have held and prayed for
the Palestinian victims"
"After all, aren't the Palestinians the children of Jesus of Nazareth?

 Elias Majjar, Mulgrave."
"By Peter Bowler  

  Christian, n. One who follows the teachings of Christ in so far as they
  are not inconsistent with a life of sin"
"Ambrose Bierce  

Such notable clergymen as the Reverend Laurence Sterne and Father John of
Inverkeithing would have heartily endorsed Bierce's sentiments. And they
are but the vanguard of the host of rebel priests and clergy who come tumbling
out of the following pages - the eccentric, the unruly, the wayward, the
bawdy, the roguish, the downright criminal. Lovable characters, some of
them. Others `mad, bad and dangerous to know'. None of them fitting the
mould of the decent respectable man of the cloth that we know today"
"The brutal popes of the dark ages, the worldly popes of the Renaissance,
the rough-and-tumble debauchery of the English clergy in Elizabethan times,
the eighteenth-century country parsons whose behaviour verged on the lunatic,
the up-to-date rascality of the twentieth-century cult leaders ... it hardly
fits the accepted picture of the sober, righteous man of God, walking demurely
in the way of the Lord"
"Here is the human side of religion; the imp of the perverse, thumbing
its nose at solemnity and rectitude from its seat within their very portals"
"What can have induced these professional purveyors of virtue to dabble in
the competing product? Can it be that they were not ... True Believers?

The Scandal of the Priests of Khnum
The dubious distinction of being perhaps the earliest criminal priest
on record goes to Penanouqi, the leader of the priests of Khnum at a temple
not far from the present site of Aswan, in twelfth century BC Egypt. The
details come from a judicial record from the reign of Rameses V (1165-1150
BC)"
"The god Khnum, otherwise known as the Great Ram of the Cataract, was believed
to be the guardian of the huge underground reservoirs from which the
floodwaters of the Nile were supposed to gush forth at the right time each
year. The particular temple of Khnum at which Penanouqi served was located
on an island in the Nile, and at the time local trade was undergoing a
downturn. However, the temple of Khnum possessed riches derived over the
years from the gifts of pharaohs and the offerings of passing merchants"
"Penanouqi decided to profit from these riches. Acquiring a band of followers
from among the temple priests and the local boatmen, partly by bribery and
partly by threats of violence, he first of all took the sacred animals from
the temple and sold them for a good price to some other priests and some
army officers in the neighbourhood"
"Flushed with success, he seduced two married women, and then proceeded
to appropriate for his own ends more of the temple's riches - a valuable
amulet, and a precious casket, together with its contents. To ensure loyalty
among his followers, he singled out a few malcontents and had their ears
cut off and their eyes gouged out. Then, just to keep himself in practice,
he stole twenty sacrificial oxen and set a number of buildings on fire"
"His priestly followers, not wanting Penanouqi to have all the fun, seized
a treasure belonging to the goddess Anouqis, and propitiated with a percentage
of the takings a temple scribe who was starting to protest at the goings
on"
"Alas, at this point the judicial record breaks off. We know that Penanouqi
was caught, but not what happened to him"
"Some Interesting Popes  

John XII: His life was such that during his papacy the Lateran was spoken
of as a brothel. Died of a stroke while in the act of adultery"
"John X: Strangled in the bed of his mistress, Theodora, the wife of the
Senator Theophylactus"
"John XI: Illegitimate son of Pope Sergius III. Noted for his drunkenness
and debauchery"
"Stephen VII: Illegitimate son of a priest. Stephen had the body of his
predecessor exhumed, displayed before a Roman synod, deprived of two of
its fingers, and thrown into the Tiber. Shortly after this, Stephen was
strangled"
Sergius III: Said to have put his two predecessors to death
"Benedict IX: Described by the Catholic Encylopedia as `a disgrace to the
Chair of Peter'. Led a dissolute life, and actually sold the office of Pope
so that he could afford to marry"
"Alexander VI: Bought the papacy. In his younger days had been infamous for
`misconduct in Sienna which had been so notorious as to shock the whole
town and court', and he `continued as Pope the manner of life that had
disgraced his cardinalate' (Catholic Encyclopedia). Bestowed many favours
on members of his own family, most notably his children Caezar and Lucrezia
Borgia. Several of his enemies were mysteriously murdered. Said to have
died as a result of drinking by mistake a cup of poisoned wine that he had
prepared for another"
"John VIII: Murdered by the priest Gregorius, who offered him a cup of warm
wine, laced with arsenic, on a cold evening. When the arsenic was slow to
take effect, Gregorius smashed the Pope's skull with a hammer"
"Sylvester II: Known as the `magician pope' because of his interest in Moslem
science which was then more advanced than Christian science, and because
of the legend of his pact with the devil. Sylvester was poisoned. It is
possible that his poisoner was the widow of the rebel Crescentius, whose
beheaded body had been hung at Castel Sant' Angelo by the Emperor Otto III
and whose widow had already poisoned Otto in revenge. (The best known legend
of Sylvester was that he bargained with the devil to obtain the papacy,
on the understanding that he would die if he ever said Mass at Jerusalem"
"One day he was saying Mass in a particular chapel at the Vatican when he
discovered that the chapel was named Jerusalem. End of Sylvester.)

 The Clergy in Sixteenth-Century England  

In 1559, Queen Elizabeth I was obliged to issue a decree `that the clergy
shall not haunt ale-houses or taverns, or spend their time idly at dice, 
cards, tables, or any other unlawful game'"
"In 1571, the House of Commons, in addressing the Queen, said that `great
numbers are admitted ministers that are infamous in their lives and
conversation'. In the same year, Bishop Grindal was obliged to give an order
that no unmarried clergyman `should keep any woman in his house under sixty
years of age, excepting she was his mother, aunt, sister or niece'"
"In 1579, according to Neal, `in the county of Cornwall, there were a
hundred and forty clergymen, not one of which was capable of preaching a
sermon'"
"In 1584, a group of citizens in Essex presented a petition to the council
in which they complained that the clergy were `the basest of all sorts
... rioters, dicers, drunkards and of offensive lives'. In the same year,
the Lords of the Council addressed a letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury
in which they said that a great number of curates were `notoriously unfit;
most for lack of learning - many chargeable with great and enormous faults,
as drunkenness, filthiness of life, gaming at cards, haunting of ale-houses'"
"Cardinal del Monte Has a Night Out  

In an avviso published in Rome in 1560, the following news item appears"
"His Holiness last Monday, about noon, sent for Cardinal del Monte to
   come to the Palazzo. It seems that he has been roaming the streets at
   night like a vagabond and getting into fights with people. On Friday
   night he not only got into a fight with a gang of boys but later on,
   in the house of the courtesan Martuccia, he had a fight with Signor Giacomo
   Malatesta, who pretended not to know who he was and beat him with a stick,
   and also beat the courtesan. Cardinal del Monte was fined three abbeys"
"And Him a Man of the Cloth!

The modern image of a clergyman - more especially, perhaps, an Anglican
clergyman - is of a quiet, dignified, often diffident, always law-abiding
citizen"
"But the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in England, when curacies
and bishoprics were sold, bartered and inherited as often as earned, saw
some remarkable exceptions to the rule. Men such as:

Dr Lancelot Blackburne, Archbishop of York, who had formerly been a buccaneer
and who was said to have maintained a seraglio while in office. A later
Bishop of Norwich was believed to be his illegitimate son"
"The Bishop of Raphoe, a part-time highwayman, who was shot on Hounslow Heath
one night while practising his part-time profession"
"Dr Dodd, who was hanged for forgery"
"Rev. James Hackman, who was hanged for shooting Lord Sandwich's mistress"
"Rev. Thomas Hunter, who was hanged for murdering his pupils"
"The Bishop of Ely, who was a notorious purloiner of other people's books"
"Himself a distinguished collector of incunabula, he found it hard to resist
the temptation to add to his collection by whatever method presented itself"
"Jackson recounts the story of a gentleman who, calling on a friend, found
him busily hiding his best books, and upon asking the reason, was given
the answer: `Don't you know, the Bishop of Ely dines with me today.'
  The Bishop of Ely's weakness affected many other men of the cloth, and
not only in England"
"Giambattista Pamfili, before he became Pope Innocent X and the subject of
a famous Velasquez portrait, had a reputation similar to that of the Bishop
of Ely. There is a story of his attending upon Cardinal Barberini when the
latter went to visit the unique library of Montier. The future Pope slipped
a small but rare volume into his pocket, but when Montier noticed its absence
before the party left, Barberini ordered that the doors be closed and that
all present be searched. In the ensuing scuffle, the book fell out of Pamfili's
pocket. It is said that this incident was the cause of Innocent X's subsequent
persecution of the Barberini family. Mind you, the Bishop of Ely and Pope
Innocent X were babes in the wood compared with Cardinals Richelieu and
Mazarin, who carried off whole libraries from the towns and estates whose
power they had broken, and, above all, as compared with Don Vincente, a
monk of the Convent of Pobla, in Aragon, who murdered several book collectors
and students in order to obtain their most precious books"
"Some of the early British clergy, whilst not quite as reprehensible as
the highwaymen, rakes and cut-throats mentioned above, were nonetheless
unusual by modern standards. For example:

Bishop Crichton of Dunkald, who was also Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal to
James V, was described in Keith's Catalogue as `a man nobly disposed, very
hospitable, and a magnificent housekeeper, but in matters of religion not
much skilled'. Spottiswood, in his History of Scotland, reports Bishop Crichton
as having `said to one of his vicars that he thanked God he knew neither
the Old nor the New Testament, and yet had prospered well enough all his
dayes'"
"Benefit of Clergy  

In twelfth-century Britain, the church's struggle to exempt itself as far
as possible from the civil jurisdiction led to the introduction of the
so-called `benefit of clergy'. A `clerk' (i.e. a member of the clergy) could
claim benefit of clergy if charged with an offence, and this meant that
he could not be tried by the secular courts but would be tried instead by
the ecclesiastical authorities. 
  In practice, benefit of clergy soon became a good way for wrongdoers to
evade punishment. In the first place, the term `clerk' came to be defined
as meaning anyone who could read. In the second place, the ecclesiastical
authorities very rarely exacted any serious punishment upon offenders. For
many years, even murder was an offence for which benefit of clergy would
be claimed. William of Newberry reported that literally hundreds of murderers
got off scot-free in this fashion"
"There were some limits to benefit of clergy, however. People who were
defined as `clerks' merely because they could read, but were not ordained
priests, could only claim the benefit for a first offence."
"PM WINS HARE KRISHNA VOTE  

THE Hare Krishna cult has backed Prime Minister Bob Hawke's call to make
the unemployed work for the community"
"The shaven-headed chanters say they will take as many of the unemployed
as the CES can supply and will send them out to beautify Sydney"
"""Work is very instructive to the soul and is essential if these kids
aren't going to get hooked on drugs,"" said Krishna spokesman Tony Foley"
"""We do a lot of work in rehabilitating drug addicts.  They help us prepare
free meals for the poor and clean the streets,"" he said"
""
"Soothing statistics don't solve 1987 economic prospects By Anne Flahvin  

DESPITE last month's lower trade deficit and the OECD's forecast of strong
GDP growth in 1987, doubts are emerging in the market place about the prospects
for next year's economy"
"Soothing words from the Australian Bureau of Statistics confirming the
accuracy of the November current account deficit of $685 million have been
taken to heart by a financial market searching desperately for any good
news.  Combined with the OECD's forecast of a surprisingly strong 3.25
per cent GDP growth rate, this continued to support the Australian dollar
on Friday"
"But the feeling among some economists and foreign exchange dealers this
weekend is that the November deficit figure will still be revised upwards"
"Estimates of the strength of any possible upward revision vary considerably,
but Melbourne economist Patrick O'Leary, of McCaughan Dyson and Co, says,
""There is no way the figures can be right.  Not even when Afghanistan was
invaded did its imports fall by a fifth.""         
  Expectations for the January and February balance of trade figures are
also not optimistic, with the market already forecasting a resumption of
$1 billion plus monthly deficits next year"
"The Government is believed to be hoping to contain the current account
deficit to $6 billion in the first six months of calendar 1987.  While market
watchers say this is possible, some remain sceptical"
"This weekend, market experts are tipping real growth of between 1.5 and
2.5 per cent over the coming year.  This is well short of the OECD 3.25
per cent, which also conflicts with the outcome which is hoped for and expected
by Federal Treasury"
"Traditionally, OECD forecasts on the Australian economy have mirrored
fairly closely the views of Treasury as the Government of the day has been
able to persuade the OECD to endorse the Treasury line"
"But the Government's ambition to rein in the current account deficit would
probably receive a body blow if the Paris-based organisation's forecast
of 3.25 per cent growth was realised"
"On the outlook for growth in 1987, Patrick O'Leary is not optimistic,
""The contribution to GDP from investment went negative in the full year
to September,"" he said"
"""The Keating assumption is that growth will come from net trade, but if
the $A continues to go up we are not going to get a positive contribution
to GDP from net trade.  So where is the growth going to come from?
  ""It is not going to come from private sector activity - the average
household is in hock up to its eyebrows,"" he said"
"Many market watchers question whether the Reserve Bank will be able to
retain the control it has exercised during the past few months over the
$US/$A exchange rate"
"The Reserve Bank has been an active player in the market in an attempt
to reduce the volatility of the exchange rate, and Ray Block, economist
with brokers Dominguez Barry Samuel Montagu, says that provided pressure
from our booming sharemarket eases a little in the new year, the Bank will
be able to reassert its control"
"""The perseverance of the bank is very important to us - the degree of
volatility in our currency should not be perceived to be greater than other
currencies,"" he said"
"According to Kevin Tuckey, corporate adviser with Macquarie Bank ""the
Reserve Bank is not trying to put a lid on the $A, it is just trying to
slow its growth"" in a climate of strong overseas support for our currency"
""
"`Brumby' gives a kick to WA's disc State orchestras in major record series  

  THE ABC has undertaken an exciting project to produce discs featuring
each of Australia's six State orchestras"
They're already available in black vinyl and compact discs are to follow
"Importantly, they are to gain world-wide audiences through a distribution
arrangement with the UK, as well as  with Festival Records, in Australia"
"The first two releases were the Sydney Symphony Orchestra - with a
performance of Beethoven's Choral Ninth, conducted by Wilfred Lehmann and
including the Sydney Philharmonic Choir - and the WA Symphony Orchestra"
"I find the WASO presentation more appealing because it includes two
works by Australian composers"
"In view of plans to give the recordings wide coverage, this had to be
a great opportunity to sneak in compositions from our own talented people"
"Richard Mills took over the orchestra on the last two tracks to conduct
the Festival Overture on Australian Themes by Colin Brumby and Mills' own
Overture with Fanfare"
"The Overture and Fanfare is an exciting work with the element of Queensland
clearly interpolated - it was written for the Queensland Youth Orchestra"
"You can hear the tune Moreton Bay in its central section after the energetic
opening following the percussive fanfare, with WASO's excellent brass section
in fine form"
"In the Brumby work there is a nostalgic feeling of country with the
inclusion of some of our most notable and easily distinguishable folk tunes"
"Bullroarer  

  There's also the boom of the bullroarer for good measure"
"David Measham is the conductor of British composer Malcolm Arnold's Little
Suite No 1 and Little Suite No 2"
"The former chief conductor of the WASO, who did so much to lift its public
image, knew Arnold and produces all the charm and sparkle of these lovely
cameos for orchestra"
"Dobbs Franks was understandably the conductor of Don Gillis's fascinating
Portrait of a Frontier Town, for he was able to bring his homeland knowledge
to this clever portrayal of what can  best be described as an American tone
poem"
"The Melbourne Symphony Orchestra has played somewhat safe with Tchaikovsky's
Symphony No 5 in E minor, with Dutch conductor Hubert Soudant"
"Nevertheless it was performed with style. 
  I was more attracted to the Queensland Symphony Orchestra's performances
of Respighi's Suite in G for Organ and Strings and Elgar's most beautiful
Sea Pictures, in which Margreta Elkins is the mezzo soloist"
"The Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra has chosen Respighi's suite for small
orchestra, The Birds, with Francaix's The Floral Clock and Richard 
Strauss's Capriccio: Prelude"
"Adelaide has an all-Mozart offering - the Concerto in C for flute, harp
and orchestra, and Piano Concerto No 19 in F"
""
"Charles, Di woo Wham LONDON, Sun  

- The Prince and Princess of Wales are being credited with
arranging a comeback by singing duo Wham"
"Wham has agreed to renew its partnership for a concert to help Prince Charles'
Inner City Aid project next summer"
A dozen other rock stars also are expected to perform
"Wham duo George Michael and Andrew Ridgely split after a farewell concert
at Wembley six months ago which attracted 75,000 fans"
The pair were the first Western pop act to visit China
"Prince Charles started the move for Wham after seeing them at the Live
Aid concert last year"
"Princess Diana is known to be a great fan of Wham.  It was her personal
plea which swayed the two to share the stage again, according to a newspaper
report"
- PHILLIPA MURRAY
"Existence and regularity results for Maxwell's equations in the quasi-static
limit By A.L. Carey and D.M. O'Brien Abstract  

We prove the existence of solutions of Maxwell's equations for a conducting
medium whose constitutive parameters are piecewise constant on    and then
examine the convergence of these solutions in the quasi-static limit in
which displacement currents are neglected. Secondly, we examine the regularity
of the limiting solution and the sense in which the classical boundary
conditions hold, namely, continuity of the tangential electric field and
the normal current density"
"1. Introduction  

The work described in this paper arose from a study of the electromagnetic
prospecting technique used by geophysicists. The aim of the technique is
to determine the extent and electrical properties of a conducting ore body,
buried in a layered conducting ground, from transient electromagnetic
observations at the surface. In the usual experimental arrangement, a
horizontal transmitting loop is laid upon the ground and is driven by a
current pulse or current ramp. The fields induced in the buried ore body
then generate secondary currents in a receiving loop, and these are recorded
for subsequent analysis. In order to model this technique, one must be able
to solve Maxwell's equations in a structured medium. When the structure
is simple, such as in a layered medium without ore body, or a spherical
or cylindrical ore body in a non-conducting earth, then the techniques of
classical analysis yield solutions in series of special functions which
are easily computable and fairly reliable. In more complex structures, one
is forced to use a finite element or finite difference representation of
the electromagnetic fields. In addition, it is sometimes necessary to couple
the finite element representation to an integral representation in order
to adequately acount for boundary conditions at infinity. The successful
application of finite elements and subsequent analysis of the errors presumes
knowledge of the regularity of the electromagnetic fields near the interfaces"
"According to classical electromagnetism the tangential component of both
the electric and magnetic field intensities must be continuous across any
interface between media with different constitutive parameters. However,
greater precision is needed in order to tackle the numerical analysis of
Maxwell's equations. In particular, in what sense must the tangential
components be continuous, and how discontinuous are the normal components?
We were unable to find definitive answers in the literature for Maxwell's
equations in a complex medium. Nor could we find results immediately applicable
in the quasi-static limit, used in the electromagnetic prospecting problem
in which Maxwell's equations degenerate into a parabolic system. This paper
is an attempt to answer these questions. As such it is a first step in
extending the approach of [3] (for a layered earth) to more complicated
geometries"
"In this paper we are concerned with existence and regularity results for
Maxwell's equations in a conducting medium,

                   

in the quasi-static limit as   . The notation used here is standard:
  (1) E and H are the electric and magnetic field intensities;
  (2)    is the density of electric charge;
  (3) J is the total current density, σE is the conduction current
density, and K is a known current density maintained by an external energy
source;
  (4)    is the permeability,    the permittivity and σ
the conductivity"
"We shall require that    be constant on    but allow    and
   to be piecewise constant functions. More precisely, we suppose
that       ...,    are disjoint open regions whose closures cover    and whose boundaries are smooth and that"
"In addition, we shall suppose that the source K is switched on at time zero,
and that E, H and ρ are all zero prior to time zero. Consequently, ρ will
vanish for all time in the interior of regions where ε/   is constant,
except possibly at points where   . K is non-zero, as the charge density
will be a distribution concentrated on the interfaces between regions with
different values of ?/"
"In physical terms, the quasi-static limit is equivalent to the neglect
of displacement currents. This is usually a good approximation in the
propagation of low-frequency waves through conducting media, and also in
the transient electromagnetic (TEM) response of a conducting medium when
observations are made long after the passage of the wave fronts. One practical
application, already mentioned, is to TEM prospecting, in which geophysicists
measure the response of the conducting earth to a controlled current source
in the search for buried ore bodies and oil deposits. This application has
an extensive literature, which can be traced from the text by Wait [4]"
"Duvaut and Lions [1] have given an elegant existence proof for the case
in which    is non-zero, but their technique fails in the quasi-static
limit. Our approach is to deal directly with the equation for E, namely
  
which holds under our assumptions that    is constant. We apply the
Laplace transform to equation (2) and solve the resulting elliptic problem,
  
where the lower-case e and k denote the Laplace transforms of E and K, and
s is the Laplace transform variable. The solution of (3) satisfies a bound
                  
where    and    denote the minima of    and"
"This bound is well behaved as    and so enables us to pass to the
quasi-static limit"
"An open and interesting question is what happens to the results if   
is zero (with    not identically zero)? Explicit calculations for
the special case of a half space (ie.   ;    show that the solution
is not    so that one expects solutions in weighted Sobolev spaces in general"
"The classical boundary conditions are that the tangential components of e and
the normal component of σe should be continuous across any section, Γ, of
the interface between two regions,    and    with different 
constitutive parameters. We use elliptic regularity to establish 
differentiability of e away from an interface and then in order to analyse the 
boundary conditions, we resolve e into its transverse component    and 
longitudinal component"
"We then show that    lies in the Sobolev space    which implies that all
components of    are continuous. Next we show that    where n is the 
normal to    is continuous in the sense that the traces of    on    from
   and    are equal as distributions in   . Together, these
results establish the (weak) continuity of n x e across   . Lastly, we show
that    is continuous across    in a similar sense"
"Whether stronger continuity results are possible we leave as an open
question"
"We do not distinguish notationally between scalar and vector fields on
   nor between spaces of such fields. Thus,    will denote the usual Sobolev
space of r times weakly differentiable functions on    with the inner product

                    

and corresponding norm

                    

as well as the similar space of vector functions on    with inner product

                    

and corresponding norm"
"When r = 0, we will omit the subscript from both the norm and inner product"
"All other notation is standard and follows, for example, that in reference
[1]"
"2.  Existence  

  Our proof of the existence theorem follows the traditional approach in
which the initial-value problem for Maxwell's equations is converted into
an elliptic equation, after Laplace transformation of the time coordinate"
"In order to be able to guarantee that the Laplace transform can be inverted,
we have placed fairly strong smoothness conditions on the source of the
electromagnetic fields. In fact, these conditions are too strong for the
most commonly used model of the source current, namely, a square current
pulse. However, the conditions can be weakened but only at the expense of
introducing distributional Laplace transforms, with attendant notational
complications, which we felt unwarranted for this paper. A second feature
of the proof is the division of the fields into longitudinal and transverse
components. The significance of this procedure is that the longitudinal
and transverse components have different regularity properties"
"We begin with the classical result of Helmholtz, which asserts that any
vector field can be decomposed uniquely into longitudinal and transverse
fields. Let    and    denote the projections on    defined by:

                          

where      denotes the Fourier transform. Then in fact PL is an orthogonal
projection on    for any   . To see this, note that

                    

and so if u is in    then the right-hand side is finite, which
establishes that    also lies in   . For any    we let

                    

and call    and    the transverse and longitudinal components
of u. It is easy to check that these components satisfy

                     and"
"In order to formulate the existence and regularity results we need some
technicalities. The first of these we record as

  LEMMA 1.    if and only if       and & Formula;"
"To prove this, use the identity

                    

to give"
"Consequently,    if and only if all terms on the right are finite,
that is    and"
"We now turn to the Laplace-transformed version of the operator in equation
(2), namely,
                    

where

                     

and A is the operator defined as follows. Let

                    

and let A denote the operator on    with domain D(A) and action"
Note that Lemma 1 shows that D(A) has an alternative characterisation:
"We shall show that the equation
 
                            

has a unique solution u in D(A) for any f in   . From this solution
we shall construct the solution of Maxwell's equations by inverse Laplace
transformation. To do this we need a second technical result, namely that
A is non-negative and self-adjoint. The former is easy, since for any   

                     

so A is non-negative"
"We prove next that A is closed. Suppose that    is a sequence in
D(A) which converges to u in    and that    converges to υ in
  . Because    and because    we see that"
"Consequently,    and   . Hence A is closed"
"Now let   . Then the form    is certainly continuous for
all ?. For such u,"
"Thus,    from which it follows that    and   . Since
A is symmetric, this establishes that    and hence that A is
self-adjoint"
We may now state the main result of this section
THEOREM. Let
"and require that   . The equation

                   

has a unique solution for any f in   . If    and    denote the
minima of    and    then

                   .  

Lastly, if f is holomorphic in s in the region    then so too is u"
"Proof. The proof uses a Galerkin approximation and relies on the positivity
of A,    and   . Let       be a basis for D(A) and suppose
that
                   

where          are chosen so that

                   .   

Note, firstly that   . Indeed, if this were not so, there would exist
   such that

                    
and hence that
                   .   

Since A is positive, equation (7) implies that

                   
 and
                   .  

The only possible solution of (9) is    since    and    which is
inconsistent with (8). Returning to equation (6), we find that

                   
so
                   .  

Since    we obtain
                 
  
and
                   .  

Because       and    are all positive,    and imag(u,f) must have the same sign"
Multiply (11) by    (12) by    and add to obtain
"Hence,"
"It now follows that
            
                   
 
from which we obtain"
"For each m we may construct in this way a solution of (6), which we now
denote by   . The sequence    is bounded, so we can select a
subsequence    such that    weakly as   . Consider the
equation"
Then
In the limit as
"Since this holds for all j, we have

                   

so the form

                   

is continuous on D(A) in the    topology. Thus    and"
This shows that u is a solution of
"Clearly,"
"Since (q  A) is an entire function of s,    will be holomorphic
wherever it exists: in particular,    will be holomorphic for"
"Thus, if f is holomorphic for    so too will be u"
"A corollary of this theorem is the existence of a unique solution of (2),
provided that the source current density K is sufficiently well behaved
to permit the inversion of the Laplace transform"
"COROLLARY. Suppose that the    valued function K has the following properties
  (1) K has support   ;
  (2) K is infinitely differentiable with respect to t;
  (3) K is Laplace transformable for real s > 0"
"Then the equation

             

has a unique solution with the  same properties"
"REMARK.   At the cost of quite considerable notational complexity, one could use  the same argument to prove  existence and uniqueness for sources K which are distributions in the variable, provided one also invokes results on distributional Laplace transforms"
""
"More lambs from feed and chemical treatments By K. P. Croker, Research Officer, Sheep and Wool Branch  

The ovulation rate, or the number of eggs shed per ovulating ewe, represents the
upper limit of the capacity of a flock of ewes to produce lambs. Several methods
can be used to increase ovulation rates and lambing percentages of ewes,
including selection for better breeding, feeding and the use of chemicals"
"The potential for improving the reproductive performance of Western Australia's
ewe flocks by the use of different approaches to breeding was discussed by L.G"
Butler and R.P. Lewer in the Journal of Agriculture in 1983
"This article mainly discusses the research conducted by the Department of
Agriculture's Sheep and Wool Branch on the supplementary feeding of ewes with
sweet narrow-leafed lupin seed (Lupinus angustifolius) and the more recent
investigations of the technique of immunisation to change the levels of some of
the sex hormones in ewes. Both methods can increase ovulation rates and
subsequent lambing percentages"
"Improved nutrition  
Farmers can give ewes more nutritious feed before and at joining to increase
ovulation rates"
"Flushing  
Ewes can be flushed to improve their lambing performances by placing them on a
high plane of nutrition before the start of joining. This practice has long been
used by farmers"
"Many experiments on flushing ewes in this way in Western Australia and elsewhere
have shown that both increasing ewe liveweight, as well as the liveweight at
mating, influence ovulation rate and lambing performance"
"Research at Beverley, Western Australia, as early as 1941 showed that more twin
lambs were born to Merino x Border Leicester crossbred ewes grazing a paddock
with oaten stubble and unharvested field peas for seven weeks, starting two weeks
before the entire rams were joined with them in mid December (Table 1)"
"Although it appears that flushing flocks produces only small gains when the ewes
are in good body condition, there does not seem to be any valid reason for
reducing the liveweight amd condition of ewes before starting to feed them up
again"
"The body condition of ewes at joining, which is an assessment of fatness as
distinct from liveweight, also influences lambing performances. Ewes gaining in
body condition have higher ovulation rates. Therefore, ewes should be managed so
that they are in good body condition at the start of joining. Farmers can do this
by adjusting stocking rates to increase the amount of paddock feed available to
ewes"
"In Western Australia's major sheep-grazing areas the quantity as well as quality
of paddock feed gradually deteriorates after pastures dry off. Because of these
changes to paddock feed, larger increases in lambing percentages would be
expected from ewes flushed in January and February. By then, ewes often have lost
weight and condition"
"However, there are no experimental results indicating that this is a better time
to flush ewes rather than in November and December"
"Feeding sweet lupin seed  
In the early 1970s research at the University of Western Australia and the
Department of Agriculture showed that feeding ewes sweet narrow-leafed lupin
seed at joining could increase ovulation rates and lambing performances. It was
suggested that feeding lupin seed, which contains about 30 per cent crude 
protein, overcame the low levels of protein in dry pastures thought to be 
responsible for the poor lambing percentages that are common in the 
agricultural area. Apart from containing high levels of protein and energy, 
sweet lupins are a safe supplement to feed to ewes who readily eat the seeds 
once they are familiar with them"
"The degree of response in ovulation rate was related to the amount of lupin seed
eaten. More consistent results were obtained with daily supplements of 250 grams
per head or more (Table 2)"
"These early experiments in the 1970s showed that there was a positive
relationship between ovulation rate and the number of ewes which lambed when
lupins were fed to them during joining. By increasing ovulation rate, more ewes
lambed and more twins were born"
"Ewes seem to respond to lupin supplements soon after feeding starts. In an
experiment at Merredin ovulation rate increased eight days after feeding lupins
(Table 3). Independent research at the University of Western Australia showed
that ovulation could be increased after only six days of feeding. Therefore, it
would appear that ovulation rate can be increased without measurable changes in
liveweight because these feeding periods are too short for significant changes in
weight"
"The results from the initial experiments also indicated that 2.5-year-old ewes
were not as responsive to lupin supplements as were older ewes. It was
subsequently shown that ovulation in 1.5-year-old ewes was not increased after
feeding either 250 or 500 g of lupins per head per day. Ovulation rates of
2.5-year-old ewes increased only when 500 g of lupins per head per day were fed,
whereas older ewes showed increases in ovulation at both feeding rates (Table
4)"
"Other research by the University of Western Australia at Northam during the
spring, summer and autumn of 1975-76 showed that when ewes were fed 750 g of
lupins per head per day ovulation rates increased in October, January and
February, but not in December. In contrast, observations by the Department at
Beverley on ewes which received 250 or 500 g of lupins per head per day over
similar periods in 1975-76 and 1976-77 showed no consistent effect of season on
ovulation rates, although there were slight, but not statistically significant,
increases in the ewes fed the bigger amount. These ewes produced more twins"
"Perhaps more lupin seed is necessary to obtain consistently large ovulation
responses at the various times of joining"
Results from the Department's experiments between 1972 to 1977 were examined
"They indicated that ovulation rates and lambing performances of ewes 3.5 years
and older could be economically increased by feeding the equivalent of 250 g of
lupins per head per day to `teased' ewes for 14 days before the entire rams were
joined with them and until day 17 of joining"
"On-farm trials  
The potential application of this method was examined on 50 farms and with 22
800 mature ewes in the agricultural area between 1977 and 1982. Three series of
trials compared the lambing performances of unsupplemented flocks with those fed
lupins"
"In the first series, the supplemented ewes received 250 g of lupins per head per
day. Because these trials showed a large variation in responses to lupin
supplements, a second series was conducted in which nearly all trials had an
additional group which received a daily supplement of 500 g of lupins per head"
"In the last series of trials, ewes on properties which had marked 60 per cent or
fewer lambs during the preceding five years were fed lupins at 250 g per head per
day to determine whether worthwhile increases in lambing percentages were
obtained"
"The overall results from these on-farms studies did not show any significant
increase in the lambing performances of the supplemented ewes. As was found at
Beverley, there was no difference in response between the various times of
joining. However, there was a large variation between farms in the differences
between the unsupplemented and supplemented ewes in the percentage of lambs
born, ranging from 14 per cent fewer lambs born to the supplemented ewes in one
trial to 21 per cent more lambs born to these ewes. Increasing the supplementary
feeding rate to 500 g per head per day did not overcome the variability in the
lambing response"
"In the third series of trials where the properties were selected on the basis of
previous poor lambing performances, the unsupplemented ewes had good lambing
figures (93 per cent lambs born). Perhaps, as a result, this is the reason that
supplementation did not significantly increase the percentage of lambs born"
"The results from the on-farm trials may be associated with a potential clover
disease problem. In series 1 and 2 trials, the best results were obtained from
the Bunbury area where it had been previously shown that sub-clinical clover
disease depressed lambing performances of ewes. The results obtained from this
area and, for comparison, those from Merredin, a non-clover pasture area, are
shown in Table 5"
"On the properties in the Bunbury area less than 80 per cent of ewes lambed
whereas in the Merredin area between 88 and 94 per cent of ewes lambed. However,
the apparent association of large responses to lupin supplements where
subterranean clover pastures may depress lambing percentages has not been
examined experimentally, so that confirmation is still required"
"A place for lupins?  
Although the Department of Agriculture has conducted many experiments between
1972 and 1982 on feeding sweet lupin seed to ewes to increase ovulation rates
and lambing percentages, it is still not possible to recommend that lupins be
used to improve lambing performances on all farms. The major problem is
determining which ewe flocks can be supplemented successfully and what causes
the tremendous variability in the lambing performances of flocks after
supplementation. This is the basis of our search for the components of lupins
which affect ovulation rates, as discussed in `Ovulation rate of ewes - role of
energy and protein' on page 36"
"Chemicals  
A range of pharmaceutical products is available which can influence the
reproductive efficiency of sheep. Of relevance here are those which can increase
ovulation rates and so provide an opportunity to improve the lambing percentages
of flocks"
"PMSG  
Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) can be used to stimulate an ewe's
ovaries directly. According to the dosage given, it can produce moderate or very
high ovulation rates"
"There are several problems with the use of PMSG. It must be used either in
conjunction with techniques which synchronise oestrous or with the careful
monitoring of natural oestrous. It must be injected on the 12th to 14th day of
the oestrous cycle. The hormone is expensive and adds considerably to the cost
of production. Also the response to it are highly variable, both within and
between ewes"
PMSG can only be obtained on a veterinarian's prescription
"Immunisation against ovarian hormones  
After the discovery in the early 1970s that ovulation rates of ewes were
increased when they were immunised against the sex hormones oestrone (a female
hormone) and androstenedione (a male hormone), CSIRO developed a new method of
producing more twins from ewes. The ewes are injected with a hormone-protein
compound that will stimulate antibody production. The antibodies neutralise some
of the naturally circulating sex hormones, which results in the release of two
eggs instead of one in some ewes"
"An important part of the development of this technique has been to find what
level of antibody production is needed to stimulate above-normal lambing
performances without the harmful side-effect of having triplets or quadruplets"
"The first experiments with the immunising compounds were conducted by CSIRO at
Armidale, New South Wales, in 1977-78 and led to significant increases in
ovulation"
"Evaluation of the compounds started in Western Australia in 1980 because the
strain of Merino and the field environment here differ from those examined by
CSIRO"
"The initial experiments were conducted on the Department's Wongan Hills Research
Station with Merino ewes which were 2.5-years-old when first immunised. The
results are shown in the figures. During these investigations, CSIRO's
scientists were `tailoring' the compounds (immunogens) and procedures to give
the right biological response. Hence, there were slight differences between
experiments. However, in this State injections of the immunogens increased
ovulation rates and resulted in more lambs being born"
"In late 1983 an anti-androstenedione compound which had been developed under an
agreement between CSIRO and Glaxo Australia Pty Ltd was released commercially as
Fecundin ®. Subsequently, the Department began to evaluate the responses to
immunisation with Fecundin ® of Merino and crossbred ewes on commercial
properties"
"On-farm trials  
In 1984 crossbred ewes on properties at Moora and Rosa Glen and Merino ewes on
properties at Darkan, Jingalup and Chowerup were treated"
"At Moora the ovulation rate of the untreated ewes was 1.31 whereas it was
increased to 1.77 in the immunised ewes, but only 9 per cent more lambs were
marked in the immunised ewes"
""
"How Great Was Weber? By Robert Treborlang  

The German composer Carl Maria von Weber was born 200 years ago, on November
18, 1786; and ABC FM will honour him and his music with two programs of
his piano sonatas (11.00pm on Nov 12 and 13) and a special feature, The
Enchanted Wanderer, at 7.45pm on Saturday 15"
"With time and usage, the composers of old tend to assume a ""divine"" tinge"
"Especially with the retreat of religion from our daily lives, beings like
Beethoven, Mozart and Bach acquire the aura that saints must have had in
Byzantine times and dead kings among the Egyptians. They could virtually
do no wrong"
"Was Carl Maria von Weber such a being? In Germany he is certainly revered
with god-like status, being held by many to be the equal of Beethoven. His
Huntsman Chorus, his Invitation to a Dance and several choral pieces are
as much part of the national bloodstream as wurst and knockerl"
"He was also the first to conduct operas with a baton from a conductor's
desk, and he gradually brought about a new seating arrangement of the
orchestra, which is the basis of that still in use today"
"In the rest of Europe, Weber, beside being known as the composer of Der
Freischutz, is also understood to have been the first great breaker in that
tide of national romanticism that swept the continent in the 19th century"
"Outside Europe? Well, you'd have to be a die-hard music lover to know
Weber's name or associate it with the sharp, fox-like features that stare
back from his better known portraits"
"But now that 200 years have passed since Weber's birth, Weber-lovers
throughout the world have official permission to bring their idol that much
closer to deificaiton. No doubt Weber parks, streets, conservatoriums and
factories will spring up"
"Finely wrought plaques perhaps with ""C. M. von Weber coughed out his lungs
here"" or ""In this house the composer Weber had his first great nervous
collapse"" will become commonplace. In London too perhaps a memorial will
appear with ""On this spot Weber wasted his last remaining days setting to
music a worthless libretto."" (Oberon)"
"But the image of Weber is also an image of a brilliant energetic young
conductor, a first cousin of Mozart's, who had travelled more than any musician
of his time producing, organising, hiring, firing and composing right
throughout Central Europe"
""
"CROCODILE BITES AMERICA! 

AUSTRALIA has a new roving ambassador - the tough, laconic, and phenomenally
successful Crocodile Dundee, otherwise known as Paul Hogan"
"If the results of the film's launch in 857 theatres across Canada and
the U.S. are anything to go by, the equally tough, laconic and enormously
talented Hoges is about to become one of Australia's most affluent men"
And Australia is also going to be all the richer because of it
"Tourism, riding on the Croc's tail, is expected to benefit from publicity
already estimated to be worth $15 million"
"And while a lot of it will go directly to Northern Australia, it will
also benefit the economy and the rest of the country"
"More than a thirsty 'roo
  In the past three weeks Hoges has travelled more miles than a thirsty
'roo. He has visited 18 major cities and given hundreds of TV, radio and
press interviews"
"And everyone of them is a plug for Australia - a positive, bright, breezy
Australia bristling with energy and talent, not the whingeing, negative
world-owes-us-a-living Australia some people seem to prefer"
"Only 22 weeks old, Crocodile Dundee is already one of the most successful
films ever shown in Australia"
"It's taking well over $1 million a week and nudging E.T. - The Extra
Terrestrial - for first place on the all-time grossing list. 
  Which isn't bad for a film that cost less than $10 million to make, a
fraction of the money Hollywood spends on its box-office extravaganzas"
"All The Daily Mirror has to say is: It couldn't have happened to a nicer
fella. Or a nicer country"
""
"Paper battle flares in Victorian nursing row MELBOURNE -  

 Victoria's 15-day nurses' strike has become a war of documents"
"The State Government and nurses tried to take the high ground yesterday
in their battle for community support by putting their cases to the public"
"The Royal Australian Nursing Federation released a negotiating document
outlining arguments on its 20 grievances"
"The Health Department said it would accede to an Industrial Relations
Commission request for more details on its stance.  
  And it placed another full-page notice in newspapers explaining its
proposals to end the dispute"
"Meanwhile, the number of hospitals hit by mass walkouts is set to reach
34 with the addition of Royal Southern Memorial yesterday, Goulburn Valley
Base and Dandenong District today, and Geelong tomorrow"
"Administrators at most hospitals said they were continuing to cope with
seriously ill and emergency patients.  But it is feared the Statewide
elective surgery waiting list may have swollen by more than 7000 to around
34,000"
""
"Putting a love into practice MUSIC THE SONG COMPANY
Director: Charles Coleman
Recital for Musica Viva Australia
Music by British, French and Flemish composers"
"Art Gallery of NSW, August 19  

  NO OTHER vocal group in Sydney, large or small, is quite as successful
in conveying enjoyment in its labours as The Song Company. Here are eight
singers and a conductor obviously in love with singing"
"There is no evidence that the periodic changes of personnel which The
Song Company has undergone in its two years of existence have been detrimental"
"The current team is excellently balanced. Even in acoustic conditions of
reverberation that can add an echo of more than two seconds to forte chords,
the cross-fire of short syllables in pieces like Il Est Bel Et Bon by Passereau
or the fifth of Britten's Flower Songs remained very effective, and the
whiffs of tonal grapeshot in a battle piece by Jannequin scored nothing but
bullseyes  Particularly reassuring was the fact that, except in one or two brief moments
during Josquin's Lament for Ockeghem, there was no deterioration of tone
quality when only a smaller section of the whole ensemble was singing, as
in various items for four or five voices"
FRED BLANKS
"WALL ST TRADING AT ONE-MONTH LOW  

WALL Street suffered its slowest trading day in a month on Friday, although 
the index managed to end the session in the plus column"
"By the close of trade the Dow Jones industrial average, which fell 34.73 
points on Thursday, was up 1.13 points at 1769.69"
"Big Board volume amounted to 115.27 million shares compared with 134.29 
million on Thursday"
"It is the lowest level since August 25 when 104.35 million shares changed 
hands.  Traders said the stockmarket suffered from early weakness in the 
bond market but was able to bounce back.  Takeover activity continues to 
draw much of the spotlight, they said"
"Janney Montogomery Scott, vice-president in equity trading of Sidney Dorr 
said trading was ""fairly sloppy"" as money managers ""window dressed"" their 
portfolios before the end of the third quarter"
"Oppenheimer and Co market analyst Charles Comer said the market remained 
trendless and polarised"
"Standard and Poor's 500-stock index edged up 0.02 points to 232.23; the New 
York Stock Exchange composite index rose 0.45 points to 133.94"
"Prices ended narrowly higher in moderate trading on the American Stock 
Exchange.  The index rose 2.86 points to 261.98"
"London
  SHARE prices closed on the bottom on Friday with sentiment at its lowest 
ebb"
""
"Sport Paul Tait  

Martina Navratilova has been a fearsome competitor on the tennis court. 
Last week there was cause to fear the Wimbledon champion for another reason
when a pistol was detected in her luggage at San Francisco International
Airport. The pistol was confiscated, but Navratilova was not arrested and
no action was taken.  Airport officials said that she had a licence for the
gun in Texas but not in California and that she could petition San Mateo
County Court for its return.  All of that is fine, but it doesn't answer
the question of what the pistol was doing there in the first place.  Navratilova
said at the time it had been put there accidentally by a friend who was
helping her to pack.  Two days ago Navratilova admitted that she owned the
gun but was not aware that it was in her baggage.  She said she bought the
.38 calibre Smith and Wesson in 1984 after a string of murders in her Texas
neighbourhood.  ""I'm glad that they ended up finding the gun,"" she said"
"""I would have been mortified to find out later that it was in my purse
and they didn't find it.  Then I really would be scared."" 
  Boxing matches are strenuous events, and not only for those in the ring"
"On Tuesday Britain's Frank Bruno knocked out South African Gerrie Coetzee
after 110 seconds of the first round.  The South African, appropriately
from a place just outside Johannesburg called Boxburg, was sent through
the ropes by the force of Bruno's final blow.  Unconscious, the only thing
that prevented him from falling from the ring was a photographer, who
reportedly worked up quite a sweat in the 15 seconds he supported Coetzee
before aid arrived"
"Consumer affairs authorities are urging those who buy swimwear that becomes
transparent when wet to demand a refund or ask for an exchange.  The Consumer
Affairs Commissioner, Mr Philip Holt, said that such swimwear did not fit
the purpose of body covering.  He said consumers were protected under the
Trade Practices Law if they bought swimwear that was faulty or did not ""suit""
its purpose"
""
"`BROTHER TOM' MINI SERIES IS SPECIAL EVENT By TV WRITER PAUL WICKS  

  The show which may well be Channel O's biggest ""special event"" of the
year - the Australian mini series ""My Brother Tom"" - is still a few weeks
away"
"But TV Telegraph gained an exclusive preview of the show and it shows
great promise. While it was not a full-length preview the production quality
looks impressive"
"So does the acting line-up - led by Gordon Jackson and Keith Michell
as rivals"
Jackson plays a knockabout Catholic character in a small town in the 1930s
"Michell is a straitlaced Protestant lawyer, who despises everything Jackson's
character stands for"
"The plot thickens further when Michell's son and Jackson's daughter fall
in love"
"Jackson also starred in a previous superb Australian mini series, ""A
Town Like Alice"""
"The new series won't have it all on its own. Both rival commercial channels
are soon to screen other major contenders for the Australian Mini Series
Of The Year award"
"Meanwhile, the ratings battle fires up on Sunday night with a big movie
clash at 8.30"
"It should be a two-way fight between Channel 7's ""Splash"" and Channel 9's 
""National Lampoon Vacation"". Both are commercially appealing and basically fun 
viewing"
"Channel O has the best quality movie of the night - ""Mrs Delafield Wants
To Marry"" - in which Katharine Hepburn stars in a story of old love"
"However, it would be a big surprise if this telemovie outrated the other
two theatrical releases"
"The battle continues on Monday night with Channel 7 running another
potential big movie at 8.30, ""Poltergeist"""
"That night, Channel 9 stays with its usual fare, but Channel O begins
US mini series ""Strong Medicine"" about a woman's rise to power in a
pharmaceutical company. Pamela Sue Martin, Dick Van Dyke, Sam Neill and
Ben Cross head the cast. It's OK"
"Channel 2 also makes moves that night by beginning a new batch of Max
Gilies comedy-satire at 9.20 and then a new series of Clive James interviews
recorded in Sydney"
"His first guests are an odd couple - Ita Buttrose and the Queensland
Premier, Sir Joh Bjelke Petersen.  
  James conducts friendly little  chats with both, although he did ask Sir
Joh: ""Are you a fascist dictator?
  But even that was handled with mirth. This was an easy questioning session
for Sir Joh"
It makes moderately interesting viewing
""
"More of the same  

THE balance of trade figures released yesterday show, once again, the serious
nature of the problems confronting the Australian economy"
"The much-hoped-for effects of devaluation on restricting imports has
yet to occur, while exports were sluggish. 
  Admittedly there were some seasonal factors affecting the month's figures
but no amount of statistical explanation can disguise the fact that, as
a nation, we are still spending more than we are earning. The Government
has every reason for concern and none for complacency"
""
"THE Sun SAYS 

MR HOWARD correctly identifies lower taxes, excessive union power and smaller
government  as issues now in the mainstream of Australian life"
"Those also happen to to be issues which the New Right has highlighted
and - with union work practices - pushed to the limit"
"But the Opposition Leader is mistaken if he thinks he can claim the ""freedom
and independence"" of the Liberal Party as a magic formula for warding off
the New Right's more extreme pressures"
"He is kidding himself, just as was the New Right guru and former Treasury
head, Mr John Stone, when he said the aims of the H.R.Nicholls Society lay
outside party politics"
"Ideas are the true currency of politics. It takes more than wishful thinking
to keep a particular set of ideas out of the political process"
"Some New Right thinking has already found public approval and is nudging
the Liberals to positions where Mr Howard feels more comfortable. He should
be grateful"
"What he must guard against is the extremism which, in unstable economic
times, would welcome a ""strong leader"" arriving on horseback to rescue the
nation"
"Mr Howard, under pressure, could then find that his ""free and independent""
Liberals are part of Australian life - not above it"
""
"Succession: handing over the reins of power Transferring control of a family business can be fraught with problems,
especially if there is a clash of personalities. Mike Dobbie investigates
the best ways to handle a difficult time  

  Nothing fails like succession when it comes to handing down the family
business. The problems of transferring control are sometimes so great that
the business goes to the pack while the family feuds"
"Comments Ron Flavel, of the Small Business Corporation of South Australia
(probably joking): ""Some children use the banana-skin approach - lay a banana
skin at the top of the stairs and call dad over for a chat. The problem
ends up flat on his back."" But advisers stress the need to seek the advice
of experts. Says one Sydney consultant: ""The tragedy of family in-fighting
can be prevented if people get help. Otherwise, everyone loses out and
the taxman is the only real winner.""
  How should the family business be passed on? What conflicts arise between
parents and their heirs when family succession becomes an issue? Hugh Reid,
of accountants Touche Ross, says small clients often sell the business if
no suitable family member can be found to take over or, when the father
reaches retirement, he looks, for personal reasons, for an outsider in
preference to his children. Reid says a frequent cause of conflict is when
the father does not want to let go his hold on the firm but the son wishes
to introduce new ideas"
"Another problem is the age-old story of the ""three-ring circus"", where
the first generation makes the business, the second builds it and the third
wrecks it. Says Keith James, another Touche Ross partner, ""If the son has
been involved in dad's business for some time, the son is more inclined
to continue to build the business up and maintain a high standard. But the
danger lies in the grandson who has not seen the struggle to establish the
firm. He sees the business as a casual thing and a source of steady income
from little effort. With such a lack of commitment, the grandson erodes
all the effort of his father and grandad.""
  Even where a family is sensible about the business, problems keep arising"
"Wills are becoming more complex as families battle with the capital gains
tax, which seems to be all-encompassing in terms of estate assets. ""We can't
warn people enough just how careful they must be,"" says a Sydney consultant"
"""The tax gives no quarter."" His opinion is shared by many other business
advisers. But Gary Higgins, a partner with Arthur Young accountants, says: 
""Owning your business through a family trust can still have capital gains
tax advantages by deferring any tax liability until the business is sold
outside the family.""
  Another problem in family successions is the control-from-the-grave factor"
"This arises when a will is finely detailed, covering every imprudency an
heir is presumed capable of. Lawyer Norm O'Bryan, of Melbourne solicitors
Gillotts, agrees that the best method to pass on an estate quickly to the
various members of a family is through shares in a company or through a
unit trust. O'Bryan says: ""If the parent is a sole trader or in a partnership
it is more difficult to pass down the assets. For certainty of devolution
on death, you need a trust that cannot be inhibited by the people who will
not inherit the assets. It must be transferred readily and that is easiest
with shares or units."" 
  O'Bryan warns that discretionary trusts permit the distribution of ownership
to be determined by someone else against the original intention of the
testator, ""A unit trust is fixed - you know precisely who gets what; it
is the same with shares because the proportion of ownership remains the
same. But  with a discretionary trust the trustee acts as legal owner and
he can determine the control of the income stream to the children independent
of the original owner's wishes. He may decide John should get all of the
estate despite the fact that John's dad hoped it would be shared between John 
and his sister. It may be that with shares or a unit trust one or more children
may decide to sell but the decision is theirs, not someone else's.""
  But capital gains tax will always cause problems and O'Bryan recommends
that people should seek advice. ""Unit trusts are in a sense companies and
under the new legislation they have lost their tax minimisation advantages,""
he says. ""People should plan carefully before they decide in what fashion they
will pass on the family firm inheritance.""
  How can the family business be structured to ease tensions caused by
transition from parent to progeny? It is a time fraught with danger, say
the specialists. Jealousies can arise when the boss's son moves up the ladder
ahead of employees competing for the top job"
"Says Albert Nelson, general manager of the Small Business Development
Corporation: ""The situation is delicate. Senior people need to be brought
into the picture. A personnel-management exercise is required to involve
top-level employees in the process of transition. You can't just solve it
by offering more money. For these people, their job is their lifestyle as
well as their source of income. If you actively include staff in the changes
and keep them in the picture, then everything should work out.""
  Higgins warns that the fur can fly and the morale of employees can be
crippled by nepotism. Staff see the boss's son or daughter as competition
and lose interest if their prospects are threatened. He says it is essential
to keep staff happy by ensuring they can see a career path ahead of them"
"Squabbles within families can also spill over into a company and it may
be necessary  to recruit a professional manager to keep relatives at a
distance. 
  Flavel knows of a managing director who felt his family was getting too
much of a say. ""It was all getting a bit incestuous,"" says Flavel. ""So he
brought in two outside professionals. One was an accountant and the other
a legal expert. With the injection of new blood and fresh ideas the business
got a view of the real world. They helped to pull the company back into
a business orientation.""
  Higgins says: ""A buffer zone is needed, particularly in battles among
the children themselves; someone to stand in the middle and keep the company
on track.""
  Higgins warns that old people often take too narrow an outlook towards
a firm and this can be a formula for disaster. ""In a changing climate with
new legislation the heirs are more in touch with commercial reality,"" he
says. ""We advise that it is best to find a middle line if the father won't
budge.""
  There are other ways. Says Flavel: ""If the son has to play tough, there are
two options open to him. If he is a director and his father is also on the
board, the son can invoke section 320 of the Companies' Code, which gives
a minority shareholder the right to take part in the decision-making. This
forces the father into acknowledging the son's position.""
  Flavel cites one case where the antagonism was resolved in another way:
""There was a business where the son, who was in his fifties and was managing
director, found that his 80-year-old father was still countermanding his
decisions. One day the son got so fed up with the old man's interference
that he sold the company. From that day on the son has not spoken to his
father, who is now 84.""
  Steven Kunstler, a senior associate with solicitors Corrs Pavey Whiting
and Byrne, says that smoothe continuity in the family business is more
difficult if children have been kept in a subordinate role by a forceful
father. Kunstler says: ""The mistake lies in not involving the children in
the management structure. The two most popular ways of introducing siblings
to the business are through shareholdings or giving the son managerial
responsibility, by possibly heading a division within the firm, to prove
himself."" For example, he says, in a building construction firm, the father
can place his sons in control of supply procurement, the construction of
a development itself or the fitting-out"
"Kunstler warns that if families have reached the stage of using section
320 the situation is breaking down. ""We're talking about personalities here
and the different business factors make every case different,"" he says"
"""You can't give blanket advice because the factors vary. We find that nine
out of ten cases are resolved before they get too serious. People apply common
sense and know where the best interests of the family lie.""
  Generally, European and Asian families are more successful than Australian
families at maintaining family businesses for generations. They are more
closely bonded and to them the business and family are one. ""The close ties
they have allow them to co-operate,"" says Warren Porter, a partner in the
small business section of Deloitte Haskins and Sells in Sydney. ""Traditionally,
the father is the head of the household and he dictates what the children
do. You find that if a member of the family gets into trouble, everyone
pitches in to help. Australian families are less inclined to help each other
in times of strife. We tend to look after number one. The close bond that
ethnic families have contribute to the success they enjoy during the transition
from father to children.""
  Albert Nelson, of the Small Business Development Corporation, says there
are generally three scenarios for family succession, each with a difficult 
transition phase. The most obvious is when the heir has been working in the 
firm for some years. Nelson says: ""The important thing is for there to be an 
exchange of views so that mutual goals can be realised. We advise that the 
parties involved first describe the company as they see it and what they want 
for it in the future. You will often find the son has a different picture from 
his father. These views need to be analysed and eventually, a common plan agreed
upon.""
  A frank exchange of views is also essential if the son comes from the
academic world. ""There is a danger with the son wanting to implement all
the new ideas he has learned,"" says Nelson. ""The transition period must
be treated carefully as an on-going phase to introduce the two parties to
each other in terms of what they want for the firm. The idea of new technology
can be used as a threatening device. The father often cannot accept the
need in the business he established for the fast processing of material"
"He is unable to make hard decisions aided by the hi-tech of the modern
business. He is scared and uncertain. The youngster feels confined by his
father's thinking. He sees the old guard as retarding progress. Violent
personality clashes often occur in this scenario. Our advice is for both
to go and get involved in the new technology and in shop-floor activities"
"This kind of external training together is the best way to resolve the lack
of understanding and appreciation they have for each other.""
  The most sudden and debilitating event in family transition is when the
son must take over due to illness, but Nelson says this is usually the most
successful. ""In this situation, the responsibility is suddenly thrust upon
the heir. The survival instinct becomes paramount because this is not a
takeover; it requires total application from the heir when he is thrown
into that kind of thing. He is often fortunate in that he has inherited
an interest in the firm and is familiar with it. That conditioning makes
the family more comfortable. We usually see kids from the country cope well
in this situation as they have a better understanding for their dad's farm
than city kids who are less certain when caught in the business cross-section.""
  What should dad do to prepare himself to let go of the reins?"
"YOUR LINE
Hodgman not `minister for exemptions'  

VINCENT MAHON won't like me refuting his good story (Sunday Tasmanian Your
Line 12-10-86) with facts, but the record should be put straight concerning
my responsibility as Minister for the Environment"
"- I have not exempted GHD Planner West from using sandstone cladding on
the International Hotel. Sandstone cladding was never proposed"
- I have not exemted Pioneer Concrete from using the most modern technology
"The plant will operate in accordance with all the Environmental Appeal Board
requirements"
"- It is true than ANM have an exemption, but they had that exemption long
before I became Minister"
"- It is also true that Golconda Minerals have an exemption but that
was granted on the basis that it would be better to allow a small amount of
water and cyanide into the Tamar to relieve the pressure on the dam wall,
than to do nothing and face the prospects of the dam wall breaking and the
complete contents of the dam spilling into the Tamar. 

 PETER HODGMAN"
Minister for the Environment
"Hobart. How to be flexible  

I WAS intrigued to hear the Federal Employment Minister, Mr Ralph Willis,
claim that there should be more flexibility and room for negotiation in the wage
fixing mechanism"
"A fine ideal that Mr Howard has been trying to get through for the past
three years"
"However, the September issue of the journal of The Association of Consulting
Engineers of Australia states: ""A new factor has arisen however. The
Department of Employment and Industrial Relations has decided to involve
itself in the discussions on free charges and a great deal of time and effort
is applied to satisfying them.""
  I wonder what Mr Willis' interpretation is of the word ""flexibility.""

 MAX BURR, MHR
Launceston. Upside-down logic  

WHOOPEE! The new telephone book for `87 is out! Last year's design is a
success it seems, but would some clear-headed person explain exactly what
the advantages are of having the yellow-page section upside down?
  Is it part of the ""Keep Fit"" campaign? Or ""Life be in it""? Or something
to do with ""Performing Arts? Is it easier than pushing a finger a quarter
of an inch lower to find your number? (Perhaps it is to assist the
colour-blind?).  
  Does no-one else get furious with the ""flipping thing"" when table space,
or desk space for that matter, is almost always very limited?
  Busy business personnel are going to have to watch out for the dreaded
RSI!

 JOAN TUCKER
Sandy Bay Random danger  

THE statement by Supt Hoodless (Sunday Tasmanian 12-10-86) regarding the
visibility of police officers at random breath testing locations requires
a comment"
"I witnessed an evening RBT session being carried out in Davey St in front
of the Customs House. It was a chilling sight to see the police officers,
only 30 metres from the Market Place corner, working four lanes of traffic,
pulling their selected motorist across as many as two busy lanes to the
side of the road"
"In such circumstances is it any wonder that motorists, for their own safety
as well as that of other road users, are reluctant to ""obey the signals
of a police officer?""
  The practice of conducting RBT's on multi-lane  roads, for the safety
of both the participating police and the travelling public, should be urgently
reviewed"
"K.J. BOLTON
Bridgewater"
"Crippling cost of car tax hike By Mike Kable  

Top bracket luxury cars are worth as much now - even more for the really
opulent models - as a modern, three-bedroom, suburban home"
"They are right up there in value with inner city apartments after the
Budget's sales tax hike from 20 to 30 per cent on cars costing more than
$29,649"
"Prices have gone through the roof - with motoring's ultimate status symbol,
the Rolls Royce, now costing $235,000 and the Mercedes-Benz 560-SEC coupe
soaring to $170,879"
"Australia's car importers, distributors and dealers, - who employ 17,000
people - are incensed by what they describe as a brutal, discriminatory
attack by the Federal Government"
"The latest tax increase compounds the problems caused by the dollar's
massive devaluation and the controversial fringe benefits tax"
"And the importers are rejecting the Budget estimate that it will yield
an extra $28 million a year in taxation revenue"
"They predict it will cripple sales - which have already slumped by nearly
half - and prove counter-productive"
"The higher tax, which was imposed immediately, affects more than 70 makes
and models which command about 20,000 sales a year"
"Aimed at the imports, it has also inflated the prices of two locally-built
VIP cars, Ford's LTD and Holden's Calais Director"
"BMW Australia managing director Ron Meatchem said the latest tax rise
was madness"
"""It has wrecked our forward planning program after eight years of growth
in Australia,"" he said"
"""The total effective protection percentage from January 1 last year to
now has increased from 57.5 to 182 per cent"
"""Taxation has reached an absurd level.  The tax component in our 735i sedan,
which costs $90,500, is more than $45,000.""
  Mr Meatchem said his parent company would make a decision soon in West
Germany about the future of its Australian subsidiary, which achieved a
1985 turnover of more than 4000 cars, but will have minus growth this year"
"The average sales tax increase over the Mercedes-Benz range is $5300, with
the least expensive four-cylinder 190E sedan at $52,864 carrying a total
sales tax component of $10,346"
"Its 560SEC coupe, at $170,879, will - if there are any buyers willing
to pay the price - net the Government $32,151 in sales tax, plus another
$40,000 in import duty, which is charged at a rate of 57.5 per cent on the
ex-factory price"
"Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit buyers will contribute nearly $100,000 to the
Treasury's coffers before driving away their $235,000 investment"
"The sales tax component alone is $44,330.63, plus $50,000 worth of duty
and several thousand dollars in stamp duty and registration charges"
""
"Big cost savings in block grazing  

BLOCK GRAZING has been widely adopted as a grassland management practice
by the dairy industry, but farmers involved in other grazing industries
around the country have been slower to recognise its potential"
"One exception is Tasmanian, Michael Terry, of Dairy Plains near Deloraine,
who started block grazing sheep eight years ago"
"Since then he has been actively advocating the practice, and has strong
economic backing to support his claim"
"Michael's brother, Tim, told the Grassland Society of Victoria last week
the financial gains of the system had surprised them"
"Michael, Tim, another brother Geoff, and their father Ned, run ""Bankton""
a 1950 hectare property under the Great Western Tiers mountain range in
northern Tasmania"
"The sheep and cattle operation is run by Michael and the cropping and
drainage enterprise by Tim.  Geoff manages a 550 sow piggery which supplies
half of Tasmania's market pigs"
"Calculations made by Tasmanian Department of Agriculture officer, Mr Ron
McCutcheon, showed that in the Terry's situation, block-grazing cattle
could save up to $37 a head each year in feed and management costs"
"AND the cost of block-grazing sheep was 12 cents a head compared with
$2.90 a head a year that it cost before the new system was adopted"
"Mr McCutcheon's figures were based on the additional costs of running
the animals over the entire property. 
  For that reason, the cost of fertiliser was not included"
"His calculations included the cost of growing turnips and feeding hay,
which was done before block grazing was started"
"Mr McCutcheon compared the costs of running cattle before and after
the Terrys adopted block grazing.  
  He said that in the Terrys' situation, the cost of growing turnips was $69
a hectare, including labor, machinery, and seed; a total of $3450 for 50
hectares"
"And, for every hectare the Terrys sowed as turnips, a hectare was out
to pasture, which incurred an additional cost of $90 a hectare, or $4500
each year"
"To feed 2500 bales of hay out each year at $2 a bale cost $5000, so that
the total costs summed up to $12,950"
"That meant that to fatten 340 cattle, it cost $38.08 cents a head"
"Mr McCutcheon calculated the cost of installing electric fencing to
hold the 340 cattle, based on the construction of four fences with double
wires"
"The total cost was $1490, or $4.38 a head"
"However, the fencing was expected to last at least seven years which reduced
the annual cost of 63 cents a head"
"He said that while the polyflex wire had a much shorter life span, the
posts and units could last much longer, so that seven years was a conservative
average estimate. 
  Experience in Victoria suggests normal 16 gauge wire can be used.  If
using polyflex, the black-yellow coating resists ultraviolet damage longer
than the pink"
"CALCULATIONS for the sheep operation were made in the same way, and came
out at $2.90 a head a year for conventional grazing, compared with 12 cents
a head a year to block-graze them"
"At his property, ""Bankton"", Mr Terry block-grazes 6500 ewes and 340 cattle
over winter"
"The ewes start with small blocks when they are in early pregnancy, and
as they become more in lamb, the area is extended up to three times its
original size"
"THE size of the block required is estimated by a visual assessment of
the sheep and their condition"
"A total of 2200 ewes are run in each mob, starting on a one-hectare block
of rye-grass and clover pasture"
"The sheep are not given water.  According to Mr Terry, they get enough 
moisture from the grass"
"""They clean up the ferns, tussocks and sags, and let the grass grow,"" he
said.                                                               
  He begins block-grazing in the first week in May and finishes in the
last week in August, before lambing begins in September"
"Moving them every day reduces parasite problems as they get clean feed,
but the stock are still drenched at the beginning and end of the program"
"The ""Bankton"" sheep flock comprises 4500 Corriedales and 2000
Corriedale-Border Leicester crosses"
"The lambs are sold at four months of age in December, some being kept
back as replacement ewes"
"The Terrys breed all their replacement ewes to avoid the risks of
introducing footrot and lice"
"Between February and April each year, the Terrys buy about 650 day-old
calves, of which 200 are fostered by a dairy herd, and the rest fed by 
automatic feeders"
"The cattle are sold as two-year-olds, and about 600 cattle are fattened
and sold each year"
"This winter is the first time Michael Terry has used block grazing management
on his cattle herd, and 340 yearling Friesians were started on the program
in May"
The cattle are moved every second day and need an outside water supply
"AS a supplement, they also receive three large round bales of barley
straw every second day"
"While the electric fencing for the sheep flock runs off a six-volt battery,
fencing for cattle has to be run off the mains"
"Block grazing is catching on in Victoria.  There are now about 20
properties using it compared with only one two years ago"
"It won't suit all grazing properties, but even those with a water logging
problem can be improved as Tim Terry's work on sub surface drainage is
showing.  Tim says he can pay for the cost of drainage in the first year
with a crop of potatoes.  After that, potatoes, beans, peas and 10 tonne
a hectare wheat crops are all a bonus.  But more of that in coming weeks"
""
"ONE YOU MUST VIEW THE JAMES BOND STORY A View To A Kill (Warner Home Video)   

THIS is the 14th and latest James Bond movie and has Roger Moore as the dapper
secret agent for the seventh time"
"Along with Moore, A View To Kill stars Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny
(who is still secretly in love with 007), Desmond Llewelyn as Q and Robert
Brown as M"
""
"How England's other half learns  

JOHN ARROW went back to his old school and the arcane world of Eton College
as 200 new tits (new boys) trooped in for the beginning of term"
"Mud, glorious mud; the College (scholarship boys) play the Oppidans
(fee-payers) at the wall game - the ultimate example of sporting violence
and futility. Peculiar to Eton, the wall game requires the ball to be taken
from one end of the wall to the other. Years can pass without a single goal
being scored"
"Eton hides a secret behind the winding streets and elegant facades  

  I WENT BACK to my old house at Eton the other day. And it was full of
girls. In the room where my old mate Faulkner major used to sit surrounded
by cheesy football socks and dirty coffee cups, Joanna Haselden, a stunning
17-year-old blonde from Manchester, was chatting to her friend Alyson from
Solihull. Down the hall the festering aroma of teenage boys had vanished,
to be replaced by wafts of hairspray, soap and scent"
"It was enough to make an Old Etonian traditionalist fear for the future
of his old stamping ground. The opposite sex - whatever next?
  Well, pretty much the same as always, actually. The girls, it transpired,
were pupils of a summer school, run by Eton College during the holidays
to help state school pupils prepare for their Oxford and Cambridge exams"
"However, life returned to normal with the beginning of the new academic
year in September and doubtless it will be cheesy-sock time again. 
  For no matter how smart and self-assured the Etonians in these pictures
may appear to be, the truth is that their natural instincts are those of
Adrian Mole. The average Etonian always walks around with his hands in
his pockets, polishes his shoes only when absolutely necessary (ie under
duress from a teacher or older boy), and has about 10 centimetres of ankle
showing below his pinstripe uniform trousers because he's growing like a
weed and his mother has no intention of spending hundreds on a new suit
until the last one has had every possible moment of wear squeezed out of
it"
"The same young sprig of the upper classes lives, like every other boy
in the school, in his own room. It has a fold-down iron bed, a desk, a wardrobe
and an ottoman - the chest into which the average Etonian shoves his football
shorts, jockstraps, dirty magazines and anything else he wants to keep
away from the matron's gaze"
"Any Etonian knows that I have committed several terrible errors in the
preceding two paragraphs, There are no teachers at Eton. They are called
""beaks"". Uniform is ""school dress,"" a desk is a ""burry"" (short for bureau)
and the woman who looks after the welfare of the boys in any one
of the school's 25 houses would be shocked to be called a matron. She is
""dame,"" as in pantomimes, ugly sisters and the like"
"As you read this there are around 200 13-year-olds who are extremely nervous
about the fact that all these strange words are about to become part of
their vocabulary. They are this term's new boys"
"Once the head boys and cricketing heroes of their prep schools, they must now
adjust to life as the lowest of the low. Within the past decade Eton has
abandoned ""fagging"" - the system in which junior boys acted as the seniors'
servants - but the gulf between the ""new tits"" and their elders can still
be intimidatingly wide"
"All the more so when the new arrivals are confronted by their ""colours
test,"" some two weeks after the term - sorry, the ""half"" (of which, naturally,
there are three in the Etonian year) - begins. The test examines every aspect
of the arcane trivia that the school so adores"
"The terrified new boy must learn all the colours of all the houses and
the 52 various sports teams that the school puts out, all of which dress
entirely differently from any of the others. And they have crazy names,
too. The under-16 cricket team is ""Upper Sixpenny."" The soccer First XI
is the ""Association."" Somewhere in the rowing hierarchy, which is based
on eights, there is an immensely important boy called ""The Ninth Man In
The Monarch."" I have no more idea of what he does now than I did when I took
the colours test some 15 years ago"
"Passing the colours test is like an induction into an adolescent
freemasonry. Once you can identify ""The Keeper of the Field"", once you can
find your way from ""Agar's Plough"" to the ""Burning Bush"", you've become
an insider. You know something the rest of the world does not. You can look
at the busloads of Japanese tourists and visiting journalists and feel the
heady sensation of everyone else's curiosity"
"To the average visiting foreigner, Eton is no more than another example
of the way the British continue to live out their past. The boys all wear
black tailcoats and stiff collars - gee, how quaint. And to the English
Eton means Super-Sloane chinless wonders with braying accents and the old
school ties. It means a place where standards are still maintained, or -
depending on the point of view - a disgusting symbol of an outdated and
oppressive class system"
"But Eton hides a secret behind the winding streets and elegant facades
that make it look more like an ancient university than a school. A closer
look reveals brand-new laboratories; a 400-seat theatre; a new Olympic-standard
gymnasium and swimming-pool; a design and technology centre. These are the
jewels in the crown of a school that is determinedly, even ruthlessly, modern"
"Eton is a business that sells a very expensive product. It costs a basic
£5,835 ($13,570) a year in fees, not including extras, uniforms and
the boys' incidental expenses. An Etonian parent is looking at around
£15,000 of pre-tax income per boy per year at the school"
"Eton is competitive and success brings ample rewards of freedom and
privilege. It is hierarchical; senior boys organise the discipline of the
school by a number of bodies that are self-electing. If you want power for
yourself you have to get on with the people who have it now. This may not
be very nice, but it is realistic"
"This adaptability to the present, rather than any links with the past, makes
Eton what it is and gives its pupils an advantage that some may consider 
unfair. On the other hand, they pay a price that may be more than financial. 
There is very little physical bullying at Eton, but any weakness of personality
is seized upon instantly. Boys learn to cover up, to hide their feelings
or insecurities behind the confident, articulate, often arrogant facade
that characterises the average Etonian"
"Would you want that for your child? When I asked the summer school girls
for their opinions of Eton, their feelings were mixed. Compared to regular
state schools the facilities were staggering. And they were struck by the
degree to which teachers expected them to take the initiative in class and
informal tutorial sessions"
"But there were drawbacks. Everyone agreed that the food could be truly
awful. Tales abounded of mouldy sausage rolls and over-ripe grapefruit"
"Alyson Guiel looked around her small whitewashed room, covered in posters,
snapshots and mouldy bits of Blu-Tack left here by its usual male occupant
and said: ""I had imagined huge, wood-panelled rooms, but each of the boys
pays £6,000 a year and gets a room half the size of the one I have
at home.""
  They had not met any of the boys, who had long since left for their summer
holidays. But they wondered how 17- and 18-year-olds could stand the rules
and restrictions of boarding-school life. They didn't think that it was
a good idea for them to be shut away from real people. And, as Joanna Haseldon
added: ""There should be girls here. The boys must be sex-starved.""
  Now there she may well be right. And it is probably also true that the
presence of girls at Eton would make the boys pleasanter, cleaner, more
considerate and much more understanding of the opposite sex. What it would
do to the girls, however, doesn't bear thinking about"
"ETONIANS  

THERE are about 1,250 boys at Eton. Each boy's parents pay £1,945
a term in fees, plus extras. Each boy must have at least two schoolsuits,
consisting of pinstripe trousers, tail coat and waistcoat, at around
£150 each. He will also need hundreds of pounds' worth of shirts,
ties, games clothes, casual clothes, towels, curtains and so on"
"There have been 20 Etonian prime ministers, including Wellington, Gladstone
and Macmillan. Current Etonian politicians include Cabinet members Lord
Hailsham, Nicholas Ridley and Paul Channon; Tory ""Wets"" Francis Pym, Ian
Gilmour and Lord Carrington and Labour MP Tam Dalyell"
"Etonian writers include the poets Shelley, Gray and Swinburne. In the
20th century 1984, Brave New World and James Bond are all creations of Etonian
authors in George Orwell, Aldous Huxley and Ian Fleming (Bond himself
was not an Etonian). Novelist Anthony Powell, art historian Harold Acton,
critic Cyril Connolly, economist J M Keynes and philosopher A J Ayer all
attended the school"
"The Old Etonians won the FA Cup in 1879 and 1882 and were runners-up four
times. In 1967 the Eton rowing eight were the world junior champions, beating
the Russian and East German national teams"
""
"By Gloria Jean Moore Chapter 6 Gloria Jean Thomson Moore, born 1935 (Part One)  

""We were egalitarian. We had no capitalists.""

  In the previous chapters you have read of the lives of an older generation,
and of their elders. What follows is my view of some of them (those I knew
well). I also reflect the changing face of India and the crossroads Anglo
Indians faced in the last decades of the Raj"
"My early years in India from my birth in 1935 until we left the country
in 1948 were indelible. India was always home. These twelve years were the
last, the death throes, of the largest empire in world history - the British
Raj. For a period of forty years, from the end of the Mutiny until the
beginning of the twentieth century, that empire had gone forward more or
less unchallenged. By the time I was born the challenge had gathered like
storm clouds which were ready to break"
"Reading the reports of administrators of the empire on the eve of its
dissolution, it seems clear they justified their continued presence by
pointing to the endemic communal violence, usually sectarian, among the
Indian peoples. The Hindu-Muslim question with its bloody conflict loomed
largest as a serious dilemma. If the British left would all order disintegrate?
Could the Indians run the country? The passions of religious strife seemed
to weaken the case of Gandhi and Nehru and the Congress for Home Rule"
"A noble man, the wartime Viceroy Wavell was ready to begin negotiations
to hand over power as early as 1943, once his ""war machine"" on the Eastern
Front with Japan was going well. But apparently Churchill refused to accept
this advice. The Congress leaders were jailed. Mass killings resulted, in
fearful riots among the Indian population. Wavell became one of the most
disliked of Viceroys by the Indians, gratuitously. Churchill represented
the ""old guard"", who vowed never to surrender to India. They knew, when
it went the power and glory of the British Empire would go with it. More
than anyone, they knew it was their fairest Jewel in the Crown"
"If the British saw themselves as impartial in the quarrel between the
two main groups of Hindus and Muslims, they could hardly be impartial when
the two main groups turned their combined forces against the Raj. The passion
of any conflict is consuming, obscures other more human concerns, lingers
for years as charge and countercharge, justification and challenge. Locked
in this conflict for three decades, if anything it was the other minorities
who were better placed to see both sides of the quarrel and when necessary
to mediate on the levels where history is really made, at the level of the
average man and woman in everyday life"
"There may have been many Anglo Indians of the older generation who saw
themselves as altogether English, and passed into that group. Only the rarest
had completely joined the Indian block, for the Indian hierarchies were
self-contained and exclusive. After hundreds of years of life in the 
subcontinent, the core of Anglo Indians stood apart from the British and
Indian groups in a place of their own. Human rights were barely vaunted
at the time. The horrors of Belsen and Auschwitz were yet to be discovered"
The rights of the individual and of minorities were very fragile
"The Anglo Indian never shared the dedicated, implacable passion of the
Indian Congress supporter against the Raj or any of its British people"
"Most could remember a European male ancestor - whole families often still
resembled this strain. There were conservatives who looked askance on Indian
aspirations as ""radical"", ""dangerous"", ""violent"". There were radicals who
sympathised with this evidence of Indian political development, who perceived
that the Indians were growing aware politically, and refused to be treated
like so many children. There were many varying opinions"
"Amidst all the strife there were certainly Anglo Indians who could have
been mistaken for Indians by some trigger happy British soldier and there
were others who looked so completely English, that a mob might have attacked
them"
"In microcosm in many homes more universal questions were inflamed by the
strife in the streets, and in the struggle for power. As India was partitioned,
so families were sometimes (if much more subtly) divided in sympathy and
resolve. Personal differences were sometimes tinged with the divisions of
the larger struggle"
"The Anglo Indian could listen to the Indian, moderate passion and keep
sympathy for both - Indian and English. No Anglo Indian was for instance,
a Hindu or Muslim locked in conflict with what was perceived as a foreign
religion. Even nominally, Anglo Indians belonged with the Christian group"
Picture their dilemma when they saw Indians shot down in demonstrations
"They were then accused by cultured Indians of being hypocrites - Christians
in league with rulers who used violence against Indian nationalism. Those
Anglo Indians and Indian Christians who loved the churches and saw them
as a civilising influence in world history resented most deeply the divisions
along the ""colour"" line and the ""race"" line, as all Christians became
identified in the Indian mind with imperialist oppressors. It was Gandhi
who was to use the ideal of non-violence, a Christian virtue, as his best
weapon"
"This was the political scene, as I grew up. It became as much a reality
as the first appreciation of nature, and the first lessons learned. My father
brought it into the house. He and his friends discussed every aspect of
the rising nationalism and the waning empire. Oppressed for years by petty
men from overseas who could scarcely write a letter, he identified with
the aspirations of people more oppressed than he was. He worked in the 
railways with Indians who loved him. Yet he was not Indian and disliked caste
and Hinduism"
"My father worked on the assembly of the giant engines for the East Indian
Railways at Jamalpur: by 1890 already 10,000 men worked here. During the
war the huge arsenal at nearby Amjhur, and the importance of keeping the
line of communications open to the Eastern Front, Burma, Malaya and the
North East Frontier of India itself, meant Jamalpur and its lifeline were
vital to the Allied effort. But the life of India went on parallel with
the war, and at Indian festivals or pujas the giant engines were covered
in flower garlands and my father stood before them, garlanded himself, 
surrounded by several hundred of his beaming men. As his daughter, I was
treated like a V.I.P"
"India was and is paradoxical. Despite all the ideas to the contrary, despite
the upheaval and political change, we grew up with a secure place there,
where we had lived for generations. Only when we left for other countries
did it become clear Anglo Indians did not matter as individuals, or as
Community. It was a sobering lesson. This rejection some responded to by
keeping alive the link with India. We were to learn more about Indian history
and British India from the vast literature and history written in the aftermath
of the Raj. We would find no mention of our own role, the crucial loyalty
which had helped to stem Mutiny, had helped to bring the modern world to
India. In the early days older men had wryly termed themselves ""cannon fodder"""
"An unenviable buffer between colonial rulers and subjects, our very existence
in history would soon be lost. We had not regarded ourselves as shadowy
people. We had had many qualities highly prized, but since they occurred
in a minority group no one had bothered to study this. We were egalitarian"
"This sometimes militated against the genius, or the aspiring talented. We
had no capitalists"
We had met very few English people in our years in Jamalpur or Lucknow
"The war brought droves of army men. In all those years only one was ever
invited to our home. He later married a neighbour's daughter, and was Irish"
"The distorted popular novels which were to appear about Anglo Indians after
the war, largely fantasies, were incomprehensible. They parodied Anglo Indian
men and women, using their dilemma as the stuff of cheap novels and films"
"Here the difficult situation of the Anglo Indians was blamed on them, not
on the prejudices against them for over a hundred years"
"After immigration, many Anglo Indians accepted that one would be hard
put to change the prevailing indifference of the mass to any interest in
India or Anglo Indians. Before that even, some felt drawn to the finer Indians,
fascinating as another culture. But the greater number of Anglo Indians, 
educated in that mould, probably identified with the British and saw themselves
as such, with a unique difference, a bridge into the India they loved"
"In our home, the two worlds were visible in my mother's European looks
contrasting with her Anglo Indian womanhood. In fact she cared more about
us as children than her own image. In looks she represented an empire losing
power. My father on the other hand looked much like his Rajput ancestors
in the distant past, through Sarah his grandmother. A martial spirit in
a twentieth century job, he despised ""soft"" or ""spineless"" men. His father
Robert had been brave, born soon after 1857 and Mutiny, in stressing Anglo
Indian rights. My father was brave through the riots leading up to
Independence, in admiring Gandhi, Nehru and the struggle for Indian rule"
"He read the ""Amritsar Bazar Patrika"", an Indian nationalist newspaper,
my mother calling him ""a blessed pundit"""
"How much of the clash between cultures fuelled the clash between my parents
was food for thought. They were almost totally different personalities"
"Softer, but able to enlist support in a roundabout way, my mother used tactics
which I increasingly understood as her emotional release, but did not like"
"So I swung between sympathy for her and reservations about her ""politics"""
"All the Thomsons except one of my father's brothers, Victor, came to
epitomise qualities she found hard and unyielding - qualities
one usually associated with the British. She talked about this freely to
other people. It was a form of disloyalty which did little to resolve the
problem, and at its base was often deep misunderstanding. This came too
from her lack of hearing. It was impossible to explain things to her as
the years went on. She would get an idea in her head and run away with it,
or say her piece and walk away. She could be exasperating and provocative"
"She seemed to like arguments and dissent. Perhaps it was a Protestant trait,
and both had it. Eva McGill had been Scots Kirk, Robert Thomson a Methodist"
"Here it was a case of dissenters dissenting. I was drawn in as my mother's
ears and voice, a reluctant A.D.C., throughout my childhood. I ferried messages
between parents on the days when there was silence between them. I had the
ear of my father, who was said to favour me. Prepared to enlist this support,
my mother nevertheless harboured a dislike of me for the very same reason"
"As the ""go-between"" I learned to work for peace and became peace-maker"
"It was hazardous. From very young I tried to be judicial. This, my mother
imputed as being ""on the Thomson side"". I was never to live this reputation
down"
"Our home was a microcosmic reflection of the Anglo Indian dilemma, caught
between two warring contenders for the right to govern, the right to be
the moral power, the right to win the affection of dependants. My brother
Alan seemed inexorably to become his mother's son, and my father seemed
to give up all claim to his affection and respect. This was of course a
tragedy, which it would be an oversimplification to blame completely on
the old-fashioned, harsh discipline handed down from Robert to George Thomson
- though this had its part. It was far more complex than that"
Such were the undercurrents to our home.
"Labor's test  

WITH the forces of moderation having triumphed at the Labor Party's national
conference, Australia is a lot better off than it might have been"
"The Government flew out of Hobart with a considerable achievement: Union
and party faith in the prices and incomes accord had been reaffirmed, the
ACTU had implied that it would entertain further wage discounting and the
Government's economic strategy had been resoundingly endorsed"
"But the story doesn't end there. The Government, despite the warm feeling
that the conference must have given it, knows that what happened in Hobart
was not the bottom line. It was a theatrical victory with the real battle still
to be fought"
"The test will come when the fine words spoken in Hobart have to be put
into action. Though both the ACTU president, Mr Simon Crean, and the senior
vice-president, Mr John MacBean, walked a long way down the path of brotherly
co-operation with the Government in Hobart, it is yet to be seen whether
they will be able to persuade the more tempestuous unions to accept further
restraint"
"The feeling is strong within the union movement that the philosophy of
restraint is being imposed principally on the workers and not on other sectors"
"The new Hawke catch-cry of restraint with equity, and the emphasis repeatedly
placed on such things as price restraint, industry policy and the social
wage will convince hard-headed unions in the building, transport and metal
trades only if there is visible substance to match the rhetoric"
"There is no question, of course, that all members of the union movement
have responsibility to co-operate with the Government, just as industry does"
"The country is approaching economic crisis-point, with an enormous trade
deficit and the possibility of having its international credit rating
downgraded. 
  In those circumstances there is no room for selfishness, bloodymindedness
or political grand-standing. As the next wage case approaches, the accord
will undergo its most severe test so far. Success or failure will determine
whether events in Hobart had a firm grounding in reality or were merely
a piece of empty symbolism staged by a Government about to lose its grip"
""
"CHAPTER FOUR A NATIONAL APPROACH  

4.1      The Committee next considers how the major
recommendation it makes might best be assured practical
application within the Australian community and especially how
it might effectively require the adherence of those undertaking
biomedical research. It is necessary to describe briefly the
current manner in which any guidelines in this area are
promulgated and applied"
"4.2      At the national level, a government approved, non-
statutory regulatory code, issued by the NH&MRC, is
administered by its Medical Research Ethics Committee (MREC)
which was formally established in 1982. The guidelines are
contained in the `NH&MRC Statement on Human Experimentation and
Supplementary Notes' 1985"
"4.3      These guidelines, which have been formally approved
by the Minister for Health, state that all medical research
should be approved by an IEC constituted and functioning
according to the NH&MRC revised Supplementary Note 1. However,
the NH&MRC cannot insist that institutions undertaking medical
research have an IEC, except where it funds that research"
"Further, non-compliance with guidelines can only be penalised
by withdrawal of funding. Equally it does not have the power
to oversee IEC's without State acquiescence because
jurisdiction over medical practice and research is a State
matter"
"4.4      Thus in Australia a voluntary system of regulation of
medical research operates with some national oversight. In
practice it would seem that ethics committees have been set up
in most institutions to consider research and to approve or
refuse research protocols submitted to them. It would also seem
that the NH&MRC guidelines in this area are adhered to"
"4.5      However, it must be noted that these guidelines give
very considerable scope to IECs to determine which
preimplantation-stage embryos might be subject to either basic
category of experimentation. Thus one IEC may consider
unethical the creation of embryos simply for the purpose of
non-therapeutic experimentation whilst deeming ethical such
experimental use of surplus embryos. Another IEC may permit
both, another may sanction neither. Again, the type of
experimentation to be undertaken is entirely left in the hands
of an IEC"
"4.6      In recent years the MREC, with approval and funding
from the NH&MRC, has conducted audits of IVF clinics in
Australia. These audits have been carried out on the basis of
voluntary acceptance by each institution of an invitation by
the MREC to participate in its review. Twelve centres had been
visited as of 31 December 1985 and, in the words of the MREC,
the response had been `uniformly cooperative'. In conducting
these audits the MREC has examined such matters as the presence
and constitution of IECs, the review of protocols by IECs, the
type of projects undertaken involving human embryos, and the
maintenance of registers of statistics on IVF procedures and
the fate of embryos created through IVF"
"4.7      Much of the general adherence to the NH&MRC guidelines
is due to to the work of the Fertility Society of
Australia, a society of medical practitioners in the area of
IVF, which has produced a set of standards for self-regulation
of IVF practice (`Programme Standards for Infertility Units
using In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) and Related Technologies
Involving Egg and Embryo Collection and Transfer including
Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT).') Standard 16 of the
guidelines reads:

         Any experimentation involving fertilization or embryos
         must be signed by the governing or associated       
         institution Ethics Committee and confined to ethical 
         guidelines established by the NH&MRC and appropriate 
         State Government"
"Units which agree to abide by these standards are accredited
by the Society"
"4.8      The Victorian Government has legislated to regulate
procedures associated with reproductive technology with the
Infertility (Medical Procedures) Act 1984. The majority of the
Act has yet to be proclaimed but it specifically prohibits a
number of experiments involving embryos while vesting
considerable power in a Standing Review and Advisory Committee"
"Under s. 6(3) a person is prohibited from carrying out an
`experimental procedure' unless it has been approved by the
Committee. An `experimental procedure' is defined in s. 6(4)
as:

         ... a procedure that involves carrying out research
         on an embryo of a kind that would cause damage to the 
         embryo, would make the embryo unfit for implantation
         or would reduce the prospects of a pregnancy resulting
         from the implantation of the embryo"
"4.9      In addition, cloning and fertilising human gametes
with non-human gametes are `prohibited procedures' under s"
"6(1) of the Act and these latter prohibitions may not be
overridden. Although the Act has yet to be substantially
proclaimed, clinicians and research scientists in Victoria have
undertaken to abide by its general principles"
"4.10     Several witnesses strongly supported the system of
IECs. Thus, Dr James Cummins, Secretary of the Australian
Society for Reproductive Biology, stated: `... I would prefer
to see a system of institutional ethics committees deciding
these matters at the coal-face, so to speak'. The relative
autonomy of IECs with their voluntary adherence to the NH&MRC
guidelines, allowing a very varied range of experimental
procedures to be permitted in various institutions, was claimed
by some witnesses to be a good thing in that it allowed local
community mores, or ethical stances peculiar to that
institution, to be observed. Of course, put another way, this
also allows for bias in the selection by the institution of
members of IECs so as to ensure a particular approach is
adopted. It may be desirable for a member (nominated by either
State or Federal government) to be appointed to each IEC"
"4.11     As pointed out in the Asche Committee Report:

         This ""honour system"" of regulating research into    
         reproductive technology has worried people like     
         Professor Louis Waller, chairman of the Victorian   
         Committee, who in 1984 expressed his concern that: ""an 
         honour system can work only where people are        
         honourable. Is honour enough? My feeling is that it 
         is not."" (Melbourne ""Age"", 28.6.84). Professor Waller 
         also indicated his belief that medical research should 
         be controlled by legislation"
"4.12     The question of honour is specifically relevant to
the commercialisation of IVF techniques. The commercialisation
of research and consequent provision of funding independent of
the NH&MRC can lead to a situation where there is no pressure
to require adherence to such guidelines as may exist. In this
situation, for such guidelines to have force, some legally
enforceable adherence to them must be achieved"
"4.13     Evidence was put to the Committee favouring a
consistent nationwide approach. As stated by Dr John Kerin, who
was then Head of the Reproductive Medicine Unit of the Queen
Elizabeth Hospital in Adelaide:

         Right from the beginning our group and many other   
         groups in Australia would have preferred that a     
         national body were set up to look at terms of       
         reference, with recommendations preferably on       
         legislation as to what IVF programs should be doing. 
         I think this was echoed by Justice Kirby to me and to 
         other people publicly some four years ago - that it   
         would be better to have a national expert body looking 
         at these new advances rather than a State to State  
         situation because what we are getting now, unless I 
         am wrong, is that we will have different rules, say, 
         in Victoria, and different rules in South Australia; 
         that makes a mockery of the situation and we lose   
         credibility. There is confusion amongst the infertile 
         couples. They go to one State for one form of       
         treatment and they come here for another. It causes 
         a lot of confusion and a loss of credibility and I  
         would firmly support a national expert approach rather 
         than a State to State approach"
"4.14     Professor Roger Short, representing the Academy of
Science in evidence before the Committee stated:

         The Academy's view would be to plead with this      
         Committee to set up Federal as opposed to State     
         legislation. It is really going to make chaos if we 
         have differing State legislation within differing   
         States and it would just make a nonsense of the law. 
         This is a very good instance of an occasion when one 
         needs some strong, central, Federal guidance on this 
         issue, because it is of great concern to a large    
         number of people"
"4.15     Backing for a nation-wide approach may be given by the
Parliaments at the national and/or State levels. Thus Professor
Richard Lovell, chairman of the MREC stated in evidence:

         We believe there ought to be a national overview. We
         believe that so far we have given the national      
         overview of the ethical headlines, and we believe that 
         where muscle is needed the State governments ought to 
         be asked to acknowledge these national guidelines, or 
         the whole of supplementary note 4, in other words. We
         believe that State governments should be prompted to
         identify, if they have not already done so, every   
         institution in which IVF is developed and to make it 
         perhaps a condition of an institution's registration 
         that it comply with national guidelines"
"Mr Ian Johnston, chairman of the Reproductive Biology Unit of
Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne, expressed the opinion that
some sort of State licensing system incorporating the NH&MRC
guidelines would be appropriate"
"4.16     Dr Aileen Connon, who co-chaired the South Australian
Working Party on In Vitro Fertilisation and Artificial
Insemination by Donor, stated in evidence to the Committee:

         I believe that, in terms of controls, guidelines for
         research in IVF such as the NHMRC ones, have served
         a useful purpose, but they are no longer sufficient"
"I believe that licensing of programs is essential. I
         do not think hospital ethics committees are effective
         in controlling potential program development in the
         future. I believe that, as Warnock has said, breaches
         of licensing regulations - if they ever come in -   
         should be indictable offences. I think independent  
         regulatory or monitoring committees should exist in 
         each State"
"4.17     The Committee does not consider that the present
system of IECs, giving voluntary adherence to nationally
promulgated guidelines, is adequate. It is highly desirable
that the whole Australian community observe uniform ethical
standards in a matter as crucial as human embryo
experimentation. The Asche Committee Report emphasises `.."
"that the social, moral, legal and ethical questions involved
in the area of reproductive technology are not confined within
State boundaries. They are national issues which should be
addressed at a national level.'

4.18 This can be achieved by a co-operative approach between
the Federal and State legislatures and governments. The
Committee is aware of the very short, direct reach of
Commonwealth Constitutional power in this area. In fact, the
Victorian State Government in a written submission stated:

         ... Victoria feels considerable concern that the Bill
         attempts the exercise by the Commonwealth of a power
         where the States have power to legislate, that of the
         regulation of medical practice and research. Lacking
         direct power to regulate these matters, the         
         Commonwealth has to have recourse to indirect means 
         of control which only partially cover the area. This 
         is of concern given that the State has already      
         legislated comprehensively. The inevitably patchy  
         coverage of the area by the proposed Commonwealth   
         legislation adds to, rather than resolves, the      
         problems raised by IVF and associated matters"
"4.19     The Committee is concerned to ensure that the fullest
discussion with the States on its recommendations takes place
and indeed it regards its receipt of the submission from the
Victorian Government as indicating that dialogue is regarded
as essential"
"4.20     The Australian Federal system has displayed great
ingenuity in successfully managing to achieve desired results
despite the apparent constitutional difficulties created by the
distribution of legislative powers"
"4.21     In addition to simply uniform legislation whereby each
unit in the Federation passes a law achieving the same legal result, 
but confined to matters falling within its constitutional competence, 
other devices have been used. Thus State criminal and civil law can 
apply in `a Commonwealth place' within a State. Again, companies and 
securities legislation passed by the Commonwealth Parliament, after 
approval by the Ministerial Council, comprising Federal and 
State Attorneys-General, automatically applies 
to entities and transactions subject only to State law. The Committee 
is confident that a system can be devised which allows the one set
of ethical principles to apply by force of law to biomedical
experimentation in Australia"
4.22 The Committee favours a national system of accreditation of those institutions within which experimentation on human embryos might take place
""
"By Richard Wallace GJ in Casualty  

It was high summer and the brief holiday was over. Nobody
envied GJ. For the next three months his rostered job was
senior resident in charge of casualty. There were two new
graduates also assigned to casualty. They both dismayed GJ -
one, the worst product of one of the more exclusive private
schools and a persistent name-dropper, seemed little interested
in the hurly-burly of casualty. The other was a lanky,
bespectacled lad, loose-limbed and seemingly double-jointed all
over. He was extremely earnest, totally without humour and was
a walking encyclopaedia of medical knowledge. However, GJ was
uncertain as to whether he had a complete lack of common sense
or was merely green and inexperienced. These two new casualty
residents soon had a chance to prove themselves"
"The heat had been steadily building up. The sun glared in
blazing triumph from a burning sky, and paths, roads and
buildings absorbed and flung back the heat. The temperature was
103 degrees Fahrenheit with the prospect of worse to come. And
the change did come, not a cool change, but a searing north-
westerly wind carrying the dust of the inland right over the
city. In hundreds of small rented rooms, or in tightly closed
little houses, elderly people sat. Hardly any possessed air-
conditioners and few could afford electric fans. So ambulances
began to bring them in to casualty suffering from hyperthermia"
"In one day, eight arrived. The next, eighteen. They were all
semi-conscious, confused and murmuring, and their temperatures
were nearly always well over 104 degrees Fahrenheit. One old
man was brought in with a temperature of 109. He was pallid and
looked near to death. He mumbled about the cold yet when you
touched him it seemed he was burning with an inner fire"
"The heatwave lasted for ten days. At the end of that time
forty-two elderly patients had been admitted to the wards"
"Three had died. But it was not the heat alone, nor over-
clothing in unventilated rooms that had brought the old people
to hyperthermia and to the door of death. On bedside tables and
on mantel-pieces were the small bottles of tablets the elderly
victims had taken religiously in daily ritual, following the
instructions on the labels. Most of these tablets were either
digitalis, for heart failure, or diuretics, tablets designed to
drain away excess fluid in the body through the kidneys in
people whose weakened hearts could not cope with it. In doing
so, much of the body's natural supply of sodium and potassium
are taken out too. The cramps, tiredness and weakness so often
complained of by elderly people are considered normal and the
sort of thing one just has to put up with at that age. In fact,
these complaints could be due to the tablets. In a searing
heatwave such as that which we were experiencing, sodium was
vital for health"
"If anything, more sodium should be taken to make up for
the loss through the skin in sweating but, as GJ put it, `These
poor things came in as dry as wooden gods and even though they
couldn't eat much they thought they were doing the right thing
by taking their tablets because nobody ever told them they
shouldn't'. So in fact GJ and his team had two problems on
their hands: the first was that of hyperthermia; the second was
that of extreme dehydration"
"To treat simply for hyperthermia and set up an intravenous
saline drip would certainly produce acute heart failure. As GJ
replied to the student who suggested this, `You might as well
just belt them on the head with a mallet'. Balancing the two
conditions was a feat of medical skill. GJ was praised for his
work by the senior physician and for the first time in his
life, appeared to be completely at a loss for words. Blushing
furiously, he tried hard to get away"
"But all the rushing of the heat emergency was a bit much for
the Gilded Youth. It didn't fit in at all with his conception
of the practice of medicine. After four weeks he succeeded in
arranging a transfer to one of the quieter parts of the
hospital. He was replaced by Dr Maria Pilar Perez"
"Dr Perez was a recent arrival in the country, a South
American, a refugee from the regime of a military dictator. In
some small way her husband had criticised the government. He
now languished in an obscure provincial gaol. Dr Perez had been
lucky enough to escape with her young son and was filling in
the necessary year of hospital work in Australia before she
could be registered. She said little and smoked incessantly"
"Her arrival brought a sudden change in the atmosphere of the
casualty department. Although her training and her work were of
the first order, she was not the sort of person you could talk
to. In her presence we all felt awkward, immature, gauche. Her
dark hair was always swept back tightly and she invariably wore
dark clothes. Despite her gentleness of manner and her soft
voice there was an almost tangible atmosphere of tension around
her. It was as if a rage too deep for verbal expression was
building up in power and ferocity for the moment when it would
burst out. I was too ashamed to admit to myself at the time
that I was deliberately avoiding her. Yet she needed help so
badly. It came as a surprise to realise that this woman with a
face that mirrored the anguish of an El Greco madonna was only
twenty-eight. She had friends who often waited for her to come
off duty, dark-eyed, silent people, people from her own land"
She was a communist
"Most recently graduated doctors tended to regard the
hospital as the ultimate in every form of medical practice. But
in the hospital one was protected, cloistered. It was easy to
speak, as many did, of medicine as being merely an intellectual
discipline. Protected by the kindness and courtesy of the
hospital, by cleanliness and the all-pervading smell of floor
polish and antiseptic, the harsh features of the world were
ignored or glossed over by medical terms which somehow made
them seem not quite so bad. For example, if somebody happened
to be ill because of mistreatment by a doctor or the improper
use of drugs, we called it `iatrogenic'. Only from casualty
came a faint whiff of the outside world; of the smell of dirt
and of tired unwashed bodies and of sweat. Dr Perez carried
with her the strength of suffering and courage, a silent, dark
knowledge of good and evil. We shied away, like toddlers do
from strangers at the door, not ready to know the wider world"
"Despite the gloom her presence brought, casualty couldn't
help but stay cheerful. The laughter was very genuine when Mr
Henry Bagshaw arrived heralded by the frantic ringing of
ambulance bells. He was a mess. He had the unusual combination
of a fine collection of jagged cuts on his bald head and an
equally dramatic collection of deep cuts on his bottom. All of
these had been bleeding freely so at first he looked much worse
than he really was. He was very angry and kept demanding to see
his wife"
"The full story did not emerge until the following day. It
seems what happened was that Mr Bagshaw, a beer-gutted, bearded
man, had just returned home from the factory. He marched into
the house, kissed his wife and then passed through the house
holding the Sporting Globe, and headed down the winding path to
the out-house toilet. He settled himself comfortably, pulled
out a packet of cigarettes and lit one. Then, rising a little,
he flicked the match with skill down into the bowl"
"Unfortunately he did not know that his wife had been polishing
the furniture that day and she had made too much furniture
polish. She had poured the excess polish into the toilet bowl,
but, being in a hurry, had forgotten to flush it. The instant
the match hit the bowl there was an almighty explosion and a
great flash of flame. Mr Bagshaw was projected vertically to
the roof where he struck his head violently on the beams, then
with feet upwards and asplay, he landed on the jagged remains
of the bowl. It took two days to cool him down sufficiently for
his wife to visit him safely! But for days he wore a perplexed
expression of hurt - the expression of a man whose world has
come apart beneath him. Nor did it help him to receive from his
mates at the pub, a beautifully ornate `Get Well' card on which
was inscribed the words `Where were you when the dunny blew
up?'"
"O'Dockerty in the meantime had commenced duties in the
anaesthetic department. His immediate boss was an elderly,
experienced, and extremely short-sighted anaesthetist who
seemed to spend most of the day mislaying his spectacles,
finding them again in his pocket, polishing them vigorously,
then putting them on and peering through them with a look of
gentle benevolence. But within minutes the spectacles would
start pinching his nose so he would take them off and put them
in a different pocket. Once again he would forget which pocket
they were in and the whole business would start again. O'
Dockerty calculated that he would lose his glasses and then
find them again at least six times in the course of any
ordinary operation"
"For the first few days in the department, all O'Dockerty
had to do was to mix up solutions of thiopentone while the old
anaesthetist probed for a vein discussing all the while the
progress of his vegetable garden. It is doubtful whether the
patients appreciated this rather one-sided conversation but it
did bring an element of normality to the rather frightening
environment of an operating-theatre waiting room. On his third
day in the department, Mick arrived at lunch rather pale. That
morning he had dutifully mixed up two lots each of half a gram
of thiopentone solution. In those days this was the very latest
thing. The idea that an anaesthetic could be given directly
into a vein and work instantly, without all the choking and
gasping that went on with ether or chloroform anaesthetics,
took the medical world by storm. Because of its convenience,
doctors used thiopentone anaesthetics whenever they could and
in far greater doses than would be considered safe today. While
Mick was happily mixing up the thiopentone powder with sterile
water in an enormous syringe, the old anaesthetist, with a
tourniquet around the patient's arm, was gouging for a vein in
the back of the hand. Finally, with a grunt of satisfaction, he
announced that the needle was in place and please could he have
the thiopentone. Time was running short and the surgeon in the
theatre next door was complaining loudly about the inefficiency
of the anaesthetic department. So he squirted the whole half
gram of thiopentone straight into the needle. Much to
everybody's surprise, the patient still lay awake waiting for
something to happen"
"`Huh, must be a bad batch of thiopentone. Sure you've
mixed it right?' Mick said nothing. `Well, come on, you had
better give me the other lot.'
     So Mick handed him over the other syringe full of half a
gram of thiopentone and in that went too. The patient still lay
wide awake"
"`Am I meant to go to sleep or something?', he asked"
"One of the theatre orderlies had been looking very
intensely at the patient. He suddenly darted forward and
grabbed the tourniquet. `Here, should that thing still be
tight?' and, turning action into deed, he released the still-
tightened tourniquet The anaesthetic was sudden and profound as
one gram of concentrated thiopentone hit the circulation in an
instant. It was such a solid anaesthetic that the patient
remained asleep for two and a half hours after the operation
was completed while Mick nervously measured the blood pressure
every ten minutes and helped the breathing with a respirator
when it became too shallow"
""
"By Patsy Rowe CHAPTER THREE YER BLOODY INSURED, AREN'T YER?  

  I was on my way out to the portable loo one hot September
morning when I became aware of the fact that I could smell it
from the front terrace. It occurred to me that probably all the
neighbours could too, so I  hopped in the car and drove to the
supermarket"
"When I got back, I went out armed with a bucket of disinfectant 
and soapy water, a hanging ""sweet smell"" thing to purify the air, 
toilet paper (I was really sick of the newspaper we'd been having 
up to date) soap, paper hand-towels and a plastic nail-brush"
"I was surprised when the builder told me that the men objected
to the changes"
"""I just had a dekko at the loo, Patsy - bit lairy isn't it?""
  ""What on earth do you mean `lairy'? It's simply clean!""
  ""Yeah well, I'll give yer the drum Patsy, the boys reckon yer
havin' a shot at 'em.""
  ""A shot at them - whatever do you mean by that? I have to use
the toilet too you know, Charlie, and it's been quite unpleasant 
especially now that the weather's getting warmer. Tell the boys 
it's all the more reason for them not to take the newspaper in 
there to read. If they find it so `lairy' they can just pop in 
and out quickly.""
  We didn't discuss the toilet any more after that, but since
the lock on the door was broken, most of the men made a point
of singing loudly or whistling while they were in there, so I
wouldn't walk in on them. They seemed to be a modest lot"
"The following day, as I waited for the whistling to stop so I
could use the loo, I noticed a truck backing up the drive"
"There was a mop of curly hair hanging out of the driver's
window. I ran towards the truck.."
"""Excuse me, oh, excuse me, please!""
  The truck kept backing towards the house. The painter who was
up on the ladder putting the finishing touches to the made-to-
measure drainpipes stopped working, and looked down the drive"
"""Cripes, 'es pretty close on the left there, isn't he?""
  ""He's pretty close everywhere,"" I remarked"
"As I spoke, there was a crunch as the back of the truck went
into the side of the portable loo; my floral hand-towels and
matching toilet paper shot skywards. The truck still kept
coming relentlessly backwards"
"""Excuse me, hello there, excuse me..."" I was shouting above the
noise of the engines and the beeping of the reversing horn,
but I had to jump sideways as the corner of the truck hit the
house with such force that the painter toppled to the ground"
"So did the paint. All over the bricks. People appeared from
everywhere and there was a lot of yelling and cursing. I
couldn't believe that this man had really hit the house - all
that work, and only just finished minutes before. The paint
wasn't even dry"
"The driver got down from the truck and sauntered around to the
back where I was standing"
"""Excuse me, but couldn't you see me standing here, signalling
you to stop?"" I asked"
"""Yeah, sure I saw yuh. What do you think I am, some kind of
prize mug that can't drive 'is truck 'imself. I tell yuh, lady,
the day I gotta let some woman tell me how to drive me truck's
the day I give the bloody game away.""
  ""Well,"" I said, giving him one of my teacher looks, ""it could
well be that day is here.""
  Everyone had stopped yelling. It was very quiet. The driver
took a comb from his top pocket and started running it through
his hair"
"""Anyway, keep yer shirt on lady, yer bloody insured, aren't
yer?""
  This matter of being insured was frequently brought to my
attention by the men. Whenever they broke something, they would
always remind me, ""Not to worry luv, yer insurance'll cover
it.""
  One morning, Peter, the apprentice plumber, was installing the
elaborate porcelain, hand-painted basin which had arrived from
France six months earlier but had only just been cleared by
customs"
"""Tell yer wot,"" he informed me jovially, ""it's a bloody
bottler Patsy. I've never seen nothing like it.""
  I was flattered. ""Yes, you're right. It is lovely isn't it"
"There are porcelain taps to match, you know.""
  ""Go on, I reckon that'll set yer back a bit.""
  ""Yes, by the time I bought all the accessories, it was a lot
of money. But, you only build a house once, and I think they're
all worth it.""
  ""I reckon,"" he agreed warmly"
Ten minutes later I heard a crash
"I hurried into the guest bathroom to see the porcelain basin
neatly divided in two"
"""Whatever happened? How did it break?""
  ""Jeez, Patsy, the hole for the tap fittings wasn't big enough
and I didn't reckon it was worth shaving it out with the rasp
like I did the other one or I'd be here all day, so I thought
I'd just sort of chip it a bit bigger yer know. Whole thing
just went. But yer insured aren't yer...?""
  Despite the disaster, I couldn't help having a soft spot for
young Peter. One of his problems was that he could never seem
to find the right tool"
"Every morning followed the same pattern. He'd rummage through
his army disposal box, mumbling to himself, pull out a basin
spanner, put it back, sigh; pick up a shifting spanner, look
at it, sigh again. It seemed that the tool he wanted was never
there"
"One morning, I could contain myself no longer"
"""Good heavens, Peter, what's the matter?""
  ""I need my pipe bender. I must have left it up at the
Turramurra job where I was yesterday.""
  ""Isn't that thing there a pipe bender?""
  ""Yeah, but I need a 12 mm. That's a 20 mm.""
  ""Is there nothing else you can use instead?""
  ""Not really.""
  ""Peter, I don't want to appear critical, but it seems to me
that you never have what you need.""
  He looked so downcast, I felt mean. ""Look, I'll tell you what
we'll do. Why don't we make a list of the jobs you're doing
here tomorrow and make sure you've got all the tools you'll
need.""
  Squatting on the floor of the laundry, we went through his tool
box together. From time to time he'd whoop. ""Me multigrips!
I've been lookin' for them little fellas for weeks!"" We emptied
the box, and found that the bottom was rusty, so I lined it
with some leftover Contact to make it easier for him to keep
clean. ""A good workman is only as good as his tools,"" I told
him, quoting my father's words to me. ""You won't know yourself
when we've finished, Peter.""
  It turned out that it wasn't really his tool box, but a spare
one the boss kept, which he'd lent Peter after his had been
""swiped"" up on the Turramurra job. Peter was saving up to get
engaged to Coral, his seventeen year old girl-friend, and
didn't want to part with precious savings right now for a new
one"
"A lot of the tools were dirty, so I wiped each one clean before
handing it to Peter, who put it neatly in the right row. We
made some name tags with a Dymo and stuck them beside each tool
so he knew where it belonged. Actually, he had just about
everything he ever seemed to be looking for - it was really a
matter of laying his hands on it. I typed a list of tools for
him to paste inside the lid of his box, so that he could refer
to it and know in an instant what he had"
Peter was delighted
"Even so, next morning, I could hear him from the bathroom,
mumbling to himself again"
"""Don't tell me you can't find something in that beautifully
clean box of yours!""
  ""Someone's taken me footprints!""
  I looked at the list inside the lid. It did seem that the
footprints were missing"
"""Who was using Peter's box yesterday?"" I called out, ""and
didn't put his footprints back again?""
  A chorus of ""Not me's"" echoed through the empty rooms"
"""Well, somebody has - they didn't just walk off. It's bad enough
borrowing Peter's tools but you could at least put them back"
"It's not fair. Poor Peter can never find anything!""
  It was Morning Tea Time though, so the mystery of the missing
footprints was shelved for the moment"
"This was to be our first day of sitting down to Morning Tea
together properly. Up till now, Morning Tea had been quite
disorganized, with all the men stopping work at different
times. Dino, the Italian tiler, a jaunty little fellow who was
in a constant state of excitement, liked to have his coffee at
7.30 a.m. as soon as he arrived on the job. Mr San Fillipo, the
cabinet-maker, who was Dino's cousin, liked to stop at eight
when he immersed himself in the thickest salami sandwich I've
ever seen. Jock, the soccer-playing Scot, never knocked off
before 8.30 for his cup of tea, while Klaus and Kurt, the
blonde brothers from Cologne, preferred to break about nine"
"At first, it didn't seem to matter if they all had their
Morning Tea in this staggered fashion, but I soon saw problems"
"One morning, there was a heated argument between Kurt and
Didier, the French plumber from Marseilles. Didier wanted a
section of timber cut out so he could install some copper
pipes; Kurt had just sat down for Morning Tea and told Didier
he'd have to wait. Didier couldn't go on with anything else
until this was done, and since he'd already had his Morning
Tea he was furious at having to cool French heels for half an
hour"
"Seeing this, I suggested it might be more efficient if we sat
down and had Morning Tea together. We could choose a time which
suited everybody. I thought nine o'clock seemed appropriate,
as by then everybody was on the job and had, hopefully, done
a couple of hours work"
"I was pleased that this seemed to meet with general approval
because it gave me an opportunity to go round and discuss
everyone's plans for the day; and, of course, what tools would
be needed"
"""Now, Dino, how are you off today for cement? Plenty of
sand? Did you find what you were looking for yesterday to do
the corners with? It's broken - well, why don't I get you
another one this morning when I'm up at Lumby's?""
  One of the reasons I preferred to do the shopping myself was
that I was able to buy things at the best price. I opened an
account at Lumby's, and told the manager I was Site Supervisor
on Lot 101, and would be interested in buying at ""trade"" - this
made quite a difference to the account at the end of the month,
apart from knowing exactly what had been bought so that I could
question wastage"
"""Peter, you can't possibly be out of cotter-pins already! I
bought two dozen on Monday.""
  ""I know. But I haven't got any left.""
  ""Well, I sincerely hope you're not using my cotter-pins on
another job. I can't think what else could have happened to
them. Try to remember now. What could you have used them on?""
  ""I reckon I left them up on the Turramurra job.""
  I sighed and he looked suitably chastened. ""Well. Never mind"
"Let's forget it now, but I think you should keep bits and
pieces like that in separate jars, and label them Lot 101 or
something, when you're working on so many different jobs.""
  Next day I noticed, he had several small jam jars. They were
labelled, ""Patsy"""
"Not that Peter was the only one who seemed to have problems
with the right equipment. Frequently, the men didn't know where their tools were, or indeed, if they even owned whatever itwas they were looking for!"
"DEAR Peter Harley: The white waratah found at Errinundra is not unknown
in East Gippsland. Several years ago three residents found white waratahs
in an area between Bonang and Bendoc. Each was a separate discovery, years
apart. 

 Mrs A. Nation (Orbost)."
"The control of schooling By F.J. Hunt Interests, Protagonists and the Control of Schooling  

  The control of schooling is commonly examined in terms of the structures
through which control is exercised, with attention given to ministries or
departments and their divisions or sections, and possibly to associated
or complementary agencies such as examination of curriculum bodies (Partridge,
1973; Salter & Tapper, 1981; Wirt & Kirst, 1982). Attention has also been
given to their ideological character, recognising the influence of capitalism
or some other prevailing modus operandi, and their rationalisations or
ideologies for operating a society (Bowles & Gintis, 1976; Sharp, 1980;
Apple, 1982). But typically the resultant interpretation is in impersonal
structuralist terms, with people and groups portrayed as passive or at most
mechanistically reactive. A major problem with such approaches is that in
neglecting or minimising the dynamic activities of people they yield
interpretations that are seriously inadequate both for developing understanding
and as a basis for effective action"
"To direct attention to the activities of people, acting as individuals
or in groups, is to recognise that they are dynamic and active in the pursuit
of personal and social concerns - or interests, to adapt a well established
conceptualisation (e.g. Plamenatz, 1964; Gideens, 1979:ch.5). Such an approach
not only recognises conventional conceptions of shared concerns but it also
accommodates conceptions of inherent thrusts to develop, whether to develop
identity and move through successive psychological stages as argued by Erikson
(1965), achieve self realisation and fulfilment as argued by Maslow (1968)
and Rogers (1969), or competence, autonomy and independence as White (1959)
argued or, in the terms used by Weber (1964:180-95), undertake a process
of aggrandisement and raise one's status, wealth and authority. Thus the
term can be used to include personal and social, inherent and acquired,
subjective and objective, and a wide range of other concerns. In addition,
while subjective preferences are fundamental in the selection of objectives
and in formulating courses of action, identified forms and patterns of
development provide basis for objective appraisals of the reality of
development and achievement. And while it may seem that the term is used
to identify too wide a range of phenomena, it is valuable because it identifies
a common element in that diversity, namely, a stimulus for developmental
individual and group activities. 
  It is also evident that the concept of interest is not adequate by itself;
necessary too are power and, I would add, justice. Power, meaning a capacity
to achieve personal and social ends, even if to do so is at a cost to other
people, and justice, meaning a concern for the entitlements of others, and
so restraint in the pursuit of personal or social ends out of consideration
for others, are both essential to an understanding of social activities
and arrangements. For example, interest together with power may account
for important similarities between social structures and also for their
stability over time, despite efforts to change them. Conversely, variations
in a sense of justice may account for important differences between them"
"As a consequence of differences in power, the pursuit of such interests
by some can generate rivalry and conflict in struggles over limited resources
and opportunities, and incidentally, limit development, achievement and
aggrandisement for others. Hence emerge, too, particular forms of social
arrangements, including coalitions with common or shared interests and,
again following Weber (1964:155-91), structures of domination, direction
and exploitation. Presumably, too, such structures persist while they serve
the interests of more powerful individuals and groups. Concurrently, they
incidentally constitute the social reality to which less powerful people
accommodate"
"Such developments can be modified by a change either in the distribution
of power or in the operation of a sense of justice. It is the exercise of
a sense of justice that can moderate demands that would otherwise leave
the less powerful in more parlous circumstances"
"Obviously, difficulties involved in teasing out degrees of power and justice
operating in particular situations are considerable. In the first place,
difficulties of conceptualisation or identification leave unclear what is
meant by those concepts. Even so, there is a greater degree of agreement
in respect of power, with Lukes (1974) offering a recent advance by identifying
a third dimension. In contrast, disagreements about justice can be at the
fundamental level of relative entitlements: some who regard particular
individuals or groups as inherently unequal see a corresponding unequal
distribution of rights and obligations as just; conversely, others see the
same people as basically equal and so see such inequalities as unjust. Here
the issue is refocussed by according all people comparable rights to develop,
achieve their potentialities, and experience fulfilment and satisfaction"
"Such a position incidentally requires that the observer-interpreter be
impartial as between people in attentiveness to opportunities and obstacles
for all to develop and achieve. It is also a position that is quite difficult
to uphold because it disregards power as a factor in establishing claims
for rights and opportunities"
"A further problem of considerable significance in the examination of
individuals and groups is the gathering of data about them. Any one group
justifies extensive study, and a discussin such as this is the better informed
to the extent that it draws upon such studies; unfortunately, however, they
are few. Further, people and groups that seek to exercise influence are
not always readily visible: indeed, some, and particularly the more powerful,
are sometimes both concerned to limit their observability and effective
in doing so. Nonetheless, effects of decisions and policies eventually have
an influence, and although working back from impact introduces a time lag
between formulation and examination, it still enables examination and
interpretation to be undertaken. Again, the present is a particularly
propitious time to study education in that changing and even worsening
circumstances have challenged individuals and groups to act more vigorously
and often more publicly to maintain or even continue to enhance their
achievements and circumstances, so that they have been more observable and
therefore more amenable to analysis and interpretation. Here, problems of
data gathering have been met by undertaking a wide ranging study of documents
and other material, including media sources, supplemented with interviews
with spokespeople of organisations at both state and national levels. Finally,
some degree of validation has been achieved by using opportunities to formulate
interpretations and test them against the interpretations of other observers,
including participants in the ongoing social activities. Ultimately, of
course, examining and interpreting the contemporary, dynamically evolving
scene can have neither certainty nor conclusiveness. Even so, it is an
important task to undertake if understanding and action are to be reasonably
adequate and soundly based"
"In essence, then, this discussion constitutes an attempt to examine the
significance of interest groups in educational activity, using Australia
as an illustrative case. A focus on the pursuit of interests by groups with
differential power highlights processes and relationships such as conflict,
dominance and subjection, and suggests the relevance of the conflict position
elaborated by Collins (1971, 1975). In giving significance to the operation
of a sense of justice in social activity, however, the possibility is raised
of a necessity to modify such a position in order to deal with the practice
of compassion and social concern"
"Interests and protagonists  

  To consider interests and the protagonists who pursue them in respect
of schooling is to consider a diverse array of groups related in a variety
of ways to the operation of schooling. For example, not all operate from
outside; some, such as teachers and administrators are fully employed within
the structures. Nor are all relevant groups organised, articulate and able
to express coherent points of view; such a level of operation is usually
beyond students, for example, whose interests are served by default, to
a degree, by parents, teachers, researchers and administrators. Nor is to
be organised and articulate necessarily indicative of common interests:
any group such as teachers, parents or employers combine sub-groups with
different interests that compete so that there is rivalry and even conflict
within an overall group. Nor is it possible here to be authoritative on
the interest groups operating in relation to schooling; rather, such is
the relative invisibility of some, and the absence of research on them,
that they can be little more than identified and discussed from general
observations. Nevertheless, in a survey such as this it is important to
at least identify and raise questions about them"
"The first group, then, is the children who attend schools. Although the
largest group associated with schooling, they rarely achieve an association
to represent their interests, partly because they are organisationally
inadequate and unsophisticated, partly because they are more transient in
the school situation than others such as teachers and administrators, but
largely because they lack the resources and facilities for sustaining a
formal association to act on their behalf. In addition, students' shared
interests can be very general and particular ones most diverse, so that
a single association would have considerable difficulty in developing consensus
around policies on many issues. Significantly, student associations have
only been sustained at the tertiary level"
"Ironically, however, children are not without protagonists ready to act
or speak in their name. For example, in debates on educational issues such
as school funding, curriculum or school organisation, governance or assessment,
proponents of very different positions often argue their positions as being
`in the best interests of the child' or on the basis of children's rights"
"Again, the Victorian Institute of Secondary Education (VISE,1978:3-4) claimed
that it is to offer assistance to youth moving between secondary schooling
and employment or further study, but it is difficult to perceive how it
serves children who are sorted `out' rather than `in', or how it is primarily
helping children when its main task is to produce performance profiles of
children for selectors, and offers nothing to children by way of profiles
of places of work or further study. Still, again, administrators and teachers
purport to have children's interests foremost while nonetheless preoccupied
with running schools as places of order (e.g. Williams, 1981). Employers
likewise express concern but of a kind that would have children shaped more
appropriately to their employment requirements (Senate Standing Committee,
1981:3-10)"
"Researchers have come but lately to catch children's experiences, perceptions
and interpretations, and show schooling from their viewpoints (Campbell,
1976; Norman, 1980; Collins & Hughes, 1982). One point that is clear,
particularly from research done in other societies (Willis, 1977; Woods,
1983), is that children can exercise some influence within the classroom
and the school, although `troublemakers' can be isolated and manoeuvred
out of schooling. However, in respect of any system beyond the school, children
are weak and vulnerable as a social force, and largely dependent on the
concern of others such as parents, teachers, administrators and researchers"
"An essential point is that in Australia, as elsewhere, the interests of
children are real but not well articulated. That situation reflects their
relative ineffectiveness politically and, in that circumstance, the interests
of others are promoted energetically, and commonly have priority"
"Parents constitute a second group who, given the prevailing modus operandi
of schooling, can reasonably be argued to be its clients. At the same time,
parents' interests are not necessarily the same as those of their children"
"Hence, while able to interpret and act on their behalf, parents do not have
a basis for claiming absolute authority to decide what is best for them"
"In addition, the activities of some parents on behalf of their own children
can have consequences that are detrimental to the best interests of other
children, as will be illustrated presently"
"A particular concern of many public school parents has been to gain greater
influence in the operation of schools and some state education departments
have responded with changes in the composition of school councils to enable
parents to elect representatives (e.g. Fitzgerald & Pettit, 1978; Minister
of Education, 1983). However, changes in styles of participation can take
time to develop when parents have been virtually excluded from active and
influential participation in schools since the state systems were established
in the late nineteenth century"
""
"Howard's wife stands by him CANBERRA. -  

 As the supposed hordes of Peacock supporters close in on the
Opposition Leader, Mr John Howard, and the hounds of the media smell a
Liberal leadership challenge, you can count on one thing"
"Janette Howard will be in there, standing right beside her man"
"There is no other phrase for it:  Mrs Howard is an oldfashioned,
straightdown-the-line wife to her life mate"
"And although she sat through the same philosophy lectures as 1960s
notable rebel student, Mr Richard Neville, there is no feeling of her ever 
having been a student radical"
"When you look at the record of Janette Parker, to give Mrs Howard her
maiden name, the feeling gets stronger"
"She was also a Master of Arts student in Australian literature and she
was always a staunch Liberal, with a big ""L"""
"As Miss Parker, she ""had the experience of being the only person (in that
philosophy class) who put my hand up to say that I believed in God"""
"""The lecturer talked about `Miss Parker's God' all year,"" Mrs Howard recalls"
"""I might add that I have met that lecturer in later years and he has
apologised.""
  Sitting in her husband's office in Canberra, Mrs Howard is now talking
real uppermiddle-class politics as she sips coffee from a heavy china cup
stamped with the Australian Coat of Arms"
"""John says I am getting more conservative as I get older"
"""He and I have some of our biggest arguments over conservative social
issues"
"""For instance, I would hang people and John would never hang people,""
she says"
"""We have argued for hours over that.  I think we both know the arguments
backwards"
"""Oh yes, yes of course.  But that's our version of marriage"
"""I mean most of the political wives do.  They wouldn't be there if they
weren't interested"
"""I mean the very first thing that attracted me about John was something
I heard across the room and I thought, `I have got to go over and talk to
that fellow'"
"""We first met at a political meeting.""
  But as a university-educated, politically-aware person, there must be
some regrets she is sitting in her husband's office while he is out on the
floor of the chamber running a censure motion on the Hawke Government's
handling of the economy"
"""No, because ... when I first met John, one of the things that I understood
about him was that he was a far better politician than I would ever make.""
  Why?
  ""Because he has an evener keel than I do.  I mean I fly up about things
then I think about them and change.  John has a far evener quality.  He
has qualities that I couldn't match.""
  One pet subject she ""can talk about for hours"" is education"
"Mrs Howard, with an Arts degree from NSW University, has taught at various
high schools"
"She has also taught at the co-educational school of Killarney Heights
in Sydney's northern suburbs"
The experience changed her mind about the value of co-educational schools
"""I just feel that girls and boys who are at the age say 12 to 15 are at
very, very different stages of development.""
  Did she ever dream she would one day be sitting in the Opposition Leader's
office?
  ""Well, for one thing back then, I would have thought that was the Labor
Party, because when I was at the university, the Liberal Party was still
in Government and I was sufficiently pig-headed enough to think they would
never leave."""
"Birthday specials  

INDIAN Affair, prestige Indian restaurant of Parramatta, is celebrating its 
sixth birthday all this month with specially-discounted menus at lunch Tues-
Fri and dinner Mon-Thurs"
"Enjoy two generous courses of the excellent Indian Affair food for $15.90 or 
three courses for $19.90.  Choose from the whole menu.  Boiled rice is served"
"Indian Affair also has its usual a la carte menu at lunch (Tues-Fri) and at 
dinner seven nights a week.  Dishes can be ordered mild, medium or hot"
"Ever since it opened, people from all over have returned 
repeatedly to Indian Affair"
"I've been there at least half a dozen times: always to praise the food (for 
its flavor and freshness) and the helpful service provided by owner Dr 
Joseph Sethi, his family and staff"
"Entertainment (seven nights) includes belly dancer Noora Fridays, Western 
music Saturday and Sardool on sarod other nights.  Dr Sethi himself sings 
light Indian folk and film songs every Saturday"
"Particularly popular among entrees is the luscious tandoori chicken and the 
satays"
"Rogan Josh (Kashmiri lamb), Bombay beef, beef vindaloo and moglai chicken 
(favorite of emperors) are much-ordered main courses"
Specials are served at weekends
"Barfi and gulab jamun (both made by Dr Sethi's wife Joy, who supervises the 
kitchen) are the main desserts with kulfi a regular special"
"Indian Affair is a family affair with Dr Sethi's son Neville manager, his 
daughter Vanita hostess and daughter-in-law Jill helping"
"Book for the BYO Indian Affair (79 Macquarie St, Parramatta) on 635 
9476"
""
"HOMES: PRICE IS NOT RIGHT!  

POTENTIAL sellers appeared to be holding back on the sale of their homes,
possibly waiting for prices to pick up"
"And those who placed their property on the market were seeking a higher
price than what their home was worth, according to a national survey by
the Real Estate Institute of Australia"
"The institute commented that these owners did not seem to realise in
general prices were depressed, and in some cities still slipping downwards"
"Agents in Sydney found that the stock of houses for sale continued to
decline, with many claiming that ""realistically priced good listings were
very difficult to obtain.""
  More than half of agents surveyed said they had the lowest number of listings
since May"
"The survey, covering the month of July, said that some agents commented
that unless vendors price their properties more realistically sales market
activity is likely to remain low"
"In Sydney, most houses sold in Sydney in July were priced between $90,000
and $110,000."
"RUDOLPH'S TROUBLE IN MIND MOVIE TALK BY JOHN HANRAHAN  

ALAN RUDOLPH wanted to update some of the old hard-boiled 40s and 50s
detective stories. 
  But it took a certain disenchantment with Hollywood plus domination and
interference from the big studios to push him into doing it"
"The result, from the maker of Welcome To L.A. and Choose Me, is Trouble
In Mind which stars Kris Kristofferson, Keith Carradine, Lori Singer, Genevieve
Bujold and Divine"
"And for Rudolph, a fruitful and important friendship with singer and
songwriter Kristofferson"
"Trouble In Mind is an offbeat story about a cop who's served time for
murder and the strange array of characters he becomes involved with when
he returns to the fictional Rain City hangouts he once haunted"
"As a film-maker Rudolph had always been an outsider. But the success of
his films drew attention and job offers"
"They taught him the pricelessness of independence: of almost total control
over his films"
"""I wrote this story when I was editing another film,"" he said"
"""I wanted an original screenplay at the time because I was finishing
Songwriter, with Kris Kristofferson, for somebody else,"" Rudolph explained
diplomatically"
"""I would go and write `Trouble' just as a relief.  ""I knew I wanted to
do an updating of those old, wonderfully hard-boiled movies that were made
in the 40s and 50s .."
"""When I got into it I realised they had no reality other than their own
and they really weren't like any elements in our own lives"
"""So I knew this was going to be a highly fictional film and that made
me enjoy it more"
"""With Choose Me, I wasn't really writing out of any kind of personal
experience, I was writing objectively and had fun with it.""
  Rudolph's second film, Remember My Name, with Tony Perkins and Geraldine
Chaplin, also helped to inspire the making of Trouble In Mind"
"""It was about a woman  who got out of prison who came back to find her
ex-husband. And at the time I'd wanted to write the story of a guy getting
out of prison, and I thought it was too dead-on."" Rudolph explained"
"""So this is kind of my pass at the male anti-hero part.""
  And, of course he had just worked with Kristofferson"
"""There is something so legendary about the guy that I started thinking
about him before I wrote"
"""I knew that Hawke had to have certain larger-than-life qualities and
persona.""
  Hawke , he added, is ""a guy who is separate from the pack and who goes
through life being a stranger and having a very rich interior life, but
is really separated from groups of people when he's around, and sort of
uncomfortable with, people"
"""Kris is not all like that, but he has enough of that for the character
to work."""
"Eggs Nature's own pre-packed, healthy convenience food - but bad shop storage
means many are stale  

Consider a moment the credentials of an egg. A staple food for almost  5000
years, each one is packed with protein, fats, water and essential vitamins
and minerals"
"Eggs are versatile ... fried, poached, boiled or scrambled, they cater to
a wide range of taste preferences"
"And they're useful.  Cakes, custards and mayonnaise (to name a few) wouldn't
be the same without egg's thickening and binding action"
"Eggs are convenient - they can be cooked and served in less than five minutes
- and they come in remarkably strong, compact packaging (even if they aren't
square yet!)"
Over the centuries eggs have been recognised as more than just a food source
"They've been collected, preserved, ornately decorated, given as gifts and
treasured"
"They are a symbol of fertility and, in the Christian tradition, of new life"
"How much must you pay for something that can do and be so many things? If
it's the gold and jewel encrusted Faberge style egg you're after, you could
pay as much as US$1 760 000 at auction"
"The humble hen's egg, served up with toast for breakfast, can be yours for
only 15 cents"
"Few of us are in the Faberge egg price range but most of us regularly buy
hens' eggs. Australians eat an average of four eggs each week, slightly more
in winter and fewer in the heat of summer"
"That adds up to hundreds of millions of dozens of eggs being produced and
sold each year"
"Quality control  
Eggs sold to consumers are first quality eggs. To qualify as first quality,
they must have shells which are clean, uncracked, free from stain, not thin,
porous, rough or misshapen"
"To check these features eggs are examined over a strong light, a process
called candling (see picture at right). Once turned skilfully by hand, they
are now passed over the light by conveyor belt. Those with shell faults
or visible blood spots are removed; the rest are graded by weight and packed
for sale. A clean egg is important for more than just aesthetic reasons"
"The shell is porous and bacteria from soiling (either dirt or faeces) can
penetrate it. If it becomes wet through condensation or poor washing, the
rate and risk of bacterial penetration is increased"
"As well as being checked externally, some eggs from each batch are opened
and tested for freshness. Routine microbiological tests are also done
including tests for salmonella, bacteria which cause food poisoning"
"What's in an egg?  
Egg yolks are held in shape by a fine membrane called the vitelline membrane
(see diagram). On each yolk is a circular white spot called the germinal
disc. This is where the chicken would begin to develop were the egg to be
fertilised"
"Surrounding the yolk are two types of the protein albumen (commonly called
white); a thick layer and an outer more liquid layer. In the thick layer
are two rope-like cords called chalazae which anchor the yolk in the centre
of the egg"
"Both the white and yolk are surrounded by membranes which enclose the egg
in a fibrous sac. The outer membrane is attached to the shell"
"About 75% of an egg is water (the white is almost 90% water); protein accounts
for another 12%. A further 11% is fats - saturated, mono-unsaturated and
polyunsaturated - which are found in the yolk"
"Eggs contain several vitamins and minerals including vitamins A,B,D and
E and iron, zinc, iodine, phosphorus and potassium. In all, an egg contains
roughly 335 kilojoules, about the same as a medium banana"
"That makes them a good food source and quite suitable for dieters. However, the
250 of mg cholesterol they contain is a relatively high level. (By comparison,
a serve of roast chicken, without skin, contains only 130 mg). Cholesterol,
a substance found mainly in animal cells, is produced naturally by the
body and is needed to make bile acids and hormones"
"When we absorb cholesterol in the food we eat, the body should compensate
by making less of its own. However, some people's bodies don't compensate
and this leads to excessive cholesterol in the blood. This excess cholesterol
plays a role in the accumulation of fatty material in the walls of the
arteries. A high level is therefore a risk factor for heart attacks"
"The National Heart Foundation recommends that people with high cholesterol
levels should limit their egg yolk intake to two a week. This recommendation
is part of the guidelines to reduce the total amount of fat eaten, particularly
saturated fat and dietary cholesterol"
"Eggs are an excellent source of other nutrients and it would be
counterproductive to cut them out completely while still taking in fats
from other food sources such as chocolate"
"Consumer trends  
We consumers can be a funny bunch. Creatures of habit, we are often loyally
committed to particular brands or sizes and can feel quite put out should
these be unavailable"
"Such is the case with eggs which many consumers buy in the same size every
week. Problems arise w0hen these are in short supply during certain times
of the year"
"To prevent this the NSW Egg Corporation has recently decreased its number
of egg sizes to three, the only marketing authority to do so. Despite
fluctuations in size availability it is confident of being able to provide
consumers with eggs of the same size all year round"
"Another of our egg preferences is a yolk of a deep golden colour. Yolk colour
is determined by the amount of carotenoids - intensely coloured, naturally
occurring pigments - in the hen's diet"
"Carotenoids are found in feeds such as maize, clover and grass. To produce
bright yolks, producers include these in the hen's diets or add synthetic
carotenoids to their feed"
"Recognising consumer support for the brighter yolks, the egg marketing
authorities have encouraged producers to add carotenoids to their hens'
feed. The boards measure colour on a Roche scale (named after a company
which makes the carotenoids); and all our egg samples scored 10 (a rich
orange colour) except for ACT free range eggs which had paler yolks ranging
between four and nine"
"Tests on synthetic carotenoids to date have shown them to be harmless but
that is no reason to support the use of additives"
"Our preference for bright yolks is probably linked to a belief that they
are healthier. In fact there is no nutritional difference between pale
and bright yolked eggs and the addition of synthetic carotenoids, though
profitable for the company manufacturing them, is unnecessary"
"Neither is there any nutritional difference between brown or white shelled
eggs yet in many areas there is a growing preference for brown shells. The
only difference between the two is that brown shells may be slightly stronger
than white shells"
"There aren't many other advantages to brown shells; the hens that lay them
eat more and produce fewer eggs than their white shell-laying counterparts
and brown shells are not as pervious to light which makes it harder to pick
up cracks and blood spots during candling"
"Perhaps there is an association in some people's minds with that other staple,
bread, which is more nutritious in its brown version"
"Egg fact - no yolk  
Like urban myths of crocodiles in the sewer system, egg myths abound"
"Unfortunately, they are just that, myths. Here are some of the more popular
ones"
‚2 You will use more kilojoules digesting a hard-boiled egg than it contains
"This has also been said of lettuce, and, oh that it were true. Sadly for
dieters, in both cases it isn't"
‚2 A blood spot means an egg has been fertilised
There is little possibility of eggs intended for market being fertilised
"Even if it were to happen, a fertilised egg would be picked up and removed
during candling. Blood spots occur when a blood vessel on the yolk ruptures
as the egg is released from the ovarian follicle. Blood spots won't hurt
you but if you don't like them simply remove them"
‚2 Free range eggs are better for you than eggs from caged hens
"Eggs from free range hens have been found to contain marginally more of two
nutrients, folic acid and vitamin B12. Within the framework of a healthy
diet the nutritional differences are insignificant"
‚2 Eggs don't need to be refrigerated they won't go off
"True; they won't go stale overnight but their quality deteriorates much
more quickly when they aren't refrigerated. Eventually they do go bad. See
Storage and handling for more details"
‚2 Eggs can't be frozen
"Eggs shouldn't be frozen in their shell but beaten eggs will freeze as will
egg whites. To freeze yolks, sugar or salt must be added"
"From farm to table  
The sale of eggs in most of Australia is regulated by statutory marketing
authorities. These authorities control the production of eggs and in many
cases also arrange their packing and distribution"
"In Victoria about 40% of eggs are graded and sold by the Egg Marketing Board
or other grading companies under the brand name Egg Farmers of Victoria"
"A further 20% are packed by producers but marketed via the board. The
remaining 40% are handled by producers licensed to sell directly to
retailers. The board also sells about 5000 dozen  `free range' eggs a week"
"More than 75% of the eggs in SA are packed by producers and marketed by
the egg board under the brand name Country Farm. The rest, including free
range eggs, are sold direct to retailers by producers"
"Most Tasmanian eggs, sold as Tasmanian Country Farm, are sold to retailers
by the producers but egg quality control and levy payments are administered
by a board. There are only a few free range producers in Tasmania and they
market their own eggs. However it is estimated that about 40% of the eggs
eaten in the State are from backyard hens so consumers still have reasonable
access to free range eggs"
"Not so sonsumers in WA where there is only one free range producer. About
93% of eggs in WA are sold by the egg board under the brand name Golden
Egg Farms. The balance is sold at farm gates by approved producers"
"In Queensland, 75% of eggs are sold through the South Queensland Egg
Marketing Board under the brand name Sunny Queen Egg Farms. Others are handled
by the Central Queensland Egg Marketing Board and Fresha Products in North
Queensland"
"Fresha Products also markets eggs in the NT where no marketing authority
exists. Nor is there one in the ACT; most eggs there are sold by the private
company, Parkwood Eggs"
"More than one-third of the eggs in NSW are sold directly to retailers by
producers. Some of these are free range eggs"
"Free range versus battery?  
What should come first, the chicken or the egg? Supporters of free range
egg production say the chicken. Central to the free range debate is the
welfare of the hens"
"Supporters of battery production opt for the egg. It is cheaper and more
efficient to produce eggs by the battery (or caged) method, and this should
be a producer's priority, they claim"
"What is battery farming? Battery hens are kept in artificially lighted sheds
in wire cages with slightly sloped floors so that the eggs will roll into
trays. There are usually three or four hens to a cage and they are debeaked
to prevent them hurting one another"
"The definition of free range hens varies but generally the term is used
to define hens which aren't caged. Some argue that hens aren't truly free
range unless there are only 10 to an acre; others consider 300 hens to an
acre still to be free range"
"If you buy an egg marked free range you can probably expect that the hen
that laid it has been able to roam free throughout the day, has had access
to weatherproof shelter and has not been subject to artificial lighting"
""
"The Magnetic Factor, Christobel Munson  

  What on earth has magnetism to do with health? One concerns the physical,
fleshly body, nutrition, caring - the other is to do with iron, steel, electric
currents and magnetic fields. The two seem diametrically opposed, or so
I thought until I investigated further. For it seems that for centuries
man has observed a distinct reaction in the body to the pull of magnetism:
be it to the turning of the tides affected by the moon's magnetic pull or
simply the placing of magnets directly on injured parts of the body to speed
up healing"
"It turns out that the entire planet is under the influence of magnetism
- and we're all included in that. We talk of someone having `animal magnetism'
or charm, or `magnetic appeal' - a type of personal charisma. But there's
more to it than just a lure-of-the jungle vibration. Doctors these days
are saying that some period problems in women may be caused by magnetic
field problems: apparently women with menstruation problems emit a highter
electric charge than others. With simple protoplasmic bodies, the immediate
effects as a result of contact with magnets are astounding and profound"
"And with our bodies, the effects can be just as amazing"
"Considerable research has been done in the East, especially in Japan and
China, and also throughout Europe - especially in Austria, Germany and the
Scandinavian countries - concerning the effects of magnetic power on the
body. In the United States, orthopaedic surgeons have been experimenting
with inserting magnets into plaster casts to aid healing. Here in Australia,
the biggest impact regarding health and magnetism has, to date, been with
horses. Local trainers know well the extraordinary results of electro-magnetic
blankets on injured horses; electro-magnetic paddles are held over fracture
sites to considerably aid healing and the union of bones. A magneto-pulse
is directed to the injured area at regular intervals and the horse can be
back in action in three weeks, not six, this way. This has been common knowledge
in the horse-training world for at least ten years"
"So if it works for horses - why not us?
  It does work. And it has been doing so all along. We just haven't been
into it for a few centuries. In prehistoric times in China, lode stones
made of magnetic material were used on acupuncture point sites, before there
was acapuncture. This aided the healing process. Egyptian priests investigated
and used magnetic fields for therapeutic use and other ancient physicians
such as Hippocrates, Paracelsus and Galen all investigated the use of magnetic
energy in healing"
"According to one Sydney medical doctor specialising in acupuncture, the
power of magnetic fields was 're-discovered' by space scientists, both
Russian and American, when the first men in space suffered from the
weightlessness and the lack of gravity. What worked best to set them straight,
as it were, was magnetic-field therapy. This oriental doctor's main practice
is dealing with people with chronic degenerative heart disease, and people
often come to him when they've exhausted all other avenues of healing"
"`Many people come to me with low energy,' he told me. `They are depleted,
with chronic illness, post-glandular fever, post-hepatitis, and their healing
power is poor. And for them I use magnetic-field therapy. It's an ancient
treatment. Today, like many medical doctors, I investigate all kinds of
wholistic ways to heal.' Acupuncture and magnetic-field therapy are intertwined, he explained as magnetic-field therapy centres on stimulating the acupuncture points and meridians around the body to accelerate healing or pain relief"
""
"Of volleyball and leadership By Pat Jenkins  

My experience of playing volleyball, limited as it had been, had helped me
evolve a set of rules which I felt minimized my humiliation on those occasions
when participation was unavoidable. These rules included such basics as:
position yourself as inconspicuously as possible, quietly step away from
the ball when you see it coming so it is not quite as blatantly obvious
that you are the one responsible for the lost point, call to other team 
members ""yours"" whenever possible, make many jokes about anything else to
keep people's minds off the game at hand, apologise when you misdirect the
ball as if such occurrences were an unusual surprise, excuse yourself for
an important job awaiting you when the revelation of your total inadequacy
is imminent etc. etc. You know, the usual stuff"
"Then last year, at our Annual National Conference for S.U. schools staff,
volleyball, unfortunately, became the filler of the breaks between sessions"
"My rule of thumb (avoid being seen on the court), which supersedes all of
the above rules, was brought into play"
"But one day the most utterly awful thing occurred. I was told that some
hopelessly misguided woman had challenged the male staff to a men versus
women game the following day, and numbers being what they were, they needed
me to play. I felt sick, my heart pounded, my palms sweated. The only thing
worse than looking individually foolish is to be part of a group which looks
collectively foolish. Please Lord, could we be raptured now? 

And then Chris O'Gorman, from Qld. staff, stepped in. In the growing dark
of dusk she gathered us on the courts and gave us some coaching. First,
a few basic rules - you may do this, you need to do that, this is illegal"
"Then some tips: the only call is ""mine"", don't apologise, capitalize on
the male tendency to hog the ball. Then some practical suggestions: hold
your hand like this, hit the ball with this arm motion, play as a team in
this way. Then some practice: form yourselves in a semi circle, hit the
ball back to me in this way, then back to the next person, then in this
other way. Soon my heart palpitations were at a more manageable 
level"
"If the aim of the match was to have it be of the highest standard possible
during this staff gathering, then I had no place being on the court"
"She should have told me to resort to my usual ""preparing tonight's session"",
or ""need to have a deep and meaningful with..."" etc. But if (as indeed it
was) the aim was to have participation, and to improve the playing ability
and hence, enjoyment, of each individual player, then I definitely needed
to play. That only had a point if I had a coach's guidance. But if, then,
I experienced the pleasure of following her serving tips and the satisfaction
of winning a point, maybe later in the year I would play again, this time
without the coach around. Hence the ""nett"" amount of participation/improvement
in volleyball by staff would increase. More so than if just the experienced
players had got further practice in the big match. So, I was part of the
team"
"The next day the prayed-for tornado did not hit and we were forced, instead,
to play volleyball. The first game we lost 15/3, the second 15/8, the third
15/12. My relief at the game's conclusion, although heartfelt, was actually
less heartfelt than ever before. Because I had seen in Chris a superb leader
in action. When the ball came her way she handled it quietly and powerfully"
"But mostly, her role had been to allocate, guide, train and review - all
of which had the effect of simply inspiring confidence - and that was enough
to transform our (my) performance"
"And that's the aim of the Leadership Conferences which we in the schools
area of Scripture Union NSW run each May holidays: to provide an environment
where confidence is inspired and leadership skills are developed amongst
our Inter School Christian Fellowship students and amongst the teams which
lead them. There used to be just one conference, where the high school ISCF
kids who were good at leading, got better. That was valuable. But now there
are 8 conferences - and so vast numbers of the delegates who come don't
have much background in leadership or teaching at all. A bit like me and
volleyball. But, with conferences which are carefully planned, to maximise
participation by students, and to provide guidance, training and evaluation,
students and team members go home much more confident and skilled than when
they arrive"
"Always, there were the basic rules: God is sovereign, lean on him. You're
not alone in your school. Use the power of the Holy Spirit within you. Spend
time daily in prayer and Bible Study"
"Then, team members do some of the ""performing"" - Jeff Fletcher and Cailey
Moore at the Conference in Tamworth directed by Helen McNab gave a powerful
and moving mime about temptation and loyalty in relationships. This was
a prelude to their evening devoted to discovering biblical principles relevant
to dating. David Griffin role modelled creative learning exercises in the
Bible Studies he led at Fitzroy Falls (Director, Elizabeth Taylor) with
paper aeroplanes delegates made - one wing representing ""lips"", the other
""life"". Make a plane without either wing and, no matter how good that wing,
the plane won't fly. Make a plane with lips and life wings and ... whammo!

And then came the tips. Martin Cowling led the ""Presenting Yourself Up Front""
skills workshops at a Mt. Victoria Conference - Director, Rob Maidment"
"And with it came the participation - Pupils who elected that interest area
of Martin's were then responsible for running all the evening sessions -
including selection of music, prayer, telling about individual school groups,
book reviews etc. And there were the practice runs. Wayne Deeth took this
training a step further at the Fitzroy Falls Conference, and there, utilising
video equipment, students were able to analyse their own annoying mannerisms,
distracting habits etc. Their eagerness for evaluation after their turns
up front reflected a new confidence and determination to take this role
seriously - and woe betide any team member who failed to meet the preparation
criteria established by the group as required!

There were also the practical suggestions - delegates were guided in programme
planning, resource utilisation, & choice of ISCF meeting ideas. Roslyn
Johnston, at the Morisset Conference - director, Neville Hatton - produced
a superb 8 page booklet on planning an ISCF programme. She led kids through
workshops which had them scurrying for drama group phone numbers, Bible
Study references, Input magazine back issues etc"
"And over and over again was the actual execution - learning by doing, learning
by doing, learning by doing. If the aim was to have top quality ""presentations""
at conference, only the experienced teachers would be up front. But it wasn't"
"The aim was to increase participation so that, having worked under close
guidance and experienced the ""I can do it"" feeling, students would return
home and be better equipped to initiate and take responsibility there"
"I visited four of these conferences and will go to a fifth in the Hunter
Region (which we put off till the August holidays so as not to compete with
the Evangelism Explo Newcastle held in May). Jon Tigwell visited the other
three"
"At my very last visit, the inevitable occurred: they organised a volleyball
match for the break between Bible Studies and research (Wombat) groups,
and I was invited to play"
"Six months had elapsed since national conference. The sweaty palms, beating
heart, desperate futile searching for someone who surely needed me for deep
and meaningful conversation - all returned. With a quietly muttered ""Chris
O'Gorman, where are you?"" I meekly walked onto the court. And you know what?
Although we lost dismally (15-2, 15-4, 15-7), somewhere amongst those smaller
scores is a point I won! I was elated"
"And back in the high schools all over NSW there are literally hundreds of
Christian kids who have returned from Leadership Conferences and who are
participating in I.S.C.F. groups in their schools. They are removed from
the team members who encouraged and guided them. And they may still get
nervous, forget things, lack sufficient preparation, get things mixed up"
"But they are bravely (a) doing their bit, and (b) seeing far more fruit
for their efforts than ever before. I thank God for that"
""
"Taste of victory  

IT was a fairytale victory in anybody's books.  The tiny northern Victorian
town of Korong Vale had its first victory on Saturday afternoon after
63 consecutive losses in 3 1/2 years"
"The Vale beat Mitiamo, only one spot above it on the Loddon Valley League
ladder, 12. 9-81 to 7.14-56"
Mitiamo lost its match the previous week by 39 goals
"Korong Vale players said before the match they had a full team and
were confident of a win"
"""If we don't win today, there's no way we're ever going to win a match,""
one player said"
""
"Nuptials for pan By David Myers  

  no fool like an old fool, he thought and grinned. we're put here on earth
to repeat our most productive mistakes over and over. once more with feeling"
"he would never have admitted it, but he was a happy man. three years of
midlife bachelorhood had not been what the playboy advertisements had promised"
"he had fitted a sexy muffler to his car that gave off macho growls at the
traffic lights, he had worn a personalised medallion around his neck and
he had even oiled his chest hairs. but all to no avail. the centrefold bunnies
with the kinky underpants had not been drawn to him. no moths had flown
to his flame. he had drunk his brut champagne alone or at best with his
dog. he had become hypochondriac and diffident, feeling like a patriarch
who has been disgraced and driven from his tribe. but today he would return
from the desert of solitude and remarry. he would no longer be a pariah"
"he stuck his head out the window and boomed in a tuneless but cheerful basso
profondo: get me to the church on time!
  he knows, he knows. a wedding is an exercise in self-deception. the
celebrants smile and carry flowers instead of daggers. but this is no proof
of peace. it is only a moment of nervous truce in a never-ending war of
the sexes. with marriage and divorce already behind him, he's full of useless
theories like this. but when did theory ever affect practice?
  it is summer midday at the end of the world. dust clouds ride in on desert
winds. hot and enervating. a belt of hills strains but cannot contain the
bulging belly of this provincial town. too much self-indulgence, he says"
"he a bearded fitness freak in endless mid-life crisis escaping as usual
to the beach. he despises self-gratifying bellies. he loves the hardness
that comes from challenge. sport is his yoga of higher awareness. but his
intolerant credo has a flaw and he knows it. women. he is too scared of
women to seduce them and run. run back to the sports, camping and drinking
that he loves. too timid to be a don juan. he yearns to have a woman waiting
for him when he finishes one of his adventures. the way his mother had waited
when he was a tenny-bopper"
he booms into song again. singing better than rechewing the cud of failure
"ebullient tones in the slipstream. i'm getting married in the morning. not
morning anyway but high noon. get me to the church on time. except it's
not going to happen in a church. they know what they can do with their church"
"the anglican bishop he'd rung had almost yelped leper! unclean! when he'd
confessed he was divorced. what god had joined together, let no man put
asunder. lovely words but not to be taken literally. must be cautious or
religion can be inconvenient"
"no problems, there are other gods. poseidon, eros, pan. now there's a
holy trinity for you. surf, sex and potency. bound to win out against piety
and puritanism any time. so today a procession for hymen in midday sand-dunes
with flocks of randy satyrs cavorting and flashing on clifftops. eerie tones
from pan pipes and in the sea the thunder of poseidon, greatest surfy of
all time, galloping aloft foaming breakers. an amphibious blessing from
the gods of this life"
"but the priestess, almost as broad-minded as she is broad-hipped, is
nevertheless not into orgiastic myths. you can do what you like in the bedroom
dearie but don't do it in the streets because you'll frighten the horses"
"she whinnied with delight at having got off one of her standard jokes so
early in the nuptials. all the world's a stage and the players' bodies should
be costumed, she continued. especially the bride's body. nowhere to pin
the orchids otherwise. and she shook with laughter all over again"
"back behind the steering wheel for a while yet. disciple of pan clad
temporarily only in department store loin cloth, standard issue, nylon with
pictures of shellfish and octopi. time for meditation. what's he seeking
aften then? sex with loyalty. he knows that this is an utopian dream, but
no more so than anything else worth having in life. he's tried being a bachelor
with a dog. but as his secretary, miss malaprop, said: there are some ways
in which a dog cannot service you. besides, he reasoned to himself, a woman
has by far the bigger vocabulary. and he yearned for sex with soul. marriage,
this time, would not be a millstone around his neck. more an anchor to stop
his habit of drifting off with the tides and winds"
"he was old enough now to take pleasure in pillow talk. pillow talk before
and after. a slim chance for honesty and intimacy. why does he need loyalty?
self-protection. he's getting old and doesn't fancy his chances in the sexual
salesrooms of the disco fleshpots anymore. competition from upmarket youth
is too intense. maybe a flesh auction instead? what am i bid for this arthritic
antique with a mind of his own? here's a special challenge for a handywoman
with vision"
"successful marriage was a matter of timing, he reflected vulgarly. a man
has got to sell himself before his commodity assets get overripe. there
are always facelifts, toupes, and capped teeth of course. also lunchtime
masseuses. but best of all: walk softly and carry a big cheque book. gustav
aschenbach resorted to blush and mascara for the moments that mattered"
but a man is better advised to retain some reserve in the pursuit of pleasure
"middle-aged men lust for loyalty. they can't get up to the old tricks they
used to do. the back seats of cars are more cramped than in youth's golden
days. the spirit is willing but the joints are stiff. now it's cushions
and double beds and small sighs of satisfaction"
"but don't give up hope. you can rejuvenate your marriage with our elementary
manual complete with stimulating pictures. an essential reference for every
do-it-yourself husband. no longer will you need help from the plumber or
the milkman. think of the pride you and your wife will feel in being
self-sufficient. enroll in our WEA class now: SEX FOR THE SENILE. you may
be forty but your heart is still sporty. let the experts teach you how to
get fun out of your own personalised perversions. there's no need to flash
in the park or flagellate. learn how to do it properly in a WEA course in
your community centre"
"back to loyalty. people work so hard for it and then they're miserable
when they've got it. disillusioned by conjugal duties. the blokes at work
are all into blue movies. hard-core porn before breakfast in the janitor's
basement office. you've got to have a good digestive system but it puts
your lust in perspective"
"the clay and rock track to the beach is a boneshaker. the signpost is
salted white with dust and peppered with bullet holes. it almost says waitpinga
beach. sun is high, sky an unreachable dome of eggshell blue, dust swirls
settle in the sleepy air. a brown river slides through swamps and reeds
to the sea. orange sandhills look like burnt meringues just out of the oven"
"green swells roll in with stories from the south pole. they thunder in a
whirlpool of froth and sandbank. backstage right a bombora surf is a necklace
of sharks' teeth in a turquoise sea. romance on the beach, just begging
for it. splendour in the ultraviolet. but incorruptible the council sign:
freak waves claim lives. this coast is dangerous. the voice of prudence
immortalised in black letters on a white board. you have been warned. you
die at your own risk. just the place for a surf and a wedding. the same
principle as tossing witches into the village pond"
"time to prepare in honour of the bride. in the squeaking sand the soles
of his feet burn. wriggle deeper into the cool sand below. but keep your
mind on the here and now. not the moment for time warps to a past of what-ifs
and might-have-beens. there might have been ghosts hiding in the crevices
of the stone church. erotic ghosts. he always seems to be at least one love
affair behind himself. preoccupied with daydreams of old flames, he can
never quite kindle a fullblooded fire in the present. must be disconcerting
for the current lady love. to know she has to be got rid of before he can
give her his full attention. but the beach will change all this. the seagulls
catch ghosts and daydreams in daring swoops and gobble them down in midflight"
"the seagulls live in the here and now. and the heavens are blue and gold
with festive innocence"
"human innocence is reborn in action. all the world's a stage but we still
need props. a wonky card-table on the top of a sandhill. transformed by
a bali batik featuring rama and sita. a story of love and war in a blaze
of pagan colour. no christian allegory here. this is a wedding for beachbums,
hippies, bohemians and disciples of gauguin. the marriage will be consummated
in every position except the missionary position in the holy presence of
the seagulls"
"there hadn't been much holiness about the divorce courts. it was a no-fault
divorce they said, though her counsel tried to prove him a lecherer, a
perverter of lolitas, a wife-basher and child hater. ah well, better than
a pederast or a wanker. just give me one of the kids and half the bourgeois
loot, your honour, and i won't be troubling you with the filthy details"
"you ass, said his counsel, don't you know when a woman gets divorced, it's
as though all her birthdays had come at once"
"and here he was getting hitched again. we are doomed to repeat our first
mistakes. he explained this to his friends, his taxation accountant and
his lesbian lawyer. we cannot refrain from life just because we are sour
with experiene. let's dip ourselves back into the lollypot again and hope
for a thick sugar coating"
"a column of dust rises from the road and heralds the bridal procession. 
four or five old bombs broadside and wheely around the last curve. no silent 
limousines, no poker-faced chauffeurs, no christian ministrants. instead
instant hullabaloo. the extras jump out, - a catholic carnival of brothers,
sisters and cousins. babies begin tunnelling into sandhills like ant-lions"
"stooped grandmas and great aunties with walking sticks gaze in dismay up at the
bali altar on the crest. still more cousins spill over the stage like acrobats,
somersaulting down to the high tide mark where they paddle awaiting further
direction. finally the bride's father, resplendent with sunburnt face and
a mane of white hair, is hoisted up in his wheelchair and borne aloft to
centre stage. his entry adds a touch of ballet to this interdisciplinary
performance"
"the bride and her flowergirl flaunt coquettish ankles as they step out
onto the heat of the beach. the bride's parasol in apricot lace twirls above
her dark curls in which flowers have been twined. her waves of dark hair
toss in harmony with the cresting surf. her apricot silk dress flutters
shyly in the breeze. to the anglo-saxon groom she is exotic because she
is of mediterranean origins with a dash of persian merchant passing through
zagreb a few centuries ago. she is striving to fight back her tears"
why tears? a dim folk awareness of her role as reluctant bride perhaps
"a dutiful daughter stolen from her parents' tent and ravished by some
infatuated sheik of araby. brutal of course but advanced enough to believe
in foreplay. or had this sheik, smelly but rich, haggled for her semitic
sister over innumerable turkish coffees? a final price of five camels, ten
goats and a pig for goodwill."
"By A A Barber and R B Freeman CHAPTER 5  The Wool Handling Area  

The third working area readily identifiable in a shearing shed is the area
where the wool is prepared, assessed, packaged and identified ready for
transport to the wool store. The significance of these activities cannot
be overemphasized. They are the culmination of breeding, nutrition and
management strategies for the year; they can influence the value and integrity
of the product; they are the final steps in the harvesting operation and
can help or hinder the quest for a fair return in the marketplace"
"The pursuit of the objective of best value for money must not be interpreted
as a search for speed and convenience at any cost. Rather it is the disciplined
analysis which reduces or eliminates the unnecessary and unproductive tasks
in order that greater attention can be given to the essential and productive
activities. To be successful in this area requires an understanding of the
needs of those for whom the woolgrowers' product is a basic raw material"
"With the types of shearing sheds now being built, labour savings are being
achieved in the wool room. These savings result from a combination of factors
such as:
  ‚2improved design giving faster and easier removal of wool from the board
    with reduced walking distance for the handlers
  ‚2wool room equipment designed to make clip preparation easier and eliminate
    unnecessary handling of wool
  ‚2objective clip preparation as the recommended method of wool handling"
"It is fitting as an introduction to the wool room to stress that an improved
wool harvesting system and its effect on the layout of the shearing shed
and the methods of wool handling do not equate with slapdash or careless
procedures. In any wool harvesting system the wool must be handled, classed
and packaged to appropriate industry standards"
"Research and development over recent years has enabled important processing
characteristics of wool to be quantitatively determined. Objective measurement
is the use of standardized measurement procedures employing randomly drawn
and statistically representative samples to determine significant
characteristics of commercial quantities of wool. Objective measurement
has largely replaced subjective assessment, and authoritative certificates
describing key characteristics accompany representative samples in today's
marketing system. Further changes will occur aimed at increasing the accuracy
and reliability of the description of wool and at improving the efficiency
of the entire marketing and distribution operation. The continuing refinement
of such techniques can bring benefits to producer, purchaser, processor
and user. The acceptance of objective measurement and its application in
the preparing of wool in the shearing shed has led to the establishment
of more rational clip preparation procedures"
"Objective clip preparation (OCP) is the activity in the shearing shed whereby
fleeces are prepared and classified on the basis of objective measurement
into lines of wool with similar processing performance in accordance with
quality standards established by a representative committee of the wool
industry. It applies to single mobs of sheep of the same breeding which
have run together under the same environmental conditions since the last
shearing. The basis of OCP is the quantitative measurement of relevant
characteristics which are determined and published after receival at the
wool store, but prior to sale, for the use of both producer and purchaser"
"The practical application of OCP in the shed results in fewer lines of wool
compared with traditional methods, the wool being suitable for sale by sample
or description"
"A large proportion of Australian wool is suitable for preparation according
to these rational procedures which can be applied to both merino and crossbred
clips. While objective measurement and its related selling and distribution
strategies provide significant advances in various other sectors of the
wool industry, OCP is a crucial factor in efficient handling of wool in
the shearing shed. It provides the basis of an effective materials handling
system and is a key element in helping the wool producer improve his wool
harvesting performance. Since the planning principle for this area of the
shearing shed is the employment of methods and equipment which combine to
give an efficient materials handling system, the correct application of
the agreed preparation procedures is at the heart of this principle"
"Raised and curved shearing boards  
The main features of raised boards have been described in the preceding
chapter. The purpose of this section is to deal with their contribution
to the handling of the wool. The height of the board is such that the wool
handlers operate with the wool at table or bench height. This eliminates
bending down to pick up fleeces, bellies or locks. In sheds with three to
six stands where the board may be curved as well as raised, the shearers
are grouped around the wool tables so that walking distances between stands,
and between each stand and a wool table, are minimized. Wool handlers thus
have a clear view of the entire shearing board, they are able to prepare
the wool at normal bench height, and spend a minimum of time walking to
and fro"
"The general problem of dark fibre contamination of the wool is a serious
one and requires careful attention. The dark fibres occur mainly because
of pigmentation and unscourable urine stain, and research indicates that
urine-stained fibres are the primary problem for Australian wool. With the
emphasis on efficient use of essential labour, modern shearing sheds provide
opportunity for more careful scrutiny of wool in respect of this problem"
"With unproductive activities minimized, there is time to examine the wool
with greater care, and the raised board permits this to be done while the
handler is in a normal standing position. Pizzle stain in wethers and breech
stain in ewes can be removed from the fleece and separated from all other
classes of wool before the fleece is picked up from the board and thrown
on the table. Removing some, or even most, of the stain is not good enough
since one staple of urine-stained wool in ten fleeces is enough to require
rejection of the fabric ultimately produced. Removing stain can be effectively
carried out on the raised board before the fleece reaches the wool table
where handlers must keep other matters in mind as they prepare the wool"
"The fleece left by the shearer can be picked up in normal manner, or,
if the wool table is not free, it can be simply put aside leaving ample
space for the shearer to work with the next sheep. There is no need to
pick up the fleece, put it down, and then pick it up a second time to throw
it on the table. When transferring the fleece from the board to the wool
table, the handler rarely has to move more than a few paces, and there is
adequate time to clear the board of locks. No brooms are used on raised
boards, but rather a light piece of timber or stiff plastic is used to direct
the locks from the shearing area to the wool room floor. The locks gradually
accumulate, and can be swept up at the end of each run"
"The raised board allows wool handlers to carry out the initial phases
of wool preparation in a more natural working posture permitting greater
concentration on the important aspects of stain removal and board tidiness"
"In appropriate circumstances, the raised board may be curved so as to improve
access and minimize distances between work stations"
"Wool tables  
The usual practice in the past has been to throw the fleece on a rectangular
table so that it can be inspected and inferior portions removed. Rectangular
tables usually measure 3000 mm long by 1500 mm wide and 850 mm high, the
surface being made of horizontal slats spaced 30 mm apart so that locks
and second cuts can fall through"
Skirting involves the removal of commercially inferior parts of the fleece
"It may be thought of as having two components. Primary skirting involves
the separation of a small part of every fleece and is related to anatomical
features such as crutch, legs, head and face. Secondary skirting involves
removal of wool from some fleeces because of environmental factors or faults"
"In primary skirting, stained wool, sweaty edges, short shank wool, crutch
pieces, top knot and matted jowls are removed whereas wool severely affected
by seed or burr, black or coloured wool, necks and skin peices may be taken
out under secondary skirting. Much of this inferior wool is tossed aside
into bins and described as pieces, while shorter fragments which fall through
the table accumulate on the floor as locks. However, stained wool, coloured
wool, and skin pieces are segregated and each kept in separate containers
because of severe problems these components cause in normal processing"
"Skirting on rectangular tables is made easier if the fleece is thrown
so that it spreads over the surface of the table. The handler develops a
skill in picking up the fleece in such a way that it can be thrown upwards
and outwards over the table while keeping a hold on the wool from the rear
legs of the sheep. The fleece thus stretches out both lengthwise and widthwise
and lands on the table with the outer surface of the fleece uppermost. The
size and shape of the table normally requires two handlers to carry out
skirting, one operating along each side of the table"
"Circular rotating wool tables  
In recent years, the continuing search for improved productivity has resulted
in a distinct move away from rectangular tables in small shearing sheds
to tables which are circular and able to revolve freely about a vertical
axis through the centre. Round rotating tables can be used efficiently by
a single wool handler to accomplish the same result as achieved on the
traditional rectangular table. In large shearing sheds of perhaps six or
more stands, circular tables may not provide the same benefits as in smaller
sheds because of the greater number of handlers available"
"There are three important modifications to technique when using round
rotating tables. They are commonly about 2200 mm in diameter, this dimension
arising from the need for a person of average height to be able to reach
the centre of the table without undue stretching. The surface area of these
tables is therefore less than that of rectangular tables. However the surface
area of round tables is more than double that of most sheep, although a
complaint sometimes heard when these tables are first introduced to a shed
is that they are not large enough. The first modification in technique
therefore is in the throwing of the fleece. It must not be thrown upwards
and outwards in order to stretch the fleece as much as for a rectangular
table. Rather it is thrown gently upwards and allowed to descend on to the
circular table with just enough outwards movement to enable the fleece to
open up and cover the table surface. Adjusting the throwing action may take
a little time to master, but experience with a variety of breeds of sheep
over a ten-year period has shown these tables to be satisfactory"
"The second modification to technique is that the wool handler must stand
still while skirting and allow the table to revolve as inferior portions
are removed from around the edges of the fleece. It is a functional requirement
of round rotating tables that the table top is of light construction and
able to revolve freely and easily. Working with the fingers along the edge
of the fleece provides adequate force to turn the table if it is correctly
made. The principal features of the fleece such as neck, points and breech
are identifiable, and skirting can proceed in an orderly and logical manner"
"The operator must resist the habit of walking around the table in the
initial stages, and it is inadvisable for two handlers to try and work on
the same table because of variations in speed of working and direction of
rotation of the table.  With sheds of three to six stands it is usual for more than one round table to be used"
""
"Getting fit The minimal guide to health and fitness  Edited by Deborah Smith  

DOUBLES tennis - the social game in which you trot around the baseline,
and make the occasional lunge at the net - can kill you. That is, if it
lulls you into believing that you're doing enough exercise for the week"
You're not
"If doubles tennis - or working around the house, gardening or taking the
dog for a stroll - is all the exercise you're getting, you are below the
fitness threshold. You might be having fun, but you're not helping yourself
to stay alive"
"On the other hand, the daunting vision of sweating, straining joggers
must be responsible, too, for setting back the health of the nation. Only
the very determined will survive to become serious joggers if they start
running when fairly unfit. It is hard to keep up enthusiasm until it becomes
enjoyable"
"Fortunately, it is a misconception that jogging is a must"
"But there is a threshold of regular exercise that has to be reached before
you can feel smug that your health is benefiting significantly by your effort"
"For a start, it must be vigorous. Also, as a rule of thumb, it is necessary
to exercise for at least twenty minutes, three times a week"
"How vigorous must you get? As a minimum, your heart should be beating
more than 120 times a minute. Overdoing it can be dangerous. If you can't
talk, or whistle while you exercise, slow down. For greatest improvement
to your fitness, keep to a range between 70 to 85 per cent of your maximum
heart rate. (roughly 220 minus your age.)
  The longer your exercise sessions, the fitter you'll become. But beyond
an hour, the rewards drop off"
"Some people argue they get enough exercise during the day, doing work
around the house or labouring. Feeling exhausted each evening reinforces
this thinking. But these bouts of perhaps quite strenuous activity are not
the same as getting fit"
"Certainly, like doubles tennis, keeping busy prevents muscles from wasting
away and burns up calories, both valuable in preventing weight gain"
"But, for your heart to benefit, the activity must be sustained, aerobic
exercise like bicycling or jogging"
""
"By Avigan  

  Poitr came on the box in prime time, just after the news"
"Not the Poitr of today. The one of six months ago. It was a film clip taken
of her singing in the cathedral, just before the choir's European tour. I
hadn't known it existed. Good TV, this. The researchers hadn't been sleeping"
"No mistaking, either, what stance Mr. Les Mayberry was going to take. The
fallen angel. I hoped Poitr was strong enough. She'd need a cool head and
a tight arse. Shit, this was big league stuff"
"Unlike most chat-shows, this one was not done in front of a live audience"
"Which was fortunate, I thought. From the safety of an auditorium the sneaky,
yellow bastards, and bitches - in fact, especially the bitches - could hurl
abuse. (Pearl one, plain one, like they used to do watching Dr. Guillotine's
nifty little invention going through its paces.) Poitr would have had to
fight on two fronts, and with the kind of blind antagonism you can expect
from the idiots who attend live chat-shows, the ""blue-rinse"" brigade, it
would just have been messy. No, in a one-to-one interview she was more
likely to accomplish something. Though it wasn't going to be easy. Goliath
had won the toss - by virtue of his position - so it was him to break. And
with that film clip, it was tantamount to sinking ten reds and leaving Poitr
with one helluva snooker"
"Abba, Poitr and I had been met in reception by a down-the-line public
relations officer, what is known in the trade as a flower arranger. She was
all plastic smiles as she led us through a maze of corridors, pointed out
the attractions like the giant props department, and deposited Poitr in
make-up. Everyone filmed in a studio has to be covered in a quarter inch of
grease"
"""And if you'll come this way,"" she said to Abba and me, ""there is a waiting
room next door.""
  She left us there alone, and twenty minutes later Poitr came in, hardly
daring to move for the pack on her face. She went to a mirror and patted at
it with a tissue. If she dug long enough, I thought, she might even excavate
her face. Then she sat down next to Abba, closed her eyes, and began to hum
softly"
"Abba did none of the things fathers would normally do if their fifteen-
year-old ward was about to go on television. Not a local, housewives' mid-
morning show. The top-rated, prime-time, nationally-televised, Les Mayberry
blood-and-guts show. You watched Les Mayberry if you liked watching the lion
eat the Christian. All Abba did was radiate his inner peace"
"A door marked ""Personnel only"" opened into the waiting room"
"""Well, well, well. So this is the young lady who's caused such a stir"
"Couldn't very well miss you, now could we?""
  It wasn't Les Mayberry. There would have to be more handing up the line
before you met Him. This was just some guy out of a toothpaste ad. He took
us down more corridors till we got to a studio, where he introduced us to
the producer. From here on, Poitr was on her own. Abba and I were ushered
to the control room where we could look down on the studio through a large
panel of glass, or sit and watch a bank of monitors if we preferred that"
"Until the show started, what happened down below was a silent movie"
"I was so damn nervous that time became distorted and the figures down below
moved in a dream. I saw Him come on, shake hands with Poitr, and motion her
to her seat on a rostrum. He sat down in the only other chair, half profile
to viewers when he faced her. Three huge cameras jockeyed at the starting
gate. There were hand signals everywhere, Mayberry did a last-second
superfluous adjustment to his perfectly knotted tie, jutted his jaw to pull
the loose skin out of a too-tight collar - that's where age really shows: in
the skin of the neck - and suddenly the monitors in front of us flared. There 
was the angel in white, singing in her virgin-pure voice. Ten seconds of that, 
and the producer cut to the studio, a close-up of Les Mayberry"
"""Good evening, viewers, and welcome to the Les Mayberry Show. You might
think that film clip fell into this programme by some mistake. After all,
what you were told to expect from us tonight was an interview with the
Minister for Overseas Development, on Biafra- No, that wasn't the Minister
you just saw.""
  He paused, knowing there would be laughter in a million homes"
"""Our other guest here tonight is what lovers of Ionesco are calling The Bald
Prima Donna.""
  I don't know why, but I had a feeling that line came from his team of
researchers. It just didn't sit well on his tongue"
"""Now that film clip is of the same lady in, what shall we say, happier
times?"" Meaningful pause. ""Before we bring you Miss Poitr Lefevre in person
- she's sitting right here in the studio with me - we'll show you another
film clip, this time taken at yesterday's Carnival procession.""
  And there it was on the monitors. I have to admit, it was extremely well
done. The film ran at normal speed right to the moment her hand went up and
gripped the scarf. Then it jerked, freeze-frame to freeze-frame, the way
they do with footage of presidents being assassinated. They ran it through
twice like that, and the dramatic impact was enormous. Then came The Twist"
The insiduous menace of television was demonstrated here to its fullest
"Once again it was the credibility of the half-truth that did the work. What
you saw on the box did actually happen. It's not a bunch of actors re-
enacting a scene so as to give it its slant. It is, very simply, the way it
is put together. You notice this ability of television to twist the meaning
of things if you were personally involved in an incident that is
then featured on the box. It is all done in selection and editing, and at
all film schools they have a course on how it can be misused, accompanied
by talks on ethics. It seems the ethics, most often, are forgotten"
"But the disease goes deeper still. Even people who themselves have been
slandered in one programme, will be sucked in and suckered by the very next
programme. But this is not credible, you'll say. For a while at least,
surely, they will be circumspect about anything that appears on television?
I'm afraid that in practice it does not work like that. Television is the
most powerful, the most addictive, and potentially the most destructive of
all drugs. If you think this is a load of crap, the maniacal ramblings of
some sort of nut with a grudge, then get a load of this: just recently some
TV programme did an expose of a hair spray that made people's hair fall out"
"Now with that kind of damage to their product, you would have thought the
manufacturers would have gone into liquidation the very next week. Well,
what actually happened is documented, so you can check up on it. What
happened was, the very next week their sales doubled. Yes, doubled"
"Somehow, the visual image predominates, and while shoppers quickly forgot
the connection with the image, they remembered the image. So when confronted
by rows and rows of hair spray in the supermarket, they went for the
familiar one"
"Which brings us to the visual image which Mr. Les Mayberry chose now to
screen. It was of that tousle-haired, pasty-skinned, conscientiously
unattractive Women's Libber with her grotesque ""up yours"" gesture"
"Poitr was fully aware of all the manipulations and insinuations, even at age
fifteen. I know, because it was she who explained it to me afterwards. For
Poitr to try and outgun Mayberry would have been as useless as farting
against thunder. So she stayed small, used silence to its full effect,
and waited for him to get reckless enough to fall into the pit he was
digging for her"
"The camera cut back to a long shot of him and Poitr - the audience's first
glimpse of her in the studio. As the camera zoomed in on her face, Mayberry's 
voice did the introduction. Poitr did not move or say anything, just looked 
demurely and calmly at her hands in her lap. She was wearing a plain, simple 
""teenage"" dress. Her head was uncovered, there for a million or three viewers 
to stare at. The camera just stayed on her, demanding she say something, like 
maybe ""Good evening"" or ""Glad to be here"". Damn it, didn't she know the form? 
The producer caught up with the situation and pulled back to a long shot"
"Mayberry was made of harder metal. His smirk was in place as he goaded
Poitr"
"""Well, not very pretty when you have to look at it, now is it?"" A TV monitor
stood in front of them and a little to the side, so they had seen the film
clips"
"Poitr raised her head slowly and though her expression was neutral, those
emerald eyes must have burnt him. It wasn't their colour he didn't like, it
was their confidence"
"""No,"" she said. ""I would be gracious in victory."" My phrase"
"""Then how come you are tied in with that lot? Tell us about it. We are most
curious. Not that I have anything against Women's Lib,"" he lied,
genuflecting invisibly to the ratings, ""but the way you people behaved
yesterday, I must say ... But tell us all about it. When did you first join
their ranks, when did you first become, as it were, an activist? A
militant?""
  ""Mr. Mayberry. I have as much connection with the Women's Libbers as you
have with the Southern Iranian Carpet Weavers' Association. None. I am a
member of a church choir, and of a conservatorium of music, and a college"
"I am not a member of anything else at all. Nor am I a free agent for any
group, nor particularly sympathetic to any movement. What is more, what I
did yesterday had absolutely nothing at all to do with the liberation of
women.""
  ""Then what the - Why did you do it?""
  He was definitely off balance. Good. Poitr would use that. With a bounce off
the cushion she had managed to sink her first red and was all lined up on
the black. But she wasn't going to put it all out, right off. He would just
shoot it down. Let him see a bit at a time. That way he wouldn't know
exactly what he was supposed to be firing at. But she had even better than
that in store for him. She was going to let him fight on her side"
"Unwittingly, of course. By the time he realised what she was doing it would
be too late, she would have won the day. Then it was up to his intelligence
whether he conceded graciously, or went skittling back to his
corner. In a funny way, I began to feel sorry for Goliath"
"""Do what, Mr. Mayberry?""
  ""Why, that!"" He waved wildly at the monitor in front of them. He was
exasperated, he had nothing to hold onto"
"""Please tell me what I did, Mr. Mayberry.""
  He would have to take up the challenge. He couldn't afford to have his
viewers see a kid deflate him. He answered quickly, because that is the way
with chat-shows: rapid-fire, slick repartee, especially at the level of the
Les Mayberry Show. If he had slowed down just a bit he might have caught
himself before he tumbled headlong, but old habits die hard"
"""You disgraced your university and humiliated the people who had elected you
Carnival Queen. You had been chosen to grace the main float, to be an attractive symbol, so that the people of your city would come and give money to a noble charity."
"Hospitals `allow patients to die' MELBOURNE:  

  Some doctors in Melbourne hospitals are allowing terminally
ill patients to die by withdrawing treatment from them in certain
circumstances, says one medical director"
"The practice was going on even though it was illegal, said Dr Syd Allen,
medical director of the Queen Victoria Hospital"
"Dr Allen said changes to the law were necessary to protect medical staff
before the situation was tested in court"
"Doctors feared a court case could result in ""an assault"" on the medical
system, he said. 
  Dr Allen said he was confident that the courts would support such a practice
in certain circumstances, but acknowledged that doctors could be charged
with manslaughter if life-preserving treatment was withdrawn from a terminally
ill patient.                                     
  Dr Allen was speaking after addressing a public hearing organised by a
government committee inquiring into ""options for dying with dignity""."
"AFGHANISTAN Colonel defects to the rebels ISLAMABAD, Thursday (Reuter).  

 - A senior Afghan army officer said yesterday
he had defected to the anti-government Moslem rebels two weeks ago, and
painted a grim picture of the deteriorating military situation inside the
country"
"Colonel Mir Hashmatullah, 43, deputy commander of a division stationed
between Kabul and the border with Pakistan, told a news conference in
Islamabad that he had become a convinced anticommunist since the Soviet
military intervention in 1979"
"Colonel Hashmatullah, who reached Pakistan with his wife and three children
a few days ago, said he had joined the radical Moslem Hezb-e-Islami group,
one of the main guerrilla organisations fighting the Soviet-backed Government
in Kabul"
"Referring to the state of the Afghan army, he told reporters the men did
not want to fight the rebels, relations with the Soviet forces in the country
were poor and the military situation was deteriorating"
"Colonel Hashmatullah's defection, 13 days ago, was followed a week later
by that of an Afghan air force pilot who flew his Soviet-built Mig-21 jet
fighter across the border to Pakistan"
"A Pakistani Foreign Ministry spokesman said yesterday that the aircraft
would be kept in Pakistan until the end of the ""civil war"" in Afghanistan,
following standard international practice.  Kabul had not requested its
return.  The spokesman said the pilot, identified by Afghan exiles as
Lieutenant Mohammad Daud, would be given political asylum."
"Music Moving harmonic experience Japanese Koto Musicians
The Space
Wednesday Stephen Whittington  

  IF I had to find one word to describe this exquisite performance it would
be harmony"
"Not harmony in the Western musical sense of chords and the like, but harmony
as a balance of form and feeling, a perfect agreement of action and expression"
"Whether in the pure classical style or the Western-influenced modern style,
or even in koto versions of Waltzing Matilda and Click Go The Shears, there
was a refinement in the playing of these enchanting young women which
permitted no wasted effort or histrionics. The art of koto playing appears
to be that of economy, with every action perfectly matched to the production
of the desired sound"
"At first it would seem that there is very little to look at. A group of
young women in kimonos kneel beside their instruments, bow politely to the
audience, and begin to play. But before long you are under their spell. Their
modesty and humility and the lack of display, only add to the pleasure
of the performance. It soon becomes clear that the koto, for all its apparent
simplicity - 13 strings stretched aross a wooden soundboard - is an extremely
subtle instrument. The actual plucking of the string is just the beginning
of the process. The sound is then modified in a surprising variety of ways
by applying pressure to the string to bend the pitch, produce vibrato and
so on"
"After a while, one begins to realise that there is a lot to look at"
"There is also a lot to listen to. The music of the ensemble pieces moves
from unison to several distinct parts and back again in ways which are quite
different from European music"
But it was the traditional style that really intrigued and delighted me
"The gentle flow of the music, its delicate and expressive embellishment
and sometimes piquant harmonies belong to an age far removed from the present
and to a culture very different from our own"
"But its beauty, simplicity and refinement conspire to make a most moving
musical experience"
""
"Skylark at skyscraper By KESTER VAN AS  

  The Riverside Centre opened to the public today, with a special breakfast
for new tenants, Brisbane service clubs and ferry passengers"
"As part of the morning celebrations, a street theatre band sang and danced
its way through more than 200 onlookers, as a hot air balloon hovered"
"Later, people were treated to a display by a team of 12 parachutists and
a waterski show on the Brisbane River"
"Interstate architects are expected at the celebrations to see Brisbane's
tallest building, which is rated as one of the most technically advanced
in Australia"
"The 147m tower contains Brisbane's state-of-the-art stock exchange, which
began operations in August after 20 years at Network House in Queen Street"
"The centre also has Brisbane's latest ""eateries"", including Michael's
Restaurant and its $1 million wine cellar"
"On Sunday, the Great Ferry Boat Race starts at 11.30am from the Regatta
Hotel, Toowong, and finishes at the Riverside Centre"
"Celebrations continue through to October 11, when they will end in a
fireworks display"
The official opening will take place in February next year
""
"Fears over 100-year-old rail bridge Engineers warn of big crack By Peter Grimshaw and Tracey Arthur  

  GRAVE fears were raised yesterday about the safety of a railway
bridge used every day by thousands of commuters travelling to and from the Blue
Mountains. 
  A civil engineer who inspected the bridge yesterday said it needed
urgent repairs otherwise it could ""fail"". 
  If that happened, a train could slide off the bridge and fall 30m into 
a canyon below. 
  A State Rail Authority spokesman said last night that repairs were under 
way at the viaduct over Knapsack Gully at Lapstone at the foot of the Blue 
Mountains. 
  He said trains were operating at a reduced speed over the bridge while 
maintenance work was completed. 
  ""There is no danger to the public, otherwise we would not be running
trains,"" he said. 
  ""This viaduct is over 100 years old and all the old bridges
and viaducts require repairs from time to time."" 
  But the Opposition transport spokesman, Mr Bruce Baird, and the 
Liberal spokeswoman for the Blue Mountains, Mrs Margaret Bradshaw, said 
yesterday they feared the bridge was a safety hazard. 
  Mr Baird and Mrs Bradshaw visited the site yesterday with the civil
engineer and said there was a huge crack along the structure and many bricks
had fallen out. 
  ""The technical experts say that unless something is done about
it, we could face a serious problem in the next six months,"" Mr Baird said"
"""Remember, this is the only rail access route to the Blue Mountains and there
is the question of all those passengers who use it every day to consider."" 
  The civil engineer who inspected the bridge with Mr Baird said it was never
designed to take the heavy traffic and coal loads it carries today. 
  ""If any heavy loads come down the hill and on to the bridge with any 
velocity, the bridge could fail,"" he said. 
  The engineer, who declined to be named for professional reasons, said the 
crack along the structure was big enough to put an adult's hand into. 
  He said that the top section of the bridge had moved several centimetres 
away from its normal position. 
  ""Say you had two or three locomotives loaded with coal using the bridge at 
any great speed then the whole thing could move sideways,"" he said. 
  ""If something is not done in the next six months the bridge could be 
enormously dangerous."" 
  Mrs Bradshaw said: ""There is no cause for immediate alarm but the bridge 
needs urgent work."""
"Forget revenue, just prevent accidents  

IN his report of speed camera use over the weekend (Monday, May 12), Bill
Ayres quotes Mr Reg Baker's (Assistant Commissioner Traffic) dismay ""that
despite publicity a section of Nepean Highway at Seaford was still one
of the worst sections for speed"""
"It would be interesting to read the accident statistics for this section,
it would appear to be relatively safe with the beach on one side and very
few intersections on the other"
"Let's hope the speed camera isn't being used as an easy revenue raiser
instead of an accident prevention device"
"I have seen speed tapes set up at the bottom of hills or just after speed
restriction signs many times"
"It would gladden my heart to see such devices set up near shopping centres,
schools, or on suburban streets - it would not be as lucrative for the
Government but maybe dangerous speedsters would be prevented from causing
accidents, which surely is better than filling quotas or making easy dollars"
""
"An African success for Simon Paul Simon is tasting worldwide success again with his latest album, Graceland"
"Recorded with black South African musicians, it was a risky venture which
has paid off handsomely, as DAVID WIGG reports. 

  PAUL Simon of Simon and Garfunkel fame is back at the top as a solo star
- 16 years after his greatest success"
"Graceland, his first album for three years and considered the finest of
his solo albums, has rocketed up the charts around the world"
Such success must bring back memories of the halcyon days with Art Garfunkel
"As Simon and Garfunkel, they sold more than 20 million albums - their
most successful being Bridge Over Troubled Water"
"The studious looking small-framed Paul Simon and frizzy blond-haired,
lanky Art Garfunkel both became extremely rich"
But their success only led them into their own troubled waters
"Simon, fed-up with doing most of the work but getting less of the acclaim,
because Garfunkel usually sang lead vocal, wanted to pursue his own musical
interests. Garfunkel was drawn towards films"
"By the end of 1970, the partnership had fallen apart. 
  They went separate ways, except for one final money-spinning tour in 1982,
which ended in bitterness"
"These days, however, thanks to the success of Graceland, Paul Simon has
no doubt got over the moods of his friend from Queens, New York"
"Politically, Simon made a daring move in breaking the cultural boycott
to record with a variety of black South African musicians"
He has been criticised as much for doing it as he has been praised
"He only escaped official blacklisting because he visited the troubled
country to bring the music of black musicians out - and not to perform there"
"Throughout his stay in South Africa  kept an extremely low profile, avoiding
the media and spending most of his time in recording studios getting to
know some of the top black musicians"
"Simon believed black South African musicians were being victimised by
a ""double apartheid"" - persecuted at home and yet unable to get their music
out into the international community"
"So he went there and ""exported"" some of the most popular sounds and
performers to the U.S."
"Now 43, Simon lives in New York with his son Harper, 14, from his first
marriage"
"Earlier this year Simon met up with Art Garfunkel for the first time since
their last tour when he called to offer his condolences to Garfunkel's
recently widowed mother"
"""We got on well considering the circumstances were not the happiest,""
he said. ""I've known Art since the age of 10 and I'm with him to the end"
"Real life puts those things in perspective."""
"Mel Gibson to star in Pine Gap film LOS ANGELES:  

 Aussie screen heart-throb Mel Gibson will star in an Australian
movie based on the controversial U.S. defence base, Pine Gap"
"Gibson, in Los Angeles where he is filming Lethal Weapon with Danny Glover,
told industry insiders his next movie would be the Geoff Burrowes - John
Dixon film, tentatively called Maralinga"
"Gibson joins fellow superstar Jack Thompson in the cast - the first time
the two Australians will have worked together in a movie"
"Gibson will play an investigative journalist who vanishes after researching
the top secret defence outpost near Alice Springs"
"Gibson is currently playing a Vietnam veteran turned cop in the thriller
Lethal Weapon, his fourth American movie"
"Gibson, a big star in the U.S., rose to fame with the Mad Max movies"
"He then played Fletcher Christian in The Bounty, and starred opposite
Diane Keaton in Mrs Soffel and Sissy Spacek in The River"
"Gibson's Australian-made movies include the critically acclaimed The Year
Of Living Dangerously, directed by Oscar nominee Peter Weir, and Gallipoli
directed by Bruce Beresford"
""
"Believably versatile By John Parker  

  If you want to make people laugh in Australia these days, you have to
be versatile"
That's the case on the live circuit
"Vince Sorrenti is a classic example of versatility - he knows, even down
to the expressions he uses, he must be ready to adjust"
"""I can work clean or I can work dirty,"" the `unbelievable!' Vince said"
"""It doesn't worry me"
"""It's different courses for different places"
"""You can't get up in a pub full of screaming yobbos and recite poetry"
"""If you don't use a bit of colorful language in the first two words, they're
not going to listen to you.""
  But, as long as all bases are covered, it seems a good comedian can do
alright"
"Sorrenti is making a decent living from his career which no doubt will
be boosted by the release of his first album, aptly titled Unbelievable!
  Even the album reflects versatility"
"Side one is taken from live gigs, complete with crowd responses and throw
away lines"
"Side two is studio based, which Sorrenti believes adds a little more scope
for the creative comedian"
"It includes such formidable epics as a rugby match between Wales and
the PLO, which would be difficult to reproduce live"
He even launches into song on the album
"For those who have not yet caught Sorrenti in the act, he is playing at
Adelaide's Flying Trapeze tonight, tomorrow and Saturday"
""
"Safe to travel in Scandinavia, experts say  

MANY inquiries have been received by Scandinavian Airlines concerning the
safety of travelling to Scandinavia in the wake of the Cher ...and in KL, a birthday bargain   
IF you're planning to be in Kuala Lumpur between now and September 30, a
penny-wise accommodation choice would be the new Shangri-La Hotel"
"As a first birthday promotion, the hotel is offering 40 per cent discounts
on rooms.  The discounts bring the price of a ""superior"" room to approximately
$60 (twin share) and a ""deluxe"" room to approximately $70"
The discounts also apply to the larger suites in the hotel
"nobyl nuclear
accident"
"A statement has been issued from the Swedish Energy Minister, Birgitta
Dahl.  It says that ""even at its worst the radiation levels were ony one-fifth
of what a pregnant woman should be exposed to, and only the same as a normal
x-ray.""
  According to a communication issued by Scandinavian Airlines this week,
health authorities in Denmark and Norway have also made reassuring statements
about the radiation levels in their countries"
"Airline officials have introduced a system of aircraft checks to determine
whether contamination has occurred after flying close to the Soviet border
and over the Soviet Union."
"A LIBERAL DOSE OF CONFUSION ONLOOKER
Randall Ashbourne  

  A year ago on this date, South Australians were up and running to the polls"
"The result is history - John Bannon went from being the leader of a minority
Government to a record Labor victory, and the Liberal Party suffered a crushing
metropolitan defeat"
"And despite the brave face John Olsen was showing to his troops on Friday
night, the Liberals have done little to regain metropolitan support"
"He told a Liberal women's council gathering, ""You will have noticed the
cockiness of the Bannon Government, so apparent earlier this year, has largely
dissipated in past months"
""
"Genetic engineering: the state of the art  

It is only 43 years since Dr Oswald Avery and his colleagues at Rockefeller
University in New York showed that DNA had some role in bacterial genetics
and heredity"
"At the time it seemed a fairly unremarkable discovery, but in the intervening
years our knowledge about the pivotal role of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in the 
development of all organisms has accelerated relentlessly"
"To achieve the current understanding, scientists had to develop techniques
for manipulating DNA. In 1958 the first enzyme capable of the test-tube
synthesis of DNA was isolated, and in 1967 the enzyme DNA-ligase, capable
of joining two DNA chains, was discovered. These 'tools' were soon complemented
as scientists isolated the first of the 'restriction' enzymes that cut
the DNA chain at specific points"
"With this battery of enzymes it was only a matter of time before a bit
of cutting and stitching and tampering with the genetic code occurred and,
in 1973, Dr Herbert Boyer, Dr Stanley Cohen, and collaborators at Stanford
University and the University of California reported that they had been
able to isolate, and artificially recombine, DNA from one strain of that
workhorse of modern molecular biology Escherichia coli and then transfer it
into another strain"
"This opened up the possibility of breaching the species barrier and
constructing completely new organisms that would never have existed without
the intervention of man and his test-tubes. And soon it came about, with
E. coli being the recipient of a range of plant, animal, and viral genes"
The science of genetic engineering had been born
"Announcing the birth, the world's media trumpeted to a bewildered public
all the possibilities inherent in the miraculous new technology: super-plants,
super-cows, a cure for cancer, vast riches. Very little was left to the
imagination"
"So far the miracle hasn't eventuated. While some animal products have
entered the market-place, only one genetically engineered product with a
significant impact on human welfare has come onto the market: human insulin,
which has an unusual amino acid composition that makes it easy to produce
(see the box). Other proteins - and proteins are the major concern of genetic
engineers - have more complex structures that are not so amenable to
manipulation. 
  The molecular biology of DNA and the way the proteins it codes for are
synthesised and packaged within organisms have proved more complicated than
those early cuts and stitches in the genetic code suggested. Proteins often
need a lot of follow-up work after the DNA specifies their production. They
may need to be trimmed to the right size, or their internal structure tightened
up by the addition of, for example, a sugar molecule; in some cases they
then have to be correctly packaged and presented to the outside world"
"Scientists within CSIRO have been actively exploring the potential of
genetic engineering, and some of their experiences provide insights into
the sorts of problems that have to date stymied the full development of
the new technology. The problems they have encountered emphasise the complexity
of genetic expression and reveal how a better understanding and very clever
manipulation of the system will be necessary if molecular biology is ever
to reach its full commercial potential in, for example, vaccine production"
"Developing a vaccine  

Many bacterial and viral pathogens have a protein that they use to attach
themselves to the cell of the organism they infect. This protein meshes
with a receptor on the host cell and, after attachment, the pathogen brings
into operation a fresh battery of proteins - enzymes - that complete the
penetration of the cell and produce the full-blown disease"
"Attachment is of fundamental importance to the pathogen's colonisation
of the host and continuing survival, but in the never-ending battle between
host and pathogen this is often thwarted by the activities of the host's
immune system"
"Circulating white blood cells focus on molecules on the surface of the
pathogen, including the attachment protein (immunologists call these molecules
antigens), and this leads to the host synthesising a matching protein (or
antibody) that, just like the receptor on a vulnerable cell, binds to the
invading protein, effectively immobilising the pathogen. Soon after, the
invader is devoured by the scavenging cells that form another part of the
immune system's armoury"
"Vaccination is a way of accelerating the host-pathogen interplay. Killed or
attenuated pathogens, incapable of causing a full-blown infection, are introduced 
into the potential host. The host's immune system responds as if it has been 
assaulted by the fully infectious pathogen and produces antibodies, which 
continue circulating in the body, protecting the host from any fresh challenge by 
the pathogen"
"The production of vaccines is a sophisticated process with high standards
that need to be maintained: major public health problems have arisen when
people were dosed with `killed' pathogens that still retained their
pathogenicity. In addition, the process is often difficult and/or expensive"
"For example, production of the influenza vaccine involves growing the virus
in fertilised hen's eggs. Many of these problems could quickly be overcome
if the pathogen DNA (or the related ribonucleicacid, RNA) coding for the attachment
protein, or other relevant antigens, could be isolated and then synthesised
in a friendly bacterium"
"A new generation of vaccines is being developed for a wide range of human
and animal diseases, and one that has reached a fairly advanced stage of
development is for footrot - a crippling, debilitating disease of sheep
caused by the bacterium bacteroides nodosus. A conventional vaccine against 
footrot is available, but its production and quality are beset by the sorts of 
problems mentioned above, and its high cost - about 80 cents a dose, with two 
doses being necessary - deters graziers from using it"
"Fighting footrot  

Dr David Stewart of the CSIRO Division of Animal Health, Dr John Mattick,
Dr Brian Dalrymple, and Ms Margaret Bills, of the CSIRO Division of Molecular
Biology, and Dr Tom Elleman, Dr Neil McKern, and Mr Peter Hoyne, of the
CSIRO Division of Protein Chemistry, along with Ms Beau Anderson and Professor
John Egerton, of the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of
Sydney, have made considerable progress in developing a new footrot vaccine
through the use of recombinant-DNA technology"
"Dr Stewart and his colleagues at the Division of Animal Health showed
that the important footrot protein occurs in the fine hair-like filaments
covering the surface of the B. nodosus cell. Although the exact function
of these `hairs', termed fimbriae, in the footrot organism is uncertain,
it seems likely that they are involved in attachment to, or colonisation
of, the tissues of the hoof by the bacterium. Once attached, the invader
then produces an array of enzymes that break down the protein in hoof tissues
and produce the footrot syndrome"
"The fimbrial proteins are built up from protein sub-units, and their
production through genetic engineering could simplify vaccine production"
"The first step in the construction of such a vaccine is the isolation of
the genes responsible for the fimbrial protein and its assembly"
"The scientists achieved this by breaking up the B. nodosus DNA with a
restriction enzyme and then placing individual fragments into a plasmid
- a short piece of bacterial DNA - that also contained a gene coding for
antibiotic resistance. After these `recombinant' DNA molecules were transferred
into E. coli, they cultured the bacteria on a medium amended with antibiotic"
"A combination of genetic tricks enabled the scientists to determine which
bacterial colonies (or clones) contained the B. nodosus DNA; and to find
out which ones contained the fimbrial sub-unit gene, the team challenged
the bacteria with antibodies against the fimbrial protein. Out of the two
thousand clones prepared, eight were found to be producing the sub-unit"
But it's not so simple as that: while these genetically engineered E
"coli could be induced to produce copious quantities of the fimbrial protein
sub-unit, no mature fimbriae were formed. A closer look at individual bacteria
revealed why: the sub-unit protein was embedded in the cell membrane and
had gone no further. The group then tried the same trick with a strain
of E. coli that possesses fimbriae but, again, mature fimbriae refused to
form"
"From other studies on the fimbriated E. coli, the Australian group knew
that a cluster of five or six genes is involved in the construction of
fimbriae. One codes for the fimbrial sub-unit, another for a larger protein
that anchors the fimbriae to the cell wall, and the remainder are apparently
involved in the assembly of the mature fimbriae"
"A similar assembly system probably operates in B. nodosus; presumably
the other genes involved were not transferred to E. coli along with the
sub-unit protein gene and this may explain their failure to produce typical
fimbriae. However, attempts to transfer a larger party of the B. nodosus
genome, or to use E. coli's fimbrial assembly genes, have thus far provided
no solution"
"Evidently there is a basic incompatibility between the fimbrial systems
of these two bacteria. However, when Dr McKern sequenced the B. nodosus
protein sub-unit it became clear that this had a great many similarities
with those occurring in the fimbriae of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (one of the
venereal disease organisms), Moraxella bovis (the cause of pink eye in
cattle), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a common saprophyte.)
  P. aeruginosa, in particular, is easy to grow and its genetics are well
understood. More importantly its fimbrial assembly machinery is compatible
with that of B. nodosus because, when the scientists transferred the footrot
bacterium's protein sub-unit genes into it, the new host produced bulk
quantities of intact mature B. nodosus fimbriae. A patent application has
been lodged for this process and preliminary tests on the fimbriae suggest
that they are at least as good as the conventionally produced vaccine. And,
because P. aeruginosa is easier to grow than the footrot bacterium, the
protein yield is much higher, suggesting that production may be much simpler"
"At present the footrot vaccine is being put through further trials involving
the various CSIRO Divisions and the University of Sydney, and an agreement
between CSIRO and two animal health companies for its commercial production
is being negotiated. There are still some technical problems to be overcome
- one, a rather common complaint in genetic engineering, is that the
recombinant bacteria tend to be unstable in culture - but if all goes well
Australian graziers should be able to make use of one of the first genetically
engineered vaccines in the near future"
"Engineering plants and animals  

Bacteria have made such an enormous contribution to the science of molecular
biology because of their simplicity. As members of the group of organisms
known as prokaryotes, they lack a membrane-bound nucleus where the DNA is
found. The great bulk of the bacterial DNA occurs in a single long chromosome
floating around the cell's interior; as such, it is easily accessible compared
with the DNA found in the eukaryotic organisms - plants and animals - that
have a nucleus"
"The eukaryotic cells of plants and animals contain much more DNA, packaged
away in the nucleus. Any introduced foreign DNA has to traverse the cell
membrane (and with plants a substantial cellulose cell wall before the
membrane) and then the nuclear membrane, before it can possibly be integrated
into the host genome. Such a tortuous path presents problems to biologists
attempting to manipulate the genetics of plants and animals"
"Large numbers of bacteria can easily be grown from a single cell using
only relatively simple media containing carbon and nitrogen sources, some
minerals, and possibly some growth factors such as the B-group vitamins;
but plant and animal cells are much more demanding and this creates further
complications"
"Individual eukaryotic cells are difficult to manipulate and they demand
extra growth factors, such as those found in blood serum or an array of
hormones, if they are ever to grow in culture. Even then they are still very
refractory"
"For example, members of the cereal family - including the rice, maize,
and wheat that provide the bulk of the world's calories - refuse to form
complete plantlets, capable of growing on in the wider world after removal
from their test-tube residence"
""
"A father's story of a lost child By Bruce Williams  

What is it? Kathryn again, one of her dreams. Nuisance. Does she have to
scream like that? Time after time"
"It's cold out of bed. My toes home-in on solid objects in the dark with
uncanny accuracy. And the screaming! Stop it for god's sake. I'll be there,
I'll be there"
"I over-run the door and have to feel my way back. Fumble on the wrong
side for the handle, pull on it instead of push. You'd think a bloke would
know his own house. Does she have to scream like that? It's only a dream"
"""It's only a dream honey, only a dream.""
  The room is lit for no reason and goes back to black. In the instant I
see the bed, made-up and flat, three months empty, my books on the shelf"
"I hear for the first time the long, peeling screech of storm-rain on the
tin roof"
"I'd gone to bed with a quiet mind, sure all this was at an end. The heavy
rumble rolls through me, fills my head, rolling in my head. The walls move"
"As a child Kathryn slept a great deal. She was slow learning to talk, though
she had sharp ears, and loved the sound of running water. She'd appear out
of nowhere when a tap was turned on, and stare at the stream as if it were
as clear as her eyes, not brown and brackish from the bore, or tin-tasting
and stale from the tank after pumping. It wasn't until she was four that
she was allowed to turn on a tap herself: a responsibility she took on
with extreme gravity. When she was five, it rained"
"The days were marked as the hills changed color. In the morning, red,
like light through skin, fading to a dull rust by noon, then a hazy, sad
blue against the amethyst sky of evening. An uneven shade would then push
its way through the streets and dirt driveways, over the houses of the little
town where Kathryn was born"
"Occasionally there was a forecast for rain. We got to thinking the weather
stations would throw in a shower every six months or so to cheer us up -
or more likely to keep us there so there'd be someone for them to forecast
to. And rain would fall: fifty miles east, a stone's throw west - anywhere
but on our little dust-heap where we thought it really mattered"
"When it finally did rain, when Kathryn was five, even the dogs went wild,
and a couple shot through. Funnily enough, with all the barking and the
noise, I didn't notice until she came in, soaked and shivering. I can still
see her, can always see her, standing in the doorway, backed by the grey
smear of falling rain, with the thin, sweet mist rising against it"
"I'd never thought to teach her about rain. How would you? She'd heard
about it, I know that for a fact. I went through all the books I'd read
her, and nearly half of them made mention of rain. It wasn't my fault"
"Kathryn stood in the doorway, quiet at first, though uneasy within the
silence. Her eyes looked nowhere. Held out her hands, and I took them and
pulled her to me. I hugged her until I felt the chill creep through my clothes"
"She was shivering, and I shivered. Kathryn was crying, then spoke in a low
voice, a grown-up whisper, asking for her mother, long-gone. It hurt me
that, crying for her. Strange the grudges you bear, and the things you forgive"
"""Guess what?""
  ""What?""
  ""I bet you can see the sea from the top of that tree up there.""
  ""I bet you can too.""
  ""It's over there isn't it,"" pointing with a thrust of her arm between
another spindly tree and a neighbour's distant chimney"
"""Dead right, honey,"" and it was"
"""I bet you can see it from up there.""
  ""I bet you can too.""
  She ran off, and I went inside to put things in cupboards and check the
gas and the lights"
"It had been no mean feat getting a transfer from that hole, my one-man
school: a good few years of forms and phone-calls. A dust bowl is no place
to bring up a child. Surprising you have to learn a thing like that, but
finally I did"
"""Daddy, Dad, guess what?""
  ""You saw the sea."" She couldn't possibly have seen the sea"
"""No, no. No! We've got a river!""
  ""What sort of river?""
  ""Oh, you know ... a river with water. And a herd of them swans too. They
flew away, but they'll come back won't they. Come on, look,"" she said, tugging
at my belt, ""Come on, look. Come on, Dad.""
  It wasn't even a decent sized creek, but it bubbled nicely and was banked
with soft moss and the occasional willow. All the best creeky things. In
an area where the water widened and slowed, there was a blurred spot of
sediment constantly turning over: a spring where water from underground
came up to meet the stream in the living air. This caught her attention,
and her tugging hand slackened and let go"
"I hadn't noticed the spring when I was there last to look the place over,
nor the smell. There was a slight bad smell, a sulphur smell. Not enough
to really bother you in the moving air tasting of grass and trees, but
noticeable. It struck me as strange that I hadn't noticed it the first time"
The creek had decided me on the place. It seemed to speak Kathryn's name
"I knew she'd love it, and guessed at the games she'd play: racing sticks
down rapids, catching things and letting them go, expeditions up the Congo
and Nile. My own little River-Queen coming home crying because she'd fallen
in. But she never came back crying from that creek, the little pool"
"After the first excitement of a new home, after no more than a week or
so, my daughter quietened down to normal. I used to think she would have
made a good Victorian: she had a natural inclination to speak only when
spoken to. Her new teacher liked her"
"We'd come home from school, change and wash, and part ways - she to her
dream river, and I to my desk and later the kitchen. Our paths would converge
at dinner. What do you say to children? ""Have a nice day at the Congo dear?""
We both liked bed early"
"""Have a nice day at the Congo dear?""
  ""What?""
  ""Pardon!""
  ""What?""
  ""Salt and pepper?""
  ""No thanks ... Dad? Where does the river go?""
  ""What, has it been hiding?""
  ""Don't be silly. The water doesn't come back does it. It goes down the
hill, and it can't get back up can it.""
  ""No. It's always different water.""
  ""It tastes the same, but.""
  ""It tastes like water."" She didn't look convinced"
"""Where does the water go?""
  ""To the sea. It goes into the sea, and then it becomes the sea.""
  ""I don't think it should. It's still the water from our river isn't it"
"The sea tastes different, doesn't it.""
  ""Yes, it's the salt.""
  ""Aren't there rivers in the sea?""
  ""I suppose there are, sort of.""
  ""And our river's in the sea?""
  ""Yes honey,"" Kathryn looked solemnly into her plate. ""Your dinner will
get cold.""
  It's hard getting used to a new school, a new way of teaching: more children,
and all the same age. For the first time Kathryn wasn't in my class. I'd
see her across the asphalt, skipping, tossing a yo-yo, punching boys: the
time-honored occupations of youth. I was tired getting home. The preparations
and the cooking seemed to take longer. The air was heavier, is heavier,
than in the dusty town where Kathryn was born: thicker with water. I didn't
spend a lot of time with her. Sending her out to play was easy. She was
always happy to go"
"Kathryn also seemed to tire more easily, or at least she was tired more
often. Perhaps her play had become more vigorous. The new school may have
been more demanding on us both. More and more often she was silent at dinner"
"She seemed to seek sleep as a refuge, which worried me a little, because
she soon began to suffer from dreams. It became a routine. Late, but before
dawn, she'd wake up crying, screaming sometimes. I'd rush in and, with a
mixture of sympathy and annoyance, make what I'd assumed to be comforting
goo-goo noises until she quietened herself down. When she was quiet, she'd
look confused at me, almost in reproach, as if wondering why I'd come in
to disturb her rest. I asked once if she'd like to sleep with a light. She
said a simple ""No"" which made me feel foolish. I don't believe she was the
least afraid of the dark"
"One week-day morning - it must have been Tuesday, sports day - Kathryn
was washing in the bathroom. She'd been in a while, and I needed a shave"
"""Can I come in?"" I said for some reason, turning the handle"
"I stepped in, and had to catch myself up, grabbing at the door-handle"
"The tiles were under a thin sheet of water. Steadying myself, I saw Kathryn
standing at the sink. The soap was in her near hand at her side. The other
hand was on the basin edge. She was staring blank-faced at the tap running,
the water overflowing. I don't think I'll ever lose my abhorrence of wasted
water"
"""Kathryn! You stupid girl!"" and with more ferocity than I'd intended,
glared at her and turned off the tap"
"She looked up at me startled, almost panicked, as if she too had slipped
suddenly and caught herself without thinking. She looked at me as if waiting
for her mind to catch up with her body"
"Looking at her face, thinking these things, I didn't notice her reach
into the water and pull out the plug. The drain's gurgle and suck somehow
robbed the situation of the significance it had begun to take on"
"""Don't do that Kathryn. Open the window.""
  ""Yes Dad. Do you know where my sports socks are?""
  ""If they're not in your drawer, they must be in the wash. You'll have
to wear your grey ones.""
  I don't quite know how it happened, but in the final term I got roped
into the annual school production. One in a long and noble tradition of
pre-pubescent Pirates of Penzance. I had less and less time for her, and
she seemed to have less need of me. We'd hardly have seen each other at
all if not for her nightmares. The world's a small one for a busy man -
I told myself"
"The year went on, and the weather became continuously humid and hot. It
always seemed on the verge of rain, whether or not the sky was clouded"
"One afternoon the clouds were piling up, coming in from the sea. The
pre-storm agitation hit me, and I began to wonder what Kathryn was doing"
"For some reason these things affect you, the state of the weather. When
the air's on the verge, everything seems in need of haste. I almost ran
to the little creek, to the pool that was her favorite. By that time the
wind was stronger - still hot, but carrying the edge of the cold to come"
"The clouds were black at the line of hills, swelling white at the crest,
like great waves. 
  I had to catch my breath when I reached Kathryn's pool, leaning with my
hand against the crusted willow bark which had the look of dry, eroded earth"
Kathryn had been swimming. Her clothes lay on the bank
"The air was heavy under the willow, and the exertion had tired me more
than I'd thought. I looked at my daughter from within a growing dizziness"
""
"`Year of acquisitions' sees HWT assets nearly double  

REFLECTING a year of acquisitions, total assets of The Herald and Weekly Times
Ltd almost doubled to $1.08 billion in the September year"
"Shareholders' funds rose from $357.5 million to $733.3 million, including
paid capital, up from $57.7 million to $75.3 million, following several
acquisitions for shares"
"The full accounts also show a new item of ""mastheads and other media
licences"" among non-current assets, at $150.5 million"
"These only related to acquisitions made during 1985-86, mainly the NSW
former Consolidated Press papers and the Leader group"
"Group long-term liabilities have risen from $102.3 million to $111.9
million, while current liabilities are up from $122.7 million to $233.9
million"
Investments have increased from $265 million to $365.4 million
"Capital spending in the year lifted from $17.2 million to $41.9 million,
and notes to the accounts disclose unchanged outstanding commitments for
capital spending to September of $45.5 million"
"Directors said Herald Sun Travel returned a modest profit in its first
full year of operation, despite the effect of a depreciated Australian dollar
on the travel industry.  
  In addition, directors said the 3DB antenna site, situated on about 30
hectares of land at Heidelberg, was being subdivided and developed"
The development should be ready for the market in early 1987
"During the year, the company sold 280,000 shares in FM radio station EON
for $5.25 million, at a capital profit of 5.11 million"
Small shareholdings in New Zealand News also were sold
"Through the acquisition of Gordon and Gotch Ltd, the group has an effective
50 per cent share in Crawford Productions Holdings Pty Ltd"
"HWT also invested $200,000 more towards the $8.3 million already ploughed
into the production of full-length Australian film and TV mini series"
"Directors said a good part of the funds invested last year was still to
be realised"
"All productions are eligible for taxation concessions under Section
10BA.  
  Dexenne Pty Ltd was formed as an equal joint investment venture with
Queensland Press Ltd"
"To date, it has bought 1.78 million ordinary shares in Advertiser Newspapers
Ltd and 48,596 shares in Davies Brothers Ltd"
"The purchase of Advertiser shares through Dexenne has lifted the HWT's
relevant interest to 50.48 per cent, while the purchase of Davies Brothers
shares lifted the group's relevant interest to 58.10 per cent"
"The group made a $68.15 million profit from the sale of the total 22.47
million Reuters B shares held by AAP Pty Ltd"
"AAP retains 13.89 million Reuters A shares, representing a 7.8 per cent
voting interest in the company"
"In June, 1986, AAP revalued its holding of Reuter A shares at $94.8 million"
"The Herald group companies have a direct shareholding in AAP totalling
42.8 per cent"
"The Herald group also has a 39.9 per cent direct interest in AAP
Information Services Pty Ltd"
"Among other investments, Automail Pty Ltd has bought Direct Marketing
WA Pty Ltd to expand its mail handling capabilities into three states"
"Salmat Direct Marketing Pty Ltd continued its excellent growth in 1986,
developing further its selective distribution system"
"Another investment, Australian Newsprint Mills, is continuing to study
the future of all newsprint grades required in Australia"
""
"The Good News of Nain  

Today's gospel episode is related only by St Luke and, over and over, thenarrative bears the author's 'signature'"
"Luke's gospel is characteristically marked by gentleness, a feeling for the poor, respect for women"
""
"The task of creating a new museum on the scale of the Power
House is long, difficult and complex. Much of the Museum's
resources have been directed towards this exciting project"
"Each year of its development witnesses significant advances,
new issues to resolve and greater confidence in the
project's ultimate success. The year 1985-86 was a crucial
one for the Museum - one of serious appraisal, some change
and a streamlining of practices and organisation"
"An important development in 1985-86 has been a restructuring
of the organisation of the Museum to meet the needs of its
developmental projects. This program is now complete and
will remain until the Power House opens. The new structure
has been designed to make the Museum more responsive to the
needs of the project. It temporarily replaces the management
structure of curatorial and production departments. There
are now four divisions, each headed by an Assistant Director
responsible to the Director and Deputy Director. These
divisions are: Exhibitions; Community Services and
Marketing; Properties and Administration; and Space Theatre
and Observatory. These changes have distributed Museum
resources more efficiently, improved interdepartmental
communication, streamlined procedures and upgraded the
status of some activities, such as community services and
marketing. For this financial year, the Annual Report is
structured in line with this new organisation"
"During the year the Museum has planned to create a number of
new permanent positions. These positions are for staff who
will be needed to continue Museum work after the Power House
project is complete. Significantly more permanent positions
will need to be created to fulfill the requirements of the
day-to-day running of the Museum from 1988"
"In a time of tight budgetary constraint, the Public Service
Board has been reluctant to approve new permanent positions"
"The Museum continues its efforts to keep demands on
Government funding to a minimum"
"Construction and restoration of the Power House buildings
has progressed well, particularly in the first half of 1986"
"Close working relationships have been established between
the Museum and the Public Works Department. This has had
tangible results in the rate of construction. By the end of
the financial year 11,000 cubic metres of concrete had been
poured for the buidings, glazing of the Harris Street
frontage had begun, cleaning the historic brickwork was
proceeding and roofing the new buildings was under way"
"In December 1985, the Premier, the Hon Neville Wran,
announced that the Government would build a $11 million
space theatre in the grounds of the Power House. Cutbacks in
expenditure and changes in planning have meant, however,
that Government funding is no longer available for this
project. It is the Museum's view that the location of a
Space Theatre on site would be a major drawcard, increasing
the number of visitors while enhancing the science and
technology areas of the Power House"
"The Power House will feature some 30 exhibitions. These have
been grouped into five broad themes: Creativity and
Australian Achievement; Everyday Life in Australia;
Decorative Arts; Bringing People Together; and Science,
Technology and People. The members of these groups are
responsible for the development of the exhibitions;
production departments service them. These include
conservation, registration, photography and community
services, audio visual, publications, production and
administration"
"During the year a number of significant reviews were
instituted. These examined the project as a whole,
curatorial areas and individual exhibitions"
"At the invitation of the Government, Dame Margaret Weston,
the then Director of the Science Museum, London, inspected
and reported on the Power House project in January 1986"
Dame Margaret approved the direction the project was taking
"However, she made a number of recommendations about what
could be achieved by 1988, where exhibitions would be best
located, and circulation paths within the Museum. Her
recommendations have been accepted by the Museum, and
incorporated into planning and design"
"The Museum is reviewing the policies and development
strategies of a number of areas of the Museum's operations"
"A committee has reviewed the Decorative Arts; another has
planned for Science and Technology; a third will review
Community Services and Marketing. These committees consist
of senior management within the Museum responsible for the
area being reviewed, and relevant experts and consultants
from tertiary institutions and the community"
"The Decorative Arts Review Committee delivered its report in
March 1986. Its proposals have been broadly accepted by the
Trustees and its implementation is subject to proposals from
Museum management"
"The Museum continues to examine exhibition storylines,
objects and presentation, among other things, to ensure that
each exhibition is coherent, interesting and accurate. 
During 1985-86 development of Power House exhibitions made
good progress. In early 1986 all reached the design
exhibition phase. Two are being designed in-house. Three are
being designed by consultants: Denton Corker Marshall,
Desmond Freeman and Associates and Neil Burley and
Associates. A Principal Design Consultant, Richard Johnson,
has also been appointed to oversee the design process"
"Design drawings have been produced for each display and
detailed design work has begun"
"Other specialist consultant services are also being engaged
by the Museum. Emery Vincent and Associates has been
appointed as Graphic Design Consultant, to work on all the
Power House's graphic design from the corporate plan to
signage and labels. Consultants have also been appointed for
lighting, acoustics and quantity surveying. Tenders have
also been received for a Communications Consultant, who will
advise the Museum on written communication with the public
to ensure that displays achieve a dialogue with visitors"
"Temporary exhibitions mounted at Museum venues proved
popular with the public (and with critics)"
"At the Hyde Park Barracks, Settlers and Sydneysiders, an
exhibition of turn-of-the-century photographs, taken by the
Charles Kerry Studio was shown. This exhibition was
sponsored by The Bulletin and drew its images from an
extensive collection of glass-plate negatives taken by the
studio, donated to the Museum by Australian Consolidated
Press"
"In the Australian fauna room at The Mint, there was a
display, Picture the Kangaroo, of children's books and
illustrations on the theme of the kangaroo"
"At Sydney Observatory, in the newly restored west wing, a
temporary exhibition on Halley's comet was mounted between
December 1985 and April 1986. Forty seven thousand people
visited this exhibition. A new exhibition previewing the
Power House project was mounted in Stage I"
"New temporary exhibitions of German Crafts, the Wellcome
collection from the Science Museum in London, and koalas in
children's books and illustrations, are planned for The Mint
and Hyde Park Barracks in the second half of 1986"
"Exhibitions on contemporary Swedish design, and Rhoda Wager
and her school, will be mounted early in 1987"
"The Museum was honoured in April 1986 by the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers. This group made the Boulton
and Watt Rotative Beam Engine an International Landmark, an
award conferred on only half a dozen objects outside the
USA. The award is made for engineering artefacts of social
or historical importance. The Boulton and Watt was the third
rotative beam engine built, and it is the oldest to survive"
"The Museum celebrated the engine's 200th birthday in July
1985"
"Major acquisitions this year included the Tooth and Company
Limited Collection, a comprehensive collection of some 7,000
items relating to the history of brewing in New South Wales;
the Findlayson Collection of tin toys purchased with Patrons
Funds; the first official air ambulance; a Fairlight
computer musical instrument; a spectroscope; chairs made by
Sebel Australia and a bronze candleholder by Sir Bertram
Mackennal. These artefacts have been collected for display
in exhibitions in the Power House Museum"
"It is, however, staff who make the Museum function; and on
them the Power House project depends. Their dedication and
hard work are invaluable"
All at the Museum look forward confidently to the future
"The new organisational structure and the processes of review
are providing the Museum with clear and far-sighted
policies, objectives and strategies, better management,
exhibitions and public services. Over the past year the
Museum's record has been very creditable. Several popular
temporary exhibitions have been held. Excellent acquisitions
have been made, and development of the Power House has
advanced considerably"
"I am confident this progress will continue in the coming
year, extending the Museum's capacity to entertain,
enlighten and enthral. The standards the Museum has set will
be upheld, and at Sydney Observatory and the Power House we
will establish significant Museums of which New South Wales
can be very proud"
"DIVISION OF COMMUNITY SERVICES AND MARKETING  

The appointment of an Assistant Director, Community Services
and Marketing in May 1986 brought together four previously
separate departments: Community Services, Publications,
Museum Shops and the Library. This consolidation places
community services and marketing functions firmly within the
senior management structure of the Museum, a positive step
towards ensuring the quality of visitor interaction with the
Museum's exhibitions"
"The overall objectives of the Division are to ensure that
communication with visitors through exhibitions and related
programs is maximised and that their experience is
comfortable and enjoyable. The Division is committed to the
view that the Power House Museum's success lies in
delivering a lively, involving experience that will
encourage occasional visitors to return to the Museum
frequently. The establishment of a Division with this aim is
a first step in that direction"
The activities of the four departments are detailed below
"The new Division also has a group of Education Officers
responsible for Community Services input to the Power House
project. With barely 20 months to opening, the Division will
be concentrating on developing visitor programs,
publications and products related to the collections"
"Consolidation of services provided to visitors at the
Museum's other venues will also take place"
"Community Services Department  

The purpose of this Department is to assist and encourage
people to make use of the Museum and in the process to raise
its profile in a positive sense in the community. To this
end we offer a comprehensive range of services and programs
designed to make optimum use of the Museum's resources in a
manner consistent with audience needs and Museum policy"
"Stage I  

Stage I was closed from September 1985 to late January 1986
to allow the removal of a large part of the previous
exhibition and the establishment of a new one. The closure
released a number of staff which provided an opportunity to
develop a series of talks about the Museum, its collections
and future development for schools and senior citizen
groups"
"The Mint and Hyde Park Barracks  

Regular, general and special tours were run for schools,
colleges, clubs, tourists and casual visitors by both paid
and voluntary guides. Two `community language' volunteer
guides were recruited to provide tours for visitors from
cultural minority groups. A number of new activity sheets
and teacher information leaflets were developed for formal
school programs. These were complemented by school holiday
programs including films, craft and recreational activities"
"A ten-session Adult Education Course was developed in
conjunction with the Workers' Educational Association"
"Events such as Heritage Week and Senior Citizens' Week were
marked by specially tailored programs"
"Over the next twelve months community services at The Mint
and Barracks will be expanded, particularly in the area of
exhibition-related information for use by schools"
"Sydney Observatory  

Special brochures on Halley's Comet were produced for
visitors, including a Japanese language leaflet. From early
February the night viewing sessions for the public were
extended from four nights to six. From July 1986 these will
be increased again from one to two sessions per night. The
evening visits are very popular with bookings usually
required about six weeks ahead"
"A broader public education program, including in-service
teacher seminars and practical workshops is being developed
for the fully-restored Observatory"
"Museum on the Move  

During the year Museum on the Move undertook two tours, one
to the Northern Rivers area, and one to the Riverina. 54,000
people saw the exhibition which deals with social change"
"During September 1985 the train went to Wentworthville in
Sydney's west, and over a period of six days 6,000 people
visited the exhibition"
"An education officer took up duties at the end of the year
to develop a new exhibition for Museum on the Move in 1988"
""
"By Royce Hall CHAPTER 4 And Then There Were Three  

   Once through the gates, the two officers in their crusts wasted no time
in reaching their objective.  As prearranged, Larry made for Donna and Mark
for Katrina.  It took only a matter of seconds for the crusts to reach the
endangered pair and a few more to kick the blazing sticks away from the
base of the poles.  Mark took up a position squarely in front of them to
provide protection from attack, while Larry circled behind to slash their
bonds with a cutting attachment"
"The element of surprise was evidently starting to wear off, for the
inhabitants started to regroup and move forward throwing spears and clubs"
"This constituted no danger whatsoever to the two men in their crusts, but
the two girls remained highly vulnerable.  The young Captain had given the
approaching mob the last two of his stun grenades when the XO called, ""Right
Skip.  They're free.  I've got Donna.  Drop back.""
   Mark Halliday edged back to put the crust in the kneel position.  He
felt the slight bump as Katrina jumped on to the back to take up position
in the piggy-back harness.  A thump on the back with her fist told him she
was in place, enabling him to rise again to the erect stance.  While he
was busy taking Katrina on board, Larry, firing needles furiously, had taken
the forward position with Donna on his back, so as to give his Captain some
leeway for the pickup"
"Donna leaned forward in her harness to pluck the laser from its clip
on the front of Larry's crust.  She set it to wide beam to torch the hut
in which she and Katrina had been held captive.  The timber dwelling with
its thatched roof, readily burst into flames to add to the general confusion"
"""Let's get out of here,"" ordered the Captain"
"The two crusts were brought together to form a vee, so as to protect
the two passengers as much as possible as they backed towards the gate with
firing pistols.  The mob surged forward amid howls of rage, throwing spears,
knives, swords, clubs, or anything they could lay their hands on.  The crusts,
not being designed for such an unorthodox movement, could only be moved
relatively slowly, so there was a grave danger they could be encircled"
"Redbeard, intent on revenge, had somehow managed to get around behind them
unseen by the two men busily engaged in repelling the horde.  With a sneer
at Donna, he drew his arm back to throw his spear into her body, when she
took deliberate aim with the laser and shot him squarely between the legs"
"An agonised look came over Redbeard's face.  He dropped the spear, fell
to his knees and put both hands over his crotch.  He looked up at the girl
with the utmost malevolence.  She gave a cheeky wave and said, ""I wish you
luck in bed tonight, lover.""
   They were still only halfway to the gate, under heavy attack with missiles
bouncing off the mercronite body shells, when a succession of explosions
occurred behind the horde.  The mob must have thought they were under attack
from behind, because they stopped and turned to look.  Mark took advantage
of the situation by yelling, ""Let's go! Fast!""  He set the example by racing
for the open gateway at great speed, with his companion right behind him"
"They had been travelling non-stop for about three quarters of an hour
at a steady clip, back-tracking the original route in the beam of the
headlights, when Katrina pushed the communication button on the back of
her bipedal mount.  ""Mark.  Is it possible to stop for a moment?  I need
to visit the heads.  I'm absolutely bursting.""
   After a brief stop to attend to their needs, also to call up De Silva
to tell him they were on the way back, the emotionally-drained foursome
continued on at a leisurely pace.  There was no indication of pursuit, nor
was it likely there would be be any until daylight.  Another hour saw them
safely back at the ship, telling Juan about their adventure.  He had recovered
from the blow.  The wound, being on the back of his head, had been attended
to by Annie"
"Later, after they had eaten, a puzzled Captain said, ""What I would like
to know is what caused those explosions in the compound?  They couldn't
have happened at a better time.""
   ""That was me, Mark,"" smiled a weary Donna.  ""I lasered the hut where
they put our weapons, to destroy them.  The stun grenades must have exploded
in the fire.""
   ""Good work,"" he acknowledged.  ""You sure can use your head in a crisis.""
   Katrina cut in.  ""It wasn't only her head she used.  My advice is for
you men to wear protectors from now on.  You should have seen where she
kicked two of the barbarians with her feet.""
   They all laughed"
"""It will be a rest day tomorrow for everyone.  I'm proud of the whole
lot of you.  I suggest we all have a good shower and hit the bunk.  Scamp
can keep his electronic eyes open for us.  Well, I'm off.  See you all
tomorrow.""  Amid a chorus of ""goodnight,"" Mark took his leave"
"The following morning at first light, the Captain had the droids erect
a 3-metre high electrified fence around the ship at a radius of twenty metres"
"This enabled the crew to sit outside in the sun, play ball games or just
walk about in safety, as desired.  At the end of the day the fence was wound
back into its cannister and taken back inboard"
"That night, he informed them of the intention to lift-off the following
morning to spend two days on aerial survey of the planet before proceeding
to Alpha 2"
"He explained. ""Unfortunately, we can't go home yet claiming success"
"Le Garde is a habitable  planet for sure, but is already inhabited by war-like
humans who have a prior claim.  It could obviously only be taken over by
Earth with war and subjugation, which is to be avoided unless necessity
demands otherwise.  For that reason we must move on in the hope of finding
a habitable planet which is not inhabited by intelligent beings"
"""Even if we have no further success in our quest, we will not have failed
in our efforts.  We have established two most important facts - there are
other habitable planets, also there are other intelligent beings in existence"
"Everyone report for duty at 0400 ships time and we will lift off at 0500,
which will be about mid-morning planet time.""

  Ping.  ""Commander Halliday?""
  Mark Halliday awoke immediately to Scamp's call"
"""Halliday.  I'm awake.  What's up?""
  ""The detectors show a lot of movement around the perimeter of the clearing,
sir.""
  ""Classify.""
  ""Infred (infra red) shows approximately 1,200 humanoids.  They appear
to be assembling primitive devices, sir.""
  ""They must have brought in reinforcements from other settlements.  At
their level of technology they can't harm the ship.  Keep them under
observation and wake me if you consider they constitute any danger.""
  ""Acknowledged, sir.""
  Mark rolled over in an attempt to go back to sleep, secure in the knowledge
that the ship's hull was impregnable and fireproof"
"All hands went about their duties the following morning in readiness for
lift-off, while the indigenous inhabitants of Le Garde went about their
duties of preparing to attack the ship.  It looked like being a toss-up
to see which action would occur first.  Finally the natives, perhaps because
of greater incentive, or because of the bullying of a red-bearded oaf being
carried on a stretcher, made the first move.  Large stones were propelled
at the ship out of catapults of some description, followed by an onslaught
against the vessel's legs and hull with axes and clubs.  When all of this
proved to be of no avail, the screaming horde dragged brush from the
surrounding forest, to pile it under the vessel"
"The crew were all in position in their couches in the control room, watching
the turn of events on the screens. The digital indicator showed 25 seconds to
go when smoke and flames started to obscure the view on the screens.  Moments 
later Starship One lifted slowly on antigrav amid the triumphant yells from 
the mob, who were convinced they had routed a deadly enemy"
"""It was nice of them to give us a warm send-off,"" said Mark Halliday
facetiously"
"The aerial survey of Le Garde completed, Starship One headed in the direction
of Alpha 2.  It was a big disappointment to find in the approach, that although
there were four captive planets, spectroscopic/multi-wave analyses proved
they were uninhabitable.  The Captain decided not to waste any further time,
so set course for Proxima Centauri"
"He was in his quarters when a voice emanated from the door speaker.  ""Skip"
"It's Larry and Donna.  Can we see you for a minute.""
  He called, ""Open"", and the door responded"
"A moment later the two were seated, apprehension showing on their faces"
"Larry Mathieson started speaking.  ""I know we all gave a written agreement,
apart from Juan, to rotational cohabitation, but something has happened
we didn't count on.  Donna and I have fallen for one another and want to
get married.""
  Although Mark had suspected something was afoot for some time he still
received quite a shock"
"Larry continued rather nervously.  ""We would like to make an official
request for you to marry us and release us from the terms of the cohab
agreement.  We have spoken to Katrina who has no objection, so it's all
up to you, Skipper.""
  ""I must admit you've floored me with this marriage business,"" Mark began"
"""You both know, of course, that all married couples were excluded from this
expedition because any emotional involvement could affect the safety of
the ship and its crew as a whole, in emergency situations.  Why get married
anyway?""
  ""Yes.  We're well aware of that.  We want to get married as a binding
commitment to one another.  Also we don't know what our chances are of
completing this mission alive, so want to take what happiness we can, while
we can.  You can understand that can't you Skip?  Besides, getting married
won't increase an emotional involvement now that we love each other; it
might even reduce it.""
  Their Commanding Officer sat quietly thinking for a moment, then punched
a button.  ""Katrina.  It's Halliday.  Would you come to my quarters, please?""
  There was silence while they waited for Katrina to arrive.  Donna hadn't
spoken one word up to this time, which was quite unusual in itself.  Katrina
entered by using her own voice command.  She sat down on the bunk and crossed
her legs"
"Mark addressed her.  ""I understand you are fully aware of what these two
have in mind.  Would you mind telling me what your thoughts are?  We can
discuss it in private if you prefer.""
  ""I'm all for it,"" enthused Katrina.  ""I have no objections whatsoever"
"As far as I am concerned, I'm prepared to forego my cohab time with Larry
and spend the extra time with you, if you want me to.""
  ""Is that offer out of consideration for your two friends?  What are your
preferences?""  He reflectively stroked his bristled chin several times"
"""Quite the contrary, I would very much like to spend the extra time with
you, if you'll let me.""  She gave a sweet lingering smile to Mark in such
a way that should have told him something, but he failed to interpret it
correctly"
"""It seems pretty obvious you three have got together to gang up on me,""
he lightly remarked.  Facing the couple, he said, ""I hope I won't live to
regret this decision.  In the interests of harmony, I'm prepared to agree
to your joint request to a limited extent.  I'll marry you and let you off
the cohab merry-go-round, but you can only share quarters on your rostered
days off. I don't want efficiency impaired by one disturbing the sleep of the other, when going on or coming off duty."
"Hospice, The Entrance, NSW Scott Weston  

The design is for a hospice extension to an existing local hospital on a
flat site near the sea on the NSW North Coast"
"The need for communal activities plus a degree of individual privacy
in this design resulted in a grouping of pavilions (each identified
externally by the roof), and a series of internal garden courts. As a
`familiar' traditional load-bearing structural system was used to integrate
with the existing buildings, the unifying device was one of using the `thick
wall' and applied decorative devices expressed as formal pattern-making"
"These devices were extended into the garden design as well. Some patterns were
used as nodes, others to indicate directional movement. In fact, the close
integration of garden, outdoor activities and building was the main thrust of
the design"
"Hospice, The Entrance, NSW Adriaan Winton  

The design is for a hospice extension to an existing local hospital on a
flat site near the sea on the New South Wales coast"
"The design accepts the `free' use of the non-structural wall which a framing
system of construction allows. However this concept is extended to give
a richer and slightly more complex interpretation by having two grids
intersecting and exploiting the resultant grid-shift. Each `grid-system'
(the structural frame) responds to a different drummer; - one related to
the existing building, the other to a more sympathetic orientation. The
careful juxtaposition of these two `systems' and the free wall, which unites
and divides, results in a more interesting reading of the solution, presenting
sometimes clarity and direction and sometimes complexity and ambiguity"
"The external skin wall is of the same material, colour and detailing as
the existing building, thus uniting and extending the established situation"
"Community Centre, Parramatta Gary Lewin  
The design is for a site between refurbished river bank and formal park,
bounded by old Church Street bridge on one side, to be used for pedestrians
only, and on the other by Marsden Street with increased heavy traffic"
"The solution attempts to link river to park. The duality of the design
needs (two theatres) is used to create a classical axial solution; the main
axis cutting the building dividing it into two distinct `zones' and the
creating `a thoroughfare' from park to river terraces. The interrupted screen
wall confronts the park to create a similar formality as `backdrop'. The
designer considered that the use of traditional classical devices gave the
design the `civic' quality required by the brief"
"Cultural Centre, Gosford, NSW Tim Antiohos  
The design, for a civic building for a large coastal town, is to incorporate
the major features of a theatre, multipurpose hall, and art gallery"
"The overall design concept, while formal, allows for a response to the
environmental parameters set up by the physical nature of the site and its
orientation. The result is an expression of the three major uses as individual
elements, carefully juxtaposed in relationship to each other with individual
responses to their own particular site location. The overall a priori formalism
however sets these three crits seemingly on a collision course, -
metaphorically described by the sculptured `disintegrating wall' and by
the overlapping landscape design. The overall building complex is kept
restrained in form and colour (black and white) to highlight is formal
monumentality and to give a neutral background to the planting of the parkland
around"
"House at Mackeral Beach, NSW Peter Scott  
The site is in a fringe area of Sydney, originally a holiday resort developing
an outer suburban character. At present the only approach to the site is by
water and all supplies including building materials have to be shipped across"
"This work is more by way of an exploration of design `elements' and the
search for an `architectural manifesto' by the designer. The views from
the sloping site, the nature of the use, the celebration of entry, the
importance of the concept of a `retreat' within the complex, are all features
considered, which are still governed by the parameters of construction and
series, orientation, and so on"
"Commercial development, The Rocks, Sydney Mark Pearse  
This design is for a commercial venture for mixed development in the historical
area of The Rocks in Sydney. It is traditional in its basic approach, and uses
a simple framing system of construction, with facades that confront a street
at each end of the site, and allows for a light-court in between. However
there is an implied `low-scale' nature to the development to suit the character
of the area. Thus the frame is expressed as a control, and this allows a
variety of infill between : solid/void, projections/recessions, textures,
and so on, as a response to the use within, and to allow for the personal
expression of the occupants by way of decorative devices, blinds, signs,
etc"
"Office Block, Elizabeth Street, Sydney Mark Ian Jones  
The site is a narrow commercial block which joins two major streets Elizabeth
Street, (facing Hyde Park) and Castlereagh Street (narrow, with many early
commercial and public buildings to be retained)"
"This design has accepted the role of the facade as a major aspect of the
design but not as a decorative unrelated exterior. The freedom of internal
planning which modern technology allows is expressed. The building therefore
`signifies' the structure/use/type in a Modern sense, but at the same time
sets up a traditional proportioning game with the fenestration to relate
to the buildings' context. This design attempts to amalgamate the Modern
structural aesthetic and the classical tradition in one elegant understated
whole"
"Sculpture for library interior centre Belinda Montgomery & Ron Pointon  
This sculptural form is the response to a `design-and-construct' experiment
related to a study of interior space. Emphasis was to be given to considering
space/form relationships, use of lighting, movement and perception, and
to the nature of the `scale' of whole environment. To concentrate these
issues, a single area was to be chosen from designated areas within the
new NSWIT library"
"These two designers chose the stairwell, - a tall cylindrical space topped by 
a glass roof with the winding form of the stair clinging to the wall and rising
five floors. This design emphasises the verticality of the stair, responds to 
the existing winding form and the stripped-down elegance of the structure, and 
becomes itself a metaphor for the building's use and part of communication as 
art. The whole `object' is the elegant expression of one material (steel) and 
of the fine detailing that can follow"
"History Studies  

The History strand of the NSWIT architecture degree course is closely
associated with the teaching of design. Primarily the educational objectives
are to develop a critical approach to the design process by the detailed
analysis of historical models, and thus to use architectural history as
a source for a body of theory related to the design of the built environment"
"This then becomes the basis for understanding and evaluating excellence
in all such design, as well as a `language' for criticism which students
can use as part of their individual design skills"
"The history programme is allocated one or two hours per week from Year
1 to Year 5 with a high percentage of workshop sessions conducted in a studio
situation, with a minimal number of formal lectures. In Years 1 & 2, historical
models are not necessarily presented chronologically and this is a broad
cross-cultural view of architectural design concepts; but in Years 3 to
5 a more detailed study of the European experience is considered in a
chronological format. Fifteenth-century Italy is seen as the beginning of
the development of modern architectural theory"
"The number of written essays for assignments are kept to a minimum and
a good number of three-dimensional analyses of specified historical works
(models & drawings) are required instead, to encourage students to think
of these examples primarily in design terms"
""
"Gardens of delight By Vivienne Causby  

I am the child who lived next door and saw. I did not understand. Grandma
insisted that I did not understand. `She is far too young and innocent"
"No doubt we shelter her too much, but she is precious to us, especially
now. So fortunate she does not realise the truth. It would be too dreadful'"
"I understood. I knew where power lay. I had been aware of the garden next
door for several months, even before I encountered the stray cat or discovered
how interesting and useful the front street could be"
"Our own garden was large and full of interest. Grandma had bought the
house intending to take in what she called `paying guests', Grandpa being
an indolent man. Then Father did something clever with a twist of copper
pipe and created a remarkable lawn sprinkler as well as a new method of
irrigating farm land - I have a retentive memory even for that which I do
not understand - and suddenly we were rich and Father much esteemed in his
field"
"Our garden, always a pleasant wilderness, became as green as a rain forest
because of the new sprinklers. However I quickly discovered they were not
perfect. A few grains of sand down the pipe and the water sprayed erratically
which made it more interesting. Three pieces of fine gravel and the sprinklers
tended to disintegrate violently"
"I kept this knowledge to myself as I did not wish to injure Father's
feelings. He was so proud of having provided handsomely for us all"
"We had no difficulty in occupying the many rooms even though there were
only five of us, Grandma, Grandpa, my parents and me. We enjoyed having
adequate space for private study, for books and curios and somewhere secluded
for the billiard table and harps"
"If our house was spacious, the place next door was immense"
"`I wonder how many rooms,' said Mother. She never did know. I do now,
but I keep forgetting"
"Grandma said the garden next door was a jungle. `I like a controlled
wilderness'. She really did try to control everything"
"Mother said the house must be deserted. Grandma insisted she had seen
movements through the front gates. Vague movements"
"It was at about this time we had particularly heavy rains and a portion
of the limestone wall separating the two gardens subsided into a heap of
sodden limestone rubble and sand"
"Grandma spoke of consulting our neighbour, if we actually had one, about
repairs. Uncharacteristically she kept putting it off"
"Morning glory grew over the wall and I was forbidden to walk through the
invitingly hidden gap in the wall.   
  `Heaven only knows what might be lurking there'. Mother's voice dropped
dramatically. `Or who. Some dreadful old man'"
"I walked through the gap in the wall and saw the statue. I saw the woman,
albeit from a distance and I knew. I have this ability still of sometimes
seeing and knowing what has gone before. Sometimes I make bold, inventive
guesses. This is often more successful than sensing the truth"
"However, when I saw the woman I was certain that there had been much done
in that house that was amiss. I smiled at the thought of Mother's warning"
"What need to fear old men!
  I did not mention the woman to anyone at home or my excursions beyond
our boundaries. I am sure neither the statue nor the woman knew of my
venturings either"
"Next day, while pursuing the stray cat, I decided to fully test my ability
to elude Mother's vigilant eye. I followed the animal through our front
gate and discovered the street, Cremorne Terrace. We live in a nice part
of the city"
"The magnitude of the outside world surprised me. I was so impressed by
the distance I had to walk before reaching the gates of the house next door
that I quite forgot the cat.         
  But cats are merely cats and these gates were taller than any gate I could
have imagined. They consisted of ornate interlocking scrolls of iron, sadly
rusted, and were firmly secured by heavy iron chains"
"Beyond the gates I could see the overgrown garden densely green and waiting,
looking more dangerous than when seen from the gap in the wall. 
  I stood to one side of the gates. Within nothing moved. The wind stirred
my curls, but did not trouble the foliage within the gates. I waited too"
"Presently a large girl came stumping along carrying a school satchel. A
sturdy girl with abundant mud-coloured hair. I took a step towards the high
gates and peered intently through them. The girl stopped and asked, `What
d'you think you're gawking at?'
  `Something moved. I think it was a cat.'
  She threw down her satchel. `Dopey kid, why don't you go home?' she replied
as she squinted through the gate"
"`My friend who lives there does not have a cat.'
  She replied by poking out her tongue. I quietly threw sand on her satchel"
"`Some people say the house is haunted.'
  `How would you like a smack under the ear?' Then she stiffened and I know
the statue had allowed itself to be seen. `Who does live there?' 
  `My friend,' I said. `Did he wave?'
  She ignored me and began clambering up the gate. With a shameful display
of soiled knickers she flung a leg over the gate and slithered down the
other side"
"`You watch my bag or I'll thump you,' she directed and, turning, ran deep
into the garden"
"I carefully thrust small stones into her satchel. Then I went to the small
side gate and with considerable difficulty managed to open it wide. Then
I stood beside the satchel as though guarding it"
"I enjoyed every silent moment for I knew that Mother must have already
discovered my absence. Several moments later I heard a sound which I knew
was not Mother"
"It was a muffled cry followed by a great threshing about and in another
instant the girl came racing, tumbling and tripping, as she fled the garden"
"Through the small gate she ran, her mouth agape and her eyes wide"
"She did not pause to thank me for opening the gate, but ran straight across
the footpath and onto the road"
"As I learned later, parkland-bounded Cremorne Terrace usually carries
very little traffic, but on that day at that precise moment the girl managed
to run directly into the path of a speeding car. 
  In almost the same instant I found myself seized by gentle hands. Mother
had found me"
"`She might have been killed.' Mother sobbed as Grandma calmed her with
brandy and water while Father fed me warm milk. `That poor girl. It was
awful.'
  The sturdy girl was of course dead. It must have been fate. I do not know
what became of her satchel"
"For some time I had extreme difficulty escaping the watchful eyes of my
loved ones. I occupied a part of my time in starting a splended collection
of pebbles and Father bought me a white rabbit which appeared to be retarded"
"Alone in my upstairs bedroom I often stood on the window sill but to no
avail. All I could see of the next garden was the tops of trees. One might
have concluded there was no house at all next door, not even the tower was
visible"
"At last Mother's extreme vigilance abated and I was able to slip through
the gap in the wall"
"The statue stood in its accustomed place, its arm upraised triumphantly"
"Or was it merely indicating invitation?
  I said, `I sent you the girl. Now I will speak to the woman.'
  The statue remained unmoving. There was no sound but the sighing of wind
beyond the garden wall. I took a small stone and threw it gently at the
statue's left foot"
"I said, `I could have used a large rock.' Then I turned and walked towards
the hidden house"
"I am not large now. In those distant days I was tiny. I could hide myself
in the smallest space. And I am a very still person when I choose"
"Now I walked quietly, tidily, so as not to disturb too many leaves - I
prefer not to make enemies. I walked until I reached the edge of the shrubbery"
"I stood at the edge of a vast ragged patch of grass. Once it had been a
lawn, but now it was sadly neglected. Sadly"
"My eyesight is still exceptional and I could see right to the other side
of the grass and beyond to a ruined conservatory, but I had never walked
past the spot where I now stood"
"I knew the woman would be there among the strange rank creepers with their
fleshy reaching leaves. I walked across the rough grass and stood in the
shelter of lofty dying dahlias. I could not be seen, yet I saw the woman"
"She was about my mother's age, but a world apart in evey other way. Now
she sat on a stone bench as she chatted to the statue which had apparently
strolled across to her"
"`I shall have the conservatory reglazed.' The statue smiled and I sensed
she said this often. She said, `Now that I have control I can attend to
many matters too long neglected.'
  The statue had become a boy some years older than me. He carried himself
with style and poise. He smiled yet even so I sensed a deep terror within
him. He said `You should remember that our elder sister thought she saw
me within the conservatory. That is why she smashed the glass; why you have
control. Has she really gone?'
  She said, `Go back.' And he was gone. Back to being a statue"
"I stepped from the shelter of the dahlias. `Why did you send him away?'
  She raised her lorgnette to study me. `There are matters I do not care
to discuss before Darian,' she said calmly. `He might become upset.'
  I sensed a calm watchfulness in her. `He might learn the truth.'
  She smiled. `So tiny and yet so knowing. Did I think of you?'
  I looked into her opaque eyes and knew it was time to guess. I said, `Saw
it all. I saw you thrust him through the window.' We both looked up to the
tower, slated and gothic. I said, `Why?'
  `He took the diamonds from my sister's room and hid them.'
  I could understand both their actions, but - `What are diamonds?'
  `Stones.'
  `Like pebbles?' I had sensed we had much in common"
"She laughed. A cool sound. `Pebbles which sparkle and are of great worth.'
  I gazed up in my innocent incomprehension"
She explained. `Stones which glitter more briliantly than any crystal
"They are enduring and worth a fortune.'
  So there was a mysterious power in stones. As usual, my instinct had been
correct. `Where did the boy, Darian, hide them?'
  She shook her head. `He would never tell me. Now he has forgotten, I think.'
She frowned at me, suddenly uneasy. `Am I able to make you disappear as
I can Darian?'
  I nodded, hiding my new-found strength. `What plants are they?' I pointed
to the rampant creepers and as she turned to look at them I slipped away"
Let her think what she would
"I walked around the edge of the rough grass, hiding from sight until I
reached the statue. On the pedestal was carved an inscription already flaking
away. I feared it would be gone before I learned to read"
"This time I did not toss a pebble. Instead I quickly plucked the tips
of nearby plants and flowers and placed them beside the statue's feet. They
were mostly weeds, but this merely emphasized my childish ignorance"
"`I shall be back,' I assured the statue prettily"
"I climbed through the gap in the wall, picked some morning glory flowers
and selected a few of the minutest pebbles"
""
"INTELSAT TDMA and its implementation in Australia By Stuart Howe ABSTRACT  

  The paper considers the emergence of digital communications through the
complementary processes of innovative research and advancing technology"
"INTELSAT's part in the use and development of digital satellite communications
is considered, with emphasis on the TDMA system, which is currently being
introduced into INTELSAT networks. The advantages and economies of using
TDMA over traditional analogue techniques, and other digital methods is
then explored, as a preface to considering some of the difficulties encountered
in implementing a TDMA traffic terminal at an existing earth station"
"1. INTRODUCTION  

  Communication is a basic and growing need of businesses and of the
individual, and demand for flexibility in connectivity of links and provision
of services is definitely not static. This demand, and the technology that
can satisfy it frequently tend to appear as complementary processes, each
aiding the other. However, often is the case that innovative thoughts outstrips
practical technological development, and some years pass before new
communication systems can be realised utilising appropriate and economical
technology"
"A example of this is the emergence of the INTELSAT TDMA network. The
concepts, characteristics, and advantages of the system are detailed, in
addition to noting hurdles encountered and overcome whilst implementing
a TDMA traffic terminal at an Overseas Telecommunications Commission (OTC)
earth station in Ceduna, South Australia"
"The emphasis throughout the paper is that the main thrust behind the
development of these new systems is not merely to exploit new theories,
techniques or methods of manufacture, but to strive to make the most efficient
use of available resources"
"2.  INTELSAT AND DIGITAL SATELLITE SYSTEMS  

  The International Telecommunications Satellite Organisation, INTELSAT,
is no stranger to the staggering demands of communications systems users,
and to the need for constant investment in development of novel and more
efficient means of utilising both ground and space resources. This is born
out by considering that during the relatively short operational existence
of INTELSAT since 1965, the total number of half-circuits provided has grown
to greater than 100,000, making the consortium the largest worldwide carrier
of international traffic"
"INTELSAT also has significant experience in the provision of digital
satellite communications. Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) systems have
for considerable time offered medium rate digital services at 48, 50 and
56 KBit/sec. Other multi-user PSK/FDMA methods, such as INTELSAT's Business
Service (IBS) and Intermediate Data Rate (IDR) carriers allow digital
transmissions at up to 44 MBit/sec. In fact, the equipment required for
IBS and IDR operation is considerably simpler and less costly than that
needed for INTELSAT's latest digital satellite system, Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA). In order to appreciate why a great deal of time and effort
has been expended on the development of TDMA networks, a closer look at
the system is required. 

 3.  INTELSAT TDMA 3.1 History  

  The introduction of TDMA systems into the global communications network
is a good case where advancing technology, and the development of requirements
for a workable system tended to complement each other. It was in the mid-60's,
very early in the satellite communications era, when an experiment between
America and Britain was set up to investigate timing considerations for
satellite multiple-access digital carriers [Schmidt et al, 1969]. It wasn't
until the end of the decade that very primitive TDMA equipment was tested
between Australia, Hawaii, and Japan, and then four more years before a
prototype TDMA equipment specification was produced [INTELSAT, 1974]"
"Throughout the late '70's, in field trials using ""2nd generation"" equipment,
experiments using live traffic were carried out [INTELSAT, 1979]. These
indicated that increased reliability and reduced cost of traffic stations
could be achieved if all network control and timing functions were concentrated
into specialist stations. The result of the field trials was the production
by INTELSAT of a refined TDMA specification in 1980 [INTELSAT, 1980], which
was followed in 1983 by a revision, to which the network today runs [INTELSAT,
1983]"
"3.2 General System Concepts  

  Under the TDMA mode of operation, each participating station in the network
transmits, in turn, a digitally-modulated ""burst"" of traffic. The basic
time interval over which this cyclic sequence is repeated is the TDMA ""frame"",
and during this time each station will transmit one or more bursts, and
receive one or more bursts from its correspondents. The exact length the bursts, their position within the frame, and destination of traffic,
is laid down in a predetermined Burst Time Plan (BTP)"
"Obviously, in a system where carriers from a number of geographically
widely-separated earth stations must be co-ordinated to arrive at the satellite
at precise times relative to one another, there has to be a common network
timing source. The TDMA system provides specialist stations, alluded to
above, which solely transmit bursts containing network timing and control
information, and which allow all traffic stations to establish frame timing,
and hence relate their transmissions to a common reliable timing source"
"The stations are referred to as reference stations, and the bursts, reference
bursts. The TDMA specification [INTELSAT, 1983] describes the network as
having four reference stations per satellite. Figure 1 shows the typical
coverage areas of a satellite carrying TDMA traffic; an east and a west
hemisphere beam, and east and west zone beams (usually contained within
the hemisphere beams) of opposite polarisation. Two reference stations (a
primary and a secondary) located in each of the zone beams can thus provide
redundant monitoring and control for the entire network"
"In many ways TDMA, or PCM/QPSK/TDMA, can be thought of as the digital (time
domain) counterpart of the well-known analogue (frequency domain) FDM/FM/FDMA
system. Carriers, of fixed bandwidth and separated in frequency by guard
bands, within a transponder in the FDMA system appear as bursts, of fixed
length and separated by guard times, within a frame in the TDMA system"
"Figure 2 shows the basic TDMA frame, with traffic and reference bursts,
and also shows a typical FDMA transponder configuration, for comparison"
"In fact, the basic TDMA system carries approximately the same number of
channels, per frame, as FDMA systems could carry in the same transponder
under single carrier conditions. Where, then, are the advantages of TDMA?

 3.3 System Benefits  

  The most basic advantage TDMA offers is the method of satellite
access. The transmit powers of multiple FDMA carries in a single transponder
must be reduced from the maximum (""backed-off"") so as to avoid driving the
satellite amplifying travelling wave tube (TWT) into saturation, or non-linear
operation, and causing intermodulation products (IMPs) between carriers"
"This is not a problem with TDMA operation, where there is only ever a single
carrier in the transponder at any one time, avoiding the formation of any
IMPs. The TDMA system thus allows maximum use to be made of the satellite
power resource by operating spacecraft TWTs non-linearly at, or near
saturation. In a practical network, there could be anywhere between five
and twenty users of a single transponder. Multiple FDMA carriers in a
transponder, we have seen, have to be backed-off to avoid IMPs. The more
transponder accesses, the greater the individual back-offs and the more
inefficient the transmission method becomes. The decrease in the number
of channels able to be carried through the transponder thus decreases sharply
with the number of users"
"The TDM network, on the other hand, can cope with any number of users, all
carriers being transmitted at, or near the satellite TWT saturation point"
"The only overhead in allowing a greater number of frame accesses, is the
addition of guard time and traffic burst preamble. As this corresponds to
the loss of approximately 5 SCs for each added burst, the fall off in capacity
with users is much less dramatic. Figure 4 shows that an 80% efficiency,
or traffic carrying capability, is still possible even with 50 or more frame
accesses. Thus, a low sensitivity to the number of system users means that
efficient system operation does not restrict access to large volume users
(as FDMA does), or to small (as SCPC does), but handles all burst sizes
equally well"
"A further advantage afforded by the basic TDMA system over its FDMA
counterpart is achieved by the use of a technique called DSI, or digital
speech interpolation. This can effectively increase system capacity for
voice channels, which comprise the majority of satellite traffic, by a factor
of up to 2.5. The technique takes advantage of the fact that during a telephone
conversation, one party is listening not (using his half-circuit) as the
other talks. Considering this, as well as the natural pauses, hesitations,
and intervals in normal speech patterns, an average circuit activity of
only 35 to 40% results"
"If terrestrial channels (TCs), incoming to an earth station, are dynamically
assigned to available satellite channels (SCs) only when active, then
theoretically, over a large number of channels, up to 2.5 or more TCs can
be compressed into one SC. This results in SCs being active for a large
percentage of time and gives a maximum theoretical capacity of the TDMA
frame, utilising DSI, as approximately 2.5 times that of an equivalent FDMA
system in the same transponder. However, despite various overheads in the
TDMA frame, due to reference bursts, traffic burst preambles, channels giving
the dynamic TC-SC assignments, coding of traffic, and special time slots
in the frame (see figure 3), an advantage of a factor of about 2 is still
retained"
"The benefits of using TDMA are not limited to providing increased capacity
either. There is one distinct virtue, related to ground station equipment"
"Traditionally with FM/FDMA or PSK/FDMA techniques, for each new overseas
correspondent, extra baseband, modulating, and radio frequency (RF) equipment
is needed. The need may not be as great for transmit equipment (where ""multi
destination user"" carriers are often used), but is definitely present for
receive equipment"
"A simple TDMA station will include some baseband quipment, burst formatting
and modulating equipment, and RF equipment. Owing to the fact that traffic
is transmitted as short bursts (say 100us duration) every 2ms (the INTELSAT
frame time), the terminal modulating and RF equipment is only operating
for a small percentage of the frame time. Thus, operations can be extended
to a number of new overseas correspondents for the addition of extra baseband
equipment only. This advantage is significant for communications
administrations in smaller countries, for which the cost of providing a
service is of prime importance"
"3.4 The TDMA Traffic Station  

  TDMA earth station equipment was mentioned briefly above, but it may serve
useful to detail the basic building blocks comprising a traffic terminal"
"There are essentially four separate functional blocks: the terrestrial
interface equipment (TIE), baseband equipment, burst formatting and modulating
equipment, and RF gear"
"The TIE is responsible for converting the diverse formats of information
present in terrestrial networks (analogue FDM multiplex stacks, or digital
streams of various speeds and coding) into a standard form acceptable to
the TDMA equipment (2.048MB/S, according to CCITT rec. G.732). The TIE will
obviously differ from station to station. The 2.048 MB/S streams are then
fed to the baseband or (DSI) units, which perform the traffic concentration
function noted previously. It also serves to correct for the small relative
(plesiochronous) drift between the terrestrial clock (if there are digital
terrestrial links) and the TDMA system clock"
"Timing and control of the actions of the TDMA terminal is concentrated
into the central TDMA Terminal Equipment (CTTE). This unit is responsible
for generating the terminal transmit/receive timing, forming the burst
preamble, and coding, scrambling (for energy dispersal) and then modulating
the burst. Additionally, the terminal operator interface is generally part
of the CTTE"
"The RF portion of the terminal consists, as with most other transmission
systems, of up-and-down-converters, and burst-mode carrier control equipment"
"The TDMA specification allows for groups of synchronised transponders, all
having identical start-of-frame times. A traffic terminal needing to transmit
to stations in a number of different satellite coverage areas, or with
different signal polarisations, can (by virtue of the burst-mode nature
of carriers) access transponders of different frequency and polarisation
by switching between up-converters, or transmit feeds respectively"
""
"Living by our wits By Barry Jones  

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY have changed the quality, length and direction of
life in the past century far more than politics, education, ideology or
religion. Ford and Edison shaped human experience more broadly and enduringly
than Lenin and Hitler. Modern war would have been impossible - even unthinkable
- without modern technological capacity"
"Nevertheless, the sheer pervasiveness of scientific and technological
development and its impact on how people live, and their capacity to make
appropriate individual or collective choices, has been either ignored or
considered too late to influence outcomes significantly"
"In the past twenty years there have been many examples of technological
change where social implications were virtually ignored until after the
technologies had been adopted"
"Three examples illustrate the point: the expansion of car-based cities,
the adoption of efficient contraception (especially the pill), and television
as a major time absorber"
"The relative merits of the `dispersed city' model versus the `compact
city' model were never argued out in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane or Perth
in the 1960s. Australian cities just grew like Topsy. It was only in the
mid-1970s, ten or fifteen years too late, that politicians, journalists
and social planners began asking why Australia had such serious problems
with road capacity, freeways, pollution, congestion, excessive commuting
time and distance, why there were featureless, physically divided and
under-serviced suburbs with little life or occupation of their own. But
were these problems avoidable? Could they have been recognised in advance?
Why were they never addressed? What options were open? How were spending
priorities determined as between roads and schools and sewerage? Who made
the basic decisions? Did they have a vested interest? 
  The contraceptive pill has had revolutionary and liberating effects on
women and will be seen as a turning point in social, economic and political
history. Nevertheless, although its impact on changing labour force composition
should have been obvious, there is little contemporary evidence that this
was ever examined or discussed. The implications for future job choice (and
education) were ignored. But wasn't it always obvious that there would be
a relationship between reliable contraception and women being employed
in the future as crane operators, engineers, pilots and army personnel?
Were `worst case' scenarios examined for potential adverse side effects
on the users?
  The prospect of television was welcomed in the 1950s as a major force
for education and stimulation. How has it worked out? In practice it has
had a far more sedative than stimulatory effect. It is now a greater time
absorber for children than school, and for many adults, absorbs more time
than work. The impact of television on journalism, forcing newspapers even
further into the entertainment and gambling business, should have been
recognised, but was not: similarly the contrast between classroom experience
which is demanding, static and often boring, and television, which is
non-demanding, variegated and aimed at instant gratification. What are the
social implications? What has been the education response? Were the issues
ever argued over? Were there any options then? Are there now?
  The role of the Commission for the Future is to raise levels of community
understanding about the issues and to empower people, both individually
and collectively, to make appropriate decisions for themselves. The philosopher
Ludwig Wittgenstein once wrote that the aim of philosophy is to `show the
fly the way out of the fly bottle'. The Commission should have a similar
aim - to empower people to feel first that they ought to be able to have
a judgement and second to have confidence in their own judgement.'
Fear of freedom?
  This does raise the question of whether people feel so incapacitated by
the rate of change that they actually prefer to have others make the
fundamental decisions for them. I suspect this is widespread and, as Eric
Fromm said, there is a `fear of freedom' because freedom means responsibility
and exercising judgment. But the 20th century feudalism - the urge to 
subordinate personal judgment to somebody else - is still a powerful
cultural and psychological factor, especially in the working class. But
to what extent is this fear imposed, or is it inherent?
  It will be argued with some justice, that as with public libraries, the
greatest users of the Commission will be those who need it least, that is
the people who have already begun to work out the implications for themselves,
while the most seriously alienated will remain out of reach. The Commission
will need to develop close working links with various `mediating structures'
- local government, the trade unions, parliament, the bureaucracy, churches,
journalists, welfare and voluntary organisations, members of political parties,
schools and TAFE, and with businesses as well to anticipate their clients' 
needs, provide materials as required and to act as a clearing house for 
information"
"The Commission will not be a planning body, attempting to make decisions
in science-related areas or to recommend policy: that is the task of the
government and relevant departments. Nevertheless the Commission will make
an indirect contribution through its publications. But the Commission will
attempt to act as a guide for the perplexed, to provide road maps or consumer
handbooks for those who want to work out where they are going and what to
do when they get there, or how to change directions and objectives"
"The Commission will not be into `futurology' and if its name suggests
that, this is regrettable; but there is no convenient alternative synonym
for `future'. It will not be into astrology or teacup reading either. But
it will be into options"
"As I will argue below, there are intractable problems in trying to predict
quite fundamental outcomes like the future size of the labour force due
to technological change. Will there be more jobs or less? I don't know and
I doubt if the Commission will either. What will the future jobs be? That
will depend on whether the trend lines of the past thirty years continue
or not, but continued growth of service jobs seems overwhelmingly likely"
The `human services' sector already employs as many people as manufacturing
"However, the Commission ought to be encouraging debate about future options
such as:-
‚2 What are possible income/leisure/work trade-offs - and who makes the
decisions? 
‚2 Whether `disposable time' - that is not forced, unwelcome inactivity but
the capacity to choose freely how we live - is the true measure of wealth
and freedom or whether this concept threatens our traditional value systems
too deeply"
"‚2 Whether we can `work less and live more', or whether the `work ethic' and
the habit or subordination is programmed into human nature and is both
psychologically and even physiologically necessary. Is the question of
alternative economic support central to this, or is it a side issue?
‚2 Whether there should be mass or individual solutions in scientific related
social areas. It is clear from some of the bitter attacks on the Commission
that many people feel threatened by the idea that long held value systems
may be questioned in debate. It may reflect too a prevailing anti-intellectual
phase in Australian public life"
"The Commission will not be pushing a line - but promoting discussion of
fundamental science-related issues so that citizens come to realise, perhaps
for the first time, that there are choices to be made about how we `live,
move and have our being'. The great flag debate, an area in which the
Commission will not be active, is an illustration of how people have been
disturbed by questioning something which was taken for granted for decades"
"Another priority of the Commission for the Future will be to raise levels
of community understanding in areas which are perceived to be enormously
threatening and alienating to many people, especially the unskilled. To
them science has the image of Dr. Strangelove - something that can threaten
make them feel that the world is controlled by forces well beyond their
comprehension. The age of science has also seen the revival of creationism,
astrology, tarot cards and superstition"
"The appalling violence at Milperra in 1984 and at the Heysel Stadium in
May 1985 should serve to remind us of the consequences of what frustration,
alienation and misdirected energy can wreak. The causes and results of violence
are subjects that we tend to look away from as a community. Technology-related
alienation may lead to the `fire next time': we should not rely on the excuse
that we have not been warned"
"There are no bodies in Australia directly addressing these problems -
although there are counterparts in other countries:
‚2 The US Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future;
‚2 The New Zealand Futures Trust;
‚2 The Science Council of Canada;
‚2 The GAMMA Institute of Montreal;
‚2 The Netherlands Scientific Council;
‚2 The Swedish Secretariat for Futures Studies"
Issues for all Australians
"The following issues, all scientifically and technologically based, will
change the direction of our society radically but their importance is only
dimly recognised. If we do not evolve appropriate personal and community
responses, somebody else will impose them on us"
"1. Australia as an `Information Society'
  The concept of a society/economy in which brain power replaces muscle
power/raw materials/energy as the major economic determinant still has a
shocking novelty to many people who should know better. Tell people that
more Australians are employed in the collection, processing and dissemination
of information broadly defined than in farming, mining, manufacturing and
construction combined and they just won't believe it - even though the figures
prove it"
"The significance of an `information economy' has taken a long time to
begin penetrating parts of the national consciousness and still has not
done so in the bureaucratic and political sectors, trades unions and employers"
"Canada has devoted time and thought to its implications through its Science
Council and the GAMMA Institute and New Zealand's Commission for the Future
did good work on it"
"To many Australian decision-makers, `information' is simply equated with
hardware, computer capacity, and mere number crunching"
The human and software implications have been totally ignored
"So has the potential for a reconfiguration of political power. Is information
to be vertically integrated, controlled from the top and used to shore up
existing power structures? Or can there be a horizontal model - with democratic
access, strengthening the periphery relative to the centre, empowering the
individual against the mass organisation, the one against the many?
  This is a very dangerous question. When are we to begin debating it? This
is not an issue to which the Australian print media have devoted much space:
to the press the information revolution means news about the computer industry
and supplements promoting hardware"
"When the corpus of knowledge is doubling every few years, how can access
to decision-making power (=information) be shared around? Is it impossible?
Is it worth attempting?
  Jeremy Campbell's Grammatical Man (Pelican, 1984) is particularly valuable
on `information' as the central factor that links together computers,
biotechnology, language theory, evolution and philosophy"
"The Commission for the Future can play a vital role in the evolution of
a National Information Policy. Because of its broad social, educational
and economic implications both individually and nationally, encouraging
public debate on the implications of an information society - its benefits
and threats - must be the Commission's first priority"
"2. Computers, robots numerically-controlled machines and education"
"What are the implications of developing an `Information Society' for
education? Should our schools be increasingly specialised, computer related
and science oriented? Or is this the time for greater emphasis on general
education, complementary to technology, aimed at promoting personal
development, including literacy and the arts? The question is absolutely
fundamental and must be addressed now. It is a subject of enormous concern
for parents. I find little evidence that it is being addressed. Michael
Kirby is one of the rare public figures to raise it. 
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  Is AI a threat to natural intelligence? Will the sheer complexity of modern
science - and the difficulty of providing adequate or appropriate linkages
with the community at large - lead to the development of a technocracy
and rule by an elite?"
"FRAZIER BEATING TIPPED FOR JOE By PETER KOGOY  

LEON Tabbs was in Smokin' Joe Frazier's corner the night Joe Bugner went
the distance with the world heavyweight champ"
"Tabbs was also there when a new generation Frazier, Marvis, pummelled
Bugner into submission over 10 rounds three years ago"
"He'll also be in the opposite corner at the Sydney Entertainment Centre
on Friday night when David Bey, Tabbs' latest protege, fights Bugner in
his second comeback fight"
"Tabbs handled the affairs of such ring luminaries as Benny Briscoe, Boogaloo
Watts, Marvin Johnson and Jerry ""The Bull"" Martin"
"""They all fought out of the 23rd Police Athletic Gym in 
Philadelphia,"" says the well-credentialled trainer"
"""David Bey's style is very similar to Smokin' Joe's kid, Marvis,"" Tabbs
said"
"""Bey throws a strong right bomb and possesses a vicious left hook, so
quick that Bugner won't know where it'll come from,"" he added"
"Tabbs, not noted for making predictions, tipped Bugner's latest comeback
to be short-lived"
"""My boy is world class, sharp and a real hustler in the ring"
"""There's no way we've come this far to lose."""
"CHAPTER 7 PRINCIPAL FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS  

1. The nature of this investigation was such that most of the
fundamental evidence and other material provided to the
Commission was confidential in a commercial sense. Many
submittors sought directions prohibiting the publication of
evidence submitted to the Commission and of matters contained
in documents lodged with it, in accordance with the provisions
of s. 12(2)(b) of the Inter-State Commission Act 1975 (Cth)"
"All such applications were granted. Two consequences followed:
first, the Commission is satisfied that the information it
gained, and which was necessary to enable it to make relevant
findings of fact, was more comprehensive than otherwise would
have been the case; second, the Commission has not been able
to make public certain facts which support its conclusions, and
in some factual matters there is a resultant apparent lack of
precision and clarity. Nevertheless, the Commission made the
confidentiality directions because it was satisfied that it was
desirable to do so in the public interest, irrespective of the
effect on the overt comprehensiveness of its report"
"2. As stated in Chapter 2, the Commission placed a strict
interpretation on its terms of reference, which it considers
are confined to a comparison between the existing level of the
interstate freight cost disadvantage experienced by shippers
of non-bulk goods between Tasmania and the mainland of
Australia and the level of the disadvantage that prevailed when
the new Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme was introduced
on 1 September 1985. In making this comparison, the Commission
confined its investigation to an analysis of changes in freight
charges"
"A number of submittors raised issues which were extraneous
to the Commission's terms of reference as so interpreted: in
public advertisements (see Appendix I) it was stated; `It [the
Commission] will not be considering any policy, procedural or
administrative changes to the scheme'. Some of the extraneous
issues raised are mentioned in section 2.2 of this report, in
which the Commission has emphasised that inadequate or
inefficient methods of presenting cargoes for shipment are the
responsibility of freight forwarders and shippers, who should
not seek to rely on increased assistance payments as a solution
to problems which are within their own ability to remedy"
"As recommended in its original report, the Commission
considers that the establishment of a Tasmanian Association for
Interstate Shippers is desirable in order to assist in the
adoption of a coordinated approach to resolving the many
problems that exist for coastal shipping services"
"3. In Chapter 3 the Commission has re-stated in summary form
the basic rationale of the Scheme which it recommended in its
1985 report. In particular, geographical factors such as the
distance between the place of production or manufacture and the
ultimate destination cannot in themselves justify assistance
payments. Fundamental to the existing Scheme is the concept
that the disadvantage `begins at a northern Tasmanian port' and
`ends at Melbourne', and vice versa. The Commission also has
re-stated, in section 3.3, the major factors which create the
freight cost disadvantage"
"In Chapter 3 attention has been directed to the fact that
this review is based solely on a comparison of relevant freight
charges, on the assumption that there has not been any significant 
change in the underlying causes of the freight cost disadvantage. 
Such a course is obviously appropriate in the short term, but in 
the longer term it is likely that reappraisal of the fundamental 
basis of the Scheme will be necessary in the light of changes 
which are likely to occur, with differing consequences, in the 
three relevant transport modes: sea, road and rail"
"4. Chapter 4 contains a summary of the operation of the revised
Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme. In the first ten months
of the current financial year payments made under the old
Scheme and the new Scheme totalled $21.12 million. There have,
however, been some delays in the payment of claims, due
primarily to lack of familiarity on the part of claimants and
Department of Transport staff with the new documentation and
administrative procedures which became operative from 1
September 1985"
"In section 4.3, there is a discussion of the practical
result of the application of discounting of payments to large
shippers, which was recommended by the Commission in its March
1985 report. The Department of Transport has estimated that the
discounts will total approximately $1.5 million in 1985-86. The
discounting system is also referred to in section 2.2 of this
report"
"5. In Chapter 5 are described the changes that have taken place
in Bass Strait shipping services since January 1985. Without
doubt, there is excess ship capacity at all ports. Evidence
presented to the Commission revealed a great variation in
estimates of the extent of this excess capacity. The Commission
considers that the most appropriate basis for such estimates
is physical operational capacity, and it has concluded that on
such a basis the extent of excess capacity is approximately
30-40 per cent"
"6. In Chapter 6, the Commission presents its findings as a
result of its investigation of sea freight charges for
shipments across Bass Strait and mainland road and rail freight
charges in the period March 1985 to March 1986. The Commission
found that actual sea freight charges paid did not change
significantly between March 1985 and March 1986, except in the
case of trailers and pantechnicons, for which there was an
average decrease of 25 per cent"
"Estimates of increases in interstate road freight charges
varied between 3.9 and 7 per cent. In the case of rail freight,
estimates of increases in charges varied between 9 and 15.5 per
cent, with an average of 10.5 per cent"
"7. The Commission is in no doubt that when the changes in Bass
Strait shipping services occurred (see Chapter 5), there was
a general expectation that the competition thereby engendered
would result in significant decreases in Bass Strait shipping
charges. It has been established that these expectations have
not been realised, at least at this stage"
"Clear evidence exists of a loss of trade as between some
shipping operators and, because of excess capacity (see section
5.3), a situation could soon arise in which a service will be
curtailed or withdrawn"
"There was strong consensus among the principal witnesses
that at this stage it would be premature to make any judgment
about the levels of freight charges because there has not been
sufficient time for a clear picture to emerge following the
recent changes in services. The Commission is satisfied that
this is a correct assessment"
"In most cases, published freight charge schedules are of
little relevance because their application is minimal. But one
operator said such schedules are a benchmark, and that `there
are many people who do pay the rates that are published in the
tariff'. By contrast, a witness for another shipping operator
said his company did not publicly issue a schedule of freight
charges"
"The operations manager of Union Bulkships said it would
be `extremely difficult' to estimate the difference between
published charges and so-called special charges. His evidence
was as follows:

     ... prior to 24 February [1986] it probably would not have been
     more than about 5 per cent, and that was the last freight
     increase. Since our last freight increase we have not been able
     to gain all the increases we sought and, in fact, in some
     instances we have had to reduce rates to combat prices that
     have been put in by the opposition. In fact, at the moment it
     would be fair to say that the trade in Tasmania is in a state
     of flux as regards rate structures ... On that special schedule
     you will notice that there are a number of rates which we are
     still in the process of negotiating with shippers because there
     is a situation at the moment where the trade is over-tonnaged
     and people are taking advantage of that over-tonnaging
     situation to resist freight increases, which is probably the
     simplest way of saying it"
"The evidence reveals that an unusual situation has
developed in Bass Strait services, whereby in most cases there
is specific negotiation of freight charges, either on an ad hoc
basis or, especially in the case of large shippers, by formal
agreement. Some witnesses described the situation in Bass
Strait as a `price war', but this was doubted by other
witnesses"
"One feature of current competition in the market is that
evidence has been given to the Commission of effective shipper
resistance to announced increases in freight charges; further,
there is evidence that in many cases charges are being
contained, even where costs have risen, apparently to avoid
loss of trade to a competitor"
"A number of witnesses used the words `fluidity' and
`instability' to describe the current structure of freight
charges. Most witnesses were of the opinion that an appropriate
time for a further investigation of the levels of freight
charges would be towards the end of 1987. The Commission agrees
with this view. By that time, two significant events will have
occurred"
"First, on 15 February 1985 the Transport Commission of
Tasmania entered into an agreement with Brambles Holdings
Limited. The preamble of this agreement was as follows:

     A. the Commission has for some time been operating the vessel
        M.V. ""Straitsman"" in connection with the conduct of shipping
        services between places within Tasmania and between Tasmania
        and other parts of the Commonwealth;

     B. Brambles desire to operate a cargo vessel in the provision
        of shipping services between Victoria and Tasmania and has
        purchased a vessel for that purpose with a view to assessing
        the requirements for the ultimate replacement of the M.V"
"""Straitsman"";

     C. the Commission and Brambles have agreed to associate
        themselves in the provision of a Joint Bass Strait Cargo
        Shipping Operation serving Victoria, King Island and Tasmania
        using initially M.V. ""Straitsman"" and a vessel to be provided
        by Brambles"
"The agreement was for an initial term of two years from
the `commencement date', which is defined as `the date upon
which the Brambles vessel actually sails upon its first
voyage...'. This date was 1 July 1985"
"Paragraph 2.3 of the agreement makes the following
provision:

     This Agreement shall be for an initial term of two years from
     the commencement date and may be terminated at the expiration
     of such term by either party giving to the other at least 6
     months written notice in advance of its intention to do so. If
     not so terminated this Agreement shall continue in force after
     the initial term until such time as either party gives to the
     other six months notice in writing"
"Paragraph 11.1 of the agreement is in the following terms:

     The Parties AGREE that prior to the expiration of one year from
     the Commencement Date they will evaluate and consult one with
     the other regarding the continuation of the Operation and the
     continuing use of the Vessels or their replacement with the aim
     of ensuring that any replacement arrangements provide for the
     continuation of a regular and scheduled cargo shipping service
     to the Port of Grassy"
"The Commission understands that the review contemplated
by paragraph 11.1 of the agreement has commenced, although not
on a formal basis. It will include options for the future of
the Straitsman, but decisions are not likely to be publicly
announced before 30 June 1987"
"For a considerable time there has been doubt whether it
was nautically practicable for the Challenger B, the vessel
used by Brambles on the Burnie-Melbourne service, to trade to
King Island. In evidence to the Commission, the general manager
of Brambles Shipping Division stated unequivocally that, after
lengthy investigation, it had been decided to make no attempt
to use the Challenger B for the King Island service"
"The second significant event which will occur in a little
more than one year is, so the Commission understands, the
negotiation of new contracts by a major shipper. The results
of such negotiations may well change the attitudes of some
shipping operators to the economics of continuing their
services. 

Firm evidence was given by some witnesses that if, for example, one vessel was withdrawn from the Bass Strait service, the likely result would be an increase in freight charges because of a reduced level of competition"
""
"So near ...  

IT would have been too much to expect the State Government's latest attempt
at electoral reform to have a trouble-free run through Parliament"
"The political acrimony that this issue has aroused over the past 25 years
was hardly likely to evaporate and suddenly be replaced by sweetness and
light"
"Nevertheless, the apparent deadlock over the Bill now before the Legislative
Council is a big disappointment, coming as it does after the opposing sides
had shown an inclination to retreat from previously entrenched positions"
"For the first time in the long history of the electoral-reform debate,
it had seemed that a spirit of compromise - albeit a grudging one - might
prevail. But the latest legislation is now in danger of being sacrificed -
along with its predecessors - on the altar of political self-interest"
"If this legislation fails, some major reforms which have the broad agreement
of the parties could be lost with it. These include the proposed independent
electoral commission and a system of regional proportional representation
for the Legislative Council - steps which would go some way towards making
the Upper House a more democratic institution"
"The major parties have each given ground, and the prospect of genuine
electoral reform has been brought closer than at any time in the history
of the WA Parliament"
"The Liberals have shown a significant change of attitude from their previous
refusal to budge from the status quo. And the ALP now seems to accept the
need for some electoral weighting in favour of rural areas in the Upper
House"
"But the parties have also done their arithmetic, assessed their respective
electoral fortunes and locked horns over numbers and weightings"
"Having come so close to consensus, it would be a great pity if they were
unable to thrash out their remaining differences. There are flaws in the
arguments of each side - and still room to manoeuvre"
"The road to electoral reform has been long and rocky. To abandon the recent
progress that has been made would be a shameful waste"
""
"By John W. Harris Travel by Aboriginal people to Macassar and to other parts of the South-east
Asian archipelago  

Visits by Aboriginal people to Macassar are widely acknowledged in the
literature. Substantial Aboriginal narratives exist, some of the most detailed
being from Groote Eylandt and Elcho Island (Berndt and Berndt 1954:50-63)"
"Detailed prau records from Raffles Bay in 1829 show that the Pattie Djawaija
carried a crew of 37 `besides 4 black natives who were going to Macassar'
(see Macknight 1976:130-131). Barker (1829:7 May) described these particular
Aboriginal travellers in his diary. On an earlier occasion, he recorded
that the crew of a prau had
 
  ... described a very good race of Blacks (in the Gulf of Carpentaria as
  well as I could make out) who ... spoke a little Malay. Several had been
  at Macassar, probably 100 and some were there now.  (Barker 1829:2Apr.) 

This reference is almost certainly to Groote and Bickerton Islands. Any
reasonable conjecture as to the population of those islands in 1829 indicates
that a hundred visitors to Macassar represents a significant proportion
of the population (J. Harris 1984b:114). Barker did not actually record
any such voyages by Raffles Bay Aboriginal people, but some fourteen years
later at Port Essington, Jukes (1847:35) observed that a prau

  ... brought back a native of Port Essington, who had gone away with them
  last year to Macassar. This, we were told was not an uncommon occurrence
  as the natives of Port Essington are very fond of going abroad to see
  the world. 

Formal concern was expressed about this practice in official correspondence
during the 1870's at which time there seemed to be some doubt as to whether
the Aboriginal travellers went to Macassar voluntarily or under compulsion"
"The matter was of particular concern to the official `Protector of Aborigines'
and was a frequent subject of correspondence between him and the Government
Resident in Darwin and between the Government Resident and the South Australian
Minister controlling the Northern Territory. Cadell reported on the matter both
from the north coast (SAA 790/1878/351) and from Macassar itself (SAA
790/1879/83), where recent legislation, requiring a deposit of 200 rupees
per person for crew members recruited in Macassar, was making it difficult
for Aboriginal people to secure return passages to Australia. The voyage
to `Macassar', however, seems to have been considered to be a normal feature
of the life of many of the younger Aboriginal men and of some women (Macknight
1976:86). The Aboriginal perception would appear to be that most of the
voyagers returned with exciting travellers' tales to tell"
"Many of the black men went back to the Malay country with the returning
  fleets and stayed through the intervening season. There are a few cases
  of men who stayed permanently and married Malay women, but this was very
  rare.  
   (Warner 1932:458)  

  When people used to go from here to Macassar, they used to come back with
  stories about how they were treated there ... Our people liked to go there
  and see these different things ... where they made their dug-out canoes,
  and the beautiful cloth called liba, and their knives.  
   (Lamilami 1974:70) 

The linguistic significance of this is that the Aboriginal people concerned
would have been obliged to gain some fluency in the language of the prau
crews and of the places where they lived, and they would have used these
skills in communicating with the trepangers in the years after they had
returned home to Australia. Clearly a significant number of Aboriginal people
went to Macassar itself as the commercial home-base of the trepang industry,
but it is also important to note that the term `Macassar' was used by Aboriginal
people to denote south-east Asia generally. Many Aboriginal people travelled
to and lived in places other than Macassar. Not only were there other ports
of call for the praus returning to Macassar, but an unknown number of people
had opportunities to travel even further afield (Berndt and Berndt 1954:50;
Worseley 1955:5). An interesting example was noted by a semi-official survey
party in 1875 which met an Aboriginal man at Caledon Bay on the Western
side of the gulf of Carpenteria who had not only been to Macassar but also
to Singapore where he had learnt, among other things, a small amount of
English (SAA 790/1876/74). Tindale was able to record stories of such travels
on Groote Eylandt within twenty five years of the close of the industry
while people who had actually travelled away with the praus were still alive"
"Several old men of the Ingura (Anindilyakwa) tribe, as youths, made voyages
  with the Malays, principally of Macassar, who regularly visited the North
  Australian coast until about twenty-five years ago, and are familiar with
  the language of Macassar, with sometimes a smattering of other languages,
  such as Bugi and Malay .."
"One very old Bartalumbu man, Yambukwa by name, was taken away before
  initiation, and spent many years in various foreign places, returning as a 
  middle-aged man ... He told us of woolly haired Papuans, of Timor Laut,
  Macassar, Ke, Aru, Banda, and many other places which I could not recognise
  by his names or descriptions. With the aid of one of our crew, a Macassar-Torres
  Strait half-caste, who conversed fluently with him, something was learned
  about the visits of the Malays. (Tindale 1925:130)  

This involvement of Aboriginal people in the trepang industry outside
Australia, their travels around the archipelago and their sojourns in Macassar
itself indicate that those who underwent these experiences would have had
the opportunity to become familiar with the languages of the region. It
has been shown already that they were members of multilingual speech
communities and quite possibly had a tradition of using contact languages
that stretched back for several centuries. They were what Bickerton (1977:51)
calls `multilingual autodidacts' with well developed strategies for acquiring
other languages and they would certainly have gained knowledge of a number
of languages while overseas. (Urry and Walsh 1981:95) 

Firstly, they would have gained increased familiarity with the lingua franca
of the ports, the `Portuguese-Malay' pidgin. The ease with which Aboriginal
people seem to have been able to merge into the cosmopolitan life of the
trading ports, when considered in the light of the sociolinguistic and
historical-linguistic logic of maritime trade expansion, argues for the
existence of a lingua franca which Aboriginal people first learnt in Australia,
used and expanded in South-east Asia, and then brought back with them, thus
enriching the local contact language"
"Secondly, those who remained for extended periods in Macassar itself would
have become familiar with Macassarese. In the life of the port city of Macassar
and in the Macassan households with whom they lived, Macassarese would
have been the normal means of communication. On their return to Australia,
these particular people would have retained reasonable facility in Macassarese"
"As particular praus tended to return year after year to the same locality,
there to deal with the same groups, Aboriginal people who had returned from
Macassar would have been able to maintain annual direct contact with their
Macassan acquaintances. In these circumstances, it seems likely that
Macassarese could sometimes have been used in communication between native
Macassan trepangers and Aboriginal people on some parts of the coast. It
must also be noted that specifically Macassan crews did not visit all parts
of the coast and that relationships varied from locality to locality. There
was obviously a degree of friendship in some places. The Groote Eylandters
still speak of how welcome the trepangers were, how they were awaited each
year with excitement, and how flags were flown to guide them to where their
hosts were waiting. It was from places such as Groote Eylandt that Aboriginal
people travelled away with the `Macassans'. On some other parts of the coast
relationships were strained, in some cases quite antagonistic. Barker's
diary shows this clearly. In such places, the sort of limited communications
which would have occurred would most likely have been in a restricted form
of the `Portuguese-Malay' trade language"
"Thirdly, Aboriginal people travelling around the archipelago in the
multilingual company of other people involved in the trepang trade, would
have had opportunities to learn something of yet other languages. There
are a number of records of Aboriginal people stating that they could speak
languages other than Macassarese, such as Buginese (Tindale 1925:130)"
"Earl also made such observations including one, reported in Stokes (1846:61)
in which an Aboriginal man spoke in `the New Guinea dialect' when addressed
in that language by a Ceramese who mistook him for a New Guinean"
"The observation that some Aboriginal people knew and took pleasure in using
a number of Austronesian languages when the occasion allowed it, does not
detract from the fact that the situation demanded a lingua franca which,
Urry and Walsh (1979:95-98) argue, must have been based on the
`Portuguese-Malay' pidgin. It is not unlikely that the trepangers would
have used this pidgin in their first attempts at communication with Aboriginal
people. One cannot, however, ignore the predominance of people from Macassar
on some of the praus and the visits by Aboriginal people to Macassar itself"
"These facts point strongly to the likelihood that in some parts of the coast,
there was considerable use of Macassarese or at the very least, that the
Australian version of the `Portuguese-Malay' pidgin contained a large number
of lexical items of Macassarese origin"
"This view, however, must be balanced against the only piece of evidence
so far located of the trepangers' perception of the language. According
to Barker (1829:2 Apr.), the trepangers at Raffles Bay described Aboriginal
groups further to the East who `spoke a little Malay'. This is a very important
observation because unlike many references to `Malay', it is in the diary
of someone who, as already noted, distinguished between `Macassarese' and
`Malay' and who recorded the problems of communication with a trepanger
who could speak `only the Macassar tongue'. It appears that it was not the
language of Macassar but the `Portuguese-Malay' pidgin, the general language
of the trade in the archipelago, which was perceived by the trepangers
themselves as the language of the trepang trade in North Australian waters"
"The discussion so far has only acknowledged the linguistic input of the
trepangers. In terms of what is normally understood to be the origin of pidgins,
the language or languages of the trepangers certainly appear to have been
the superstrate or target languages. The contact, however, spanned some
centuries and the question of Aboriginal contribution to the language of
the trade must also be considered. The strongest evidence of this comes
from the widespread use of the `Macassan' Pidgin between groups of Aboriginal
people"
"The development of a lingua franca between Aboriginal people  

As has been discussed earlier, Aboriginal people of the northern coastal
regions belonged to multilingual speech communities and were quite able
to communicate with all neighbouring groups. When, however, Aboriginal people
used the raw materials of the languages of the trepang trade, which were
common to widely separated groups, and made from them a lingua franca for
use between themselves, it had far reaching sociolinguistic and cultural
consequences"
"It may be presumed that the `Portuguese-Malay' pidgin, the trade language
of the archipelago, formed the basis of the contact language of the trepang
trade in this area. It may also be presumed, that in areas of intense contact
with specifically Macassan people and with Macassar itself, Macassarese
was also a language of communication. It should not, however, be presumed
that Macassarese or even the `Portuguese-Malay' pidgin was simply taken
and used, quite unmodified, by various groups of Aboriginal people in
communication with each other"
"Urry and Walsh (1981:96) emphasise the necessity to distinguish between
the language of the trepang trade and the local lingua franca. Not to do
so is to deny Aboriginal people all creativity and linguistic innovation
in the development of the `Macassan' Pidgin which was to become their own
lingua franca, yet it is now extremely difficult to determine just what
the Aboriginal or substrate contribution may have been"
""
"By Alf Rattigan Individuals Get Little Help to Adjust to Economic Change, 1973-1975  

It was not until the IAC Bill had passed through both Houses of Parliament on
12 December 1973 that commissioners, associate commissioners and additional
staff could be selected. Most of these appointments had to be made quickly
because the Government had indicated that it intended to forward to the
IAC early in 1974 a number of important and wide-ranging references relating
to the primary sector of the economy. Also, before any inquiries in the
primary, mining or tertiary sectors were too far advanced it was important,
first, to get all the commissioners to agree on a common economy-wide approach
to assistance to industries and, secondly, to encourage informed public
discussion by explaining the approach, the reasons for it and its likely
effects"
"Immediately after vice-regal assent to the Act was received, the Government
appointed five members of the Tariff Board as commissioners and one other
member (Watson) as the Temporary Assistance Authority (TAA). The economic
boom made it unlikely that any matters would be referred to the TAA in the
immediate future, so Watson was also appointed a commissioner for six months
to enable him to complete several inquiries he had commenced as a presiding
member of the Tariff Board. In January Professor Alan Lloyd, an agricultural
economist at Melbourne University, and Hylda Rolfe, economist for the
Australian Wool and Meat Producers, were appointed as commissioners"
"In February I recommended that the chief of the Commission's staff (Bill
Carmichael) be appointed as a commissioner when Watson's term finished in
June. If this recommendation was accepted I intended to appoint Carmichael
as executive commissioner so that he could provide the close link I wanted
between the staff and the commissioners, and also make a substantial
contribution to the work of the commissioners. In discussing the matter
with me, Whitlam said that Carmichael's appointment was strongly opposed
by Cairns and his advisers - apparently because Carmichael was closely
identified with me and the changes which had been made in the Board's work
in the last decade. Before the question of a replacement for Watson was
settled, an important political event occurred which affected the outcome"
"The Liberal and Country Party coalition, through their control of the
Senate, forced Whitlam to get a dissolution of both Houses of the Parliament
early in April. An election of 18 May was proclaimed. The Labor Party was
anxious to get a good candidate for the sixth position on the Party's New
South Wales Senate ticket because the prospect of a candidate in that position
being elected was not very great. P.B. Westerway was selected; he was a
lecturer in government and public administration at the Sydney University,
a broadcaster on public affairs and the general secretary of the New South
Wales branch of the Labor Party. Whitlam agreed to a proposal put to him
by the New South Wales Labor Party that if Westerway was not elected, he
would be appointed as soon as possible after the election to a position
on a statutory authority. Westerway did not win a seat in the Senate; he
asked to be made a commissioner of the IAC and was appointed vice Watson. 
Whitlam considered that Westerway was well qualified to become a Commissioner 
of the IAC but I was disappointed; the appointee had obtained the position as 
a matter of political expediency; he had not been selected on the basis of 
competency"
"With Whitlam's concurrence, I set out to appoint associate commissioners
with diverse backgrounds. I had two objectives; to improve the work of the
Commission and to widen the understanding in the community of the IAC's
approach to its work. Four full-time associate commissioners were appointed"
"They had the following backgrounds - editor of the Financial Review; associate
professor of agricultural economics of the University of Western Australia;
deputy commissioner of the Trade Practices Commission; commercial counsellor
of the Australian Embassy, Japan. The part-time associate commissioners
appointed in the first twelve months included four manufacturers, two graziers,
one farmer, an assistant director-general of the New South Wales Department
of Agriculture, a director of the Waite Agricultural Research Institute,
South Australia, a director of a large private marketing research
organization, and a geologist who was a private consultant in mineral
economics"
"The range of work undertaken by the Commission immediately after its
establishment can be gauged from a list of matters referred to the IAC during
its first year. In the primary sector: the dairy industry; rural
reconstruction; the apple and pear industry; the dried vine fruits industry;
bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis slaughter compensation; financing the
promotion of rural products; assistance to new land farmers in Western
Australia; potatoes and potato products; temporary assistance for the
beef-cattle industry; financing rural research; ways of reducing fluctuations
in rural incomes; harvesting and processing fish and shellfish. In the mining
sector: the gold-mining industry; taxation measures and royalty charges
affecting all mining industries. In the tertiary sector: assistance to
the performing arts; the publishing industry; the tourist accommodation
industry. In the secondary sector the Commission was heavily involved in
the tariff review but also in a number of important inquiries outside the
review, e.g. industries producing motor-vehicles; aircraft; iron and steel;
tractors; man-made fibre yarns; soap and detergents; tyres; railway and
tramway rolling stock; locomotives; textiles, clothing and footwear"
"Soon after it came into power the Labor Government set up a taskforce
headed by Coombs to report on ways to prune expenditure. Late in 1973 it
recommended that the subsidy for the use of superphosphate fertilizers in
primary industries should lapse when the period covered by the existing
legislation ran out in December 1974. In January 1974 Whitlam asked me whether
the Commission could, within a period of two to three months, examine and
report on the question of subsidizing the use of phosphate fertilizers"
"He said he wanted the matter determined before the discussions to frame
the 1974-75 budget commenced. I pointed out to him that superphosphate was
used in a number of primary industries, all of which would have to be examined,
and that I would not expect such an inquiry to be completed in less than
ten months. Whitlam was very disappointed with my response. He considered
that payment of the subsidy was unjustified and that the money was needed
for other purposes. On 15 February 1973 his Cabinet decided, without any
public inquiry, to let the subsidy lapse in December 1974"
"The Cabinet decision brought a storm of protests from the farmers and
their organizations, who considered it cut across the public inquiry system
embodied in the IAC legislation. The protests continued right through 1974"
"A reference on the matter was finally sent to the IAC on 29 January 1975
(and the subsidy was extended to allow time for the inquiry) but the damage
done to the Whitlam Government's relations with the farming community by
that Cabinet decision was never fully repaired"
"As the IAC commenced its work, the Government announced decisions on several
of the reports which the Tariff Board had signed late in 1973. The report
on domestic appliances and heating and cooling equipment attracted most
attention from the press, the manufacturers, and trade unions. This was
probably because of the types of goods it covered. They included `white
goods' such as refrigerators, stoves, freezers, washing machines and clothes
dryers; `shelf appliances' such as electric toasters, kettles, mixers, frying
pans, irons and shavers; `portable appliances' such as vacuum cleaners,
floor polishers, and lawnmowers, and larger equipment such as air-conditioning
and commercial refrigeration equipment and water and space heaters"
"The Board found that the local production costs for the goods were generally
more than twice those of other countries with similar standards of living"
"The primary reason for the high production costs was the inefficient use
of resources. Too many producers manufactured too great a variety of products
in too many plants. Competition amongst producers was in terms of product
differentiation rather than price, and high tariffs had perpetuated this
practice by insulating the industry from import competition. At the time
the inquiry commenced, the average effective rate of duty for goods was
over 50 per cent. The Board recommended rates which would reduce the effective
rate for most of the goods to 25 per cent and for the remainder to 35 per
cent"
The Government accepted the Board's recommendations on 24 January 1974
"Restructuring of the industry was delayed first by the economic boom and,
when that boom broke later in the year, by the imposition of temporary duties"
"But when these were removed a more internationally competitive basis of
production evolved with a reduction in the number of factories and greater
specialization in manufacturing operations"
"The inter-departmental committee on structural change reported to the
Government in February 1974. It considered that special adjustment assistance
could be justified only where a structural change `clearly in the national
interest' brought about by the Government itself was occurring or impending,
and it was clear that such change was beyond the normal adaptive capacity
of the economy, and likely to bring economic hardship or inequity to
individuals and/or firms which was too severe to be accommodated within
the generally available measures"
"The committee considered that in providing help for individuals, the major
concern should be to assist them in obtaining satisfactory employment. It
pointed out that in the context of the 25 per cent tariff-cut in July 1973,
assistance was proposed for individuals through a range of measures
(income-maintenance support, relocation grants, retraining assistance,
early-retirement benefits, special local unemployment relief grants and
family counselling services), but up to February 1974 only income-maintenance
had been asked for. The committee noted `that some of these measures were
currently under consideration in other more general contexts'. It believed
that income-maintenance was likely to provide appropriate short-term assistance
and would secure acceptance of a government decision to bring about structural
change in most cases. The committee recommended that income-maintenance
be available for up to six months and provide the individual with a weekly
amount equal to his or her average earnings in the previous six months"
"For firms in the secondary sector to be eligible for assistance, the
committee considered that, not only must the structural change have rendered
a significant separate part of the firm's assets incapable of economic
production, but also that the firm must have taken reasonable steps for
self-help which were unlikely to bring about complete adjustment. The committee
recommended that only two compensation measures be available for firms,
closure compensation and consultancy grants, and said that to widen the
range to include other measures such as loans, interest subsidies, loan
guarantees and grants (other than consultancy grants) would involve the
Government too closely in directing resources into new areas of activity
instead of simply helping to move resources out of existing areas. It believed
that firms and employees should have a choice in deciding on alternative
opportunities and that the Government should avoid becoming committed to
firms in the grey area between those able to adjust by themselves and those
which should close down. The report indicated that there was some difference
of opinion amongst members of the committee on the extent and form of the
measures which should be available to firms in secondary industry - the
Department of Secondary Industry maintained the measures should include
loans, grants etc. The committee's recommendations reflected the views
of the majority"
"The committee was of the opinion that measures already existed to facilitate
structural adjustments in the rural sector and made no recommendations
regarding that sector"
"At the policy level, the committee considered that the Government would
decide whether a particular structural change was desirable and whether
special measures were warranted - in many cases following the receipt of
a report from the IAC. At the administrative level, the committee considered
that arrangements for individuals should be handled by the Departments of
Labour and Social Security and that for firms, there was a need for a body
to determine and supervise payments to individual firms"
""
"The ghost of Murphy  

IT IS the Australian convention that judges' private lives should be not
only discreet but unobserved. Yet Justice Lionel Murphy has not only lived
publicly these past two years but now, it seems, he is to die publicly as
well"
"The force of will which has driven Justice Murphy back to the High Court
bench may be founded on courage (as his friends insist) or on obsession
(as his enemies assert). Which is immaterial. What matters is that he has
returned, that his brother judges have permitted him to return and that
the position of Chief Justice Sir Harry Gibbs, as a result, is both difficult
and controversial. 
To the Chief Justice, nearing retirement and deeply worried about the future
of our highest court, it is wrong that a judge should sit while his conduct
is under investigation"
"To Justice Murphy, the right of a High Court judge to sit until removed
by Parliament is clear and now reinforced by his own conduct last Friday"
"Even many legal authorities worried by some aspects of Justice Murphy's
conduct agree that the right so carefully inserted in the Constitution at
the behest of the great Sir Isaac Isaacs is beyond question and above
convention"
"For its part, the Government has backed Justice Murphy this time around
and shrugged off Sir Harry Gibbs's misgivings. But so many questions remain
unanswered that even from the grave the ghost of Lionel Murphy will haunt
both his old party and his old court"
The continued functioning of the Parliamentary Commission now seems pointless
"Hounding a dying man would be unseemly. But the provision of answers to
those questions, questions which could even place Sir Harry Gibbs's own
position in jeopardy, is essential"
"Was the High Court threatening to strike back in May if Justice Murphy resumed
his seat? Or was it only Sir Harry Gibbs and perhaps one other? Why did the
Government agree to the setting up of the Commission? If Murphy could not
be seated then, why can he be seated now with Government support?

Whatever the answers, the Chief Justice must now be deeply regretful he
ever took the court into politics, because that is what he did in the early
days of May. And former members of the Whitlam Government must now be rueful
about that fated decision to put a politician on to the High Court bench,
just as the more thoughtful members of the last Menzies Government came
to rue the sending of Sir Garfield Barwick, then Foreign Minister, to the
court."
"Stars add power to Cyclone By ANDREW WEST  

AS the umpteenth and final Australian mini-series to be screened this year,
it is appropriate that Cyclone Tracy recreates our worst natural disaster
with a blend of compassion and adventure"
"Cyclone Tracy (Channel 9, Wednesday, 8.30pm) boasts one of the strongest
Australian casts assembled for a contemporary drama"
"AFI award-winner Chris Haywood is again a natural as Steve Parry, the
television reporter who strikes up a friendship, and ultimately a love affair,
with Connie (Tracy Mann)"
"Mann, another AFI winner, gives a spirited performance as a widowed publican
trying to raise children and run a business"
"Gillmer excels  

Despite her talent, however, she seems overawed by the wealth of experience
around her"
"Caroline Gillmer excels as Little Caroline, Connie's mother, in a solid,
understated portrayal of a woman deserted by her husband. 
  Tony Barry is equally powerful but, in contrast to Gillmer's reserve,
is emphatic in his portrayal of Mick Brennen, Little Caroline's former husband
and Connie's father"
"But there is something disconcerting about American accents on Australian
TV, and the series suffers in this regard"
"Nicholas Hammond, who found fame in The Sound of Music 20 years ago and
recently appeared in The Challenge, is burdened with a role that is crucial
to an irrelevant sub-plot"
"He plays a drug-courier on the run from Billy Hong (Johann Huang), a
narcotics dealer"
"Distracting  

Because the mini-series spans three nights, the sub-plot is a necessary
respite from the cyclone, but it interrupts the program at its most dramatic
moments"
Cyclone Tracy is also saddled with a lingering first episode
"It takes more than an hour to establish the characters, who amble from
scene to scene etching out situations that could send many viewers to sleep"
"Because of Cyclone Tracy's place in history, however, this mini-series
will survive"
"In fact, some of the special effects are so realistic, don't be surprised
if they hold a telethon afterwards!"
"Grand prix ace to miss Hardie 1000  

BRILLIANT young grand prix driver Gerhard Berger has scratched from Sunday
week's James Hardie 1000"
"Berger's sponsor, Benetton, will not let the 26-year-old Austrian come
to Australia, fearing the pressure of a trip Down Under for a long touring
car race a week before the Mexican Grand Prix would be too much. 
  He will be replaced in the Bob Jane T-Marts BMW by German touring car ace
Dieter Quester"
"Quester is no stranger to the Bob Jane car - it's the same Schnitzer-prepared
BMW he drove to victory in the world's toughest touring car race, the
Spa-Francorchamps 24-hour, a couple of months ago"
"At Bathurst he will share it with another top European BMW driver, Roberto
Ravaglia of Italy"
"Ravaglia was rookie of the year at Bathurst last year with a second with
Johnny Cecotto in a BMW"
"The Ravaglia-Quester car will retain its BMW colors, blue purple and red,
instead of Bob Jane's familiar orange"
"A spokesman for the Bob Jane Corporation, which is running five cars at
Bathurst, said Berger had confirmed he could not make it to Bathurst due
to formula 1 commitments"
"Racing at Bathurst would have meant two Australian trips in three weeks
for Berger who often races with Ravaglia in European touring car races"
""
"Full marks to British crime  

  The differing attitudes of the British and the Americans towards TV crime
series is shown to good effect in two new shows premiering on Channel 9
this week"
"Bulman (Monday, 10.35pm) and Hollywood Beat (Saturday, 8.30pm) are both
entertaining"
But they are miles apart when it comes to originality and production
"Bulman is made by Granada Television and is up to the excellent standard
we have come to expect from British crime shows. 
  Don Henderson stars as retired police inspector George Bulman, who has
taken to a life of mending clocks in a South London antique shop"
"But his days away from the rough and tumble of the underworld and espionage
are short-numbered"
"He soon gets mixed up with Lucy McGinty (Siobhan Redmond), the daughter
of an old colleague. Lucy is a university dropout with an obsession for
criminology"
"She soon has Bulman back in harness - but this time as her partner in
a private detective agency"
"The first episode sees Bulman hot on the trail of a suspicious road accident
which turns out to be murder"
"Froth  

  Bulman is a spin-off from the highly-successful British series Strangers,
and its 13 episodes feature some big name stars"
"On the other hand, Hollywood Beat is a typical American froth and bubble
piece about two undercover police officers working in Hollywood"
"The two colorful characters battle with their straight-laced superior
but always win through in the last reel"
"It's all so familiar you could virtually exchange the title with any of
a dozen or so American shows"
"Jack Scalia stars as Nick McCarren who fights crime with his partner Jack
Rado (Jay Acovone)"
"Scalia, who played Rock Hudson's son in The Devlin Connection, is a former
all-American baseball star"
"But he isn't the only big sports name in the show. Hulking former Los
Angeles Raiders linebacker John Matuszak plays, of all things, a gay bar
owner. Give me Bulman any day, but it's highly probable Hollywood Beat will
prove more popular"
""
"by Professor David Caro, Vice-Chancellor  

  To write about a single year is to capture merely a fragment
of University life - a host of dependent, but often unrelated
events. Of course, 1985 is no exception"
"Several events dominate - our research successes, the demand for
student places, the transfer of the RAAF Academy, and our
continuing efforts to meet new and pressing obligations
stemming from recent legislation on social issues"
"Overall the University can look back on its achievements during
1985 with satisfaction, even pride"
The demand for University of Melbourne courses remained high
"Of the 15,000 applicants for places, we were able to take
3,500. The year also saw the introduction of the University's
special admissions scheme - for students who would not normally
gain entry under the existing selection procedures. One hundred
and forty students were admitted under the scheme, 82 from
Victorian high schools, 19 from Catholic schools, two from non-
Catholic independent schools, four from technical schools and
15 from technical and further education colleges"
"The special admissions scheme has been introduced on a three-
year trial basis to allow the University to evaluate selection
procedures. In selecting students, the University considered 
qualitative information such as school principals' recommendations,
internal school assessments and work experience"
"Anti-intellectual environment  
In a recent address the Minister for Science, Mr Barry Jones,
said ""Australia is one of the few countries in the Western
World in which the words `academic' and `intellectual' are used
as terms of abuse."" He is right, and I often wonder how long
we can afford that"
"Despite this anti-intellectual environment, the University of
Melbourne added to its international standing as a research
institution during 1985"
"The University signed a $140,000 contract to supply a proton-
microprobe to the Institute of Physics in Beijing, one of
China's leading research institutes. The microprobe, developed
in the University's School of Physics, is the most advanced
instrument of its type in the world"
"The `bionic ear', or cochlear implant, developed by Professor
Graeme Clark's research team at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear
Hospital, and the bio-medical firm, Nucleus Limited, has
spawned sister companies to develop, market and sell the device
internationally"
"The University also established a microanalytical research
centre in the School of Physics, and with other institutions,
developed a key centre for statistics. The statistics centre,
one of seven centres of teaching and research funded by the
Commonwealth Government, was established with Monash and La
Trobe Universities and the Royal Melbourne Institute of
Technology"
"To help expand Australia's commercial activities in China and
Japan, the Faculty of Law launched an Asian Law Centre"
"Initially the Centre will concentrate on Chinese and Japanese
Law, particularly in the area of trade and commerce. It will
initiate preliminary research on legal developments in Korea
and Hong Kong"
"An era came to an end on 31 December when the RAAF Academy
transferred from the University to the new Defence Forces
Academy in Canberra. The Academy's 24-year association with the
University has been a proud one - both in teaching and research"
"It has graduated 35 students in physics each year during the
past few years"
"About 550 students of the RAAF Academy have been awarded the
Degree of Bachelor of Science including 50 with honours. Fifty
students have completed the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy and
30 the Master of Science. Approximately 500 publications have
resulted from research activities"
"During 1985 the University appointed an equal opportunity
officer, and approved policies on equal opportunity and on
combating sexual harassment. As well, the University made plans
to expand its childcare facilities. An additional centre
accommodating 60 children will be opened in Bouverie Street"
"Last year I reported the establishment of an Alumni Association
aimed at strengthening and working with existing graduate
organizations. Throughout the year alumni meetings were held
in Brisbane, Sydney, Perth and Canberra, and interest in the
University and its activities increased significantly. More
than 200 people attended the launching of the University of
Melbourne Gallery Society in June. The Society provides a means
for members to develop and extend their interest in the visual
arts through an active program of events"
"During the year the University was saddened by the deaths of
former Vice-Chancellors Sir David Derham and Sir George Paton;
Professor Emeritus Wilfred Prest, of Economics; Professor
Emeritus Victor Trikojus, of Biochemistry; and Deputy
Chancellor Dr Geoffrey Downes. All served the University with
distinction and will be greatly missed"
"Pressures on education  
The year's events have to be seen within the context of the
pressures on the whole education system. Universities have to
function in an environment beyond their own control - an
environment created by Commonwealth and State Governments"
"Whether we like it or not, universities are part of the
political scene. At times the education system suffers from
political compromises and from interaction between governments
- often without apparent rhyme or reason. It is a political
environment which can hamper intellectual pursuit in many ways"
"In so many aspects of University life we are hamstrung by
government regulation. The number of students, the way we seek
funds, and the type and, at times, quality of courses are
circumscribed by governments"
"On student numbers, for example, the University must follow
Commonwealth Tertiary Education Commission edicts"
"The University would like to accept many more students, but
funding is not available at this stage. There is much talk of
increased participation and equality of opportunity but not
much is actually being done about it. When the Commonwealth
Government abolished tertiary fees, the change for universities
was profound. Since then there has been a single source of
income, not three sources as previously. To some extent this
hinders state and community objectives"
"When the change in funding took place, the Commonwealth
expenditure on education rose from four per cent of the budget
to 9.4 per cent in one year. Ever since, education has been
under attack by Treasury and the Department of Finance"
"Beset by more and more government regulation, by both the State
and the Commonwealth, the problem for Australian universities
in the past decade has been to survive and find ways to support
their proper functions despite the government strait-jacket"
"At present the Commonwealth Tertiary Education Commission is
undergoing a further change and it seems certain to increase
its intervention in university affairs. At the same time, the
Victorian universities are influenced by the Victorian Post-
Secondary Education Commission. While the Chairman of that 
body is most helpful to the universities, the Commission's 
Act would allow it to have a major impact on universities 
and it could, at any time, be in conflict with the Commonwealth"
"Giving education priority  
Of course, there are many problems - student numbers, funding
of places, re-introduction of fees, research funding, course
structure, institutional autonomy, the need to help
disadvantaged groups . . . But our most serious problem may be
in the way politicians and bureaucrats think about education"
"Too often it is seen only as an expense without an immediate
economic return. It is an attitude which leads to debates about
preparing people for set tasks, cost-effectiveness, and
frustration as attempts to measure human potential defy
bureaucratic formulae"
"Now that the Commonwealth is funding higher education and, in
part, schools as well, the Federal education budget is around
$4,000 million a year. Unless this can be reduced significantly, 
education will be attacked in each budget. We need, therefore, 
to consider how higher education might be funded by means other 
than, or as well as by Commonwealth grants. However, the 
re-introduction of fees is just one issue"
"The time has come to give education priority in our national
thinking. One hesitates to advocate an education summit
meeting, but politicians and educators must begin to set common
goals for education. At the same time they must agree on the
best methods to achieve them"
"For our University there are some concerns but I am convinced
that with goodwill and good management the University of
Melbourne will continue to serve its communities - both locally
and internationally - with distinction"
"One of the greatest comforts for a Vice-Chancellor is the
knowledge that he can rely for support on the skills and
influence of a large and increasingly active body of graduates"
""
"Ageing of Europe limits our growth By Andy Stoeckel  

  WALK AROUND the shopping centres and parks on a Sunday in Hamburg or Kiel
in West Germany and there's something striking - no kids!
  The unprecedented demographic revolution taking place in Europe will
have widespread economic effects and global repercussions for Australia
as well as for other countries.  This revolution is probably already affecting
economic policy in key countries and limiting the chances for world recovery"
"One West German demographer estimates that if the current decline in
population continues there will only be half as many Europeans in the year
2086 as now.  The lowest birth rate is in West Germany - 1.3 children per
woman - the lowest in the country's history.  Already the lower population
growth rates mean housing and land prices are falling at a time of supposedly
good economic growth and that has bankers worried"
"Some of the effects, such as closing schools and teacher layoffs (look
out for a big immigration of European teachers) are obvious enough.  But
the main economic influence will come from the ageing of the population"
"This ageing is a consequence of declining birth rates and increasing life
expectancy due to medical advances"
"Over the next 25 years many of the major industrial economies - the ""engines""
of the world economy - will have huge increases in the number of pensioners"
"In Europe by the turn of the century 25 per cent of the population will
be over 60 years of age.  Moreover, the number of workers - the people paying
for the pensioners - will fall"
"The proportion of pensioners to the labour force will rise dramatically
to 64 per cent in West Germany and more than double in Japan to 43 per cent
by 2030.  These effects for key countries are shown in the chart.  This
increased burden of old people - higher medical care costs, pensions and
entitlements - will mean some hard choices for governments. They have four
choices: allow an explosion of public sector debt, increase taxes (including
by inflation), cut pensions and entitlements, or cut other expenditure"
"It is this prospect of ballooning public sector debt that is affecting
the slow world recovery, the falling US dollar and hence our own prospects"
"First, as stated in previous articles in this column, macroeconomic policies
between the majors are out of phase. While the United States has been running
large fiscal deficits, West Germany and Japan have maintained tight fiscal
policies. This has contributed to the huge US current account deficit,
the enormous debt build-up and the falling US dollar"
"One of the often-stated remedies is for the Japanese and West Germany
economies to reflate their economies through fiscal expansion. A domestic
expansion by these two should lead to increased imports, encourage world
economic growth and ease the US trade deficit"
"While true, this point should not be overplayed. Martin Feldstein, past
chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisers, a US economic
think tank, estimates that a 2 per cent a year rise in GNP in every country
in the world for the next two years would raise US exports in 1989 by less
than $US15 billion - only 10 per cent of the the US trade deficit! That
is also the reason there has to be a further big decline of the US dollar"
"Income changes alone will not close the US trade gap and price changes
(devaluations) will be necessary"
"But there is no doubt that fiscal expansion by West Germany and Japan
would lift world economic growth, ease US trade problems, improve world
trade, lift commodity prices and ease Third World debt problems. So, why
don't West Germany and Japan expand more than they are doing now? Wouldn't
that be universally popular? Let us go back to the ageing factor"
"West Germany and Japan face public sector debt explosions to finance the
increasing pension costs (see chart). Organisations for Economic Co-operation
and Development projections of public sector debt in these countries, assuming
no change in pension costs and taking account of the likely changes, highlight
the dramatic influence of the demographic changes. The ratio of debt to
GNP in Japan could be over 100 per cent by 2010."
"Police break nurses' pickets By GERARD BROWN  

  POLICE have started escorting hospital supply trucks after clashes at nurses'
picket lines at the weekend"
"Nurses and supporters were dragged from a picket line after trucks carrying
clean linen for about 20 hospitals were blocked at the central linen service
at the Royal Melbourne Hospital"
"Police also broke a picket line at the Freemasons' Private Hospital to
allow deliveries of clean linen"
"The lights of a truck were damaged when a car was used to stop trucks
leaving the central linen service, and police said they would take action
against a protester"
Picketing nurses were joined by other union members at the weekend
"The Royal Australian Nursing Federation state secretary, Ms Irene Bolger,
said yesterday police had acted violently and without reason"
"Miss Bolger will meet the ACTU secretary, Mr Bill Kelty, on the RANF's
20 wage and career structure claims after a mass meeting of nurses today"
"""The ACTU will be of some assistance in speaking to the State Government
but their involvement will not solve this dispute overnight,"" Ms Bolger
said"
"She said the nurses would give the Government a clear message of defiance
at the mass meeting by continuing the strike"
"Ms Bolger said the RANF wages claim withdrawn from the State Industrial
Commission last week had not been abandoned and could be re-submitted and
in an altered form"
"A full bench of the commission will resume hearing the Hospital Employees'
Federation  (No 1 branch) claim for the restructuring of junior nurses'
wages and career structure today"
"The Treasurer, Mr Jolly, said yesterday the RANF had adopted an incoherent
and inconsistent approach to resolving the 32-day strike"
""
"Brooklyn `fairy' packs a punch By BRUCE GUTHRIE in Los Angeles  

WHEN Mike Tyson was growing up in Brooklyn, the kids used to call him ""little
fairy boy"" because of his painfully shy, almost effeminate ways"
"But they daren't call him that now. 
  Tomorrow that ""little fairy boy"", now a massive fighting machine, is set
to rewrite the record books by becoming the youngest heavyweight boxing
champion in the history of the ""sweet science"""
"Tyson, 20, will fight 33-year-old Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing
Council heavyweight championship at the Las Vegas Hilton about 2.30 pm
(Melbourne time)"
"Despite his youth and his challenger status, Tyson goes into the bout
a 5-1 favorite to thwart Berbick's first defence of the crown he won from
Pinklon Thomas in March"
"If, as many expect, Tyson takes the WBC title from Berbick, he will become
the youngest heavyweight champ.  That honor has long been held by Floyd
Patterson, who achieved it five weeks before his 22nd birthday back in 1956"
Tyson turned 20 on June 30
"The story of Tyson's rise from impoverished child to delinquent youth
to championship contender is an inspiring tale"
"There is a view in boxing circles the sport is only as good as its
heavyweights"
"Given the paucity of class acts in the division, Tyson has been like a
breath of fresh air for the sport since he turned pro in March 1985"
"In the ring he looks and is frighteningly efficient.  There are no frills -
his standard attire is black trunks and black, ankle-length shoes.  He has
been aptly likened to a hungry doberman"
"Tyson, although short for a heavyweight - about 1.8 metres - has a body
like a tip-truck"
"Weighing in at 98 kg, his head, which in repose looks like a chunk of flesh,
devoid of features, sits atop a 50cm neck.  Most experts agree it will take
some punch to snap it back towards the canvas"
"Tyson grew up the youngest of three children in the Bedford-Stuyvesant
section of Brooklyn.  He says he never knew his father and that his mother
detested violence"
"Given her timid ways and that his earliest playmate was his sister and
not his older brother, Tyson says he picked up some almost effeminate
mannerisms"
These brought some painful epithets from the tough kids of his neighborhood
"""When I was younger, they used to call me `little fairy boy',"" he said"
"""I was always gentle, really gentle.""
  In time, Tyson learned to fight, especially when his mother, Lorna, moved
the family to the even tougher Brownsville area of Brooklyn"
"Tyson has said he was forever being robbed by neighborhood youths.  They'd
also beat him up for good measure"
"But even 10-year-olds have their breaking point - and for Tyson it was
when a tough tried to steal one of the pigeons he was raising near home"
"Tyson says he doesn't know what came over him but, almost effortlessly,
he beat the living daylights out of the older would-be thief"
"Soon, Tyson says, he was fighting constantly.  It was a way of being accepted
by a neighborhood that had been so hostile to him"
"He fell in with the wrong crowd and was caught up in a world of petty
and not-so-petty crime"
"Almost inevitably he found his way to a school for delinquent boys, the
Tryon School in New York"
"When he arrived at age 13 he had the reading capacity of a third-grader
and the attitude of a hardened criminal"
"He'd also broken his mother's heart.  ""My mother used to ask me, `How can
you steal?  I never stole anything in my life.'
  ""I know she was embarrassed, because she had a lot of pride"
"""I was haunted and I just didn't care.  I became so obnoxious.""
  But the Tryon School wound up being Tyson's salvation for it was there
he met one-time amateur boxing champion Bobby Stewart, who was working
at the school as a counsellor/guard"
Stewart worked with Tyson and soon saw the powerfully built kid's potential
"At the same time, Tyson's other teachers at Tryon noticed a huge improvement
in their student"
"At first, because of his hostility and limited abilities they suspected
Tyson was retarded, but he made extraordinary progress"
"A former teacher, Robert Georgia, recalled:  ""Boxing was what interested
Mike.  He used to go to bed here every night with his boxing gloves"
"""When he came here Mike was real down.  He was real quiet and mean.  Then
we saw a change in his personality - he came out of his shell.""
  Boxing tutor Stewart acted on his hunch that he had a champion"
"He took Tyson, still only 13, to ageing trainer Cus D'Amato, who had trained
Patterson to his title more than two decades before"
"D'Amato and an assistant, Kevin Rooney, now a Tyson trainer, watched
as the manchild and Stewart sparred"
"""I said maybe this guy is lying about his age,"" Rooney said"
"""He was 13 but he had the body of a man.  He sparred with Bobby and Bobby
opened up on him.  But Bobby told us, `This kid can punch like hell'.""
  Six years later professional fighters would say much the same thing after
being mauled by Tyson"
"Eddie Richardson, a heavyweight whom Tyson dispatched little more than
a minute into the first round of their fight last year, was asked immediately
after the bout if he'd ever been hit so hard"
"""Yeah,"" Richardson said.  ""About a year ago, when I was hit by a truck.""
  D'Amato recalled he told Tyson at the end of that first day in his ring
that if the boy behaved himself he'd teach him how to fight"
"""He (Tyson) didn't talk much then.  He was very silent; he didn't trust
anybody,"" D'Amato said"
"Twelve months on, the trainer became the 14-year-old Tyson's legal guardian"
No longer were they boxer and trainer - more father and son
"Tyson moved to D'Amato's sprawling Catskill home and learned the gospel
of boxing, the 72-year-old man says"
"Tyson was a success as an amateur, but it is as a pro he has really made
his mark"
"When he steps into the ring at the Hilton tomorrow he will have fought
27 times professionally.  
  He has won 25 of those by knockout and the other two on 10-round decisions"
"Indeed, he was such a spectacular contender early on that within a year
of turning pro the giant ABC television network had signed him to a $850,000
four-fight contract"
"He still lives at D'Amato's home in New York, and still keeps pigeons"
"He has a girlfriend and knows he can earn more in the ring than he could
have earned by stealing"
"He often marvels at how far he has come in such a short time.  After all,
it was only seven years ago he was seemingly trapped on a short road to
crime and punishment"
"Still, although his life has been one of triumph over adversity, there
remains great sadness going into tomorrow's bout"
"Gone from his life are the two people who meant most to him, his mother
Lorna and D'Amato.  Mrs Tyson died of cancer in 1982; D'Amato from pneumonia
last November"
"Tyson makes no secret of the fact the two losses have left a great
hollowness in his young life"
"""I'm going to do well,"" he says matter-of-factly, ""but when I come down
to it, who really cares?  I like doing my job, but I'm not happy being
victorious"
"""I fight my heart out and give it my best, but when it's over, there's
no Cus to tell me how I did, no mother to show my clippings to."""
"Deadly Ernest summer duel The Dangerous Summer, by Ernest Hemingway"
"Published by Grafton Books. Paperback. $8.95. Reviewed by COL MACKAY  

  ERNEST Hemingway had a fascination for those who lived dangerously and
death itself"
"His novel and short stories mirrored this fascination with innumerable
scenes of his heroes facing their final destinies, either bravely or in
a desperate last-ditch attempt to expunge the taint of cowardice from their
earth-bound souls. Hemingway referred to it as ""the moment of truth"". His
own moment of truth, however, was not to be as glorious as the heroes he
either wrote factually about or simply manufactured"
"In 1960 he ignominiously ended his own life by blasting out his brains
with a shotgun"
"Whether his suicide was the result of a moment of insanity, as his friends
claim, or whether it was through his frustration at not being able to
physically emulate truly the deeds of his heroes - as has been claimed by
his detractors - remains open to question"
"Observations  

  But there is no question as to Hemingway's ability to record on paper
his observations of bravery, cowardice and even bewilderment of his characters
facing their moment of truth"
"It was this that led him in 1959 to agree to travel back to Spain to write
for Life magazine an account of the rivalry between Spain's two greatest
bullfighters, Luis Miguel Dominguin and Antonio Ordonez"
"He was convinced that the fierce duel between Dominguin, who had emerged
from retirement to re-establish himself as the world's greatest bullfighter
in the face of the challenge from the younger and incredibly gifted Ordonez,
would lead to one of them being killed"
"Neither was to die, but the suicidal feats the two great matadors
performed that summer against one another across the bullrings of Spain
in their bid to win the ultimate acclamation from aficionados 
and the blood-hungry crowds, left them with serious wounds on several occasions"
"Hemingway became so obsessed with the duel and the behind the scenes action
in the lives of Dominguin, Ordonez, and the  the anxiety of their 
families and friends as to the outcome, he eventually wrote 100,000 words 
about the drama"
"Of this, Life bought a selection of 50,000 words and finally in 1960
published 30,000 words in a three-part series"
"Hemingway and his friend, author A E Hotchner, who had also been present
when most of the action between Dominguin and Ordonez took place, then trimmed
the original manuscript down to 75,000 words"
"Almost 25 years after Hemingway had completed the manuscript, his American
publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, severely reduced it and published it
under the title The Dangerous Summer"
"Hailed by publicists as Hemingway's ""lost masterpiece"", The Dangerous
Summer falls well short of such an accolade. But the author's familiar prose
in describing his characters and the beauty and simplicity of the Spanish
countryside are vintage Hemingway"
"Before his initial return to Spain in 1953, he had lived in self-imposed
exile from the country he described as ""loving more than any other except
my own"", following his involvement in the Spanish Civil War and his
idealistic opposition to the victorious Franco regime - probably best framed
in his novel For Whom The Bell Tolls"
"Hemingway buffs are aware that before ""Papa"" became a successful novelist
and short story writer, he was one of America's foremost and innovative
sports writers"
"And it is his gift as a highly talented and almost magically observant
sports writer that shines through dominantly in his telling of The Dangerous
Summer. It is a style most modern-day sports writers would be well advised
to study"
""
"TAX REWARD FOR SUPER PEACE Cuts `carrot' to make unionists toe Federal line From PETER GIBSON, Political Reporter, in Canberra  

TAX cuts will be dangled before angry trade unions as a Federal Government
carrot to take the heat out of the superannuation war"
"Workers' leaders will be offered a $9 a week reduction in income tax
from September 1 in return for taking a softer approach"
"Government sources confirmed today that senior ministers believe it
essential to give militant unionists the extra incentive as soon as possible"
"The cuts would also probably strengthen the Government's argument for
a further discounting of the next national pay case, due early in 1987"
"So far Prime Minister Bob Hawke has given a commitment only to make the
cuts before the end of this year"
"But Cabinet, under enormous pressure to stop a breakout by big unions
from the ordered wage-fixing system, will be forced to decide the timing
of the cuts by early July"
"The first shot in the union struggle for wholesale national superannuation
- the issue rejected in yesterday's Arbitration Commission ruling - will
be fired next Monday"
"That is the day the ACTU wages campaign committee meets to plot tactics
for the next six months"
"Key unions in the building, transport, oil, maritime and metal industries
will make it clear that they intend to push for superannuation benefits
quickly.                        
  Smaller, weaker unions which do not have the muscle-power of the ""big
boy"" industries could wait up to two years to win the same benefits"
"ACTU president Simon Crean is heralding the superannuation battle as the
key to the future of the crucial Prices and Incomes Accord"
"He warned that if employers are not willing to negotiate schemes with
their workers, the Accord will crumble"
"And Tom McDonald, secretary of the Building Workers Industrial Union,
said employers must agree to the superannuation in the light of this year's
solitary pay rise of 2.3 per cent"
"And Metal Workers Union boss Greg Harrison today predicted widespread
industrial action over the next six months"
"Initial indications from employers were that action would be necessary
to win superannuation benefits, he said"
"Mr Harrison said the metals, transport, building and stevedoring industries
would be affected.                                         
  But Mr Hawke doesn't agree"
"He said today he was confident there would not be industrial trouble
over superannuation"
"The decision to allow individual negotiations for superannuation on an
industry-by-industry basis was excellent, he said"
"Yesterday's decision by the Arbitration Commission effectively said ""no""
to ordering employers to pay into superannuation schemes"
"It ruled that bosses must genuinely agree to voluntary schemes, and it
also put a 3 per cent ceiling on contributions"
"The Commission is to call a conference of unions, employers and governments
to draw up guidelines for negotiating."
"Telling Tales on Turkeys by Darryl Jones  

  The floor of a rainforest is a fertile and verdant metropolis, a shimmering
world where life teems among layers of decay. It is the largest of the citizens
of the rainforest floor that has drawn me into this twilight world, a bird
whose method of breeding gives it a particularly intimate link with the riches
of the leaf litter: the Australian Brush-turkey"
"Stalking these sagacious creatures in the quiet of their rainforest home
requires patience, alertness and one's greatest abilities of observation"
"More practically, the bed of leaves needs to be damp and an indifference
to insect assailants is also essential. Today the leaves are crisp; every
twig snaps under the boot. No Pademelon or Pitta will ignore this clumsy
intruder this morning. Mostly glimpses are all I see; the scuttle and panic
of shy animals in flight, or the momentary stare of some defiant inhabitant
outraged at the blatancy of this intrusion. So often our style of inquiry into
nature offers only a transitory view, of disturbance and disrupted routines, 
adequate for a check-list but unsatisfactory for a closer insight into secret 
lives"
"A solution to such disruptions is, simply, to hide! And the best way of
assuring that there is always a hiding place is to provide your own. A good
length of hessian wrapped around three or four saplings serves very well"
"It's cheap, light and easy to relocate. This one is serving its third (and
last) season, judging by the extent of the mildew and rot. Inside I sweep
the leaves from the seat, sit and squint through one of the little windows"
"Though my passing has scattered some of the early risers, the disruption
is soon forgotten in the urgency of the dawn call to exuberance. My
disappearance and silence as non-existence is soon evident in the continuity
of the life all around me"
"The slight `crunch ... crunch' of feet on the carpet of leaves causes eye
to defer to ear; a regular `thump ...thump ... thump', usually in threes
quiet and even, is the Noisy Pitta. A louder, quite abandoned tossing of
leaves, this way, then that, relentless, busy and single minded: the Southern
Logrunner. Also loud, industrious and even more explosive is the Whipbird,
casting aside great feetfuls of leaves"
"But only one creature has the steady, purposeful stride of that approaching"
"I sit up and take pencil and notebook to hand, noting time and place and
hence return to the practical necessities involved in this type of discovery"
"A large Brush-turkey has stopped on the edge of the area in front of the
hide. I silently swat the trio of mosquitoes sitting on the back of my
hand and lean forward to get a better view through the window"
"I note the bright yellow wattle swinging at the base of his deep red,
naked neck (` ... adult male ...'); then read the plastic wing tag. Once
white, for males, a year of dust bathing in the rich red rainforest soil
has stained the tag to a dark maroon. However, I can still read the number:
5 white is Cecil"
"A little more than a month ago Cecil, along with a small number of the
older males of this location began the arduous task of constructing the
massive compost heap they have learned to use as an incubator for their
eggs. For up to six hours on many days, Cecil raked all of the leaf litter
from a wide area towards a growing pile. As the huge pile grew the leaves
in the damp interior began to ferment. After about three weeks the internal
temperatures had risen to well over 40$degrees;C before slowly declining and 
eventually stabilising at around 33$degrees;C. From then on, having moved perhaps 
three tonnes of leaf litter and soil, Cecil's energies were turned to the task of 
guarding his castle from possible take-overs by other males, and to await the 
arrival of the females!
  It was about two weeks ago that all of this labour, this careful and costly
investment in his future was lost to Cecil. His closest neighbour, the
secretive and despotic Wallace, having chosen his moment carefully after
the main toil was over, usurped Cecil in a series of mighty tussles. Cecil
then retreated deeper into the forest and immediately started constructions
again. Wallace thereby added Cecil's mound to his own real estate and set
about patrolling both mounds"
"Cecil's forlorn revisit to his original mound is short lived. A deep, resonant
`mmoo-oo-oom' announces the arrival of his victor. Cecil, his wattle withdrawn
to a small cravat out of reluctant respect, rapidly retreats into the forest
depths. Wallace regally ascends to the top of his new mound without losing a
definite composure, the master of all he surveys"
"Unlike most other avians, and even their closest kin, these peculiar fowl have a
domestic arrangement all their own. Whereas the other Australian mound builders,
the Mallee Fowl and the tropical Scrubfowl, regard monogamy as sacrosanct, the
Turkeys hold much more libertine views. Liaisons between the sexes are frequent
but brief. Besides the brief period necessary for mating, time spent together is
limited to that required for egg laying. There are no pairs as such, and although a
particular female may visit a certain male repeatedly one could hardly describe
the relationship as a bond. Some females can visit up to three males during the
season. The males however, bound by their decision to guard their estates, must
remain at home and hope for a visit. Some make it, most don't and usually give up
fairly soon"
"Wallace has stood atop his ill gained castle, fidgety and nervous, making the
occasional rake at the surface. The transformation to a regal male, swaggering and
strutting, pecking effectedly at the mound surface is dramatic. Yes, quietly and
unobtrusively, a female has edged into the arena before me. Only by this
exaggerated submissive stance, neck withdrawn and all movements slow, does she
escape the usual violent expulsion Wallace issues to all other intruders. Iris, her
once yellow wing-tags also stained to orange, walks diffidently up the escarpment
of the mound. Wallace continues to pace up and down, pecking, posing, until Iris'
mien suddenly changes. From apparent submission to flagrant flirtation, she spreads
her wings and fluffs out her body feathers: the message is unequivocal to Wallace"
"They mate, briefly and perfunctorily"
"Iris recovers instantly. No longer either flirtatious or coy, she is now a hen of
resolve and purposefully sets about raking and digging in the top of the mound. She
has an egg to lay, the result of another union of some days previously. (Whether
this egg is Wallace's is something I cannot say, but neither, I suspect, can
Wallace.)
  Wallace, having recovered from his rush of passion, now sees before him only an
intruder and an audacious one. He proceeds to cuff and peck Iris. She, shielding
herself with an upheld wing, digs determinedly on. Wallace's
harrassment continues. Twice he succeeds in driving her from the large hole she is
digging but she is soon back to her thankless task. Only when she is obviously
settling down to lay does he cease his attacks, and even appears to take some
interest in the activity. Iris is now almost entirely hidden within the hole,
having dug down to a depth that satisfied her numerous temperature probes. The
mouthful at about 40 cm seemed to be about right"
"She finally emerges after some minutes of silence, another of her huge eggs in
place, firmly positioned by carefully treading in the damp, warm earth around it"
"This egg is only one of perhaps thirty she may lay this season, a total weight of
which comes to about three times her own body weight. She leaves soon after, sent
on her way finally with another savage charge by an unsentimental Wallace. He
returns to his domain, fussily filling in the hole and generally tidying up"
"Wallace eventually leaves the mound to feed for the first time at around 8 o'clock,
a full three hours after he rose"
""
"TAX CUT RORT 

THE idea raised in Canberra of postponing tax cuts for higher and middle
income earners from September 1 will undoubtedly appeal to the Government"
"Keeping the 60, 48 and 46 per cent marginal rates would give the Government
considerable extra revenue. 
  But the whole idea of reform is supposedly to:
  REDUCE punitive tax rates which discourage hard work and enterprise;
  COMPENSATE people for other tax measures like the Fringe Benefits Tax;
and
  GET RID of unjust anomalies in the system"
"To retain the high tax rates even for a few months would be a unfair -
a cynical tax rort.                                               
  And it would certainly encourage tax evasion and avoidance and further
erode what little economic credibility the Federal Government has left"
""
"If he lost, do we know he'd go?  

IN EVERY conventional election, defeat shadows governments and weighs heavily
on the shoulders of their leaders. Oppositions look taller, and even the
most abject opposition leader acquires at least some of the allure of power,
as the day comes nearer on which - if even only by electoral accident -
he might be elevated to power. This is not happening in Queensland. Why?
  Only part of the answer rests with the three-corneredness of the competition
- an extra, unhelpful, complexity that destroys the satisfying symmetry
of parliamentary elections. Nor is much of the answer to be found in the
decidedly limited appeal of the leaders of two corners - Warburton and Knox
- compared to that of Sir Joh of the Third Corner"
"No, the dreariness of this contest, the misery and even squalor of it,
has a different cause, at once attributable to Joh and traceable beyond
him to the dingy political traditions of Queensland. A case might be made
for the suspension of compulsory voting in this election, in order to allow
honourable people to avoid becoming accomplices in the corruption of suffrage"
"In two ways are voters disenfranchised in Queensland. The first is the direct
disenfranchisement that is caused by perhaps the most brazen gerrymander
anywhere in the parliamentary world. The zone system and the creative
map-drawing are so audaciously unfair that even their architect hardly cares to
defend them, beyond saying that Labor Governments did the same. When he was
asked last week whether it was an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, Sir Joh
replied: ""Well yeah, fair enough."" 
  The second disenfranchisement is more complex, though hardly more subtle:
it is the attrition of the value of each vote caused by the regime's campaign
of concealment, harrassment and pretence. On the Four Corners program last
week, Sir Joh gave what might be considered a definitive exposition of the
political bluff: a line of non-logical response that goes like this, ""what
allegation? - you know it's false - who are you anyway""?
  A politician who renounces the responsibility to answer questions not
only scorns the electorate; he also diminishes its capacity to exercise
its right to vote. The Queensland electorate is impaired through lack of
knowledge; when it casts its votes (already distorted by gerrymander), it
does so in a fog of misinformation. Whatever the result, these elections
are flawed"
"That being so, it is interesting and useful to ask what outcome would
be needed to convince Sir Joh that he had not been re-elected. Mere failure
to attain a majority would not do the trick"
"Would the swearing-in of another Premier be enough?
  One wonders, and it is not an idle thought. Sir Joh, in his thoughts,
is the saviour of Queensland. Those who fail to recognise this are, by
definition, enemies of the State. Why should he defer to them?
  That's where you get, once you allow a politician to acquire delusions
of sanctity"
ROBERT HAUPT
"On the carpet over buying NZ John Arthur  

PARLIAMENT HOUSE IS NEARLY ALL HOME-MADE

  Australians hate the idea of overseas products being bought to furnish
the lavish billion-dollar new Parliament House"
"And they are as keen as rabbits to buy Australian-made items in
supermarkets.  
  But the ideal is not easy to live up to"
"It is an ideal which forced Prime Minister Robert James Lee Hawke to do
a near-strip on national television this week to prove HE was buying
Australian from his jocks to jacket"
"And, wary that Australians quickly spot the nonsense of Government waste
or stupid purchasing policies, he made the right noises"
"Question
 
  Easily the most popular question put to the PM was: Why are we buying
New Zealand carpets for the new Parliament House?
  Why are we buying Italian glasses for the new Parliament House?
  ""I just don't agree with those decisions,"" said Mr 68 per cent. ""I can't
answer for every authority but I would say to you quite clearly that as
far as this Government is concerned now we are going to be pushing at
the level of government purchases for a preference for Australian products.""
  It was great stuff, even though it didn't mean much. The Parliament House
Construction Authority already gives preference to Australian-made products"
Overseas tenders are loaded with a penalty averaging about 20 per cent
"Thus the authority claims that 95 per cent of the input for the new
Parliament House is Australian"
"New Zealand carpet is an exception because there is a reciprocal agreement
between the two countries for free trade"
"The biggest non-Australian purchase probably has been in small wares
(crockery, cutlery, linen, crystalware)"
The authority claims it's impossible to buy locally-made knives and forks
"And there are other problems in buying Australian. A Brisbane marble
manufacturer who complained that his product was as strong and reliable
as overseas marble purchased for the House mailed some samples to my office"
They broke
"And, as Mr Hawke was told during his hour-long TV appearance this week,
consumers will have problems discovering what IS Australian"
"""OK, the products in the supermarket may be grown in Australia, but it
is packaged overseas,"" one woman consumer told him"
"""In the clothing line, (there are clothes) designed in Australia but
manufactured in Taiwan, (or) manufactured in Hong Kong ... China"
"CHRISTMAS Island, 3 1/2 hours from Perth by air, sounds like the place
to go for frustrated Swan River crabbers. 
  Perth developer Frank Woodmore, who on Tuesday got Cabinet's in-principle
approval for a $30 million casino-hotel complex there, reports:
  ""In the crab season, starting in November and going through to February,
these giant red land crabs come running out of their burrows and cover the
roads like a thick coat of vegemite"
"It's unbelievable. They're endemic to Christmas Island. They are about
the size of a dinner plate and relatively inedible"
"""There's also the blue robber crab, which is very good eating. They're
enormous, about 1 1/2 dinner plates across."""
"Aboriginal Australian net hunting By L. D. Satterthwait  

  Game capture in nets was a common practice in many parts of Aboriginal
  Australia. The nets used for this purpose varied considerably in size and
  form, were employed in a variety of environmental settings and were applied
  to the procurement of a major proportion of the terrestrial, aquatic and
  avian prey species available on the continent. Because net hunting was so
  prevalent among hunter-gatherers around the world, Aboriginal net hunting
  can be regarded as an Australian manifestation of a worldwide phenomenon"
The care-free bands of birds
"Beasts of the wild, tribes of the sea"
In netted toils he takes
The Subtle One
"Sophocles, Antigone  

Carleton Coon (1971:98) once observed that the use of nets to capture game
on land was `so rare among hunters' that he was able to locate only three
examples in the available literature: the Mbuti of Zaire, the Birhor
of India and certain Queensland Aborigines. The latter reportedly used nets
to trap wallabies, but there were `neither details nor verification' for
this"
"Net hunting was, however, an exceedingly common practice in Australia,
where many Aboriginal populations - like hunter-gatherers elsewhere - used
nets to procure birds, terrestrial game and aquatic mammals. Although it
has received mention in regional ethnographic reconstructions, there has
been only one previous survey of the continent-wide extent of net hunting
in Australia, and this in the context of a broader examination of the
hunting techniques used in Oceania (Anell 1960). My purpose in the following
is to bring together and update the information on Australian net hunting
and to provide a summary account of its distribution, the materials and
techniques employed in net manufacture and the uses to which hunting nets
were put. Australian net hunting is also briefly considered in relation
to net hunting among other hunting and gathering peoples. Detailed analysis
of hunting techniques and examination of the considerable social and economic
implications of this practice are complex subjects in their own right and
will be the concern of separate papers (Satterthwait 1985a, b)"
"Net hunting in Australia on any large scale seems to have ceased early
in this century, in part because it was most prevalent in those regions
subjected to the earliest and most destructive phases of European colonization"
"Consequently, the record of Aboriginal net hunting is scattered over a
number of sources, including the accounts of explorers and missionaries,
the diaries and reminiscences of early colonists, local histories, popular
accounts of life in the colonies, the reports of government officials,
informants' reflections, museum specimens, and even
newspaper articles. Although dispersed, sometimes cursory and occasionally 
presenting problems of interpretation, these sources nevertheless amply show 
net hunting to have been a significant Aboriginal production activity"
"The Distribution of Net Hunting in Australia  
Localities where net hunts reportedly occurred are shown in Figure 1"
"The sources cited in Anell's (1960) review of hunting and fowling methods
in Australia and Oceania provide the primary basis for this map, augmented
by further evidence available from the following: 
    
Because of the paucity of information on net hunting in the arid centre
of the continent, it has been regarded as absent from this region (Anell
1960:4, Lawrence 1969:232). However, the tangible evidence of three nets
in the Museum of Victoria, one (No. 44547) provenanced to the Peterman Ranges
and the other two (Nos 134 and 135) identified as `South Arunta' wallaby
nets (Spencer 1901:42), suggests that net hunting was in fact pursued in
certain parts of the Centre and this has been denoted in the figure"
"Although the information summarized in Figure 1 is undoubtedly incomplete,
the map does demonstrate that net hunting was a common practice over much
of the continent. The largest region of net hunting extended from the riverine
eastern margin of Central Australia to the eastern seaboard, and from southern
Victoria and South Australia to the base of Cape York Peninsula (Within
this region, however, nets were evidently not employed in the southern
highlands of New South Wales [Flood 1980:86] and possibly other circumscribed
areas as well.) Another major region of net use appears to have extended
in a band across Western Australia, from the southwestern interior to the
Pilbara coast. Unfortunately, net hunting in Western Australia is less
extensively documented than is net hunting on the eastern side of the
continent. In this respect, while the map clearly indicates the major regions
of net use, it is not necessarily a reliable indicator of the relative
frequency of such hunts. The greater number of reports for eastern Australia
is very likely a product of the greater intensity of early European exploration
and colonization in this area"
"A notable feature of the distribution of net hunting is that it was not
co-extensive with the distribution of net fishing. In at least two areas,
Central Australia and northwestern New South Wales, hunting nets were used,
but fishing nets were not (Reid 1886-87:178). On the other hand, fishing
nets are used by the Aboriginal peoples of Cape York Peninsula, Arnhem Land
and the central coast of Western Australia, but there is no indication that
net hunting was practised in these areas. In Tasmania neither hunting nor
fishing nets were employed, although woven basket-traps were evidently
manufactured for the capture of birds (Robinson 1966:722)"
"Another important feature of the distribution of net hunting is its disjunct
character, with large areas for which there are no reports of net hunting
bracketed by or adjacent to areas in which it was prevalent. Where net hunting
was most widespread, there appears to have been a close association with
riverine settings or better watered coastal districts. This reflects one
of the environmental contraints on net hunting. Because nets cannot be
projected any great distance, they are generally stationary, or nearly so,
when in use. Hence they are applied to the capture of either stationary
or slowly moving prey or to moving prey which travel into the net. As a
result, nets are most successfully used where game are plentiful, concentrated
and, above all, predictable - conditions that more readily ensure that net
and prey will come into contact with one another"
"This probably accounts for the lack of reports of net hunting in most
of the desert regions of the central and west-central interior. It also
suggests why the evidence for net hunting in the Centre associates it with
areas of upland terrain and the capture of wallabies. In contrast to the
plains, desert ranges provide more reliable sources of water to which game
are attracted, while also furnishing the habitat for such animals as euros
and rock-wallabies, animals that tend to be more localized in distribution
and which follow established runs among the rocks. It is not surprising
then, that in desert regions the more involved hunting technologies tended
to occur among populations with access to substantial areas of elevated
terrain (Satterthwait 1980b:271-274).                   
  Environmental constraints do not account, however, for the apparent absence
of net hunting in the more productive and seasonally reliable habitats of
northern Australia and the coastal southwest. Here the explanation may reside
in the use of similar, but alternative means of game capture, such as basket
and wickerwork traps (Roth 1901a:29, 1901b: 15, 1903:47), or in the broader
socioeconomic concomitants of net hunting, particularly when such hunts
were co-operative in nature. Since in many cases areas of net use bordered
areas of non use, differential diffusion would not seem to provide an
explanation for the pattern of distribution"
"Net Manufacture  
Hunting nets were constructed in a range of shapes and sizes, from sack-like
devices less than a metre in diameter to long, planar structures several
hundred metres in length"
Diversity in form was matched by an equal degree of diversity in materials
"Materials reportedly used in net manufacture are listed in Table 1. It
appears that the materials most widely used in nets for large game, emus
and kangaroos, were kurrajong and hibiscus fibres, and for waterfowl, fibre
derived from reeds. Other birds and mammals were taken in nets made from
a range of materials, including Triodea spp., Ficus spp., Psoralea spp.,
grass fibres and sinew. Unfortunately, many early observers only
vaguely identified net materials or used then prevailing common
names. Where possible, scientific names have been included in Table 1;
otherwise the relevant entry is limited to the common name given in the
original source"
"A notable feature of Aboriginal net making is that both plant and animal
materials were used. The animal materials employed include sinew and string
made from human or animal hair, although there is a doubtful reference to
the use of kangaroo `thongs' (Puxley 1923:156). Sinews require relatively
little preparation for use. Once removed from the tail or hind limbs of
an animal and cleaned, the sinews were wound on a stick or section of bone,
where they dried and would keep for some time. Their use required only that
they be made supple again by moistening in the mouth and chewing (Roth
1901b:8)"
"In contrast to animal sinews, the preparation of plant fibres for the
making of cordage was a much more involved process. Depending on the plant
species, fibre extraction involved various combinations of the following
procedures: soaking in water; carding with the teeth or hands; drying in
the sun; beating or rubbing with sticks, stones or clubs; and peeling,
stripping, scraping, chewing and teasing (Bundock 1978:262, Colliver and
Woolston 1966:27, Eyre 1845, vol. 2:311, Helms 1895:396, Kerwin and Breen
1981:289, McPherson 1978:249, Parker 1905:107, Petrie 1975:67, Roth 1901b:8)"
"An alternative to maceration as a means of separating fibre from pith was
to bury the plant stems or stalks in the ground until the non-fibrous tissues
had rotted away (Hale and Tindale 1925: 48). Some species were baked or steamed
in earth ovens prior to separation of the fibre (Beveridge 1889:73, Bulmer
n.d., Parker 1905:107). In at least one area, fibre was obtained by collecting
the quads of fibre ejected by eaters of roasted Typha roots (Krefft 
1862-65:361)"
"The prepared fibre was next spun into string or rope by rolling the fibres
together over the thigh with the palm of the hand (Beveridge 1889:71-72),
Bulmer n.d., Colliver and Woolston 1966:27, Eyre 1845, vol. 2:311, Fairholme
1984, Parker 1905:107, Petrie 1975:67, Roth 1901b:10). In some areas the
process was assisted by the use of a simple spindle - a hooked stick or
stick with short cross-pieces attached near one end - which was rotated
over the spinner's thigh while the fibres were fed onto it (Brokensha 1975:54,
Kerwin and Breen 1981:289, Roth 1901b:7, 8). Doubling the fibre strand back
on itself and spinning it again resulted in two-ply cord, the type used
in hunting nets. Existing museum specimens indicate that completed net cord
ranged in diameter from one mm (Australian QE1781, both bird nets) to nine
mm (a dugong net, University of Queensland Anthropology museum 24362),
depending on the intended use"
"All hunting nets were made with the `netting stitch' or `knotted netting',
the most widespread netting technique used in Australia (Davidson 1933:257-258,
268-271, Nunn and West 1979:8, Roth 1901b:13-14). This technique results in a 
series of mesh knots variously known as sheet bends, weaver's knots or reef 
knots. When used, netting shuttles and needles took the form of sticks, 
sections of wood or lengths of reed (Eyre 1845, vol. 2:310, Kerwin
and Breen 1981:290, McPherson 1978:249, Roth 1897:97). It seems that gauges
for obtaining consistent mesh sizes were not generally employed in Australia,
the fingers or, in the case of large-meshed nets, the feet being used in
their place (Beveridge 1889:76), Bulmer n.d., Eyre 1845, vol. 2:310-311,
McPherson 1978:249, Roth 1897:97). A possible exception is Petrie's (1975:67)
comment that the Aboriginal people of the Moreton Bay region `used to measure
to get the correct size of mesh'. Unlike fishing nets, which were often
painted with ochre and grease or even tanned in bark solutions (Lamond
1950:169), there seems to have been little further treatment of hunting
nets after their completion, although some nets were smoked prior to use
(Angas 1847a:100)"
""
"4. Impact on manufacturers' input prices and costs 4.1 Introduction 

The depreciation of the Australian dollar is expected to
influence the manufacturing sector in a number of respects"
"First, imported goods which are close substitutes for
domestically produced goods are a source of actual and
potential competition for local manufacturers. To the extent
that prices of competitive imports are raised by the
depreciation, this provides domestic producers of import-
competing goods with a relative price advantage. Secondly, many
manufacturers use imported inputs in their production
activities, either in the form of capital goods (machinery and
equipment) or intermediate goods (raw materials, semi-processed
materials, and components). In so far as the depreciation leads
to higher domestic currency prices of imported goods, the
production costs of local manufacturers are thereby raised
directly"
"In this chapter, consideration is given to the magnitude of the
price increases charged by overseas suppliers of materials and
components to domestic manufacturers following the
depreciation, and the speed with which the price increases were
transmitted. In seeking to explain differences in these price
changes across industries, information is provided on the
countries from which the imports were sourced, the currencies
in which the contracts were denominated, and the order and
payment lags involved"
"One benefit expected from a depreciation is that the resultant
change in relative prices should lead to a switch in demand
away from imported goods to relatively less expensive
domestically produced substitutes. Findings are presented on
how volumes of purchases of imported and domestically produced
materials and components by manufacturers changed following the
depreciation in 1985, and how they were expected to change
during the first half of 1986"
"One factor which influences the extent to which manufacturers
switch their purchases is the degree of substitutability
between imported and domestically produced materials and
components. Accordingly, information is presented on the extent
to which such import substitution on the input side is feasible
for manufacturers, and some evidence provided of examples of
import substitution which have actually taken place as a result
of the depreciation"
"Throughout the chapter, as well as attempting to gauge the
quantitative magnitude of the price changes and volume
responses, consideration is given to identifying the time lags
involved"
"4.2 Characteristics of the firms surveyed  

The 109 manufacturers who responded to the survey were
classified to industry groups on the basis of their predominant
activity. The number of firms in each industry group are given
in Table 4.1, and the distribution by employment size is shown
in Table 4.2"
"As noted in Chapter 1, in selecting the sample of firms, more
emphasis was placed on those firms which use imports as inputs
in their production processes and/or whose output is
competitive with imports. While the coverage of firms across
industries may therefore not be fully representative of the
output structure of manufacturing, it is nevertheless thought
to be satisfactory for the purposes of this study. Further,
while a very small proportion of the respondent firms are
`small' (employing less than 100 persons), it is the reactions
of larger firms to the depreciation which have the greater
quantitative impact on output and employment changes, and for
this reason the study gives them greater coverage"
"The effect of the depreciation on individual industries would
be expected to differ, depending on the extent to which they
are import-using and/or import-competing. Import usage will be
considered first"
"The vast majority of the 109 manufacturing firms were engaged
in importing, either of materials and components for use in
production and/or final goods to complement their product
range. In 1985, some forty-seven of the 109 manufacturers were
directly involved in both types of importing activity, thirty-
five firms imported materials and components only, and seven
firms imported final goods but not materials or components"
"Only twenty of the 109 manufacturers did not engage in any
direct importing activity"
"In order to assess how important the use of imported inputs
(materials and components) is in manufacturing production,
information was sought on the cost structure of firms. The
relevant data are set out in Table 4.3"
"For the ninety-two manufacturers imported inputs accounted, on
average, for around 21 per cent of production costs in 1985,
while domestically produced inputs accounted for around 36 per
cent. However, considerable differences are apparent across
industries in the relative share of costs accounted for by
these two categories of inputs. Imported materials and
components accounted, on average, for a relatively small share
of costs (less than 10 per cent) in Non-metallic mineral
products and Basic metal products, but represented one-quarter
or more of total production costs in five industries -
Textiles, Chemical products, Transport equipment, Appliances
and electrical equipment, and Industrial machinery and
equipment. Domestically produced materials and components were
used most intensively in Wood, wood products and furniture,
Paper and paper products, Basic metal products, and Fabricated
metal products"
"In order to provide additional information on the distribution
of the share of imported inputs in total production costs of
manufacturers, firms were assigned to the categories listed in
Table 4.4. For 19 per cent of firms imported inputs accounted
for less than 5 per cent of costs, whereas at the other extreme
they accounted for one-third or more of costs in approximately
25 per cent of firms"
"In addition to undertaking the importation of materials and
components, many manufacturers also engage in importing final
goods. Information on the share of domestic sales in 1984-85
accounted for by domestically produced goods, and imported
final goods, was provided by all but two of the 109
manufacturers (Table 4.5). For the majority of firms, imports
of final goods represented only a very minor share (less than
5 per cent) of total sales. However, for about one-quarter of
the firms they accounted for 10 per cent or more of domestic
sales, and for two firms more than 50 per cent"
"Turning now to the extent of import competition faced by local
manufacturers, two important determinants of the extent to
which an industry is import-competing are (l) the proportion
of imports which compete with domestic production, and (2) the
proportion of the domestic sales of the industry accounted for
by competitive imports. The latter variable (market penetration
by competitive imports) is conventionally used as an indicator
of the degree of actual import competition faced by domestic
sellers in an industry. However, firm behaviour is also
influenced by the threat of potential import competition"
"Information on the relative importance of competitive and non-
competitive imports across industries, together with the market
penetration of competitive imports, is presented in Table 4.6. 
The definitions of competitive and non-competitive imports
are those used by the IAC. Non-competitive imports are defined
as those which attract minimum rates of duty (2.5 per cent or
less), including those which enter under by-law concessions"
"It is reasonable to assume that higher tariff duties have not
been imposed on such goods because there is no domestic
production of close substitutes. Non-competitive imports mainly
comprise capital equipment, materials and components, and some
consumer durables. Competitive imports on the other hand are
those which enter at higher rates of duty (2.5 per cent or
more), and which tend to compete more closely with domestic
output"
"At the broad industry group level, market penetration by
competitive imports is most important in Textiles, Clothing and
footwear, Transport equipment, Appliances and electrical
equipment, Industrial machinery and equipment, and Other
manufacturing. Of course, a more finely disaggregated industry
classification would reveal instances of significant import
competition within some of the other broad industry groupings"
"4.3 Prices of imported materials and components  

The extent to which domestic manufacturers have experienced a
competitive advantage as a result of the depreciation of the
Australian dollar is dependent on the pricing responses of
importers of competing goods, and the impact of the
depreciation on domestic costs of production. One aspect of the
latter is the extent to which the prices of imported materials
and components have increased as a result of the depreciation"
"Over any given period, changes in landed duty-paid prices of
imports can reflect a variety of factors - for example,
movements in exchange rates, fob prices in foreign currencies,
freight and insurance costs, and tariff rates. The dramatic
fall in the Australian dollar which began in February 1985 was
clearly the most important factor which affected price changes
of imported materials and components during 1985. However,
Australian dollar prices of imports may not change by the full
extent of the depreciation if overseas suppliers choose to
absorb some or all of the effect of the exchange rate change
by reducing their Australian export prices in terms of their
own currency"
"4.3.1 Changes in prices of imported materials and components  

Of the eighty-two manufacturing firms directly importing
materials and components, sixty-six provided information on how
prices of these inputs changed during 1985, and how prices were
expected to change during the first half of 1986. The half-
yearly and annual information is presented in Figure 4.1, while
the more detailed quarterly data are set out in Appendix Table
A4.1. Seventy-seven firms provided data on price movements for
all imported inputs used, i.e. those imported directly and also
those purchased from local importers. Because the price changes
in both series were very similar, only the direct imports data
are presented"
"Across all firms, the most substantial changes in prices paid
for imported inputs took place in the first half of 1985. On
average, prices increased at a rate of 7.1 per cent in the
March quarter, and 8.3 per cent over the June quarter, giving
a compound rate of 16.0 per cent for the first half of 1985"
"The rate of increase in the prices of imported inputs moderated
somewhat in the second half of 1985. Over the full year, prices
of imported inputs increased, on average, by 26 per cent. The 
rate of increase is expected to slow still further over the
first half

  

of 1986. For this period, the firms surveyed expected prices
of imported inputs to rise at a rate of only about one-third
that of the first half of 1985"
"There are substantial interindustry differences in the
magnitude of price increases charged by overseas suppliers to
domestic manufacturers following the depreciation. Price
increases appear to have been well above average in Wood, wood
products and furniture, and Appliances and electrical
equipment. The speed with which price increases for imported
inputs took place is also of considerable interest. A measure
of the speed of price adjustment is provided by the ratio of
the first quarter price increase to the annual increase. On
this basis, price increases were transmitted relatively quickly
in Textiles, Fabricated metal products, Transport equipment,
Appliances and electrical equipment, and Industrial machinery
and equipment (refer Appendix Table A4.1). For these
industries, approximately one-third or more of the annual
increase was passed on within the first quarter of 1985. The
largest impact was felt after a lag of at least one quarter in
Wood, wood products and furniture, Paper and paper products,
Chemical products, and Basic metal products"
"4.3.2 Sourcing of imports of materials and components  

The observed price increases for imported materials and
components faced by manufacturers reflect, in part, the
different countries of origin of these imports and the
different degrees of absorption of the effects of the
depreciation by overseas suppliers. To shed some light on these
aspects, an examination is made of the countries from which the
imports of the respondent firms were sourced, and the extent
to which the Australian dollar depreciated against the
currencies of these countries"
"The major countries from which imports of materials and
components were sourced by the respondent firms in 1985 are set
out in Table 4.7. Across all industries, the major source
countries were the United States, Japan and West Germany. Other
countries tended to be important only in particular industries - 
for example, New Zealand in Textiles and Paper and paper
products, Canada in Non-metallic mineral products and Paper and
paper products, and Asian countries in Clothing and footwear"
""
"Bright books for children By JOANNE ANDERS  

JOHN and Betty wouldn't approve. Neither would Spot"
"Phillip Institute lecturer Diane Snowball and a team of children's literature
experts have launched an assault on traditional school reading for primary
school students"
"They have produced a range of bright and glossy books designed to make
reading enjoyable, not a chore"
"The Bookshelf project began two years ago, when Ms Snowball decided to
do something about adding to the type of reading material young children
were getting in school"
"A former primary school teacher and teacher-librarian, she felt that much
of the material available was too drab and stilted to encourage children
to read"
"When children start school they tend to get books that aren't as rewarding
as they've had"
"""Especially if they come from a home where parents have been reading to
them, they're usually reading very attractive picture story books and they
come to school and they get a very plain looking reader.""
  Her response was to put together a reading program, made up of books that
look like the sort of material children read for enjoyment at home, with
all the same details such as information about authors and illustrators,
pop-up and pull out sections"
"The first series of 18 Bookshelf books, aimed at five and six-year-olds,
was released five months ago and a second series aimed at seven-year-olds
is due out in November"
"Ms Snowball, spends most of her time on her publishing operation, but
is also a sessional lecturer in language and reading at the Phillip Institute
of Technology"
"She says children do not consider the standard school reader as being a
""real book.""
  ""If you ask `Do you like reading?' they'll say to you `Do you mean real
books or what we do at school?""'
  The content of the Bookshelf series has been designed to be as diverse
as children would find anywhere else"
"The first series includes audio tapes containing music, poetry and readings
of stories"
"It has been looked at by teachers in an estimated one quarter to one third
of Australian primary schools"
"Diane Snowball is the main force behind the project, but there is also
a Bookshelf team made up of teachers, lecturers and other children's
literature experts, who assess manuscripts, rewrite them where necessary
and also write some of the books"
"Books in the first series contain more sophisticated language than you
might expect"
"""One of the misconceptions about young children is that they need easy
words,"" Ms Snowball says"
"""But if you read (more sophisticated material) to them they are more likely
to pick up on the more interesting and complex words. They usually know
how to spell `elephant' before they can spell `come'"
"""The amount of their preschool time spent watching television has also
made them more worldly than they are often given credit for and this has
to be taken into account when writing non-fiction material,"" Ms Snowball
says"
"""You have to be very careful to not tell children something they already
know, because they're so much more worldly from what they see on television.""
  Ms Snowball and her colleagues do not claim to be the only ones producing
brighter books for young students, but she says many students are using
books which are more sophisticated in form but not substance"
"""They look brighter, but in terms of the language content a lot of them
are still very stilted in their language, limited vocabulary and 
so forth and they aren't a real story"
"""They don't have a sense of plot around real characters. They tend to
be repetitive sentences and don't really go anywhere, but that's changing
greatly on the Australian scene.""
  At this stage, the Bookshelf project looks like continuing until 1989
when the aim is to have books for all levels of primary schooling"
"Export markets such as the US, New Zealand and the UK are also being looked
at"
"The books, published by Martin Educational in association with Ashton
Scholastic, are available from educational booksellers"
""
"BOY DROWNS TRYING TO SAVE PET DOG  

A BOY drowned today when he plunged into rough seas at Blackpool in a bid
to save his terrier dog"
"It happened almost at the same spot where, three years ago, three police
officers died in a bid to save a holidaymaker who drowned attempting to
rescue his dog, also a terrier"
"Today, a man had to be held back by police and coastguards from plunging
in after the boy, Mark Philip Watts, 11 who could be seen floating out of
the range of lifebelt and grappling hook"
"They watched helplessly as Mark, from Blackpool, disappeared from sight,
dragged down by the undertow."
"New shipment of antiques is on the way  

  AT THE recent Antique Show Helena Barton told me of a new shipment coming
in, so I went to Etta Antiques in Claremont for a quick preview"
"In her ""Chair Room"" I saw quite a number of long sets of chairs, among
them a lovely set of eight Regency dining chairs including two matching
carvers"
"Already on show is a very interesting French Boulle cabinet, inlaid with
brass and tortoise shell and beautifully finished with ormulu and brass
figureheads"
"I noted the fine marble top, and date would be approximately 1870"
"This Boulle design actually originated in Italy, but it was perfected
by Frenchman Andre Charles Boulle, cabinetmaker to Louis XIV of France and
responsible for much of the furniture at the famous Palais de Versailles"
"Some of the many other magnificent pieces I took special note of were
a lovely Edwardian mahogany drum desk with pull out writing slide, a truly
delightful Louis XVI style piece, a superb Regency flame mahogany secretaire
bookcase with delicate glazing bar tracery, spiral supports and a nice
brass inlay finish"
"Other items I noted were an 1826 Regency mahogany chest on chest with
six full and two half drawers all fitted with brass handles, as well as
an unusually fine mahogany open top sideboard, with very nicely carved supports
and the servery above"
This piece of furniture would in fact make an excellent drink cupboard
"There were a couple of nice desks, the first a twin pedestal desk with
lovely red leather top in mahogany and with five or six small deep drawers
on each side, all fitted with nice brass button handles.  The second
was a small mahogany French mid 19th century hand painted kidney shaped
seven drawer desk, one of those elegant small pieces not often seen"
"Finally there was also a rare George III secretaire, a very fine piece
with cross banded doors"
"It virtually leaves me no room to describe some of the very fine pieces
of jewellery and porcelain also on display at Etta Antiques in Claremont"
""
"Swifties By Meaghan Morris  

1. `Our orthodoxy is made up of narrations of `what's going on'"
"Michel de Certeau, `The Jabbering of Social Life'"
"2. ` ... while poor old fellows like myself, who've been battling
on, working our pants off for twenty years, get overlooked.' 
Arthur McIntyre, `Pop Goes The Easel'"
"3. `In short, the right to slowness is an ecological problem.'
Roland Barthes, `Day By Day with Roland Barthes'"
"First, a note of explanation about my topic. I won't be talking
today about the questions of quotation, appropriation, image-theft
or `nomadology' that the programme suggested an `Art in the Fast
Lane' forum might take up. When this forum was being organized, the
speakers were all asked to supply a title and a brief outline of an
argument. The first thing to emerge from the responses was that we
had each taken up, in different ways, the `fast lane' aspect of the
general proposition, rather than the theme of `quotation'. I feel
obliged to explain why my own paper will mostly ignore that theme"
"I assume that what links quotation-appropriation-nomadology-
fast-lane-etc ... together is a more general notion of rapid
turnover in art and ideas. It's the hit-and-run metaphor of
contemporary action - the Grab What You Need, Hit The Road Jack,
imperative. When thinking about this metaphor, and the romance of
criminality that often accompanies its use (a romance deriving from
that very sedate classical motif of the artist as thief, the
Promethean figure of the firestealer), it occurred to me that what
those of us who do criticism were really being asked to do here
was, at one level, either to practise or to debate criticism as a
form of minor crime: criticism as a con-job, as a shifty art of
promotion, a process of pulling swifties. `Art in the Fast Lane',
then, as a forum about speed and fashion, and the impact of both on
people's ways of working"
"I did think about using the term `quickies' for this problem;
but then realized immediately that there is a fascinating abyss
between proposing to pull a swiftie, and offering an audience a
quickie. I'll back off, if I can, from the back seat image. But I'd
like to maintain the distinction by saying that the whole matter of
art and quotation, art and appropriation, seems to be swiftly
receding - fortunately - some way behind us on the fashion highway,
and this is one good reason for not doing a quickie about it"
"I say `fortunately', because I think that when the issue of
quotation is taken seriously (which it really hasn't been here by
criticism, though it has by the work of some artists), then the
problems it poses are likely to form part of the landscape as we
move for a very long time to come. Because `quotation' is a problem
about history, about art's history, and about history in art. It's
a long duration problem, one better dealt with slowly, and one that
shouldn't be trivialized. So it's a sort of road safety measure to
refuse to do a quickie about it: particularly since a serious
consideration should begin by starting to wonder about differences
between procedures of quotation, reference, allusion, pastiche -
and what these differences might mean in visual terms. What would
it mean, for example, to claim that a particular artwork was a
`literal' quotation of a set of verbal theoretical propositions
about quotation?
   Rather than trying to zip through these difficulties in fifteen
minutes, I want to make four brief points instead about the image of
the fast lane itself. 
1. I agree with George Alexander's suggestion that a certain
strategic slowness may be a useful response to rapid turnover"
"However I'm not convinced that the image of a multi-lane
highway, with streaming into `fast' and `slow', is at all
appropriate to what's been going on in Australian art and art-
debates during the past year or so"
I'm happy to stay with the images of the road and of movement
"But rather than the highspeed purring, zooming and revving sounds
associated with super-highways, what I hear sounds more like the
squeal of brakes, the ominous bumps announcing yet another
punctured tyre, and the sickening thuds from proliferating potholes
that let you know (whatever the Bicentennial Authority billboards
might say) that there's not enough money being spent on the road"
"Besides - while we do have, of course, our superhighways
(including that wide fast lane in the sky), there's an archetypal,
imaginary Australian road that is something different from a
superhighway and allows the problem of rapidity to be restated in
different terms. This imaginary road isn't a multi-lane highway"
"It's a patchy bitumen job: two sides, single-lane, a fading line
along the middle and sudden death at every bend. Or it's a dirt
highway: no sides, no lanes, no line, maybe no bends; and sudden
death in the heart and eye of every driver seeing that other car,
that little cloud of dust moving up in the distance, slowly closer
and closer at a speed sustained and with indecision prolonged until
the very last moment when someone must decide whether to move over,
and who is going to make the move. There's an Australian film about
that, called Running On Empty, and I think it flopped at the box
office"
"In fact, anyone who still remembers Australian films may also
remember that from Backroads to Buddies, from The Cars That Ate
Paris to Mad Max III, the classical, imaginary Australian road is
fast all over. Or rather, it's unpredictable all over. There you
are on the road, pottling along happily ... but you never know when
some maniac is going to hove into view, wipe you out at worst, or
just run you right off the road. Driving in those conditions seems
to me to bear some relation to the experience of trying to work
regularly at any level, in any capacity, in Australian cultural
activities"
"Some of the most poignant and perfect images of life and art on
Australian roads are on show at this Australian Festival, in the
`peculiar South Australian ceramics' show, Skangaroovian Funk. I
mean Margaret Dodd's ceramic cars: for example, her Ravaged Holden,
its pink seats ripped out and laid askew alongside the wasted
wreck; and her Blue Cloud, in which an unknown lifetime of love and
obsession clings to one sacred, battered object. 
   To mention those films, and the work of Margaret Dodd, is to say 
that there is a great deal of Australian art that already talks about 
speed, culture and our landscapes, and that it can be useful to use 
that art as a point of departure rather than the equally available 
image of the zippy international racer, hair now neatly slicked back 
and down as the sports car heads for the horizon"
"2. So to make my second point, an argument against the use of rapid
change in fashion to block movement and hog the road, I'll begin
from one of the apparently inexhaustible founding texts of
Australian culture, `The Drover's Wife' by Henry Lawson. 
   The following quotation, I should stress, is also a quotation from
Helen Grace's film Serious Undertakings, in which almost the same
bit of text appears; and it's also a tribute to some of the themes
of Margaret Dodd's film, This Woman Is Not A Car: 
   All days are much the same to her; but on Sunday afternoon she 
   dresses herself, tidies the children, smartens up baby, and goes 
   for a lonely walk along the bush-track, pushing an old perambulator 
   in front of her. She does this every Sunday. She takes as much care 
   to make herself and the children look smart as she would if she were 
   going to do the block in the city. There is nothing to see, however, 
   and not a soul to meet. You might walk for twenty miles along this 
   track without being able to fix a point in your mind, unless you are 
   a bushman. 
   This text reminds us that a lack of stability and fixity, the 
condition of journeying on all dressed up without being able to
fix a point in your mind, is not necessarily only a problem for
those who scramble to be in the newest and fastest car. It's also
an older and enduring problem of one's relationship to `landscape',
in the sense that any context does impose certain conditions
(though without determining all possible responses). Bruce Petty
spoke earlier at Artists' Week about the effect of sameness and
monotony in much contemporary cultural activity, the feeling that
no matter how you dress or where you go, you're always going to the
same event. This may be one of the effects of speed today, as it
was of isolation for the drover's wife"
"One difference, however, between Lawson's story of movement and
contemporary problems (in relation to which I've used the Lawson
quotation as an allegory) is that Lawson has a figure who can fix
points in the sameness: the bushman (`You might walk for twenty
miles along this track without being able to fix a point in your
mind, unless you are a bushman'). The bushman's skill in fixing
points is the product of a practice, and a knowledge. If today, in
art, point-fixing still goes on, then it does so in the terms
described by Helen Grace in her paper on the arbitrary creation of
temporary value. No single figures (critics, curators, artists) `do
it': it is a process that takes place through a number of
institutions"
"Nevertheless, a lot of sanctity is attached to the ideal of the
point-fixer. To appear to be the one to define for others `where
we're going' or `where it's at' or `what's going on' - the very
definition of orthodoxy in Michel de Certeau's terms, orthodoxy
which is no less orthodox for being strictly ephemeral. - to assume
this appearance is today the stake of much critical and artistic
competition, rivalry, gaming. If for Lawson's bushman, the capacity
to fix points comes from a long familiarity with the same place
that makes it always full of differences, the mythology of fashion
today requires that anyone in the race must always be seen to be
one step ahead of any single point on the long road to nowhere in
particular, and away from wherever we were"
"I agree with Peter Schjeldahl that you can't stop fashion, or
stop the creation of orthodoxy through breathless gossip and
posing. I also agree that it's repressive, as well as pointless and
futile, to try to stop fashion - particularly since fashion
(including breathless gossip) is one of the few immediately
accessible sources of creativity, replenishment, hope and gaiety
that most people have in our lives"
"At the same time, there is a related activity which seems to me
to be, in this context, a form of bad, hostile driving manners - a
terroristic act of hogging the road. This is what happens every
time that an artist, a writer, a critic or indeed a curator turns
the proposition `you can't stop fashion' round, and uses fashion,
or claims about fashionability, in order to stop new things, other
things, or old things, from happening or continuing. This is the
use of the myth of speed to stop movement, regulate flows, block
the road. It often happens, oddly enough, through the use of the
little word STILL: ... `are you STILL doing that ? ... '
   I think that Peter Schjeldahl did it himself a couple of times
in his lecture, with throwaway lines about the theatre on at this
Festival, and about post-structuralist and deconstructive
criticism. It's the `that was way back then' way of not-addressing
issues, and so not moving on from them. It is particularly popular
in Australian arts journalism, and is one of the reasons why that
journalism is so drearily repetitive, and so earnestly behind the
times. Australian experimental filmmakers in particular have suffered from that
sort of treatment; not only from local critics who deem it an argument to
declare new work `dated', but also from overseas visitors (I'm thinking in
particular here of a film talk by Derek Malcolm of The Guardian) who described
Australian films as `behind the times' - as though they can only see work in a
new place by stating that they themselves are coming from somewhere else."
"FAMILY allowance now stops when the fulltime student turns 18. It is then
means-tested. A single-income family with two children is allowed $293 a
week. Senator Ryan, do we HSC students quit school and claim the dole?

 Struggling, Confused (Geelong)."
"A book that dispels the myths and folklore  

CURTIS BROWN'S pungent writings on canine locomotion and structure are
well-known to readers of National Dog. His sharp dry wit enlivens a subject
that is complex, controversial and often hard for the average dog person
to follow. His enthusiasm for his subject is inexhaustible"
"So a major book by Curtis Brown on Canine Locomotion and Gait Analysis is
an event. It is the best book on dog gait that I have ever read"
"When I first met Curtis Brown in 1981 I was already familiar with his
writings. It was at the World Conference of Kennel Clubs held in Edinburgh,
Scotland. He was to deliver a paper alongside Mrs Rachel Page-Elliott on
the structure and movement of dogs. I was enthralled, and then he had
finished, I felt that a wider vision had come into my understanding of
dogs. Here was someone who could answer the question ""why?"" that arose so
often in my experience with dogs as a breeder and judge.  Why did some dogs
move differently from others? Why did a certain construction make a
good-looking dog do something he shouldn't when he gaited? What was the
reason some breeds had different construction than others?  Why should function
demand that certain limbs and muscles be designed in a certain way? Why
have some breeds in the show ring changed so radically?   
  It is stimulating to find someone who puts a trained eye and mind to the
aspect of the dog which in the showring is of such importance - and argument"
"His conclusions will shock and surprise many, and certainly turn upside
down many widely held views on the subject. What you assumed was right is
probably quite incorrect, and scientifically impossible!
The myths and folklore exposed!                          
                                                        
 No assumptions   

  The author's analytical mind, trained as a teacher and as an engineer,
prods and probes seeking answers, not by making assumptions but by researching,
analysing and checking. He seeks confirmation by scientifically data, documented research, his own observation of not only show dogs,
but working dogs, wild dogs and other wild animals where comparison is valid"
"All this is backed up by the analysis of thousands of feet of slow motion
film and video, the use of cineradiography, data processing and other high
technology methods.                                      
  The dog world is mainly a world of amateurs. No formal training is required
to participate. Successful performance in the test area - the showring -
is based on the abstract values of personal visual appeal and a personal
interpretation of an intangible set of guide lines, the Breed Standards"
"Breeding dogs for exhibition is a complex business, and we need all the
help we can get. In some way it is easier to breed dogs for performance
and function; the judgement is simpler - the dog either functions or it
doesn't!                                                
                                                        
 New evidence  

  The thinking that has gone into analysis of the structure and movement
of the dog in the past has been based very heavily on the horse. Many of
the breed standards were written in the first place by horsemen. There are
plenty of books on dog canine movement, but they contain many conclusions
based on the wrong premise. It is here that such people as Curtis Brown,
and Rachel Page-Elliott, have explored deeper, rejected the false
assumptions, and presented totally new evidence.        
  Additionally, the whole direction of exhibiting dogs has changed and in
some cases the function, the purpose, that made a breed the way it was,
has become swamped by the aesthetic appeal. But if the variables of breeds
are to be maintained, then some thought must again be given to function"
"What Curtis Brown has tried to do is explain the physical traits of each
breed to indicate its efficiency for its function, and then to discuss how
best to evaluate in the show ring environment the functional efficiency,
together with the aesthetic appeal. Each breed should trot in a style which
indicates its purpose. He demonstrates what the differences in gait from
breed to breed are; there being as infinite a variety of gaits as there
are breeds. Then step by step he explains the basics of locomotion and its
dynamics.                                                
  Here then is a book which will fill the need that exists and add to our
understanding of what makes Fido move.                   
 To quote from the author's preface to the book: ""Dog shows are `shows'
in that the magnificent, the unusual, the bizarre and the performers are
all displayed in their sculptured finery. Selection of the best is usually
based upon either of these two kinds of observations (1) aesthetic appeal,
or (2) functional fitness as determined from visual examination. Either
or both may be the dominant consideration for a breed, and both have a
prominent place in judging the quality of an exhibit.   
  ""While the emphasis...(is) primarily to clues indicating a dog's fitness
for a function, aesthetic desirability will be included..."""
"""In the dog fraternity... is a need to differentiate between what is
efficient travel and what is to please the fancy.... before aesthetically
pleasing gaits can be considered, those that are functionally correct
must be delved into....it is no sin to require a dog to trot in a delightful
eye-appealing manner at a dog show; most of us enjoy it and approve..."
"However, if a person thinks such artificial style of travelling is functionally
efficient, his superficial knowledge of locomotion is exposed. Let us
recognise each style for what it is....""                 
                                                       
 Enlisted talents  

  For Dog Locomotion and Gait Analysis, the author has enlisted the talents
of Bonnie Dalzell, MA (who took her doctorate in movement and the anatomy
of dogs), who is an expert in the field of lure coursing, and Robert W"
"Cole, who did the descriptive accurate drawings that are such an important
part of the book.                                        
  Don't try to read this book straight through. Read it in sections, absorb
it, re-read it, discuss it. Curtis Brown sharpens one's eyes and you become
aware of things you never noticed before. The appetite is whetted to explore
further, to read and then make one's own observations. On each page you
will find some gem of information, something that sets you thinking and
looking.                                                 
  Thank you Curtis Brown, for a book that will add much to the understanding
of dogs, and dog shows.                                  
 Frances Sefton  
Dog Locomotion and Gait Analysis by Curtis M. Brown. Published by Hoflin
Publishing Ltd, Colorado, USA. Price in Australia $35.00"
""
"A turn for the worse in Chile 

GENERAL Augusto Pinochet, Chile's military ruler since overthrowing the
Allende Government 13 years ago, once liked to say that he was introducing
a new era of order and stability to a troubled society. The recent dramatic
attempt on his life demonstrates just how false that boast has proved to
be in a country with a strong democratic tradition. Chileans are becoming
increasingly polarised over the future of the dictatorship now that his
intention to remain in power for life is out in the open. Last month the
septuagenarian President announced that he needed to stay on until 1998
in order to ensure that his ""new order"" took firm hold. Under the 1980
constitution, which stipulates that a sole government candidate must be
chosen on a straight yes or no ballot, General Pinochet has the power to
nominate himself for re-election in 1989"
"Even members of the junta from the air force and navy balked at the news
that he wants another term. For the moment, however, his support among the
military is strong. So is his backing from the bulk of the business community"
"The opposition admits that it is divided and weak after so many years under
an oppressive administration. Things might have been different if General
Pinochet had recognised a national accord worked out last year between a
wide variety of political groups and given the blessing of the church. The
idea was to promote a genuinely democratic alternative in the 1989 election"
"But the President has done everything he can to discredit the accord in
particular and civil protest in general on the ground that these matters
lead to unrest and instability. Several thousand political protesters were
detained in the first half of this year"
"Now General Pinochet can say that the assassination attempt merely proves
his point."
"By Tom Howard  

""Would you like to lie in bed with her?"" asked Mr. Gorham"
"I flushed. ""Yes,"" I answered"
"""Did you hear that?"" yelled Mr. Booker. ""The Coat's just admitted he'd
like to lie in bed with Jean Ferguson!""
  ""I hope you use a french letter, Coat,"" said Mr. Street"
"""There's enough bastards around already,"" agreed Louis Jessup"
"""You can say that again!"" exclaimed Mr. Bear"
"""You oughtta know, Teddy,"" said Zach McLaurence"
"""I wouldn't mind sleeping with her myself,"" leered Mr. Gorham"
"""Is she good in bed, Coat?"" asked Mr. Street"
"""Tell you what, Coat,"" said Bob Booker. ""I've got a french letter in my
desk I can lend you.""
  ""Second-hand, of course,"" said Sporrie"
"""Erk!"" grimaced Mr. Gorham"
"""Full of colly-wobbles is it, Bob?"" asked Louis Jessup"
"""I've only used it once!""
  ""Erk!""
  ""Have you popped the question yet, Coat?"" continued Booker"
"""Well, no, I haven't.""
  ""Tell you what, Coat! I'll pop round and tell her.""
  ""Don't do that!""
  But ignoring my protestation, Booker sailed out the door"
"The laughter had scarcely abated, when Mr. Kennel walked in. A little
man with horn-rimmed spectacles, Mr. Kennel was Chief Teller in Accounts
Section. ""Where's the boss?"" he asked"
"""Gone to see about a broken clock,"" said Sporrie, picking his nails"
"Kennel surveyed the damage. ""How did that happen?"" he asked"
"""Fell down, I guess,"" replied Sporrie, again without looking up"
"""Anything we can do you for, Jed?"" asked Mr. Rochester"
"""I think I'll just wait till he comes back."" So saying, Kennel strolled
to the top of the room and calmly sat down in Witcharde's chair"
"A few minutes later, Horrie Waterman came in and began distributing an
Information Circular from the Association"
"""Getting a bit sensational, aren't we, Horrie?"" commented Mr. Gorham"
"And indeed we were! The circular was headed CRITICISM OF POLICE METHODS
and ran as follows:-
            SEARCH WITHOUT WARRANT  
The methods of the Commonwealth Investigation Service in the Sales Tax
Office have been bitterly criticised by incensed members following the recent
search of an officer's private home"
"After undergoing a sustained ordeal of handwriting tests and interrogation
the officer was bundled into a car and driven away by three powerful-looking
well-built investigators"
"Only when the car had travelled some distance was the officer told the
investigators were going to his home. On arrival the investigators ""invited""
the officer to let them search the premises without a warrant"
"The officer, who maintains his innocence of any malpractice, was subjected
to humiliating questioning without being told the nature of the offence
he was suspected of committing. His wife was ill and expecting a child at
the time and he was reduced to a state of extreme nervous tension"
"Later he was sent back to his desk and left without any indication of
what was going to happen to him next"
"The methods of enquiry and search were so unusual that citizens generally
may well wonder what the Commonwealth investigators will be capable of doing
when they start full-scale operations under the new Federal Police legislation"
"INVESTIGATOR TALKS OF ""MURDER"" 
Having found no evidence of wrong-doing by the officer, the investigators,
with apparent relish, took possession of a war-time souvenir pistol found
abandoned in the bottom of a wardrobe"
"When an Association official enquired what the investigators were going
to do with the pistol, he was told it would be treated as an ""unlicensed
revolver"""
"It was explained to the investigators that the pistol was given to the
officer during the war by an Air Force mate who was later killed in action"
"The gun had not been used since and when the officer returned from the war
it was thrown aside and forgotten"
"With something like the melodrama of a fifth rate detective novel one
of the investigators quite seriously told the Association official that
the revolver might be a ""missing murder weapon.""
  The pistol was rusted, broken, old and useless. It was about as incapable
of being fired as the Commonwealth Investigation Service apparently is of
solving the ""extra man mystery.""
  ""I don't know that you had any right to print all that, Horrie,"" complained
Mr. Gorham"
"""Who was it, Horrie?"" asked Mr. Street"
"""Wasn't me - that's for bloody sure!"" said Wakington-Snell"
"""What's all this `extra man' crap?"" asked Mr. Street"
"""Well, I told her, Coat,"" said Booker, breezing back. ""She said she'd
be happy to sleep with you any time.""
  I knew she had not said anything of the sort, but I raced around to Records
all the same. ""Has Booker been speaking to you about me?"" I asked"
"""Yes; he has.""
  ""I hope you didn't take any notice of what he said.""
  ""No; I didn't.""
  ""That's all right, then.""
  Just as I returned, Witcharde came in the other way. Fortunately, his
attention was distracted by Kennel. ""There you are!"" exclaimed that worthy"
"""I see you've got a broken clock.""
  ""Did you fix that chair?""
  ""Yes,"" replied Southey. ""Everything under control.""
  Witcharde tore up two forms he was carrying, and sat down beside Rochester"
"""Don't worry about me,"" said Kennel. ""I've got all day.""
  ""Get stuffed,"" answered Witcharde"
"Kennel made no attempt to execute this order, and Witcharde went on talking
to Rochester. They were discussing Waterman's Circular"
"This stalemate seemed set to continue indefinitely, when there was a sudden
commotion in the direction of Accounts Section"
"""Man overboard!"" It was old Gruber's voice. There was the sound of running
feet in the corridor outside. Then tumult. ""Mann the lifeboats!"" Gruber
was screaming. ""Ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh!"" - ""Fire!"" some-one shouted. ""Fire!"" -
""Fire!""
  We sat at our desks like statues of ice. 
  Witcharde dived for the door"
"The corridor was choked with pandemonium. Females were screaming, wielding
their purses like clubs, their bodies for battering rams. ""Fire!"", ""Fire!""
It was every woman for herself; clawing frantically at those in front; being
clawed by those behind. ""Fire!"", ""Fire!"" Using the heels of their shoes
like spurs to a horse, the gentler sex battled their way down the stairs"
"""Fire!"", ""Fire!"" The call re-echoed from floor to floor"
At last we were in the street
"""Some-one stop the traffic!"" But there was no need. An impenetrable barrier
of human flesh spilled across the road-way. The pressure was increasing"
I slipped down King Street and caught a tram to the Uni
"""Where did you get to, yesterday, Mr. Howard?"" Spindel's tone was cold and
sarcastic"
"""I took myself out to the University, if it's any business of yours.""
I could see Carrier's jaw drop, out of sympathy I suppose"
"""I think it is our business, Mr. Howard, when you take yourself off, without
permission,"" continued Spindel"
"""I think I acted rather wisely, considering the circumstances.""
  ""You'll have to fill in a leave form, and you'll be docked for the time
you were absent. That's all, Mr. Howard.""
  ""I refuse to fill in the form.""
  ""In that case, I have no alternative, but to report your conduct to the
D.C.""
  ""I would welcome the opportunity. And I shall seek an interview for myself.""
I thought better of it, however, and returned to I.E.s. ""Spindel reckons
he's going to dock the time from my pay,"" I explained to the room at large"
"""He can't do that, Coat,"" said Booker. ""We were all in the pub, and he's
not doing anything about that.""
  ""He'd better not!"" exclaimed Wakington-Snell with surprising vehemence"
"""No. I should say not,"" agreed Rochester"
"""What will I do about it?"" I asked"
"""You want to write a letter to the D.C.,"" suggested Sporrie"
"""That's a good idea,"" I said. Witcharde came in. Under his beady eye, I
removed all the files from the top of my desk, took out a sheet of ruled
foolscap, and wrote the following memo:-
                                           Internal Examinations  
Yesterday afternoon, as you are doubtless aware, in Accounts section,
while Mr. Kennel was out of the room, a gust of wind blew a large number
of cheques that were on his desk out of the window. I only learnt of this
occurrence this morning. Yesterday afternoon, due to the carelessness of
Mr. Kennel and the irresponsibility of Mr. Gruber, I, along with most of
the staff, and half the building in fact, was made to feel that a fire had
broken out. I flatter myself that I am not a person to whom the spectacle
of a fire fulfills some vicarious amusement - chasing fire engines is a
habit I have long outgrown - and I therefore took myself away from the scene
so as not to hamper the efforts of such gallant fire-fighters as would
presently appear - or so I assumed"
"Mr Spindel has stated that I will be required to take the leave without
pay"
"It is submitted that, in view of the extraordinary circumstances outlined
above, Special Leave be granted"
"Thomas Howard  
The Deputy Commissioner of Taxation"
"I was tempted to add a proviso that, failing the grant of the Special
Leave, the pay be deducted form Gruber's salary, but I thought better of
it"
"Witcharde was still watching me. With an elaborate gesture, I placed the
memo in Rocky's In-tray"
"Later that morning, Rocky called me over. ""I take it, you're not planning
to spend very long in this department?"" he asked"
"""Why's that, Rocky?""
  ""This memo. If you put this through, you'll be finished for life.""
  ""It's true, isn't it?""
  ""That's not the point. It doesn't always pay to be truthful in this place"
"Especially when you attack old Gruber. He's the white-haired boy.""
  ""What's the matter with everyone? The man's a raving lunatic. Surely they
realise that, even from yesterday's incident.""
  ""He just gets a bit excited, that's all. I suggest you tear up this memo,
if you want to stay here for any time.""
  Like a coward, I took his advice. But having thrown Witcharde off his
guard, I thought it would be a good idea to pen a note to Jean Ferguson"
"Due to the supervisory activities of Mr. King, our correspondence had rather
decreased of late. Most of my letters were made up of the most atrocious
puns and all manner of terribly juvenile devices"
"Her letters to me were much more interesting:
Tom Howard Q.C"
"The caption above looks impressive but don't be misled by it, for I think
the following parenthesis (brag, brag, brag) suits you better - You certainly
were not behind the door when the gab was handed out"
"So I am ignorant am I?
  Well, I am pleased to say I am not a walking dictionary like yourself"
"Sarcastic aren't I?
  Well, you ask for it sometimes, always pointing out my ignorance on not
knowing the literary characters that you have so painstakingly looked up
in the encyclopedia (never could spell that word seeing that I do not possess
one) but, undoubtedly, you possess stacks of them, and I bet you wouldn't
have to dust them either"
"Who is Descartes?
  Hiprophesis?
  Or, how long is the Suez canal?
  Or, maybe I could ask you a few points on sport, a subject you know
comparatively little about"
"Then I could also say ""Oh! you are so ignorant."" As for reading the `Water
Babies' in kindergarten I am afraid I was far too much advanced for my years,
for I fancied literary works of Kathleen Windsor much better"
"Never mind Tom, I loved the ending of your letter"
"I might be dumb and ignorant but I have blue eyes, beautiful physiognomy
and a nice personality. 
  Oh! my, I simply curled up on the mat when I read that. 
  Don't upset me like that"
"Yours Truly,
                                             Jeannie  
Sir Charles Freeman,
  I appear to be getting more like you every day, what with colloquial
expressions and pseudonyms"
(look that one up in the dictionary)
"Do you know what `Sidere mens eadem mutato' means? Well! I found out,
it means `Tempus fugit but the mind remains the same.' (Impressive, isn't
it?)
  Sitting at my desk yesterday, I was startled to find a masculine head
(combined with a husky voice) so intimately close to mine, and do you know
who the possessor of the head was?"
"Queensland's FBT bid opens in High Court From ROSS McSWAIN CANBERRA  

- The Queensland Government's constitutional challenge 
to the fringe benefits tax started in the High Court today"
"The challenge is based on Section 114 of the Constitution 
which stops the Commonwealth taxing any property belonging to a 
state and any state taxing property belonging to the 
Commonwealth"
The Queensland challenge is the first against the FBT
"But a second challenge has been lodged by the NSW Chamber of 
Commerce"
"The Chamber of Commerce challenge, also to be heard in the 
High Court, is the first by a business group"
"Their opposition will be based on a separate section of the 
Constitution which deals with taxation laws and how they 
relate to certain taxes"
"The Queensland Cabinet decided to go ahead with the 
constitutional challenge after it received a full briefing on 
July 28"
"The Federal Government has since made changes to the tax to 
eliminate ""unintended consequences"""
"The changes are expected to cost the Government a least $75 
million in lost revenue"
""
"US air fares cut by 25pc  

CONTINENTAL Airlines slashed its Sydney - New York economy fare by 25 per
cent yesterday as a price war flared again"
"For business and first-class passengers, the saving is two tickets for
the price of one"
"Continental's new economy return fare to the Big Apple is now $1,399 -
undercutting its rivals by $505"
"Mr Col Hughes, general manager of Continental, said the new price had
been introduced to mark the start of the airline's one-stop direct flight
from Australia to New York on October 26"
"He said passengers who bought return first or business class tickets on
the flight would receive a second ticket free.  The new economy fare will
not be available during the peak Christmas period"
-  Joan Mabbutt
"A fortune has been spent but still more micros are needed  

  THE money Australian schools have invested in computers is enough to buy a 
skyscraper, perhaps even a modest tropical island"
"A nationwide study conducted for the Federal Government last year, has 
estimated that at least $57 million has been spent on more than 350,000 
microcomputers by Australian primary and secondary schools"
"But respondents to a survey for the study said the shortage of computers in 
schools and insufficient funds for purchasing more computers were still 
significant drawbacks"
"The survey found that four brands constituted 78 per cent of all machines 
used in the classrooms, with Apple representing 34 per cent, Commodore 19 per 
cent, BBC 12 per cent and Microbee 13 per cent"
"One thousand schools were surveyed for the study called Computer 
Applications in Australian Schools.  It also involved visits to four schools 
in every State by the research team"
"The study led to the discovery of an average of three computers per primary 
school and 14 computers per secondary school, with twice as many machines in 
city schools than country schools"
"A research team member, Professor John Hattie of the University of Western 
Australia, said this was one of the study's most surprising results"
"""The stereotype of a computer locked in a back room with a maths teacher is 
not borne out by the study,"" he said.  
  He described classroom computing in Australia as in its ""early adolescence"", 
moving beyond the teething stage of basic introduction towards the development
of a wide range of applications"
"Professor Hattie carried out the study with Professor Don Fitzgerald of the 
University of New England in NSW, and Professor Phil Hughes of the University 
of Tasmania"
"The study found that computers were primarily used for word processing, 
drill and practice, computer awareness courses, simulation and games."
"Urgent talks called over shop protest  

AN URGENT State Industrial Commission conference today will try to avert
a shop assistants' stopwork rally against Queensland's deregulated shopping
hours trial"
"A meeting of 200 Queensland Shop Assistants Union Brisbane delegates
representing more than 15,000 members yesterday voted unanimously to hold
a protest rally in the Brisbane City Hall at 10 a.m. next Thursday"
"The Retailers Association later applied for a State Industrial Commission
conference and planned to call the commission to direct the cancellation
of any stoppages"
"The shop assistants' union State secretary, Mr John Hogg, said the rally
would cause a staff shortage in Brisbane stores"
"The stoppage was the first action in the union's campaign against the
one-month trial of unrestricted shopping hours starting on December 15"
"Mr Hogg said the normally conservative union was being forced to take
action.  ""We are in boots-and-all to fight deregulation because of the State
Government's ignorance,"" he said"
"Mr Hogg said a ""constant stream"" of members had told him they would resign
if deregulated shopping was introduced"
"He accused the State Government of having no regard for the transport
and safety of young people who would be made to work odd hours"
"The Retailers Association executive director, Mr Phil Naylor, said he
believed the stopwork amounted to a strike"
"""If they are not at work, we consider they are on strike.""
  He said the rally was ""highly irresponsible and would affect many retailers
who were trying to bolster sales during the Christmas period after a poor
trading year"
"Mr Naylor said most retailers planned to follow the Business Owners and
Managers Association recommendations of not opening on Sundays but trading
on Saturday afternoons and one extra night a week"
"However, Myer planned to trade seven days a week from its Queen Street,
Brisbane, Gold Coast Pacific Fair, Toowoomba and suburban Brisbane stores,
he said"
"The Queensland Tourist and Travel Corporation and two Brisbane
international hotels yesterday said they believed extended trading hours
would help Brisbane's international image"
"A Brisbane Sheraton spokesman said Americans used to 24-hour trading had
commented on the lack of trading in the city.   
  A Mayfair Crest Hotel spokesman said international guests would appreciate
extended trading"
"The present shopping hours were not helping Brisbane's international
reputation, he said"
"The Queensland Tourist and Travel Corporation managing director, Mr Pat
King, said yesterday many people in the tourist industry supported deregulated
trading"
"The corporation itself supported deregulated trading hours, particularly
in areas of high tourist traffic"
"Australia rated below average as an international destination for good
shopping, partly because of restricted trading hours, he said"
"In Bundaberg, a meeting of about 80 percent of the city's retailers yesterday
voted to work the trading hours set by the State Industrial Commission"
""
"Major advance in genetic engineering techniques  

CSIRO and Sydney University scientists have made a major advance towards
the development of genetically engineered vaccines for a wide range of human
and animal diseases"
"The scientists are using the new techniques to develop a vaccine against
footrot, a major disease of sheep now costing Australian farmers about $60M
a year in losses and control measures. Footrot is a problem in many countries
including the US, New Zealand and the Soviet Union"
"The researchers believe the techniques, patented world-wide, could also
form the basis for vaccines against other diseases including gonorrhea
and conjuctivitis"
"Minister for Science Barry Jones announced the vaccine development during
a visit to the CSIRO Division of Molecular Biology in Sydney"
"Mr Jones also announced an agreement between CSIRO, Sydney University
and two Australian companies, Biotechnology Australia and Arthur Webster,
to produce the footrot vaccine"
"The agreement, negotiated by CSIRO's commercial company, Sirotech, involves
a two-year collaborative research program aimed at the commercial
development of the vaccine against footrot"
"Mr Jones said a prototype footrot vaccine had been successfully produced
and tested by scientists from CSIRO's Divisions of Molecular Biology in
Sydney, Animal Health and Protein Chemistry in Melbourne and the University
of Sydney"
"""This research agreement includes further refinement of the prototype
and the vaccine is expected to be on the market within two years,"" he said"
"""Currently available footrot vaccines are very expensive to produce because
the footrot bacterium is slow growing, requires a particular environment
and oxygen-free conditions. These vaccines also contain at least eight
different strains of the bacterium and this adds to the production problems"
"In developing the genetically engineered vaccine, the scientists used
recombinant DNA methods to transfer a key gene from the footrot bacterium
into a less fastidious, fast growing bacterium"
"This gene controls the development of small hairs, known as fimbriae,
which are used by the bacteria to attach to animal or human tissue"
"The proteins that make up these hairs act as antigens, triggering the
defence system of the infected animal. Isolating these antigens is crucial
in the development of effective vaccines"
"A wide range of other bacteria used similar hairs to colonise host tissue
and the same techniques may be used to develop a vaccine against them"
"The researches are: Prof John Egerton, professor of Veterinary Clinical
Studies at Sydney University, who first established that it was feasible
to vaccinate sheep against footrot; Dr David Stewart of CSIRO's Division
of Animal Health, who first discovered that bacterial fimbriae were the
key antigens required for vaccination; Dr Neil McKern of CSIRO's Division
of Protein Chemistry, who determined the amino acid sequence of the fimbrial
protein; Dr John Mattick of CSIRO's Division of Molecular Biology, Dr Tom
Elleman of CSIRO's Division of Protein Chemistry, and Ms Beau Anderson,
a CSIRO/Sydney University student, who collectively performed all the genetic
engineering associated with the project"
"""Trials have shown the vaccine to be extremely effective and it is expected
to be relatively inexpensive to produce,"" Mr Jones said. 
  ""Under the agreement, the two companies will provide technologists and
financial support for commercial development and will jointly hold an exclusive
world-wide licence to produce and market a successful product"
"""If all goes as expected, this Australian high technology product will
find a ready world market. The research has been supported in part by the
Australian Wool Corporation and the Australian Meat and Livestock Research
and Development Corporation"
"""High hopes are held for genetically engineered vaccines and this is one
of the first to reach this advanced stage. And in the longer term the
techniques learnt here are expected to have much wider application"
"""This work represents a most important advance in vaccine technology and
confirms Australia's leading position in genetic engineering research"
"""Furthermore, we have made great strides in recent years to ensure
Australian industry benefits from this growing scientific expertise.""

 Hope ahead for osteo-arthritis sufferers  

Scientific collaborators in Sydney and Sweden believe they are well on the
way to developing a new class of drugs which would revolutionise the treatment
of osteo-arthritis, one of the most common diseases of old age, as well
as a range of other degenerative diseases of connective tissue. The drugs
could also aid the healing process after cartilage injuries"
"It is envisaged the treatment would also have wide application to
domesticated animals, especially racehorses. In man and animals the principal
weight bearing joints, the knee and hip, as well as the spine, are the
areas most affected by osteo-arthritis"
"A grant of $50,000 plus $17,000 for equipment towards this year's research
in Sydney has come from the Swedish pharmaceutical company Pharmacia with
more anticipated in the future"
"Dr Peter Ghosh, director of the Raymond Purves Laboratory at Royal North
Shore Hospital (RNSH) and a member of the Department of Surgery (Orthopaedic
and Traumatic), leads the Sydney team. A senior research biochemist with
Pharmacia at Upsala, Sweden, Dr Tony de Belder, will work at RNSH with Dr
Ghosh on the project until September. Dr Ghosh believes the grant may be
one of the first made in conjunction with the university which comes under
the new 150% tax concession category"
"Millions suffer  

  Osteo-arthritis causes suffering to millions throughout the world. Latest
figures show that about 86% of women and 78% of men over the age of 65 suffer
from it in some form. Other degenerative conditions are common, particularly
injuries to the knee, hip and spine which frequently lead to pain and
incapacity. 
  The only drugs presently available in Australia to treat these conditions
are limited to those suppressing symptoms by alleviating pain, swelling
and the influx of inflammatory cells and their mediators: but they have
no ability to stimulate healing to aid the underlying problem. Among drugs
commonly used are aspirin, naprosyn and indocid and, in severe cases, cortosin"
"The new drugs, Dr Ghosh anticipates, would modify degeneration of joint
articular cartilage by suppressing enzymes and other mediators which, in
the pathological state ""eat"" the connective tissue or cartilage faster
than the tissue cell can replace it"
"""In healthy cartilage enzyme inhibitors are present which normally block
these degradative processes,"" said Dr Ghosh, ""but for some reason the levels
of these natural inhibitors is depressed in arthritis.""
  Dr Ghosh and his team have isolated and purified, for the first time,
the natural inhibitors which suppress the destructive enzymes and they consider
that future therapy in this area may be based on replacing the inhibitors
lost from arthritic cartilage"
"Now that the native inhibitors have been characterised, DNA recombitant
techniques should allow them to be produced synthetically"
"A semi-synthetic molecule available in Europe and Japan, Arteparon, which
has a similar mechanism of action to the drugs currently under study, gives
cause for optimism in the drug project underway. Arteparon is not a pure
compound, however, but is an ill-defined mixture prepared by chemical
modicication of calf cartilage extract"
"As it is difficult to define its structure, according to Dr Ghosh,
registration in Australia for human use has not been achieved. Nevertheless,
clinical trials with Arteparon in Germany undertaken since 1976 on more
than 5000 osteo-arthritic patients have shown a high degree of success"
"Excellent results  

  Of the 80% who experienced good results from the drug about 20% had excellent
results, some with remission. Of the 20% who received no benefits from
Arteparon, less than 1% experienced side-effects, the main one being related
to anti-coagulant activity when the drug was injected directly into the joint"
"Dr Ghosh and colleagues consider the molecules they have so far developed
are superior to Arteparon. Moreover, they can be well-defined structurally"
"By correlating the biological activity of these new drugs with their
structure and conformation they are confident that new highly specific
anti-arthritic agents will emerge"
"NH&MRC grants  

  Dr Ghosh has also received substantial grants from NH&MRC for several
years for basic research on cartilage, its structure, function and metabolism"
"This work provided the key to a better understanding of the connective tissues
which are found in knee joint minisci, articular cartilage, ligaments,
tendons and intervetebral discs. Their work has concentrated on articular
cartilage of the hip and knee, fibro-cartilage, or the miniscus, of the
knee joint, and intervertebral discs"
"In these areas, Dr Ghosh explained, there are classes of enzymes,
metallo-proteinases and serine proteinases, which in abnormal conditions
degrade some of the principle matrix, or building blocks, of the connective
tissue. Normally these enzymes are latent but they can be triggered by
inflammatory mediators during injury or because of nutritional inadequacies
of the connective tissue cells"
"""Mature connective tissues are avascular, that is, they do not have their
own blood supply,"" said Dr Ghosh. ""Normally building blocks or nutrients
such as oxygen, glucose, amino-acids and phosphates must traverse up to
three millimetres of tissue to get to the cartilage cells, or chondocytes"
"This renders them particularly susceptible to events which interfere with
their nutrition"
"""In the case of the disc, injury, inflammation, or an inherited abnormality
in the bone plate beneath the disc, can dramatically influence the nutritional
process, often leading to cell death"
"""In response some of the cells then produce more lactic acid which makes
their environment more acid stimulating enzyme activity"
"""It was while investigating the activity of these enzymes and the ways
in which they could be controlled that the discovery was made about the
presence in human articular cartilage and discs of inhibitors which prevent
the enzymes from degrading the fundamental building blocks.""
  In the course of his work Dr Ghosh and his colleagues have investigated
21 drugs and their effects on the cartilage. He has found that some used
to reduce inflammation and swelling, do not help the articular cartilage
itself and sometimes make it worse by suppressing the body's natural repair
mechanisms"
"Koalas threatened by lack of research  

  Ignorance is the biggest problem facing Australia's koala population -
ignorance of their health problems, their mortality rate and how they are
adapting to a changing environment through contact with human beings"
"""I expect their numbers are declining, but nobody knows for sure,"" says
Dr Paul Canfield, senior lecturer in the Department of Veterinary Pathology
at the University of Sydney and one of the few academics in Australia actively
involved in koala research"
"Supported by $5080 from the Sun Herald Koala Appeal Fund and $7500 from
the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dr Canfield is attempting
to discover what diseases koalas are susceptible to, and what causes them"
His work involves 40 to 50 post mortems on koalas each year
"""We know so little about koalas we are not even sure what their normal
metabolism is,"" Dr Canfield says. ""One of my tasks is to try
to establish normal haematological and biological parameters in order to
detect abnormalities.""

 ""Wet backside""  

  Urogenital and respiratory diseases are common findings in koalas examined
by Dr Canfield. The urogenital disease is also known as ""wet backside"" disease
and probably affects the fertility of infected koalas, throwing additional
stress on population rates. Koalas also suffer from cancers and diseases
of the gastrointestinal tract and liver, according to Dr Canfield's research"
"Dr Canfield has been conducting research into koalas for more than six
years, and in that time has performed post mortems on about 130 of the animals"
"The dead koalas are sent to him by the Port Macquarie Koala Preservation
Society and by vets from the NSW North Coast and other areas. The Society
also takes blood for testing from both sick and apparently healthy koalas
so a fuller picture of the state of disease in koala populations can be
formed"
"""A large percentage of the deaths of koalas are directly or indirectly
related to car accidents or from maulings by wild animals and domestic pets,""
Dr Canfield said"
"""But in about 20% of cases we can't find any tissue damage so we don't
know the cause of death. We just don't have the adequate information so
it is impossible to reach a diagnosis.""

 Varying success  

  Treatment of sick koalas is also in the infancy stage"
""
"Spectroscopy of molecular clusters By K.G.H. Baldwin Introduction  

  The simultaneous development of two powerful experimental techniques since
the mid 1960's has brought about a revolution in the study of molecules
and molecular systems. These techniques, tunable laser spectroscopy and
molecular beam devices, have been combined with a concurrent expansion in
the theoretical simulation of molecular systems.  The result of this productive
marriage between theory and experiment has been a greater understanding
of the physics of how molecules interact, with important consequences for
the chemistry of molecular reactions.  Some of the major advances that have
been made in this area using the molecular beam facility at the Research
School of Physical Sciences, ANU, under Dr. R.O. Watts, are described in
this article"
"Molecular Beams  

  The development of the supersonic jet source (Anderson et al., 1965) has
enabled the production of high intensity, monoenergetic molecular beams"
"In this device, a gas at very high pressure (some tens of atmospheres) is
forced through a very small nozzle (some tens of microns in diameter) into
an evacuated chamber, producing a supersonic expansion of the gas through
the nozzle. The result is a well collimated beam travelling in excess of
one kilometre per second, but with very low temperatures (a few degrees K)
for the internal molecular degrees of freedom (rotation and vibration)"
"The supersonic jet has a number of important properties that make this
source an extremely useful device for the study of molecular systems:

  ‚2The extreme cooling by the supersonic expansion greatly simplifies the
spectroscopy of the molecules because of the small number of excited states"
"‚2The conversion of random kinetic motion into a unidirectional beam with
very little transverse kinetic motion results in the molecules being totally
isolated from one another once they have travelled several nozzle diameters
downstream of the expansion"
"‚2The low transverse energy allows aggregation of the molecules as they
pass through the nozzle to form weakly bound van der Waals clusters, which
can survive almost indefinitely once they reach the free molecular flow
region"
"‚2The expansion into a vacuum allows the study of isolated molecular systems
with no effects due to external perturbations"
"The ANU Molecular beam system is shown in Figure 1.  A nozzle is situated
in each of the primary and secondary chambers, which are pumped to a pressure
of around 10-4 torr during operation of the beam.  The two chambers
are isolated from the main chamber by a conical skimmer some several hundred
microns in diameter, which further collimates the beam to a few milliradians"
"The low pressure in the main chamber (10-6 torr) ensures that the beam
remains unperturbed in its transit to the detectors.  Two types of detector
are used (the beam can be rotated to either): a quadrupole mass spectrometer,
and a more sensitive, cryogenically cooled, bolometer which responds to
very small changes in the total energy of the incoming beam"
"The molecule to be studied is usually seeded in a light carrier gas (hydrogen
or helium) prior to the nozzle.  Not only does this increase the expansion
velocity (up to 2km/sec) and hence improve the cooling, but it also allows
control of the aggregation of molecules into clusters.  Higher concentrations
and greater cooling (due to higher nozzle pressures) will increase the size
of the clusters formed"
"Most of the experiments that have been performed at ANU have studied the
spectroscopy of molecular clusters.  For this work tunable infra-red F-centre
lasers (2-3.5    M) and CO2 lasers (10    m) have been used.  The
reason for the avoidance of visible and UV spectroscopy in the ANU cluster
studies is that these transitions involve alteration of the electronic
structure of the cluster.  Studies of the infra-red rotational and vibrational
transitions, on the other hand, leave the basic structure of the cluster
unaltered, and this simplifies the interpretation of the experimental data"
"The lasers enter the beam chamber through windows at the top, and can either
be single passed perpendicularly to the beam (yielding Doppler widths of
a few MHz), or multipassed to increase the laser-induced signal on the
detector"
"The laser beam (or the molecular beam in the case of the scattering
experiments) can be chopped to enable phase sensitive detection to be used"
"The signal detected by the bolometer can be of two types.  If the photon
energy is absorbed by the cluster and the cluster remains intact during
its submillisecond transit time to the bolometer, then the bolometer will
register an increase in energy, because the radiative lifetime of typical
infra-red ro-vibrational transitions is of the order of milliseconds or
longer. However, if the cluster dissociates soon after absorbing the
infra-red photon (whose energy is usually many times greater than a typical
van der Waals binding energy), then a decrease in the beam energy is registered
after the cluster explodes into fragments which fly apart and miss the
detector"
"Molecular Clusters - Theory  

  The ANU group has developed novel methods for calculating the vibrational
frequencies of molecules forming the clusters.  Quantum simulation, in which
an analogy between the time dependent Schrodinger equation and a diffusion
equation with source/sink terms is exploited, to give a numerically exact
ground state wavefunction for the cluster.  This many body wavefunction
is used to define a reference configuration for subsequent variational
calculations of the vibrational eigenvalues of the cluster. The success
of this theory, particularly when compared with more traditional normal
mode and local mode calculations, is clearly evident in the results for
the water dimer shown in Figure 2. 

  In the case where a large number of cluster configurations contribute
to the infrared band shape, the group has developed powerful semi-classical
theories of inhomogeneous line broadening.  Classical trajectory methods
taken from liquid state theory (Watts and McGee, 1976) are used to generate
a Boltzmann distribution of cluster configurations.  Full quantum vibrational
eigenvalue calculations for these configurations are used to determine the
inhomogeneous band spectrum"
"Both the quantum simulation and the semi-classical method require accurate
intermolecular potential functions.  These are found using semi-empirical
models which are consistent with a wide range of data taken from the gas,
liquid and solid phases (Watts and McGee,1976)"
"Experimental Results  

(i) Scattering and intermolecular potentials"
"Differential scattering cross section measurements provide a very accurate
probe of intermolecular potential surfaces.  Quantum scattering theory predicts
that several types of interference phenomena should be observed in low energy  
scattering experiments.  If the quantum interferences can be resolved, then
they can be used to give detailed information on such matters as the relative
sizes of molecules and the strengths of their interactions.  The ANU group
has developed a crossed molecular beam apparatus that is able to resolve
the interference structure, particularly rainbow and Fraunhofer diffraction"
"An excellent example of this work is the differential scattering cross
section measured for hydrogen molecules scattered from N2 and HF at
collision energies near 100meV (Figure 3 - Miller, Vohralik and Watts, 1986)"
"The experimental data shows clearly resolved quantum interference structure
corresponding to Fraunhofer diffraction.  Theoretical predictions of the
scattering cross section obtained using isotropic potentials agree with
the H2/N2 data, but give a poor representation of the H2/HF data"
"Multichannel quantum scattering calculations based on a strongly anisotropic
pair potential since developed (but not shown in Figure 3) give much improved
agreement with the H2/HF experiments"
"The ANU group has reported similar measurements for the collision partners
He/HF (Boughton, Miller, Vohralik and Watts, 1986), CH4/CH4
(Boughton, Miller and Watts, 1985), and Ar/HF (Miller, Vohralik and Watts,
to be published).  By combining this type of measurement with coupled states
calculations and other scattering theories, they have determined accurate
interaction potentials for these systems"
"(ii) Changes of state  

  One of the most remarkable results of the molecular beam work at ANU has
been the measurement of molecular spectra under conditions in which the
state of the molecules has been varied (by altering the nozzle pressure)
in a continuous fashion from the gaseous to the solid state.  In no other
field of spectroscopy can spectral properties be measured as the state of
matter is varied continuously"
"An example of the spectra obtained by this method is shown in Figure 4(a)
(Miller, Watts and Ding, 1984), where the composition of a mixture of nitrous
oxide in helium is varied to yield conditions of increasing cluster size"
"The position of the dissociation spectrum shifts from the gaseous frequency
to the solid crystal frequency as the cluster size is increased.  The
simultaneous presence of peaks at the gaseous and solid frequencies indicates
that in the intermediate regions, both small and large clusters exist in
the beam.  This result is born out by the mass spectrometer studies"
"Even more remarkable is the similarity between the theoretical predictions
for the dissociation spectra of N2O and the experimental results. 
Figure 4(b) shows the simulated N2O spectrum obtained using the
semi-classical theory outlined above for (a) N2O dimers, (b) clusters
with 55 molecules and (c) molecules arranged in the solid lattice configuration
(Miller, Watts and Ding, 1984).  The synthetic spectra reproduce exactly
the same shift in the spectrum from the gaseous to the solid frequency as
is exhibited in the experimental results"
"(iii) Excitation and dissociation dynamics  

  While the position of the spectra yield important information on the
structure of complex molecular systems, the detailed shape of the spectra
provides information on the dynamics of the dissociation of these systems
following excitation.  The dynamic behaviour is particularly important for
understanding molecular interactions, because the cluster dissociation process
can be viewed as a sort of half collision, where the molecules start already
together and then fly apart.  Very recently, results from the molecular
beams laboratory at ANU have helped answer important questions as to what
happens when excited clusters dissociate"
"Two competing models have been used to describe this process.  The first
states that the absorbed photon is localised at a particular molecule in
the cluster, and the photon energy is then passed around between the cluster
vibrational modes before the cluster ultimately dissociates.  This is called
the Intermolecular Vibrational Relaxation (IVR) model.  The second model
asserts that any absorption must occur into an eigenstate of the cluster
as a whole, and that the time taken to dissociate is simply related to the
probability amplitude of the eigenstate wavefunction at the van der Waals
bond.  The decay rate is then determined in a statistical process by the
number of available decay channels, which increase with the complexity of
the molecule and with the number of final states available to the fragment
products.  This is the direct dissociation model"
"Until recently there had been some evidence for the direct model from
the fine structure present on some of the cluster spectra measured in 
different dimer systems (CO2 and N2O - Miller and Watts, 1984, C2H2
and C3H4 - Fischer, Miller, Vohralik and Watts, 1985), This fine 
structure is thought to be due to rotational levels in the vibrational  
bands of the cluster, and the width of the structure is inversely related
(by the Fourier theorem) to the lifetime of the excitation.  As the systems
became more complex, the lifetime was found to decrease from >80 to 0.4
nanoseconds, thereby giving some support to the direct model"
"However, the fly in the ointment was ethylene (C2H4), which
is of similar complexity to the larger of the systems mentioned above. 
Surprisingly though, ethylene was observed by a number of laboratories to
have a very broad (12cm-1) ?7 band spectrum which yielded lifetimes
of only 1 picosecond (e.g. Hoffbauer et al., 1983).  These measurements were
taken using linetunable CO2 lasers near 950cm-1 in intervals of
nearly two wavenumbers, and similar widths were obtained for the ethylene
?9 band at 3000cm-1 using continuously tunable F-centre lasers (Fischer,
Miller, Vohralik and Watts, 1985).  These results implied that a statistical,
direct dissociation process was not responsible for the observed widths"
"Instead, it was surmised, the lifetime of the photon excitation was limited
by IVR which occurred on a picosecond timescale long before dissociation
took place"
"However, recent studies of the ?7 band at the ANU (Baldwin and Watts,
1986) and elsewhere (Shels et al., 1986) have shown that there is indeed 
rotational fine structure on top of the very broad ?7 band spectrum which 
was missed in the previous point-by-point scans. Figure 5 shows a high resolution (0.01cm-1) scan obtained by piezoelectrically altering the cavity length of the CO2 laser near the 951cm-1 P12 lasing transition (Baldwin and Watts, 1986). The fine structure is most apparent at low concentrations and disappears completely at high concentratiopns leaving only the broad background, indicating that the broad spectrum measured by previous workers was probably due to very large clusters. The fine structure is still present using hydrogen as the carrier gas, and its presence a tthe dimer mass on the mass spectrometer indicates that the fine structure is due purely to the ethylene dimer"
"So the ethylene dimer is now shown to behave not dissimilarly to the other dimer systems, and from the measured linewidths has a lifetime of around 10ns. These results provide further evidence that molecular clusters behave like a single large molecule, whose excitation lifetime is limited purely by the pre-dissociation lifetime of the excited cluster eigenstate. This is yet another example of the way in which molecular beam spectroscopy has become a powerful tool in the study of molecular behaviour."
"Sunday August 10 LOOK AND SEE - GOD CARES! PRAY  
Lord, help me to find your will today, and then enable me to do it"
"READ  
Psalm 33:12-22"
"THINK  
Psalm 33 speaks to us about the effectiveness of the word of God to 
express and carry out his divine will. Today's reading is particularly with his word in judgement"
"Blessed are the people whom God has chosen as his heritage (12). Christians
are told that they are blessed and know that this is true, but sometimes
have trouble in believing it! Really, this is not surprising, since we should
not expect to live trouble-free lives during this existence on earth. However,
it's often hard to believe that we are blessed in the midst of suffering
and frustration. In the parable of the Prodigal Son, the older brother feels
bitter and sees little cause for gratitude, yet his blessings shown by the
reply of his father are many - 'Son, you are always with me, and all that
is mine is yours.' (Luke 15:31). Our blessing is always there, but it does
not always consist of the tangible and material rewards by which we measure
our lives"
"The Lord looks down (13). This verse which pictures God in a rather classical
way, should give us reassurance and hope because God's concern demonstrates
his love and care"
"The war horse is a vain hope (17). Another illustration of the splendid
might of the war horse can be found in Job 39:19-25. Splendid though it
is, its power is unable to save"
"FOCUS  
How is God involved in human history (10-19)?

 MEDITATE  
I lift my eyes to the hills
          From whence does my help come?
          My help comes from the Lord
          who made heaven and earth.   Psalm 121:1,2"
"PRAY  
Dear Lord, help us to look at you, not our problems; to trust in you,
the Blesser and not in our blessings"
""
"Bandits threaten staff  

  Two bandits terrorised staff and customers of a building society with
a large pistol, or sawn-off shotgun, in a robbery at the Indooroopilly
Shoppingtown today"
The robbery at the Metropolitan Building Society was at 11.40am
"Police said one of the men wore a green check shirt and grey jeans.  He
was in his 20s, and had a droopy moustache"
"The other bandit, in his mid-20s, wore a yellow shirt and blue jeans"
"He had long, brown hair and also had a droopy moustache"
Police were hunting the pair
""
"Buildings to be used for education  

  Buildings at Watson High School are likely to continue to be used for
educational purposes after the school's closure at the end of next year"
"The Minister for Education, Senator Ryan, said in a statement yesterday
that the school was ""valuable public property"" and that it was ""desirable
that it continues to provide some form of educational service"""
"Senator Ryan did not detail what the school could be used for but said
it would be decided after talks with the ACT Teachers' Federation and other
interested parties"
"The president of the federation, Mr Peter O'Connor, said yesterday that
it was ""encouraging"" that Senator Ryan wanted the buildings used for
educational purposes"
""
"Here's how the drivers shape up for the grand Formula 1 race  

No. 1. ALAIN PROST, 31, France.  The little Frenchman finally brought the
world championship to France in 1985.  He is by far the most successful
driver of the current era, twice finishing as runner-up (1983-84) and with
22 Grand Prix wins under his belt.  Prost is the epitome of smoothness
and a master of racecraft, and it will come as no surprise to see him retain
his hard-won title this year"
"No. 2. Keke Rosberg, 37, Finland.  The McLaren might seem a bit tame after
the mega horsepower he enjoyed last year, but Keke will undoubtedly give
it everything he's got.  They don't come any braver than last year's Australian
Grand Prix winner, and only time will tell if the Fin's brutal style will
suit his new mount"
"No. 3. Martin Brundle, 26, England.  Tyrrell's new high profile could mean
young lion Brundle gets his big chance this year.  Injuries have punctuated
his Formula One career so far, but nobody doubts he has the talent to go
right to the top"
""
"By Dorothy Johnston  

Back at the refuge, Garry played with the other kids after school. He played
dispiritedly, wanting to be inside. But Ruth couldn't stand him hanging
around her. She shooed him away"
"Jean tried to tempt him with colouring books. He was `too old for that
crap'. Linda, a girl about his age, sat on Jean's knee, and Jean read to
her while Garry sat in a corner, listening, but pretending not to"
"`I get headaches,' he announced, `when I have to stay inside all the time.'
  `The doctor tell you that, did he?'
  Garry nodded. `He told Mum.'
  He took a step towards the door, saying `I'll go and look for some feathers"
"I'll go by myself.'
  Jean shifted her cramped legs, longing to throw out her arms and gather
him in. Garry stood at the door, pulled up to his full height, frightened,
daring her"
Miranda had her hair cut off
"Ruth stared at her daughter, who stood in the doorway brandishing her
crew cut"
"`Where did you get the money?'
  `I took it out of your purse.'
  `Let me feel,' said Garry"
Miranda bent down and the boy rubbed his hand over the black fur
"`It feels nice.'
  He snatched up the chocolates they were supposed to be sharing. `They're
mine, meany meena!'
  `Shut up!'
  `Shut up!'
  He ran, shouting, `Meany, meany miny mo!' His heart was twisting. She
didn't chase him. When he got to the garage and was staring wildly for a
place to hide, he knew that she hadn't bothered to chase him"
"Garry wet his bed at night, and Ruth complained. Waking up to the smell
of wetness, Garry sulked and said he was sick and couln't go to school"
"One of the new residents looked after him so that Ruth could take Miranda
to the pictures"
"In the theatre, both were relieved to sit in the dark and not have to
keep up a conversation. The film wasn't particularly good, but Ruth didn't
mind in the least. She let herself relax in her seat and occasionally looked
across at her daughter, catching a glint of eyeball turned towards the
screen, an expression that might be one of concentration or boredom"
"When Ruth re-crossed her legs, Miranda immediately felt restless and did
the same. She produced the sweets they'd bought at interval and handed them
across. Miranda looked at her mother, but Ruth, at that moment, kept her
eyes turned towards the screen, unwrapping the sweet cleverly, without looking,
and dropping it luxuriously on the floor in front of her"
"The newspapers were full of politics now. They turned the news off in
the evenings because it was all about the same thing. Jean came out of the
office and turned it on again, saying she wanted to watch it if they didn't,
saying that if Labor got thrown out then it was good-bye to the refuge"
"Faces passed on the screen, interviewers with the taste of blood in their
mouths. They were interrupted by one child, then another. Someone said,
`Look at that. He's forgot to shave.' `Shh,' said someone else. `What've
they done that's so terrible?'
  Jean said, `And not only that. It's good-bye to your pensions as well.'
  They talked about it after Jean had gone home, divided between those
who supported and those who condemned the government. It was Jean's way
of doing things; so often she was angry now, or appeared disdainful, which
got their backs up. 

It seemed like the first quiet afternoon for weeks. Ruth and Jean went out for 
a walk together"
"Across the road, the mass of the sea moved slowly towards the refuge"
"Ruth turned and looked back. `From the front, it looks like an ordinary
suburban house. But when you get inside, you realize it's not ordinary or
suburban at all.'
  Jean said, `No, it's not.'
  Ruth noticed, for the first time, that the creases around Jean's eyes
were permanent, and could only deepen with successive spring afternoons"
"Weariness lined both their faces. A container ship was making for Port
Melbourne along the channel. Neat yachts danced. Ruth looked sideways at
Jean. There'd been no judgment, at least none that could, like a snake,
be grapsed behind the head with a forked stick. The residents were all
new. There'd been visits to the police, and legal aid. The date set for
the divorce was coming closer than she'd ever believed it could"
"Together they looked out over the bay, leaning on the railing in the
customary pose of travellers being photographed, those for whom the land,
invisible on the other side of the water, holds a common mystery. The sun
went in and out behind gathering clouds. They stared at a single stooped
figure, an old person in an overcoat pulled against the wind, scavenging
along the high water mark"
"Ruth said, `If I had to say one thing that was basic to human nature,
I would say the will to transcendence.'
  Jean asked again, `What really happened?' asking for the simple truth"
"Ruth had heard her asking it of others, while she sat in the living-room
with a book on her knees"
"Yet there was a clear line of truth, or purpose, or energy, that ran through
the place and the people there. To Jean they were the same thing and, though
she couldn't share the young woman's faith, for a moment Ruth saw things
as she did"
Jean was talking and Ruth had missed the beginning
"`- something else. A common purpose, not based on self-denial. Suffering
can bring women together and they can help each other.'
  Ruth listened without answering. She knew that Jean was reaching out to
her as she'd never done before"
"The wood sang under her fingers with a song of recognition from which
sadness lifted momentarily, blown away by the equinoctial winds. She looked
down at the old, many-times-painted wood. Sadness and homesickness blew
away"
"She said, speaking slowly, as if to herself, `The line between an imaginary
world and the world of common experience may be more fluid than we think"
"It always has been so, for me.'
  The moment when the storm would break grew nearer. Past the end of the
pier, the swell rose. Ruth felt the push of it, beyond their narrow horizon,
from the ocean forced through a narrow gap in the land. And lording it over
that great moving canyon of water, behind a cliff top, was the home she
had left"
"`We're going to get caught,' Jean said. `Come on. Let's go to Leo's. I'll
buy you a gelati.'
  `Ice-cream? On a day like this?'
  `Let me shout you,' said Jean. `I'd like to.'
  They ran. The first big splotches of rain caught them as they waited for
a break in the traffic. Ruth laughed for Jean's sake and made a face as
she pulled at strands of hair"
"`Rain makes your hair curly,' Jean shouted over the noise of the 
semi-trailers"
"They reached the first of the shop verandahs as the sky opened, prepared
to let them have it"
"Jean told Garry a story about a witch in a forest who was really kind and
good, but no-one believed her"
"`Ding dong, the witch is dead,' sang the little boy softly. He already knew
the story, since they had so few books"
"`Read me the three pigs,' he commanded. `Little pig, litle pig, let me
come in!' he squealed, confusing the voices of storybook animals"
"Jean asked him questions, to which he answered no, or nothing. He avoided
his sister whenever possible. He did drawings for Ruth, which she pinned up
over her bunk. One night, when he was tired, he called Jean Mummy, and later,
the next morning, remembered and poked her in the leg with a biro"
Jean took him for a walk to the pier. The sea was oily and had a bad smell
"Jean said it was the drain. Whether he believed in the power of the drains
or not, the smell entered the boy's head and stayed there, so that later,
when he felt sick, he blamed them"
"There was something else, a grey shadow at the end of his bed. He said
to Jean, `I saw Dad on the pier.'
  `No you didn't,' she told him"
"Garry found a place, beside the pier and often in its shadow, between
rocks where people sat dipping their legs with their jeans rolled up, that
reminded him of the swamp at home. It was nothing like the swamp to look
at, but he felt safe there, as he did nowhere else along that stretch of
suburban beach, or in the house or the park beyond it. It was a place where
you could always find something new, usually rubbish brought in with the
tide, bits of clothing, buttons, bits of fishing line, once a kitchen knife
that he snatched up and cleaned back at the refuge, in the garage, keeping
it out of sight because if anyone saw him with it, it would be confiscated"
"It was as public as the swamp was private. Underneath, at low tide, the
sand stayed damp, and the green smell of the sea was mixed with those of
sweat and take-away food and diesel oil. Not truly alone; there'd be a group
of refuge women and kids up the beach, or a couple of roster women with
half a dozen kids who kept an eye on him from a distance. Garry looked about
for what was new, putting this or that in his pocket. There might be a man
or woman eating lunch out of a paper bag. People watched him. Sometimes
the lines of their gaze passed right through him and out into what his hands
were doing"
"The day he saw his father, he'd got away without anyone seeing him. The
sea was blowing grey and ugly. He thought he'd wait for the tide to go out
far enough so that he could sit under the pier. On a day like this, there
wouldn't be anyone else. It was then that he saw Ken, walking down the road
to the pier and still some distance away"
"First he saw a man in a brown overcoat, walking the way his father walked"
"He knew before he said to himself, it's Dad, that the man had been wearing
that coat all winter"
"He couldn't dash under the pier and hide, or even bob down. The sea hit
the stone wall. Garry put his hand in his mouth and bit it, then ran a few
steps along the road"
"`Dad.'
  Ken held out his good hand and Garry took it"
"`What're you doing here, Dad?'
  `I came up to see you.'
  `Does Mum know?'
  `Not yet.'
  Hoping Ken would follow, Garry began to head off along the pier. Some
of the men turned to look at them. Ken raised his eyebrows in a puzzled
way and his face, to strangers, might have looked as if it was appealing
to them"
"`Are you all right? What about Miranda?'
  `She's okay.'
  `Are you going to school?'
  `Of course.'
  `What about today?'
  `Today's different. Dad, did you know that here they use different rods?'
  `What?'
  `Rods. For fish. And they hardly ever catch any. Did you bring Collingwood?'
  `No, silly, of course not.'
  `We live in a white house. Have you seen it?'
  Ken hesitated, then gave a brief nod. By this time they'd walked to the
end of the pier and back. He said, `I'm going now. I think you'd better
be getting back.'
  `What for? I'm staying till lunch-time.'
  `Don't argue with me Garry. I'll wait here. Go on now.'
  They'd reached the intersection. Ken stood back for Garry to press the
lights at the pedestrian crossing"
"Garry looked back once, knowing his father would be watching. At the
corner he hesitated again, then turned towards the laneway, the way he'd
come. It was right that his father should appear while he was thinking about
him"
""
"Poverty: Australian style By Graham Hill  

  Australian society is not egalitarian. There are inequitable disparities
in wealth and opportunity. It is estimated that the richest 2,500 Australians
own as much as the poorest 2 1/2 million, and that the top 5 per cent of
Australians own one half of the nations's personal wealth"
"Australian affluence contrasts with Australian indigence. There are at
least 2 1/2 million people living in poverty in Australia. One in six
households are struggling to cope with a below poverty line income. A 1982
survey conducted by the Australian Council of Social Services of low income
families showed that they often missed meals and had inadequate diets, the
children skipped days at school because of lack of clothes, and they relied
on charities and emergency aid for day to day expenses"
"The Victorian Emergency Relief Committee has admitted that every day
more than 1,000 Victorians approach them to beg for emergency food, clothing
and furniture. 
  The waiting lists for public housing are now longer than after World War
2, one quarter of the nation's youth are unemployed and the number of children
living in poverty is moving towards one million"
"It is a continuing disgrace that eleven years after the Henderson Inquiry
into Poverty, many more people have been allowed to slide into the mire
of impecuniosity. Since 1975, the number of Australians living in poverty
has more than doubled"
"Who and Why?  

The face of poverty has changed dramatically since the Henderson Report
of 1975. Family poverty and long term unemployment have now taken over
from the poverty of the aged as the focal issue. Bishop Peter Hollingworth,
Executive Director of the Brotherhood of St. Laurence, recently wrote that
`The easiest path to poverty these days is to have a couple of kids, get
retrenched or separate from your spouse. It is almost inevitable.'
  Single parents and their children comprise the largest component of the
poverty statistics. The NSW Council of Social Service estimates that
parenthood means poverty for 250,000 sole parents on pensions or benefits
and nearly 800,000 children. Over 90 per cent of supporting parents are women 
and 85 per cent of this group are dependent on social security incomes"
"Since their introduction in 1976, Family Allowances have declined in real
value by 23 per cent, representing a substantial loss to the disposable
incomes of all families with children. The overall value of child related
benefits has been eroded 22.4 per cent by inflation over the last decade,
leaving low income families reliant on social security, to fall further
behind"
"Single parents receive the family income supplement and a childrens allowance
of $16 per week which purports to cover the costs of housing, feeding and
clothing a child, but spent on food alone this benefit allows a mere 77c
per meal. It is ironic that foster parents receive a larger allowance of
$25 to $30 a week"
Another group suffering poverty in substantial numbers are aged pensioners
"It is not difficult to understand why when it is remembered that the $102.00
weekly pension is used by many of our less fortunate senior citizens to
pay rent, leaving only negligible amounts for food, clothing, heating and
transport"
"Government statistics show 575,000 Australians are registered unemployed"
"These same figures reveal that a third of the unemployed have been out of
work for more than a year, and more than half of these are still jobless
after two years"
"Unemployment benefits and entitlements were originally designed only for
temporary relief, and so are well below pension levels, causing the poverty
of our long-term unemployed to be particularly severe"
"Professor Ronald Henderson initially defined the poverty line as being
the situation when a take-home pay for a wage-earner with a dependent spouse
and two children, is lower than the minimum wage plus child endowment"
"Two years ago only an unemployed, childless married couple would have
received a sufficient pension to escape Professor Henderson's definition
of poverty. Currently there is no category of welfare receipient enjoying
a level of economic welfare that is acceptable by community standards"
"Welfare Reforms  

Single mothers so often find themselves among the ranks of the poor because
the scarcity of affordable childcare facilities precludes their entry into
the workforce. Whilst women's labour force participation is a crucial factor
in alleviating poverty in low income families, it assumes monumental
importance for struggling single parent families. An increase in community
funds allocated to improving and extending access to childcare would be
a major step in escalating the assault on poverty"
"As a matter of human decency all child-related welfare payments need to
be indexed to movements in the consumer price index"
"Another positive step in the battle against Australian poverty would be
for the Federal Government to means test family allowances enabling the
saved dollars to be redistributed to low income families"
"Acting upon the recommendations of the Henderson Poverty Inquiry in 1976,
the Fraser Government introduced family allowances in order to ensure that
the tax transfer system achieved some equity in distinguishing between
those with, and those without children. The family allowance represented
an acknowledgement by the government that regardless of income, those with
children incur greater expense than those without. Whilst this ideal is
conceptually true, the fiscal austerity of 1986 demands that family allowances
be means tested so that the limited dollars available can be targeted to
those who need them most"
"Last year $1.3 billion of the welfare budget was wasted on the dependent
spouse rebate. The yearly dependent spouse rebate is allowed to married
taxpayers supporting a dependent spouse and is valued at $1,030 for those
with children, and $830 for those without"
"Since higher income earners tend to be more able to afford the luxury
of a dependent spouse than less affluent couples, the rebate has served
to redistribute tax revenue away from those in greatest need. The dependent
spouse rebate should be phased out and replaced by a means-tested payment
made directly to the spouse"
"Social Welfare is more effectively allocated through direct payments
rather than tax concessions. A cash payment enables the government to ration
scarce welfare resources more fairly whilst ensuring that the target group
actually receives the benefit. The revenue saved by abolishing the dependent
spouse rebate would be better directed to poor families with children and
those couples who suffer poverty as a result of one partner's unemployment"
"One of many meritorious proposals from the Australian Council of Social
Service has been the suggestion to create a childrens allowance. This plan
would rationalise Government payments to families by combining the family
allowance, dependent spouse rebate, supplementary allowance for children,
family income supplement, the secondary allowance scheme and other minor
complementary schemes to form a childrens allowance of between $30-$40 weekly"
"The allowance would be paid to families that had successfully undergone
a means test based on the principal income coming to the household. It is
fairer to means test on principal family income rather than total family
earnings because the latter would create a `poverty trap' by discouraging
wives from supplementing the family finances by taking employment. The
proposal suggests that the allowance be paid at an equal level for each
dependent child under 16 years of age"
"The term `poverty trap' describes the predicament caused by a combination
of means-tested social welfare and high marginal tax rates that leave welfare
recipients financially disadvantaged if they attempt to find employment"
"Those pensioners and unemployed gaining part-time work to supplement their
below poverty line incomes, find themselves facing a marginal tax rate of
50 per cent, as every dollar earned over $40 per week reduces their pension
by 50c. To this cost disincentive must be added other work expenses such
as new clothing, transport, childcare and the loss of pensioner concessions
including the healthcard for beneficiaries. For many social security
recipients employment is simply not worthwhile"
"The most obvious way to overcome this problem is to raise the allowable
income for pensioners and beneficiaries. This reform should complement,
rather than be used as a substitute for the ALP's pre-election commitment
to lift the basic pension rate to 25 per cent of average weekly earnings"
"Economic Recovery  

There is little doubt that Australian poverty would be substantially reduced
if the policy prescriptions outlined in preceding paragraphs were co-ordinated
into a comprehensive anti-poverty programme involving increased expenditure
and rationalisation of the social security system. Although social welfare
reforms are a crucial factor in providing short-term relief to the privations
of being poor, the role of economic growth in generating employment
opportunities to permanently eliminate poverty, should not be overlooked"
"Welfare lobby groups tend to dismiss the benefits of economic growth because
of the past three years experience combining unprecedented rates of growth
with increasing hardship for the poor. Many welfare advocates believe that
the tidal wave of economic recovery will ultimately pass still leaving
abyssal chasms of poverty in its wake"
"This dismal view ignores the lessons of economic history and contradicts
international experience where growth and recovery have provided jobs
for the unemployed, lifted real wages, and towed the poor into the ranks
of the middle class. If Australia could consistently maintain an annual
economic growth rate of 5 per cent, the nation would double its total output
(GDP) every 14 years and banish unemployment to the history books. The
associated increase in real income would augment Treasury coffers enabling
the government to raise pensions to a standard of decency well above the
poverty line"
"A further motive for aiming to achieve economic recovery and abundant
job opportunities is linked to the increasing budgetary strain of welfare
payments. On current trends our welfare system could collapse sometime
in the 1990s. The booklet entitled `Welfare Forecasts 1985-2000' estimates
that by the end of the century as many as 3.5 million Australians could
be dependent on some form of social security benefit. Over the past ten
years the cost of providing single parent pensions has increased from $127.2
million to $1.21 billion. Concurrently, Australia's ageing population
increasingly strains our welfare system as the ratio of taxpayers to pensioner
deteriorates. The number of aged pensioners is expected to rise 1.2 per cent
over the next twelve months to total 1.372 million recipients. 
  Almost everyone would agree that the pension is insufficient financial
remuneration for our senior citizens to enjoy security, dignity and
independence in their retirement, yet a mere $1 per week increase saps
the Federal Budget by $150 million. Similarly, in fulfulling its pre-election
commitment to raise pensions to 25 per cent of average weekly earnings,
the Government will need to find an extra $1 billion"
"If these tasks of fiscal management appear difficult now, our greying
population will make them near insurmountable problems in twenty years"
"Compare the 22.2 per cent of GDP currently devoted to welfare spending with
research undertaken by the Anglican Mission of St. James and St. John
estimating that to maintain government benefits and social security at present
levels by the year 2000 will require a welfare commitment of 35 per cent
of gross domestic product!
  This frightening scenario depicts Australia floundeing into the next
century with a punishingly expensive welfare system providing inadequate
support for millions of below poverty-line recipients. The importance of
job creation and full employment in averting this predicament cannot be
overemphasised"
"The path of economic recovery is the only route for us to traverse if
our aim is the permanent elimination of poverty. Since it is the poor who
invariably suffer the most during economic downturns, a government that
did not pursue policies designed to promote recovery could not claim to
be waging a war against poverty"
"A Social Priority  

The Australian nation should regard the elimination of poverty as its foremost
social challenge. Economic growth aspiring to full employment is the currently
adopted long term approach, but in the interim decade the fate of 2 1/2
million needy Australians hinges upon community acceptance of the humanitarian
ideals in the provision of welfare"
"The looming danger is that the economic divisions within our society will
become permanently entrenched as they have in those overseas nations where
conspicuous materialism exists in vulgar contrast to squalor and deprivation"
""
"The promise of world peace I  

The endowments which distinguish the human race from all other forms of
life are summed up in what is known as the human spirit; the mind is its
essential quality. These endowments have enabled humanity to build
civilizations and to prosper materially. But such accomplishments alone
have never satisfied the human spirit, whose mysterious nature inclines
it towards transcendence, a reaching towards an invisible realm, towards
the ultimate reality, that unknowable essence of essences called God. The
religions brought to mankind by a succession of spiritual luminaries have
been the primary link between humanity and that ultimate reality, and have
galvanized and refined mankind's capacity to achieve spiritual success
together with social progress"
"No serious attempt to set human affairs aright, to achieve world peace,
can ignore religion. Man's perception and practice of it are largely the
stuff of history. An eminent historian described religion as a ""faculty
of human nature."" That the perversion of this faculty has contributed to
much of the confusion in society and the conflicts in and between individuals
can hardly be denied. But neither can any fair-minded observer discount
the preponderating influence exerted by religion on the vital expressions
of civilization. Furthermore, its indispensability to social order has
repeatedly been demonstrated by its direct effect on laws and morality"
"Writing of religion as a social force, Baha'u'llah said: ""Religion is
the greatest of all means for the establishment of order in the world and
for the peaceful contentment of all that dwell therein."" Referring to the
eclipse or corruption of religion, he wrote: ""Should the lamp of religion
be obscured, chaos and confusion will ensue, and the lights of fairness,
of justice, of tranquillity and peace cease to shine."" In an enumeration
of such consequences the Baha'i writings point out that the ""perversion
of human nature, the degradation of human conduct, the corruption and
dissolution of human institutions, reveal themselves, under such circumstances,
in their worst and most revolting aspects. Human character is debased,
confidence is shaken, the nerves of discipline are relaxed, the voice of
human conscience is stilled, the sense of decency and shame is obscured,
conceptions of duty, of solidarity, of reciprocity and loyalty are distorted,
and the very feeling of peacefuless, of joy and of hope is gradually
extinguished.""
  If, therefore, humanity has come to a point of paralyzing conflict it
must look to itself, to its own negligence, to the siren voices to which
it has listened, for the source of the misunderstandings and confusion
perpetrated in the name of religion. Those who have held blindly and selfishly
to their particular orthodoxies, who have imposed on their votaries erroneous
and conflicting interpretations of the pronouncements of the Prophets of
God, bear heavy responsibility for this confusion - a confusion compounded
by the artificial barriers erected between faith and reason, science and
religion. For from a fair-minded examination of the actual utterances of
the Founders of the great religions, and of the social milieus in which
they were obliged to carry out their missions, there is nothing to support
the contentions and prejudices deranging the religious communities of mankind
and therefore all human affairs"
"The teaching that we should treat others as we ourselves would wish to
be treated, an ethic variously repeated in all the great religions, lends
force to this latter observation in two particular respects: it sums up
the moral attitude, the peace-inducing aspect, extending through these
religions irrespective of their place or time of origin; it also signifies
an aspect of unity which is their essential virtue, a virtue mankind in
its disjointed view of history has failed to appreciate"
"Had humanity seen the Educators of its collective childhood in their
true character, as agents of one civilizing process, it would no doubt have
reaped incalculably greater benefits from the cumulative effects of their
successive missions. This, alas, it failed to do"
"The resurgence of fanatical religious fervor occurring in many lands cannot
be regarded as more than a dying convulsion. The very nature of the violent
and disruptive phenomena associated with it testifies to the spiritual
bankruptcy it represents. Indeed, one of the strangest and saddest features
of the current outbreak of religious fanaticism is the extent to which,
in each case, it is undermining not only the spiritual values which are
conducive to the unity of mankind but also those unique moral victories
won by the particular religion it purports to serve"
"However vital a force religion has been in the history of mankind, and
however dramatic the current resurgence of militant religious fanaticism,
religion and religious institutions have, for many decades, been viewed
by increasing numbers of people as irrelevant to the major concerns of the
modern world. In its place they have turned either to the hedonistic pursuit
of material satisfactions or to the following of man-made ideologies designed
to rescue society from the evident evils under which it groans. All too
many of these ideologies, alas, instead of embracing the concept of the
oneness of mankind and promoting the increase of concord among different
peoples, have tended to deify the state, to subordinate the rest of mankind
to one nation, race or class, to attempt to suppress all discussion and
interchange of ideas, or to callously abandon starving millions to the
operations of the market system that all too clearly is aggravating the
plight of the majority of mankind, while enabling small sections to live
in a condition of affluence scarcely dreamed of by our forebears"
"How tragic is the record of the substitute faiths that the worldly-wise
of our age have created. In the massive disillusionment of entire populations
who have been taught to worship at their altars can be read history's
irreversible verdict on their value. The fruits these doctrines have produced,
after decades of an increasingly unrestrained exercise of power by those
who owe their ascendancy in human affairs to them, are the social and economic
ills that blight every region of our world in the closing years of the
twentieth century. Underlying all these outward afflictions is the spiritual
damage reflected in the apathy that has gripped the mass of the peoples
of all nations and by the extinction of hope in the hearts of deprived and
anguished millions"
"The time has come when those who preach the dogmas of materialism, whether
of the east or the west, whether of capitalism or socialism, must give account
of the moral stewardship they have presumed to exercise. Where is the ""new
world"" promised by these ideologies? Where is the international peace to
whose ideals they proclaim their devotion? Where are the breakthroughs into
new realms of cultural achievement produced by the aggrandizement of this
race, of that nation or of a particular class? Why is the vast majority
of the world's peoples sinking ever deeper into hunger and wretchedness
when wealth on a scale undreamed of by the Pharaohs, the Caesars, or even
the imperialist powers of the nineteenth century is at the disposal of the
present arbiters of human affairs?
  Most particularly, it is in the glorification of material pursuits, at
once the progenitor and common feature of all such ideologies, that we find
the roots which nourish the falsehood that human beings are incorrigibly
selfish and aggressive. It is here that the ground must be cleared for the
building of a new world fit for our descendants"
"That materialistic ideals have, in the light of experience, failed to
satisfy the needs of mankind calls for an honest acknowledgment
that a fresh effort must now be made to find the solutions to the agonizing
problems of the planet. The intolerable conditions pervading society bespeak
a common failure of all, a circumstance which tends to incite rather than
relieve the entrenchment on every side. Clearly, a common remedial effort
is urgently required. It is primarily a matter of attitude. Will humanity
continue in its waywardness, holding to outworn concepts and unworkable
assumptions? Or will its leaders, regardless of ideology, step forth and,
with a resolute will, consult together in a united search for appropriate
solutions?
  Those who care for the future of the human race may well ponder this advice"
"""If long-cherished ideals and time-honored institutions, if certain social
assumptions and religious formulae have ceased to promote the welfare of
the generality of mankind, if they no longer minister to the needs of a
continually evolving humanity, let them be swept away and relegated to
the limbo of obsolescent and forgotten doctrines. Why should these, in
a world subject to the immutable law of change and decay, be exempt from
the deterioration that must needs overtake every human institution? For
legal standards, political and economic theories are solely designed to
safeguard the interests of humanity as a whole, and not humanity to be
crucified for the preservation of the integrity of any particular law or
doctrine.""

                                 II  

Banning nuclear weapons, prohibiting the use of poison gases, or outlawing
germ warfare will not remove the root causes of war. However important such
practical measures obviously are as elements of the peace process, they
are in themselves too superficial to exert enduring influence. Peoples are
ingenious enough to invent yet other forms of warfare, and to use food,
raw materials, finance, industrial power, ideology, and terrorism to subvert
one another in an endless quest for supremacy and dominion. Nor can the
present massive dislocation in the affairs of humanity be resolved through
the settlement of specific conflicts or disagreements among nations. A
genuine universal framework must be adopted"
"Certainly, there is no lack of recognition by national leaders of the
worldwide character of the problem, which is self-evident in the mounting
issues that confront them daily. And there are the accumulating studies
and solutions proposed by many concerned and enlightened groups as well
as by agencies of the United Nations, to remove any possibility of ignorance
as to the challenging requirements to be met. There is, however, a paralysis
of will; and it is this that must be carefully examined and resolutely dealt
with. This paralysis is rooted, as we have stated, in a deep-seated conviction
of the inevitable quarrelsomeness of mankind, which has led to the reluctance
to entertain the possibility of subordinating national self-interest to
the requirements of world order, and in an unwillingness to face courageously
the far-reaching implications of establishing a united world authority"
"It is also traceable to the incapacity of largely ignorant and subjugated
masses to articulate their desire for a new order in which they can live
in peace, harmony and prosperity with all humanity"
"The tentative steps towards world order, especially since World War II,
give hopeful signs. The increasing tendency of groups of nations to formalize
relationships which enable them to cooperate in matters of mutual interest
suggests that eventually all nations could overcome this paralysis. The
Association of South East Asian Nations, the Caribbean Community and Common
Market, the Central American Common Market, the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance, the European Communities, the League of Arab States, the
Organization of African Unity, the Organization of American States, the
South Pacific Forum - all the joint endeavors represented by such
organizations prepare the path to world order"
"The increasing attention being focused on some of the most deep-rooted
problems of the planet is yet another hopeful sign. Despite the obvious
shortcomings of the United Nations, the more than two score declarations
and conventions adopted by that organization, even where governments have
not been enthusiastic in their commitment, have given ordinary people a
sense of a new lease on life. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,
and the similar measures concerned with eliminating all forms of discrimination
based on race, sex or religious belief; upholding the rights of the child;
protecting all persons against being subjected to torture; eradicating hunger
and malnutrition; using scientific and technological progress in the interest
of peace and the benefit of mankind - all such measures, if courageously
enforced and expanded, will advance the day when the specter of war will
have lost its power to dominate international relations"
""
"By Kenneth Bullock Sydney  

Since the Melbourne had closed to within fifty kilometres of
Sydney and flown off all serviceable aircraft to the R.A.N. Air
Station at Nowra NSW, MacKenzie had been the victim of
divergent influences"
"`Harbour routine' was an easy boring exercise and MacKenzie had
virtually switched off from the `intruder' incident. There were
few people left aboard interested in anything other than making
the best out of shore leave and those interested in MacKenzie's
adamant stand had heard enough, even Jaws! Commander Ferris had
been the one person who MacKenzie avoided as much as possible"
"Ferris had conversely sought to raise the subject, but only if
he could put MacKenzie down. On one occasion Ferris had tried
to review the incident in front of two relatively junior
Engineer officers. After a sarcastic resume, MacKenzie had
stared at his pompous superior for a few moments then had left
the wardroom without saying a word. He remembered telling
Brenda that if he had stayed he would have smashed the
bastard's face in"
"Brenda had frowned saying, `No one in the navy is worth
throwing your career away ... catch him in a dark alley
sometime.' ... and that had sounded like a damn good idea"
"He found himself seriously contemplating how he would demolish
Ferris, but in more rational states of mind MacKenzie knew that
there was less than a remote chance of him reverting to such
action ... even to Ferris"
"When MacKenzie was ashore with Brenda, in their apartment, he
tried to put the ship, aircraft and the `incident' at the back
of his mind and concentrate on getting `high' on domestic
bliss. Most of the time he was okay, but Brenda sensed his
innermost turmoil and used every feminine trick she could
conjure to keep her man from living `navy'. Sometimes it was
just too hard and they talked problems out. One morning she
read an article in her part of the morning paper. Doug had been
coming ashore for the best part of a week:
  `Well that's interesting, did you know about this?' she said,
pushing the paper towards him"
"`What's it all about?'
  `Looks like we're getting some Harriers!'
  He blinked and held his big right hand out .."
"As he studied the article, Brenda looked carefully at the man
she had flown from Canada to join a lifetime ago. He's at that
magical age, she thought. Younger women seemed to melt when he
talked to them. And who the heck could blame them!
  His dark wavy hair was flanked by patches of silver. Tiny laugh
wrinkles which used to disappear when he stopped laughing were
now a permanent feature of his rugged face. He had always
tanned easily and was still as brown as most of the surfies at
Sydney's famous beaches"
"His big square jaw reminded her of the Gregory Peck she saw in
him. Whenever she told him that he reminded her of a film star
he just laughed and said she must be blinded by love. But he
never seemed to tire of her and often said that she looked like
the same little blonde tiger he had met in Canada. Well, she
was no more ageless than him ... might be five, no, closer to six
years younger, but she sure as heck had to spend a lot of time
looking after herself to keep up with him"
"At least he didn't just plunge in the ocean and swim a
blistering hundred metre dash anymore. Her thoughts drifted to
their endless separations, which seemed to be harder to adjust
to each year. But as some kind of bonus, they had no children,
no pets and no direct relations in Australia. She laughed to
herself thinking what a stupid way to put it. They didn't have
any kids or pets anywhere else either, then she sighed thinking
of her father in British Columbia. She hadn't seen him for
three years and for that matter they hadn't seen Doug's
parent's either .."
"`How the hell do these news hounds find out about hot stuff
like this when even I don't know about it,' he said, thrusting
the paper down on the table and staring at the article"
"`Probably because Ferris knew and didn't feel like letting you
know?' she suggested"
"`Yeah, well that's about what the son-of-a-bitch would do ... 
Christ, six of the latest Harriers just like that. If we get
any of our pilots back from the R.N., who took off when they
stuffed us up, we might just take a few to sea with us next
time.' MacKenzie seemed deep in thought"
"`Aw come on Doug, surely you have to train people up, not just
the pilots, what about spares, people to maintain the
aircraft?'
  MacKenzie looked at her in surprise, then laughed, `Sure taught
you well, didn't I, that's just what I was thinking about.'
  `Yeah, I'll bet you were Lieutenant Commander ... now would
you mind putting your thoughts down on paper and let me have
them by say 1200?' her eyes twinkled and she thrust her face
towards him in a saucy gesture"
"`YES MA'AM ... coming right up,' he quickly eased out of his
seat and made a grab for her. But she was too fast and raced
towards their bedroom"
"`Oh no you don't, I know what you're after,' she protested
mildly in a trapped position on their bed, `You'll be late!'
  `So what, I'm in charge ... or at least I was,' he said
suddenly, his mood changing"
"`He's coming back today?'
  `That's right Tiger and I sure hope the son-of-a-bitch got a
bit while he was away!' They both laughed, but she knew Doug
would be in for a rough time when he confronted the Commander"
"`Well, time I was off,' he told her, reluctantly"
"She was still in the bathroom putting on her face and thinking
about the day's lessons for her mob of kids. Who said she
didn't have any children ... he came into the bathroom:
  `Well at least you look like a well dressed civilian,' she
said. He wore a light brown sports coat and tan slacks, but
once aboard the carrier he would have to change into his
uniform"
"`You look pretty good yourself,' he said grinning"
"She felt an instant warm glow and turned away from the mirror
to kiss him:
  `Good luck!'
  `Yeah, I'll probably need it, call you some time later, okay?'
  `Sure.'
  `Okay, I'm off then.' Without another word MacKenzie left the
apartment and walked to the bus stop in deep thought. The trip
over the bridge to Woolloomooloo dockyard hardly registered"
"At 1025 MacKenzie left the Operations room feeling very uneasy,
but he tried to lecture himself, thinking that he'd have it out
with him if necessary and then see the Skipper"
"The Captain had given him an opening when he had asked
MacKenzie if he was going away for Easter"
"`Yes Sir,' he had said. `Hobart, if I can be spared for the
extra days.'
  `Well I don't see why not, you deserve a break the same as
everyone else. I suppose Ferris will agree ... anyway why
Hobart?' Captain Philips had asked, politely"
"`Well there's some kind of gliding regatta.' MacKenzie had
remembered shrugging, feeling embarrassed"
"The Captain had frowned, knowing there was no love lost between
the two officers, `Well, perhaps I might tell Ferris that
you'll find time to drop in and see old what's his name?'
  `Barton Sir.'
  `Right, one of our oldest aviators Mac, and they have him
stuffed away as Naval Officer Commanding Tasmania, as some kind
of prize ... some times I don't think Personnel quite
appreciate you flyboys.'
  God, what a difference between the two men, thought MacKenzie
reaching Ferris' cabin"
"It was exactly 1030 and if Ferris kept to his harbour routine
of retreating to his cabin to read the morning paper over a
coffee, then he'd get him"
"`YES ... who is it?'
  `Operations Officer.'
  `Come in,' Ferris said condescendingly"
"They eyed each other for a few moments before Ferris spoke in
the same tone as he used on junior officers:
  `Well, what do you want?'
  `Do you mind if I sit down?' MacKenzie replied, ignoring 
Ferris's question"
"`Suit yourself.'
  MacKenzie pulled the remaining chair close to the Commander's
desk and casually sat a little more than a metre from him,
appraising the musty smelling untidy cabin:
  `Well?'
  Feigning interest MacKenzie said:
  `Did you have a good week's break Sir?'
  `It wasn't a full week, it was only five bloody days. Anyway,
get to the point MacKenzie, you didn't come to ask about my
personal affairs.'
  MacKenzie toyed with the idea of challenging Ferris about the
Harriers, but decided that all Ferris had to do was to say the
information had come whilst he was away ... `Well Sir, it's
only a small matter. I shouldn't really be bothering you with
it but Captain Philips,' he rolled his words out slowly,
hopefully creating an atmosphere of potential conflict, `he
reminded me to check with you before going on Easter leave.'
  `It's not bloody Easter yet MacKenzie!' Ferris retorted, a
fleck of spit leaving his mouth narrowly missed MacKenzie's
knee"
"`Full marks Sir,' MacKenzie answered in an icy tone, `but I
don't plan on a Sydney dockyard sightseeing tour during Easter
plus three days annual leave, I need to confirm travel
arrangements.'
  `I'm not interested in what you do on confirmed public holidays
MacKenzie.'
  `I might remind you Sir that I haven't had any god damned
annual leave in eight months, which includes standing by last
Christmas ...'
  `All right MacKenzie, you don't have to give me a sobbing heart
story,' Ferris interrupted"
"They glared at each other for several seconds, but MacKenzie
was now determined to get the answer he wanted so he didn't
avert his unflinching stare:
  `Is Sub-Lieutenant Jackson putting in for any leave?' Ferris
demanded in a gruff tone"
"MacKenzie was elated, the bastard had backed down. Right, he
would play along with him:
  `No Sir, he's had his leave at Christmas and I've laid the law
down, if I'm away, he must be on duty every day. I'll give him
my phone number and if an emergency occurs, I'll immediately
cancel and return to the ship.' He was sure that Ferris knew
his tubby assistant had been on leave at Christmas because
their had been an argument about that as well"
"Ferris slowly and deliberately folded his newspaper and tossed
it on his bunk:
  `Where, may I ask, do you intend going and for how long?' he
sarcastically demanded"
"`Tasmania, Hobart, nine days, including Easter and the
following weekend, starts on the Thursday before Good Friday.'
  Ferris reached in his desk for a small calendar and studied it
without replying. Then he looked at MacKenzie:
  `So that puts you back on the 14th ... having fiddled the
weekend?'
  MacKenzie seethed but said nothing"
"`All right MacKenzie, just make sure you're ""on-deck"" by the
14th and that Jackson has the complete picture,' he looked away
from MacKenzie, as if dismissing him and reached for his
newspaper"
"MacKenzie didn't move. There was another matter that had been
waiting for this kind of an opportunity. He was due himself to
be promoted to Commander soon and he didn't want to precipitate
an incident that would jeopardise his career, but he had to get
something straight with Ferris:
  `Sir, I'd like to know what pisses you off so much about me?'
  Ferris looked at him, his mouth open in surprise. He was so
used to being a bully and not having his authority challenged,
that when it was he didn't know what to say"
"MacKenzie realised this and went on: `Sir, I'm not just a
junior officer. I know my responsibilities and I cooperate one
hellava lot better if I'm treated like the senior Lieutenant
Commander I'm supposed to be?'
  Ferris's face turned a deep red as his blood pressure rose."
"1. How It Began: In General Practice  

  The town of Burraga will face epidemics, bushfires, floods, visits by
  bikies and exploitation by land developers. The farms around will be attacked
  by disease, the animals savaged by wild dogs, the crops fail in the drought"
"There will be football matches, cricket matches, `Burraga Show', fashion
  parades and the Annual Ball. Romances will form, marriages will break up,
  babies will be born and old people die. Some young people will die too,
  by disease, by accident, by their own hand"
"Our cast will be heavily involved in this cycle of life, with the town
  and with each other"
The audience will be involved along with them
"James Davern's note to In General Practice  

By July 1986, when this book appears, 420 episodes of A Country Practice
will have gone to air since it began in 1981. The program is the most popular
drama serial on Australian television, and is seen on nearly a hundred stations
across the country. Its ratings in Sydney and elsewhere are consistently
in the 30s, a figure that indicates in Sydney alone an audience of over
a million people. The marriage in 1983 of two of the central characters,
Vicky and Simon, drew a rating of 45 in Sydney (about one and a half million
people), and then a 46 rating in Brisbane (half a million people) for the
same episode. On the estimate that in 1982 each Sydney rating point was worth
about $2 million to Channel 7 over the year, ACP, `consistently rating over
30 in Sydney' for all of that year, was a valuable product for its host
company"
"ACP receives over a thousand fan letters a week; the one quoted below
is typical"
"My most deliberate and hearty congratulations for a powerful two nights'
  entertainment ... I have been meaning to write to you from the first time
  that I viewed A Country Practice. Last night forced me to. Fan-bloody-tastic"
"The whole production side and scripts, acting and directing is of the highest
  excellence. For the first time whilst watching an Australian show I was moved
  from anger through fright to near tears for the fate of the Matron and
  the outcome of Gus' situation. Brilliance and many more words for this
  man's performance. And also for everyone else in the principal cast .."
No longer need Australian audiences have their intelligence insulted
For this I thank all involved in and with JNP
"The show has a national fan club. One of its animal characters, Molly
Jones' pig Doris, was a guest of honour at Sydney and Adelaide agricultural
shows, and Simon's pet wombat Fatso has appeared on a children's calendar"
"Newspapers and magazines run features on the program - on the cast, sometimes
on the crew, and on what may happen in future episodes. TV current affairs
host, Mike Willesee, produced a documentary feature which was shown in 
prime time to excellent ratings. A record of Vicky's and Simon's wedding
vows went into the Top Twenty"
"ACP is also shown outside Australia. In Britain it is shown on the ITV
network, and in London, playing on Wednesday afternoons, it has healthy
ratings of 16. An English fan writes: `The folk in Country Practice seem
more English than we are.' Today 458 episodes have been sold to Italy. It
is seen in Eire, on West German cable television, on the European satellite
system Sky TV, and in the USA. It is also seen in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malta
and Hong Kong. James Davern, the executive producer, estimates that ACP's
worldwide audience is probably between five and six million people"
"ACP has become such an institution in Australian TV drama, that it's hard
to remember life before ACP began. Yet in tracing its history, we discover
how much its originality is a negotiation of past histories - of soap opera,
past program successes and failures, past station policies and past work
histories"
"Soap Opera  

Soap opera, or `women's weepies' began in the 1930s on American radio. The
form was both new and old. The serials were commissioned by radio stations
keen to fill daytime hours with material that would attract audiences, and
therefore advertisers. Large soap powder manufacturers were eager and willing
to pay to reach housewives, and romantic drama, drama of the `heart' and
the `emotions' was the dramatic vehicle chosen. Thus soap opera was born"
"Despite its poor critical reputation - one, incidentally, with which we
would not necessarily agree - soap opera obviously offers its audiences
considerable pleasure. They get to `know' the characters, the kinds of stories,
and issues that will develop. The regular viewer builds up a bank of
information in relation to a serial and the producers can take this for
granted. Thus a soap opera works in terms of an aesthetic shorthand, where
past events are briefly summarised, where a character can be recalled in
a word or sentence and the audience knows what is being alluded to. As one
of the writers on A Country Practice, David Boutland, put it:

  Television isolates people from each other. These characters become their
  friends. A lot of people are a lot happier watching Vicky be Vicky, Simon
  be Simon and predictably Dr Elliott being Dr Elliott, than having to deal
  with real people who are an unknown quantity. It's an easier thing. There's
  certainly something to be said for characters acting the way we know they'll
  act"
"At the same time the soap opera, with its cliff-hanging endings, obviously
seeks to develop viewing habits. One episode sets up the need to find out
what happens next. The audience regards the main characters as friends,
and wants to go on meeting them. The satisfaction of curiosity in one episode
and the expectation of pleasure in succeeding ones leads the audience to
watch night after night, from one week to the next. The casual viewer becomes
a regular, and a fan is born"
"The Australian Soap  

The drama serial, soap opera, has been around in Australian broadcasting
for a very long time. One of the most durable radio examples, The Lawsons,
began on the ABC in 1944 and, changing its title to Blue Hills in 1949,
continued on air until 1976. Like ACP, Blue Hills was set in the country
and also contained an educational edge, although, like The Archers in Britain,
agricultural rather than medical or social. Although Blue Hills had a large
following in the city, the program was broadcast at 1 pm each day, to coincide
with rural audiences' lunch hour, and repeated early in the evening"
"Serial drama has been a feature of Australian television almost since
TV was established in 1956. Until the 1970s there was a good deal of
uncertainty about the audiences and timeslots for soaps. The history of
Australian television serials falls into three phases. The first, part of
an era often called `radio with pictures', was a direct attempt to transfer
the form from radio to television. The first actual serial, Autumn Affair
(1959), was produced by ATN Channel 7 in Sydney as a series of quarter-hour
episodes, intended mainly for women. It went to air each morning, immediately
after a breakfast show. However it had no luck, finding neither a sponsor
nor an audience"
"The second effort was directly instigated by the success of both Granada's
Coronation Street and Associated Television's Crossroads on British commercial
television in the early 1960s. The ABC's Bellbird, which was to run for
ten years, began in 1967. Like Coronation Street, Bellbird emphasised the
social interaction of a group of ordinary people. James Davern, who directed
the pilot episode, described the characters as `normal Australians living
in a country town'. Like Blue Hills, Bellbird was broadcast in quarter-hour
episodes at tea time each week day evening. It was very successful and built
up a solid audience"
"Crossroads had an Australian imitator in ATN 7's Motel. In a setting on
the road between Canberra and Sydney, Motel was directed mainly toward women
at home. It was thought, however, that in due course it might attract a
night time male audience as well; it was shown both at lunchtime and in
a late evening timeslot. Motel, however, failed to attract that larger
audience, and ceased production after more than 150 episodes"
"Australian commercial television drama at this time was dominated by the
Crawford police series. It was only with the 1972 success of Number 96 on
the 0-10 network that the drama serial became a viable programming form"
"Number 96 chronicled the bawdy, comic and melodramatic lives of an amorphous
group of people sharing an apartment block in an inner Sydney suburb. Shown
in half-hour episodes five evenings a week in an adult time slot, 8.30 p.m.,
the program was enormously popular for much of its six years on air. Number
96 made the breakthrough. With the single exception of the Grundy
Organization's serial Until Tomorrow (1974/75) all Australian TV serials
produced since then have been designed to capture the large prime time evening
audience. 
  Since the early 1970s the soaps have proliferated: Certain Women, The
Box, The Sullivans, The Young Doctors, Cop Shop, The Restless Years, Prisoner,
Skyways, A Country Practice, Sons and Daughters, Carson's Law and Prime
Time. Other dramatic forms, like the play and the single-episode series,
have almost disappeared from commercial television. But it is important to
distinguish, within this successful group, between those that are strictly
continuous (The Young Doctors, The Sullivans and Sons and Daughters, for
instance) and those which are organised on the principle of the two-episode
block (Cop Shop, A Country Practice and Carson's Law). In the former time
is continuous from one episode to the next. In the latter group, time between
blocks is usually unspecified. This has consequences for showing repeats
of the two kinds of serials. Blocks can be repeated out of strict sequence"
"Thus, past blocks, certain highlights of A Country Practice, have played
in the Christmas/New Year non-rating season. Such programming is not possible
with A Country Practice's `twin', the continuous serial, Sons and Daughters,
produced in Channel 7 studios in Sydney across the corridor from ACP"
"While the success rate in the last ten years has been striking, the soap
opera is not invariably successful. There has been a string of rating
casualties: Arcade, Punishment, Holiday Island, Taurus Rising, Waterloo
Station, Kings and Starting Out. Which means that when James Davern in 1979
put papers in his typewriter to start work on what would ultimately become
A Country Practice he had no way of knowing whether his ideas would reach
production, or whether the program would succeed in finding an audience"
"Another Soap  

Davern had had a long and varied career in television. Beginning as an engineer
with ABC radio in Melbourne in the early 1950s, he had become a pool director
in television. In that capacity he directed the pilot episode of Bellbird
in 1966. Subsequently on Bellbird, over the next seven years or so, he
was a script writer, script editor, director, producer and executive producer"
"At the same time Davern wrote scripts for the Crawford police dramas and
it was on one such script that he met Lynn Bayonas, then a script editor
on Homicide. Subsequently their paths crossed again. Lynn Bayonas moved
to the ABC,and they worked together on Rush as script editor and producer"
"Davern came to Sydney as head of ABC TV Drama in 1975, and remained in
that position until he resigned in 1977. He did not immediately sever his
links with the ABC. JNP, a company he had formed, was commissioned to produce
scripts for the ABC series, Patrol Boat; Davern wrote six of its first 13
episodes and acted as script editor on the other seven. Meanwhile, Lynn
Bayonas had moved to Sydney where she worked for the ABC for three years
before going freelance as a writer. She wrote for The Box, Skyways and Holiday
Island and was `thinking of cutting my throat' after that experience when
Davern approached her with the outline of what was to become A Country
Practice"
""
"4   Paul the Pastor  

The greatest problem facing the parish minister today is that of burn-out"
"Beneath every minister's name-tag should read the words: `Caution: Ministry
is a health hazard!'
  Most ministers committed to God and to the care of the churches pay a
high personal price: the cost of caring"
"Jesus cared for people. He was the good shepherd, a pastor who cared for
them. He laid down his life for his sheep because he loved them. He called
Peter three times, `Do you love me? - Feed my sheep ... Feed my flock .."
"Tend my lambs.'
  Ever since, men and women who have heard the call of Christ have undertaken
to be shepherds to the flock of God. They care for his sheep. They are his
pastors. The apostle Paul said that in order to help the church, God gave
to the church the gifts of apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors and
teachers. These pastor/teachers are the people we see day-by-day caring
for the church"
"But there is a cost in caring for the church and many faithful ministers
burn out in paying that price. In any battle, you can expect heavy casualties
among the front line troops. And pastors are in the front line of spiritual
battle"
"Ever since the beginning faithful men of God have become overwhelmed and
despaired. Elijah, after one of the most successful ministries ever in the
name of the Lord, was exhausted and, at the height of his popularity and
success, `walked a whole day into the wilderness. He stopped and sat down
in the shade of a tree and wished he would die. ""It's too much, Lord,"" he
prayed. ""Take away my life; I might as well be dead!""' Jeremiah and Peter
had similar experiences. In recent times a number of studies have been made
covering hundreds of pastors who have burnt out and left the ministry"
"It has been discovered there are a number of similarities among the burn-out
casualties. Those leaving the ministry or collapsing within it are usually
men in the mid-life age span, who do not have personal care shown to them
by the leaders of their denomination at the denominational headquarters;
mostly pastoring small congregations; mostly moving frequently from church
to church; and mostly with a theology that is at odds with what they were
taught in theological college"
"It is interesting to note that the apostle Paul had all of those same
similarities in his life and ministry"
"The causes are also identifiable in the examination of contemporary burn-out
victims: some pastors cannot provide the rugged individualism that is required
by the ministry with its variety of demands; some find their beautiful idealism
shattered by congregations that lapse into old ways and who resist change;
some find the financial pressures of a ministry too great and have to take
other work to supplement their income; and some lack the support of a spouse
who provides constant support in what is a very lonely job"
"Again it is interesting to note that the apostle Paul could be identified
with each of those causes. Consequently it is interesting to compare the
first and the twentieth centuries and to see what it was that enabled Paul
to cope with the cost of caring"
"Paul and the pressures of pastoring
Recently I took a scoresheet that had been produced to help ministers discover
areas of stress in their lives today and then, using that scoresheet, I
carefully studied more than half of the New Testament examining both the
epistles of Paul and the accounts in Acts about him, paying special attention
to his speeches and personal comments in his writing"
"I identified a number of pressure points and a similar number of enabling
factors"
"The pressure points faced by the apostle from his own words and writing
are very similar to the causes of burn-out among contemporary ministers"
"1. The physical dangers of his work  

Paul was both a preacher and a travelling missionary and as a result he
was open to all kinds of physical hardship, threat and hurt"
"I identified more than thirty occasions in his life, in descriptions of
events or in references through his writing, when he was under extreme physical
danger. While it is not possible to list them all in detail, the following
phrases give a very good picture of the physical danger involved in his
work:

The Jews met together and made plans to kill Saul, but he was told of their
plan. Day and night they watched the city gates in order to kill him"
"He ... disputed with the Greek-speaking Jews, but they tried to kill him"
"Paul was well aware of the dangers he ran and he made frequent reference
to those dangers"
"He referred to these in his epistles, particularly when writing to the
church at Corinth where he had faced a number of difficult situations"
"Following an attack upon his life, he reflected upon the dangers that he
constantly faced in these words:
  'My brothers, I face death every day!'
  Paul summed it up in one of the most famous paragraphs of any of his letters:

I have worked much harder, I have been in prison more times, I have been
whipped much more, and I have been near death more often. Five times I was
given the thirty-nine lashes by the Jews; three times I was whipped by the
Romans; and once I was stoned. I have been in three shipwrecks, and once
I spent twenty-four hours in the water. In my many travels I have been in
danger from floods and from robbers, in danger from fellow Jews and from
Gentiles; there have been dangers in the cities, dangers in the wilds, dangers
on the high seas, and dangers from false friends. There has been work and
toil; often I have gone without sleep; I have been hungry and thirsty; I
have often been without enough food, shelter, or clothing. And not to mention
other things, every day I am under the pressure of my concern for all the
churches"
"2. The daily burden of the churches  

As a pioneer cross-cultural missionary Paul found even the physical strain
of establishing new congregations a great burden. New communities, new
languages, new customs, a new tent-making workshop, all must have been a
tremendous mental strain. But if you add to this the problems of being
rejected, of being physically assaulted and attacked, as well as the burden
of the young Christians who in their eagerness and sometimes wilfulness
perverted their new faith, it is easy to appreciate that daily burden of
`the care of all the churches.'
  Anybody who has travelled through central Turkey over some of the most
rugged mountainous terrain possible would be amazed at the physical stamina
that Paul and his companions showed. Yet that was just a small portion of
years of constant travelling in some of the most inhospitable countries
of the Mediterranean:

Paul and his companions sailed from Paphos and came to Perga, a city in
Pamphylia ... They went on from Perga and arrived in Antioch in Pisidia,
and on the Sabbath they went into the synagogue"
"Sometimes the joy over a congregation such as at Philippi must have balanced
up other congregations where there was constant strain and worry. Constantly
the inability of ordinary Christians to maintain a consistent quality of
Christian life ate into the very heart of Paul. That daily worry would be
enough to turn any man from his calling. Sexual immorality, a spirit of
pride and boastfulness, an inability to relate to other people, and the
temptation to always turn from the true path of the faith to accommodate
the pressures of the world were always the problems the young churches faced
and were at the centre of Paul's consistent care. In writing to the Galatians,
for example, Paul says: 'I am worried about you! Can it be that all my work
for you has been for nothing?... My dear children! Once again, just like
a mother in childbirth, I feel the same kind of pain for you until Christ's
nature is formed in you. How I wish that I were with you now, so that I
could take a different attitude toward you. I am so worried about you!'

 3. The pressures of managing the church  

Although Paul didn't have a formal religious function, he did have a spiritual
oversight over a vast area and a large number of churches, ministers and
lay ministers. This involved people of different cultural and language
backgrounds, from the strictest of Jewish conservatism through to those
who had little or no religious belief prior to his contact with them"
"The only reason the missionary journeys were undertaken was because Paul
intended to undertake a routine visit of churches previously established"
"The pastoral epistles came down to us because Paul wanted to immediately
handle problems faced by the local congregations, to give them guidance
in their personal actions and to explain some of his teachings. In one sense
all of the epistles are 'pastoral' in that they are informing the church
on matters pertaining to the pastoral life of the people. Even the letter
to the Romans has behind it a very practical purpose: to introduce his plans
to visit them and then to go on, with their help, to evangelise Spain:

I have been wanting for so many years to come to see you ... I would like
to see you on my way to Spain, and be helped by you to go there, after I
have enjoyed visiting you for a while"
"4. Theological conflict  

Paul's frequent theological conflicts and resultant pressures must have
made it difficult for him to continue at the pace he had established in
his ministry"
"The conflicts will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 7 when we consider
Paul as a philosopher. The first conflict we have already noted was with
the apostle Peter and other leaders of the church concerning the reception
of Gentiles into the church. Paul's viewpoint held sway and changed the
history of the church. A further area concerned continual debates with people
who belonged to other religions. He debated with the devotees of various
Greek and Roman gods, with animists, with magicians and the believers of
local superstitions. A further group were his own Jewish compatriots,
particularly the ultra-conservative Pharisees, who believed that every change
was a change for the worse. A final group consisted of some of the Jewish
Christians who wanted to emphasise the keeping of both the old covenant
with its food laws, cultural traditions, circumcision and Sabbath keeping,
along with the new covenant"
"There is an emotional, intellectual and physical price that comes upon
a person who is constantly engaged in having to defend the faith he believes"
Paul knew the burden of theological conflict
"5. Cultural conflict  

The following passage indicates the way the Greeks did not like the way
Paul spoke or presented himself in public: 'Paul's letters are severe and
strong, but when he is with us in person, he is weak, and his words are
nothing!'
  These terms of abuse used of Paul were also used in the ancient world
of other speakers and it is quite clear that they referred to a cultural
attitude the Greeks had towards people who did not speak with a correct
form. One of the fundamental principles upon which the Greek status system
rested, as Professor Edwin A. Judge has pointed out, 'is the belief that
fine form is congruent with truth. Cultivation in the literary and artistic
sense was thus a means of legitimising the status of those who could afford
it and precisely because it made a conspicuous difference to a person's
public appearance, it became the means by which the social inferiority of
the uncultivated was imposed on them as a felt distinction.' Paul quite
consciously refused to accept this cultural distinction of the Greeks and
identified with Jesus Christ in his weakness and rejection"
""
"Art as reflection in Jessica Anderson's Tirra Lirra by the River By Roslynn D. Haynes   

JESSICA Anderson's title is, at first sight, uninviting. Even the most ardent
Tennyson reader must have secretly felt that Sir Lancelot could have found
something more profound or manly to sing than `Tirra lirra', and to single
out this line for a title seems only to emphasize its deficiencies. However
the title in fact points to one of the most important themes of the novel
- one which, I believe, has been overlooked by critics - namely the author's
assertion of her criteria of art"
"It is, of course, apparent from the poem that the Lady of Shallot is isolated
from both the countryside and the court of Camelot. She is said to live
under a `curse', whereby she is a virtual prisoner; she may not even look
out of her window at the `real' world but must observe this external world
by means of its reflection in a mirror positioned opposite the window. Here
she sits and weaves her tapestries, her works of art, not from reality,
but from the refleciton of that reality. To this extent the poem has been
read as Tennyson's own statement about the nature of poetry, about the
necessary isolation of the poet from involvement in the so-called `real'
world of activity, proclaimed as a moral necessity by the Cambridge Apostles"
"When the Lady looks directly at the scene, and perhaps especially when she
looks at Sir Lancelot, her work of art is destroyed; when she leaves her
isolation, she dies"
"The poem is centred on the Lady and most critical comment has inevitably
attached to her and to the moral she embodies. However, the poem ends with,
and thereby emphasizes, the wholly inadequate response of Sir Lancelot to
the Lady. In fact, Tennyson's treatment of Sir Lancelot, in this poem at
least, is far from complimentary. He cuts a fine figure on his horse, to
be sure, but there is a rather unpalatable suggestion that, despite the
representation of service and humility on his shield, he is perfectly aware
of the impression he is making and complacently accepts admiration as his
due. It is clear that his first, and perhaps only, criterion for assessing
ladies is `a lovely face'. Even more than the rest of the Camelot crowd
(which, even if it does not understand the event, at least responds with
holy fear, analogous, perhaps, to the response to the poet/vates envisaged
by Coleridge in `Kubla Khan'), Sir Lancelot completely fails to perceive
the significance of the Lady's life and death"
"Here we can see immediately some of the parallels with the novel. Nora
Porteous also is, or was, a weaver of tapestries. On her return to the Brisbane
house of her childhood, she is shown three tapestries which she made there
when in her early twenties, and what she says about these tapestries is
highly significant. The first one represents an orange tree - not an orange
tree copied from nature, but a very stylized one - `the leaves and fruit
... compose a tight bouquet above a straight trunk' (p.65) - and the birds
too are not realistic but `fabulous'. This is precisely why, Nora believes,
the tapestry is so successful"
"The second tapestry, by contrast, Nora considers a failure, `muddled in
execution', and her reason for this estimate is the same one which causes
Betty Cust to admire it - the fact that `you would think that maggie was
real'. `Something I actually saw and tried, with mistaken fidelity, to
reproduce', says Nora"
"The third tapestry is described very briefly but we can deduce that it
is an abstract pattern. Nora's swirling suns, moons and stars bear no relation
to objective reality; perhaps they, too, were suggested by lines from `The
Lady of Shallot':               

     As often thro' the purple night"
Below the starry clusters bright
"Some bearded meteor, trailing light"
Moves over still Shallot
"At any rate, they are created, not from Nature, but from within the artist,
`drawn out of the compression of a secret life', Nora thinks"
"Nora, then, is analogous to the Lady of Shallot. If we accept her judgement
of the relative merits of the tapestries as artistically valid, then her
tapestries are less successful when they are realistic (the second tapestry
approximates to life through the window) and succeed best when they do not
try to mimic reality but recreate it (tapestries one and three). With respect
to these works of art, Nora's equivalent of the Lady's mirror, the medium
through which the external world is transmuted, is her creative imagination,
which does not reproduce orange trees, birds and celestial bodies
realistically, but transforms the external world into a unique artistic
form. At this stage, though, Nora is like the Lady, `half sick of shadows';
the world of physical involvement, the world of Camelot, attracts her,
particularly when it is presented in the persons of the dark, handsome,
arrogant, Lancelot-figure, John Porteous, and his `Prince Charming' nephew,
Colin. But, like the Lady of Shallot again, Nora finds that `life' in the
`outside' world is associated only with symbols of death - in her case a
sterile marriage, an abortion, chronic illness, a suidide attempt and artistic,
if not actual, death. Moreover, the inhabitants of this world are as
imperceptive of her artistic worth as their counterparts in Camelot"
"There is another aspect of the novel which is comparable with `The Lady
of Shallot' and that is the sense of fate which Nora feels. At the very
beginning of the novel Nora says, `I feel again the utter passivity, the
relinquishment of the will to fate' (p.2) and describes her perverse pleasure
when her `worst expectations are met'. Her return to the Brisbane house
is itself seen as the working out of the inevitable. Her sister had expected
and prepared for it and although, all her life, Nora has fought against
the influence of Grace, she has returned, has inherited Grace's lifestyle,
even to the extent of preserving the compost"
"Throughout the novel Nora oscillates between bursts of optimism and blank
despair and in these latter moods, fatalism is a mode of consolation, an
insurance policy against further disappointment. Nora sometimes calls this
her `intuition' (p.105) but other people's predictions for Nora come true
as well, insofar as she habitually acts as other people expect. `It was
less exhausting simply to be as reckless, cynical and frivolous as they
said I was' (p.70). Indeed Nora's life is forced into one mould after another,
by her mother and sister, by the girls and boys of her adolescence, by Colin
and his mother; even at `Number 6' she assumes the manner of speaking and
attitudes of mind of the other members of the group. Thus she imagines herself
recounting the incident of lying in a trance in the grass with bare breasts
until disturbed by the horse"
It would have had to be told at a time when Fred was not there ..
"and we three were gossiping in Liza's quarters ... And after I had
     finished, I know what Hilda and Liza would have said ... And I would
     probably have said, yes, of course.  (p.10)  

  This almost compulsive conformity would seem to parallel to the curse
upon the Lady which determines her behaviour and punishes relentlessly any
deviation from the permitted pattern. Colin's revenge is savage upon a wife
who does not conform totally to his stereotype of what is appropriate, whether
on the tennis court or in bed. `Do this ... Do that,' he orders her sexual
responses (p.37) so that at thirty-five, Nora feels reduced to a two-line
entry: `Nora Porteous, nee Roche, thirty-five, domestic worker, amateur
dressmaker, detested concubine, and student of the French subjunctive tense
[sic]' (p.60). Significantly, the extortioner-abortionist who performs his
operation with such criminal mismanagement is reminiscent of Colin Porteous"
"He barks out the same orders, `Do this. Do that', and registers the same
disgust at female sexuality. Even on her return to Brisbane, Nora, at seventy,
is still reluctant to depart from the behaviour expected of her by the Custs
and Lyn Wilmot; she is still under the spell of conformity to the pattern
determined for her by others, by fate"
"If it stopped short at this level the novel would be an interesting but
perhaps rather unsubtle analogy. However Nora also has another `mirror',
from which she weaves the work of art that is the novel itself. That mirror,
symbolized by the spinning globe in her head, is her stream of thought in
which her past experiences are reflected as she recalls them. Thus the meaning
of the novel involves an implicit pun on the word `reflection', since Nora's
process of reflecting on her life provides the mirror whereby that life
can be transformed into art. Therefore the events of Nora's life, as recreated
for us in the novel, are not as they were when she first exprienced them;
they are not, for example, in chronological order, or intense or passionate,
but reordered according to the will of the artist - as the original events
were not; they are distanced from us and defused of passion - `emotion
recollected in tranquillity This is not the result of any
inadequacy on the part of the author, but is a basic part of her statement
about art"
"This theme is introduced early in the novel with the miniature landscape
created by the distorting effect of the `cheap, thick glass' in the window
(`glass', of course, is also used here with the double meaning of `looking
glass'). This landscape is both unreal and also, for Nora, more real than
the objective reality in the yard"
"These distortions in the cheap thick glass gave me my first intimation
     of a country as beautiful as those in my childhood books. I would kneel
     on a chair by this window, and after finding the required angle of
     vision ... I would keep very still, afraid to move lest I lose it"
"I was deeply engrossed by those miniature landscapes, green, wet,
     romantic, with silver serpentine rivulets, and flashing lakes, and
     castles moulded out of any old stick or stone. I believe they enchanted
     me. Kneeling on that chair, I was scarcely present at all. My other
     landscape had absorbed me.  (pp. 8-9)  

  Nora herself draws the connection with the poems of Tennyson, not only
by mention of The Idylls of the King and `The Lady of Shallot', but by her
explicit correlation between the world of Camelot with the curse on the
Lady, and the interior world of her mind with the spell cast by her vision
of the imaginary landscape:

     I already had my Camelot. I no longer looked through the glass. I no
     longer needed to. In fact, to do so would have broken rather than
     sustained the spell, because that landscape had become a region of
     my mind, where infinite expansion was possible, and where no obtrusion
     ... could prevent the emergence of Sir Lancelot.  (p.9) (my italics)  

  Here, then, at the very beginning of the novel, we have an affirmation
about art - the kind of art in which Jessica Anderson believes. It is not
the art of sensation, of shock, of attempts to make us experience horror
or ugliness by rubbing our noses in it. The novel contains several incidents
which invite sensational treatment - Nora's experience at the abortionist's,
her attempted suicide, her failed face-lift, Dorothy Rainbow's massacre
of her children and subsequent suicide; yet these are related in an almost
off-hand way. The novel affirms that, despite modern assumptions and fashions
in art and film, we do not understand things better by experiencing them
at the white heat of passion and intensity, but only by distancing ourselves
from them, by reflecting on them and, through the process of artistic creation,
transforming them. Nora tells us how she used to walk by the real river,
`broad, brown and strong', but she `hardly saw it and never used it as a
location for [her] dreams'"
""
"Twin's death saves David LOS ANGELES:  

 An infant whose life was spared when doctors removed his doomed
twin brother from the womb has been born three months premature"
"David Moller was delivered by caesarean section and is in a critical
but stable condition at Northridge Hospital Medical Centre"
"David, who weighed 1.72 kg at birth, suffered from a condition caused
by excess body fluid"
"About 113 grams of fluid was removed from his abdomen and the rest dissipated
dropping David's weight to 0.95kg"
"David's brother was removed from the womb after he had withered to half
David's size"
"Doctors said David would probably have died if they had not removed his
brother"
""
"10,700 CHAIRS...I THINK! The Story behind Jubilee '86 By Peter Haran  

  Many who attended last January's United Charismatic Convention in Adelaide
may not be aware the whole event was captured on video tape by a top
professional film team"
"Up to 12 hours of video tape was put down, mixed, cut, edited and overlayed
with a multi-track audio to produce a 40 minute presentation"
"The result is 10,700 Chairs, I Think, a title gleaned from a statement
by the chairman of the convention and Tabor College director Barry Chant"
"An apt title too, there were about that many chairs in the huge Wayville
Pavillion on the night of January 7 when more than 10,000 individuals took
their seats to hear some of the best Christian speakers in the world"
"Three of the best news cameramen in the country began filming the convention
long before the opening night, and the video explores the groundwork and
preparation which went into launching the biggest Charismatic convention
ever seen in South Australia"
"It also looks at the arrival of the three guest speakers - and guest soloist
- at Adelaide Airport, then moves into the yawning Wayville Pavillion before
those 10,000-odd chairs were laid out"
"The look at the behind-the-scenes operation is as fascinating as the four
day convention itself"
"A swirl of colour, a rising tide of beautiful music and the video is
eyewitness to a sea of human faces waiting in anticipation for the grand
event to get under way"
"The very best from the keynote speakers is included in the recently released
tape - Reinhard Bonnke, speaking on stage and at the open-air rally in Victoria
Square; Dr. Paul Yonggi Cho, telling of a miraculous healing; and Winkie
Pratney, who mixes the newspeak of today with the relevance of God's Word"
"And, of course there is Barry McGuire urging all to join him in the story
of bullfrogs and butterflies"
"But the Jubilee Convention was more than just sermons and songs. It also
was people and changed lives. And this video cassette looks at the human
face of a mass gathering. It explores the range of emotions, the collective
worship and the response to the powerful word being delivered"
"In many respects 10,700 Chairs, I Think is a joyful reminder of a grand
and spiritual event. But it also jogs the memory in respect to those
telling messages that were delivered, by the world's best. It also is great
entertainment"
Wait no more - it's now available
""
"Button fingers a problem  

  The impish Labor Party thorn, Senator Button, has again touched a truth
by pressing for a simplification of the the fringe benefits tax's ""horrifying
paperwork"". The frank senator, who also has recently questioned growth
forecasts and some other Government policies, must be giving the Prime
Minister, Mr Hawke, cause to wonder just whose side he is on. In fact, he
is on the side of common sense, and the Prime Minister would be wise to
listen"
"The Government, in its enthusiasm to stop tax-dodging rorts, failed to
think through adiministrative simplicity, as well as general equity, before
bringing in this tax. The principle is sound, morally, financially and
politically, and New Zealand has managed to accept it without the hysteria
generated here. Now we even have business leaders such as Mr Bob Ansett
talking of breaking the law and publicly branding themselves as tax dodgers
in protest"
"The Government's clumsiness should have been a godsend for the Leader
of the Opposition, Mr Howard. But he has been unable to cash in while he
does not offer an alternative. It is understandable for an Opposition Leader,
especially one who has seen too many of his aspirations to thunder plundered
by the Government, to want to leave his options open until nearer an election,
and Mr Howard has some right on his side in wanting to spell out his stand
on fringe benefits tax later as part of an overall tax strategy rather than
making policy on the run; but he gives the impression of flailing in the
dark and of even being unable to discipline his disciples"
"Mr Howard, like all right-minded citizens, would clearly like some form
of fringe benefits tax; and it is easy to suspect that the simplifications
Senator Button wants, albeit unspecified as yet, are rather what the
Opposition Leader would propose if he proposed anything. Mr Hawke, meanwhile,
cannot go on forever hoping the fuss will die down. It will not. But when
one of his senior Ministers proposes simplifications it could be the excuse
for backing down a little and cutting his political losses. If so, it will
be a welcome move towards common sense"
""
"Ministerial Statement  
Mr HOLDING (Melbourne Ports - Minister for Aboriginal Affairs) - by 
leave - Honourable members will be aware that, on 3 March, last I 
announced a number of decisions that the Government made concerning 
Aboriginal land rights and related matters. It is appropriate that 
I should inform the House of those decisions. For the information 
of honourable members let me outline the recent course of events. 
In February last year the Government released for public discussion 
a draft set of proposals for a national Aboriginal land rights model. 
This model was the result of almost two years of consultation with
members of a panel of Aboriginal leaders consisting of representatives 
of land councils and members of the then National Aboriginal Conference. 

  Following consideration by the Government of some 260 submissions from 
interested parties, I was able to announce in August last year that the 
Government had endorsed the principles contained in the model as an 
appropriate, reasonable and balanced basis for Aboriginal land rights 
throughout Australia. At the same time the Government also made clear 
its preference for land rights to be implemented by State action
broadly consistent with the Commonwealth's principles rather than by 
overriding legislation. Therefore I had a specific direction from 
Cabinet to engage in discussions with the States to see what action 
could be taken on a State by State basis. That position was clear and 
unequivocal and was well known to Aboriginal leadership who in many 
cases rejected the proposed model. Of course this Government accepts 
that the 1967 referendum I gave the Commonwealth a special and overriding
responsibility for the welfare of Aboriginal people. We have embraced 
that responsibility. 

  Since coming to office, this Government has increased spending
on programs for Aboriginal advancement, through my portfolio
and those of a number of my colleagues, by over two-thirds"
"Responsibility for Aboriginal advancement does not, as some
would believe, lie solely with the Commonwealth as a result of
the 1967 referendum. It is a shared responsibility. Aborigines
are citizens of the States like everybody else. They are
entitled to look to the States to provide them with those basic
services that State governments normally provide to their
citizens"
"In the course of my negotiations with the States, it was made
clear to them that the Commonwealth regarded it as imperative
that the States should be prepared to grant secure title to
Aboriginal citizens in respect of land which they had
traditionally occupied. That is still this Government's
position. I am sure that it would come as no surprise that no
State government has suggested to me that the Commonwealth
should take pre-emptive action in this matter. While their
motives may have varied considerably, the underlying premise
is clear; Tasmania aside, the States accept that they have a
responsibility. Acceptance of that responsibility has seen
progress made in the provision of secure title to Aboriginal
people"
"In New South Wales, legislation was introduced in 1983 which
transferred to local Aboriginal land councils approximately
171 square kilometres of land. That legislation also provides
for claims to be made over certain Crown land, and earmarks
funds for future land acquisition. Last year the Acting Premier
informed the Prime Minister (Mr Hawke) that he believed that
his State's legislation adequately meets the needs of the
Aboriginal citizens of New South Wales and there was no need
for either the preferred model or any other overriding
legislation. That view was strongly endorsed by both the
Secretary of the State Ministry for Aboriginal Affairs, Ms Pat
O'Shane, and the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council"
"Discussions between the Commonwealth and Victorian governments
have led to a broad in-principle agreement on the question of
land rights in that State. The Victorian Government has
prepared legislation for the handing over of title to
Framlingham Reserve and other related legislation, the basic
details of which have been discussed and agreed between the
Victorian Government and ourselves. An all-party parliamentary
committee of the Victorian Parliament has also reported to the
Government on the question of compensation for dispossession"
"While this report is directed to the problems of Victorian
Aboriginal people, it deals with very important principles
which are of immense relevance to all Aboriginal people living
in urban or regional fringe situations and whose rights would
not be significantly benefited by any land rights legislation"
"I am involved in discussions with the Victorian Government
about the role that the Commonwealth might be expected to play
in the development of the principles outlined in that report"
"I refer next to South Australia. Large areas of that State have
been transferred to Aboriginal ownership. In 1981, title to
100,000 square kilometres in the north-west of the State passed
to the Pitjantjatjara people. In 1984, similar legislation
provided for Aboriginal ownership of 76,000 square kilometres
of Maralinga lands. This legislation was finally passed by the
Legislative Council of South Australia after the threat of
Commonwealth intervention. A land trust holds title to other
reserves in that State. Having lived with land rights
legislation both major political parties are agreed as to its
benefits. The South Australian Leader of the Opposition 
endorsed the position of the Premier of South Australia when he
said recently of land rights legislation in that State: `We
have good, fair, workable land rights here'. He is right"
"In Queensland, discussions have continued with the Minister for
Community Services, who has indicated his Government's
intention to issue deeds of grants in trust to all reserve
communities and to provide those communities with an
administrative structure based on the principles of local
government. It is the intention of the Queensland Minister that
reserve communities have control over their own economic and
social affairs within three years. The Queensland Minister and
I have agreed with reserve council chairmen that working
parties representing Commonwealth, State and Aboriginal reserve
community interests should address the details of establishing
such a structure on a community by community basis. Working
parties should address themselves to a range of concerns, from
the ownership of stock and plant to the payment of award wages
and law and order issues"
"In the Torres Strait Islands, the Prime Minister and I met with
Islander leadership and addressed their concerns for self-
management. Following these discussions, and on the basis of
the Queensland Government issuing the deeds of grant in trust,
it was agreed that the Commonwealth would provide funding for
both water and electricity supplies as well as financial 
assistance to enable the devolution of self-management through
the Islander consultative council. This will involve the
training of Islanders in responsibilities which are presently
carried out by the Department of Aboriginal Affairs. The
facilities of the Department will be made available to this new
self-management structure. As there is comparatively little
unalienated Crown land in Queensland, legislation based on the
preferred model would be of limited benefit to the great
majority of Aborigines living outside reserves. The needs of
this group will have to be addressed by other policies and
initiatives based upon the principle of compensation for
dispossession"
"In Western Australia, efforts to legislate for land rights were
defeated by the conservative forces in the gerrymandered
Legislative Council, aided by a disgraceful campaign of
fearmongering by the mining industry. However, following recent
negotiations with the Western Australian Government, that
Government has indicated its concern to meet the land needs of
Aboriginal people through the following arrangements, the main
features of which are: The State will provide secure title to
Aboriginal reserves by way of long term leases for a minimum
of 99 years; 45 other reserves under the control of the State
Department of Community Services also will be transferred to
Aboriginal control; the acquisition of further land is to be
the subject of discussion between the Commonwealth and the
Western Australian Government; the States will accelerate the
process of providing excisions from pastoral leases for living
areas for Aborigines, in conjunction with the churches, the
State will continue facilitating the transfer to Aboriginal
people of mission lands used for Aboriginal purposes;
Aboriginal groups in the Kimberley will benefit from the
proposed restructuring of the pastoral industry in that region
of Western Australia following the financial assistance from
the Commonwealth; Aboriginal advancement programs will continue
to receive emphasis; the Commonwealth is offering additional
funds averaging $10m a year, for a five year period, to
match the State's efforts under this new program; a committee
will be established to advise the State Minister for Aboriginal
Affairs on the terms and conditions on which entry permits will
be given for access to Aboriginal land for the purpose of
mineral exploration and mining; and an agreed basis for the
payment of mining royalty equivalents when mining takes place
on Aboriginal land"
"Cabinet has decided that this offer constitutes an acceptable
basis for detailed negotiations with the State Government"
"Those negotiations are proceeding. I have already had
preliminary discussions with the new Western Australian 
Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, Mr Ernie Bridge. Aboriginal
leadership in Western Australia will also be involved in the
process of considering these proposals.             

  In Tasmania, the only progress that can be reported is the
recognition by the State Government of the existence of its
Aboriginal citizens. In that State the Government has been
stubborn in its refusal to take action beyond this simple
recognition. It has thus failed to further the interests of
this important group. While Aboriginal people in Tasmania would
be unable to lay claim on the basis of traditional ownership
to land, using criteria that apply under the Northern Territory
land rights legislation, there are still areas of special
significance, such as Oyster Cove and Wybalenna. Here again the
principles of compensation for dispossession as set out in the
Victorian parliamentary report may prove relevant. Aboriginal
people in Tasmania can be assured that their aspirations in
respect of such areas will be addressed by the Commonwealth
with the newly elected State Government"
"As the Prime Minister recently informed the National Press
Club, we will continue to negotiate with the States. We will
continue to seek to advance the interests of Aboriginal people
through co-operation with the States where that is possible"
"Such an approach does not involve any diminution of
Commonwealth responsibility. Aboriginal people will enjoy a
better outcome, and sooner, in a much better social
environment, by means of such a process. Against this background 
of continuing dialogue and progress with the States the
Government has taken the view that the implementation of
legislation based on the preferred model is not warranted at
this time"
"I turn now to the Government's proposal to amend the Aboriginal
Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976, which I will bring
before the Parliament during the current sittings. It
should be recalled that in the Northern Territory when we came
to government there had been one review of the legislation
which had not been acted upon. Nor had any action been taken,
at either a State or Federal level, to deal with the problems
of Aboriginal people living under Third World conditions on
pastoral leases. A seven year freeze on exploration in the
Territory created a backlog of applications for exploration
licences that, when lifted, imposed a burden which made quick
responses from the Aboriginal land councils to mining proposals
impossible. In general terms the Act will be amended in accordance 
with the suggestions put forward by Mr Justice Toohey,
a former Aboriginal Land Commissioner, in his review of the
legislation which was tabled in this House on 5 March 1984. We
also have under consideration the proposals of Dr Jon Altman
in his review of the Aboriginals Benefit Trust Account"
"The Government received strong representations from Aboriginal
groups, the churches, community leaders and individuals
supporting the need for Aboriginals to be able to control
mining on their land in order that their spiritual and cultural
well-being might be protected. Against this background, and
bearing in mind the concerns which the Northern Territory
Government and the mining industry have with the veto in its
present form, the Government proposes to retain the essential
elements of the veto while introducing a number of changes to
its operation designed to reduce delay and uncertainty."
"Stamp out the rip-off temptation  

  The idea of a public accounts committee as an ever-alert watch-dog able
to instantly sniff out the misuse of public money is attractive to voters"
"We will hear much support for the establishment of such a Queensland
committee from the Liberal and Labor parties during the coming election"
"It is certainly true that the handling of public funds in some areas of
the Government services in the State in recent times has left much to
be desired"
"But electors not familiar with the operations of public accounts committees
in other States and at Federal level should not be misled into believing that
such a move here would, with a stroke, correct the present problems"
"The simple fact is that public accounts committees as established elsewhere
operate after funds have been misused - and after that offence has been
detected by the Auditor-General"
"Their operations almost inevitably amount, in a real sense, to shutting
the stable door after the horse has bolted"
"The committees are made up of politicians who for all their other virtues
are not often skilled accountants or lawyers who can unravel complex frauds"
"They are most often confronted in their inquiries by trained bureaucrats
who are anxious and determined to protect both the reputation of their
departments and their independence from outside intrusion"
"And it has never been within the charter of such committees to reach
a view on whether public money has been wisely allocated or prudently spent"
"It is simply to establish whether the money has been handled within the
bounds of proper Treasury procedure"
"As some notable inquiries have shown, departmental officials are as likely
as not to get into trouble with a public accounts committee for being too
frugal and not spending all funds allocated to them"
"The philosophy underlying such criticisms is that some other Government
area would have been only too happy to dish it out"
"For all their inadequacies, however, public accounts committees serve
a number of useful purposes - and it is difficult to understand the implacable
opposition of the Premier, Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen, to the establishment
of such a body here"
But it should not be thought that all problems would then be solved
"The debate should be widened and expert advice sought on methods for
the earlier detection of sloppy systems that allow a tiny minority of dishonest
public servants to try to rip off the system and the taxpayers' dollars"
""
"By Jack Beasley  

THE MASTER of Apprentices at the steel works was an avuncular retainer who
hibernated, all year round, in a grimy little wooden shack built as a kind
of afterthought just through the main entrance.  On the wall of his office
was a framed Elbert Hubbard homily, If You Work For A Man, For Heaven's
Sake Be Loyal To Him, blasphemously known to the apprentices as the bumsuckers'
oath.  He probably didn't know it was there nor was he for long
after breaking a leg, later amputated, when he jumped over the back fence
of a hotel to escape an after hours police raid.  His replacement was very
BHP, a soldierly gentleman named Mr Piper who cleaned the office up, placed
the bumsuckers' oath in a more accusing position and began supervising our
health, morals and craft training.  Within limits, that is.  I was never
cited before him, but I did go to him more than once with problems and
complaints of my own and of others, and always found him polite and reasonable"
"The real master of the apprentices, the man to whom we were bound, body
and soul, for five interminable years, was a remote, austere grey figure
whose signature on my indenture was a simple L. Grant.  Leonard Grant was
a BHP product made flesh, the model steel industry oligarch, yet I'm sure
his neighbours on the heights overlooking Merewether Beach, the right side
of the tracks, would have found this difficult to believe.  We lived not
a great distance apart, across that socially insurmountable coal line, so
it wasn't surprising that I'd sometimes encounter him on my lonely Sunday
afternoon ramblings through the ragged scrub along the hills sloping down
to the Pacific.  He walked with the steel works efficiency expert, for,
like policemen, the top management seemed to feel more secure in each other's
company.  He was achromatic still on Sundays, the week day grey suit exchanged
for trousers and cap with a grey bow tie sitting primly at his collar, but
I fancy he wore his usual black shoes.  Bent slightly forward from his trim
waist, hands clasped behind, face revealing not a thing as he listened to
his voluble companion, Grant moved through the bush as inconspicuously as
some of the bush creatures themselves.  Even the invisible whip birds, about
the last of the native songsters, maintained their long shrill note and
cracking finale, undisturbed by his passing.  He didn't exactly select each
place to put a foot but appeared to, progressing quietly and evenly"
"If he ever recognised me he gave no sign of having done so, not even
the non-committal Australian g'day, but on the last occasion we chanced
together, I'm sure he did.  That was quite a few years on, just after the
Coal Strike, and I was on a party assignment travelling by the late afternoon
express carrying business people back north from Sydney.  Grant was travelling
too, as always without ostentation, sitting across the aisle from me.  Towards
Newcastle an apologetic untidy figure of a man claimed him, a union official
recently installed by the Arbitration Court in the anti-communist shake-up,
words tumbling incoherently about something he couldn't handle and how sorry
he was to have to bother you.  Perhaps my former master recognised me, perhaps
he didn't.  Perhaps my eyes revealed that I was listening too intently,
for he quietly cut through the gabble of his supplicant, `Don't talk about
it now, I'll contact you, we have to protect your position,' thus dismissing
him, still clutching his forelock.  Leonard Grant resumed his newspaper,
with not the slightest impression showing on the mask he turned to the world"
"Always listening, giving away nothing, the unchanging features inevitably
earned him the ironic nick-name he would carry through his life, right up
to the general managership of BHP.  He stood unobtrusively in the background
when accompanying the more flamboyant Essington Lewis on plant inspections,
but the department managers and supers knew that it was Smiler Grant who
observed, who noted, who acted"
"Getting to be a steel works apprentice wasn't all that easy even with
a certificate from a junior technical school and only came about for a lot
of us because by 1936 there was a slight easing of the tough times.  Not
for everybody, some had missed the bus and would never catch up.  The new
steel works at Port Kembla, and expansion at Newcastle started the ball
rolling and a few workers began to get jobs in a buyer's market.  Before
sitting for BHP's own examination, no mere Education Department was going
to set their standards, and before going before their selection panel after
the exam, I'd applied for a counter jumper's job at the Co-op Store.  A
hundred or so young hopefuls lined up for the sole position advertised,
long odds in anybody's book, then presented myself as a possible delivery
boy for a cut price grocery chain.  I flunked that one too, for to get the
fifteen shillings per week you not only had to work about fifty hours but
make an investment in the firm by providing your own bicycle.  In the event,
this mightn't have been an altogether bad thing, for the local manager was
a gentleman who used to run an SP book on the side.  Inevitably, he tickled
the peter, spent time in one of His Majesty's prisons, to emerge wondrously
transformed from this pupation during the post Coal Strike turmoil as secretary
of the Ironworkers' Union, executive member of the Labor Party and an MLC"
"Following which efforts he died, sooner than expected"
"Although two of my sisters were tailoresses, theirs was a hit or miss
arrangement, nothing legal, no indentures.  The only apprentice on either
side of the family, hitherto, was my uncle Dave Morgan, who had been a jockey"
"It was a minor event round the place, Mum crowing over a niece whose son
hadn't made the grade, and the old man remarking, not to me, to her, that
I'd done pretty well, considering.  Getting my short back and sides, with
a smear of Spruso on top, at the barbers I also got much advice from the
man himself and even more from his roost of clients.  Your set for life now, 
young feller, a trade will always stick to you, a growing trade everything's 
electric now, a trademan's tools can't be taken from him legally,
you'll always be able to make a living.  Then for a little time afterwards, I 
believed them and for most of the apprentices it was the truth.  For me though,
some continuing disturbance of which I was just then becoming aware seemed
to have me often out of step, or going the other way.  Something beneath
the surface, felt not seen, a dissonance in the back of my mind never quite
in tune which I couldn't get hold of, and couldn't get rid of"
"It was the only steel works in Australia and it was an intimidating
place for a fifteen year old in the middle of winter.  Miles out of town,
it was reached by bus or bike, through Hamilton and Islington, across Throsby
Creek, up through Tighes Hill and down the long slope past the general office,
where Les Jones had found a job of sorts, to the barbed wire beyond which
you reached your work bench on foot by seven thirty a.m.  You discovered
the home of the minotaur whose crashing thumps had been a menacing
accompaniment to your whole life, the mill where the giant blooms came,
red hot from reheating after gestation in the blast furnace and open hearth,
to be battered into a more manageable shape.  Searing heat, smoke, steam
and thunderous noise was the working environment of those who toiled and
moiled in this labyrinth, and you wondered that their bodies could withstand
such punishment"
"Five days a week you worked till four o'clock, showed up for another
four hours on Saturday and on three nights you went to technical college"
"Quite often on Saturday morning you were handed a breakdown job and expected
to get a full days work done by the whistle which meant, in your first year,
getting a little less than two bob for your efforts.  The first two years
were hard, you were kept at it and you had to do a diversity of jobs, some
menial, in addition to learning your trade.  Jobs such as lunch boy, office
cleaner, messenger, store assistant, and billy boy.  This latter was an
incredible balancing feat with two of us on the ends of two notched poles,
like stretcher bearers, carrying forty or fifty billy cans all the way to
the direct current substation, (home also of the works whistle, heard all
over the town), and back again.  Any suggestion of putting an urn in the
workshop would have seemed like quixotic nonsense, or dangerous subversion,
to the management.  We were good cheap skilled labour and no two ways about
it, yet over the five years there was mostly no frantic pressure to do more
work, apart from the Saturday lurk noted above, just an insistence on doing
things properly which was probably cheaper in the long run"
"Work clothes had to be bought, and tools of trade, from the pittance
paid to us fortnightly.  There was a gala event, the quarterly `tech bonus',
which depended on your attendance and progress in your evening and week-end
studies.  For a long time I wore my one and only suit, bought in the last
school year, to work each day with overalls drawn on over the trousers in
the colder months, then brushed it up and polished the only shoes, a pair
of black sneakers, to go to the pictures on Saturday nights.  There was
no religion, as we understood it, in the works, for the god that was worshipped
there was of heavier metal.  We passed religion on the way to and from on
a large notice board outside a church which said, If You Watch The Clock
You Will Remain One Of The Hands.  So there they were, and there we were"
"Trade unionism was of the meekest and most subservient kind, only the
craft unions being organised until the war years when the unskilled workers
began to gain ground.  Every so often a decimation of the tradesmen was
carried out, to sharpen the morale of those remaining.  The method of this
was to notify the condemned at ten thirty on Saturday morning because, even
if their fate had been decided weeks before, only one hour's notice was
legally required.  This procedure prevented those being sacked from seeking
another job until they were right out on the street and epitomised Newcastle's
second system of industrial relations.  Always the word was passed around
that things were tough on `the outside', the menacing shadow world beyond
the barbed wire, while we inside were warm and cosy in the womb of the steel
octopus"
"Somewhere in all that smoke and grit and noise there was a ladder. 
We knew it was there because the man in the shiny blue suit had told us
so, though not in metaphor, at our induction.  The BHP Review regularly carried
photographs of former apprentices who had climbed up a few rungs of that
ladder during a lifetime of devotion to the company although it didn't say
much about the new breed of university graduates, untainted by any former
contact with the lower classes, who were moving into supervising positions"
"This ladder was something like Napoleon's symbolic baton, or even the stairway
to the stars, except that a staircase offered an easy way up which would
be spurned by the stout-hearted BHP apprentices"
"Ron Laidler evidently climbed the wrong ladder when he was decapitated
under a rail mill crane and Jimmy Davis must have stepped off on the wrong
foot to be bisected by the blast furnace larry car.  Cec Frith would never
be much of a ladder climber again, after he lost a leg in the coke ovens"
""
"Yap-Yap 

  During 1955, when the Snowy Mountains Scheme was in full swing, Eddie,
a chap who had been working there for quite a few years teamed up with
two immigrants from Hungary, named Frank and Steve. Steve had been caring
for a mongrel fox terrier type dog that was running around the camp at
Guthega, where they were stationed. One Sunday they decided to go down
along the Snowy River to do a bit of fishing, and of course, Steve had
to take the dog"
"They pulled up at a small clearing by the river, which was to be their
base for the day. Eddie and Frank went their various ways along the river,
while Steve stayed on and got a fire going and prepared a snack"
"The dog took off into the bush, hunting for anything that moved. In a
short time Steve could hear the dog, ""Yap-yap, yap-yap"", then the dog came
out of the bush, yapping away and following a strange looking reptile,
that was racing straight towards the camp. Steve, not knowing anything
about a goanna, or even knowing what it was, stood there with his mouth
open, perhaps wondering why it was heading towards him"
"The next event was to be one that Steve would never forget, for the goanna
clawed its way to the top of his head in a few short seconds. The dog was
yapping away madly and as blood was rolling down Steve's face and arms
from the claws of the enraged goanna, Steve gave a terrified yell. Eddie
heard the commotion, raced over and caught the dog, then threw it into
the river"
"The goanna jumped down and strutted off with head and tail high in the
air"
"As soon as the dog got out of the river, it yap yapped after the goanna
again, but by this time the goanna had found safety in a tall tree"
"Apart from being shaken up and having forty one stitches inserted where
the goanna had ripped him, Steve was quite all right"
""
"My captains courageous  

A ROSY aura has been manufactured in recent times about the magic of leadership
in cricket"
"Ever since a committee known as the Board of Control for Cricket in the
first place, about 1912, and the Cricket Board, which name evolved during
the presidency or influential stages of Sir Donald Bradman, mainly inspired,
I suspect, from the feelings of disdain and distrust engendered in the
maestro's mind as a result of two memorable brushes he had with it, about
14 or 15 men in the most part miles removed from active on-field experience
in cricket have enjoyed the right of choosing Australia's captain"
"Under such a system it became, during my time, little more than a lucky
coincidence if the board's darling hit it off happily with the players"
"My first experience of leadership in first class cricket was expertly turned
on by Alan Kippax, one of the really great NSW batsmen of all time"
"No local batsman has threatened to surpass him in style and effectiveness
since his retirement in 1934 and who have moved into the same sphere of
competency"
"His contribution was to mould the young NSW Shield side, destitute of
its stars to a mass exodus in 1927-28 which saw great names like Warren
Bardsley, Charlie Macartney, Charlie Kelleway, Hunter Hendry, Tommy Andrews,
Johnny Taylor and Arthur Mailey disappear forever from the game. 
  It needed a highly popular man to hold the deserted fort - a man of
unsurpassed ability in the field of play where examples in batting, bowling,
fielding and acceptable behaviour had to be expounded to a team of new
recruits.  
  Referring to the team, which he led lovingly, as his Portuguese
Army, Kippax carried his job faithfully and skilfully"
"That he was able to turn out men like Archie Jackson, Don Bradman, Stan
McCabe, Jack Fingleton, Syd Hird, Hughie Chilvers and Bill O'Reilly bears
such respect for him that there's nothing more to be said of a man whose
memory must always be revered in this State"
"My first international captain, Bill Woodfull, made easily the greatest
impact upon me at a time when Australia was universally aware that never
before had an Australian cricket captain been called upon for level-headed
leadership in a time of cricket insanity"
"As my captain in the bodyline season, when cricket went mad, Woodfull won
my undying respect and that of every team-mate who faced the music with
him"
"To give you a sidelight of this man of substance, I stress that he was
the son of a Victorian country padre who had taken a leading part in a highly
controversial sectarian flame-up which had darkened many a national horizon
in eastern Australia where sectarianism had been rampant since the bellicose
Prime Ministership of Billy Hughes throughout the two conscription campaigns"
"As a young well-educated man of Hibernian lineage, I had fairly
well-developed ideas on all the kindred topics of that troubled time"
"But it was with almost total disbelief that I found William Maldon Woodfull
to be a man of the strongest possible character who never ceased to treat
everyone of us with the utmost personal respect"
"So much so indeed that he was even prepared to head each interested one
of us off in the direction of his appropriate church on Sunday mornings
on tour"
"He was as brave, I reckon, as Horatius who held the bridge across the
Tiber"
"Twice he batted right through an Australian innings when lesser men about
him fell like ordinary mortals. 
  In Brisbane in 1928 he watched all his batting supports disappear like
flotsam and jetsam in a fast running stream to remain unconquered for 30
in a total of 66"
"Jack White, England's slow left-handed bowler renowned for accuracy in
length and direction, collected 4-7 in which bag Don Bradman's name, listed
at number five, appeared caught Chapman bowled White one"
"The other immortal occasion happened in Adelaide when Woodfull batted
through the second innings total of 193 for 73 not out"
"This after suffering one of the most savage body blows ever when a whack
across the heart laid him low and served as one of the two explosive incidents
which set that fatal Test alight"
"In the wake of the puerile to-ing and fro-ing which went on in the 
ensuing war of words which culminated in our Board of Control pulling 
down its colours and retreating in confusion, Woodfull's composure and public 
respect were completely unparallelled before or since"
"I regard it as one of my greatest cricket possessions to have been a close
associate of such an inspiring mate in those hours of trial.  
  By comparison with him, all others, I honestly believe, pale into 
insignificance"
"Don Bradman's name comes constantly to the fore when captaincy of class
is being discussed and probably quite rightly so"
"But there were one or two things hard up against his ""duck house"" which 
will remain forever as potent arguments to be ranged up in criticism by
intelligent researchers"
"First was the dropping of Clarrie Grimmett at the start of Bradman's
captaincy reign in 1936-37 when, as an Australian selector and 
fledgling captain, he allowed the best spinner the world has seen, a 
point established beyond doubt a few months previously in South Africa, to 
vanish from the Test scene"
"The other was when four of his teamsmen, Stanley Joseph McCabe, Leslie
O'Brien Xavier Fleetwood-Smith, Leo Patrick O'Brien and William Joseph
O'Reilly, went humiliatingly before a sectarian junta of the Board of Control
meeting secretly in Melbourne to face a maliciously evil charge of
insubordination. 
  Each one of my three mates would gladly have welcomed some friendly gesture
from our young captain as we lined up for that painful afternoon with hate
in our hearts"
"I have seen leadership fortunes ebb and flow right from the time of Warwick
Armstrong, and I got to know men like Joe Darling, Hughie Trumble, Clem
Hill, Monty Noble and Syd Gregory who filled the breach before that mountain
of a man"
"There have been many since who have carried out their jobs sufficiently
and successfully, like Richie Benaud and Ian Chappell, and some whose names
will drop through the bottom of the basket without leaving a trace, but
each has been chosen by a band of men whose right to name a leader has never
yet been questioned"
"A recent ploy of theirs to assist in making decisions about blossoming
capacities has been to send a band of men on a lightning visit to India,
there to cement the spirit of comradeship and hone the skills of leadership"
"Kim Hughes did it last season and, returning amid a media fanfare of
trumpets, collapsed in a heap at the end of the Brisbane Test against New
Zealand"
"To bolster Allan Border's ego he too went off to India after having shown
frightening signs of succumbing to strain on a tour of New Zealand last
summer"
"For moral support a retired captain, Bob Simpson, accompanied him in
a cunning sort of wet-nurse capacity"
"Whether this will prove to have been an inspired move or not remains to
be seen, but I draw your attention to the fact that the selectors have sailed
into that India tour attack with their scalpels wreaking even before our
England invasion has got fairly underway"
"Oh, for another Bill Woodfull to put pride into our top team and at the
same time clear the dressing room of all superfluous impedimenta presently
contained therein"
""
"Slimmer Patty gets her pound of flesh  

  POOR, put-upon Patty Duke Astin. Has ever a woman suffered so much, so
long and so often for the pleasure of us at home?
  She has acted as a child  basher, an alcoholic, the wife of an alcoholic
and a rejected wife. Tonight she goes one further - a fat rejected wife"
"The movie is Channel Seven's ""Before and After"" and it is inspirational
indeed to those of us who carry the odd curve too many"
"However, for the situation to be genuinely comparable you would need
to have a piggish husband who leaves you when he turns 40, all because of
those extra kilograms"
"So what does a rejected  wife do? She goes on a diet, of course, loses
20-odd kilograms, finds that men like her again and that life without a
husband is not such a bad thing at all"
"The creepy husband comes crawling back and what does she tell him? Watch
it and see"
"It seems to me that there is a moral here. All husbands of fat wives beware:
Your ugly duckling might turn into a swan and leave you to weather your
mid-life crisis all by yourself"
"""Before and After"", apart from having an awful title, isn't anywhere
near as bad as it sounds. Patty Duke Astin is nothing if not a polished
actress and the movie has some very human moments"
"After all, don't they say that inside every fat person, is a thin one
trying to get out?"
"Strange fads and fashions  

JACK Palance and his daughter, Holly, tell us more tales of the strange
and unknown on Ripley's Believe It Or Not tonight on Channel 9 at 7.30"
"Holly takes a look at the many American fads over the years, including
Kewpie dolls, hula hoops, silly putty and The Thing"
"Meanwhile, Jack is lapping it up in Greece while he investigates some
Greek villagers who walk on fire to honor their saints, and a Javanese magician
who turns a man into a horse through hypnosis and then makes him eat
lightbulbs. Enlightening?
  He will also show us a human chess game and several animal oddities"
"But on a more educational level is some amazing film of the stress athletes
place on their bodies and the development of life inside the human body"
"Then at 8.30, super sleuth Jessica Fletcher, alias Angela Lansbury, finds
herself in hot water yet again when she attends a tennis match"
"Heaven knows where this woman finds time to write her alleged books!
  Between being shot at, threatened, kidnapped and then going on to solve
these intricate crimes, she is off visiting another relation in another
town"
"Tonight she accepts honorary chairmanship of her favorite children's
charity"
"Needless to say, someone is murdered but luckily Jessica is there to
solve the mystery"
""
"Uluru policy change By DAVE NASON  

  The Territory Government has changed its policy on the Uluru board of
management"
"The Chief Minister, Mr Steve Hatton, told the Legislative Assembly today
he was nominating the Tourism Minister, Mr Ray Hanrahan and Conservation
Minister, Mr Terry McCarthy, to the Government's vacant position"
"Under the previous Tuxworth administration the Territory boycotted
representation in protest at the handover of Uluru National Park to Aborigines
last year"
""
"STAINS `LOOKED LIKE BLOOD'  

A NORTHERN Territory scientific branch police officer has told the
Chamberlain Commission of Inquiry he saw stains on a hinge in the front
seat of the Chamberlain's car which looked like runny blood."
"Unique seafood platter  

A UNIQUE Aussie-Asian seafood platter is wowing 'em at Angela's Eastern Cafe 
in Eastlakes (near Kingsford)"
"Angela's has already made its name for superb Singapore chilli crab (and 
crab done Malay sambal and Indian style).  Choose your own live crab!
  The $35-for-two platter has mud crab (with BBQ or other sauce), garlic 
prawns, prawn cutlets, fish, fresh calamari, mussels and pippies in black bean 
sauce, plus greens and fried rice"
It's also ideal as an entree for four-six people
"Angela's owner Harry Low (whose wife Kim is the marvellous cook) has also 
introduced a deluxe lobster Indian curry"
"It has fresh lobster tail, prawns, steak, greens and special fried rice"
"Coming up soon is Angela's Sydney Harbor cruise: Sun night, Aug 31 on MV 
Southern Cross and Matilda II"
"There'll be chilli and garlic crab, a huge carvery, open bar, Chinese lion 
dance and fireworks and live entertainment. 
  You could win a trip-for-two to Singapore"
Cruise price is $54 pp
"Book for it and for lunch (Thurs-Fri) and dinner (Tues-Sun) on 693 2038 or 
(ah) 398 8516"
""
"NOW NONI IS NANCY WAKE  

ACTRESS Noni Hazelhurst is in for a big week"
"In Melbourne, she begins work in the title role of the new Channel 7
mini-series, Nancy Wake"
"The four-hour series begins in France in 1939 where Wake(code name the
White Mouse) lived with wealthy husband, Henri Fiocca (John Waters). A 
country girl from NSW and one of Australia's greatest wartime heroines,
Nancy was one of the most highly decorated women of the war"
"In Sydney, viewers are being treated to a repeat screening of the Waterfront
series in which Noni plays chorus girl, Maggie. Part two is on Channel 10
tonight at 8.30"
"The mini-series, Nancy Wake, has been sold to England's Thames Television
and will screen on Channel 7 next year"
""
"A Housewife's Lot ...is not an easy one.  In part two of a series on housework, Louise Carbines
looks at a day in the life of a full-time housewife and mother.  And inside,
the `stronger sex' reflects on the domestic front.  

ANNE Lloyd Mackenzie belongs to a diminishing species, the stay-at-home
mother.  In Australia nowadays, only a third of children are looked after
at home by their mothers.  Anne is an advocate for a minority committed
to a lifestyle which traditionally has been regarded as an honorable fate"
"For Anne, being a mother is synonymous with being a teacher.  At home,
she looks after her son Cameron, 3, and 16-month-old twins Rob and Cathy"
"Her job is of inestimable value. If she were paid for her professional
training as a teacher, she would earn about $450 a week"
"She is sad that society pigeonholes motherhood as an important but
low-status job because the going rate for mothers is nothing.  A live-in
housekeeper could command about $400 a week.  A live-in nanny would cost
about $175 a week.  Even domestic help costs about $9 an hour"
"""I'm sure that pay would raise society's regard for mothers,"" she says"
"""I'd like to see people at home being paid a living wage and people at
work being taxed more heavily.  There's a lack of community responsibility
for families. I also really like the idea of a communal village, where people
could share responsibility for child care.""
  At 6.30 am, Anne's reasons for staying at home have already woken up"
"Dummy in her mouth, hair standing on end, Cathy waddles into the kitchen"
"She rounds the table, teeters, then makes for her mother's navy dressing gown"
"Safely behind it, she takes a wary interest in the strangers who have 
inexplicably appeared"
"Rob, her twin brother, arrives a few minutes later, trailing the bedclothes
behind him.  Barefoot, he plods up to the table, his brown security-blanket
sweeping the floor.  Often, he will thoughtfully bring Cathy a blanket
and lend her his dummy.  There is more love than rivalry between them. 
His father, Ian, swings him up into a high-chair, settling him in front
of breakfast. Soon, Rob's face is covered with Vegemite and the table with
milk and Weeties"
"Ian usually feeds the children breakfast.  He is often on call as a doctor,
but Anne is always on call as a mother.  If she is lucky, this family routine
lets her sleep until 7am.  But today she is up for the children's breakfast,
prepared to welcome us early so that we can spend a day with her at home"
"""If you come that early, you'll probably find me in my dressing gown,""
she had joked the day before.  The dressing gown, like hair-rollers, is
part of the caricature of the housewife, almost a symbol of a dull or dilatory
life.  If she is not dressed up she is not doing much, or she is doing a
lot of little consequence.  Good humoredly, Anne wears her dressing gown,
reads the paper and makes tea for her guests at the beginning of a long day"
"Meanwhile, her children are turning the kitchen into a playroom"
"""Robert, you will go head over toes,"" she says, watching him pull cake-tins
and a bread-board out of a cupboard.  He jumps up and down on them and grins"
"Cathy joins him.  They bump into each other and fall on their bottoms.  ""See,""
their mother laughs.  ""That's what you get for mucking around.""
  Next, they help her with the dishes.  They push their chairs over to the
sink and wait for her to roll up their sleeves.  While an adult sees the
dishes, a child sees the bubbles.  They pat the bubbles, and fish for the
sponge in the sink.  Julius Sumner Miller would be proud of their wonder
and application as they squeeze water on to the bench and mop it up"
"""I always think of it as a learning experience,"" Anne says, as she helps
her slow dishwashers down from their chairs. ""It's important to provide
them with an environment where they can explore.""  At the moment, chores
are a game for them.  For Anne, they are the consequence rather than the
purpose of staying at home"
"""People might not believe it, but I do like to have the house tidy.  However,
I think this is more important"
"""When I was teaching, I often felt that I was fixing up other people's
mistakes.  I try to use a lot of the techniques that I used when I was
teaching.  Being education-oriented, I try to preserve their curiosity"
"So many children seemed to have the curiosity barked out of them with
`Don't do that!'.""
  Cam scooted into the kitchen.  He had told Anne that he didn't mind if
a photographer came to see him, but he didn't want to meet a reporter"
"He met Sebbie, the photographer, who showed him his cameras.  ""Anne, what's
a journalist?"" he asked, as he sat down for breakfast.  The explanation
did not excite him"
"""What are you eating?"" I asked, making small-talk"
"""I was going to eat toast, but the babies finished it off.""  Despite this,
he got on well with his babies, and had asked Anne if she would have ""just
one more lot"""
"While Cam and Sebbie discussed the logistics of eating jellybeans on
toast, Anne talked about her children. ""Cam is very verbal.  He tends to
have passionate friendships with little girls he knows.  When he was young,
he would never let me leave him. I don't know how much of that was fear
from asthma.  He was admitted to hospital with asthma at 12 months.""  This
morning, she would need to give him two air-pumps for his asthma. 
  ""Cathy really likes to play to a gallery.  But Rob is really affectionate
to people he knows.  He's very orderly.  He likes everything in its place.""
  Wiping the sink, Anne thought carefully about her definition of a ""good
mother"".  She was very conscious of how exacting society could be of the
women it did not pay.  ""I think that being a good mother is something to
do with letting children's personalities emerge to make the child a happy
person.  It's important to nurture their personalities so that they also
come to terms with the faults in their characters.  Being a good mother
is about civilising and socialising children"
"""The most exciting thing is just watching their personalities develop,
to see that these inquiring little persons are learning from the way that
you have treated them.  You put so much work into them before they can speak
and walk and it's not until they are three of four that you can see the
results.  
  ""I think that being a mother is also very sensuous.  You're always being
touched and cuddled. You enjoy that intimacy.""
  Anne, 31, had been brought up by a mother at home.  This had influenced
her decision to stay at home.  She wanted to be able to answer her children's
""whys"", even though, sometimes, they seemed like just more of the interminable
demands made on mothers.  ""I'm sure that someone who is just doing a job
would not have the same commitment to answering their questions.""  She
was sure that mothers were also the best decoders of their children's early
speech, helping them make sentences from phrases, and phrases from words"
"""Sebbie?  Will you come and watch `Playschool' with me?"" Cam asks.  It
is 9 am, and he and Sebbie disappear into the front room.  Already, Anne
has dressed her three children, hung a load of washing on the clothesline
and stopped to play with the trio on the jungle gym which, according to
Cam, offered the best view of Halley's comet in the back yard"
"""Television really gives Cam a lot of ideas for things to do.  But the
standard really varies.  I did use it a lot as a baby-sitter. I suppose
I would think it was bad if Cam watched `Sesame Street' and `Playschool'
twice a day.  That would mean that he was watching three hours of television
a day.""
  In the front room, Cam is leaning over the arm of a couch pushed close
to the television.  It is the best room in their house.  ""Sometimes people
tell me to keep him out of the front room, that we should have a room that
won't be damaged by the children.  I think that he should grow up in a house
that belongs to him.  It teaches him that he has responsibilities and
rights.  You can't do that if you're trying to keep the place tidy all the
time."" 
  Anne and Ian bought their house in an eastern suburb about five years ago"
"Anne says her house would never feature in `Home Beautiful', and she would
never fit the advertisers' ideal of the ""margarine mum"". One day, she says,
they will get around to doing all the painting and the weeding which a
margarine mum would have done"
"""I think that our spending priorities are quite atypical.  We spend very
little on clothes or the house.  The rest goes on help.  I think that money
is a real problem for many people with young families.  I'm very lucky"
"I have someone who comes in at tea for two hours.  We agreed that I should
have help in lieu of the time that Ian couldn't give me.  
  ""We decided that Ian should go on to further study.  I suppose that I
lose seniority, but I don't lose my position.  I'd much rather see careers
compromised than the children compromised.  I think that a lot of people
would like to do more with their families, but careers just aren't structured
that way.""
  She resents the times when people dismissed her because of her job"
"They seemed to think that women at home lacked ambition or intelligence because
they were ""just housewives"""
"Sometimes she feels trapped.  ""There are times when I'd just like to go
down to the library and get some books, but often you can't do that on the
spur of the moment.""  She also regretted that becoming a parent meant that
she and Ian spent less time with friends who did not have children.  ""We've
really lost touch with a lot of people, a lot of friends.  You tend to go
and see people with children.  Usually we're headed to bed by 9.30pm.""
  Last night, they had gone to bed about 11. Cathy woke at about 2am, and
Cam could not sleep because of his asthma.  The children finally settled
down at about 4am.  Everyone was up a couple of hours later.  ""I suppose
lack of sleep is the worst thing about motherhood,"" Anne says.  ""You can
put up with almost anything else.""
  By 11 am, the twins are waddling around with their blankets, a sign that
they are ready for a sleep.  After hanging out another load of washing, making
the beds and giving Cam an air-pump, Anne picks up Cathy and Cam and reads
them stories in the back yard.  She reads `Elizabeth Anne' and `Amazing Trains
of the World'.  We learn that people in India like to travel on top of
trains as well as inside them"
"Under the clothesline, Cam climbs into a bus which, until a few minutes
ago, had been the family banana chair.  ""I can see London Bridge,"" he shouts"
"Naturally, he is the driver, and Sebbie is the porter who must load and
unload the bus.  There is a lot of luggage; a wheelbarrow, a mop, a bucket,
a rake, a kickboard and the babies' bath"
"Luckily for the porter, the bus driver has to go to kinder at 1pm.  He
rides his bicycle to kinder, ahead of the babies (in their stroller), Anne,
Sebbie and the journalist.  Before she picks him up at 3 pm, Anne goes home
again, does the lunch dishes and takes the twins shopping.  She buys them
a broom and umbrellas, blue and red.  Sweeping the footpath and testing
their umbrellas, the family arrives home again at 4pm"
""
"Textile industry protection debate swinging growers direction Canberra Comment
By David Kidd  

  CANBERRA - Consumer transfer from industry protection for textile clothing
and footwear (TCF) manufacturing is estimated at $1000 million a year,
with these industries getting one third of all protection provided to
manufacturing"
"The Industries Assistance Commission (IAC) has given the Government three
options for reductions in TCF protection - targets to 75 per cent, 50 per
cent and 25 per cent"
"Federal Cabinet is due to make an announcement on its protection policy
before the end of November"
"National Farmers Federation (NFF), miners and others have been campaigning
hard for a cut of at least half the assistance given to Australian TCF
manufacturers."
"Intellectual failure  

Loss of competence is frequently but incorrectly attributed to getting old"
"Very often, what we think to be decline in an old person's mental powers
is the result of emotional problems, such as depression or anxiety, or simply
disuse; young people kept in solitary confinement need retraining to regain
mental competence. Often we overcompensate for old people's mental decline:

  A colleague working at Harvard University began to suspect that, however
  well-meaning, the very act of helping old people may reduce their ability
  to look after themselves. The opportunities for practising a necessary
  skill are removed, and the message that they are becoming incapable of
  self-care, producing a state called `learned helplessness', is subtly 
  conveyed"
"Three groups of old people were given jigsaw puzzles to test their
  performance. An examiner sat in on one group, encouraging , suggesting
  where to put pieces, and actively assisting in finding pieces to fit"
"In another, the examiner gave only minimal assistance and encouragement"
"In the third group there was no examiner, except for assessment before
  and after the experiment"
"The people who were helped performed less well than those who were only
  encouraged, while they did less well than those who were left to themselves"
"The `helped' group completed on the average fewer pieces, and worked more
  slowly"
"This suggests that, although helpers mean well, they may be reducing the
competence of older people in their charge. It also shows that being helped
may make a task seem more difficult than it is and so reduce self-confidence"
"This does not mean, of course, that the many frail, aged people who require
assistance for their very survival should have it withdrawn! But we must
judge carefully when to interfere. The old idea that you were always losing
brain cells over the age of sixty seemed bad enough, but now we learn that
the big losses are when we are younger. In fact the present theory is that
we are born with brain cells in excess of normal requirements and are losing
a daily quantity from birth. The greatest loss is around the age of forty
when we begin to notice failing memory. However, from the start we have
learned to do without the ones that become discarded. Mental skills requiring
most flexibility are lost quite early - children and young teenagers take
to computers and solve the Rubik cube better than anyone. But our ability
to make judgments on the basis of information already acquired continues
to develop throughout life"
"We must therefore make certain whether or not an old person's mental
failure is intellectual, and this may require testing by someone specially
trained. We are all familiar with remarkable people who preserve their
mental powers and personality intact into the nineties. We are also painfully
aware that many become depressed and lose their mental acuity. For the majority
there is a falling off in certain mental abilities, particularly those tasks
that require a solution within a given time. There is a slowing of response
due to delay within the central nervous system, and so patience is needed
in communication, and instructions are best given simply and briefly to
allow plenty of time for absorption. Old people find doing two things at
once difficult, so you may see an old lady stop walking while she puts on
her gloves. Then again you may notice old people moving their lips while
reading, and this is because they need to reinforce their understanding
by hearing the words as well as seeing them"
"Of course it is characteristic for the elderly to become less adaptable,
as we already discussed in Chapter 2, and this can make them difficult to live
with. Even more important, perhaps, it may be a serious barrier to successful
rehabilitation after an illness when new skills have to be learned. In this
chapter we describe the different ways your relative's mental processes may
be affected and how you may cope with these problems of the mind"
"Normal changes of aging The emotions  
In old people, emotions assume an increasingly dominant role
and are liable to colour their beliefs about their lifestyle. There may
be a blunting of feeling leading to apathy or indifference, or an accentuation
of former characteristics so that someone, say, who used to be strict and
have demanding standards either mellows into tolerance or hardens into
despotism. It is well known that emotional activity in the elderly tends
towards certain patterns of behaviour - resistance to change, lack of
spontaneity, greater caution and distrust of the unfamiliar"
"Memory  
It is often said that when you are old you can remember the distant
past, but not what has just happened. This distinction, however, is not
by any means clear-cut. We have a short-term memory and a faculty for retaining
information, such as shopping lists, for a short time only, and then discarding
it when it is no longer needed. Certainly when someone's brain starts to
fail, short-term memory is more vulnerable, but this is really because of
an inability to register the information in the first place"
"We all begin to notice that our memory is not so good once we have passed
forty, and this type of forgetfulness is characterized by difficulty in
recalling names and events. Loss of recent memory - or indeed of any period
involving whole episodes, is a different type of failure and should be regarded
as a symptom of disease rather than a feature of aging. This may be due
to a number of conditions, both physical and mental (stroke or alcoholism,
or dementia, see page 94), and including the effect of drugs. So a good medical
opinion based on experienced assessment is needed"
"Memory aids   
There are many practical ways you can suggest to help your 
relative remember necessary facts and domestic details. These will both provide
confidence and can act as a form of memory training:
   1. Keep a large daily diary with space to write all the day's activities,
     hour by hour 2. Use details in the environment - definite times, places, objects -
     to act as reminders to do a particular task. For example, put the coffee
     jar in a prominent place in the kitchen so that preparing a routine
     mid-morning snack is remembered 3. Reduce daily activities to those that are easily remembered by your
     relative 4. Encourage occupations that do not tax the memory too much, for example,
     painting or gardening 5. Praise, even reward good recall, but avoid putting your relative to
     the test.  
Quite often elderly people lose their sense of identity, and need to be
reminded who they are, where they are and what time of day it is. Keeping
clocks and calendars, family pictures and mementos on hand so that your
relative can refer to them constantly helps strengthen self-confidence"
"Make sure these aids are large, clearly marked and accurate. Reminiscence
can be used as a pleasurable form of mental stimulation. But when old people
begin to ramble, it is a good idea to change the subject to something more
concrete. Encourage your relative to make choices, and so retain his or
her independence"
These suggestions are useful for everyone with a degree of memory failure
"They can also be helpful in stimulating elderly people with more severe
mental disability"
"Mental disorder  

The idea of mental failure  I want to say that whereas medical labels are
useful to the profession, I am not speaking only of dementia here. True
dementia is irreversible, but the brain may fail - that is, become confused
- for many other reasons, which are reversible. We have to think of mental 
failure rather in the same way as we do cardiac failure. This means that it 
can be compensated for and kept going with various forms of help, such as I
suggest above. The necessary adjustment can be made by reducing incoming
strains and providing a simple, familiar routine. Perhaps the most important
task for the doctor is to distinguish the elements of dementia and confusion
from treatable depression, and this is not easy"
"Confusion  

Confusion can unfortunately give a false impression of dementia. But it
is simply a descriptive term indicating that someone has a disordered awareness
of his or her surroundings. Of course you can be confused more easily when
you are dementing - but anyone submitted to too many stimuli can be made
confused. Old people who cannot discriminate between sights and sounds
are predisposed, so that confusion is particularly common at dusk, when
it is difficult to pick things out from the background and stereoscopic
(simultaneous) vision is much reduced.                                 
  A state of confusion may be accompanied by delusions. Perhaps you have
felt confused for a moment on waking up in a strange hotel, or when suddenly
questioned while daydreaming? On a lazy holiday you may not be able to say
what day or time of day it is. So remember that anyone can become confused in
situations where too much or too little is happening, the surroundings are
unfamiliar and emotional drives are strong"
"In fact, if your relative is only confused, you can feel optimistic about
the outcome. In many cases confusion can be treated by removing the cause,
which may be one or a combination of the following:
 
 ‚2 A full bladder ‚2 Constipation ‚2 The effect of drugs ‚2 An infection ‚2 Heart disease ‚2 Minor stroke.  

Looking after a confused person requires skilful handling. It is important
not to thwart, but to learn how to guide and soothe your relative. If, for
instance, your old father has got up in the night with the idea of going
to work it is better to say, `Can I come along too?' and lead him into the
kitchen to sit down and wait for the bus, than to get into a noisy
confrontation. After a while he may take a glass of milk or a hot drink
and quietly return to bed, having forgotten where he was going in the first
instance. Let me say at once that this cannot always work, but it is the
approach most likely to succeed"
"Dementia  

Although it is so prevalent in old age - it has been estimated that about
one person in five over the age of eighty suffers from moderate or severe
dementia - it is not easy to detect at first. If you notice that your relative
has serious memory lapses, as I explained on page 92, or starts to behave
in unusual or obsessional ways, or has trouble with language, you should
speak to your doctor about it. Any of these may be due to anxiety or drug
effects, to confusion, or to brain damage, so skilled testing will be needed
to decide what is at the root"
"Coping with dementia   
At least eight in ten elderly people with dementia
are cared for at home and they are also likely to be affected with other
mental and physical illness, imposing a severe strain on the relatives caring
for them. Depending on the degree of dementia, there will be repetition,
restlessness, mistaking people's identity - even yours - lack of motivation,
memory lapses, hitting out at supporters, and disturbances at night. Falls
and incontinence are caused by lack of physical control and the sufferer's
unawareness of his or her own body"
"I think it is true to say that the wish to care for someone with these
problems grows out of an established pattern of life, reinforced by bonds
of affection and obligation. But, of course, the personality change and
the accompanying problems mean you will feel sadness, and at times
exasperation, more acutely. When you care for someone in this condition,
one of the worst features is the inability to sustain a conversation. It
seems as if the person is gradually becoming more and more remote, although
the physical resemblance is there"
"What should you look out for if you suspect your relative has dementia?
The following are typical symptoms; they can be alleviated provided you
are alert to them and take the measures suggested here and by your doctor
or geriatrician:"
"Botham, leave your killer instinct home!  

IAN BOTHAM intends living here because of the great fishing and shooting. How
old was the 31 kg sailfish he caught, and what exactly does he like killing
with a gun? Stay in England Ian, we have enough people like you here already"
Mrs B. Ferris (Montmorency).
"Girl, 15, beats rape bid  

A TEENAGE girl was saved by an elderly man when three men tried to rape
her in Geelong on Saturday night"
"Police said three men in a car began making suggestive comments to the
girl as walked along Hitchcock Av about 11.45 pm"
"The girl, 15, from Barwon Heads, became frightened when the men chased
her into the grounds of a church"
"Police said that after the men caught up with her she was assaulted until
an elderly man came to her aid.  The attackers ran off"
"Police said they had no descriptions of the men but they were believed
to be driving a small, white station wagon. 
  In another incident, a 18-year-old woman was forced into a car as she
stood outside the Croydon Hotel, Maroondah Highway, about 2.15 am yesterday"
""
"AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY Crimes (Domestic Violence) Ordinance 1986 An Ordinance relating to domestic violence PART I - PRELIMINARY  

  1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Crimes (Domestic
Violence) Ordinance 1986"
"Commencement  
2. This Ordinance shall come into operation on a day to be
fixed by the Minister by notice published in the Gazette"
"Interpretation  
3. In this Ordinance, unless the contrary intention appears -
""child"", in relation to a person, includes -

  (a) an adopted child of the person;
  (b) a step-child of the person;
  (c) an ex-nuptial child of the person; and
  (d) a child of the person or of the spouse or de facto spouse
      of the person, being a child who is or was, at the relevant
      time, ordinarily a member of the household of the person and
      the spouse or de facto spouse of the person and treated by them
      as a child of their family;

""the Court"" means the Court of Petty Sessions;

""de facto spouse"", in relation to a person, means a person of
  the opposite sex to the first-mentioned person who is living
  with the first-mentioned person as that person's husband or
  wife although not legally married to the first-mentioned
  person;

""member of the family"", in relation to a person, means a
  spouse, de facto spouse, child or parent of the person;

""parent"", in relation to a person who is -
  (a) an adopted child - means the adoptive parent of the child;
  (b) a step-child - includes the step-parent of the person;
  (c) an ex-nuptial child - includes the natural father of the
      person;
  (d) a child as mentioned in paragraph (d) of the definition of
      ""child"" - includes the person, and the spouse of the de facto
      spouse of the person, mentioned in that paragraph;
""police officer"" means a member of Australian Federal Police;
""protection order"" means an order made under Part II"
"Prescribed offences  
4. A reference in this Ordinance to a prescribed offence is a
reference to the following offences -

  (a) murder;
  (b) manslaughter;
  (c) an offence, whether committed in the Territory or
      elsewhere, of a kind to which section 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 
      33A, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 46, 47, 54, 58, 59, 83, 90A, 92A to 92D
      (inclusive), 92F, 92H, 92J, 92M, 493, 494 or 546A of the Crimes
      Act, 1900 of the State of New South Wales in its application
      in the Territory applies or of a like kind;
  (d) an attempt to commit an offence of a kind referred to in
      paragraphs (a) to (c) (inclusive),
being an offence committed or attempted to be committed by a
person against the spouse or a former spouse, or the de facto
spouse or a former de facto spouse, of the person"
"PART II - PROTECTION ORDERS Protection orders  
5. (1) The Court, if it is satisfied on the balance of
probabilities that a person has engaged in conduct (whether in
the Territory or not) that -

  (a) constitutes a prescribed offence committed against the
      person's spouse or de facto spouse; or
  (b) may reasonably be regarded as harassment of the person's
      spouse or de facto spouse, 
and is likely to engage again in such conduct, may make an order 
restraining the person from engaging in that conduct or in similar 
conduct"
"(2) The Court, if it is satisfied on the balance of
probabilities that a person has engaged in conduct (whether in
the Territory or not) that -
  (a) constitutes a prescribed offence committed against a former
      spouse, or a former de facto spouse, of the person; or
  (b) may reasonably be regarded as harassment of a former
      spouse, or a former de facto spouse, of the person,
and is likely to engage again in such conduct, may make an
order restraining the person from engaging in that conduct or
in similar conduct"
"(3) On an application for a protection order, the Court may,
if it considers that it is desirable to do so, before
considering the application, make an interim protection order"
"(4) The Court may, on application by the applicant or the
respondent, vary or revoke the protection order"
"Applications for protection order  

  6. (1) An application for a protection order under sub-section
5(1) may be made by the spouse or the de facto spouse of the
person against whom the order is sought"
"(2) An application for a protection order under sub-section
5(2) may be made by the former spouse, or the former de facto
spouse, concerned"
(3) A police officer may apply for a protection order
"(4) With the leave of the Court, a person other than a person
mentioned in sub-section (1), (2) or (3) may apply for a
protection order as agent for the applicant"
"(5) In relation to proceedings on an application made as
mentioned in sub-section (3) or (4), a reference in this Part
to the applicant is a reference to the person against whom the
offence concerned was committed, or who was harassed"
"(6) The person against whom the order is sought shall be the
respondent to the application"
"(7) Where an application for a protection order has been served
on a person, section 199 of the Court of Petty Sessions
Ordinance 1930 applies in relation to the person as it applies
in relation to a defendant as mentioned in that section"
"Affidavit evidence  
7. (1) Evidence on an application for a protection order may
be given on affidavit"
"(2) It is not necessary to call a person who made such an
affidavit to give evidence unless a party to the proceeding,
or the Court, so requires"
"Form of orders  
8. (1) Subject to this Ordinance, a protection order may
include provisions restraining a person -

  (a) from being in premises in which the applicant for the
      protection order resides;
  (b) from being in premises that are the place of work of the
      applicant for the protection order;
  (c) from being in a specified locality, being a locality in
      which premises as mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) are
      situated;
  (d) from approaching within a specified distance of the
      applicant for the protection order; and
  (e) if the person continues to reside with the applicant for
      the protection order - from entering or remaining in the place
      of residence while intoxicated"
"(2) A protection order that includes provision as mentioned in
paragraph (1)(a) may also include provision -

  (a) restraining the respondent from taking possession of
      personal property of either the applicant or the respondent,
      being property that is reasonably needed by a member of the
      respondent's family; or
  (b) directing the respondent to give possession of such of that
      property as is specified in the order to a specified member
      of the respondent's family"
"Matters to be taken into account  
9. (1) In determining an application for a protection order,
the matters that the Court shall take into account include -

  (a) the need to ensure that persons are protected from violence
      and harassment;
  (b) if the members of the respondent's family include a child
      who has not attained the age of 18 years - the welfare of the
      child;
  (c) the accommodation needs of the members of that family; and
  (d) the hardship that will be caused to the respondent or to
      any other person if the order is made"
"(2) In determining whether to make an order that includes
provision of the kind mentioned in sub-section 8(2), the Court
shall also take into account the property, income and financial
resources, and the financial obligations, of the applicant and
the respondent"
"Orders on applications by police, &c.  
10. A protection order shall not be made on an application made
as mentioned in sub-section 6(3) or (4) unless the applicant
consents to the making of the order"
"Notice to respondents  
11. A protection order shall not be made unless -

  (a) the respondent has had actual notice of the application for
      that order; or
  (b) by reason of circumstances of seriousness or urgency, it
      is proper to make the order without notice to the respondent"
"Ouster orders  
12. (1) Where an agreement (including a mortgage or a lease of
premises) provides that, if the respondent ceases to reside in
his or her place of residence, a person may do a particular
thing prejudicial to the interests of the respondent or a
member of the respondent's family, the person is not entitled
to do that thing if the respondent ceases to reside in the
place of residence, in compliance with a protection order"
"(2) Where the respondent is the lessee, or a lessee, of his or
her place of residence, the Court may, on making a protection
order that, or that includes provision that, would have the
effect of restraining the respondent from entering or
remaining in the place of residence, make an order -

  (a) varying the lease by substituting for the lessee or lessees
      a member of the respondent's family; and
  (b) directing that any payments made under the lease be treated
      as having been made by that member"
"(3) Subject to sub-section(4), such an order has effect
according to its tenor"
"(4) Where the lease has been registered under the Real Property
Ordinance 1925, such an order does not have effect until a
memorial of the variation of the lease is registered under that
Ordinance"
"(5) Sub-section (2) does not apply in relation to a Crown lease
within the meaning of the Real Property Ordinance 1925"
"(6) This section applies notwithstanding section 10 of the
Court of Petty Sessions (Civil Jurisdiction) Ordinance 1982"
"Operation of protection orders  
13. (1) A provision of a protection order is not applicable in
relation to a person unless the person has actual notice of the
provision"
"(2) The notice may have been given orally, but in the case of
a provision that would have the effect of restraining the
respondent from entering or remaining in his or her place of
residence, that shall have been given in writing"
"Breach of protection order  
14. (1) A person shall not contravene or fail to comply with
a provision of a protection order that is applicable to the
person. 
Penalty:

  (2) A person may, in accordance with law, arrest a person for
an offence against sub-section (1)"
"(3) Where a prosecution for an offence against sub-section (I)
is instituted by summons, the summons shall require the person
to appear to answer the information at a time not later than
72 hours after the time at which the summons is issued"
"(4) Service of the summons shall be effected at least 24 hours
before the time appointed in the summons for the hearing of the
information"
"(5) Sub-sections (3) and (4) have effect notwithstanding
sections 38 and 41 of the Court of Petty Sessions Ordinance
1930"
"Restriction on publication of court proceedings  
15. (1) A person shall not publish in a newspaper or periodical
publication or by radio broadcast or television, or otherwise
disseminate to the public or to a section of the public or to
a section of the public by any means, the identity of a party
to proceedings in connection with a protection order, or
information from which the identity of such a party may readily
be ascertained"
"Penalty:

  (2) Sub-section (1) does not prevent a publication in
circumstances that, or is of a kind that, were the proceedings
proceedings under the Family Law Act 1975 would not constitute
a contravention of section 12 of that Act"
"(3) Proceedings for an offence against this section shall not
be commenced except by, or with the consent in writing of, the
Attorney-General or the Director of Public Prosecutions, or a
person authorised by either of those persons in that behalf"
"PART III - MISCELLANEOUS Bail  
16. (1) Where a person or body has, under a law of the
Territory, power to grant bail to a person (in this section
called the ""accused"") in respect of a prescribed offence, the
matters that the person or body shall take into account in
determining whether to grant bail to the accused and the
conditions on which bail is to be granted include -"
"By Vera Bockmann  

   So that is how Otto and I came to be married in Hamburg
eighteen months after our first meeting"
"Imagine my delight, when at the wedding breakfast at the
Reichshof Hotel I found on the table a small Australian flag
hoisted on a tiny flag-pole. There were other surprises as
well. I had never heard of much less seen a private box in a
restaurant. As we entered the orchestra struck up Mendelssohn's
Wedding March. I was startled, but nobody stared. Beyond a
cursory glance, it was of no interest to the diners whatsoever"
"Otto's closest friend Hans Jung with his wife Metta were our
only guests, and if, on that evening, anyone had prophesied
another war between Britain and Germany, a war which was to be
so much more devastating than the previous one, we would have
laughed them to scorn. That night everyone was friendly,
stimulating and enchanting. Any misgivings I had about my
parents being so far away were easily suppressed"
It was our night
"I found myself hoisting the flag up and down the cute little
flag-pole and gave our guests a demonstration as to how, as
school children in Tanunda we saluted the flag every morning
before entering classes. Little did I realize that this small
emblem was to be my most treasured talisman fifteen years later
during ten days' confinement in our air-raid shelter during the
Battle of Berlin"
"The inhabitants of Hamburg all seemed to have fair hair and
very blue eyes and spoke English fluently. It was easy to
understand their precise and clipped German. I had been taught
to speak German from childhood but it was rather watered-down-
stuff compared with Hamburg German. I felt rather smug when I
found that not only could I converse in German but reap in
compliments as well. Actually it was my undoing because I did
not take the trouble of learning the grammar until much, much
later. Flattery is so easy to take, and I revelled in the fact
that everyone thought the way I spoke so very quaint"
"In 1929 the Reeperbahn, the cosmopolitan cabaret area in St
Pauli was quite overwhelming as a tourist attraction. Tourists
meant money, and they seemed to have lots of it. With the
harbour full of ships of all nations Hamburg was a mecca for
entertainment. People dined late, watching daring floor shows
or seeking establishments where very good orchestras kept the
diners listening rather than chattering"
"It was the thing to leave at about two in the morning and
go to a cheaper, smaller place where it was quite permissible
to dance on the well-scrubbed table if you happened to feel
like it. There was absolutely nothing riotous about it, law and
order were mysteriously coupled with gay abandon and laughter"
Moreover it would be misleading to say that anyone was drunk
"Probably they had all had as much as they could hold, but they
could hold it. Neither did it seem odd for someone at the table
to suddenly strike up a serious note amid all the hilarity in
order to become involved in a deep philosophical discussion at
three o'clock in the morning. Sleep was something we would have
plenty of time for later"
It was the era of the saxophone and soft strains of music
"The current favourite was `Ramona'. Hans and I would sing it
walking from the electric train stop to where they lived,
oblivious of the time. We sang it at home and we sang it
sailing on the Elbe and Metta and Otto smiled indulgently"
"Much much later I was in Hamburg again. In the seventies,
neither Otto, Hans nor Metta were alive anymore. And yet they
were there, if not in the flesh"
"Cruising on the Elbe to Cuxhaven, I was reminded of them all
the time in a comfortably nostalgic way. At dusk I made for the
Alster Pavilion and ordered a Furst-Buckler, a very special
ice-cream. I had hardly noticed the orchestra playing until a
saxophone tuned in, an instrument so popular in 1929 but hardly
ever heard in the seventies. My emotions were aroused
immediately, augmenting the nostalgia I had surrendered to
all day. But I hadn't counted on the saxophone quietly playing
`Ramona'. My ice-cream became mingled with salty copious tears"
"Except for the rather damp climate, nothing would have
suited me better than to settle in Hamburg. The harbour made me
feel in touch with the whole world, it was lovely to hear the
sound of so many languages, and I too longed to be
cosmopolitan. But everyone spoke English to me as though they
could smell my passport"
"I had to surrender my passport to the British Consulate the
day before we were married. It was an uncomfortable
experience, making me realize that I was losing something very
precious. Being young, I lightheartedly managed to convince
myself that one nation was as good or bad as another, and where
on earth could one find more charming and lovable people than
in Hamburg. Why, even two of Queen Victoria's daughters had
married Germans. Henceforth I would be a German citizen. What
could I know then of being cut off from my own family by war,
to say nothing of the fact that, directly after the war I was
an enemy alien according to Australian rules"
"Maturing in a foreign country leaves its mark on you for
ever, whether you like it or not. It leaves you constantly
groping for a middle way and getting nowhere, very often
finding yourself a misfit, no matter where you happen to be"
"We did not settle in Hamburg as planned because Otto had
better prospects being transferred to the head office of the D
e b e g. This was an abbreviation of Deutsche
Betriebsgesellschaft fur Drahtlose Telegraphie. I considered
myself very smart being able to ripple that off my tongue
without an accent. Well, hardly any! So it was to be Berlin and
Otto had now become a land-lubber. But he never lost the
lilting gait of a true sea-faring man"
"It seemed impossible to find a suitably furnished apartment
at a reasonable price in Berlin so we decided to look around
in Potsdam. By a stroke of great luck we finally found just
what we wanted, at least for a start. Although Potsdam was not
part of Greater Berlin we could get to the west end of Berlin
in half an hour by electric train which ran every ten minutes"
"The drawback was that we lived at the other end of Potsdam
which meant five minutes walk to the tram and 15 minutes to the
station. But it was worth it. From the balcony of our apartment
in Kapellenbergstrasse we could touch the enormous lime trees
which lined the street. The apartment was in a huge villa which
was occupied by aristocratic ladies on a sort of `grace and
favour' basis. Their pensions were so slender that they were
obliged to sublet. The villa itself had seen better days when
there were lots of servants and a real mistress. All that was
left of the former glory were two stuffed boars in the vast
entrance hall. But in our time, this entrance was purely for
show. There must have been some sort of unwritten rule that
this access was for `visitors only', its stair-case had lush
red carpet, even if it was a bit threadbare in places. Then
there was the extremely well-kept garden. The former butler in
pre World War I times also had a `grace and favour' arrange
ment in as much as he'd been allotted three rooms and kitchen
in the semi-basement, in return for which he was expected to
keep the garden in order. And how he lived up to that trust"
"Occasionally he still buttled at weddings in other people's
houses, and a jolly fine figure he cut as he walked through the
garden gate in full regalia, no doubt in anticipation of a good
tip and a few good cigars"
"As a gardener he was a tyrant. Although he never verbally
objected to my walking along the meticulously gravelled paths
he would be after me, covering up my footsteps with his rake"
"All the flower beds were edged with a slender strip of lawn
which he virtually manicured. Washing on the line was out - not
even in the back garden, which actually was just as attractive
as in the front and side of the villa. No matter how
impoverished these people were everything was sent to the
laundry. Teenagers visiting their grandmothers were expected
to carry their bicycles over the paths, while dogs could only
be smuggled into the house when the gardener wasn't looking"
"But you could always reconcile him with a good cigar, no
matter how badly your visitors behaved"
"The population of Potsdam seemed to consist entirely of
elderly aristocrats. The ladies always wore hats which had
probably been in the height of fashion at the turn of the
century. Lace collars reinforced with whale-bone decorated
their throats, usually fastened with an enormous brooch. As for
their other jewellery no one asked what had become of it. I was
constantly reminded of Mrs. Gaskell's book Cranford. But
nothing was ever so Cranfordian as Potsdam. These were families
who had formerly owned large town houses as well as country
estates, run by an army of underpaid and overworked servants"
"Of course everyone had a title. Some were unpronounceable and
grotesque, so was it any wonder that I shied away from using
these titles like a startled horse? Regierungsrat Geheimrat,
top secret privy councillor, it did not make any sense, to say
nothing of the Prussian military titles. It was hard enough to
say Gnadige Frau every time you addressed an older woman but it
was the easiest way out. Later I got a tremendous kick out of
being called a Gnadige Frau myself"
"They still had lots of precious objets d'art which were
hocked when need arose. Costly Dresden china adorned every nook
and cranny, the furniture was massive and rather ugly, oriental
rugs one on top of another, no matter whom you visited. It was
always like being in an antique shop. Yet, I loved these
people because they accepted me for what I was; no frills. One
was constantly reminded of Prussia and what it stood for. Even
the tram-cars in Potsdam had the Prussian Eagle woven into the
well-worn plush seats"
"One of the first lessons I had to learn was never ever to
put a cup and saucer into the laps of German ladies and expect
them to be happy about it. No matter how simple the fare it
had to be served at a table, preferably a very solid one. But
we grew to respect this Cranfordian spirit of Potsdam and
became very friendly with a family who had five young boys, the
von Gottbergs. They were the grandsons of our landlady and it
transpired that she had long ago married a Jewish gentleman
with means. But this was not important in 1929. That came
later"
"The father of the young boys was a retired general, quite a
bit older than his half Jewish wife and not at all arrogant,
yet so unlike anyone I had ever met that I was never quite at
ease with him. Otto used to give me hints on how to behave but
in the end I always reverted to being just myself, and somehow
I was accepted. As for the boys, I was like an elder sister
and thought it absolutely fantastic that they went to the same
school as the Hohenzollern princes, the sons of the former
Crown Prince"
"We often went with them to Werder, the lakeside resort with
spectacular views. In Spring the Berliners flocked to Werder to
admire the fruit blossom and get drunk on strawberry wine. Two large
restaurants on hilltops flanked by the lakes of the Havel offered a 
magnificent view."
"Freedom of information: obtaining information from the
Commmissioner*Commissioner By Chris Butler  

Traditionally, information interaction between the Commissioner of Taxation
and the taxpayer has been kept to a bare minimum. Rarely has either party
been willing to provide information to the other, prior to a judicial
confrontation"
"However, in recent history, the taxpayer has been given significant
consessions in obtaining information from the Commissioner"
"Information can generally be obtained from the Commissioner by way of
the following legislation:
‚2 Income Tax Assessment Act (1936) as amended"
‚2 Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977
‚2 Freedom of Information Act 1982
"The Income Tax Assessment Act contains various provisions for dealing
with the Commissioner, most notably in the areas of secrecy, assessment
and objection procedures. However, the major concessions have been provided
by the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act and the Freedom of
Information Act concerning the Commissioner's application of the Income
Tax Assessment Act and regulations"
"To some degree the Commissioner has participated in this spirit of
co-operation by way of publishing Income Tax Rulings on specific topics"
"While these statements are useful in determining broad attitudes and policies,
the major benefits of gaining additional information occur in direct contests
between taxpayers and the taxation Office. This issue is of growing importance
in view of the ever increasing number of tax audits"
"The Income Tax Assessment Act (ITAA) Secrecy  
Employees of the Commonwealth or a State who acquire information about the
affairs of taxpayers are required to maintain confidentiality (s16)"
"The officer may only disclose such information in the performance of his
or her duties or if authorised by a Taxation Commissioner to communicate
information to authorised recipients such as a Royal Commission. Similarly,
disclosure to a court is only possible when it is necessary to carry into
effect provisions of the ITAA or a State income tax law. The penalty for
contravention of these secrecy provisions is $5,000 and/or 12 months
imprisonment"
"Assessments  
The provision by the Commissioner of income tax assessments represents the
most vital information (ie - income tax assessed) that a taxpayer will receive"
"It is the additional descriptions and explanation for adjustments to income
as returned which cause the most significant problems"
"A taxpayer has limited rights to force the Commissioner to make an 
assessment of income tax. If an assessment does not issue within 12 months of 
lodgement then a request to make the assessment may be made. However, there 
is no statutory right to insist on the making of an assessment"
"Similarly, when an amended assessment issues at the Commissioner's
initiation (ie - not resulting from a tax-payer's objection eg - a tax audit)
the Commissioner is under no obligation to provide an adjustment sheet
disclosing the basis on which taxable income is varied (Lancey Shipping
Co)"
"This is so even where the amended assessment decreases net taxable income
but includes disallowances of items which a taxpayer may wish to object
against"
"Objections  
The taxpayer has more power to obtain information when an objection is lodged
within 60 days of the date of an assessment or amended assessment. Although
no time limit applies in making his decision a written notice of the
Commissioner's decision must be served on the taxpayer. Additionally,
an explanation of any adjustments made in an amended assessment is essential"
(Trautwein's case)
"Accordingly, because of secrecy requirements imposed on government
officials and the limited rights available in relation to assessments and
objections, the Income Tax Assessment Act, although providing basic
fundamental information, has only limited capacity to produce more detailed
informaton for taxpayers upon request"
"The Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act (ADJR)
Generally, the ADJR Act may be invoked when a decision of an administrative
nature is made under a Commonwealth enactment. However, some forms of
decisions are expressly excluded from review. The major exclusion can
be summarised as being a decision referable to any assessment or calculation
of tax concerning income tax or sales tax. This exclusion is supported in
cases where decisions were found not to be reviewable in relation to: the
refusal to give reasons for disallowing an objection that was initially
withdrawn by the taxpayer (Higgs v FCT); and the refusal of the Commissioner
to refer a decision to a Board in the absence of a request from the taxpayer
to refer the decision (Raccuia & Anon v DFCT)"
"Applications to review administrative decisions are made under the ADJR
Act to the Federal Court for order of review. Applications must be made
within 28 days from the time of notification of the decision and the cost
of the review is at least $1,000"
"The major grounds for review include denial of natural justice, lack of
jurisdiction, improper exercise of power, error of law involved, decision
affected by fraud, irrelevant consideration or an exercise of discretionary
power in bad faith"
"Successful applications under the ADJR Act have included cases involving
the refusal to grant a sales tax exemption certificate (Bayford Wholesalers
P/L); additional time for making a sufficient distribution (Intervest
Corporation P/L); extension of withholding tax exemption (Mercantile Credits
Ltd); extension of time to pay tax (Ahern v DFCT); decision to institute
recovery proceedings (The Hells Angels Ltd (No 4), Terruk P/L, Manners);
notice to person owing money to taxpayer (Huston v DFCT); the time constraints
of notice requiring information (Clarke & Kahn); and the refusal to grant
extension to a tax agent under the standard lodgement program (Balnaves
v DFCT)"
"Accordingly, the Commissioner's exercise of discretion may be reviewed
under the ADJR Act in many instances with the notable exceptions of decisions
referable to assessments or calculation of tax. Other discretions which
may well be open to challenge are the grant of a substituted accounting
period, the remission of additional tax for late payment and the satisfying
of the Commissioner that a taxpayer's permanent or usual place of abode
is outside Australia"
"It can therefore be seen that the ADJR Act substantially expands the
provisions of the ITAA in obtaining information. For example, the limited
requirements to provide a notice of decision of objection under the ITAA
are expanded by the ADJR so that the Commissioner is obliged to explain
any adjustments"
"The Freedom of Information Act (FOI)  
The FOI Act provides a statutory right of access to Commonwealth Government
documents to every person. No special interest needs to be demonstrated
in order to access the documents. Clearly, this provides a powerful tool
to the taxpayer to obtain information from the Commissioner"
"Requests for documents must be in writing and be sufficiently detailed
to enable identification of the document. A request must be responded to
within 45 days for requests before 1 December 1986 and within 30 days for
requests thereafter"
"However, certain documents are not discoverable under the FOI Act. These
include documents pre-dating 1 December 1977 unless they relate to the
applicant's personal affairs or are reasonably necessary to enable a proper
understanding of other documents discovered by the applicant"
"Exempt documents also include cabinet documents, internal working
documents, national security, protection of public safety, confidential
documents and documents to which security provisions of other laws apply
(eg - s16 of the ITAA). However, where access to documents is denied, a
review of that decision is available through various avenues"
"An initial application can be made under the FOI Act to the principal officer
of the relevant department within 28 days of receiving notice of the decision"
"The result of the officer's decision is required within 14 days of the
application. A further request for review by the Administrative Appeals
Tribunal (AAT) can then be lodged within 60 days of the subsequent refusal
by the principal officer. The ADJR Act then allows further appeal to the
Federal Court within 28 days of the AAT's decision. In addition to this
review procedure, the Commonwealth Ombudsman can investigate and report
on complaints and make recommendations to the relevant authorities"
"The decision in Murtagh v FCT provides an interesting insight into the
powers afforded to the taxpayer under the FOI Act. The taxpayer sought
access to  copies of all records relating to the assessment of her returns
for three years. Access was denied by the Commissioner who claimed the
information was contained in internal working documents and therefore exempt"
"Arguments were raised by the Commissioner that the denial of access was
to protect its officers; promote the candid consideration of alternatives;
protect the public from premature exposure to discussions before the
settlement of policies; and protect decision makers to continue to make
uninhibited recommendations"
"In what proved to be a major victory to the taxpayer it was held that
the assessments were routine in nature not containing any element of special
sensitivity. It was accepted that the ITAA and Regulations make little
provision for informing taxpayers of the reasons and evidence used in making
assessments. It was considered highly undesirable for negotiation purposes
for the Taxation Office and the taxpayer to deal in a `mutual halflight'"
"It was considered that the granting of documents which disclose the factual
basis on which the Taxation Office has proceeded would advance the process
of resolving disputes"
"There are further victories for the taxpayer in obtaining information
under the FOI Act to which the Commissioner had denied access. The unsuccessful
grounds for denial include legal profession privilege, breach of confidence,
prejudicing the enforcement or proper administration of the law and the
proper and efficient conduct of the operations of a government department"
"Conclusion  
With the introduction of recent statutes the taxpayer is now in a much stronger
position to obtain information from the Commissioner. This should substantially
aid the negotiation procedures between the taxpayer and the Commissioner
and hopefully produce a more productive network for mediation"
"In addition, reference should be made to the removal of the jurisdiction
of the Boards of Review to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT). This
will have an important bearing on the ability of taxpayers to secure
additional information as the AAT operates under recognised rules of court
which include the power of discovery of documents"
""
"By Cherry Cordner CHAPTER EIGHTEEN  

AND SO I WAS"
"And so I was sitting under my fig tree, and my world set itself
up around me and became tangible"
"It was the late nineteen-thirties. In official accounts, in
statistics, in history books, the Depression was over. Not in
our street"
"Rather grand furniture you have, someone said. Axminster
carpets, heavily patterned, with elaborate borders, the
centres loaded with abundant flowers, geometric shapes, in
pinks, golds, silver-greys. The most luxurious available, to
match the art-deco furniture. Curved doors on the Italianate
sideboard, a Florentine mirror above, its elegant oval shape
echoed in the backs of the dining-chairs. Imported Belgian
glass on sideboard and dining-table. Dark-blue lounge suite of
plushy velvet with great curved arms. Gold velvet curtains hung
in graceful waves, like a panniered skirt, interspersed with
gold lace drops"
"""Darling, it was a skirt. A ball gown. There I was, just a
girl in an office, and I received an invitation to a ball, a
wonderful, glamorous ball. And I didn't have a dress beautiful
enough to wear. When I was a young girl, an old woman once said
to me, `Never refuse an invitation because you don't have the
right clothes. This may be the most wonderful outing of your
life. Always go. Get the clothes somehow. And go anyway. The
men won't notice what you're wearing, and the women don't
matter. Go.'
  ""So l bought that dress, and for a night I was a princess"
"And when there were no more balls like that for me, why, I
turned it into our sitting-room curtains. Imagine me, in that
gold shimmering skirt. Ah, the music....""
  My parents' bedroom held its breath lest it could not contain
so much furniture. A huge wardrobe, a smaller male counterpart,
both with the ubiquitous curve of glossy veneered doors,
repeated in the dressing-table and bedhead. Generous bevelled
mirrors set at angles so that I could watch diminishing
reflections of myself beckoning from immense distances. Pink-
and-gold teardrop handles on all the doors. The glass top of
the dressing-table covered with a multitude of individual hand-
crocheted doilies"
"""They were all made by your Great-aunt Gert. Poor Gert. I'll
tell you about her another time. But the furniture, dear, was
bought when your father and I were first married, when we had
everything.""
  All this was part of a world that had shrunk to monochrome"
"The house, too small for its contents, was part of the falling
away. Murriverie Road, Bondi. Bondi, squalid, faded, falsely
famous. A rented narrow-fronted bungalow. A chipheater in the
bathroom at the end of the back veranda. There was an ice-chest
in the kitchen, and one of my jobs was to listen for the
iceman, for my mother could not hear his bell. It was sixpence
for the block of ice, one block for the weekend, another mid-
week if we could afford it. We used to break small pieces off
the block to suck in summer, until we discovered commercial ice
was full of ammonia"
"Two other cries were heard every week in the street: the
clothes props man with his dispirited horse and mournful wail:
""Clo-o-o-thes pro-o-ps."" (We could never help him, because our
old prop never broke.) And the bottle-o, more robust and
cheerful in his call: ""Bottle-O-O-O!"" He paid twopence a dozen
for bottles, and if I could collect and sell so many, I was
rich. After all, a real ice-cream cone was only a penny"
"There was a knock at the front door. Reaching up with
difficulty I opened it. Standing there was one of those
defeated men, drained face, drained voice, drained hope"
"""Is your mother in, girlie?""
  My mother came from her garden. The two seemed to understand
each other. Why this was so was not explained to me - perhaps
it was presumed I understood, or perhaps I was thought to be
too young"
"""No, there isn't anything for you to do, but come round and
sit in the garden.""
  While my mother rattled around in the kitchen, I peered round
the corner at him"
"""Got a play house here under the tree, have you? And the
little pool with the gnomes?"" He looked wistfully at such signs
of permanency. His hands trembled with the strain of many days
searching for work"
"Carefully, I carried the tray out to him. Bread-and-butter
and soup, and afterwards a cup of tea and sixpence in the
saucer. My mother had counted the coins in her purse several
times before she selected the sixpence"
"""Don't just stand and stare at him. It's bad manners,"" she
whispered"
"Later, we took our snack into the garden and she escaped in
her usual fashion. ""It was not always like this. When your
father and I were first married, why, we were so prosperous. We
had everything. Except a house. I wanted your father to buy a
house, but he always wanted to wait until he could afford
something better. And `until' never came. But take my
grandparents. They lived in a boom time, there in Goolwa....""
  Having grappled unsuccessfully with the concept of time
passing, and these eternally revolving relatives of mine, I
asked my father to explain the present and the past to me. He
did so in his own terms"
"""Imagine a railway journey. You have decided to travel
around all the major centres in the area. As you enter each one
the houses and roads and people become visible. It is as though
they have sprung into existence to communicate with you"
"""You spend some time there, you experience adventures, then
you leave. As the train rushes out of the station and away, it
is as though the town ceases to exist. It has ceased to exist
for you, but it stood before you arrived and it continues on
after you have lost contact with it"
"""So it is with time. Everything has always been and will
always continue to be. With our small egos in our luggage we
travel along as if we were aboard that train. Along the way
certain segments of the journey are illuminated for a brief
time, then blink away into the darkness. Some of us leave with
heavier bags, as we accumulate wisdom. Others of us, of
course, depart empty-handed.""
  Did that explain why sometimes, from the time-train window
one caught glimpses of faces on which not even the expressions
had ever changed - while other faces encouraged speculation on
the extra weight of their luggage?
  Aunt Adelaide, for instance. My Great-aunt Adelaide. The only
one of all those aunts and uncles I had ever seen. I could not
equate the young woman riding on the Goolwa tram with a bag of
tomatoes with the crabbed figure we visited at long intervals"
"In the dark sitting-room, overshadowed by the furniture, we
munched biscuits and sipped tea. As a special treat I was
allowed into the pantry to put my hand in the large Arnotts
biscuit tin. I spent most of my time there feeling I had
committed a great sin in being born a child. And surely one day
my fingers would find not a biscuit but a funnel-web spider"
"She seemed centuries older than my Grandmother Kate. She was a
witch if I ever saw one, alone in that house in Rose Bay, now
so overgrown with creepers and spiders it was as though she was
a petrified corpse within"
"Her victims, Neilson and Edith, lived on the far side of
Sydney and they too were seen rarely. My parents felt they
could not live up to the expected level of formality; no doubt
Neilson and Edith, in turn, found my parents far too bohemian"
But Neilson visited his mother with undiminished regularity
"One pay packet, two houses, two sets of bills, too little
spinal starch"
"I met my Uncle George. My Great-uncle, George Sprigg"
"Clutching at his broken link with us, his wife Gert long dead,
seeking out the only relatives he could claim, borrowing other
people's grandchildren. I recall faded Dundreary whiskers, sad
eyes. He seemed immensely tall. But then, I was immensely
short"
"One image of him: dumping his dessert on top of his meat and
eating both together. A remnant of the harsh inland customs of
his youth. Strange. I was never allowed to do this, yet no one
made a comment, or gave him a disapproving glance"
"Another vignette. After my kiss of greeting, he returned to
give a much longer caress to my cousin Jill. Looking over her
head at us all, he explained, `Jill must be my special girl"
"Jill has straight hair. We must always take special care of
little girls with straight hair. The world expects that they
should all have curly hair.""
  My mother's Ma and Pa, Kate and Walter, were easily
classified. Still bickering, still together, still present at
all our family occasions. They now lived in a small flat in
Rose Bay"
"I never recall seeing my grandfather drinking. 
   ""No, he doesn't now,"" my mother agreed, after I had tried to
compare her stories of the past with the present. ""He simply
does not have the money to drink. Your grandma controls the
purse strings now, you see.""
  To me, for ever, there is the memory of poetry recitations,
of my grandfather hearing my spelling from my brown spelling-
book. He told me classical myths, showed me the stars in the
night sky, took me for picnics on the beach, and to afternoons
with the archers in the park at Rose Bay. I was the only person
not to judge him, because I was too young to have access to the
evidence. I hope that perhaps it helped to soothe the wounds of
time"
"And Spence. He ricocheted in and out of our lives. Ever the
charmer, the roving sailor, the affectionate uncle, the loving
son helping his mother with household expenses. No doubt he
would still have liked to wave chamber-pots to shock the
proper, but the responsibility of a home and family (he had
married again) somewhat dampened his firecracker exuberance"
"I had not one but two homes, for events in my Aunt Baby's
house were inseparable from my own. My mother and my aunt had
not been parted. A small house in Rose Bay, near my
grandparents, was rented for Baby until she made the decision
to leave Australia. Soon, soon, everyone murmured. Year after
year... Uncle Bill was a figure who appeared at intervals like
an out-of-season Santa Claus, with presents for everyone, and
news of the great technicolour world of the United States. He
brought the latest gadget wizardry. A lemon-squeezer, for
example. All we had ever known were small glass moulds with a
rippled surface on which you impaled the lemon, your success
depending on the strength of your wrist"
"""Are you all watching?"" he boomed. ""See. A metal lemon-
squeezer. On a stand, You put the glass directly under it. You
put the half-lemon or orange over the inverted cone, you rotate
the handle, down comes the cover and exerts pressure on the
fruit. No strength required, yet behold - complete extraction
of the juice.""
   ""And then it comes apart for washing."" Baby was delighted
with her new toy"
"Surely, we all felt, we had reached the ultimate in
technological achievement"
"The inexorable train pounds ceaselessly over its iron road;
I revisit other moments"
"Holding a packet of Bushells' tea beside her shoulder, Mavis
posed for a photograph. A cheap way of obtaining the services
of a model. Dick used the outline as his guide, and in due
course produced the latest in advertising gimmickry. The whole
window of a grocer's shop could be turned into the panorama of
an Indian tea estate, with an entire community toiling for
Bushells. Cardboard cut-outs of Indian girl tea-pickers
plucked tea leaves from cardboard cut-out tea plants, the whole
diminishing away to a backdrop of misty tea-covered hills. 
  ""See' - she holds me up for a better view"
""
Personality profile By John McTavish Hidden out in Castle Hill is a hi-fi and video store known only as J McT's
"Customers of the store know that the initials stand for John McTavish, but
few of them would be aware that they're buying from someone who's built,
serviced and sold hi-fi equipment, as well as created the music which goes
through it. And only industry stalwarts would know that John is one of the
longest serving hi-fi personalities in the game...  

John left school in 1963 or 64, (he can't remember exactly which year) and
went straight into training as a technical officer with AWV, the Amalgamated
Wireless Valve company, now better known as AWA Thorn. As a part of his
training, he was required to complete the Electronics and Communications
Certificate. `I did my time in QC (Quality Control), in the manufacture of
valves' he told me `There's not a lot of people making valves anymore'"
"He didn't quite complete the course because at the end of Stage 3 he was
offered a job by Phil Drioni, who was at that time running an extremely
successful company called Fisonic Industries, which manufactured guitar
amplifiers. `They were a real success story for Australian industry' recalls
John `There was Moody, and Fisonic. Before he moved to a factory, I used
to build the amplifiers in his garage during the day and Phil would sell
and deliver them at night.'
  From there John went to Arrow Electronics, where he worked for Roy
Fitzsimmons. `Most people in the industry worked for Roy at some stage
of their career' he says with a laugh `Roy used to make microphones and
radios - in fact he made the first microphone in Australia, which is how
he became involved with Shure.'
  John was employed as a salesman and he remembers that Nick Atkins
interviewed him for the job. He asked me what I'd done, and when I told
him I'd worked for AWV and Fisonic in the six years since I'd left school
he said ""You move around a lot, don't you"""
"As it turned out, both Nick and John left Arrow at the same time, and
started Kent Hi-Fi, in partnership with Max Roberts. `Nick and Max were
the partners' says John. `I just wired up the store comparators and did
the general work.' Soon after, John left Kent and spent six years as a
professional musician `I was a drummer, so you'd better put the word musician
in inverted commas' he advised me with a grin. He worked in such venues
as the Bunny Club and the Mayfair Hotel. His most vivid memory of the time
was that every place he worked was pulled down shortly afterwards. `Even
after I left Instrol they pulled it down' he laughed"
"Music wasn't paying too well, so John joined Angus and Coote, working
in the hearing aid department.  He completed a course in audiometry to
help with the job.  `Repairing hearing aids is like standing a bull elephant
on an IC' he says.  John found it all interesting and feels that the
understanding he gained of the human ear during his time at Angus and Coote
was of enormous use to him in later years"
"From there John joined Racal Engineering and was placed in charge of a
production line for `Squad Call Transceivers'.  It was all military equipment
and John remembers the quality control as being absolutely unbelievable"
"His favourite story concerns the girls who used to work on the line.  `We
had to fight a constant battle against static electricity, and many of the
girls had to wear wrist straps, which I'm sure they didn't understand. 
But one of the things we had to ask when a problem cropped up was whether
they were wearing nylon underwear - and that certainly led to some funny
scenes!' He had other problems on the line, with the girls always trying
to do neat work.  `You'd design a 75 mm wire to lead to the channel change
switch, but it would appear to be too long so the girls would strip it back
and all of a sudden you wouldn't be receiving the channel any more.  It
was critical stuff'"
"John went from Racal to Sydney Hi-Fi, which was then owned by W.C"
"Wedderspoon, of which Max Roberts was the managing director.  `After a short
time in retail I was shifted to the wholesale operation, which at that time
had the agencies for Monarch, Bose and Acoustic Research, plus some pretty
fancy professional stuff like Eventide and Clockworks.'
  John was sent off to generate some interstate business, and one night
he called Max from Adelaide. `I told him to send down some help, because
I'd sold a system to Adelaide's Festival Theatre, which at the time would
have been Australia's prestige venue.  They had Altec 2228 multi-cellular
horns and some Philips 40 cubic foot bass bins.  The sound engineer wanted
to put in AR LSTs because he'd heard that they were used at Covent Garden"
"They didn't have enough money for the ARs so we put in four pairs of 901s
strapped together and hung out of the ceiling.'  
  `Everybody, just everybody was saying that ""bloody hi-fi speakers will
never work in a professional installation"" but when we tested it, the
coverage was incredibly even over the hall, which was what they wanted.'
  Soon after, John was lured back to retail by Roger Graham who asked him
to open an Instrol store at Eastwood, which is now an Audiocom store.  He
then went back to Adelaide, to set up an Instrol store in that city before
going on to do a stint as general manager of Instrol for a period of 12
months"
"Moving back into wholesale again, he spent three months with Ben Douglas,
as sales manager for Crown (now Amcron), RTR and Linear Design in NSW and
Queensland.  The reason for his short tenure was an offer which was `too
good to refuse' from Eric Selwood, who made him a director of Electrovoice
Australia during its initial setting-up period"
"It was actually John's father who prompted his next move.  `Dad came into
my office one day with a cutting from the Sydney Morning Herald saying that
Dr Amar Bose would be in Australia looking for a new agent.  I had met
Amar previously, so I left a note advising him that if he thought I could
be of any asistance to him, to give me a ring.  I actually had no intention
of going for the agency because I had no money and no chance of financial
backing.'                 
  Dr Bose, after approaches from various people, including representatives
from some large companies, was apparently unhappy with the response to
the advertisement and invited John to lunch.  One thing led to another and,
at a point during the lunch John found he was the new managing director
of Bose Australia.  `I remember Amar's words vividly' says John.  `He looked
up from the proposal I'd put together at his request and he said ""Can you
be in Boston on the 12th?"", I'd never been out of Australia before and didn't
even know whether I had a passport or not.  Sure enough, two weeks later
I was in Boston.'
  `When I returned, I received a call from my bank manager asking if I knew
that someone had deposited $20,000 in my bank account.  So Bose Australia
started from my home at Carlingford, with just myself, my wife Annette,
Dave Bell and a photocopier.'
  The team obviously worked well, because after just eleven months, Bose
Australia moved into a large complex in Rydalmere, which is still its present
location.  Even the factory is interesting, because it was a sheltered workshop
for Rydalmere Psychiatric Centre where the workers used to package garlic
salt.   `Garlic must be good for you' says John `because the cockroaches
were really tough.  It took us years to kill them!'
  In fact Bose Australia, under John's direction, was listed as the fastest
growing Bose subsidiary in the world.  It was so successful that Amar Bose
returned to Australia to discuss the possibility of John moving to the
United States.  John had two (then) teenage daughters, a young son and close
family ties, so he thought about it for a long time.  What finally decided
him was a single morning when he flew back into Australia. 'I looked out
the window of the Qantas jumbo, and it was a bright, beautiful sunny day
and I suddenly knew that I wouldn't want to live anywhere else in the world.'
  John is a showman at heart, and it wasn't surprising that he began to
get an itch to get back into retail.  He resigned from Bose and bought a
major share of DME Hi-Fi, from Roger Manning.  DME was then operating two
stores, one in Bondi, in Sydney's eastern suburbs, and the other in the
centre of the city, in George St.  `The city was a terrible place to work'
he told me.  `In one six month period we had eight break and enters.  I
was called out once on Christmas Eve and once on Boxing Day and lived in
constant terror of people stealing things from the shop'"
"In all there were four partners in DME, which John felt was unwieldy and,
after the company opened a branch at Castle Hill, he decided leave DME, buy 
the Castle Hill store, and rename it J.McT's.  With his background in the 
business, he injected some interesting philosophies into the store. He 
carries only three loudspeaker brands - Bose, JBL and Mordaunt-Short - and 
says these will cater for all tastes.  As far as electronics are concerned 
he plugs for Kenwood and Akai.                
  J.McT's sells both audio and video because `What we're really in is the
entertainment industry, and not much different from the local club, where
you go to see an act.  We're just trying to bring music and pictures into
the home in as realistic a manner as possible.          
  `You're looking at two senses, the ears and the eyes' says John, `and of
the two I believe that the ears are the more critical.  You can get away with
fairly ordinary video components and a good hi-fi system much better than
you can get away with good quality video components and a poor hi-fi system.'
  John runs a video library to service the people to whom he's sold VCRs
and believes that honesty in retailing breeds long term clientele.  `I tell
people about all new technology' he said.  `When hi-fi video was just around
the corner I told my customers that they'd be better off waiting a few
months before buying.  A lot of retailers carry so much stock that they
can't afford to do that, they have to take the sale.  I don't think that's
right.                                                   
  John feels that the hi-fi industry has suffered under the Trade Practices, in particular the retail price maintenance clauses.  'If a customer
can just move from shop to shop, trying to get lower and lower prices, he'll
eventually run into someone who'll just lie about a product, or sell something
totally unsuitable, just to make the sale.'                     
  `The trick for any customer, no matter what they're buying, is to put
their trust in one person, an expert, rather than in an advertising claim,
a brand or whatever' says John.  He doesn't expect, however, that a customer
should be too trusting at first, `that's why we offer a money-back guarantee
on any product we recommend - that we've chosen for a customer.'
  With Bose, JBL and Mordaunt-Short peakers, the philosophy is carried even
further, because if a custmer buys a pair of speakers, there is a 12 month
period of grace during which the speakers can be upgraded, with the full
purchase price of the original loudspeakers being credited towards the
new speakers.                                            
  `If a customer can't decide between two pairs of speakers in the showroom'
says John, `all we do is tell him to buy the cheaper pair."
"Rural anger brewing over compulsory tachos By Gus De Brito  

Anger over the compulsory installation of tachographs in long distance
trucks is brewing in Queensland, NSW and Victorian country areas"
"A meeting last week in Narrandera, NSW, of 35 members of the newly formed
Rural Transport Association (Riverina Branch) roundly condemned the time
and distance monitoring devices favored by the Australian Transport Advisory
Council"
"They registered concern about how they would affect rural hauliers -
particularly stockies"
"Secretary/treasurer of the Riverina branch, Mrs Mary Campbell, said this
week that RTA members were concerned about how policing of the tachographs
would affect truckers under the proposed Federal operator licensing scheme"
"She said it was feared that operators could lose their licences for years
for infringements  involving tachographs and driving hours"
"""In the country areas, it is difficult to limit driving hours,"" she said"
"""We are worried that farmers will refuse to load us if they feel that drivers'
hours are close to running out"
"""I don't see how they can introduce these monitoring devices for stock
carters"
"""Already, in times of drought when stock is weak, they have all sorts of
troubles"
"""It is a matter of getting stock into and out of saleyards quickly.""
   Rural truckers fear that strict policing of driving hours and trip times
will dislocate longhaul country transport systems and drastically increase
operating costs and freight rates"
"The meeting was addressed by local NSW State member, Mr Jim Small"
"The association is planning a major meeting in Wagga Wagga, NSW at 1pm
on Saturday, September 27"
"The guest speaker will be West Australian Liberal Opposition backbencher,
Mr Wilson Tuckey"
Further details are available from Mrs Campbell on (069) 73-1260
""
"Models of ministry by George Browning  

When the day of Pentecost came, the disciples were gathered together in
one place when they suddenly experienced a transforming power which was
to change their whole way of behaving. 

What did in fact transform them? Was it the cross itself? Was it an empty
tomb? Was it meeting the risen Jesus? Was it Pentecost?

It was probably a combination of all of these, especially viewed with the
benefit of hindsight. In any case their experience of what it meant to
be a church was quite different from the models they had perhaps imagined
while Jesus was alive"
"One of these models is seen in Mark 20:20 where James and John and their
mother had a definite model in mind of what it would be like to serve the
Kingdom of God. This model was obviously unacceptable to Jesus with its
emphasis upon privilege, power and status, but do not many of our parishes
operate from this model?

It appears that Judas had another model in mind, equally unacceptable to
Jesus. While we may not see his model being used anywhere in the church
in Australia we certainly observe it in a rather horrific way in the march
of Islam in many parts of the world, for was not Judas' model one of
revolution and conversion by coercion?

I would like us to examine some of the possible models which are used,
consciously or unconsciously, in parishes throughout Australia today. As
I present these models I am conscious that there are many other variations
and that no one will necessarily be the model from which you are working,
but I hope they will assist you in asking honestly where you are at, and
help you explore where it is that you would like to be"
"I  THE MODEL OF THE `KING`  

In this model the rector or vicar is totally dominant and puts his stamp
completely upon the parish. It is most likely that he will totally disregard
any possibility that the parish had a story of its own before he came and
will insist that his story is the one which will dominate. The model assumes
that he has all the gifts and that in some way the Holy Spirit works through
him to others"
"The model denies the possibility that others can reflect the light of the
gospel in `different colours'. It is unlikely that renewal can take place
through this model. Unfortunately the model is all too frequently observed"
"One parish priest at his induction last month announced that the parish
would now return to the truth of Catholic experience and that he would dictate
what would, or would not, be allowed to continue. He also laid down as 
unnegotiable the title by which he was to be known"
"The model has some attractions about it. It offers security; there are no
risks. You know exactly where you stand and the path to salvation is clearly
laid down"
"2  THE MANAGING DIRECTOR  

I have a hunch that this is probably the most popular model at a parish
and diocesan level. It is popular because it can give the impression that
the people of God are being nurtured, that there is mutual ministry, while
in fact there is none. It may even be a more dangerous model than the first
because people can be misled into thinking that there is real mutuality
when there is not"
"In this model the rector is still basically in charge of dictating the `story',
and people are on the whole given jobs to do rather than sharing ministry"
"There is no real sense of mutual accountability and jobs are handed out
largely at the rector's initiative and discretion. There is unlikely to
be mutuality in decision making"
"Because the model is geared towards tasks being done rather than the building
up of people, it is likely that jobs will be handed out without much
consideration being given to appropriate motivational gifts. We have in
this case the danger of people feeling guilty and/or hurt when the given
task is rejected or completed badly"
"This model encourages people to `take a holiday' for a while when they perceive
their usefulness in terms of the task performed rather than in the giving
of themselves"
"It is probable that in this model little is really being done in terms of
mutual ministry or in renewal"
"3  A MODEL OF MUTUAL MINISTRY - BASED UPON TASKS RATHER THAN GIFTS  

This model of mutual ministry, or one like it, operates in a number of
parishes. It is based upon function rather than gift and has the rector
still centrally placed in the model. (Is it possible in Anglicanism to have
a model where he is not centrally placed?)

This model is a fluid one, and rather than answering questions it keeps
asking other ones"
"- With how many people is it possible to work in a meaningful way?

- If there is a ministry team should they be `licensed', if so by whom and
for how long? Does it include a contract, and who may alter it?

- Who discerns the areas of ministry?

- At this particular stage of the life of the church in Australia should
those who are part of the main team be deacons? Can you be a deacon and
cease being a deacon?

- What `standing' do those have who are not part of the main team?

- What areas of mutuality should be expected of those who belong together
in this way? Prayer? Fellowship? Teaching? Social interaction? etc"
"4  A MODEL FOR MUTUAL MINISTRY - BASED UPON MOTIVATIONAL GIFTS RATHER THAN TASKS  

I offer this model to you as one who is not a card carrying charismatic"
"I am not even a real clapper or hugger. I also offer this model being very
conscious that I am being most simplistic and that I am introducing an element
here and thereby seeming to imply that that element is absent from other
models, i.e. the work of the Holy Spirit. This is plainly untrue, but I have
chosen to draw the model in this way for the purpose of contrast with the
hope that you may take from any or all of these models and create your own
which you may feel will assist you in the renewal of your parish"
"In this model I am suggesting that the base principle is not task but person,
and that in the choice or call of a person one may well look for that
particular gift that brings balance to the whole. I have a hunch that the
most unpopular gift is that of prophecy - speaking the truth - and hence
there are very few prophets amongst parish clergy! It may be that you will
consciously choose a mercy giver as the chairman of the pastoral care program,
but in so doing you will take great care to make sure that within this team
there is an enabler, a teacher etc"
"It is not that a person has a monopoly of one of these gifts and none of
the others, but it is true that each of us is likely to major in one
and be less gifted in the others. I have a hunch that most parishes prefer
exhorters as rectors, but it may be that the parish has grown strong enough
in its mutual ministry to consciously seek a prophet, or perhaps on the
other hand a mercy giver and not expect a prophet or teacher"
"Whichever model we use, we should be conscious of it, be happy to sit with
it, and `own' the implications of it"
"The Venerable George Browning is the Archdeacon of the Central Coast in
the Anglican Diocese of Newcastle, N.S.W. This article is extracted, with
his permission, from a much longer paper entitled `God's Family at Home:
renewal and enrichment of parish ministry'. In the presentation of the paper
at a gathering of Anglican clergy the various models were presented in diagram
form"
""
"Dilemma for rugby heavies  

  THE Australian Rugby Union should not accept the invitation to send a
Wallaby team to South Africa next year. No doubt the invitation is tempting
and the officials could easily argue a persuasive case for acceptance,
but the South African offer should be politely declined"
There is no possibility of Federal Government approval for the tour
"The Sports Minister, Mr Brown, has already said the Government's opposition
to sporting links with South Africa will not change. Moreover, Caucus would
not let the Government get away with such a change; it would argue that Gleneagles Agreement does not allow official sporting contacts with
South Africa; it would point out, with much validity, that rugby supporters
are not Labor voters. Why then accommodate rugby officialdom? As well,
there is the threat posed to both the Commonwealth Games and Brisbane,s
bid for the 1992 Olympics"
"So much for the politics. The Australian Rugby Union is, however, entitled
to feel that the Government is applying different standards to different
sports. Individual sportsmen are free to compete in South Africa and trade
between the two countries is actively encouraged. As well, South African
rugby officials can point with some pride to the continuing desegregation
of the game. It is a great pity that the more vehement opponents of sporting
links  with South Africa cannot see the real progress that has been made
in both cricket and rugby. Sport breaks down more barriers than it builds"
"But Australian rugby officials should have reason for concern about the
prospect, horror of horrors, of rugby turning professional. As Kim Hughes
and his colleagues discovered, there is a lot of money to entice sportsmen
to South Africa"
"Professional tours

  If South African rugby fans are deprived of official tours from the Wallabies
and the All Blacks and unofficial tours by current internationals in other
colors, it is extremely likely that they could see professional teams on
the tour circuit. The South African Rugby Union, as stubborn and unresiling
off the field as on, has already said as much. That would be the greatest
blow to the ""game they play in heaven"" since the breakaway of the Rugby
League"
"It will be easy for the Federal Government simply to refuse the Australian
Rugby Union's request for an official Wallaby team to tour. Despite what
the rugby officials might say, it will be difficult for the ARU to prevent
an unofficial team, however composed, from touring. Of all sportsmen,
rugby players are entitled to argue that they play their game for enjoyment
and no material reward. However, there is also the potential for huge financial
inducements to be offered to tourists. For the ARU, still basking in the
reflected pride of the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies, the resulting furore
of such acceptances could not be faced with equanimity."
"Prospects for the Australian economy 1986-87By Dr Barry Gray Overview  

A mixed picture of economic performance is expected to unfold in the coming
financial year. Assuming no further sharp depreciation of the Australian
dollar, inflation should continue to decelerate throughout the course of
the year, under the influence of lower petrol prices and weaker growth in
import prices, to reach a level of 6.5 per cent in the first half of 1987"
"Aggregate economic activity, which is estimated to have contracted in the
first half of 1986 and is expected to grow only slowly in the second half
of the year, should resume a more rapid growth rate in early 1987; in
year-average terms, nevertheless, non-farm GDP growth is forecast to fall
to half that expected to be achieved in the current year. Seasonally adjusted
unemployment rates are also expected to rise in coming months to levels
of about 8.7 per cent of the workforce but should then decline to 8.3 per
cent in early 1987. Finally, on the side of optimism, is the likelihood
of some further falls in the level of interest rates in coming months,
resulting from the recent declines in international rates brought about
by downward revisions to inflationary expectations in the wake of the collapse
of crude oil prices"
"What, then, of the pessimistic side of the picture? Inflation, though
improving, will remain at rates double those of the major OECD countries,
leading to a substantial erosion of the earlier depreciation-induced
improvement in competitiveness. Further, the underlying rate of inflation
- exclusive of health care charges and the depreciation impact - is likely
to exhibit little variation from 1984-85 to 1986-87. Moreover, accelerating
labour cost growth during 1986-87 might limit the extent of any further
improvement in inflation beyond the end of the coming financial year. And,
unemployment remains at unacceptably high levels. But overriding all else
is the prospect of only a limited improvement in the balance of payments
in the coming year with the current account deficit remaining about $12
billion, equivalent to more than 4.5 per cent of nominal GDP. In order to
attract the required capital inflow and to avoid the impact of another strong
depreciation of the $A on inflation and debt repayments, the present downward
trend in interest rates is likely to be reversed later in 1986. This prospect,
together with the possibility of continued contractionary fiscal policies,
is thus likely to limit the extent of the anticipated recovery of early
1987, throwing the growth prospects of 1987-88 into considerable doubt"
"The strong growth in employment and production of recent years has been
achieved at the cost of increased overseas debt and a continued rise in
external debt as a means of supporting increased employment cannot be
sustained. The constraints on domestic economic activity imposed by our current
balance of payment situation suggests a substantial deceleration of growth
rates is in prospect in the short term. To avoid a prolonged period of
substantially lower growth than that to which we have recently become
accustomed will require a significant strengthening in the competitiveness
of our manufacturing sector in both domestic and international markets,
combined with a favourable internal market situation for investment in
increased productive capacity"
"This does not imply the desirability, in isolation, of a further sharp
depreciation of the $A; such a move has adverse inflationary consequences
and would aggravate our debt repayment problem. In the present circumstances
continued wage moderation is essential and, in the absence of accepted
practical alternatives, will be best achieved by amendment and refinement
of the principles embraced by the Accord. A repeat of the 1981-82 situation
- in which a substantial wage round was conducted in the face of an impending
slow-down in activity, thus aggravating the situation and being an important
element in deepening the subsequent recession - is the last thing required"
"An indication of the success of the Accord to date is evident in that growth
in wages and total unit labour costs since mid 1983 have been lower than
the levels experienced in any of the comparable recovery periods of the
1970s and early 1980s"
"The key factor in achieving balance of payments adjustment and maintaining
economic growth will be the performance of the Australian manufacturing
sector in increasing its share of both domestic and international markets"
"Consideration of policies impacting on the entire range of factors affecting
international competitiveness is thus required. Industry policies have an
important role to play in achieving structural change in the Australian
economy, in complementing macroeconomic policies, and in reducing the pressure
to sacrifice growth as a means of accomplishing balance of payments adjustment"
"These policies are aimed at improving the productivity and competitiveness
of Australian industries and embrace not just import competition, exports,
investment, technology and innovation, but also labour market and education
policies. Many of the individual components of a total industry strategy
are already operating. What is required is a coordination of these measures
with a view to making explicit the key objective of improving the international
competitiveness of Australian industry. However, it will take time to achieve
these adjustments. In the meantime, it appears inevitable that the constraints
imposed by our present balance of payments difficulties will lead to a markedly
slower growth outcome in the coming year. And the very grave danger exists
that this situation could be prolonged throughout the remainder of this
decade"
"A summary of the forecasts  

The factors impacting on this outlook are briefly summarised in this overview,
and discussed in some greater detail in the accompanying sections. The forecast
numbers are summarised in Table 1.1. The
  
contribution of various components to GDP growth is presented in Table 1.2,
and the contribution of the major expenditure components to growth in domestic
demand is shown in Table 1.3"
"Growth in real GDP, both in aggregate and in the non-farm sector, is forecast
to slow appreciably in 1986-87; the forecast year-average growth for non-farm
product, at 2.5 per cent, is half that achieved in 1984-85 and anticipated
for the current year. Contractionary influences on economic growth in 1986
include the fiscal policy stance adopted in the August 1985 Budget and the
further restriction on growth in real budgetary outlays anticipated in the
coming budget, as well as the lagged impact of the interest rate increases
of 1985. The main expansionary influence during 1986 will be the
depreciation-induced improvement in international competitiveness, though
this is expected to be substantially eroded during the course of the forecast
period and its impact on import volumes will thus be more limited in the
first half of 1987. At that time, reactions to the recent declines in interest
rates and the net effect of the foreshadowed tax changes of September 1986
will be key influences in strengthening private sector demand"
"The contribution of various components to GDP growth is evident in Table
1.2. Domestic demand growth continued to provide the main source of overall
growth in the current financial year, though itself decelerating as a result
of weaker growth in public sector expenditures and of the impact of high
interest rates upon availability of finance for housing and such
interest-sensitive areas as expenditure on consumer durables and private
equipment investment. A turnaround to a modest positive influence is evident
in movements in net export volumes, with growth in import volumes slowing
markedly in response to weaker domestic demand growth and earlier improvements
in competitiveness. However, movements in stocks continued to exert a small
negative influence on growth, as farm stocks were depleted to support export
sales and as weakening growth in sales and the impact of high interest rates
limited the accumulation of non-farm stocks"
"Similar trends are anticipated in the coming financial year. Domestic demand,
though still easing in growth, will again provide the main stimulus. Net
export volumes will again exert a modest influence on growth, with weaker
growth in exports being matched by a small decline in import volumes. Stock
changes are also expected to detract from growth, with farm stocks again
being depleted and non-farm stocks being accumulated at a lower rate"
"A feature of the forecasts is the continued weaker role to be played by
public sector expenditures. Growth in real government final consumption
expenditure is forecast to ease to 2.5 per cent, after rising by 6.5 per
cent in 1985-86 and by 7.5 per cent in 1984-85. Public sector capital
expenditures are expected to fall in real terms by 0.5 per cent, after rising
by 1.3 per cent in 1985-86 and in direct contrast to the strong growth of
12.8 per cent achieved in 1984-85"
"The major influence on this impending slow-down in the public sector is
the more restrictive stance with respect to budgetary expenditure assumed
to be implemented by the Commonwealth government. Growth in total budget
outlays of 8.7 per cent has been assumed, resulting in a Commonwealth budget
deficit for 1986-87 of $5245 million, similar to the anticipated outcome
for this year. This deceleration will be achieved by restricting growth
in the Commonwealth's own net current expenditure on goods and services
and by the continuation of weak growth in transfer payments to the States,
Northern Territory and local government authorities. In particular, it appears
unlikely that the earlier agreement for a 2 per cent real increase in 1986-87
financial assistance grants will be fulfilled"
"These restrictions will impact directly upon real Commonwealth consumption
expenditure on a payments basis and, on the deliveries basis of the national
accounts, should be supplemented by a much weaker contribution from the
overseas adjustment for defence item, arising from a variation in the timing
of delivery of defence equipment relative to prepayments. Slower growth
in consumption expenditure of state and local government is also in prospect,
as growth in their current account income is slowed by the restricted growth
in real current purpose grants from the Commonwealth and by the impact upon
indirect tax collections of weaker wages and salaries growth and of weaker
economic activity in general. Capital expenditure by Commonwealth public
enterprises should decline, as the completion of the aircraft re-equipment
programme of Qantas is replaced by a lower level of spending by TAA"
"Expenditures by state and local government authorities will continue to
be constrained by a further decline in real terms in Commonwealth grants
from capital purposes and by a limit on borrowings"
"Reflecting the improvement in the Commonwealth budget deficit, the overall
level of public sector borrowings has probably fallen by close to $2 billion
this year to a level equivalent to 4.5 per cent of nominal GDP. However,
little improvement in nominal terms is anticipated in the coming year, with
a similar deficit outcome in prospect for the Commonwealth budget and with
no change likely in the global limit on borrowings of public authorities"
"As a ratio to nominal GDP, however, a decline to 4.1 is inferred"
"In aggregate, the growth in private sector demand components will continue
to weaken as compared to the experience of the previous year. However, some
compositional shift is in prospect, with private business investment being
one component expected to accelerate in growth"
"Growth in real private consumer expenditure is expected to ease to 2.5 per
cent in 1986-87, compared to an anticipated outcome this year of 3.5 per cent"
"Household receipts are likely to grow more slowly, as weaker employment growth
offsets some strengthening of average earnings growth and as the current
trend of falling interest rates and an easing of the rental market reduces the
growth of non-wage incomes. However, the introduction of changes in personal
income tax scales in September 1986 will be sufficient to enable an unchanged
rate of growth in nominal household disposable incomes and, since inflation is
expected to improve, an increase in real disposable income growth. However,
a considerable portion of this improvement can be attributed to the
commencement of the superannuation round which is likely to be reflected
in the form of forced savings. Also, the non-farm saving ratio is likely
to be stimulated, particularly in the second half of the financial year,
by the resumption of rising interest rates and by lags in the reaction of
consumption to increases in disposable incomes arising from the tax changes"
""
"I'd talk to you if I weren't feeling dormey By Robert Haupt  

HAVE you ever sat down to think? Don't evade the point by saying that you
can think perfectly well  standing up - you know what I mean. I'm talking
about breaking off from what you're doing, making some space in your day
and actually THINKING. I'll bet you haven't done it since you were a child"
"As we know, most good thoughts arise unbidden and hardly anything worthwhile
comes to mind when we want something to come to mind. In exactly the same
way as we best see something faint (Halley's Comet, say) by not looking
directly at it, so the thinking part of our brain tends to work better when
we're not conscious of thinking: not so much lateral as peripheral thinking"
"So much of the national thinking is done under the shower that I wonder
whether we mightn't be better at solving this country's problems if we returned
to the - longer, more thought-provoking - bath. 
  Personally, I'm a walking thinker: cogitation on the hoof, so to speak"
"As I was thinking my way along a desolate footpath in the rain the other
day, wondering at how many shades of grey there are, my mind was run over
by a train of thought coming the other way: how few colours there are! 
  Add them up for yourself: blue, red and yellow, that's three; with black
and white, five. Don't you think that's a bit meagre?
  Don't we deserve more? Oh, I know you can mix them together and get shades
of fawn, chartreuse and aquamarine, not to mention puce. But imagine the
range, the sheer scope and variety of colours we would have if we had a
decent number of basic colours, 12, or 30, or a round 100"
"Imagine what a flag competition we'd be having then! None of this
green-and-gold and red-white-and-blue. There would be entries in unimaginable
hues, each more extravagantly gorgeous than the last"
"Advertising would have more to work with. No more the boring round from
red to blue, to green and white and back to red again, with the occasional
detour to black"
Our cigarette boxes and soap-powder packets would put the rainbow to shame
"Oh, the rainbow. With 10 times as many bands, it would fill the sky, bringing
wonder and amazement to the millions of people all over the world who are
too poor to have colour brought to them by television"
"Other fruits of nature would be given astonishing allure - none of them
more so than fruit itself. I can't tell you what exactly you'd find on our
greengrocer's shelves but you can bet that it wouldn't be green. 
  In fact, I can't tell you anything about these extra colours I have in
mind, for the simple reason that the words don't exist with which to describe
them. 
  We only know what green means once we've seen a cucumber, or a Melbourne
tram"
"Indeed, I don't know how I can be sure that what I think of as green isn't
what you think of as another colour entirely, crimson, perhaps, or an
outrageous shade of peach. 
  You and I agree that Melbourne trams are green (not the orange ones, silly!)
only by agreement that the colour which trams are is green. Get inside my
eyes and have a look and you might be absolutely startled. 
  I can think of names - blange, for instance, for a colour that leaves
you feeling warm and treacly (as, after listening to Kamahl sing); streer
for something cold, yet velvety. But the names don't really help. Notice
how I've described the indescribable by talking, not colour, but emotion,
temperature and texture"
Colours loosely suggest such things
"So if we had some new colours what kinds of associations might they have?
Banality is pretty well catered for already, what with fawn and beige and
various unalluring shades of green"
"But what about pomposity?
  If we had a new colour, one that was rich and not particularly pleasant
- something like a new purple - is it too much to hope that it might become
associated with all things overblown and self-important?
  And that people might be purged of that affliction merely by the display
of the colour?
  Our emotions might become better known to us if there were more colours
to identify them with"
"Take the feeling of temporary impatience with another person, the wish
not to be with them at this moment"
"If there were a colour to express such a feeling that was neither the
blue of despair nor the brown of distraction, much disappointment might
be avoided: ""I'd like to, normally,"" we would say, ""it's just that I'm feeling
dormey.""
  Perhaps I'm over-optimistic. Science, isn't likely to come up with new
colours for this world - it seems to be a problem as much with the receiver
as with the transmission, the eye being as unable to switch on to a new
colour band as my television set is to pick up SBS"
"And if any new colours were to be captured miraculously from a far galaxy,
no doubt they would be pressed into use decorating disposable-nappy ads
long before they could be attached to something as pure as an emotion"
"So there they are, some stray thoughts picked up from a rainy day"
""
"FAIR PLAY
The Sun SAYS 

THE Arbitration Commission may yet change itself into a force for national
economic sanity"
"The super scheme decision continued the commission's shift from industrial
peace-keeper - at any price - to economic umpire"
"And the commission promises to pay more attention to the economic
consequences of future wage decisions. National benefit has, at last, become
a measure of trade-union demands"
"This new forum effectively challenges Mr Hawke to argue a case for economic
action where previously he has publicly given only a wink, a nod or a hint
of what he wants. 
  Instead of halfbacking a review of holiday penalty rates and passing
the buck to employers, the Prime Minister can now appeal to an umpire
who will pay him more attention"
"The commission's latest decisions are a setback for unions. The strain
on the Accord will increase, with political complications for the Government"
"But having a national umpire with two good eyes on the economic play should
inspire widespread confidence"
""
"Ombudsman criticises Minister CANBERRA -  

 The Commonwealth Ombudsman has attacked the Minister for Finance,
Senator Walsh, the Federal Government and Parliament for threatening his
effectiveness"
"Mr G. Kolts, QC, says in his 1985-86 annual report that an insidious threat
to the implementation of Ombudsman's recommendations tentatively identified
last year ""gained serious substance in 1985-86.""
  He says Senator Walsh's frequent rejection of recommended compensation
payments poses a substantial threat to his ability to provide meaningful
remedies for complainants financially disadvantaged by defective
administration"
"He also says some of his functions will be neglected and it will be a
""struggle for the Ombudsman to hold his own"" unless staffing in his office
is increased"
"And he says the trend of Parliament to take no action on special Ombudsman
reports to it also threatens his effectiveness"
"Mr Kolts says that during 1985-86 there was an unprecedented number of
cases in which he had to report to the Prime Minister, Mr Hawke, because
a Government agency had not given effect to a recommendation from him"
"""With two exceptions, the stumbling block has been the refusal of the
Minister for Finance to approve an act of grace payment to the complainant,""
he says"
"Mr Kolts says that in refusing the payments, Senator Walsh opposed
recommendations of both the Ombudsman and the agency responsible for the
administrative defect"
"He says that a special Ombudsman's report to Parliament has hitherto
seemed to be an effective deterrent to arbitrary or ill-considered rejections
of his recommendations"
"But it is unlikely the reports will long continue to be such a deterrent
""if Parliament omits to take any constructive interest in them"""
"Mr Kolts says neither of his two reports to Parliament during the year
elicited any debate or substantive comment despite the fact that both
raised issues of public interest"
"He says that in 1985-86 his office received 3750 written complaints -
400 more than the previous year - and more than 17,000 oral complaints 
- Paul Willoughby"
"MOMENT OF TRUTH FOR INVESTORS  

Australia's sharemarket boom faced a test today after a falling off in 
international support and a lower gold price during the weekend"
"However, situation stocks - including Woolworths, Herald and Weekly Times, 
ACI and Email - looked likely to keep the action bubbling along"
"Woolworths will be in the spotlight after rising 8c on Friday on lively 
turnover, and subsequently sustaining its higher level of $3.40 in London 
trading"
"The big retailer, crippled by heavy losses from its Big W stores, could 
soon be up for grabs the 19.9 per cent held by Safeways of the US ends up 
in unfriendly hands"
"Safeways is inviting sealed tenders for the parcel, although Woolies has the 
right to nominate a friendly buyer if it can find one prepared to match the 
winning offer"
"By contrast, Coles Myer eased to $4.83 in London to wipe out most of 
Friday's gain"
"Overall, Australian industrial shares were virtually untested in London 
although most prices held firm"
"One stock continuing to attract international investors was News 
Corporation at a record $29.10 in late London trading following a 60c jump 
to $29 in Sydney"
Banks attracted light demand from U.S. bargain hunting
"Westpac closed at $4.55, ANZ at $5.20 and National Australia at $5.28"
"Hooker continued to firm, closing at $2.40, but Lend Lease eased to $8.45"
"A leading London broker reported that early strength in the bullion price 
encouraged initial UK and European buying of selected gold shares and leading 
miners"
"WMC was a little firmer at $4.42 with GMK higher at $14.30, while associate 
Central Norseman was steady at $15.30"
"Kidston at $8 was steady on Sydney's lower price, but Placer Pacific looked 
firmer at $2.80"
""
"Home building gets tonic $7.5m scheme will provide 150 houses in State initiative By Michael Gleeson  

A HOUSING construction initiative to cost $7,500,000 was yesterday launched
by the State Government to boost the State's ailing industry"
"The Minister for Housing, Mr John Beswick, said that in the next 12 months,
150 houses would be built under a new scheme sponsored by the Tasmanian
Development Authority"
"The homes will be offered to low-income first-home buyers, who will be
eligible for low-interest loans from the TDA, provided they are ineligible
for both bank and building society loans"
"Funds for the project come from State loan funds, some funds from the
Commonwealth/State Housing Agreement and revolving funds, including the
repayment of loans from people who have had previous loans with the TDA"
"Registered builders approved by the Tasmanian Development Authority will
receive interest-free TDA loans to buy suitable land"
"A ceiling price will apply to single blocks of land, with the loan secured
by a first-mortgage contract in favour of the TDA"
"Houses will be built to plans approved by an architect nominated by the
TDA, and will be financed progressively during construction"
"Finally, qualifying low-income earners will be advanced low-interest loans
and introduced to builders through real estate agents"
"Buyers are entitled to a maximum TDA loan of $55,000,with interest initially
at 10 per cent, rising to 12 per cent in the third year, after which an
interest review would take place"
"There will also be a price limit of $60,000, including the cost of the
land"
"According to Mr Beswick, the scheme will employ 66 men for one year, with
the multiplier effect employing an additional 162"
Each successful tendering builder will be expected to construct 15 homes
"According to Mr Beswick, homes not bought within two months of completion
will be purchased by the Housing Department or the TDA"
Mr Beswick said it was not an initiative provided for in tomorrow's Budget
"It was ""an internal allocation of funds by the TDA, funds which are generally
available for this purpose"""
"""The authority, in consultation with myself as Minister for Housing,
has seen fit to earmark $7,500,000 for this scheme as a means of stimulating
the homebuilding industry,"" Mr Beswick said"
"The scheme, known as HOBIS or the Home Ownership Building Industry Scheme,
joins the Housing Department's home-purchase scheme as the State's two
major housing initiatives"
"""That one (the Housing Department scheme) is designed to help people
buy houses, rather than to build new houses like this one,"" Mr Beswick said"
"He said there would be no scaling-down of the Housing Department's programme
in the Budget to make way for this scheme"
The TDA has identified some 200 for HOBIS homes
""
"WILL `RETURN BE SCRUBBED'? TV EXTRA Soap washh-up leaves fans high and dry -PAUL WICKS  

  SUPERSOAP series ""Return to Eden"" may be scrubbed ... and that will have
fans bristling!
  Channel O's Monday night drama bows out next week with an inconclusive
ending, amid rumors that there will not be a second series. And the finale
leaves the major storyline right up in the air"
"The ending has been tailor-made for a continuing series, but indifferent
ratings have put its future in doubt"
"Nevertheless, be prepared for a cliff-hanger on Monday. It's not a case
of Who Shot JR? but one of Who Can Prove Who Really Shot Who?
There's a fatality - or what looks like a fatality - among the major cast
list. Will it be Jilly? Stephanie? Perhaps Jake?
  Suffice to say that the evil Jilly is up to her scheming tricks and
is nasty to the end. And Jake isn't much better"
"There's a gala party in the final scenes climaxed by the dramatic shooting
with a body tumbling down the stairs. Then the dramatic appearance of the
other players in this shooting scene"
"And there's even a Melbourne Cup scene in Monday's episode. Will Jilly
and Jake's steed down Stephanie's entrant and bag the booty? Will anyone
really want another series? I won't"
""
"The striped hole caper By Damien Broderick  

AT one moment a mind-crackingly ugly woman named Hsia Shan-yun was set to
blow the crap out of the major personal records filing installation in the
West Pacific Zone.                                                      
  Exactly one moment after that, a monitor Bug put the arm on her"
"Hsia Shan-yun was a horrifyingly tall Valkyrie, just under two metres
from her size-10 track shoes to the top of her wildly flowing black mane"
"Eyes of slashing jade green glared out at the world she despised under
slanting, epicanthic folds"
"Her mouth was ripe and full, hardly the neat, demure pallid line esteemed
by leading fashion experts of the late 22nd century"
"I won't even talk about the violent animal swing of her muscular body,
or the way her legs stretched most of the way from earth to sky and her
arms seemed fitted by evolution to a role quite other than punching data
into a terminal 15 hours a day.  A detailed list would be disgracefully
sexist, whether by our standards or hers"
Take it from me.  Hsia Shan-yun was a pig
"Her benighted parents, the world's last Confucian Christian Scientologists,
had hidden her in a small shielded bottle during the Reconstruction Phase
when genetic engineers in geosynchronous orbit had broadcast whole-body
altering messages to the gonads of the entire planet.  In consequence, the
unfortunate creature looked like an abominable throwback to that peak epoch
of nutrition-driven Brute Expressionism - the 20th century"
"Naturally, Shan-yun compensated for her atrocious looks by denial and
fantasy.  Day and night she read forbidden books (all books, of course,
being forbidden, but some being incredibly more forbidden than others, and
it was these sort that she sought out and crammed into her perverted brain)"
"The books she sought high and low were about the 20th century, that sink
of degradation and physical excess"
"Best of all, she loved books about inner-city fun-running"
"In the depths of the empty municipal sewers, during darkest night, aided
only by the light from her Watchplate tuned to an empty channel, she pounded
out the klicks in her handmade track shoes, until inhumanly shaped muscles
swelled in her legs"
Next of all she loved books about working with weights
"Staring with a swollen heart at flat photographs of Bev Francis and Arnold
Schwarzenegger, she hack-squatted and bench-pressed, chest-flyed and
lat-extended, leg-lifted and bicep-curled.  What this did to her already
distorted atavistic frame can only be left to the imagination, because I
really couldn't stand the aggravation"
"How did the robot Bugs know what Shan-yun had been up to?  She'd taken
every precaution.  The whole thing had been planned out in exquisite detail
for nearly 15 months.  She'd gone over every single detail of the operation
a dozen times, from the initial routine of getting a job in Pacific Data
Central to the final step of smuggling her home-assembled Striped Hole into
the terminal terminal"
"She hadn't been able to find a flaw in the plan but obviously there'd
been a flaw you could drive a Bug through"
"The robot cop rolled up beside Shan-yun just as she was entering the Personal
Information Bubble Banks, as she had every right to do, being assistant
trainee data slibber"
"She watched it coming at her from the corner of her slitted, tilted,
jade-glowing eyes and kept walking"
"Even though she was by now very, very good at running, running would not
have helped, as it turned out"
"A cloud of gossamer filaments belched from the Bug's chest spigots and
settled on her like acid rain"
"""Shit!"" cried Hsia Shan-yun, proving yet again that she was an evil low-life
throwback"
"TINY itching threads coated her from head to foot, leaving uncovered only
her eyes, ears and nostrils.  It had consumed a decade of non-stop dedicated
research in the National Goo Laboratories to achieve that effect, but Hsia
Shan-yun was not impressed.  She hissed with rage.  She spat.  There wasn't
much else she could do, because the filaments put their tiny hands together
and squeezed, tightening into a body-hugging plastic shell.  Just enough
slack was left around Shan-yun's hideously over-developed ribcage and chest
for her to breathe, but only just enough"
She started to fall flat on her face
"Before the statue-like form could topple to the tiles and shatter, the
monitor Bug whipped out metal tentacles and nestled her carefully against
its own hard torso"
"""Citizen Hsia,"" the thing intoned, ""it is my unhappy duty to take you
into protective custody, both for your own highest good and that of the
republic.""
   ""Mmmnbbn,"" Shan-yun explained.  ""Gmmngb."" 
   ""I regret the temporary restraint on your freedom of speech,"" the tin
cop said unctuously, ""but rest assured you will be permitted full range
of expression as soon as we arrive at Medical Six.  And how!""  It gave a
low chuckle, and spun about, accelerating out of the Bubble Bank"
"""We intend to indict you for conspiracy against the State,"" it added
for good measure.  ""Appropriate rehabilitative steps will follow forthwith"
"Oh my, yes.""
   Did this unwelcome mechanical badinage affect the apprehended criminal?
   What do you think?
   Shan-yun was rather annoyed"
"No, that's not quite accurate.  She was seriously alarmed at her prospects"
"Actually, she was in a turmoil of panic"
"Not to put too fine a point on it, she felt an urgent need to go on the
potty"
"The monitor Bug rolled swiftly through the foyer of Data Central with
her rigid torso tucked against it like a huge ungainly swaddled baby, except
that they didn't deal that way with babies any more"
"When her head happened to tilt that way, Shan-yun had no difficulty in
seeing people scurrying out the way.  The chief slibber, coming in from
a lunch of chives, peat-growth and yoghurt sausages, blenched and turned
aside without a word"
"""Fairweather friend,"" Shan tried to shout bitterly, but it came out as
another collection of vowel-less unpalatalised consonants"
"Outside the building, machine and captive swung down a ramp to a
thorough-fare marked MEDICAL ONLY"
"In 217 years time, that's a sign to make your blood run cold.  Well,
I suppose it is already, to be brutally frank"
"The monitor jacked without hesitation into a high-speed conveyor unit,
thoughtfully raising a shield to keep the wind out of Shan's eyes"
"The harsh violet lights of the tunnel went blurry with speed.  Shan-yun's
tummy tried to sneak out the back way, but her backbone wouldn't let it"
Half a minute later it got its revenge
"""All still in one piece, I hope, dear?"" the machine said in Shan's reeling
ear.  ""Here we are.  Have a nice day, now.""
   The monitor coasted into the aseptic whiteness of a medical bay.  Two
hundred and seventeen years from now you can always tell when you've reached
a medical bay.  The atmosphere reeks of such a high-toned blend of purity
and righteousness you want to throw up"
"Two crisps blue-garbed apes stepped out of a lift.  Mental health and
social adjustment radiated from their every pore"
"""Citizen Hsia!"" cried the one on the right.  ""Welcome to Medical Six.""
His demeanour suggested a mix of professional cheeriness and personal stoic
resignation to the iniquity of social deviants with Striped Holes tucked
inside smelly parts of their bodies"
"""Kindly place the citizen on the couch and return to your post,"" said
the one on the left.  Still locked solid in her plastic cocoon, Shan-yun
was positioned carefully on a form-fitting cot.  The Bug rolled away whence
it had come without a word of farewell"
"The mind-crackingly ugly woman stared up at her doctors and tried to
set off the Hole.  Nothing happened.  Her fingers were unbending.  The muscles
in her belly spasmed but she lay motionless where she was.  The Hole spun
uselessly inside her, quite beyond her control"
"""Well, Ms Hsia,"" the first ape told her, ""you've certainly got yourself
into a peck of trouble.""
   ""Yep.  No lie there.  Let's hope for your sake we can straighten you
out, ethics-wise, without having to reduce you to a veggie.""
   Under the plastic skin, cold sweat jumped from Shan's forehead in almost
exactly the way moisture develops on the inside of a loaf of plastic-wrapped
bread.  It was a disgusting and depressing sensation"
"""Brainscrub,"" one of the creatures said reflectively.  ""If you can't
use it, you just gotta lose it.""
   ""It's a tragedy, though, Frank.  She's a person of evident resource"
"How many of us could plait a Striped Hole without being picked up at the
nudge-horizon stage?  That's skill, Frank, whether or not we care to admit
it.  Talent.""
   ""Yet we musn't forget that she's abused her abilities to the detriment
of the State.""
   ""I'd never let that slip my mind, Frank, but it seems our fellow citizen
must have done.""  He peered down into Shan's eyes with a look of loathing
and concern.  Shan's eyes by now were brimming to overflow with tears of
fury and terror. In fact, Shan's eyes took the opportunity to try to leap 
from her head and tear the ape's sanctimonious tongue from his head, but 
being organs ill-adapted by evolution to that function they had to content 
themselves with bulging in red-shot hatred"
"""You should have recognised your own sickness,"" Frank told her.  ""You
ought to have boldly stepped forward for voluntary treatment.""
   The threads of the cocoon tightened"
The ape shook his head sadly
"""Relax, Ms Hsia.  Anger is a wasteful and antisocial emotion.  There's
a good case to be made for the view that all emotion is wasteful and
antisocial, but I don't subscribe to that view.  Live and let live, I say.""
   A colourful board of indicators flushed and chimed.  Shan-yun seethed"
"""We'll be sending you through to the Analyst any moment now, Ms Hsia,
and I've got to tell you, it won't look good on your record if you're
harbouring resentment.""
   A muffled series of explosive noises came from the cocoon"
A melodious tone sounded from the lift
"""Ah, there we are now.  There's no need for anxiety, Ms Hsia.  Truly"
"You'll go straight through for analysis and judgments as soon as the techs
have removed the cocoon and the Striped Hole you inserted into yourself.""
   The other ape nodded vigorously, leaning across Shan-yun with an aerosol
can.  ""Absolutely correct.  Remember - our job is to get you well.""  He
squirted spray into her nostrils.  The room tilted and banged the side of
her head"
"She was not quite unconscious as the apes began to push the couch and
her numb body into the lift.  ""Candidly, Ted,"" she heard Frank say, as the
darkness ripped her mind into silly small shreds, ""these deviants give me
the gol-durned creeps.""
 

THE cell Hsia Shan-yun woke up in was dank, foul, almost lightless, and, she
decided with horror, very possibly rat-infested.  This was impossible, of
course.  The future's not like that.  You know that and I know that.  The
people who live in the future know it better than either of us"
"Good grief, if a single fact has been established once and for all, surely
it's that the future is clean"
It's sanitised
"Everyone's shoes are tucked neatly under the bed before they go to sleep,
which they do at 10.15 or earlier"
"The future is not a banana republic.  Oh, sure, there's that little spot
of bother immediately up ahead, with the ayotollahs and the mullahs and
so on, but nothing's perfect, not even utopia"
"There simply can't be rat-infested cells with rusty chains and dried
marks down the stone walls looking suspiciously like old (but not all that
old) blood.  The unions, the government and the public service would not
put up with it.  The future is the last redoubt of niceness"
"Hsia Shan-yun knew that as well as we do, which is why she sat there
quivering with her hands jammed into her mouth and her lovely white even
teeth clamped into the skin of her knuckles"
"She stopped after a rather commendably brief interval, and sat up straight
on the wooden bench and stifled a cry"
""
"Inside view  

CRISIS often produces anger. But what rural Australia needs most is a clear
head"
"THERE are no fat marathon runners. They are lean and efficient, like most
of Australian agriculture. Marathon runners have to take the long-term view:
years of work and discipline for a few hours' race. In the case of Australian
agriculture, the race is one against acute financial crisis caused by natural
disaster or market collapse"
"In today's race, no doubt some of the runners will weaken, perhaps due
to muscle fatigue, from which they will recover to run again. For others,
a basic incapacity will mean they cannot cope and must find another pursuit"
"Given the significance of the race, particularly for the participants,
the causes of weakening are worthy of investigation. Is it because of failure
on the part of the participants? Is it because of factors beyond their control?
Or is it the result of deliberate sabotage by others: officials (governments
and public servants), equipment makers (input costs) or spectators (consumers)?
  Taking the long view, Australian agriculture has clearly been a success
story. And so it will continue to be. The key to its past success has been
its capacity to change and adjust"
"In his recent Shann Memorial Lecture, Professor Fred Gruen pointed out
that the terms of trade for Australian agriculture (the ratio of prices received
to prices paid) have been slowly but steadily declining in the long term"
"Yet we still have a strong, efficient, and innovative agriculture"
"To what do we owe this success? The most visible contribution has been
by those who have survived by increasing their production efficiency, by
introducing new products, or by bringing more land into production. Also
important (but perhaps more painful) has been the exit of those who, for
one reason or another, have not survived the changing market conditions"
"This kind of adjustment is also part of the Australian experience and has
been important to the overall performance of the industry"
"If those ex-farmers had been encouraged to remain through wasteful methods
of support, the costs would have been paid in the long run by the rest of
the economy - consumers, taxpayers, and other industries. A clear example
of the costs of such a policy is the distortion in the domestic and
international economies created by the EEC's Common Agricultural Policy
(CAP)"
"In all the heat and dust of the debate on the current ""crisis"" in
agriculture, one basic characteristic of the market system - a system whose
virtues are usually either implicitly assumed or explicitly extolled by
farming spokesmen - has been obscured: competition produces losers as well
as winners. The market system teaches lessons from which society learns
how to satisfy economic needs efficiently. As in any learning system, there
is trial and error. The rate of failure for non-farm new business is
particularly high; Australian research shows that about 90 per cent fail
within the first five years. The market system is characterised by instability
and change and not predictability and equilibrium, and failure is inevitable
for some. This does not mean that the community should not treat the casualties
compassionately, and recognise their problems"
"PRODUCT LIFE  

  RESEARCH on non-farm business also shows that, even if they survive the
initial period, competition from other producers eventually threatens their
market. The concept of the ""product life-cycle"", in which the final state
is decline, draws attention to the likelihood that eventually there will
be pressure to diversify and innovate. Perhaps in agriculture the growth
and maturity stages of the product life-cycles are so long that farmers
in the decline stage see it as an aberration rather than as inevitable"
"They have been very successful in prolonging the maturity phase through
process innovation - in pasture improvement, fertilisers, pesticides, and
machinery. There has also been product innovation, as improved breeds of
livestock and new crop varieties testify"
"The next step is innovation in marketing, where there are already success
stories such as the wool industry. The red meat industry is the latest to
stress marketing and is looking at the messages it has been receiving from
the marketplace to help it assess the reasons for the decline in per capita
consumption of its product. The award in October of the 1985 Nobel Prize
for medicine to two American scientists for their work on cholesterol reminds
us that the health effects of foods will probably remain high in the
consciousness of consumers. In response to this trend, the Meat Industry
Association of NSW has recently appointed a nutritionist to ensure that
the public is informed about the nutritional value of red meat. Dr David
McKinna, engaged as a marketing consultant by the Cattle Council of Australia
and the AMLC, has recently drawn attention to the effects changing lifestyles
are having on consumers' buying decisions, in this case their desire for
convenience and variety. In a calorie-rich diet, food is taking on more
of the characteristics of fashion items. This draws attention again to the
product life-cycle. The fashion connection forced the wool industry to learn
similar lessons years earlier"
"These are all examples of the need, popularised in the management best-seller
In Search of Excellence, for farm business to get ""closer to the customer"""
"No longer does the truism ""everyone has to eat"" mean that producers and
marketers can afford to ignore the valuable information consumers can provide"
"Ultimately, consumers will be heard. Greater attention to consumer needs
might well be achieved through more farmer involvement in agribusiness,
a trend discussed by Sarah Sargent in this issue"
"CONSUMER KEY  

  CONSUMERS are a key part of the audience for a new agricultural policy
that has potentially greater significance for Australian farmers than any
other of recent times. When the Bureau of Agricultural Economics (BAE) recently
took the results of its research on the costs of the CAP to Europe, its
purpose was to make clear to European consumers and taxpayers the vast cost
to them of subsidised European agriculture. This marks a significant tactical
change after years in which the Australian government tried to impress on
the EEC the costs of the CAP to Australian producers, and pleaded for a
fair go. If the swift and sharp response from the European media and
policymakers is any indication, the change in tactics has been successful
at least in drawing their attention"
"The pressure now being felt by many Australian farmers has as much to
do with depressed prices for our agricultural exports as it has with the
more visible and frequently nominated evils of cost increases, union power,
and government charges. To the extent that depressed prices are caused by
over-production stimulated by economically irrational price-support policies
and export dumping, how should Australian governments respond to pleas for
assitance from Australian producers in the short term? The federal
government, despite its rhetoric, still seems willing to provide special
assistance to some industries, such as dairy and sugar, when their problems
are acute. Governments have to be careful that in responding to real financial
hardship they do not inhibit long-run adjustment to a lean and efficient
agriculture. It can be argued that we should at least be slow to wind back
any industries efficient by world standards on the grounds that in the long
run this efficiency will be rewarded when other governments can no longer
afford the cost of supporting their less efficient producers. One positive
response here would be to initiate rational debate in the way the BAE has
recently done in Europe"
"The long-term adjustment of agriculture involving the exit of firms from the 
industry, usually happens slowly and quietly without drawing public attention. 
But occasionally several pressures coincide to create what can be identified 
and promoted as a ""crisis"". Farmers have been going broke almost continuously 
over the years, and for those involved such failure is a crisis. The human 
effects are the same, and they are profound: bewilderment, frustration, and 
loss of self-esteem, not to mention the economic and intangible costs of 
moving, changing occupation, and learning about a completely new environment. 
At such times we find no stirring of the national conciousness 
by opportunist media and political snake-oil merchants. But a brilliantly 
organised demonstration of 30,000 people in front of Parliament House on the 
day of the tax summit? Now that's a crisis!
  What can be done for those farm families facing acute hardship because
of inadequate income, with all the human misery that brings? Equity demands
that no less is done for them than for the officially unemployed, whose
families are plunged into similar crises. It might be time to consider
temporary income support, perhaps of one year and non-repayable, to allow
their families to avoid the worst consequences of poverty and to give
them a breathing space to think about the future. This is clearly a welfare
treatment for a welfare problem, and the stigma that many farmers attach
to such relief would have to be overcome with sensitivity. The Rural
Development Centre has put a lot of thought into this problem, and its
suggestions are contained in the McKay Report on the grape and wine industries"
"It is natural to feel angry when one's stability and livelihood appear
to be threatened by forces beyond control. It is natural also to look for
people to blame. But anger alone does not solve problems, and anger misdirected
is not constructive. It can blind us to a proper perception of the problem,
its causes, and its possible solutions. For many farmers, a Labor government
must present a natural target. It has been reported that the NSW Livestock
and Grain Producers' Association has resolved to try to bring about the
defeat of the federal government. While the LGPA's strategy to help farmers
is broader than this, if this objective comes to be seen as the chief use
of farmers' anger, then a chance will be lost to convince the community
that the solutions to present problems involve more than getting a preferred
government into power"
"ANGRY EXPRESSIONS  

  SOME expressions of the current anger and frustration may appear foreign
to those who appreciate the value of some Australian traditions. For example,
a leading farmers' journal recently had a picture of a hand grenade on its
cover, captioned ""Rural Australia: Ready to explode"", perhaps intended be a dramatic metaphor for today's mood. Inside, it reported a farm leader's
warning that ""blood will flow"" in a fight with unions. The observer of conflict
in other countries is reminded sadly of Beirut and Belfast, where a hand
grenade is no mere symbol, and where inflammatory words are dangerously
irresponsible. An important aspect of our luck as Australians is to live
in a socially cohesive country. Not the least benefit of such social cohesion,
incidentally, is its contribution to economic efficiency"
"Australia is lucky in that it has had no invasions for 200 years, no civil
wars, famines, military coups, or arbitrary and sinister denials of political
rights"
"Social cohesion has also been forged by the potency of our bush values:
compassion and generosity in the face of natural disaster, tolerance, slowness
to anger, the ability to see the other person's point of view, scepticism
about the bluster of the demagogue, and about authority in general. 
It does not seem to fit that rural Australia, which has contributed much that 
is truly recognisable and attractive in the Australian character, might now
be encouraged to foment and exploit what some find convenient to portray
as irreconcilable divisions between groups in our community"
"A political scientist, Kathryn West of Melbourne University, has drawn
attention to some concerns farmers have in common with small business
operators. Her solutions are presented in a headline (Rydges, September
1985) as ""Abolish the dole, stomp the militants, kill the compromisers,
save the family"". The headline surely does less than justice to her
analysis. But the issues are too important and there is too much of substance
that has to be genuinely faced in the policy debate for the discussion to
be trivialised, the protagonists polarised, and the solutions oversimplified"
""
"Part-way on that privatisation path  

 THE chief executive of Qantas, Mr John Menadue, has again endorsed at
least some of the benefits of airline privatisation, but stopped short of
urging it should happen in Australia"
Mr Menadue was speaking yesterday at an industry forum in Sydney
"He said the world's airlines made a combined profit after interest charges
in 1985 on international scheduled services of about $US200 million, or
about enough to buy a single new jumbo jet between them"
"This profit represented a return of only half of one per cent on revenue
of nearly $US41 billion. 
  ""The airlines are making one to two per cent profit, where they need eight
to nine per cent to finance investments and maintain a reasonable profit
level,"" Mr Menadue said"
""
"Warhead by Josie Flett  

UP on a mountain slope so steep not even the timber-getters can plunder
its extremities lives a wildman they call Goddam Billy.  The place:
east-coast Border Ranges, New South Wales.  The man: William Carter Godman,
born 1896, into a family of tough country reprobates"
"On a clear day, about 10 years ago, there was an explosion and the old
respectable Godman homestead burned to the ground.  Billy watched from the
lantana thicket, then promptly built himself a shelter from scraps of
exasperation and toolshed.  Today Goddam Billy owns a fibro shack, 25 chaff
bags and an expanding flea plague"
"This many years later he lopes up and down, hacking pathways into his
own remnant rainforest with an itinerant brush hook.  He lusts for an
occasional imaginary woman, a grinning, painted-up broad, and smells like
the stiff, rancid cheese he gnaws with indecent gums after the canned soup
and breadcrusts run out"
"The only time Goddam Billy ever ventures into the other reality is on
collection day.  He writes to his middleaged daughter in Brisbane each
month, entrusting his postage a surly woman who makes the daily
milk run and favours Billy with unceasing service out of pity for his
selfinduced plight"
"Beryl from Brisbane comes every three months to the foot of the mountainside,
bringing the usual provisions along with articles requested by letter when
she can decipher his handwriting.  Sometimes he curses and wants to know
where the axe handle is?
  So she eases her tired, 55-year-old overweight into the car and drives
back along the dirt road, 21 kilometres to the township's general store
where they're certain to have such a vital tool of trade"
"""Goddam him,"" she moans.  ""Why can't he live in an accessible place like
everybody else!""
  She underestimates the old bastard's cunning"
"Billy waits, perched atop a four-gallon drum of perishables, for her return"
"He has clear blue eyes and a sense of humour, but like some neglected old
men, is a groteque sight to behold.  He washes around the edges sometimes,
but doesn't bother about changing into something fresh"
"Consequently, his shirt and singlet and musty blue serge trousers have
acquired a dull grey tinge overall.  He goes sockless all year through;
thrusts his feet into lace-up boots which are solid but currently without
laces.  Beryl offered to bring laces, however he stated clearly his intention
of remaining laceless and so struts about grandly with exposed eyelet holes"
"Elsewhere, yet only by sheer good luck, his buttons are intact"
"After a long, dutiful chat, Beryl goes off leaving Billy to fend for himself"
"During the next three days the old hermit can be seen from a distance lugging
endless bagfuls of foodstuff up the steep slope.  Once the task is complete,
he sifts through the welcome gifts seeking newspaper wrappings from the
butcher's shop.  Excited, he scutters about the woodpile and with his limited
leg aims a good kick at the whining, starving cat before setting himself
down on the chopping block.  Whereupon he pushes his eyes down the rows
of type, greedy for something to spark up a timeworn fancy"
"He pauses in between sentences to savour his own situation.  The beat
of distant drums cannot disturb his peace of mind.  Nor can a writer's clever
words intimidate his better chance of survival.  In this, his private
wonderland of natural phenomena, he relies on the silence to hold his future
secure"
"Goddam Billy reflects in between sentences.  Spiritualism doesn't account
for anything.  He knows there is still that inevitable, eventual joining
with the Universal Mind once your time runs out, and here and now, well,
there's Karma, that balancing out of good and evil forces to answer to"
"So he plays the game.  Shot a dog or two which infringed on his goodwill
to wildlife and called that a truce.  Watches the noxious weed inspectors
watching out for marijuana farmers in the foothills below and wonders why
the treatment of paid spies should be less than for dogs.  He refrains because
they have stayed away from his threshold and that's the way he wants it
to be"
"Now he longs for the wet season - ah, that's the time for contemplation!
When those moist, cyclonic winds rush in from the sea causing forest giants
to quiver and shed weakened limbs, Goddam Billy huddles in front of his
logfire, remembering what's been before, speculating on what's still to
come.  Last rainy season, while curled up like a cat on his pile of hessian
potato bags, he had a dream"
"Goddam Billy dreamed of a new era for mankind.  Sitting comfortably inside
his own head, he leaned back to admire the decor.  A pleasant place wherein
happy colour schemes and improvised lighting sources fused ingeniously to
seduce the unwary, to beckon the suspicious.  And within this inviting
sensorium the music of nature's orchestral harmonies created lilting, lovely
sounds for mindwaves to dance to"
"In fact, the whole venue pulsated - a haven for mind neurons in their
natural state.  Given fresh impetus by frequent, new sensual delights, they
reached out in scansorial expectation ... for eternity"
"Then unexpectedly within this paradise of mind, the music forms faltered
and paradise turned to hell - a seething friction of ferocity, a flashing,
spinning confusion of torments.  Desperate for purity of existence, Billy's
mindcells fought against invading negative energies until, within the vortex
of his wracked mind, a single realisation took hold.  It fell away once,
reasserted itself with renewed vigour"
"Reject the message!  Destroy the message!  But because the thought patterns
of an innocent are both patriotic and generous, these neural pirates gained
control.  They fled the sensory host-ship leaving their message behind"
"Embedded deep within the man's consciousness it festered, and the man soon
came to understand that the threat and the lust for revenge were not of
his own imagining"
"Some future time there would come an end to free reasoning.  Like the
rest of his kind, the dispensibles, Billy's mindcells would be broken, smashed
into uncountable scores of smithereens by this rebuffed alien force"
"WARHEAD!  The invasion of mankind's proud spirit, his psyche - perhaps
his soul - by some self-appointed universal overlord!  At least, that's
how Goddam Billy chose to explain away his dream"
"ONE morning Goddam Billy arose as usual.  Lit his fire, performed his morning
tea and toast ritual.  Afterwards, chose to wander downtrack for a while,
thinking all the while.  Something was nagging his conscience.  He felt
the presence of a messenger beyond his own comprehension, yet within his
own spirit-sphere.  He grew excited, agitated if he tried to cast his thoughts
aside, but calm, in control - yes, almost powerful - when he relaxed into
that gentle, meditative quiet he loved and knew so well"
"And soon the message flowed through into Goddam Billy's waiting conscious,
a sharp reminder of his first encounter with Warhead hostility.  No time
for speculation!  He recognised with terror that mankind's fate would be
sealed by his own actions or lack of them.  He should tell the people of
their peril!
  Yet hadn't he retired from their collective company out of disgust?  Hadn't
he always deplored their frivolous games of social roulette?  He scorned
their destructive non-allegiance to nature, despised their supreme ugliness
of mind"
"Hesitation overruled.  He would make contact with their elected
representative.  He must, after all, convince them of their danger"
"So Goddam Billy ploughed his way down the track, old topcoat flapping
about his legs, eyes bright with the urgency of his mission.  He was panting,
dangerously close to exhaustion by the time he made the gravel roadway where
Beryl came for her daughterly chats"
"Beryl's bulk flickered across his inner visual screen for an instant,
but no more.  She was engulfed, in her handknitted suit, by the rush of
his urgency.  For half a kilometre he ran, stumbling every now and then
on an uneven patch of road surface, pausing occasionally to allow his body's
whispering breath to subside within its tortured physical framework"
A car went by spitting out tiny bits of gravel.  But didn't stop to enquire
"He hardly noticed, although it occurred to him (too late) that a ride to
his destination might have been more expedience than luxury.  Intent on
his mission, he plummetted down, down, down, into unconsciousness"
"NURSE Nixon went off duty at 2 am without so much as a goodbye from the
oncoming shift.  Still, you can't expect much in the way of goodwill from
those jealous of your own youthful predicament, she confided to herself,
quite reasonably.  Sister Watson and the dowdy old cosmopolitan, Janette
Winkovich.  The one all fire and bitch, the other war-ravaged and oldfashioned
- yes, antiquated to the point of no return!
  Nurse Nixon giggled to herself as she walked between the flower gardens
to her car.  Apart from a dutiful obedience learned in her student years
and a muted respect for her parents she didn't take much notice of her aged
superiors.  With no shame and very little misadventure she was ""into"" sex,
dope, rock and roll.  Everything inspiring was New Wave these days"
Yet little Nurse Nixon had room left in her heart for one tired old man
"""There's a new patient in Number Six,"" she told her doctor friend, Mike
Wilson, at ten o'clock breakfast.  ""Who is absolutely fascinating if you
have the time to listen.  He has the zaniest ideas about our future as Russian
slaves.  Says we'll all be taken over by their underhand methods.  Mental
warfare is imminent - at least, that's what he says.""
  ""Sounds like the old codger is suffering from a touch of futurophobia"
"I expect they'll just send him home,"" remarked the indifferent doctor from
the depths of his breakfast bowl.  True to her conditioning, Nurse Nixon
said no more.                           

  A leap across the time-space.  The year 1998.  Human mindwaves have been
measured, registered, voluntarily levelled - but never controlled.  Ever
since the introduction of biofeedback therapy there has been a move towards
whole spectrum observation of the human imagination"
"Weekly readings of the individual's electro-magnetic emissions allow true
judgement of his creative instincts.  The artist engineer and manual worker
can now be paid according to his talents.  Clinics were set up in the early
'90s to revive (restimulate) or to recapture wandering mindwaves via the
various (Tune-in and Tune-up!) attachment techniques.  Revival kits have
become if not a way of life then a fact of life.  Science has made available
the instrumentation to measure transference of mindpower from one human
source to another"
The year 1998 has affirmed the beginning of the end - the Warhead Phenomenon
"Just when they had AIDS licked and the spirit of international cooperation
was being feted worldwide, Russia's Collective Intelligence Seekers were
detected as isolated infestations within the world's populations.  The
Americans quickly developed their own Law Enforcement Neurons to quell the
effects of Russia's intermind sabotage army; whereby ""Operation Psychowarp""
developed into a fullscale brainwash with sacrifices offered up on both
sides"
"There will come an end to free reasoning, since America's ever-gullible
neuron force has little hope against such devious enemy obsessions.  Goddam
Billy's mindwaves, fraught with amassed energies in conflict, exploded into
a deathly silence one day and his life's breath retreated to the beyond"
"The mind vampires gorged themselves with empty offerings - the mental images
of a hermit versed in pure thought"
"Goddam Billy died as he had lived - alone.  He suffered no fate worse
than death, unless it was realisation in life.  Despite his request that
the Godman estate be made part of the adjoining National Park, Beryl sold
his entire virgin rainforest to the local timber millers.  Which is just
what Billy would have expected"
"Two weeks after that Beryl, too, became a slave to Russia and lost
everything, including her mind.  Nuclear technology was all in vain"
""
"C'wealth outshines rival banks with record $289.2m  

  THE Commonwealth Bank Group boosted profit 21.5 per cent from $238.09
million to a record $289.2 million in the June 30 year"
"The result compares well with the half-yearly results of the other major
banks and largely flowed from higher levels of business and a slight widening
of interest margins on lending"
"Pre-tax profit rose 24 per cent from $359.5 million to $445.5 million,
while profit after tax and extraordinary items was $277.4 million, up 17
per cent on $237 million previously"
"Managing director, Vern Christie, said the results reflected the bank's
increased volume of offshore borrowings and assets, tight control of
costs and strong earnings from the foreign exchange division"
"The Commonwealth is now the second largest currency dealer by volume after
Westpac"
"The bank also received a $110 million dividend from its wholly-owned
susidiary, the Commonwealth Savings Bank, up from $30 million last year,
but this was not included in group profit"
"The Federal Government has claimed a record $100.5 million dividend from
the group, up from $22.6 million last year"
"The 1985-86 group result compares favourably with the National Australia
Bank's half yearly profit which was up 5.9 per cent to $153.4 million after
a record 30.1 percent rise to $301.7 million in the full year to September
30, 1985"
"The ANZ's interim profit was down 6.9 per cent to $141.9 million after
a 12.8 per cent rise to $283.0 million for the full year previously"
"Westpac posted a 5.8 per cent rise to $196.1 million after a 20.2 per
cent annual rise to $367.6 million"
"Mr Christie said the bank could not expect to maintain the 1985-86 profit
growth rate in 1986-87"
"Productivity rose from $7299 of profit produced by each employee in 1984-85
to $8668 for each of the 33,364 employees in 1985-86"
"Retail deposits increased only 5.5 per cent, or $1,035 million, in the
12 months, attributed entirely to the general deposit downturn in the banking
sector prior to the introduction of the housing package on April 2"
Total deposits with the group rose 8.9 per cent to $23.1 billion
"The savings deposit downturn held the Commonwealth Savings Bank's
contribution to group profit to $115.5 million, up only 3 per cent"
"Home lending totalled $2.17 billion in 1985-86 with $2.4 billion allocated
this year"
"Mr Christie was optimistic interest rates would decline in early 1987,
but said it was unlikely lower rates would flow through to home mortgages
without long-term stability in the Australian currency"
""
"Inner suburban values soar up to 200pc By Brett McCarthy  

SOME Brisbane inner-suburban residents may face a large rates jump in the
wake of 200 to 250 per cent valuation increases"
"Valuation Minister Mr Muntz released 185,000 of the 250,000 revaluations
yesterday"
"He said the increased demand and popularity of Paddington, Red Hill and
Kelvin Grove had increased values in those areas by up to 250 per cent"
"Since the last valuation in 1979, he said, the market for residential
land had been generally flat, but land prices had risen considerably since
1979 - particularly in the early 1980s"
""
"Kanak leader's home attacked By LENA SAVOPOULOU NOUMEA, 17 Nov.  

 - The home of the Kanak leader, Mr Uieiwene Uieiwene, president
of the three Loyalty Islands off New Caledonia, was attacked last night"
"Three men are reported to have fired shots at his home and to have tried
to burn it down.  Mr Uieiwene is in Paris with the two other pro-independence
leaders to meet French officials"
"Mr Uieiwene's wife and three children were believed to be in the house
at the time of the attack.  Guards posted at the house in case of trouble
drove off the attackers"
"The Noumea printing works of the `Bwenando' newspaper was destroyed by
fire last night.  The newspaper is the organ of the proindependence Kanak
coalition"
"The atmosphere was calm in the city today but trouble is expected tomorrow
with the funeral of the 14-year-old boy shot dead in clashes between pro
and anti-independence militants"
""
"It could only happen in the Kimberleys  

The first of a three-part series by Tom JENKINS, who has just returned from
a visit to WA's remote north"
THERE's a python at the bottom of Aileen Hackett's garden
"It's probably about 4.5 metres long and about once a week (at night) it
comes to feed on the birds in the Pandanus Palm Wildlife Park and Zebra
Rock Gallery which Mrs Hackett runs beside the Ord River near Kununurra"
"While she is getting irritated about the python, or helping a kangaroo
joey back into his bag hanging on a veranda post (or caring for pigeons,
parrots, emus and donkeys, or polishing zebra rock into gemstones) her husband
Noel is busy growing bananas"
"It could all only happen in one part of Western Australia: The Kimberleys.  
The Hacketts have been on the Ord for 22 years.  Like many other people there,  
they have tried different ways of making a living: Cotton, wheat and chaff, 
then, five years ago, they got a new block of land on Packsaddle Plain and are 
now getting good prices for bananas sent to Perth and Adelaide"
"Their wildlife park is becoming known and in the busy season they may
have 300 visitors a day.  At the bottom of the garden (in truth, at the
end of the paddock beyond the garden) is the Ord River, broadened here into
Lake Kununurra behind the Diversion Dam"
"They have a mining lease to take the beautiful red-and-cream zebra rock
from an island in Lake Argyle, the huge and controversial lake nine times
the size of Sydney Harbour created behind the main Ord River Dam"
"We met the Hacketts on our second day in the Kimberleys.  On the evening
of the first day, we had driven to Lake Argyle"
"The road lay through noble red hills, their rocky spines ridged like
dinosaurs, the views into purple distance framed by slender, pale trees,
jade-green-leaved.  As the sun sank, the red light intensified so that the
hills glowed"
"Past the rather tatty Lake Argyle tourist village (a recycled construction
camp - there are plans for grander things) we drove up a stony hill and gazed
somewhat stunned, across this man-made lake.  It stretches forever, blue,
deep, serene.  Maybe its potential as a source of irrigation will never be
realised, but it is a sight that lifts your heart, this great water in a
dry land"
"There was just time to see the replacement for Argyle Downs Homestead,
now drowned.  It is too ordinary a building, but the mementos of the Durack
family are moving"
"By the time we left, the sun had set.  Under dying light, the old rocks
turned to purple.  Birdsong seemed to stop"
"We looked down into an ancient pool that, for millions of years has been
fed by waterfalls, shrunk by searing heat.  For a moment, I think we understood
a little of what this land means to the Aborigines"
""
"INQUEST TOLD UNSAFE LOAD CRUSHED DRIVER  

  A truck driver neglected safe loading and unloading procedures and his
load crushed him to death"
"Two experts said this today at an inquest into the death of Michael St
John Kennedy, of Floreat"
"A Factory and Shops inspector, Mr Graeme Hearn, said that failure of the
firm, James Hardie and Co, to ensure safe loading had also contributed to
the accident on March 13"
"A Department of Occupational Health inspector, Mr Francis Keough, said
he thought Mr Kennedy's 10-year familiarity with handling cement pipes for
the company may have been a contributing factor"
"Unloading ramps had not been pulled out according to James Hardie procedure.  
  Mr Hearn said Mr Kennedy was a contract driver responsible for his own
loading"
""
"Kuwaiti envoy forced down in USSR: Iran KUWAIT, Thursday (Reuter).  

An aircraft taking a special envoy of the Emir of Kuwait to Tehran was chased
last night in Iranian airspace by Iraqi fighters and had to make a forced
landing in the Soviet Union, the Iranian news agency IRNA reported"
"The envoy, former Kuwaiti Oil Minister Mr Abdul Rahman Salem al-Atiqi,
58, was carrying an invitation to the Iranian President, Mr Ali Khamenei,
to attend an Islamic summit meeting in Kuwait in January"
"The aircraft made an emergency landing at the airport at Yerevan, the
capital of Soviet Armenia, according to the office of the Emir of Kuwait,
Sheik Jaber al-Ahmed al-Sabah"
"Kuwait said it had ordered the envoy to return home.  The brief statement,
carried by the Kuwaiti news agency Kuna and broadcast on state-run Kuwait
Television, said the pilot had been instructed to fly back to Kuwait"
"But there was no immediate confirmation in the Soviet Union that the aircraft
had landed there and Western analysts said the Soviet official media were
unlikely to comment until Iran, Iraq and Kuwait had made statements"
"Nor did Iraq make any comment on the allegation by Iran.  The Gulf war
between the two neighbouring countries is now in its seventh year"
"The Kuwaiti statement did not suggest a reason for the plane being diverted
by Iraqi fighters.  It said the aircraft had made a safe landing"
"IRNA said the aircraft had been trailed by Iraqi planes over north-western
Iran, forcing it to change route and enter Soviet air space.  Mr Al-Atiqi
had already visited Jordan, Iraq and Syria to deliver invitations to the
summit meeting"
"Last  Saturday Kuwait fired two missiles at an intruder and Kuwaiti
newspapers said it was an ""enemy plane"", which was believed to have been
shot down off the Kuwaiti coast.  No wreckage was found"
"Iranian officials hinted that it was a warplane belonging to Iraq, which
has obtained billions of dollars in aid from Kuwait and fellow Gulf Arab
states during its war against Iran"
"Iraq has declared Iranian air space a ""forbidden zone"""
""
"The sparkle spread broadly  MOVIES TO WATCH with Stan James  

  THE MIXTURE is a broad cross-section of styles with only a few sparkles,
and except for some classy efforts from directors Alfred Hitchcock and Bill
Wilder, the weekend offers less than the rest of the week"
"Friday  

THE LOST COMMAND (1966, AO) 8.30 p.m. ADS 7. Big-budget, spectacular action
drama set during the Algerian crisis, with an anti-war message shown through
Alain Delon as a disillusioned Frenchman and the dilemma of George Segal
as an Arab faced with a tough Choice. Anthony Quinn is dominant as a French
officer. The action comes off better than the philosophy"
"BRITANNIA HOSPITAL (1983, AO) 8.30 p.m. NWS 9. A biting satire on the British
National health scheme that is crude, ruthless, shocking and not very funny"
"The events are based around the 500th anniversary of a British hospital, its
staff - including a mad doctor who transplants heads - a Royal visit and a TV
reporter (Malcolm McDowell). Much of the film looks grotty and clumsy. 

THE BALLAD OF CABLE HOGUE (1970, AO) 8.30 p.m. SAS 10. There is much to enjoy
in Jason Robard's warm performance as Hogue, left to die in the desert
by his prospecting partners, and the long revenge he plans. A very different
approach from director Sam Peckinpah, as Hogue discovers water in the desert
and love with Stella Stevens, with a few bitter-sweet touches"
"Saturday  

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO (1975,G) 8.30 p.m. NWS9. The Dumas classic of wrongful
imprisonment and revenge was first filmed in 1933 with Robert Donat. Now
it is Richard Chamberlain, in the fourth version, giving his all in a rattling
good adventure. Louis Jourdan, Trevor Howard, Donald Pleasence, Tony Curtis
and Kate Nelligan take it with a pinch of swash and a broad buckle"
"THE PRIVATE LIFE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES (1970, PGR) 8.30 p.m. SAS10. One of
writer-director Billy Wilder's best and most intriguing films gives a new
view of the Sherlock Holmes legend, using satire, humor and character, about
Holmes's other life, involving women and drugs. Robert Stephens and Colin
Blakely are splendid as Holmes and Watson. Genevieve Page is stylish as
Wilder skilfully manipulates his characters to suit his clever story"
"PLUTONIUM 10.20 p.m. SBS. West German thriller about stolen plutonium and
the potential disaster to ecology entwined with political drama. Charlotte
Kerr plays an investigative reporter"
"Sunday  

NORTH BY NORTHWEST (1959, G) 2 p.m. ADS 7. Alfred Hitchcock's most entertaining
adventure using Cary Grant (one of his best roles) as an advertising executive
mistaken for a spy. Several brilliant, original sequences and chases, and
grand performances from Eva Marie Saint, James Mason and Jessie Royce Landis
as Grant's mother (she was nine months younger than Grant at the time)"
""
"Royal staff `moonlight'  LONDON (AAP):  

  Staff at Buckingham Palace and other royal homes regularly
""moonlight"" in their spare time with the agreement of the Royal Family,
it was disclosed today"
"A palace spokesman said:  ""Staff have permission to take extra jobs. 
What they do in their own time is their business.""
  He was commenting on a report in today's Daily Mirror which said Prince
Charles' $462-a-week butler, Harold Brown, could be employed for private
parties for $69.22"
"The newspaper said he could be hired - preferably for cash - by ringing
Kensington Palace"
""
"Illusions and puffs of smoke BOOKS SECOND SIGHT, by Janine Burke (Greenhouse, $8.95). Ludmilla Forsyth  

JANINE BURKE'S first novel `Speaking', gave the reader five distinct speaking
voices. Voices of women arguing, exploring, consolidating and
disintegrating Burke wrote powerfully of being a woman,
about woman as a psychologically complex being: a social, political,
imaginative and family person, strong, vulnerable, tough, fragile. She wrote
from a position which recognises historical pressures as well as
opportunities"
"`Second Sight', Burke's second novel, continues this thorough gazing into
being a woman. The opening sentence - ""My grandmother died with her mouth
open."" - concentrates the focus. Death and detail. Lucida, history teacher in a
college, has chosen not to live with Jason, has become lover of Lethe and is
writing a biography of Lydia O'Shea, suffragette. Burke sets her parameters:
woman, teacher, writer"
"All worlds come into collision with the death of Lucida's grandmother. Time,
place and characters emerge in keeping with their emotional significance for
Lucida. Burke shifts her focus in much the same way as Lucida's photographer
lover moves his. However, while images of the physicality of life bombard the
senses, and grandmother's death casts an emotional net over Lucida's life,
psychological holes leave gaps in the reader's understanding of why this should
be so"
"The novel is in three sections. In the first, Burke skilfully presents
someone on the verge of a nervous breakdown. The fragmentation in the narrative
isolates incidents and reinforces disintegration. This is unsettling for the
reader and is meant to be. But so are the imagist, Swiftian expressions of
Lucida's chaos. Thrust into this state are the naif, photographic,
old-fashioned pen sketches of characters. The reader nimbly dances through
this collage"
"Janine Burke tells us that we can ""see our symmetry. Our sad design"". But,
""This is the gift of second sight, the eyes granted later, when fear is gone"""
"The reader (as the writer, as we do in life) sees the connections in
retrospect. Second sight is not an insight; it is an affirmation of a
meaning"
"Burke uses photography as a metaphor for one kind of vision of life. It is
Lethe's eye view of the world - I am a camera. He deals in images, fragments of
life, surface realities or what the beholder beholds. ""He was leaving it to
the observer to make him up. It was not a game. He took the prospect of
revelation too seriously."" So does Burke. Lucida needs connections -
emotional and intellectual. Her previoius discipline, history, provided an
umbilical interpretative method. Burke questions the security embedded in
this approach - the happy hooker synthesis of scholarly research. ""The
discipline of history was bondage and I was the whore with the whip.""
  It is this fragmentary image of life which Burke is very good at. And her
dialogue pursues an intellectual thought or careless comment with ease"
"However, the heavy symbolism of nomenclature overworks in creating
significance - Lucida, Lethe, Diana, Pico (Apollinaire), the Dragons (false)"
"From the pit of Lucida's despair, Diana and Pico appear and initiate her into
life of the moment. Diana and Pico (Apollo), twin life forces, are sensual,
sexually magnetic, hedonistic and, more importantly, free"
"Romantic (as in Keats, Shelley) images of flight dominate section two with
the arrival of Zeus's headache. My own wings are clipped by reason and I have
an imaginative unwillingness to fly with these mythological creatures. ""She
said, `Come to us'. The flying feeling returned, much stronger, and I floated
up, staring into Diana's eyes. It was terrifying, exquisite and real. My body
was shared with the air. It had a new substance, other dimensions, fresh
perimeters.""
  I am happy to picnic with them on the banks of the Yarra - moon, but no
mention of the mozzies - but on wings of Poesy ... with Diana and Apollo!
  Lucida, letting go Lethe and Australia, flies to Italy. In section three she
experiences rebirth, a sexual and creative freeing. The image of the cave
predominates. ""We would speak as author and character, no longer the
disappointed detective and the missing clue. My dream came back and with it
the steady breathing. I knew I could find the cave, snaking through the belly
of the hills. I would travel light, making maps.""
  Finally, her albatross, the biography of Lydia O'Shea, is laid to rest by
(literally) Lydia's ghost. I'm not sure what Janine Burke is up to here. Is
this to be read as an allegorical ghost? Is this the culmination of a nervous
breakdown, even if all the symptoms are ones of recovery? Is this an
imaginative absorption of the ghosts that haunt one? It is somewhat ironic
that Lucida thinks at the end of the novel, ""We began with illusions and ended
up in puffs of smoke. Such is the fate of symbols.""
  Janine Burke appears to be moving into an allegorical and self-conscious
mode. She feels the need to tell us this is fiction, to provide a map. ""Destiny
is fierce and writing fiction shadows destiny. Alarmed at one point by the
apparent collaborations between fiction and my life, I said to Lydia, `I
shouldn't have written it in the first person. Dangerous correspondences
keep occurring'."" This is both a disclaimer and an apologia. There appears to
be a proliferation of authors telling us not to believe that this is their life
- well, not all of it"
"Burke is a strong writer with an eye for physical realities, a great deal of
psychological and emotional texture and a great sense of historical truth. Keep
the faith. We need novels which place people in society as well as
relationships."
"Inventor seeks foreign backing By Peter Lowe  

THE man judged Australian Inventor of the Year in 1980 says tax imposts are 
forcing him to seek overseas backing for his latest creation: a pocket-sized 
emergency safety beacon which may save the lives of snow skiers, hikers and 
other adventure seekers. 
  The sophisticated device, weighing only 160g, emits a continuous radio 
homing beacon which makes it usable in the most remote country. 
  But according to its inventor, Mr Iain Saul, import taxes of up to 30
per cent on components and a sales tax of 20 per cent make the cost of
producing it in Australia uneconomic. 
  In addition, Mr Saul has encountered difficulties in obtaining a frequency 
allocation for the mini safety beacon which emits a continuous signal for 60 
hours after it is activated. 
  ""The Department of Civil Aviation didn't want the beacons transmitting 
because they thought people would set them off in a mischievous manner. 
  ""The Department of Communications recognised the need for the beacon, 
took the bull by the horns and allocated a frequency,"" said Mr Saul. 
  ""They made up their minds about six weeks ago at a meeting where the 
disappearance of Simon Crean's brother in the snow was mentioned,"" he said. 
  The beacon is designed for one-off use only, to discourage pranksters. 
  Despite a decision to manufacture the first batch at the small Consolidated 
Technology factory in the Melbourne suburb of Frankston,  the inventor, who 
is also managing director of Consolidated Technology, doubts whether 
manufacturing will prove practicable in Australia. 
  ""There are virtually no manufacturers of electronic components any more in 
Australia.  There used to be a lot but they found it cheaper to manufacture 
overseas,"" he said"
"Consequently most components for the safety beacon must be imported and the
import tax ranges from 2 per cent to 30 per cent"
""
"Bigger penalties won't stop problem drinkers  

  LATELY there have been suggestions there should be heavier penalties for
offenders under the influence of alcohol"
"The criminal law is, generally speaking, concerned with voluntary and
intentional acts, and this is why it does not punish infants and those
suffering from mental incapacity. Alcoholics under the influence of alcohol
fit well into this classification"
"To simply punish alcoholics for their anti-social acts is an expensive
exercise in futility. For unless treated, they will continue to offend"
"Diversion of such a person into treatment is the practical way of insuring
that they will not continue to be public nuisances. It's the only possible
step that courts can take to make them useful and productive members of
society"
"I fully support the view that offenders, who do not accept treatment or
after treatment have lapsed into their old ways, should be treated as totally
responsible for their actions and should be punished for what they are,
selfish and anti-social"
"KEN ASHTON,
Administrator, Serenity 
Lodge, Rockingham. Snakes are people, too!  

  I WAS appalled to read (ST, Nov 2) the way in which a poor snake was
destroyed. I do however, commend Mr McKeekin for his efforts to obtain help"
"Had we been contacted, the reptile would have been removed alive with
the minimum of fuss. Once again, we see man, through ignorance and fear,
become the predator and the snake the unfortunate victim"
"All I ask is that the public get to know the characteristics and habits
of these reptiles and I can assure you fear will be overcome. You don't
have to kill them. Leave them alone and they will move on. They are not
villains"
"An amendment on the number of venomous reptiles found in WA - five of
the larger species of land snake are considered dangerous to man, not 47"
"We already have people killing indiscriminately, harmful and harmless
reptiles. We do not have any venomous lizards in Australia"
"Mrs S. GAIKHORST, High Wycombe. Trapping is threat to our rare birds  

  IT seems Mr Nelson and his friends (ST, Oct 26) have very little idea of
how delicate the ecological balance is and how quickly a species can be
wiped out"
"Some Australian birds are already extinct and many others are endangered
species partly because their habitats are within confined areas. Parrots,
such as our ""white tailed black cockatoos"" can be found only in the South-West
of WA and although they may appear to be ""plentiful"" to us, the few flocks
we have are all that can be found in the whole world"
Australian birds fetch a good price overseas only because they are protected
"I am not against earning the export dollar and letting others share our
rich heritage. But let those who wish to export breed their own stock and
let there be strict Government controls in this regard"
"B. SARALAM,
Booragoon Parents want sporting chance  

  REGARDING your article: ""Crisis over sexes in sport"" (ST. Oct 26): The
policy of gradually introducing integration in sport at primary schools
still stands, regardless of the wishes of parents and children"
"The schools in our area followed the recommendations in the guidelines
by introducing integration for running events at the recent interschool
sports. The parents and children at our schools and we believe, at Central
Busselton Primary School, did not want this"
"Our efforts, through the Education Department, to prevent the implementation
of this policy into our school system, were blocked by the Equal Opportunity
and Sex Discrimination Act. Our regional director stated in his letter to
us ""neither the schools nor the Education Department can amend the Acts,
which are matters of parliamentary decision"""
"The parents of our school  want our children to have the opportunity to
experience both integrated and segregated sport in the future"
"BEVERLEY J. STEFANOU,
West Busselton Parents and 
Citizens' Association. It's enough to make you mental  

  THE psychiatrists have done it again with another first for mankind"
"If we are going to label premenstrual tension as a mental disease (ST,
Oct 26) we might as well go ahead and label drunkenness as a form of insanity
(some grounds for that, actually) or even invent a name for the grumpiness
or unhappiness which follows exhaustion"
"We could go further than this and label all sorts of personality traits
- such as haughtiness or even chronic happiness - and then have a plethora
of mental illnesses that we could use for all occasions"
"HENRY BARTNIK,
Lathlain. Give our youth a reason to live  

  ""WHY live?"" This appears to be a question hundreds of young Australians
are asking themselves every day, and when we look at the suicide statistics,
one can't help but wonder whether they are finding any answers at all"
"Statistics show that our under 25s have one of the highest self-inflicted
death rates in the world. We also know that 100 people today all over Australia
will attempt to take their lives. Pretty haunting figures, don't you think?
  Maybe as a nation we should be asking ourselves the question ""why is
it that young people in our country seem to have no meaning in life?"" Why
is it that so many of Australia's future generation are frustrated with
life if this is supposed to be the ""Lucky Country""?
  Could it be that as a community we are not providing space for the younger
generation? Is their search for meaning, futile because they are aliens
within our society? Could this also be the reason for such a high incidence
of drug addiction and alcoholism among the young? Could it be that our youth
are feeling the need to ""escape"" from feelings of alienation and lack of
significance?
  These questions send shivers down my spine. It compels me to ask ""what
am I doing to help the youth of Australia?"" Maybe as a whole nation we should
be addressing this question more deeply"
""
"""Again"" By Adela Rogers McKenzie-Cameron  

  SHE liked her new bathers. They were bottle-green stretchy stuff with
silver leaves and flowers in a front panel"
"They fitted into her body, boys looked, she aware but unaware"
"She was sixteen and accustomed to being on her own; in the scrub or
investigating the wind-swept wild beaches of her home town. Now, as she
sat on the city beach with people, she behaved as she did at home; not really
aware of the reason for the behaviour of other girls"
His parents sat on a checkered rug and invited her to share their picnic
They were warm people and she enjoyed their company
"""Have another sandwich, sit on the rug. It's only an old one, don't worry
about your wet togs,"" his mother said"
"She worked as junior office girl in the bakery where `his' father worked
as a baker; a heavy lumbering man in his movements, a sparkle in his eyes,
gentle as his wife, and full of humour. She wanted to hug them, be with
them like a daughter, her own father was in a convalescent hospital in
Melbourne. 
  ""Come on girlie eat up, gotta keep in shape with all that tea-making you
have to do,"" said his father. 
  The lunch room at work was at the rear of the building, one of her jobs
was to prepare tea for the office staff. She had to walk through the work
area of the bakery to carry out this task, many eyes followed her as she
walked to and fro with the trolley. The stuffy head accountant often came
mincing along, moving in on the small gathering at the wire door"
"""Have a cuppa dear,"" his mum said, passing her a steaming mug from the
thermos"
"She finished her tea and thanked them. He said, ""I'll see you tomorrow
at the bus.""
  She left to rejoin her cousin, it was time they got their bikes and headed
home from swimming training"
"The bus was for the ""swim through"" Port Wakefield, she would be sitting
with him, her ""boyfriend"" as she had come to accept him but nothing had
ever been said in this regard, she only knew that something had changed
in her"
"His eyes sparkled like his Dad's, he was strong from bike training, she
liked going to the velodrome and feeling the thrill of his popularity"
"On the way home from the ""swim through"" it was the usual fumbling session
from him and the usual pushing away from her private places from her, she
wanted him, but knew nothing of how to have him"
"She started quietly singing the latest pop song, ""Again."" The couple sitting
in front of them heard her and turned around, ""Sing it for us,"" said the
young man. She did, and enjoyed their pleasure, she loved singing but had
never had an audience before"
"""I'm moving next week to stay with Rene and her family."""
"""Let's go to the Piccadilly Saturday then, okay? I'll see you out the
front,"" he said"
"She wanted to move. The cousins to whom her mum had entrusted her were
not well known to her. They restricted her movements and she didn't understand
their concern if she was late home"
"The father was a Spaniard, she loved the way he pottered around his garden,
filled with bush, standard and climbing roses; or in his dark little garden
shed, singing Spanish songs as he bottled apricot brandy from his bubbling
still"
"The Mum, her Dad's Welsh cousin, was five feet nil, rotund, rosy cheeked,
and seemed totally unaware of how she had conceived her children"
"She cooked bacon, duck eggs and tomato, for breakfast every morning; gave
her husband Kraft cheese sandwiches every day as he set off for work at
the Islington workshops for forty years, same bike too"
"The family knew what was for tea according to the day of the week. She
always washed on Mondays, ironed Tuesdays, shopped Wednesdays, and cleaned
on Thursday etc"
"The adventures of independence and the city beckoned her. Rene worked
in the office. She was older, about twenty-five, and had befriended her"
"""It's costing you a fortune for fares. Mum says it's okay for you to board
with us if you like"""
"They were a betting-on-horses type family. Saturdays were full of race
results, footy, cricket, bets, prices and ifs. Rene had two brothers. One
was older than she was: tall dark and handsome; always in a hurry, with
a tall dark and handsome girlfriend, the parson's daughter"
"The other was a late comer of about ten, surly, spoilt, and a proper little
prune"
"As she packed her few belongings she promised her father's cousin she
would be all right, that she would visit them. The little woman fussed,
""I don't know about this I said we would take care of you,"" becoming more
red in the face and short of breath as she helped, her hubby saying, ""Oh
dashy,"" in the background"
"She breathed a sigh of relief and wanted to run as she headed for the
tram stop. She needed to be with her mate more often and not have to watch
the clock, or to have her cousin in three times removed always in tow. She
looked forward to Saturday night at the Piccadilly"
"They had been keeping company for about six months, usually with the swimming
club kids or the bike track crowd, rarely alone except petting sessions
in shop doorways while they waited for the last tram after dances or the
pictures. It was like battling with an octopus. He never gave her time to
feel her own feelings; she was too busy struggling. But when he kissed her
it was different, then her feelings almost overwhelmed her. It made her
forget, ""If you let a boy kiss you, you will get pregnant."" The last kiss
usually caused her to run for the tram going the opposite way to his"
"She settled into her new place of residence well. She rarely had trouble
fitting in with people. She tried to be helpful and kept herself clean and
her area tidy, the way she liked things"
"She saved her spare money after board and personal items. When she had
enough she flew to Melbourne to stay at Mount Martha hospital on long weekends,
Easter etc. where she joined in the activities of disabled and rehabilitating
patients. She became fond of eight ball during the period, and her father
responded to the pleasure given and taken"
"""Come on the picture is starting,"" he said as he approached her on the
corner in front of the theatre"
"As soon as the lights went out his hand pushed up under her dress. She
pushed it away and held it to keep it in place, but the thought of his kisses
later made her stomach contract and feel warm"
"The fumbling and ""dont's"" went on throughout the film and her heart thumped
in anticipation of him walking her home, no cousin, no tram, no running"
"The street was lined with houses, and the only place they could be alone
and unseen was behind the old stone church, where he now led her. He pushed
her against the wall behind one of the buttresses and started kissing her"
"""Come on, love, it won't hurt, just once,"" he said. He was hot to touch
and her stomach was giving her problems, it felt hot too"
"His kisses and where he was putting his hands started affecting her knees,
they wanted to buckle. ""Come on, just one push,"" he said in her ear, his
face so hot. They were perspiring though the night was cool"
"All she could do was feel, she couldn't speak, she couldn't understand
her fear, she felt as though her home beach waves were smashing into her
body as she loved them to do, but the water was hot instead of the bracing
cold with which she felt at one. Then she felt through the hair of her vagina
something hotter as he pushed against her, it was hard and forced her legs
apart. The next moment something hotter ran down her legs. He released her
and she looked down. She had been holding her dress up, and in the moonlight
she could see blood coursing down at his white underpants, dark stained,
and saying ""Christ"" over and over again"
"He backed away, adjusting his clothes, then bent and took her feet out
of her panties and tried to wipe her legs, mumbling things like, ""Are you
alright?"" and ""Christ"" again"
"Her jelly legs ran her home. She looked through the kitchen window, saw
Rene, and tapped on the window. Rene looked up. She beckoned her and Rene
saw her and grabbed her arm and dragged her into the verandah bathroom"
"""What was it like?"" she said, running the tap and rinsing diluted blood
down the washbasin. ""My Ron wants me to do it, but I don't want to until
after the wedding."" Rene prattled on while she just leaned against the wall,
weak, head spinning and thinking, gradually more clearly, as Rene chatted
and questioned without waiting for answers"
"""Now, maybe,"" she said in her head, ""Now I'm his girl.""
  A few weeks later her place of work was having its annual ball. She laybyed
a new dress: a silk type fabric, cream with sprays of autumn-toned flowers
and leaves, puffed short sleeves, a wide waist band, a low round neck line
and a full circular skirt draped to the floor. She loved it, and was full
of expectation as the night of the dance came around"
"She knew he would be there and was now certain that he would take her
home"
"She took care of her bathing and grooming, Rene talking as usual about
her Ron this and her Ron that and maybe they could have supper together,
the four of them. They put their coats on and set out. The dance hall was
in the city so they took the tram. She was glad she didn't have to talk
much because her thoughts were so busy with romantic images of movie type
love scenes full of heroes: Tarzan, John Garfield, Robert Taylor, Clark
Gable. She felt like Rita Hayworth and Jane Russell all rolled into one"
"They walked into the hall. Ron was there, so that kept Rene busy. She
looked everywhere for her man but he wasn't there. It was early, so she
sat trying to appear nonchalent. The master of ceremonies announced the
first dance and a dozen couples got up"
"The dance finished and the room filled with the hum of voices and the
excitement of the night began to clutch her stomach, she was glad she was
sitting down because the jelly feeling in her knees was starting again,
no wonder there was so much written, said, and filmed about love. It's such
a wonderful thing, as rich as her scrub and her beach: a total wonder"
"A few dances had come and gone, many more people arrived, they had been
there about an hour and he still hadn't come"
"Her palms were sweating and she sat very straight in her seat. The seats
were arranged in a single row against the wall of the hall"
"""I wonder where he's got to,"" said Rene for the umpteenth time, behind
her hand slightly open towards her. ""Even if he missed a tram he should
be here by now.""
  The next dance started, Rene and Ron swirled off into the now chattering,
laughing, having-a-good-time crowd. Then she saw him at the double doors,
her heart thumped, she felt her face go instantly hot, she stood so that
he would see where she was, but a pretty girl with a long dress and black
curly hair down about her creamy shoulders stood beside him with her arm
linked in his. 
  She sat. Fortunately the seat was in the right place. Rene and Ron came
back and sat next to her"
""
"Paths to revitalising Australian industry By Senator John Button  

In 1984, the Australian economy was enjoying strong growth. Employment
was rising solidly. Inflation and interest rates were falling. Profits
were expanding. Business investment was showing improvement"
"Today, the scene is quite different. The world economy is undergoing
significant adjustment. Major trading nations blocs have reacted to their
domestic industry difficulties by mounting increased trade barriers and
other defensive strategies"
"The serious balance of payments position in which Australia now finds
itself draws attention to the long-term structural problems of the Australian
economy"
"Historically, Australia as a trading nation has relied on the agricultural
sector and more recently the mining sector as the basis of national wealth"
"In 1986 we find ourselves with a hard pressed agricultural sector, and with
a mining sector, the products of which are subject to depressed international
commodity prices"
"The problems of some sectors of the rural industry are not short-term and
are not likely to be solved by short-term responses to vociferous demands. 
Basically, those longer-term problems stem from enormous changes in 
agricultural technology, resulting in increased crop yields and productivity 
generally, and consequent self-sufficiency and indeed surplus food supplies 
in many countries where it might never have been anticipated 10 or 15 years 
ago"
"Similarly, while the mining sector can be anticipated to be a strong
contributor to Australia's export performance for a number of years, structural
changes in economies, such as Japan; new and changed technologies; and
substitution of materials for existing commodities suggests caution in
over-optimistic predictions about too great a reliance on that sector in
the medium to long term"
"The fastest growing sector of world trade is in manufactured goods, and
that is the area in which technological innovation appears to be having
the greatest impact. Services are similarly a fast-growing sector of world
trade"
"In Australia, 20 per cent of our exports consist of so-called manufactured
goods and only ten per cent consist of elaborately transformed manufactures"
"There are, of course, obvious reasons for this, and there are obvious
consequences of that fact. This is well illustrated by the apparent slowness
of the Australian economy in responding to the marked devaluation of the
Australian dollar - the so-called `J curve' effect. A devaluation of this
order should undoubtedly place large sections of Australian industry in
a highly competitive position. Whether advantage can and will be taken of
that enhanced competitiveness depends on a great range of factors including
the structure of industry, traditional management attitudes and habits,
and the extent of imported inputs"
"Or, to make this point in a different way, the consequence of a marked
devaluation in an economy such as Sweden or Germany would be likely to
produce a fast J curve effect. In an economy such as Asutralia's, with current
world trading conditions in agricultural products and commodities, the effect
might have been assumed as predictably slow and relatively weak"
"The focus on industry  

In the circumstances - dramatically illustrated by recent events to which
I have referred - but which were nonetheless apparent well beforehand, it
is therefore not surprising that there has been an increased focus on
Australian industry"
"The manufacturing sector is important to any economy, despite the world-wide
decline in the proportion of people directly employed in the sector since
the 1960s"
"It provides a significant source of national wealth creation which can
finance both better living standards and greater investment for the future"
"A strong manufacturing sector strengthens other sectors of the economy by
using inputs from the primary sector, requiring services for management
and production and by creating products which can be utilized, serviced or
complemented by the rest of the business sector. Both directly and indirectly
it provides a diversity of job-skill opportunities and has the capacity
to contribute to exports, the area where the greatest opportunities for
growth in demand now exist"
"In examining the topic Paths to Industry Revitalisation, I should refer
in passing to one path which we followed in the past and which still entertains
a nostalgic attraction for some"
"During the halcyon days in which we relied so heavily on agricultural
and commodity exports, the policy environment in which Australian
manufacturing industry developed was one of satisfying the domestic market
behind high protective barriers. This insulated this section of Australian
industry from world competitive pressures, from the changes which were taking
place in the world manufacturing economy and particularly from necessities
of good mangement, innovation, product development, research and development,
and attention to design quality and marketing skills"
"Most importantly, those years were characterised (particularly in the
1970s) by:
 ‚2 poor levels of investment,
 ‚2 a rapidly declining performance in research and development,
 ‚2 minimal concentration on sustained export activity and increasing
fragmentation of Australian industry - in each case in marked
contrast to trends in other countries"
"If that path had an attraction about it, perhaps it was that it was downhill
all the way, the legs felt good: the mind nurtured dangerous illusions"
"The policy environment was wrong, the incentives were wrong, the perspective
was wrong"
"Industry revitalisation  

Largely as a result industry revitalisation is a totally accepted and perceived
need in the 1980s and the path is uphill dealing with issues such as
investment, export orientation, R & D fragmentation. The issue is
muscle-building for the legs rather than relaxation - concentrating the
mind on realities and future goals rather than illusions"
"The role of government in the revitalisation of industry is only one part
in the tripartite drama involving also management and workers"
"The prime role of government in revitalisation is to provide an environment
within which industry can prosper and grow. Such an environment obviously
demands favourable macro-economic conditions and growth in demand"
"There are a multipicity of issues requiring attention including an
appreciation of the importance of inter-sectoral relationships in the
Australian economy. 
  But secondly there is a need to appreciate that the process of 
revitalisation is one which is not going to take place overnight. The 
important thing is to recognise that the steps on the path have to be
purposeful and in the right direction"
"A checklist for improvement  

Some of the issues which constitute a sort of checklist of matters which
have to be addressed in providing an environment for improved performance are:

 1. Investment  

Increased investment is an imperative of industry revitalisation. Whether
we attain that will be determined by anticipation of future profits which
is in turn by anticipation of future profits which is in turn determined
by a range of issues including taxation, continuity in the policy environment
and capacity for capital utilisation"
"2. Technology  

The capacity to have the best available technology will depend on investment
and the capacity to use it will depend on workforce skills, good management
and innovation"
"3. Exports  

Increased exports are not only a necessity in improving Australia's trading
position, they are for many industries a corollary of advanced technology
which enhances productive capacity in a small market such as Australia -
a market which, all other things being equal, has a limited absorption
capacity"
"4. Fragmentation  

A fragmented industry structure in a small market invites competition which
weakens rather than strengthens the base for exports"
"5. `Value-added'  

The pursuit of value-added in Australian industry is necessary. Firstly
in respect of those raw materials which we have traditionally exported and
new industrial materials, and secondly in those industries where we have
advantages in terms of particular expertise or potential for expertise
(processed minerals, optical fibres, biotechnology)"
"These are some of the most important items on any such checklist, they
are clearly amongst the most crucial but there are many others including
a stable industrial relations environment, work force skills and increased
flexibility in accommodating structural change"
"These major issues are being addressed through a range of policies including
deregulation of the financial system, changes to taxation, agreement with
the states for abolition of state purchasing preferences, admission of foreign
banks, establishment of a venture capital market, and improving the R &
D incentives"
"In short, the environment in which business makes investment decisions"
"Structural adjustment policies have been introduced in to key industries
which have displayed the characteristics of industrial decline such as steel,
shipbuilding, motor vehicles and currently heavy engineering. Similar policies
have been pursued in sectors of primary industry"
"Positive forms of assistance are provided to encourage industries to look
for wider opportunities made available by expansion and a greater degree
of competitiveness, rather than have them concentrating on defending a declining
share of a restricted domestic market"
"An example of this is the move towards bounty assistance in some areas,
and away from an excessive reliance on negative measures such as tariff
protection, computers, robots and machine tools are examples of where this
more positive approach has been applied"
"Finally, a major question which affects revitalisation of Australian industry
is the need to bring about significant changes in attitudes within Australian
industry about a whole range of matters which influence success - quality,
design, marketing, delivery and cost control measures - most importantly
a positive approach to grasping opportunities"
"Developing a productive culture  

There is an even greater need to change community attitudes towards industry
to encourage a greater understanding of the importance to Australia's future
of developing a productive culture. As part of this important path to industry
revitalisation, the Australian government has chartered the Commission for
the Future to develop a strategically targetted community education program
to assist the development of a productive culture which encourages an
innovative, and forward thinking community"
"Generations of Australians have grown up as shop window voyeurs staring
goggle-eyed at the goodies imported from countries where cleverer people
have addressed with diligence the problems which we are confronting today"
"Sustained by the everlasting mythology of the resource boom variety the
need to address these issues has received little broad community recognition"
"Changing those attitudes, that variety of cultural cringe, is not going
to be easy and the Commission for the Future has a large and significant
task. Having a productive culture means being in a community which ensures
that education and training in the work place, formal and informal education
sectors incorporates notions of productivity as fundamental to our community's
standard of living"
""
"By Cao Chong, G B Burns, P Jacklyn 3.  RESULT ANALYSIS 3.1  DIURNAL VARIATION  

The histograms of the percentage occurrence versus Greenwich Mean Time (UT)
and Magnetic Local Time (MLT) of all optical auroral activity and of optical
pulsating aurorae are shown in Figure 3. Both phenomena show a single
occurrence peak at Macquarie Island and a double peak for Davis. Optical
pulsations are a significantly smaller fraction of all optical auroral activity
at Davis than at Macquarie Island. Note that while there is considerable
variation in the percentage occurrence of pulsating aurorae with local time,
pulsating aurorae have been observed during all hours for which observations
have been made. This feature has been noted by others Iyengar and Shepherd
(1961), Paulson and Shepherd (1965, 1966a, 1966b), Campbell (1970) and
Cresswell (1972)"
"The occurrences of both optical and pulsating aurorae at Davis have two
peaks during the interval when observations are possible. The first maximum
of pulsating aurorae is at about 15 MLT in the early afternoon, and the
first maximum of optical aurorae is at about 14 MLT, earlier by an hour"
"The second maximum occurs at 23 and 00 MLT for pulsating and optical aurorae
respectively. The two-maximum phenomenon was observed in the occurrence
of polar cap aurora by Lassen (1969). However, to the authors' knowledge
there has been no report of a double-peak phenomenon in the diurnal variation
of pulsating aurorae"
The first occurrence peak at Davis is nearly the same magnitude as the second
"The first maxima of the occurrences reach 65% for optical aurorae and 14.5%
for pulsating aurorae, and second maxima are 58% and 14.3% respectively"
"The occurrence of optical aurorae at Davis is much higher than the occurrence
of pulsating aurorae. The occurrence minimum is near 18 MLT for pulsating
aurorae and near 20 MLT for optical aurorae"
Macquarie Island has only a single-peak in the occurrence of these phenomena
"The occurrence of auroral activity with no discernible pulsations (obtained
by subtraction of the two histograms presented) peaks at 27% just before
magnetic midnight, while pulsation activity reaches a maximum of 32% about
three hours later. This is consistent with pulsation activity being a post
auroral break-up phenomenon. The histogram of optical auroral activity reaches
a maximum occurrence of 48% about one hour after magnetic midnight. These
features are typical of a trans-auroral station"
"Burns (1983) compared the percentage occurrence of pulsating aurorae at
Macquarie Island with the figures obtained by Brekke (1971) for Tromso
(67°N geomagnetic latitude). Although there are differences in the 
analysis procedures used on the two data sets the values are in good agreement"
"From Figure 3, the percentage occurrence of optical aurora at Davis is higher
than that at Macquarie Isaland, and the percentage occurrence of pulsating
aurora is reversed. In addition, the pulsating aurora at Macquarie Island
is mainly a morning phenomenon, and at Davis an afternoon and near-midnight
phenomenon. One aspect contributing to this discrepancy may be the limited
hours during which it is possible to make optical observations at each station"
"At Macquarie Island optical observations are possible from 19 MLT to 07
MLT while at Davis the range is 13 MLT to 05 MLT"
"The variations in the percentage occurrence of `intense' optical auroral
activity and `intense' pulsating aurora against UT and MLT are shown in
Figure 4. The arbitrary definitions of `intense' optical auroral activity
and `intense' pulsating aurora have been described previously. Although
the occurrence variations at Davis still have the double-peak, the afternoon
peak is significantly reduced with respect to the midnight peak for both
`intense' optical auroral activity and `intense' pulsation activity"
"Figure 4 indicates that at Macquarie Island the `intense' auroral events
peak near magnetic midnight. This is one hour earlier than the peak occurrence
of all optical auroral events as depicted in Figure 3. The `intense' pulsating
auroral events peak near 06 MLT. This is four hours later than the peak
occurrence of all pulsating auroral events as depicted in Figure 3. A plateau
region of occurrence between the hours 02 and 07 MLT is apparent. It is
a little later than in Figure 3. The delay of the `intense' optical pulsation
events relative to the optical pulsation events in general is evidence for
an increased energy and/or flux of the incident electrons towards the morning
hours"
"3.2  THE STUDY OF MOON-LIGHT INFLUENCES  

A separate percentage occurrence calculation was made for data collected
when the moon was not above the horizon at the observation station. This
is to determine the extent of `cloud and moon' screening of weak auroral
events. Tables 2 and 3 list the percentage occurrence of various auroral
phenomena for all the data, and for the data collected when the moon was
below the horizon (moon-free) at Davis and Macquarie Island respectively"
"The Davis results show that the `Moon-Free Data' values are consistent with
the results obtained using all the data. Occasionally the `All Data' percentage
occurrences are a little higher than those of the `Moon-Free Data'. The
overall agreement between the occurrences of the `All Data' and `Moon-Free
Data' sets is however very good"
"The maximum difference in the percentage occurrence of auroral activity
between the two data sets occurs between 19 and 20 UT. At this time the
`All Data' value is 49% and the `Moon-Free' value is 58%, a difference of
9%. All other values have a difference of less than 5%. The authors claim
an accuracy of 5% for values obtained from the `All Data' auroral activity
data set"
"The Macquarie Island results show that the auroral activity percentages
are generally larger for the `Moon-Free Data' except near the edges of the
time span. The `Moon-Free' peak occurrence of 51% is 3% higher than the
`All Data' percentage between 13 and 14 UT. The average discrepancy between
the two data sets is 5%. That the `Moon-Free Data' percentages are higher
than the `All Data' percentages is consistent with events being missed due
to being swamped by larger amplitude `moon and cloud' fluctuations. The
hourly occurrence percentages of pulsating aurora are higher for the `Moon-Free
Data', but the differences are minor before 16 UT. From 16 to 19 UT the
differences are more substantial. This difference is in part due to a variation
in the level of auroral activity between the two data sets. This auroral
activity information was obtained from cosmic noise absorption data which
was available with the Macquarie Island data but not the Davis data"
"The general feature of the optical pulsating aurora occurrences, namely
a plateau region between 13 and 19 UT, is maintained in the `Moon-Free Data'
values with the exception of the auroral activity percentages, which differ
by approximately 5%. The overall agreement between the `All Data' and
`Moon-Free Data' sets for Macquarie Island is good"
"3.3  THE VARIATION IN AURORAL OCCURRENCES WITH THE LEVEL OF MAGNETIC ACTIVITY  

The co-ordinates used in this research are the invariant colatitude, the
magnetic local time, and the magnetic disturbance level as indicated by
the Kp index. In order to investigate the variation in the occurrence of
various auroral phenomena with geomagnetic activity, the data obtained at
both stations were sorted into three groups on the basis of the Kp value
at the time of observation. The divisions made were       and   . For
convenience, we call these three groups the low, medium and high magnetic
activity groups. To show some characteristics of the optical pulsating aurora
occurrences, the data were further split to include the divisions    and"
"The histograms in Figures 5 and 6 show the results, for these data divisions,
for all optical aurorae and for optical pulsations. The Davis results in these 
figures show little dependence on magnetic activity. Similar results were 
obtained by Brekke and Pettersen (1971) at Spitzbergen (75.4°N 
geomagnetic latitude). Their observations were made during the winter 1967-68 
and 1968-69 with a photometer having a 10° field of view, and equipped 
with an interference filter of 200nm f.w.h.m. (full width at half maximum) 
covering the first negative    band at 427.8nm. The data they obtained were 
divided for high and low Kp. The curves, however, were not significantly 
different"
"The result for optical aurora occurrences at Davis (Figure 5) shows a slight
dependence on magnetic activity. An increase in occurrence is associated
with increasing magnetic activity. However, for pulsating aurorae (Figure
6) there is no confirmed tendency. The    curve in the early afternoon
part is higher than for some other Kp levels. All Davis curves in these
figures maintain the double-peak and there is a discernible trough in the
afternoon hours"
"A slight trend shown in the Davis data is that the early afternoon peak
(15 MLT) is associated with generally lower Kp values than the midnight
(23 MLT) peak. This is true for both auroral activity and pulsating auroral
activity. Figure 7 shows histograms of Kp levels associated with the  peaks for both auroral activity and pulsating auroral activity. For
auroral activity, for the time period 19-23 UT, 31% of events are associated
with a    while the value for the 10-13 UT peak is 11%. For pulsating
aurorae the corresponding figures are 31% and 15%"
"The Macquarie Island results in Figures 5 and 6 show that all auroral
activities are significantly dependent on magnetic activity. The `All Aurora'
data of Macquarie Island in Figure 5 shows an increase in the time span
for which the optical activity is observed, and an increase in the percentage
occurrence, as the magnetic activity increases. The peak in auroral activity
for each of the three Kp divisions occurs between about 01 and 03 MLT. For
   optical auroral activity is negligible until 20 MLT, yet the
   data shows an occurrence of 33% in the hour before 20 MLT. A shift
in the occurrence of the peak, in optical auroral activity, from near magnetic
midnight towards the evening sector by two hours, occurs as the magnetic
activity increases. In all the data divisions for optical pulsating aurora
in Figure 6, the occurrence is minimal prior to 20 MLT. For    and
   the occurrence is significantly decreased, with respect to peak
occurrence values, after about 07 MLT. The times of the peak occurrence
are gradually shifted to later in the morning with increasing magnetic
activity. The values of the peak occurrence of pulsating aurora are strongly
increased as the level of magnetic activity increases. For Macquarie Island
data in the    division, the occurrence peak is 9.4% at about 02-03
MLT for the    division the occurrence peak is 37% at about 02-03 MLT 
and for    division the occurrence peak is 60% at about 03-04
MLT"
"For    the occurrence rate averages above 50% for six hours in the
morning sector. For the    division the peak occurrence of 84% occurs
at about 06-07 MLT and the occurrence rate exceeds 50% for seven hours in
the morning sector"
"The morphology of the authors' results is also illustrated in polar diagrams
in Figures 8(a), 8(b), 8(c) and 8(d) for four increasing levels of magnetic
activity. In these figures the occurrence data are presented with invariant
magnetic latitude and magnetic local time as the parameters. The double-peak
in the Davis data and the single-peak in the Macquarie Island data are readily
apparent"
"Kvifte and Pettersen (1969, 1972) divide their data on pulsating aurora
into three groups according to the level of geomagnetic activity. The
observations were performed with four identical photometers at Tromso
(67°N, 117°E geomagnetic co-ordinates) during the winters of 
1967-68 and 1968-69. The photometers had a 10° field of view and 
measured the 427.8nm band emission. To separate the data, the sum of local K 
indices from 12 GMT to 12 GMT the following day was computed for every night 
that observations were obtained. The sum values limiting the three groups were 
set at 14 and 22. These observations show more pulsation activity at high 
magnetic activity than at low. Note that the Tromso data indicates that 
pulsating aurora does occur in the evening sector. Normally, the evening 
pulsation occurrence is low. For high magnetic activity a very low percentage 
of occurrence is recorded before magnetic midnight and very high values late 
in the night"
""
"STATE LEADERSHIP
ELECTION '86  

AS speculation increases that Premier Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen will retire
from politics or enter the federal arena, Daily Sun special writer MALCOLM
FARR concludes his two-part series on the men most likely to be our next
State Leader"
"Credentials give Ahern a chance
  
MIKE AHERN can seem so alien in the National Party Cabinet that he sometimes
has to remind people he is a farmer, like many of his colleagues"
He is Minister for Industry but his degree is in agricultural science
"His home is the beach resort of Caloundra but his family roots remain
at Connemara, a property near Conondale"
"His Dutch-born wife, Andrea, would be considered an exotic on the CWA
circuit but she is a good mother and a hard-working political partner"
"Other factors make Mike Ahern stand out, not the least his height, age
(44) and Catholic faith"
"Most significant is the perception that he is a rebel - but not the type
to cross the House floor. 
  Because of this perception, Mr Ahern is often singled out as the man
who will take over from Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen and lead the way into a
high-tech era"
"Because he has been seen so long as a threat to the leadership, even if an
involuntary one, there has been friction, starting with Sir Joh and his
deputy, Bill Gunn"
"Mr Ahern's credentials are too good for him to be beyond suspicion: Federal
president of the Young Australian Country Party; party whip from 1972 to
1980; and a Minister at the age of 38"
"Although in full accord with many of the policies and actions of his
government, he is no puppet. 
  He has an intellectual and moral independence which, within the strict
discipline of the National Party, is close enough to being a rebel"
"Being reasonable is a prime element of his political style, but so is
being realistic"
"He has built his own network of business contacts in a process some party
elders might construe as the start of a power base"
"No doubt Mr Ahern, who won Landsborough in a 1968 by-election, would like
to be Premier"
"In 1982, he tried to become Deputy Premier but Mr Gunn pipped him"
"Mr Ahern would not want to be a fill-in party leader, as might be the
case for the man who follows Sir Joh. 
  But being deputy leader would be a good place to start the climb to the
top"
""
"Putting dollars into housing Tony Dalton looks at alternative finance for public housing  

  ADVOCATES OF AN EXPANDED and high quality public housing system have been
experiencing a finance crisis for some time. More recently the number of
people having problems with housing finance has grown: many prospective
owner-occupiers have not been able to get the finance they need at a price
they can afford. But instead of working towards fundamental changes in housing
finance, which could go some way towards ensuring a steadier supply of finance
to both owner-occupied and a public housing, the government has again reacted
with increased subsidies to home buyers"
"The prospects for public housing sector are not good. The Minister for
Housing and Construction continues to fight for federal budget funds for
public housing, but now he openly states that future increases will be modest"
"Certainly the ALP's policy commitment to double in ten years public housing's
share of the total housing stock will not be met. There is also the possibility
that the amount that the state governments will allocate from their low
interest rate Loan Council borrowings to housing will be limited in the
future. Finally it is not generally appreciated that the increasing rebate bill
faced by the state housing authorities will have an increasingly profound
effect on the amount available for additional public housing. Something
like $250 million of untied grant money now goes in de facto social security
payments to low income public tenants unable to meet the cost rent"
"The prospects of owner ocupied housing are also not good. There are
indications of a very considerable down turn in the production of new dwellings
over the next few years. In 1984-85 the total number of dwellings completed
was 152,700; it is expected that this level of activity will decrease approximately ten per cent per year over the next two years. By 1986-87
the number of completions will be about 125,000. This will be well below
the demand for new housing forecast by bodies such as the Indicative Planning
Council for the Housing Industry"
"The reason for this downturn in the private sector is the reduced
availability of finance, a result of market interest rates increasing to
very high levels. With the savings banks and the building societies still
regulated to charge a lower than market interest rate on housing loans,
they have had trouble attracting deposits, causing a diminishing supply
of funds being available for lending"
"Unlike the shortage of funds for public housing, this situation is creating
a sharp response in a number of quarters. The odds are that this will produce
some form of action at Federal government level and perhaps in the finance
sector. As it now stands banks, building societies, housing industry employer
bodies and trade unions have been making submissions to government, and
it is rumoured that a number of cabinet submissions have sought to identify
options for increasing the level of finance available for housing loans"
"It is difficult to predict the outcome of this process. It is likely that
the interest rate ceiling will stay for the present because of the political
dangers of increasing the cost of funds for existing owner-occupiers. Every
effort will be made not to increase the level of the first home owners'
scheme because of the government's determination to restrict expenditure"
"A likely interim step will be to secure more funds for housing loans through
overseas borrowing by the banks supported by the government"
"Whatever happens it is almost certain that the changes will be interim
ones. Eventually the Federal government will deregulate housing finance,
removing the ceiling on rates. This is likely to be done when interest
rates come down to somewhere near the present ceiling. The only question
that remains is that of accompanying measures. The government will have
to ensure, if it is to be re-elected, that levels of investment in housing
are maintained. This will undoubtedly be done in consultation with the
private building industry. Advocates of public housing must ensure that
they are a part of this process of consultation. It is just possible that
in the design of these measures the non-profit housing can get one or a
number of its proposals up. 
  IN OPPOSITION THE LABOR PARTY SAW the long term solution to housing finance
fluctuations as extension of regulation. It planned to require all financial
institutions to contribute to a National Housing Fund, in effect, an extension
of asset controls over the non-bank finance sector. Not surprisingly this
proposal was opposed by the deregulatory Martin Committee, and won little
support in the Hawke Labor government"
"A second proposal that may have a greater chance of success in the continuing
deregulatory climate is the introduction of capital indexed bonds. They
are a variation on the more traditional bond issues which are already a
feature of government borrowing programs. Capital indexed bonds are more
suitable to a period of inflation and uncertainty: lenders who buy the bonds
are guaranteed a return of, say, two or three per cent over the inflation
rate; because there is certainty over the long term rate of return, investors
do not seek the higher interest rates that may be available in other parts
of the market. Ultimately the borrower pays a lower real rate of interest on
the loan"
"Housing bonds represent a possible mechanism for investment in housing
in both the private and non-profit housing sectors. Indeed, the Victorian
government has already made an issue of housing bonds. It has used the finance
raised in this way for `on-lending' to owner-occupiers under a Ministry
of Housing home purchase assistance program"
"At this stage capital indexed bonds have not been used to finance non-profit
housing. However, it remains as a possible mechanism which, if developed
and refined, could sustain flows of finance into the non-profit sector"
"These flows could also come much nearer to satisfying the demand for capital
than is presently the case with the budget allocations of the Federal and
State governments under the Commonwealth State Housing Agreement"
"If this method of financing the public sector was adopted there would
need to be changes in the way public housing is subsidised through a reduced
interest rate and an annual grant. The grant is a relatively recent
development. This subsidy then gets passed on to tenants as lower rents
through a system of rebates"
"A better approach is to move towards a situation where the full interest
rate is built into the costing of public housing, in order that public housing
operates in the same financial condition as the private sector, and does
not perform the income security role of the Department of Social Security"
"Accompanying this move there would then have to be changes to the income
maintenance system. Preferably this change to income maintenance would result
in the income levels of all statutory income beneficiaries being raised
in a way that recognises the contribution that housing costs make to poverty"
"However, a more limited program and perhaps more feasible in the present
economic context would be to have the social security system meet the rent
rebate bill incurred by state housing authorities and the other providers
of public housing"
"THE OPPORTUNITY FOR considering these issues on a regular basis is now
provided for in the Commonwealth State Housing Agreement. As renegotiated
in 1984 it states that ""the operation of the Agreement is to be evaluated
trienially"". It would not be stretching this provision too far to advance
the argument that the financial provisions of the agreement are inadequate"
"The triennial evaluation should consider how the financial provisions could
be improved. In particular there should be investigation and development
of the use of capital indexed bonds for investment in both the public sector
and owner-occupied housing"
"In the current context investment in housing is falling sharply. Arrangements
established in the 1920s and 1940s are not appropriate to a deregulated finance
market and high interest rates. An initiative is required which will facilitate
continued investment in housing in a way that ensures better access to housing
finance across a range of income groups"
"Tony Dalton is chairperson of National Shelter and lecturer in social policy
at the Phillip Institute of Technology"
""
"Smiles Raise $210,000  

     Volunteers' smiles, and hard work raised over $210,000 on
Red Cross Button day last December, according to the Appeal
Supervisor, Miss Shirley Wood"
"""The volunteers did a terrific job, and we expect to be
receiving money from the Christmas Appeal Button Day for some
weeks yet"
"""It's not an easy job, standing on the street, selling
buttons to people who don't want to buy them, but the
volunteers always managed a smile, which I'm sure is what sells
the badges.""
     Most volunteers who took part also held street stalls,
raffles and luncheons to raise money for the Division"
"""Red Cross services could not continue without the help
from people like this.""
     The next Red Cross Button Day for the Winter Appeal, is
on Friday, June 6, and volunteers from country and
metropolitan areas will be needed again"
""
"Flare-up ugly and dangerous - police By JIM TENNISON  

POLICE described Saturday's strife at Victoria Park as some of the ugliest
and most dangerous seen at a football ground"
"Four umpires were hit and jostled and two police injured when a near-riot
erupted near the umpires' race moments after Collingwood's one-point loss to
the Sydney Swans"
"The Sun's chief football writer, Peter Simunovich, was also attacked by
three men outside the Swans' dressing room"
"Police said the situation got out of hand when the angry crowd surged
forward and pushed two police horses together, leaving the field umpires
in front of them and the boundary umpires behind"
"A man ran up to field umpire Shane McDonald, 23, and spat on his chest"
"The man was pulled away by ground staff but broke clear to strike umpire
Peter Howe, 29, with a stiff-arm blow to the head"
"After viewing Channel 7 film of the incident, Sgt Wayne Miller of
Collingwood police believes he has spotted the man responsible.  He is
appealing for help to identify the spectator"
"Sgt Miller suffered a dislocated finger during the melee.  Sen. Sgt Ivan
Smith was treated for cuts and bruising"
"Police said a West Sunshine man had been charged for striking boundary
umpire Paul Nicholls, 33.  He has been bailed to appear in court on July 8"
The 22-year-old clerk was arrested immediately after the incident
"Six people were charged with various offences, including being drunk"
"Sgt Miller said the man they are looking for was last seen going through
the members' area"
"He was aged 25-30, was 177-180 cm tall, of slight build, with brown hair
and a well-trimmed ginger beard.  He was wearing a scarf and blue or grey
jacket"
"""It was one of the ugliest incidents we have seen,"" Sgt Miller said. 
""There were blokes throwing half-full beer cans.  They were certainly fired
up.""
  The Chief Commissioner, Mr Miller, said he expected a report on the 
incidents today"
""
"By M M H Thompson Tractarians and other afflictions  

Woolls could not have hoped for a greater acknowledgement of
the success of his school at Parramatta than the
repeated commendation it won from Sir George Gipps in his
despatches to England. Ten years spent in the colony and Woolls
could boast a happy marriage, a successful vocation, and the
friendship of many influential colonists. Having chosen to live
in the rural environment of Parramatta he soon became involved
in many aspects of the society it afforded, in particular its
religious, educational and civic affairs. It needed only the
birth there on 30 November 1842 of his second child, a daughter
to be called Emily, to make him a serenely happy young man
firmly entrenched within the Parramatta community"
"This sojourn in the bowers of bliss came to an end scarcely
18 months later. In 1844, Woolls's thirtieth year, a sequence
of grievous blows struck him. The first came on the 6 March
when William Hall, his father-in-law, died at Black Town. The
irascible 66-year-old missionary had never been well since
returning from the Bay of Islands in 1825. His asthma had
worsened, and in recent years his general health had
deteriorated. Only the attention of his wife and daughter
managed to preserve life in him. Just over four months later,
on 12 July, the sad event of Hall's death was followed by the
most crushing blow Woolls could have suffered, his wife Dinah,
in her 29th year, died in childbirth. She had been married to
Woolls for less than six years. The
incompatabilities of their backgrounds and
temperaments had never been wholly tested by the rigors of
colonial life and their lives together had not been fully
realised. To compound grief further, barely another four months
later, on 3 November, the baby son William born in these tragic
circumstances also died. Thus the family vault in the cemetery
of St John at Parramatta was to receive its first three tenants
within the short space of eight months"
"With his grief trebled, Woolls confronted an ocean of
despair. Where lesser men would have been overwhelmed, Woolls,
unshaken and purposeful, sheltered within his religious faith
and accepted his ordeal. Some consolation tor his grief was
provided by his two daughters, Harriet aged five and Emily aged
two. He also had the additional distraction at this time of
being involved very deeply in community affairs. In particular
his attention was directed to two matters, one concerning the
election of Parramatta's new District Council, and the other,
a proposal then being discussed, to erect a church in North
Parramatta as a memorial to the Reverend Samuel Marsden"
"During the years following Bourke's departure from New South
Wales the institutions that attempted to regulate social and
moral behaviour in the colony were steadily moving towards the
goals set for them by reformist Whig governments. Bourke's era
had been full of promise, but it was during the administration
of his successor Sir George Gipps that many of those high
promises were carried to performance. If some colonists were
left to wonder what benefits had actually been derived during
Bourke's term of office, there were many willing to testify to
his virtues and subscribe cash to have their loyal sentiments
recorded in bronze and stone. On 11 April 1842, Gipps unveiled,
before the largest crowd yet assembled in Sydney, the colony's
first monumental work of art. It was the full length bronze
statue of Sir Richard Bourke executed by the British sculptor
and Royal Academician, E. H. Baily. The heroically posed figure
was revealed on its pedestal and plinth with a 300 word
inscription eulogising the merits of the squire from Limerick
who had held the office of colonial governor for six years"
"Woolls had subscribed one guinea to the cash fund established
to commission the monument, and the tribute was erected where
Bourke could survey the town with an aristocratic hauteur not
usually associated with a liberal reformer. Bourke had guided
the colony through difficult years. Not only had the problems
of adjusting from a penal institution to a free society
confronted the community but the pressure of reform had
destroyed many of the ideas traditionally accepted in the
fabric of the social order. Woolls, like many of his fellow
colonists, did not shrink from taking an active part in this
process of change. Some of those who lent their support to new
ideas may have done so reluctantly, but they had the wisdom to
see that change was inevitable"
"During the administration of Gipps the anguish of reform
continued. Woolls stated that he was `not much addicted to
politics', but where Parramatta was concerned he did succumb to
the excitement of the hustings. An example of this occurred in
August 1842 with the determination of the townspeople to give
some form of public recognition to one of their more worthy
members. On the 27 August 1842, a testimonial meeting was held
in the Long Room at Mrs Walker's hotel to honour the services
rendered to the colony by James Macarthur. He was a true son of
Parramatta. He had been born there in 1798, the fourth son of
the `great perturbator', John Macarthur. For two years since
1840 he had been a member of the Legislative Council, the
nominated body established in 1823 to advise the colony's
governor. The group of respectable townspeople who met at Mrs
Walker's establishment approved of two resolutions giving
evidence of their high regard for Macarthur. Woolls offered a
third resolution for their consideration, proposing that they
should unite with other like-minded colonists, `to contribute
towards an appropriate testimonial ... as a mark of the
confidence they have in his [Macarthur's] efforts to obtain a
Representative Legislature for the Colony'. A subscription list
was declared open allowing their esteem to assume a more
tangible form"
"Woolls had met Macarthur when he was a master at The King's
School in 1834 and he maintained a high regard for him"
"`Amongst the most enlightened and conscientious of colonial
politicians', he wrote. The Parramatta community felt the
influence of the Macarthur family in its affairs long after
John Macarthur had died, and, as with the family of Samuel
Marsden, Woolls, whilst not a family intimate, was a welcome
member of their group of friends. Woolls respected and admired
the early colonial politician:

     Though I did not ... enter into all his political views, 
     I always regarded him as a man of refined manners good    
     intentions, and an earnest desire to serve his country  
     ... as a speaker however, he was not fluent nor did he     
     always know when to leave off"
"Woolls found Macarthur verbose, which apparently was a
failing he suffered from himself. This fault was remarked upon
in the Sydney Morning Herald when it later carried a report on
the election of the Parramatta representative to the new
Legislative Council. This auspicious event was extravagantly
described by Woolls as `the dawn of liberty in New South
Wales'. The unopposed candidate for Parramatta in this first
elected body was Hannibal Hawkins Macarthur, cousin to James,
and, like him, a member of the nominated Legislative Council"
"Woolls was later to say with pride:

     It is with feelings of satisfaction that I look back upon 
    the honour then assigned to me of seconding the nomination 
    of Mr H. H. Macarthur"
"In the lengthy report of the meeting given in the Sydney
Morning Herald of 15 June 1843, the occasion seems to have been
dominated by Woolls's speech. Not even the proposer Dr Anderson
or the candidate H. H. Macarthur, could equal the verbose
Woolls. In an address, punctuated with `loud cheers', and
`great cheers', he congratulated the assembly on the boon of
being now able to elect duly qualified persons as
representatives. Introducing a Latin quotation, he made
appropriate observations on the new Act which had established
the elective body and, progressing further, he referred to the
Bill of Rights and the learned words of Judge Blackstone. He
dwelt upon the proposed District Council to be elected in
Parramatta and offered a few additional remarks on the
suitability of Mr Macarthur as the new member, sentiments
which the Sydney Morning Herald said provoked `great cheering
which lasted for some time'"
"Less than 12 months later the election for the first
District Council of Parramatta took place. Woolls was to the
fore again, this time proposing the person of Mr Joseph Kenyon
as a suitable candidate. Once more the Sydney Morning Herald
provided its readers with a full account of the event:

     Mr. W. Woolls, at great length, brought forward the merits 
     of Mr Joseph Kenyon, and towards the close of his address 
     gave a very humorous version of an electioneering placard 
     of which the original was as follows:- `Vote for Joe      
     Kenyon, the friend of long pipes and colonial pigtails,    
     and the tried supporter of the yeomanry and the classes'"
"Woolls's humorous anecdotes failed to carry the meeting, and on
a show of hands the day went in favour of other candidates"
"One very controversial public issue which agitated the minds
of the colonists during the early 1840s concerned a proposal to
resume the transportation of British convicts to New South
Wales. Transportation had virtually ceased in August 1840, but
two years later a petition for its renewal aroused
considerable opposition. Woolls added his voice to the anti-
transportation faction, doing so at the risk of offending some
of the parents of boys at his school. There were many in the
colony for whom a resumption of the transport system meant a
supply of cheap labour. With pride Woolls claimed that `in
conjunction with other gentlemen of the town and neighbourhood
[he had] prevented the adoption of a measure which in my
opinion would have reflected eternal disgrace on Parramatta'. 
  Thus Woolls made his gestures in the local affairs of
Parramatta. The events were not momentous ones, but to Woolls
and the members of the small community they were very significant. 
During those years when the exciting potential of self-
government for the colony was being gradually realised, the
individuals who were involved in local events were
participating in the processes of history. Even though their
actions were simple, ephemeral, and of no great magnitude, the
individuals concerned cannot bc dismissed by the historian as
unworthy of consideration. A man's days are a concoction of
trifling events, and to be given the record of even one of them
is to be provided with the opportunity to glimpse an aspect of
humanity which may be unobtainable elsewhere"
"Politics and the affairs of local government, however, were
not for Woolls. His interest in civic matters was never more
than casual. The activity he did undertake was consistent with
the efforts of a respectable young man settling with his
family into the social pattern of the district in which he
lived. As the proprietor of a school with a good reputation in
the community, it behove him to identify himself with the more
conservative groups. Indeed, it is doubtful whether his
background and temperament would have allowed him to do
otherwise. However, he adopted a much more assertive role on
issues which involved his church and his religious beliefs"
"Woolls's godliness had been demonstrated many times in
print. There was, for example, his concern for the low moral
standards that many of his fellow-colonists displayed. Their
drunkenness, immoral habits and lack of religious awareness
inspired his articles and letters in The Australian Temperance
Magazine. That journal provided him with a pulpit from which he
could freely preach. He offered his `Observations on the
Influence of Intemperance on the Intellectual Faculties and
Moral Character' and submitted his thoughts upon the topic of
`Intemperance a Political Evil'. In these and similar articles
Woolls was expressing his ambition to correct the ills of
society, a worthy but futile gesture. Indeed any sober-minded
person would have been aroused to indignation by the spectacle
within the colony of so many examples of degraded humanity."
"Remarks relevant  

SIR, The CLP vice-president, Bill Forwood, suggests (Northern Territory
News, November 14) that my comments about CLP pre-selection proposals to
oust sitting members are irrelevant"
"Mr Forwood agrees that overall Government is a good and balanced team
and our main concern is to provide good government to the Northern Territory"
"The first step in doing this is to elect sufficient members to form
Government.  
  The second step is to have the members serve sufficient time to gain
experience and make a mature contribution"
Branches consider primarily candidates they believe will win
"They also take into account qualities that might enable members to achieve
high office"
It is healthy to maintain a competitive environment for pre-selection
"This normally occurs when sitting members retire and on the rare occasion
elected representatives fail to meet the requirements of the party or the
electorate"
"If the replacement of a sitting member is necessary because of the latter,
it should come after branches have had close communication with their local
member about the member's performance and shortcomings"
"If normal procedures are going to be changed to oust sitting members,
it would also be reasonable for the new pre-selection rules to be known
12 or 18 months in advance and not thrust upon branches and sitting members
while preselection is in progress"
"It is really a matter for the branches to pre-select or remove members
when this needs to be done; it is the branches who reflect the view of the
community that the member is expected to serve; it is the branches who
work hard on the ground to ensure that their member is elected; it is the
branch members who, in the interests of good government support the man
they have chosen to represent their area when the going gets tough"
Without the branches there can be no good government
"Given the Government is a good and well-balanced team, and the importance
of branch participation in the pre-selection process, any move by the CLP
Central Council to declare open season on one-third of the sitting members
raises serious questions"
In this context my remarks are entirely relevant
"Ian Tuxworth,
MLA for Barkley. Electoral danger  

SIR, In the continuing saga over why the ALP lost the Queensland State election
and the weeping and wailing that has followed the loss, the ALP has been
supported by Senator Janine Haines (Australian Democrats Leader) in calling
for Federal Government intervention into the Queensland electoral system"
"Senator Haines has obviously failed to consider the ramifications of
changes proposed by the ALP that would effectively eliminate the preferential
voting system, not only in Queensland but Australia-wide"
"With the introduction of a first-past-the-post voting system the electorate
would be polarised into two distinct groups, the supporters of socialism
and the free-thinking, free-enterprise anti-socialists"
"The major conservative parties would be forced into unity to defeat
the greatest enemy Australia has ever faced, the socio-communistic Australian
Labor Party and minor parties and splinter groups would cease to exist"
"Should that occur the rising tide of anti-socialist, anti-ALP feeling
that is sweeping the nation would ensure unity of purpose and the ALP would
face certain defeat"
"The predicament that faces Senator Haines in supporting ALP electoral
changes is two-fold: she is condemning the Australian Democrats to certain
extinction and she is inviting her own political demise"
"Syd Dart,
Garbutt, Q. It's all in the name  

SIR, On July 1, 1978, the title of ""Chief Minister"" was first used to describe
the leader of the Territory Government"
"Before this the leader of the majority party in the House was known, not
surprisingly, as ""Majority Leader"" and for a short while during 1977 as
""Chief Secretary"" which probably was acceptable under the limited scope
of the NT Government then"
"After the enactment of the Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978
with its attendant increase in powers and responsibilities, a more suitable
title for the head of the Territory's Administration was sought"
"The options were:
1. Prime Minister
2. Premier
3. Chief MInister"
"By (snivelling) elimination the advisers on such matters decided that
options 1 and 2 were usually associated with the heads of the Federal or
State Governments and that the Territory should not intrude upon the niceties
of these conventions"
"The ""Chief MInister"" tag was adopted"
"Since that lamentable decision, the title has in many ways set the Territory
Government apart from the other Governments of Australia, to the Territory's
detriment seen as the ""new boy"" with quasi-recognition"
"To hang this ""some-sort"" of identity on the elected Government's leader
was no more than an ill-thought-out attempt to appease Federal and State
politicians' egos by letting them see that the Territory admitted to being
subservient and not equal to the supremacy of the sovereignty of those
established governments"
"It was a forelocktugging, fawning, amblyopic, protocolic (sic) cringe,
a ratting on those who had supported and eagerly awaited Territory
self-government.  
  The title has been a boon for the cartoonists and derisive comment of
the political pundits of the media and was fundamental in causing a former
Chief Minister to describe himself as ""King of the Kids"". 
  Now that the declared intention of the Federal Treasurer and the policy
of the Federal Treasury is to treat the Territory financially as a State,
it is most opportune that our Government Leader should be seen as a ""State""
leader at all levels"
"In future dealings with the Federal Government, the States or private
sector, I urge that the Territory Government do away with the inapt (to
me offensive) tag of ""Chief Minister"" and replace it with the far more
appropriate title ""Premier of the Northern Territory"""
"This overt positive and confident statement of identity and intent would
set on stream the move towards sovereign statehood of the Territory"
"Pete Lawrence,
Anula."
"New home for film and sound By Brian Jeffrey  

Australia's cinematic past is a rich one and the National Film
Archive in Canberra has collected and restored many of our
earliest films. Brian Jeffrey explains the difficult and
sometimes dangerous methods of restoration"
"On a blustery wet evening in October 1984, a veritable who's
who of the Australian entertainment industry, together with a
few important visitors from overseas, braved the inclement
weather to drive in a convoy of vintage cars to an imposing
building in the Canberra suburb of Acton. There they joined
some 1000 other guests for an evening of celebration which
many hoped would mark the beginning of a new era in attitudes
towards the preservation of Australia's film and sound
heritage"
"The occasion was the official opening of Australia's
National Film and Sound Archive. Addressing the guests, the
Prime Minister, Mr Hawke, said:
     Australians have expressed their national identity most
     directly and most potently through the screen and sound media"
"That is what has so often made Australian films and sound
     recordings interesting and attractive to people overseas, as
     much as to Australians"
"The establishment of the National Film and Sound Archive is the
     expression in institutional terms of a need, long felt by both
     participants and observers, to guarantee the preservation and
     availability of this fragile but vital heritage. Its
     establishment is a cultural landmark for Australia.     
    So grand was the event it was difficult to believe that
only a year before the film and sound archives had been locked
in a bitter dispute with their former home, the National
Library of Australia, over allocation of staff and funds"
"The National Film Archive evolved from the National
Historical Film and Speaking Record Library, which was
established in 1937 as part of the then Commonwealth National
Library. Its stated aim was to collect `films of past and
contemporary events of historic interest, or which throw light
on our social development; a limited number of scientific and
industrial films including anthropological films; and films
illustrating the development of film making in Australia'. 
     The staff of the Library's film division, however, was
hard pressed establishing other facets of its operation,
including a central lending library for contemporary films, and
the Archive was largely neglected until the late 1950s when a
determined effort was made to build it up. Letters were sent to
every town clerk in Australia asking for publicity about the
Archive in local newspapers and on radio; every probate office
and fire commissioner received a letter asking that any film
material be brought to notice before it was destroyed or
otherwise disposed of, and the Archive's staff gave radio talks
about the work. Unfortunately, this effort had disappointing
results; material did not pour in as the Library had hoped and
most leads proved fruitless. 
     Rod Wallace, a former principal librarian in the Special
Collections at the National Library, now retired, was involved
with the Film Archive almost from its inception. Recalling the
early years, he told me: 
     One must remember, of course, that public attitudes to
     historical material were very different then from now,
     particularly in the film world. A great deal of priceless old
     nitrate film was undoubtedly destroyed in spite of all our
     efforts"
"While the task of rounding up old footage was an arduous
one, the problem of preserving the recorded films was no less
daunting. Storage of the highly inflammable film has always
been a problem. Rod Wallace recalls:
     For many years we occupied an old explosives depot some
     miles out of Canberra, in the bush near the Mugga Quarry. When
     we had to vacate that site, the nitrate was jammed into a small
     explosives shed near another quarry on O'Connor Heights. From
     there, it went to an ammunition shed - next door to the
     explosives! - at Duntroon Royal Military College, then to a
     wooden shed at Harman Naval Station, and finally to the only
     proper vault we ever had, behind the Australian War Memorial"
"But in the War Memorial vault it was so cold in winter that we
     could only work for a quarter of an hour before we'd have to
     come out and sit in the sun for a while"
"In 1972 the nitrate holdings were transferred, yet again,
to an explosives shed in the Sydney suburb of St Marys. They
remained there until 1981, when the Archive acquired a modern,
air-conditioned storage vault of its own at Mitchell, a Canberra
suburb, to house the most valuable and delicate items in its
huge collection"
"During this entire period, the nitrate holdings were being
transferred to modern acetate film as quickly as finances would
allow, since the nitrate is not only highly inflammable but
also deteriorates chemically to the point where it becomes
worthless"
"In the early days, established preservation procedures, such
as they were, sometimes proved inadequate and a certain amount
of ingenuity was called for. One item recovered, Raymond
Longford's feature film, The Romantic Story of Margaret
Catchpole (1911), presented special difficulties. Rod Wallace
recalls:
     The first two reels were found in the possession of a
     schoolteacher in Terang, Victoria. He gave them to us to copy
     and we were naturally delighted to have even two reels of this,
     Longford's second film. But a period of extreme frustration
     ensued as we tried all available laboratories seeking to have
     a negative made from the precious reels. I can recall
     telephoning one laboratory and pleading with them to have a try
     even if it cost more than usual. But none of the laboratories
     could get the badly shrunken film through their printers"
"Our troubles were mentioned to a good friend of the Library, Mr
     Alf Harbrow, who was a film pioneer. For the cost of raw film
     stock only, he offered to turn an old projector into a printer
     and print the film frame by frame in his home. It was a heroic
     offer since there were over 10 000 frames"
"Two months later we had our negative which, considering the
     state of the original, was much better than we had hoped. Not
     only had Mr Harbrow printed it frame by frame, but he had risen
     at 3 am on an unknown number of mornings to avoid the summer
     heat's effect on the developing solution which he kept cool in
     the bath!
     As confidence in the Film Archive's work grew, and
attitudes changed, film companies began to donate prints of
their films or sell them at cost price on condition they were
not shown commercially. An early donation of great significance
was that of some 600 000 metres of Australian newsreels made
by Cinesound and Movietone over the 23 years to 1951. The film
was donated by the directors of the production companies
concerned"
"In addition to the films themselves, the Archive collected
stills, scripts, documentation and memorabilia relating to the
cinema not only in Australia but also in other countries. At
the time the collection passed to the National Film and Sound
Archive, it contained 55 000 film and television productions,
500 000 stills, 30 000 posters and 6000 film  scripts"
"The National Sound Archive had its genesis in 1973, when
the National Library took over the bulk of a private
collection - some 30 000 recordings - as the basis of a
national collection and appointed its former owner, Mr Peter
Burgis, to guide the Archive's future development"
"For many years the Library concentrated on gathering as
many recordings as it could, regardless of their content or
origin. Peter Burgis made regular field trips to search through
unwanted material from radio station record libraries and dusty
corners in secondhand shops, just as he had done when putting
together his original collection. Other material flowed in from
record producing and manufacturing companies, members of the
Federation of Australian Commercial Broadcasters, and private
individuals"
"Like his contemporaries in the Film Archive, Peter Burgis
has many a story to tell about `hits and misses' associated
with building up the national collection almost from scratch"
"During one field trip I visited the George Patterson
     Advertising Agency in Sydney and discovered, way down in the
     `dungeons' below street level, a collection of several hundred
     recordings of drama and musical programmes from the 1940s and
     1950s, including a number featuring Jack Davey, Bob Dyer,
     George Wallace and similar personalities, and various wartime
     programmes. The collection was retrieved with the cooperation
     of the agency and today is considered one of the best the
     Archive has acquired"
"On another occasion in the mid 1970s I was told by the manager
     of a large production company in Melbourne that I was too
     late; they'd already sent the company's large archive of some
     seven tonnes of recordings to be melted down by a firm which
     could reclaim a certain chemical from them. While we were
     drowning our sorrows over a cup of tea in his office, he
     realised that, although the other company had been supposed to
     make progress payments as the recordings were melted down, he
     couldn't recall hearing from them. So he rang them and
     discovered that because of pressure of other work, the melting
     down hadn't even been started, although the recordings had been
     standing ominously close to the smelter for six months!
     Needless to say, I collected them shortly afterwards"
"One collection I missed, however, consisted of 20 000 to 30
     000 transcription recordings of programmes from Australian
     radio's `golden days'. It was broken up for use as a base for
     road construction shortly before I enquired about it"
"By the beginning of this decade, the mass of material collected
by the then Music and Sound Recordings Section of the National
Library - which included 100 original music manuscripts 65,000
music scores and 350 000 sound recordings - threatened to
swamp available resources. Less than 1.5 per cent of the sound
recordings had been catalogued, for example, and it was
estimated that a five member task force assigned to assist
temporarily would take 14 years to get the situation fully
under control. Even more disturbing was the absence of a
preservation programme to safeguard the collection's many
fragile items, a significant number of which were
deteriorating beyond redemption. Members of the public were
disappointed to discover that resources would not permit
liberal access to the collection, especially for recreational
listening"
"Public concern over the condition of both the film and
sound archives mounted until pressure forced the Government to
act. The Prime Minister, Mr Hawke, announced at the 25th
Australian Film Awards in September 1983 that the Government
had decided to support the National Film Archive `to guarantee
the preservation of Australia's film heritage'"
"Despite the early emphasis on the well-being of the film
archive, staff of the sound archive supported the groundswell
in the hope, correctly as it turned out, that both archives
would be seen as inter-related and that what was good for one
would inevitably be good for the other. The sound archive was
hardly forgotten for long, especially after the Canberra Times
of 7 October 1983 reported that the National Library
administration was considering disciplining Peter Burgis, over
a letter he had sent the Prime Minister in which he publicly
criticised the condition of the collection"
"In April 1984, the Minister for Home Affairs, Mr Barry
Cohen, announced the Government's decision to establish a
National Film and Sound Archive, to make it administratively
independent of the National Library and to provide it with
increased resources in the form of staff, funds and equipment"
"A few months later, he announced that the Archive's new home
would be a handsome neo-classical building classified by the
National Trust which, at the time, housed the Institute of Anatomy"
"The building's art deco features are an ideal complement to 
the Archive's treasures, and already its heavy wood and glass
display cabinets house memorabilia, posters and various items 
associated with both the film and sound collections"
"Obviously, the Archive's separation from the National Library 
did not solve all its problems overnight; limited resources and 
the need to meet a variety of short term demands associated with 
the move to its new headquarters continue to impose restrictions 
in access to its collections"
""
"Doubts on water audit figures  

AFTER publication of my letter concerning excess water rates I was offered
a water audit by the MMBW. It was helpful but revealed no significant wastage
and supported my contention that 150,000 litres a year is a most unrealistic
level on which to base future water taxes"
"Without garden watering or a dishwasher, our consumption rate continues
to be around 900 litres a day, some 300,000-plus a year for two adults,
making a joke of the MMBW chairman's reported contention that 190,000 litres
a year for two elderly people was ""inordinately high"""
"B. Freeman (Nov. 18) supported my belief that the Board is selling us a
""pup"". No one can object to paying for water but the MMBW should admit that
its figures are based on only 11 months' consumption and are set at an unreal
level to enable more taxes to be collected"
"B.E.Welch, East Malvern."
"Some questions on the economic and regional history of Sicily in the fourth
century B.C.  

  The historian of Sicily in any period of antiquity is confronted by the
paucity of the surviving evidence. The written evidence tends to concentrate
on the most distinguished individuals of the time. Even Diodoros, who sought
to include a continuous account of the history of his native island within
his universal history, with mention, when possible, of his hometown Agyrion,
concentrates on these men. Since the leading figures of the fourth century
were active in Syracuse - this is true of both the tyrants, the two Dionysii
and Agathokles and of the liberators, Dion and Timoleon - we have a history
of Syacuse rather than of Sicily. Archaeological evidence can go some way
to remedy this problem since a great deal of excavation has been done in
Sicily in recent years. But even here we are faced with the problem of
incomplete evidence. For example, the excavations conducted at Akragas
have so far produced no material from the fifth century or the first half
of the fourth. But literary evidence shows that Akragas was inhabited and
prosperous, down to the Carthaginian sack in 406 B.C"
"The nature of the surviving evidence creates problems if one wishes to
write the history of Sicily from any viewpoint other than that of the leading
figures at Syracuse. Nevertheless, there is evidence, both literary and
archaelogical, which throws some light on other aspects of Sicilian history"
"It is possible to draw some conclusions on the economic history of Sicily
in the fourth century and on the way in which different regions of Sicily
developed"
"Serious controversies exist, however, on a number of key issues which
are central to the interpretation of this period of Sicilian history. The
views of the excavators, Orlandini and Adamesteanu, on the dating of
archaeological evidence from the region of Gela have generally been accepted"
"However Navarra has made a wide-ranging critique of their conclusions and
also casts doubt on other generally accepted views. He would see the site
of ancient Gela at Licata rather than modern Gela (medieval Terranova) and
identifies the ancient Halykos with the modern Salso rather than the Platani"
"But Navarra is forced to make several unlikely assumptions. He concludes
that Terranova was the site of the necropolis of Lindioi, even thought its
citizens lived at Licata and that the Spartan prince Dorieus' colony of
Herakleia was located at Terranova, and not, as is generally believed, near
Eryx at the western extremity of the island. But in that case it is hard
to see why the Segestans and the Phonicians should have attacked Dorieus'
colony, or why the survivors should have fled to Minoa, closer to the
Phoenician zone than Terranova"
"For our purposes Navarra's most significant argument is that the fourth
century remains from Gela-Terranova, especially the coins, are of Agathoklean
or later date and that evidence for habitation of the town in the Timoleontic
period is lacking. However Syracusan coins from the period of Timoleon have
been found at Terranova"
"The coin evidence shows that the site at Terranova was inhabitated from
the time of Timoleon into the early third century, when we know the Geloans
were moved to the new city of Phintias. The evidence does support the dating
and identification of the excavators"
"Pietrina Anello has challenged the accepted view that the widespread
circulation of Corinthian pegasi in Sicily sarted with the Timoleontic revival
of the second half of the century. She points out that the acceptance of
foreign coins in general usage was more likely to have happened in the first
half of the century, when only two Sicilian cities were still minting, rather
than later in the century, when minting had been resumed by many cities"
"This is not in total conflict with the accepted view. For example, Talbert
explains the widespread use of pegasi in Sicily, by their having entered
a ""coinage vacuum"" where there was little coin in circulation. The important
fact is the relative scarcity of pegasi in the hoards of the first half
of the fourth century in Sicily. But it seems likely that the penetration
of pegasi into Sicily on a large scale may have started before the Sicilian
cities recommenced coining themselves on a large scale, which would cast
doubt on Talbert's conclusion that the process commenced only after the
battle of the Crimisus. So we must take care in using the influx of Pegasi
into Sicily as evidence on Sicilian history"
"A third issue on which there is modern controversy is the development
of large agricultural holdings. Most writers have assumed that in Sicily,
as in most parts of the Greek world in the fourth to the first century B.C.,
property became increasingly concentrated in few hands. This view has been
most strongly argued for Sicily by Lukas de Blois, who sees an increasing
concentration of wealth into a few hands, temporarily broken up by the
Timoleontic colonisation and the process resuming again thereafter"
"But an important part of the evidence for this view is Diodoros' account
of the slave rebellion in Sicily, which shows the island as dominated by
Latifundia. But Verbrugge has shown Diodoros' account, in which the island
is dominated by pastoral production is incompatible with our other evidence,
which shows cereal production to be the island's major industry"
"Verbrugge sees the story of the servile insurrection as cover for a
provincial uprising. Some participation in the revolt by free Sicilians
seems likely, though it is not clear why the Romans would have been willing
to downgrade the nature of their victory from one over free provincials
to one over rebellious slaves, as Verbrugge assumes. But for our purposes,
what is important is not the nature of the late second century rebels, but
the concentration of wealth for which Diodoros' latifundia are cited as
evidence. In view of the doubts raised over Diodoros' evidence, it is hardly
safe to use that evidence to draw conclusions on the Sicilian economy in
the second century, let alone in the fourth"
"Verbrugge argues from Cicero's Verrines that even in the first century
B.C. Sicilian agriculture was still dominated by small family farms. But
II Verrines 3.27, which he cites as evidence shows us that at Agyrion farming
was in the hands of local citizens - it does not tell us the size of their
farms"
"Even without the unreliable evidence of Diodoros, a good case can be made
for the concentration of farming land in a relatively few hands in Sicily
after Timoleon's time. As early as Agathokles' time, we once again find
an impoverished demos as a key factor in the politics of Syracuse. The
concentration of population in Syracuse and Akragas at the expense of the
smaller centres whose recovery Timoleon had promoted also suggests the
re-emergence of a large class of absentee landlords, since family farmers
need to live close to their livelihood. The fact that in Cicero's time land
in the ager Leontinus was owned by only one family from Leontinoi and by
numerous citizens of the free city of Centuripa suggests concentration of
land ownership and absentee landholding on a large scale"
"We can see from the scattered evidence that there was no single pattern
of change in land ownership through all Sicily, and we cannot tell precisely
what happened in any given place. But it does seem clear that there was
a tendency towards concentration of land ownership in Sicily after Timoleon's
time, affecting different communities in different ways, but, contrary
to Diodoros' account, not involving large scale Roman involvement under
the Republic"
"Another general trend which can be seen in our evidence is the devastation
of most of Sicily at the end of the fifth century and a renewal of prosperity
in the second half at the time of Timoleon's settlement. Once again, there
are local variations visible in the way these developments affected various
communities, and we can rarely perceive the locally influential factors"
"The literary evidence is quite clear. The Carthaginians destroyed Selinous
and Himera in 409 B.C. In 406 B.C. they sacked Akragas, while Dionysios
forced the abandonment of Gela and Kamarina to save their populations"
"In 396 B.C. the Carthaginian attack fell on the straits of Messina, to cut
off Syuracuse from possible help from other Greek communities in Italy or
the homeland, and Messana was also destroyed"
"Dionysios waged war with equal savagery, ravaging the Carthaginian province
in 397 B.C. and sacking Motya. In south Italy he destroyed Kaulonia, Hipponium
and Rhegion, while as late as 368 B.C. he was once again devastating the
territory of Selinous and of Entella"
"This destruction was not total, as we find in the 405/4 treaty between
Dionysios and Carthage that Himera, Selinous and Akragas were to be under
Carthaginian rule while Gela and Kamarina were to be unwalled and pay tribute
to Carthage. We find citizens of these places joining Dionysios in 397 and
384, Akragas revolting from him in 393 and those from the east of Minoa
joining Dion on his march on Syracuse in 357 B.C. But these references do
not necessarily show anything more than that a disorganised remnant of the
original population was still to be found there"
"The ancient sources definitely depict the cities of south-central Sicily
as deserted when Timoleon restored them and even Syracuse as suffering from
a shortage of population. The literary evidence indicates a serious
depopulation of Sicily for all the first half of the fourth century B.C.,
with Central Sicily as the worst affected area, although even there the
depopulation was not total"
"But our literary evidence undoubtedly depends on the writings of Timaios,
whom, we may recall, Polybios accused of exaggerating the deeds of his hero
to make him appear unduly distinguished. Fortunately, we have archaeological
evidence which confirms the general outline derived from Timaios"
"The information on Gela is the most detailed in the period between 405
B.C. and 338 B.C.; there are only the most limited signs of habitation,
most notably two shrines of the goddess Athena, which would seem to have
lain outside the original walls of the city and were in continuous use from
the sixth century to the time of Timoleon"
"Built in Timoleon's time the hill of Gela was covered with newly built
houses, extending to its western end. This area had not been inhabited in
the fifth century, and the new town spread over an old fifth century cemetery"
At the same time a massive circuit of walls was built to defend the city
"These are securely dated by both pottery and coins associated with them
to the Timoleontic era"
"After Agathokles' conquest of Gela in 311/10 B.C., the eastern section
of the city was abandoned while the western part remained inhabited until
the Mamertine destruction of 282 B.C. and the relocation of the Geloans
by Phintias, tyrant of Akragas. Orlandini believes that the site was then
abandoned until Fredrick II's foundataion of Terranova in 1233 A.D. while
Adamesteanu draws attention to a byzantine cemetery at the foot of the hill
and suggests that some form of habitation existed on the site in this period"
"The evidence on Akragas is less extensive, as we saw above, but it is
clear that there was extensive new building in the city in Timoleon's time
and, as in Gela, this took place in areas not inhabitated even in the fifth
century. Unfortunately, as even less of Akragas, than of Gela, has been
excavated, we cannot tell whether this represents an enlargement of the
inhabited area of the city or merely a relocation of that area. It has been
estimated that the total inhabited area of Akragas would have held a population
of 16,000 to 18,000 people. This represents a considerable concentration
of population, but we cannot be certain that the figure applies to the
Timoleontic (or any other) period"
"Similar patterns of devastation and resettlement can be seen elsewhere
in Central Sicily. At Kamarina, for example, the fifth century walls were
destroyed in large part and not replaced until the Timoleontic era"
""
"Keating rude, but also right 

FROM worry over a trade imbalance, the Federal Government has managed to
create a full-scale crisis of confidence in its unity, leadership ability
and hence the prospects for the economy. It has been a thoroughly unimpressive
performance by some senior ministers and the Prime Minister. So inept has
their handling of the matter been that attention now is focusing on the
so-called rift between Mr Hawke and Mr Keating, instead of on the balance
of payments and related economic problems. Instead of all debate being on
the most effective short and long term measures to turn the trade figures
around, the nation is being distracted (if not entertained) by the pathetic of a Prime Minister trying to run the country and protect his ego
from half way around the world and a Deputy Prime Minister who is able only
to wheel out the tired excuse that the media somehow got it all wrong"
"Let us put that notion to rest. It was the Treasurer who spoke of Australia
becoming a third-rate economy, possibly a banana republic, and who told
a press conference that the expanded Advisory Committee on Prices and Incomes
meeting in two weeks would be ""the most comprehensive discussion of issues
since the summit"" three years ago. The Industrial Relations Minister, Mr
Willis, raised the possibility of the Government telling the national wage
bench the outcome of the meeting. Mr Bowen said and did nothing to dispel
this view until Mr Hawke pulled the strings from China. Indeed, the Minister
for Industry, Technology and Commerce, Senator Button, reinforced Mr Keating's
line over the weekend with his speculation on the agenda for the meeting"
"The message the media got on Friday was exactly the one Mr Keating and Mr
Willis wanted"
"It was, moreover, the proper message for them to be passing on. None of
the Government's squirming in any way diminishes the severity of the trade
imbalance. When a country is so reliant on mining and rural exports, and
its manufacturing sector is so underdeveloped that it cannot take advantage
of even a 30 per cent devaluation in the currency, there is cause for alarm"
"Unless there is a concerted effort by governments, unions and business,
we can look forward to continued deterioration in our living standards until
world commodity prices pick up. There is no sign of that happening. The
volume of our rural exports, for example, is expected to drop three per
cent this year, and the value is expected to fall four per cent. Coking
coal volumes are static and prices are depressed or falling. Steaming coal
exports are likely to grow slightly, but prices have been kept low by the
oil slump. On the other hand, import prices are high because of the
devaluation, meaning our terms of trade are likely to remain bleak"
"However indelicate his words and methods might have been, Mr Keating was
on the right track last week with his warnings of economic misery and his
announcement of the special ACPI meeting. A shock was needed to focus attention
on the real structural problems inhibiting the nation's economic development"
"That Mr Keating sent the dollar plummeting on world markets is regrettable
but, in the longer term, it might be a small price. That he made the PM
feel a bit left out is neither here nor there. Mr Keating took advantage
of bad economic news to convince the spending ministers and some of the
dimmer union officials of the need for restraint. He also served notice
on industry that important changes had to be made"
"The Government ought to proceed with the special meeting, while containing
expectations. It should not pretend it is just another routine get together"
"The ACPI meeting should discuss the tax cuts, superannuation, and public
sector spending. It must also, as Mr Crean has said, consider industry
development policies and other measures to prevent a recurrence of the problem"
"To its great credit, the ACTU is willing to negotiate delays to superannuation
and tax cuts. The meeting should seize on the ACTU's flexibility and lay
the groundwork for restraint in the Premiers' conference and Loan Council
meeting, and in the budget. In the longer term, there will need to be dramatic
improvements in productivity and innovation, and reduction in disputation
in manufacturing industry to restore some balance to the economy. If Mr
Keating's often flamboyant language can push governments, business and unions
in that direction, we would do better to applaud what he does than to blanch
at the way he does it"
""
"What's childbirth really like? Six women tell the truth  

The stories about giving birth are many and varied. No two experiences are
the same. Here, six women tell it as it really was"
"By Tina Harris GAYNOR WHEATLEY, 28, TIM, 2, AND SAMANTHA,1  

""How can I get this over fast?""
""When I was pregnant I went to classes run by physios. You learnt to pant
politely and distract yourself when things got tough by counting dots on
the wall. They also wouldn't let you use the word pain. We would have
contractions, not pains. Well, I reckon whatever you call it, it still hurts"
"If they could mix me a cocktail of pethidine, panadol and gas, I'd 
take it in one hit and hope to pass out. With my first baby, Tim, I went to 
hospital where I was to be induced. The contractions began about an hour after
I was induced and I took everything they could give me. Glenn, my husband,
was there - probably wishing he wasn't - but it was great to have an
intermediary to plead for me. One nurse kept pushing my tummy really hard"
"I said, `Please don't.' She just seemed not to hear me, so I said to Glenn,
`Tell her if she had a dreadful pain in her stomach, she would hate someone
doing this to her,' so Glenn said to the nurse, `I think you're annoying
her. Why don't you go and make yourself a cuppa?' She disappeared, thank
heaven. I know you're supposed to think how wonderful all this is, but I
could only think `How can I get this over with fast?' When Tim was born
and they put him on my tummy, that instant love thing didn't happen. He
was a stranger. I wished they'd take this incredible goobie thing away
and clean it up and give me a cuppa. It wasn't till next day that I held
him and thought, `Wow! This little thing is mine.'
  ""I'm having my third soon, so, in spite of what I'm saying about birth,
I think it's worthwhile in the end."" (A few days after this interview Gaynor
gave birth to a daughter.)

If there is any such thing as the text-book birth, it is the one where the
first stage of labour begins with irregular contractions. You might just
feel tightening of the tummy muscles and a slightly uncomfortable sensation
in the stomach or back. This may go on for hours or days. Then the contractions
become stronger and more regular. When they are about 10 minutes apart,
you ring your doctor, probably go to hospital, and after some time enter
the second stage where you experience an overwhelming urge to push with the 
contractions, give birth to the baby, then expel the placenta. That's
what the book says!
  When the day comes though, there seems to be as many variations on this
theme as there are women giving birth. Nearly everyone makes some deviation
from the pattern, ranging from trivial or funny to downright frightening"
"Women are urged to think of giving birth as an exciting experience that
is both natural and beautiful, and while very few mothers would deny all
three adjectives aptly describe the event, most would have a few of their
own to add. Labour is an adventure that is probably more enjoyable in the
recounting than in the experience. Like the best of adventures it presents,
along with the interesting and the unexpected, the routine, but it may
also have its alarming moments. You experience anticipation, exhaustion,
determination, maybe even despair. Then progress, intense excitement, a
surge of power, triumph and peace. Peace and love of a magnitude you've
never imagined. You are in a zone all of your own"
"No one could honestly rave about the physical joys of labour and most
mothers manage to truly forget the level of discomfort, but the hours of
labour are more than balanced by the heights of emotional pleasure reached 
when you at last feel that new life wriggling in your arms instead of in your 
tummy. It is indescribably special to be cuddling the world's most important 
baby. Cleo spoke to six women about their experiences leading up to that 
special moment"
"PEPPIE ANGLISS, 26, AND DAUGHTER KOBI,1  

""I gave birth squatting in the water.""
""I once saw a Russian film about giving birth in the water and decided
that would be the thing for me. I was a swimming teacher and surfer and
have a great affinity with the water. I continued to swim a lot when I
became pregnant - two years after I saw the film"
"""The first sign that Kobi was coming was the water breaking one night"
"I went to the doctor next morning and he said if the contractions didn't
start soon I would have to go to hospital. I began pacing the floor and
saying to the baby, 'Please hurry up or we'll both finish up in a bright,
clanging hospital theatre'. I so much wanted the birth to be quiet and natural
and the pool was right there - in the next room at my doctor's birthing
centre"
"""Luckily, the contractions began and became strong very quickly. I felt
I had to get straight into the water even though it hadn't had time to warm
up properly. My teeth chattered to begin with but I felt relief from the
intensity of the pain immediately because I was relaxing beautifully with
the feeling of weightlessness. My husband, Rod, was with me all the time
in the pool. I gave birth squatting in the water. The midwife leant in and
we gently raised Kobi to the surface. I'd been in the pool two hours or
so and the water had heated to body temperature. It was beautifully
comfortable. Kobi was so relaxed. She just opened her eyes and looked at
us. We stayed in the pool another 40 minutes while she floated peacefully,
then Rod carried her from the water and the doctor helped me out. We lay
down, but I didn't sleep. I was too excited.""

 LYA SHAKED, 32, AND SON EZRA, 18 MONTHS  

  ""I wouldn't say it was painful.""
""As a lay midwife I have worked with about 150 births myself. I know that
for me, home is the best place to have a baby. I prefer to be with people
who trust and support me - this doesn't always happen in hospitals"
"""When you give birth at home you would normally have a doctor, a registered
midwife, possibly a childbirth educator and, of course, your husband. That's
what I had for my first two, but with the third, Ezra, things were very
quick. We would have had a doctor and midwife if it were necessary but
there were no surprises. Things went very smoothly - there were only three
hours between the first contractions that woke me around 4am and the birth"
"When I began to feel twinges with the contractions I tried to wake Ian. He'd
had a very hard day and I couldn't stir him, so I woke my daughter and
she sat with me as the contractions got stronger"
"""My body was working very hard over the short period of time. The physical
build-up to the birth was very intense. I wouldn't say it was painful. When
the water burst Ian had woken up. Ezra came very quickly and we delivered
him together. I was kneeling on the floor. After the birth I got the shivers
and shakes. I think I was in mild shock because the birth had been so fast"
"I knelt there holding the baby till I stopped shaking. Ian wrapped us both
in a blanket"
"""It was another hour before the placenta came. We gave Ezra a Le Boyer
bath and I had a wash. Then we all went back to bed and rested. You seem
to get the most wonderfully calming feeling after giving birth.""

 ANNE STEPHEN, 26, AND SON RY, 10 WEEKS  

  ""I felt pain but nothing I couldn't control.""

""When I was about seven months pregnant with Ry I was support partner for
a girlfriend who gave birth with the aid of acupuncture. I could see it
was really helping with the pain. I decided then and there to have it, too,
to hasten my labour and help me control the pain. Despite plans to have
my first child, Kim, at a birthing centre, things had gone wrong. I finished
up in theatre with spinal block injections, forceps, the works. I didn't
want that to happen again"
"""I went to hospital at 4pm one Sunday - the contractions I'd been having
all day had become regular. When I got there, they stopped! I had one hour
of frustration and was getting quite emotional with the disappointment
of it all, when the acupuncturist arrived to induce me"
"""I probably had about 12 needles in various parts of my body. There were
three in each foot and one in each hand between the thumb and first finger"
"Others were moved around - ears, knees ... You don't feel them"
"""After one hour I was having regular three-minute contractions. During
the contractions I felt pain, but nothing I couldn't control, and between
them I felt terrific. I was eating sandwiches and drinking orange juice"
It was wonderful to feel so alert
"""When the second stage of labour started they removed the needles so I
could move about and give birth on my hands and knees. Ry was born only
three hours after the acapuncture had begun. It was all very exciting.""

 WENDY SKELTON, 35, WITH TWINS DANIEL AND TIM, NEARLY 4  

  ""I think I began to panic... It was enormously confusing.""
""I don't think I've ever actually recovered from the birth of the twins"
"It was the most enormous shock because all through the pregnancy I had no
idea I was carrying two children"
"""The labour itself was very calm and uneventful - after about 11 to 13
hours of the normal build-up, Daniel was delivered. The doctor lay him on
my tummy and I remember thinking `What a small baby!'. He was small - only
two kilos. Then the doctor went white and looked shocked. He said, `Hold
on. I think there's another one there'. It was a wonder they hadn't heard
the two heartbeats before this. I was stunned. My first thought was very
selfish. After that beautiful release you experience after giving birth,
all I could think was, `Oh no! Surely I'm not going to start all over again'"
"""All of a sudden the room seemed to fill with more and more people. They
put me on a drip to help strengthen the contractions for the second birth"
"I knew I had to try to keep my mind on pushing at the right time, but there
was a flurry of thoughts running through my head. How would our daughter
Rebecca cope with two babies in the family? I heard my husband, Russell,
sounding very excited because it was twins. I think I began to panic. Nine
minutes after Daniel was born, Tim arrived. After expecting one baby for
nine months I'd had nine minutes to get used to the idea of twins. It was
enormously confusing.""

 JOANNA STEWART, 43, WITH CHRISTOPHER, 3  

  ""I became frightened something was wrong with the baby.""
""When I was about four days overdue, tests showed Christopher wasn't getting
enough food through the placenta, so my gynaecologist decided to induce
me. I went into labour 30 minutes later. I could feel the contractions in
my back. I had tubes up my nose - for oxygen, I suppose - and a monitor
in my tum listening to Christopher. I felt like something from Mars"
"""At 11am they gave me an epidural and around 12.30 I sensed quite a lot
seemed to be going on. They rang my gynaecologist and he came and looked
at the miles and miles of sheets that were coming out of the machine
monitoring Christopher's heartbeat"
""
"John Martin by Royston Harpur  

The injection of `content' into the works of
John Martin, a committed modernist, has produced
a powerful body of work concerned with politics
and metaphysics, but retaining great
internal integrity"
"I FEEL PAIN for young artists today. The territory of modernism
has largely been conquered, there is no longer much unmapped
territory, the ground has pretty much been covered. As modern
painting completes its task, younger artists are reduced, by
arriving so late historically, to adding paragraphs or footnotes of
great refinement, rather than whole chapters to the body of
modernist art.'
   `While it is sometimes said in defence of figuration that
abstraction demands of the viewer too much predisposed sympathy, in
fact abstraction has suffered throughout its history from the
nervous efforts of those abstract painters who try too hard to
rationalize or justify the sympathy one would naturally grant them
with the result that direct experience of the art itself is
smothered in a deluge of information.'
   John Martin is a mid-career artist firmly committed to the path
of Modernism and so must grapple with the problems expressed in the
two statements above. The result of this grappling is a powerful
body of work, particularly in recent years. An artist whose work
deserves far wider recognition, he is only now becoming more widely
known since he began exhibiting on a regular basis at the Mori
Gallery in Sydney"
"As a formalist, his early work was influenced by the `Greenberg'
painters of the 1940s and 1950s, a not untypical apprenticeship for
a young painter emerging in Sydney in the late 1960s. His work was
large, open and post-painterly, with perhaps some special reference
to Clyfford Still. After an extended period of working in England
in the early 1970s he returned to Australia to live in the Hunter
Valley region of New South Wales. This allowed him the use of very large
studios; an intense period of self-examination and work commenced."
"`POPESCOPE' A BIG BUSINESS  

FIRST came the Pope Mobile, then Pope T-shirts - and now it's the ""Popescope"""
"An Adelaide man has just won church approval for a cardboard and glass
periscope to enable short people in crowds to see the Pope during his visit
to Australia"
"The national papal tour office yesterday gave schoolteacher Paul Doherty
a licence for his ""Popescope"""
"He hopes to sell 10,000 ""Popescopes"" at $5 each during the papal visit"
""
"Kids on the local council By Elizabeth Adlam In more than 50 towns and municipalities around Australia, young people
are being successfully initiated in community involvement and responsibility  

  Proudly wearing his shining chain of office, Brett Chant, junior mayor
of Shepparton, Victoria, takes his seat on the raised dais in the town's
crowded council chambers, beneath the official photograph of a young Queen
Elizabeth. Beside him, the junior town clerk and junior city engineer look
down at the horseshoe-shaped conference table where 21 boys and girls ,
smartly dressed in their school uniforms, sort through their papers a little
self-consciously. At the press desk at one side sits a reporter from the
local paper; from the opposite wall, portraits of the town's ex-mayors and
town clerks watch over the proceedings. As the doors close, everyone stands
for the opening prayer. The October 1985 meeting of the Shepparton Junior
Council has begun"
"A prosperous rural town in northern Victoria with 27,000 inhabitants,
46 per cent of them under 25, and 4500 between 10 and 20, Shepparton is
typical of the more than 50 Australian local-government areas that have
established junior councils. Its youthful councillors have launched a wide
range of programs over the years; thanks to them, the town now has a network
of Safety Houses, identified by letter-box stickers, where children being
harassed or followed can seek help on the way to or from school, and a
maze will soon be built in a town park. Junior councillors have persuaded
authorities to improve several dangerous town intersections and mounted
a campaign to reduce vandalism in local schools. Recently, moving into more
serious political areas, they proposed that Shepparton be declared a
nuclear-free zone, and complained about the short notice given to ratepayers
when the town's water supply was fluoridated"
"Last year, on Shepparton's suggestion, more than 150 members from 10
of Victoria's 40 junior councils met at Altona for an inaugural state
conference. Discussion ranged from the need for drop-in centres for homeless
young people to the inadequacy of public transport in country towns. ""The
conference showed us that our problems were not unique,"" says Brett Chant,
""and we learned how other communities had dealt with them.""
  The junior council was the brainchild of Alex Rigg, mayor of Shepparton
fom 1965 to 1968. Rigg believed that such a council could give the town's
teenagers invaluable training in the realities of government and
administration, interest them in local affairs, and instil a sense of civic
pride. With the help of local schoolteachers, Rigg established the council
in 1968, and its success and community standing have grown ever since"
"Each February, Shepparton's high-school students and teachers choose a
junior council consisting of two Year-9 and two Year-10 students from each
of the town's six secondary schools. The councillors then choose from among
themselves  a junior mayor, a junior town clerk and a junior city engineer"
"Each school and its representatives are allocated one portfolio: public
services, finance and administration, health, community amenities, planning
and development, or recreation and culture. Throughout the year, the school
and its representatives, supervised by a teacher, will be responsible for
all junior-council projects and proposals within the relevant portfolio"
"Going it alone. Being a junior councillor has many benefits beyond the
obvious ""perks"" such as invitations to attend important functions and gala
occasions. Brett Chant claims that his term as junior mayor improved his
self-confidence greatly. ""It is so good to have one's views taken seriously,""
he says. Juanita Grevill - a junior councillor in 1980 and now working as
a reporter with The Shepparton News - believes that the experience she gained
in public speaking and dealing with people has helped her journalistic career"
"Adds town clerk Ivan Gilbert, ""The junior council can also encourage young
people to make careers in local government - one of our former junior
councillors is training to be a city engineer.""
  Meetings are held monthly, following the exact meeting procedure of the
city council, with the junior mayor presiding. Two adult council members
attend each session to give advice or guidance. Junior-council coordinator
Joanne Church, 27, also attends. ""I am there to help the kids,"" she says,
""but usually they choose to go it alone."" Most junior-council motions result
in one of the schools writing to a relevant body for information or action"
"Most people are happy to cooperate, and indeed the junior council has won
so much respect that organisations such as the Freedom from Hunger Campaign
and the Foster Parents' Plan of Australia have approached it directly to
ensure publicity among schoolchildren"
"Although most adults welcome what they consider to be reasonable proposals,
such as setting up a competition to design a sticker promoting the 1986
International Year of Peace, some say the young councillors are too
idealistic. ""They sometimes leap up and demand action without first
considering the possible difficulties and how to overcome them,"" says Ivan
Gilbert"
"On the other hand, the junior council sometimes draws attention to a problem
that adults might never see, such as overcrowding on school buses. Gilbert
agrees that junior council ""is an invaluable way of discovering what things
look like from young people's viewpoint.""
  Shepparton's schools take turns to prepare junior-council agendas. ""The
whole school gets involved,"" says Goulburn Valley Grammar School's coordinator
Beverley Manson. ""Many students not on the council ask for the agenda, discuss
items and, afterwards, want to know what happened.""
  Although all their council meetings are public, the young officials
soon forget the presence of adult councillors, coordinators and visitors,
and speak openly. ""Sometimes they seem to be competing to see who can move
the most motions,"" says Wayne Johnston, Shepparton South Technical School's
coordinator. ""But during their term as councillors, they overcome their
enthusiasm to speak their piece at all costs, and learn to listen and think
before talking.""
  Says Gilbert, ""By working as junior councillors, they learn to make properly
supported submissions and to recognise what course to follow to get action.""
  They learn also to curb their youthful impatience. Says Brett Chant, ""At
first, I got frustrated by delays in getting things done, but now I understand
the reasons. I've learned too that persistence generally pays off!""
  At the meeting I attended, junior councillors debated a report, presented
by Olivia Clarke of Goulburn Valley Grammar School, on the dangers of children
riding bicycles on footpaths. ""Several people have been knocked down by
cyclists,"" she said. ""It isn't fair.""
  ""Cyclists should stay on the roads, where they belong,"" agreed her schoolmate
Stuart Gowty"
"Andrew Mulcahy of Shepparton High School disagreed emphatically. ""If cyclists
ride on the roads, then they are knocked down by motorists! It is much safer
if they ride on the footpaths.""
  A fierce debate ensued on what penalties, if any, should be enforced for
riding on the pavement. Suggestions ranged from hefty fines to letting
down offenders' tyres"
"""Penalties aren't the answer,"" said Kim Crowley of Wanganui Park High"
"""We need a public-education program to make motorists more aware of cyclists
on the road.""
  At this point, the junior mayor showed his talent as chairman, taking
control just when things might have got out of hand. ""Well, here we have
two points of view,"" he said, and neatly summed up both sides. At Brett
Chant's suggestion, the council agreed to invite a police officer to the
next meeting to give the official view"
"After the meeting had closed, I spoke to Shepparton's mayor, John Weir"
"""Young people are full of ideas,"" he told me, ""but they don't find it easy
to get them through to the older generation. Often, their views are casually
presented, in fragments, to parents over the tea-table or to teachers at
school. The junior council provides a unique forum where kids can think
their ideas through, express them effectively - and know they'll be listened
to. No community should be without one."""
"FRINGE FOUL-UP 

THE Federal Opposition has a golden opportunity to cash in on the mess caused
by the Government's iniquitous Fringe Benefits Tax"
"There is a growing community awareness that the tax is helping put people
out of work, and particularly hitting small business"
"Yet the Opposition seems confused about whether it should promise to amend
the tax or withdraw it altogether"
"No-one expects it to tolerate the abuse of fringe benefits. But at the
same time the FBT as it stands is unworkable and hurtful"
"If the Opposition can get its act together it can win votes. If it doesn't
it won't deserve to"
""
"Liszt and the Faust phenomenon By Phillip Sametz  

  Goethe's Faust captured the artistic imagination of the 19th century like
no other literary work"
"It contained romance, magic, metaphysics, medievalism, science and seduction,
a wealth of incident, related in a diverse range of poetic forms, and raised
profound issues of humanism and philosphy. It symbolised Western man's restless
search for experience and knowledge. To many composers, it must have seemed
that, wherever they turned within its two volumes, an outlet for their creative
needs could be found"
"Almost every composer of the age was fired to respond to the work (Brahms
excepted), and the theatres and concert halls across Europe were littered
with Fausts of all sorts. So much so that Rossini, who long considered writing
a Faust opera, told a friend in 1858 that he had finally been put off his
`pet scheme' by the craze for all things Faustian"
"Goethe's choice  

  ""Paris is in a positive Faust-fury; every theatre has its own private
Faust. This has spoilt it for me.""
  Goethe himself felt that Mozart would have been the man to write the music
for his drama. He was not confident about finding a suitable contemporary
composer for the job. ""It is quite impossible ... the repulsive, disagreeable,
dreadful things it would have to contain in places are contrary to this
age,"" he wrote to an assistant in 1829. ""The music must have the character
of Don Giovanni, where gaiety is only on the surface, its depths being
profoundly serious ... Meyerbeer might be capable (of it), but he won't
enter into such a thing.""
  The only major work inspired by Goethe's Faust that was ever shown to
the dramatist was Berlioz's Eight Scenes from Faust, which the composer
sent him in 1829. Goethe was puzzled by its experimental qualities, and
showed it to his composer friend Carl Friedrich Zelter. Zelter called it
""the aborted off-spring of a hideous incest"", and Goethe did not reply to
Berlioz"
"Despite its faults, admitted in his memoirs, Berlioz was to re-fashion
portions of this work for his ""Dramatic Legend"" The Damnation of Faust,
a piece which became a major incentive for Liszt to compose his own Faust
work"
"Liszt accepted the appointment of Court Capellmeister to the Grand Duke
of Weimar in 1844 and, at the instigation of the Princess Sayn-Wittgenstein,
gave up his career as a travelling virtuoso four years later to settle there"
"His industry at court was extraordinary; as well as composing many of his
finest works, he conducted the first performances of, among others, Schumann's
Manfred, Wagner's Lohengrin and Berlioz's Benvenuto Cellini, and revived
Gluck's major operas at a time when audienes were completely unfamiliar
with them"
"In 1852, Berlioz came to Weimar to conduct a performance of The Damnation
of Faust; Liszt conducted Wagner's A Faust Overture (composed in 1840) on
the same occasion. Berlioz's work impressed Liszt enormously, and he urged
Wagner to expand his overture into a three-movement symphony. But now Wagner
was planning The Ring, and felt that his style had grown beyond that of
his earlier work"
"Liszt's attitude to Goethe was sufficiently wary for him to be reluctant
about writing a Faust work of his own. Familiar with Goethe's Faust since
1830, Liszt told one correspondent in the 1840s: ""The worst Jesuit is dearer
to me than all of your Goethe.""
  To another, 12 years after the first performance of a Faust Symphony,
he indicated that he was not wholly captivated by the Faust character, either"
"""In my youth, I passionately admired Manfred and valued him much more
than Faust who, between you and me, despite his marvellous poetic prestige,
seemed to me a decidedly bourgeois character. For that reason, he becomes
more varied, more complete, richer, more evocative (than Manfred) ... Faust's
personality scatters and dissipates itself; he takes no action, lets himself
be driven, hesitates, experiments, loses his way, considers, bargains, and
is only interested in his own little happiness. Manfred would not have put
up with the bad company of Mephistopheles, and if he had loved Gretchen
he would have been able to kill her, but never abandon her in a cowardly
manner like Faust.""

 Spur to work  

  In 1854 The Damnation of Faust, now dedicated to Liszt, was published"
"The score's arrival at Weimar seems to have spurred Liszt on to begin A
Faust Symphony in earnest"
"Beginning in 1848 and simultaneous with his writing of the work, Liszt
was involved in the creation of his symphonic poems (the thematically linked
movements of A Faust Symphony can be seen as his most substantial development
of their implications). As a result of his pre-Weimar wanderings, however,
his knowledge of instrumentation was sketchy, and he enlisted the help of
Conradi, a composer of farces and operettas, then of Raff, in their
orchestration. By 1854, though, Liszt's confidence had grown and A Faust
Symphony is the first work he orchestrated himself; indeed, he wrote the
Gretchen movement straight into full score"
"The work's full title is A Faust Symphony in three character pictures
(after Goethe): 1. Faust; 2. Gretchen; 3. Mephistopheles. The first version
was written in only two months, between August and October 1854. This version
is very different to that we will hear in the simulcast; it was scored for
small orchestra, without trumpets, trombones and percussion (the Weimar
orchestra contained only 38 players), featured such time signatures as 7/4 
and 7/8, and lacked the choral finale and the ""Faust Victorious"" music
of the first and last movements"
"Liszt played this version through to Berlioz and Wagner on their respective
visits to Weimar and, acting on their advice, made revisions which gave
the work its present shape. This version was played for the first time in
September 1857, at a ceremony for the unveiling of memorials to Goethe,
Schiller and Wieland. Liszt continued to revise the work, however; 12 bars
were added to the Gretchen movement as late as 1880"
"As his Sonata in B minor (1852) reveals, Liszt could convincingly dismantle
traditional formal structure and build a handsome edifice in its place,
based on its foundations, when his music demanded it; this principle is
applied throughout A Faust Symphony"
"The similarities between the two works have often been drawn, and the
themes of both are manipulated and ""transformed"" (Liszt's expression), beyond
a point reached by Haydn, Beethoven or Schubert (in his Wanderer Fantasy),
for consistently dramatic ends"
"The sonata deals, obviously, with abstractions. A good performance will
submerge us in an ocean of nameless conflicts - good, evil, tenderness,
passion and grandeur all rise and fall before us, intangible and compelling"
"A Faust Symphony is, on the surface, a portrait triptych, but there is little
doubt that Liszt was finally drawn to compose the work because he could
explore in it the very ideas he had dealt with in the sonata"
"Listening to the symphony is rather like watching the characters in a
play develop as they deal with different situations; a theme associated
with Faust's love for Gretchen can become sinister and menacing, that denoting
Faust's impetuousness tender and delicate, as the music progresses. The
work makes it plain that Liszt's formal instincts were dramatic in origin,
and in this respect he not only paved the way for Wagner, whose music dramas
were symphonic at their roots, but also for the tone poems of Saint-Saens,
Tchaikovsky, R. Strauss, Delius and so forth"
"Narrative forms  

  Yet Liszt's most successful large-scale works do not ""tell a story"", like
Strauss' Till Eulenspiegel. Liszt was only interested in narrative forms
as they symbolised ideas, and no more compelling orchestral work of ideas
exists than A Faust Symphony"
"The first movement, Faust, is difficult to analyse. Its five themes are
subject to simultaneous exposition and development, and the recapitulation
is fairly condensed. The first theme has been described by Humphrey Searle
as ""the first consciously 12-note theme ever written"", and it appropriately
presents Faust as thinker and dreamer. (Wagner was to use it in Die Walkure;
it can be heard distinctly in Act 2 as Sieglinde sings ""Kehrte der vater
nun heim"".) The second theme, announed on the oboe, assumes an astonishing
number of guises throughout the work, so much so that it is sometimes difficult
to recognise without a score. The three successive themes are also subject
to great changes in mood and shape"
"The Gretchen movement is a marvel of delicate scoring, a vision of innocence
only interrupted by the somewhat troubled reappearance of Faust"
"Goethe's Mephistopheles is the spirit of negation, so Liszt decided to
give him Faust's themes to parody. Mephistopheles ""has"" Faust, it seems,
and can distort and disfigure him as he pleases. The transformations the
Faust themes undergo are dazzling in their ingenuity, while Mephistopheles
himself is only given one new theme, taken from Liszt's earlier ""Malediction""
concerto, where it is marked ""Orgueil"" (Pride)"
"After a series of frenzied passages, Gretchen's theme returns intact (her
purity being beyond Mephistopheles' evil grasp) and leads to the final Chorus
Mysticus, which ends Part 2 of Goethe's Faust"
"Despite Liszt's feelings about Goethe and the Faust character, he reveals
in this piece that he, too, was moved by the universality of Goethe's drama
and its subject"
"But A Faust Symphony is an important work for many reasons: it is a meeting
place for many of the forces at work in 19th century music and one of the
most revealing and masterful works by one of the chief players in the drama
of Western European culture. It is also a vivid precursor of the freedom
in form and harmonic language that would lead to the very collapse of the
musical tradition to which Liszt had contributed so much"
""
"Can the truth be told? If so, who'll listen?  

A TEN Can the truth be told? If so, who'll listen?
T is put up. A peaceful demonstration  begins. But since the issue
is peace and the demonstrators are neither retired generals nor military
strategists but radical women (who have demonstrated for peace before,
and can be counted on to do so many times again), the beginning of the affair
is, from the standpoint of the Australian public, invisible"
"The media are generally interested only in demonstrations that do violence,
either physical or to the sensibilities of their audience. When both kinds
of violence occur together, as the peace women of Parliament House found
in the second week of their protest, the media become very interested indeed"
"There are many affronts to logic in the clash on the parliamentary lawns,
and all of them have been exhaustively covered in the media save the one
contained in the media's own rules: if the protest is peaceful, ignore it;
if it is violent, deplore it"
"We are not, in general, sufficiently aware of how much the media are limited
to telling only stories that fit prevailing images. In Salem, it would have
been difficult to publish a news report sympathetic to a witch. Unconventional
behaviour may be reported - indeed, its reportage is encouraged - but only
from a conventional point of view. The stranger the behaviour, the more
distant the coverage. Thus the women of Parliament House, for all their
extraordinariness, were presented to us like stereotypes in cardboard -
for all their clamour, they remained mute"
This might be called the popular end of the limit to the media's power
"At the other end is the limit set by authority, and it, too, was on display
at Parliament House this week. In the days after Lionel Murphy's death,
the media (and this newspaper in particular) were dealt with by those in
power in a manner that can only be construed as intimidatory. It is not
a time to go over the events of the past three years, save to say that they
would have taken a different course had the Prime Minister stuck to his
instincts and established a judicial inquiry into the judge's conduct at
the outset"
""
"In defence of melodrama: towards a libertarian aesthetic. By John Docker  

The [Wopples] family were now on tour among the small towns of Victoria,
and seemed to be well-known, as each member got a reception when he or she
appeared on the stage. Mr Theodore Wopples used to send his agent ahead
to engage the theatre - more often a hall - bill the town, and publish
sensational little notices in the local papers. Then when the family arrived
Mr Wopples, who was really a gentleman and well-educated, called on all
the principal people of the town and so impressed them with the high class
character of the entertainment that he never failed to secure their patronage"
"He also had a number of artful little schemes which he called `wheezes,'
the most successful of these being a lecture on `The Religious Teaching
of Shakespeare,' which he invariably delivered on a Sunday afternoon in
the theatre of any town he happened to be in, and not infrequently when
requested occupied the pulpit and preached capital sermons. By these means
Mr Wopples kept up the reputation of the family, and the upper classes of
all the towns invariably supported the show, while the lower classes came
as a matter of course. Mr Wopples, however, was equally as clever in providing
a bill of fare as in inducing the public to come to the theatre, and the
adaptability of the family was really wonderful. One night they would play
farcical comedy; then Hamlet, reduced to four acts by Mr Wopples, would
follow on the second night; the next night burlesque would reign supreme;
and when the curtain rose on the fourth night Mr Wopples and the star artistes
would be acting melodrama, and throw one another off bridges and do strong
starvation business with ragged clothes amid paper snowstorms"
"Fergus Hume, Madame Midas  

  MELODRAMA IS ONE of the most ubiquitous of modern aesthetic forms. It
flourishes in serial form today in television, in Prisoner, Dallas, A Country
Practice, Sons and Daughters, Neighbours and Days of Our Lives. It draws
comedy to it, mixing genres in programs like MASH, Cheers, Happy Days, Family
Ties or Hi de Hi. It flourished in the radio serials. It flourished and
flourishes in a different form in the cinematic language of Hollywood -
which surely now can be recognised as Renaissance-like as an historical
achievement of popular culture"
"In this sense, as a living, expanding, vibrant form, melodrama needs no
defending. Yet since it began its march from Paris soon after the Revolution,
taking shape in the aesthetic maelstrom in which also swirled Gothic and
Romanticism, melodrama, in terms of `high culture,' has proved valuable
only a critical swearword, a ready term of disparagement - `it's
melodramatic,' `it's verging on melodrama,' `unfortunately at certain points
it becomes melodramatic,' `by the end it became indistinguishable from a
soap.' Such terms are common in dealing not only with melodrama but with
the fiction it influenced. They provide a nearly two-centuries-old yardstick
for measuring aesthetic weakness, a critical standard of what not to do
compared to what should be in terms of the hierarchy of forms and genres
by which `high culture' orders its preferences, confers value and awards
prestige. Melodrama is usually associated with `sensation' and `popular'
fiction as not culture, literature or art at all, a rule clearly laid down
by Arthur Conan Doyle's Dr Watson, when contemplating the state of aesthetic
knowledge of a new and eccentric friend. In A Study in Scarlet (1887) Watson,
invalided from the British Army in Afghanistan, returns to London to live
on a small pension. He is introduced by a mutual friend to someone who can
help share the cost of lodgings, and at their rooms at Number 221B Baker
Street the underemployed doctor has plenty of time to study his mysterious
companion. He methodically jots down his observations, e.g. `Politics -
Feeble' and `Anatomy - Accurate but unsystematic,' and concludes that Holmes'
knowledge of `Literature' is `Nil' whereas that of `Sensational Literature'
is `immense. He appears to know every detail of every horror perpetrated
in the century.' `Literature' and `Sensational Literature,' Proper Literature
and Popular Literature - Watson is here but applying a century's conventional
wisdom; as Wilkie Collins, that master of melodramatic mystery novels (to
use Julian Symons' phrase in his Introduction to Penguin's The Woman in
White), had found to his chagrin in preceding decades, the Pall Mall Gazette
observing of The Moonstone (1868) that `a conjuror at a country fair has
as much right to prate about his art.'

  In Australia a similar distinction was and is busily at work. In his essay
in Harold Love's The Australian Stage, `Theatre, Critics and Society
1850-1890,' Ken Stewart heaps praise upon the head of colonial Victoria's
two most prominent theatre critics, James Smith and James Neild. Like a
good Melbourne `cultural elite' should, critics like Smith and Neild saw
themselves, says Stewart, as cultural missionaries for an educated, cultivated
colonial democracy. By guiding, `educating, informing and entertaining the
public about theatrical and literary matters' - for example, in providing
intellectual interpretations of `serious' plays and productions, and encouraging
audiences to see Shakespeare - they could `assist in raising the colonies
to a cultural maturity in which the whole of society might intelligently
share.' This didn't mean they were intolerant of `entertainments' like
melodrama, pantomime, burlesque, variety or sensational effects, for they
could `respond to the vitality of what they theoretically opposed as a
debasement' of true drama. In particular, Neild's guiding aesthetic theory,
his consistent dramatic credo, was one of `close representational realism,'
emphasising unity and actuality, an accurate and credible `picture.' Neild
hoped thereby to encourage in Australia `serious' theatre - a term used
by Stewart wholly uncritically"
"Neild found, however, that what actually attracted crowds to theatre was
indeed melodrama, an unfortunate state of affairs whose literary equivalent
is also generally deplored in Australian literary criticism. In `Australian
Fiction to 1920,' one of the trawling chapters in Dutton's The Literature
of Australia, John Barnes finds he can't land any `works of art' among the
Australian novels of the nineteenth century. He does say that much of Clarke's
His Natural Life is `first-rate melodrama.' Along with the melodrama, however,
the novel reveals a `moral sense, imperfectly and intermittently expressed,
which implies a deeper level of seriousness.' Melodrama for Barnes seems
to have something to do with being theatrical, extreme, and making our flesh
creep. The task of criticism is to scale off a text's use of conventions
like romance and melodrama, and the use of a contorted, sensational plot
devised for its original serial readers, in order to reveal the deeper layers
to do with the `delineation of characters in their relationships' and a
moral sense of reality: the art that might exist despite the genre, in its
interstices, against its grain. Barry Andrews also sets himself this task
when he considers the 1890s stories of Price Warung. Warung's writing
`sometimes succumbs' to those traditional weaknesses of Victorian fiction,
sentimentality and melodrama, for example, in the `rampant melodrama which
pervades every paragraph of ""The Strike of '95.""' Andrews calls for support
from Brian Matthews, who argues in The Receding Wave that Henry Lawson's
prose increasingly succumbs to romance and melodrama. Andrews is much more
favourable to melodrama in his introduction to Warung's Tales of the Convict
System, where he follows Barnes in saying that Warung's stories are `first-rate
melodrama,' though he thinks as such they're `period pieces,' as if melodrama
has no twentieth-century cultural history"
Now jump from dramatic and literary criticism to television commentary
"Let's glance quickly at the `quality' Fairfax flagship The Sydney Morning
Herald's `Audio Video Television Records Guide,' which attempts to guide,
educate and inform public opinion about television so that an educated,
cultivated democracy might be achieved, in which the whole of society might
intelligently share. On one occasion in his Fifth Column, Peter Luck, well-known
TV documentary-maker, ruminated on that modern classic of melodrama (along
with The Thorn Birds), the mini-series Return to Eden. Luck is in the same
production company as Hal and Jim McElroy, producers of Eden, though he
considers himself to be on the `fact' and they on the `fantasy' end of the
TV business. He loves trying to embarrass the McElroys at parties by getting
them to tell the story of the heiress, pushed into the jaws of a crocodile,
who returns disguised (an ancient folk theme) to gain revenge on her attacker,
her husband. The story always gains sidesplitting and cocktail-spilling
laughs, but the McElroys have the last laugh, since Return to Eden has swept
the world, including Spain and Poland; has become the highest-grossing foreign
product in American TV history; is in the top ten, along with The Thorn
Birds, of the most-watched TV programs ever in the USA; and now, by popular
demand, has been expanded into a twenty-two-episode series. In Peter Luck's
`fact'-filled eyes, Return to Eden is `comedy not drama,' and he's not at
all impressed - unlike Wilkie Collins and his friend Dickens, who were -
by melodrama's fascination for popular audiences"
"So, two luminous `facts' stare out at us in the two centuries under review:
the continuing and now worldwide popularity of melodrama, and a continuing
hostility to it by those who see themselves as fostering and guarding serious,
quality art, whether it be in the theatre, in fiction, or on television"
"What informs this hostility and ridicule is a paradigm, the hegemony of
a critical stance that is as unbending as an old-fashioned law of physics"
But paradigms are made to be broken
"In the last decade or so various welcome grounds of defence of melodrama
have appeared. In Australia, as elsewhere, there has been a growing scholarly
interest in illuminating the dark age of nineteenth-century drama as an
age of theatrical vitality, and this work of recovery connects with some
fascinating research into a nineteenth-century British popular culture of
urban ballads and music-hall songs. And in terms of debates about the
differences and interactions of `high culture' and `popular culture,' we
can grab armfuls of helpful concepts from a cultural theorist whose work
is attracting more and more interest, Mikhail Bakhtin; particularly his
critique of the hierarchy of genres and his notions of the `carnivalesque,'
of different cosmologies and conceptions concerning time and space, fate
and destiny, beauty and the body. To discuss melodrama, then, is to raise
questions about `culture' itself and the categories and oppositions by which
we conceptualise it"
"Mikhail Bakhtin: Liberator of the Lower Genres  

  I have drawn out elsewhere possible relations of Bakhtin's notion of the
carnivalesque with melodrama. Briefly, in his work on narrative in The Dialogic
Imagination and on popular festive forms in Rabelais and His World, Bakhtin
wants to rescue folk motifs and the serio-comic `lower genres' as
philisophically important. The humour of carnival as it took place in the
marketplace in early modern Europe involved inversion, World Upside Down,
the laughing at and mocking of all claims to absolute truth, including its
own. The festive abuse of the marketplace established a temporary utopian
realm of freedom, freedom from usual relations of status and authority"
"The grotesqueness of carnival masks and behaviour celebrated the earthiness
of the body, the way its apertures opened onto the world, and so opposed
`high' art conceptions of the body as finished and perfect. And such grotesque
earthiness, in emphasising the body's capacity for fertility and increase,
projected, along with the games of luck and chance, prophecy and
fortune-telling, a notion of fate and destiny as finally non-tragic"
"Carnivalesque cosmology sees life as including the tragic and sombre, but
as not finally bound by it, for life is always in a state of incompleteness,
of becoming, of growth and change, of transformation and metamorphosis"
"In Bakhtin's view, for a magic historical moment in early modern Europe
- in Rabelais, Shakespeare and Cervantes - `high' literature and thought
drew on and interacted with the folk spirit and forms of carnival"
""
"Sydney
with Mark Thompson Fortune unclaimed  

  Forgetful Sydneysiders are sitting on a fortune worth $8 million through
unclaimed inheritances"
"Dozens of unclaimed wills - many involving more than $200,000 - are lying
dormant inside the vaults at the NSW Public Trust office"
"The office is given the unenviable task of trying to trace the hundreds
of beneficiaries who are in line to collect cash.  
  And the stumbling block is that nobody knows where they are ... or even
if they are dead"
"It seems as though Sydney folk are a trifle blase when it comes to checking
on those skeletons in the closet"
"And the heartache is that the money isn't kept longer than six years and
doesn't go to charity"
"Last year the Trust handed over $711,000 in unclaimed estates to the
Federal Government after failing to find the rightful claimants"
"IF they are not squabbling about each other, NSW parliamentarians don't
seem happy unless they have some other bone of contention"
They are currently embroiled in what to do with surplus committee funds
"Some MPs want to spend the funds on a baby grand piano; others have expressed
an avid interest in an executives coffee machine. 
  But he three minutes needed to make a cup of cappuccino would cause chaos
in the dining room"
"Now one firm has come up with the solution and has offered Parliament
a free trial with a cappuccino unit that automatically sucks milk from
the container and delivers it, hot and frothy, directly into the cup"
"Just what aggressive parliamentarians need after one of their quiet,
eloquent little debates"
"NSW butchers have declared war on the Health Department over the difference
between rib and sirloin steak"
"The long-running dispute centres on the last three ribs of the hindquarter
of a carcass of beef"
"The butchers say the ribs have traditionally been sold as sirloin, while
the remaining ribs are sold as rib steak"
"But the Health Department says only the thirteenth rib should be regarded
as sirloin beef"
And as usual the entire dispute is over money
"This week the butchers' case took a hard blow when one butcher was fined
$100 and ordered to pay $6000 costs over the issue"
"The Meat and Allied Trades Federation is now appealing against the decision,
but meanwhile it is telling butchers not to sell the ribs as sirloin steak"
NSW police vehicles are extremely versatile
"It seems they are used more often to take officers to and from their homes
than in official patrols, according to a Government report"
"The NSW Public Accounts Committee has revealed that in some areas as few
as 30 per cent of police vehicles are actually used on any given day"
"The committee's report said many vehicles either sat idly at the back
of police stations or were taken home overnight by officers"
"The committee has ordered an immediate review into the Highway Patrol
and ""performance indicators"" should be devised to check on vehicle
effectiveness"
""
"7.2.4     Transfer of Rural Water Allocations Transfer of Irrigation Surface Water Allocations  

In a growing economy there is continual autonomous, or natural, adjustment
by businesses to changing circumstances.  Adjustment may mean changing the
proportion of inputs used, the production process, the products produced,
or the location of the production process.  In the long term, industries
will come and go, be prosperous or unprofitable and grow or shrink.  The
steel, coal, irrigated horticulture and dairy industries are all examples
of industries that have undergone major changes in recent times"
"By and large, this adjustment process occurs naturally as part of the country's
economic and social development and in response to trading relationships
with the rest of the world. Even so, there are frequent barriers to this
natural process of adjustment - barriers that may not prevent adjustment
occurring altogether but rather that slow it to a degree that causes problems
to emerge.  Typical symptoms of these barriers are low incomes within
identifiable groups and price levels that are much higher in Australia than
for similar products elsewhere"
"State and Commonwealth Government policies for the rural sector have, since
the early 1970s, paid significant attention to facilitating adjustment to
change.  The 1980s will continue to see policy emphasis on encouraging the
rural sector to adjust to change.  To do otherwise will only defer adjustment
that would occur eventually anyway and which then would be more costly in
terms of welfare problems and lower economic growth, and which would restrain
the distribution of benefits from change.  Capacity to adjust will be essential
to the irrigation industry as the price of water is increased to reduce
the gap between the revenue and the recurrent costs of the rural water supply
and distribution systems. 

One means of providing farm management flexibility in the face of change,
and of improving the allocation of water, is to allow transfer of water
or water entitlements between irrigators on a rental or a sale (permanent)
basis"
"A water transfer scheme can also provide progressive irrigators with the
incentive and the means to substantially improve on-farm efficiency at little
or no financial cost.  By exploiting more water-efficient techniques such
as spray, drip and micro-irrigation and land forming, a proportion of an
irrigator's water allocation could become surplus to requirements.  This
surplus allocation could then be either rented annually or sold to another
irrigator, so providing additional income which could be used to pay-off
the capital invested in the new irrigation techniques and perhaps provide
some additional cash as a reward for more efficient water use"
"Further, with the maturity of the water system, resource management, rather
than further development, has become the main avenue for progress in the
industry.  The drought of the early 1980s, one of the worst on record,
reinforced this view by confirming that storages alone could not save
irrigators from prolonged drought.  It is now considered that water management
mechanisms aimed at providing irrigators with greater flexibility in making
use of meagre water supplies might be more effective in alleviating some
of the problems of drought"
"From the Water Resources Commission's experience with a trial surface water
transfer scheme introduced for the 1983/84 irrigation season and continued
into the 1984/85 season, there does not appear to be any impediment to allowing
annual water transfers to continue in future"
"Annual water transfer arrangements would operate on the basis of the sale
of a `volume' of water rather than the sale of entitlements to water.  In
each case, the water entitlement would remain with the existing licence
holder.  Because water entitlements would not be traded, changes to the
Water and Irrigation Acts are not envisaged"
"The annual transfer arrangements could operate much like the existing temporary
scheme with a number of conditions made less restrictive.  In particular,
the transfers would be possible in any season irrespective of the water
supply situation at the commencement of the season.  This is in contrast
to the existing temporary scheme which only allows transfers in most river
valleys if the initial allocation is less than 100 per cent and then limits
the amount available for transfer to the difference between the initial
announced allocation and an irrigator's full allocation.  At this stage,
merit is seen in allowing irrigators to trade up to an amount of water
equivalent to their full allocation in any season"
"Permanent transfer of water entitlements (that is, the sale of water
entitlements) is more complex.  First, in order to ensure an effective market,
permanent water entitlements need to be more specific in terms of volume
and more secure in reliability of supply.  The Water Act and the Irrigation
Act would need amendment to allow the present volumetric allocations to
become the legal entitlement in irrigation areas and districts rather than
the now virtually-superseded water right"
"Second, permanent water transfers on a large scale may over-tax the supply
capacity in some parts of the river systems, or of channels and drains within
irrigation areas and districts.  There are definite economies in operating
area and district distribution systems at or near full capacity.  Permanent
transfer of water away from any part of this distribution network may erode
these economies, making the systems more costly to operate per unit of
delivered water and, in turn, making water more expensive for the remaining
users.  Significant transfer of water away from any part of the network
may make it both physically and economically impractical to operate.  Further,
a concentration of water use in some localities could exacerbate existing
or potential water logging and salinity problems"
"Finally, there is concern by some irrigators in the irrigation areas and
districts that the introduction of marketable transfers will force the small
landholder out of irrigation.  There is also a concern that permanent transfers
could encourage corporate interest in irrigation and, in time, permit
substantial corporate ownership of irrigation area holdings.  It is feared
that this will mean diversion of farm profits and purchases away from local
businesses and have adverse effects on civic and community amenities.  There
is no evidence to support these views.  Marketable transfers are just like
the sale or rental of any other property - the seller/renter does so only
if satisfied with the price or rental.  In this way, ownership of entitlements
to water is similar to land ownership and the ability to trade water or
water entitlements is similar to land transactions.  The relative freedom
from restriction of a large component of the rural land market outside the
irrigation areas has not led to the demise of the family farm and there is
no evidence to suggest that marketable water transfers will increase the
chances of this happening.  More likely, by providing the family farm with
more flexibility to adjust and a means of exchanging capital assets for
cash (either water rental income or proceeds from outright sale), the farm's
and the local community's chances of survival and betterment will be enhanced"
"The concept of permanent transfers is definitely worthy of further detailed
consideration.  Permanent transfers are the only means by which long-term
permanent changes in water demand can be accommodated.  Presently, the concept
of permanent transfer is not well accepted by the irrigation community and
there are obvious operational and economic difficulties in its application
in the irrigation areas and districts.  Outside the areas and districts,
licensed pumpers have expressed concern that, in periods of low financial
returns (due to poor seasons or commodity prices), irrigators with substantial
borrowings may be forced to sell some, or all, of their entitlement in order
to meet financial commitments where otherwise financial institutions mostly
would have accommodated their needs.  To safeguard against such a situation,
licensed pumpers argue that annual transfers provide adequate flexibility
in water management"
"Intersectoral Transfers  

From a standpoint of economic efficiency, there is no reason why water should
not be transferred between distinctly different uses.  Increased economic
efficiency will clearly result from a shift of water from irrigation, which
is a relatively low value use, to other uses such as power generation, town
water and industry where a demand for water for these purposes exists"
"It can be argued that such improvements in economic efficiency may be gained
at the expense of income distribution and wealth.  Because the impacts of
major water re-allocation may be significant, these should be quantified
and evaluated before transfers between sectors are permitted"
"A major consideration in intersectoral entitlement transfer is the vastly
different capacity to pay of buyers from different sectors - industry
and towns will always be able to outbid irrigators.  This provides the party
with the greater capacity to pay with far greater leverage in the bargaining
process, particularly as irrigators generally have imperfect knowledge about
water in alternative uses.  This suggests that intersectoral transfers should
not be by private treaty as in the annual water transfer arrangements. 
Rather the Water Resources Commission could `broker' intersectoral transfers
- buying from irrigators at a capitalized price derived from prevailing
prices for annual irrigation transfers and selling at a price in keeping
with the new users' preparedness to pay.  Agreement to intersectoral
entitlement transfers will require detailed investigation of this and other
aspects and a policy will need to be developed in close consultation with
all interested parties"
"Annual transfer arrangements need not prohibit intersectoral transfer. 
Apart from very dry seasons when water sharing arrangements restrict all
sectors, it is doubtful whether there are many other occasions when actual
transfers would be attractive to non-irrigation users.  At times when transfers
may be attractive, short-term policies could be developed in consultation
with all water users and applications to transfer could be assessed on a
case-by-case basis"
"Transfer of Groundwater Allocations  

The rationale for allowing surface water allocations to be transferred among
users has just been discussed.  A similar rationale applies to groundwater"
"Initial allocations for the major aquifers are being determined.  If these
allocations are not transferable, the initial allocations will determine
the long-term efficiency of water use, as the inefficient farm is allocated
the same water as the efficient farm.  In many respects, the relative
efficiency of the initial allocations is not critical provided that
re-allocation can take place over time to achieve optimum efficiency"
"Provisions for transferability have been included in the allocation schemes
so far developed.  But transferability of groundwater allocations must be
governed by the physical characteristics of aquifers.  The effects of excessive
withdrawals in some areas, such as local drawdown of water levels, must
be examined before transfers are allowed.  Implicit in this is that the
Water Resources Commission must have adequate knowledge of possible aquifer
behaviour so that quick decisions can be made on whether individual transfers
should be allowed"
"Transfers of allocations between different sectors - for example, irrigation
and industry - to meet future demands for water, have also been discussed"
"For groundwater this is also an option, particularly if the adopted life
of the aquifer is to be adhered to.  However, the nature of groundwater
is quite different to surface water and there are more options available
to meet emerging demands.  Thus, it is best if each situation is examined
case by case to determine the best way to meet these demands.  However,
clear provisions should be available in the legislation to allow both temporary
and permanent transfers of water allocations, subject to physical
characteristics of the aquifer"
"Future Action  

Given that presently there is little knowledge or understanding of the social,
economic and operational impacts of permanent transfers, the best course
appears to be to allow annual water transfers in any season, regardless
of the surface water supply situation, and to allow irrigators to trade
any volume of water up to the equivalent of their full allocation"
"Intersectoral annual transfers should be permitted, although each proposal
to do so should conform with guidelines for such transfers developed by
the Water Resources Commission in consultation with local water users and
other interested parties"
"Further investigation must be undertaken of options for permanent transfer of water entitlements of surface water and groundwater. Ultimately, permanent transfer, particularly of surface water, will be essential to reallocate water entitlements to higher value users either within a sector or on an intersectoral basis"
""
"Watchdog bound in fraud hunt By Matthew Stevens  

  CHAIRMAN Henry Bosch says the National Companies and Securities Commission
has neither the staff nor the money to chase the corporate fraudsters"
"He says it has never successfully trapped an insider trader, that illegal
share warehousing occurs often without punishment and that the growth of
""sharp business practice"" is damaging the already battered reputation of
the business community"
"In recent weeks, world headlines about the insider trading of Wall Street's
fabulously scandalous Ivan Boesky has focused attention on the level of
insider trading in our own markets.  According to Bosch, insider trading
happens frequently but is almost impossible to prove"
"To emphasise his point, he produced a computer print-out showing a dramatic
improvement in a small company's share price.  He said the real price growth
happened two weeks before an ""absolutely vital press announcement on a
new contract"""
"He said:  ""But to go from that information to finding out who did the
business and then prove that he knew about the contract before the information
was made public is very difficult and very, very costly.  We could not afford
to chase all the insiders.""
  But that, he says, is not the biggest problem.  Bosch sees collusion
as the greatest threat to the sort of equality of opportunity for shareholders
which he believes is why regulation should exist in the first place"
"""There have been frequent cases of collusion in which nominally independent
bodies have acted in a way that is mutually supportive.  If the agreements
had been written down, those actions would have certainly been in breach
of Section 11 of the Companies Act.  But, as we all know, these agreements
are never written down and it is very difficult to prove what we know to
be true.""
  He added:  ""I will not make specific comment, but you may draw some inference
on the present inquiries.""  It was an obvious reference to the NCSC's inquiry
involving what is now an international investigation into the purchase of
a $58 million parcel of takeover-targeted Humes Ltd"
"The NCSC has an annual budget of $5.7 million.  It has eight commissioners,
three full-time and five part-time, and 82 permanent staff of whom about
30 have resigned this year alone"
"Like other Public Service bodies which  attempt to deal with the highest
level of the business community, the NCSC has tremendous trouble recruiting
the best staff because of its ""highly inappropriate"" Public Service salaries
and conditions"
""
"Hotels hit hard by beer strike  

THE beer crisis worsened at the weekend as supplies dwindled in hotels
and retail outlets"
"The state president of the Australian Hotels' Association, Mr Daryl
Washington, said yesterday the situation with draught beer was ""critical"""
"""Many hotels are out of draught beer and packaged beer supplies are very
low,"" he said"
"""All hotels are in real trouble.""
  ""Even if the men went back to work tomorrow, it could take one to two weeks
before supplies got back to normal,"" Mr Washington said"
"""The strike is costing the community millions of dollars in Federal and
State Government tax and licence fees, all of which will have to be borne
by the public.""
  Mr Washington said the viability of bottle shops and retailers was also
threatened by the strike"
"""The Federal and State Governments should get involved immediately and
make sure the union and the brewery get together to resolve the situation,""
he said"
The brewery workers are striking for an extra week's Christmas bonus
A CUB spokesman said no talks were held with the union at the weekend
"The company was waiting on the response of the strikers on a letter urging
them to return to work, he said"
"A spokesman for the Federated Liquor and Allied Industries' Union was
unavailable for comment."
"Expert care for inspired music `Creation' according to Haydn  

  THE performance of Haydn's greatest, most inspired sacred work, his oratorio,
The Creation, at Winthrop Hall on Wednesday, August 20, is likely to be
an exceptional event"
"For one thing, the conductor is the noted Sydney choral expert, Peter
Seymour, and for another, the University of WA Choral Society will be joined
by the WA Symphony Orchestra"
"The ABC's new policy on its orchestras is to allow them to be involved
with local community groups"
"The society's permanent conductor, John Winstanley, has engaged three
fine soloists - Elisa Wilson, Thomas Edmonds and Gregory Yurisich"
"Miss Wilson, who has  been appearing in Falstaff, is a permanent member
of the WA Opera Company and recently was awarded third place in the Shell
aria contest in Canberra, a signal honor for the young soprano"
"Mr Edmonds is coming from Adelaide to take the tenor role and Mr Yurisich,
who is a principal with the Australian Opera and recently sang with Dame
Joan Sutherland, will be coming back to his home city for the bass part"
"Mr Seymour has been musical director of the Sydney Philharmonia Society
since 1968"
"Its choir is, in effect, the chorus for the Sydney Symphony Orchestra
and is of a very high standard, thanks to Mr Seymour's work"
"He was a founder-member of the Australian Youth Orchestra and is chairman
and musical director of the National Music Camp Association"
"During his time as music master at Sydney Grammar, the school developed
a fine musical tradition"
"Mr Seymour founded the Sydney Youth Orchestra Association in 1974 to
train young players. He also spent some years as resident conductor with
the Australian Opera"
His untiring work for the benefit of music earned him an OBE
"Haydn wrote the Creation in 1798-99 and it reaches heights of eloquence
rarely surpassed"
"Of particular note is the lyrical beauty sustained in the arias as well
as the power of the choruses. 

 - PETER WOMBWELL"
"BIG BROTHER IS GETTING BIGGER  

TRADITIONAL Australian qualities of individuality, non-conformity 
and self-reliance have been severely eroded in a year, according 
to a leading civil liberties group"
"It has laid the blame for stifling much of the country's 
development at the door of governments and their ""big 
brother"" urge to control people's lives"
"Australian Civil Liberties Union president John Bennett  said 
recent calls to introduce identity cards and to use telephone 
taps were the latest assaults on privacy"
"The Federal Government wants to introduce the identity card to control
tax evasion, illegal immigration and security fraud"
"There have been calls to legalise telephone tapping to combat organised
crime and drug dealing"
"""Individually, the extensions of Federal and State government powers
are often understandable and to some extent justifiable,"" said Mr Bennett,
who is also a lawyer"
"""But the overall effect is to make us a more tightly controlled society
with often unnecessary surveillance.""
  The Civil Liberties Union cited several areas where people's rights had
been intruded upon in recent years, particularly under the present Federal
Government:   
  Attempted introduction of a national identity card;
  Planned phone-tapping and the examination of mail to combat drug offences;
  Introduction of random breath testing;
  Proposed Bill of Rights and Human Rights Commission;
  Questioning of the jury system;
  Assets test on pensions;
  Using investigators - in some cases with more power than police - in the
Medicare system;
  Photographs on some drivers' licences and train tickets"
"Mr Bennett accused governments, and the bureaucracy, of manipulating
emotional issues to gain public support for increased surveillance 
measures.         
  ""People read about the tragic effects of drugs and they give the OK for
phone-tapping and identity cards without considering threats to civil
liberties,"" he said"
"""These measures had little effect in the U.S"
"""The danger of ID cards is they can be used to monitor the activities
of citizens"
"""The cards must be produced on demand of the government which makes them
almost an internal passport."""
"Penalty harsh - Games star CANBERRA  

- Outed Canberra swimmer Jody McGibbon believes she and Queenslander
Brett Stocks were singled out by Australian swim officials for misbehavior
at the Edinburgh Commonwealth Games"
"McGibbon, 17, who faces a 12-month suspension for drinking alcohol at the
Games, said on Canberra's radio 2CA yesterday penalties meted out by Australian
Swimming Inc. were too harsh"
The swimmers were told of their suspensions at the weekend
"Stocks' two-year ban for his part in using a courtesy car from the Games
Village bars him from the '88 Seoul Olympics and could end his career"
"It is understood both can train but are ineligible for vital pre-Olympics
meets.  McGibbon said she was not aware of the full penalty for misbehavior
when she left for the Games"
"""I signed a document saying that I wouldn't consume any alcohol, drugs
and so on and I did,"" she said"
"""It has always been traditional that you all go out after and celebrate,
but this year it has just been changed"
"""I had a few drinks after which was on the statement,"" she said"
"McGibbon will not know until October 1 if the ban will affect her
Australian Institute of Sport scholarship"
An AIS spokeswoman said a review of McGibbon's position was likely
""
"Denim-clad Kelly hits the charts at last ALBUM'S MESSAGE  

  Paul Kelly And The Coloured Girls - a little bit of Bob Dylan, a small
piece of Lou Reed and a whole lot of inner-city living"
"Softly-spoken and reserved, the denim-clad Kelly at last receives
commercial recognition for the music he has played for nearly a decade"
"Born in Adelaide, Kelly first picked up an acoustic guitar at 18, enduring
a semester of university before moving to Melbourne"
"He spent seven years in the Victorian capital among St Kilda prostitutes,
drug addicts and unemployed"
"And it shows in his music. The skilfully crafted lyrics are backed by
a basic sound and sung by a voice with sandpaper resonance"
Paul Kelly wrote a song called From St Kilda To Kings Cross
"The distance takes 13 hours on a bus and Kelly made that trip two years
ago and found Surry Hills. More inner-city; prostitutes, drug addicts and
squats full of the unemployed"
"""St Kilda? It's a good place, St Kilda, but it's getting - it's changing
now, it's becoming, well, they're trying to clean it up,"" Kelly said"
"""Closing down all the old boarding houses and trying to make it go upmarket
- they did the same thing to Bondi"
"""Surry Hills - that's a mixture too, one end is industrial. There's
a lot of old migrant groups there, a fair few Greeks and a lot of people
in bands.""
  Kelly appeared in Brisbane over the weekend and will now town-hop up
the Queensland coast to Townsville"
"Before Too Long, now resting in the music charts, is his first commercially
successful work. He has always had respect, but respect does not pay the
rent"
"""It's great, great, to be hearing it on the radio everywhere - it's
exciting,"" Kelly said"
"Release  

  Tomorrow, a double studio album recorded by Kelly And The Coloured Girls -
named after the line from the Lou Reed song - will be released"
"The album will be a volume of old and new songs, inspired by social
conscience, or as a member of the band says, social realism"
""
"Peace with God & world peace By Rev Sir Alan Walker  

  There cannot be peace at the circumference of life while disharmony reigns
at the centre of life. To be separated from God transmits seismic repercussions
to every level of human affairs. To become reconciled with God is to be
reconciled with everything in His world. Peace with God alone makes possible
world peace"
"To become alienated from God has enormous consequences. From separation
from God come divided, broken personalities. Inner turmoil and conflict
project themselves into human relationships creating tension and division"
"Disturbed, discordant, distracted personalities operating in corporate
situations set people against people. When broken personalities achieve
positions of power, as seen in Hitler, they can become a cause of war"
"Social righteousness  

  Peace is impossible without social righteousness. Righteousness means
social justice, yet goes beyond justice. It is both a gift from God and
an achievement between human beings. It links together personal salvation
and social redemption"
"Peace cannot come while half the human race lives in abject poverty. Every
shanty town in Latin America, every slum in India or Pakistan, every starving
tribe in Ethiopia, are helpless potential causes of conflict and war"
"Peace cannot come while Aborigines are denied land rights in Australia
and while 22 million Blacks in South Africa suffer under apartheid, the
vilest racism since slavery"
"Peace cannot come while women are treated with exclusion and discrimination
in the fundamentalist Islamic states of Iran, Sudan and Pakistan"
"Peace cannot come while totalitarian regimes of the ""left"" and the ""right""
hold people in bondage, directing their thinking and restraining their
movement. 
  Peace cannot come while the United States and Soviet Union divert vast
resources which could lift the burden of world poverty, to the wasteful,
senseless, blasphemous nuclear arms race"
""
"From drought to tourist flood By MARK HOOPER  

THE Big Drought of 1982/83 broke the spirit of many people on the land,
but it was also the catalyst for some entrepreneurial spirit"
Such is the case with Antony and Heather Heath of Bairnsdale
"The downturn in their sheep grazing and shearing activities during and
after the drought forced them to look at alternative sources of income"
"Selling the farm was out because of the family tradition and their love
of the land.  So they decided to take advantage of one of the few things
not affected by the drought - the main road"
"The Heath's 300 ha property, called Redcourt, borders the Princes Hwy
10 km west of Bairnsdale"
"From their farmhouse near the road, they could see the drought wasn't
stopping hordes of travellers to Lakes Entrance, Mallacoota, the high country
around Omeo and the south coast of NSW. 
  So they jumped on the bandwagon and started a tourist attraction of their
own, the Redcourt Woolshed, designed for city people and overseas travellers"
"The Woolshed provides visitors with a demonstration of shearing, wool
sorting, four different breeds of important Australian sheep, sheep dogs
in action, and a small museum"
"The idea was not new, but it was borne of some desperation during a bleak
period in Australia's rural history"
"And there is a constant flow of tourist coaches, many of them carrying
travellers from overseas, to the Woolshed"
"Mr Heath does the shearing and he clearly revels in the opportunity to
show off the skills and importance of the wool industry"
"""It was a case of us trying to diversify, helping bring the country
and city closer together, and it has worked,"" Mr Heath said"
"""People can wander around the property and be close to the sheep and the
dogs and what happens on the farm.""
  The Heaths' commercial concerns have also picked up over the past few
years and their tourist considerations had to be cancelled last week as
the shearing of Redcourt's 3000 fine wool Merinos was done by a local team"
""
"By Kenneth Wiltshire 1949 to 1961 

From 1949 to 1961 the word planning almost ceased to exist in the vocabulary
of the government. The Liberal-Country Party coalition had a strong free
enterprise platform aimed at reduction of all forms of government
intervention, and reduction of the size of the public sector. It was symbolized
by Menzies' efforts to reduce the size of the Commonwealth Public Service
by 10,000, a goal which was achieved over five years by nonreplacement of
wastage. Clearly, this was an environment hostile to any form of planning,
even if confined to the public sector, and Menzies and his colleagues went
further, picking up the catch cries of the 1930s and reviving the old
association between the word ""planning"" and totalitarianism, and doing it
extremely effectively. The Australian economy was performing very well,
especially as a result of the Korean war boom, America and Britain were
progressing reasonably well without any elaborate planning mechanisms, and
Australia, like most of the western world, spent the 1950s talking of
industrialization, economic growth and development, exports, and even
decentralization - all of this within the general emotion and economic
environment of postwar reconstruction, free of the restrictions of wartime"
"Within the arena of federal financial relations Menzies retained the
centralized system of uniform taxation, and the 1950s saw most Premiers
Conferences centering around often bitter pleas for the ""return"" of such
taxing powers to the states. The Menzies government could see the benefits to 
themselves and to the people of a system ofone government imposing and 
collecting income tax at uniform rates across the nation, although in a fit of 
pique he once offered the states the return of the power only to find them 
politely declining the offer. A detailed examination of the federal 
consequences of uniform income tax is given in chapter 4, but it should be 
noted here that this created a profound vertical imbalance in the Australian 
federation which, from the point of view of the states, took away the largest 
single component of their revenue raising, and, they claimed, caused inevitable
difficulties in forecasting and resource allocation. The distribution of
the income tax revenue became a frequent issue"
"Menzies made a rather uncharacteristic move in 1954. This is of considerable
interest because it seemed to fly in the face of his opposition to both
centralism and planning. He argued that, in relation to state public works
for development, because the commonwealth was responsible for raising large
sums of money, it ought to assume some responsibility for its expenditure"
"The 1954 policy speech contained this statement:

    
(Interestingly, many of these concepts were repeated by Whitlam in the period
1972-75 and denounced as socialist and centralist.) As Curtis suggests,
Menzies' notions struck at the very principle of a federal compact, and
in particular the right of states to decide regional interests. (Commonwealth
grants to the states for universities had commenced in 1950.) The idea of
determining truly national priorities for public works projects was not
new, and it had worked reasonably successfully on a more limited scale in
relation to the Development and Migration Commission, and for a short period,
through the wartime national Coordinator of Works. Nothing much came of
this new proposal, and it faded into the background, but it was not long
before the same philosophical basis found its expression in various specific
purpose grants to the states originated by the Menzies government a few
years later"
The decade of the 1960s produced in Australia quite a different situation
"In 1961 an overheated economy produced the response of a credit squeeze from
the national government more severe than had been known hitherto. The political
result was an election where the Liberal-Country Party Coalition came
perilously close to defeat, winning by only one seat, and then only on
Communist Party preferences. The Menzies government thus became concerned
about the severity of economic fluctuation, and was persuaded to instigate
a ""Commmittee of Economic Enquiry"" which was appointed in February 1963"
"The Committee had broad terms of reference and comprised an eminent and
influential team headed by James Vernon (chairman). Other members were J.G"
"Crawford (vice-chairman), P.H. Karmel, D.G. Molesworth and K.B. Myer. The
Committee submitted their report but the Menzies government refused to make
it public, thereby fuelling speculation about its content. When it was
finally released it became obvious that the Vernon Committeee had been 
extremely impressed by the various indicative planning mechanisms in Western
Europe, as well as the role of the Economic Council of Canada. It was the
concept of interaction and dialogue between the public and private sectors,
which these overseas examples had accommodated, which attracted them, although
they were obviously impressed by the economic growth rates of those countries
as well - especially France and the EEC in general. So the Vernon report
placed strong emphasis on the need for economic growth but not as an end
in itself; rather as a means to achieve other economic and social aims"
"Naturally the report contained many recommendations, but for our purposes
the most interesting was proposed machinery for a permanent Advisory Council
on Economic Growth, which was quickly construed as a desire for attention
to forward thinking and appropriate resource allocation. The Menzies government
managed to ignore the report, because when it was finally released, the
economy had picked up quite well again and the concerns expressed by the
Vernon Committee by that stage gave the appearance of being mere academic
debate"
"The Vernon Committee believed that institutional changes since 1945 had
helped to fill some of the gaps which had made a national economic policy
difficult to carry out before the war, and they mentioned specifically
stronger, legally-constituted, central banking, the High Court ruling of
1957 on uniform taxation, cooperation between commonwealth and state
governments, and machinery for government consultation with representative
bodies of the private sector in the formulation of both general and specific
economic measures. In providing the Vernon committee with its terms of
reference, the Menzies government stated its economic objectives as being
""a high rate of economic and population growth with full employment, increasing
productivity, rising standards of living, external viability, and stability
of costs and prices"". The Committee regarded economic growth as central
to all the other objectives, but strongly emphasized that the seven objectives
stated by the government were interrelated in a very complex way. They
were quite critical of the government's past emphasis on the short term
and its attendant ""stop-go"" policies. In relation to government expenditure
the Committee made this pertinent comment:

    

But on public investment they presented a completely different picture:

    

And in respect of the concept of planning:

    

A little later the committee went on to stress the importance of government
always taking long term trends into consideration in its decision making,
and the experience of other countries was cited in this respect, but nowhere
were the means of ensuring that this happened spelt out. Perhaps the nearest
they came to this was the recommendation for an Australian Advisory Council
somewhat similar to the Canadian Council. They did not comment on the form
which such a council would take, but its principal functions would include:

  To report as required on particular subjects"
To prepare an annual review of growth experience and long-term prostpects
"To maintain a constant review of and advise on trends in overseas investment,
  developement problems and any other matters that might be referred to
  it for special attention"
"To undertake, commission and encourage research bearing on its field of
  responsibility, and to publish research papers"
"The committee saw the main advantages of such a body being that it would
provide for a constant yet independent review of long term trends, leading
to better public understanding of those trends, and the interdependence
of economic factors which must otherwise lead to dissension between various
key economic interest groups in the community. The advisory council, they
felt, should be comprised of people chosen for their ability and not as
representatives of groups; it should be small; have no executive powers
or responsibilities; with a strong secretariat; and confine itself to medium
and long term matters"
"The Vernon Report also made a number of significant observations about
public investment in Australia which went very much unnoticed. There were
major problems in planning and organizing public investment in the Australian
federation, they said. The root of the problem was that although state and
local governments undertook eighty per cent of public investment, they were
responsible for raising only part of this amount, because a large part of
such funds was raised by the commonwealth under Loan Council borrowing
programmes, as well as commonwealth money provided directly under specific
purpose payments. They went on to make the following pertinent observation:

    

The Vernon committee thought that because specific purpose grants took place
outside the Loan Council, and involved the commonwealth directly in the
problems of the state, they should therefore provide a basis for joint
commonwealth-state planning of particular projects. However, this in itself
was dangerous from an overall point of view, because a project by project
approach increased the tendency to ad hoc bargaining and arrangements"
"Most of the public response to the Vernon report focused on the economic
content, and little attention was directed to the machinery recommendations"
"Menzies labelled the suggestion for a special project commission as useless
and an advisory council as antidemocratic but, as was pointed out by at
least one author, the existence of these bodies would have reduced the
government's  options and forced it to justify taking any actions against
those recommended by such bodies"
"Although the main attempt of the decade to propagate some thinking about
economic planning had fizzled, there were a number of developments occurring
quite unobtrusively at this time in the public sector. The Defence Department,
like so many of its counterparts in other countries, had moved to five year
forward strategies, and the determination of annual fiscal appropriations in
the light of those five year forward projections. The post office, late in the
decade, introduced its own form of the Planning Programming Budgeting System,
and especially in the area of telephone installations, began quite
sophisticated projections of population movements and associated industrial
and domestic location patterns. Many of the intergovernmental grants and
agreements (a lot of them established by the Menzies government itself) moved
to either a quinquennial system (for example, roads and housing) or a
triennial system (universities) of resource allocation. Even in other areas,
such as education and science, annual conditional grants were prepared in the
light of longer term frameworks. These intergovernmental arrangements are
analysed in later chapters but their planning perspectives should be noted
here. Meanwhile the Loan Council continued, as always, to regard annual public
works commitments in the light of longer term lead times, although there is
substantial evidence to show that capital expenditure grants by the national
government were influenced more by political pork-barelling than by any thought
of efficient national resource allocation (especially after the various lessons
of the near-election defeat in 1961 where it became clear that there was not a
uniform spatial distribution of support for the national government)"
"There had been some quite pronounced moves by almost all Australian states in
the 1960s to promote industrialization, and in some cases decentralization,
predominantly by means of carrots rather than sticks. Preferences were given by
all state governments in their own tendering to ""local"" firms, a typical
pattern being five per cent for firms in that state over interstate firms, and
a further five per cent over international firms. State governments also
fiddled with freight rates, road tax charges, and especially the provision of
cheap land and government guaranteed finance, in an effort to move industry,
but this met with very limited success. It seemed to take a long time for state
governments to realize that secondary industry was not particularly mobile and
that, in any event, tertiary industry made almost two-thirds of the labour
force, and the largest tertiary industry of all was the public sector directly
under their own control."
"Health care benefits worth checking out  

MOST health fringe benefits are available to Pensioner Health Benefits (PHB)
cardholders, with some of them being available to other pensioners"
"Depending on their income, widows, age and invalid pensioners, spouse
carers, wife's pensioners and supporting parents are eligible for a PHB
card"
"Your eligibility for the card will be assessed at the time as your
pension is being considered"
"Fringe benefits can be worth more than $20 a week, so it is well worth
checking what is available and making use of your entitlements"
You can ask for details at the Department of Social Security
Some of the benefits in the area of health are as follows
"The National Medicare scheme means that the Government pays 85 per cent
of all doctors' bills, providing the charge is no higher than the 
schedule fee (check with your Medicare office)"
"If your doctor bulk bills (that is, sends the bill directly to the
Government) you will not have to pay anything"
"If the doctor does not bulk bill, you will have to pay the extra 15 per
cent.  Many doctors who do not bulk bill for all their patients will do so for
pensioners"
"Under Medicare, free public hospital care is available to everyone"
"PHB and Health Benefit cardholders and their dependants can get those
drugs listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme list free of charge"
"Health Care cardholders and other pensioners whose income is too high for
a PHB card but low enough for a part pension may be eligible for a
Pharmaceutical Concession card, which means they pay a reduced charge for
a listed drug"
"It may be possible to get some assistance with spectacles, but there is
a means test.  You will need to inquire at the Department of Community Welfare. 
You will have to get the prescription from a doctor which will be covered
by Medicare"
"There may be podiatry services at reduced cost.  Your local community
health centre or your local hospital may be able to help you"
Various aids and appliances are available from your State Health Department
"If you want your own choice of doctor in a public hospital, you will be
charged for accommodation and you will need private insurance to meet the
cost"
"You will also need to insure yourself if you want the option of a private
hospital if you become ill"
"Sometimes the waiting lists for surgery in public hospitals are long.  
  Older people can be particularly badly affected by delays as many of their
health problems are chronic and not urgent, for example a need for hip
replacement surgery"
"If you are in hospital for longer than 35 days at the one time, unless
your doctor certifies you are in need of ongoing acute care, you will
automatically be reclassified as a ""nursing home type"" patient"
"In this case the law says your benefits must be reduced and you will have
to meet part of the cost"
"Private hospital insurance does not entitle you to a single room in a
private hospital"
"Single rooms are given solely on the basis of medical need - there is
no difference between Medicare and private patients"
"However, if a single room is available, and no-one else needs it, you
can request it if you are a private patient"
"You should take into account theatre fees as well as accommodation when
you are considering private insurance cover"
"Private health insurance funds will meet the cost of many extra health
care services; dental care, physiotherapy, chiropody, home nursing,
chiropractors and osteopaths are examples"
The extent of these benefits depends on the amount of insurance you pay
You will need to find out the details from the various funds
"The costs of these services are not met by Medicare unless they are available
through public hospitals"
Private funds will also meet the cost of spectacles
"These are not covered by Medicare, although the cost of visiting an
optometrist to have your eyes tested or to get a prescription is covered"
"All the private funds apply qualifying periods and yearly limits for
benefits"
"These conditions are imposed to stop people joining the fund for a short
time, making a big claim and then cancelling their membership."
"BOWLER'S BEST CAVALRY'S ALL CLASS by GLENN ROBBINS  

EXCITING three-year-old Cavalry has a devoted fan in the VRC handicapper
Jim Bowler"
"The lightly raced Cavalry emerged as a top prospect at Flemington when
he won the 1100m Black Douglas Stakes on November 1 and a 1400m welter the
following Saturday"
"""I thought Cavalry was one of the top three three-year-olds to come out
of our Spring Carnival,"" Bowler said"
"""His win last Saturday was outstanding"
"""He just left those seasoned horses stranded when he accelerated at the
400m and he maintained his run right to the post"
"""I think Cavalry will eventually prove himself a very classy horse.""
  The other high ranking three-year-olds in Bowler's assessment were Victoria
Derby winner Raveneaux and King Of Brooklyn"
"Cavalry gets the test of his career in the $75,000 Sandown Guineas (1600m)
on Saturday"
"He has risen sharply in distance from 1100m two weeks ago but if he settles
in Saturday's race he's going to take running down"
"But if Cavalry doesn't get speed to allow him to relax, then he could
be tested running out the tough Sandown mile"
"Craig Dinn has been booked for stablemate Western Ace in the Guineas
while Harry White has the Cavalry mount"
"Part-owner Ernie Smith says Western Ace is on trial for the Perth Derby
double and claims his three-year-old will stay the 2400m"
"But the man standing between a Tommy Smith Guineas win on Saturday is
their stable jockey Mick Dittman"
"Dittman is sticking with boom Adelaide three-year-old King Of Brooklyn
who looked definite Derby material when he bolted in at Flemington over
2000m on November 6"
"King Of Brooklyn's problem on Saturday is switching back in distance but
Sandown will help him,"" Dittman said"
"""But if this horse can improve over the next month he could make a clean
sweep of the two Derbies in Perth."
"Pompous authority cops a battering in frantic comedy Television  By MADONNA KING  

ESTABLISHMENTS just sit up there waiting to be shot at most of the time,
adopting stiff-necked attitudes and getting all pompous over the most trivial
things"
"Police Academy, on Channel 9 tomorrow night at 8.30, shows them up"
"Its tacky plot doesn't matter. It's funny, it's good and it's a parody,
if a little blunt"
"The story revolves around mayor Mary Sue Beal's decision to abandon all
restrictions involving police applicants"
"There are no longer stringent restrictions on height, weight, age, race,
sex, education or mental stability"
"Everyone is invited. The tall and short accept, the fat and thin are welcome,
and the timid and paranoid make friends"
"There's a disgraced parking attendant, a society girl, and the gun-happy
Tackleberry"
"There's a florist who wants a more exciting life, and a jailbird who can
imitate mechanical noises. 
  The policy elicits contempt and disgust from the established force when
the floodgates open, and they are inundated with criminals and prostitutes,
comedians and mummy's boys, peepers and psychotics"
"The conglomerate farce goes on to detail the training procedure at the
Metropolitan Police Academy. Their exploits at the centre are barely
printable. It is definitely not a law and order film"
"Instead it's packed with frantic energy, a dash of sex, is rudely
contemptuous of authority and has all the ingredients of good fun"
But there's a strangely ironic twist
"The thugs get in and and good guys don't. The nice blokes don't want to
become policemen, and the bad guys do"
The weirdos come in to become weirder. The horrible become more horrible
"The most unlikely to succeed, succeed. The pseudo-good guys dismantle law
and order"
"When a riot breaks out in the town, creating a life-threatening situation,
the cadets are given an unexpected opportunity to test their mettle, and
the results are ironic"
The supposedly-bad guys save the day
"The irony continues and the academy's fundamentals to serve and to protect,
to cultivate integrity, increase knowledge, and show courage are mocked"
"The highest award of the police force is eventually granted to the artful
dodger, Mahoney (Steve Guttenberg), and Moses Hightower, a gentle giant,
both of whom were originally thrown out of the establishment for incompetence"
"Police Academy is frantic and garbled, but effective. It becomes a riotous
epic of counter-culture and its large cast never proves unwieldy"
"The result is a shrewd blend of slapstick and comedy as unpredictable
as it is disrespectful ... comedy that has made the cash registers ring
with gleeful profits at the movie theatres"
""
"The Australian Democrats a feasible alternative?  

In December 1975 Malcolm Fraser and the Liberals crashed their way into
government. When Fraser announced his new ministry, Don Chipp, the MHR for
Hotham, was left out. Chipp had been a minister or shadow minister more
or less continuously since 1966. Following his rejection from the Fraser
ministry he became increasingly disenchanted with the Liberals, a feeling
that had been growing in him for some time"
"In March 1977 Don Chipp resigned from the Liberals. At the time he wanted
to make a complete break from politics. Following his resignation, however,
he was approached by many people who saw the opportunity to create a new
force in Australian politics. He attended a series of enthusiastic public
meetings which were filled with people who were dissatisfied with the two
major parties. They came from all sorts of backgrounds. They were fed up
with Fraser's autocratic brand of big-business conservatism and still had
bitter memories of Gough Whitlam's perceived uncontrolled style of sweeping
social change. Two of the most significant groups behind the people who
were calling for a new political option were the Australia Party and the
New Liberal Movement. From early in 1977 the two groups had had joint meetings
with a view to creating a new party. In May 1977 the Australian Democrats
were officially launched at a triumphant meeting in Melbourne"
The philosophies and policies of the early Democrats were a little vague
"Their most clearly defined policy was that they would work towards the
protection and development of small business. The early Democrats also
emphasised a new type of political morality upon which would build their
party. All their elected members signed a pledge that they would never block
supply in the Senate. Everyone who belonged to the Democrats had an equal
say in policy formulation and in the election of office-bearers, and no
Democrat P.M. would be caucused into voting on legislation in a way with
which they did not personally agree"
"The Democrats were founded on a very genuine foundation of idealism: they
really wanted to provide a viable alternative that would inspire people"
"The Democrats are now nine years old. They now have 11 membes of various
parliaments including seven people who hold the balance of power in the
76-seat Senate"
"The last decade in Australian politics has been a time of volatility and
change. It saw the end of Australia's most colourful and progressive
government, under Gough Whitlam. It saw the Fraser Liberals gain the two
largest parliamentary majorities ever enjoyed by any government in Australia,
and it saw the Labor Party under Bob Hawke bounce back with a new cautious
and neo-conservative approach to governemnt. The two major parties are now
virtually identical on many significant issues, and there is increasing
evidence that John Howard will eventually be forced to drop his new dry
fundamentalist policies"
"Over the last decade the feelings of Australians towards their environment
and towards the future of the world generally has also changed. The 1983
election saw the single issue of saving the Franklin River emerging at the
ballot box as few single issues had ever done before. During the long campaign
for the 1984 federal election, the emergence of the Nuclear Disarmament
Party made nuclear disarmament a vital issue"
"Australia's first single-issue peace MP, Jo Vallentine, was elected to
the Senate in the 1984 election"
"The convergence of the two major political parties and the growth of broad
environmental and social awareness in Australia have completely changed
the political landscape for the Democrats. They can no longer stand halfway
between the major parties. In recent years they have increasingly pursued
the vote of people who care about our environment. Their 1984 election
advertising read similar to the cry of the European Greens with the slogan
""You can save the world"""
"The Nuclear Disarmament Party scared the Democrats. For the first time
there was a very significant threat to their existence. Senator Chipp could
recognise the sincerity of people like Peter Garrett but still felt a deep
sense of betrayal and was suspicious of anyone who appeared sympathetic
to the fledgling movement. Jo Vallentine took a Senate seat from their party
secretary, Jack Evans"
"Many people in the peace movement claim that the Democrats took up the
peace issue only when they recognised its electoral popularity. This is
not really true. In his book Don Chipp, the Third Man (published in 1978)
Chipp recalls his disgust at the quality of the first uranium debate in
the House of Representatives at the time of the Fox inquiry in 1976. The
Democrats have been asking questions in the Senate about disarmament and
uranium mining since they first took up seats in that chamber"
"What is true is that the Democrats are not hugely interested in pushing
peace at a grassroots level, and their membership is generally ambivalent
about peace. In mid-1984 the Democrats held a referendum among their membership
about a proposed hardening of their peace policy. The referendum took place
at the time when the federal government was doing an about-face on its uranium
policy. Only 260 of the Democrats' approximately 2500 members returned
ballot-papers, and of them about 40 percent were opposed to a hardening
of the policy"
"Much of the suspicion about the Democrats flows from their image of being
a group of disillusioned Liberals'. Again this reputation isn't really deserved
although most Democrat MPs have a conservative background, including a few
who have been successful in small business. Only Senator Chipp has actually
been a long-standing member of the Liberal Party"
"Internally the Democrats are very much torn between their emphasis on
protecting small business and their emphasis on pushing general environmental
issues. Among the seven Democrat senators Don Chipp and Michael Maklin seem
to have a strong personal commitment to the environment. Senator Norm Sanders
as the Democrats' new spokesperson on peace and environment has brought
a new healthy and uncompromising voice to the green side of the party, which
the Democrats are slightly uncomfortable with"
"Most of the other party-senators seem to be most identified with the
safeguarding of small-business. Senator Dan Vigor has a background in computer
consultancy and Senator John Siddons is the son of the founder of the tool
manufacturer Siddons industries"
"For people who looking for a party that is totally committed to pushing
ecological and social issues, the Democrats' policy of being a watchdog
for small business makes them reserved about the major direction of the
party. The great difficulty for the Democrats is that there are only limited
ways they can make progress on ecological issues because generally government
policy on this type issue never has to be enshrined in legislation. But
many matters that affect small business do make their way into legislation,
such as tax-bills which the Democrats have the potential to alter through
holding the balance of power. This means the Democrats can point to many
tangible successes on small-business issues but to few if any on ecological
issues"
"There are two major ways the Democrats could make more progress on
environment-related issues. All of the Democrats could get into more grassroots
campaigning, not just questions in parliament and statements to the media,
and the Democrats could also use their balance of power more effectively
by trading support for certain bills which the coalition opposes in return
for better government decisions on the environment. The Democrats are not
keen on pursuing either path"
"The fact that the Democrats only have about 2500 members is evidence of
the fact that they do not seek a lot of non-voter institutional support"
"Only Norm Sanders and Don Chipp really put a lot of time into things like
taking part in environment marches and public meetings"
The Democrats are loath to use their balance of power in a radical way
"When the woodchip issue came up last year the Democrats were being asked
by the ALP to support an oil drilling bill which they had earlier rejected
but about which they did not particularly care. The Democrats
began to do some horsetrading, and the Labor Party said they would support
the bill in return for a good decision on woodchips. The Democrats decided
to support it and give away their bargaining power. Many of the Democrat
Senators were worried that it just wasn't proper to trade support across
issues. To many folk outside the Democrats, however, it seemed obvious that
some of the nation's most magnificent trees were more important than the
interests of oil companies. Horsetrading could get out of control and would
need to have sensitive parameters if it weren't to have a destabilising
effect, but the Democrats don't appear willing to explore trade-offs"
"Don Chipp, now 60, is the second-longest-serving member of federal
parliament. There is much speculation that he may soon step down as leader
of the Democrats and give the reins to Senator Janine Haines, the deputy
leader. If this happens the Democrats may retreat even further from being
a genuine green party"
"Janine Haines is 40. She entered the Senate in 1977 by filling a vacancy
left by Steele Hall, a former premier of South Australia. Hall is now a federal
Liberal backbencher on the west side. She was a key figure in the New Liberal
Movement. She has a keen interest in women's issues but does not have much
personal interest in peace and ecological issues. During last year's woodchip
campaign she said that she had no personal feeling about woodchipping but
went along with the party policy. If she were to become leader there is
no doubt that the Democrats would still get behind environmental issues
but Janine Haines would probably not have a lot of personal enthusiasm for
the green side of the Democrats"
"The Democrats do do some very important and useful things but they are
seen by an increasingly large number of people in alternative Australia
as lacking colour and a real determination to change people's awareness
about the direction in which this planet is heading. Their bitterness towards
the NDP did nothing to dispel their image as career-politicians. Only Senator
Sanders really stands outside the passive mould in which a lot of people
put the Democrats. There is no doubt that the Democrats genuinely want to
change the world: they are very sincere and caring people but their means
are often seen as being at odds with their ends"
"The distance between the Democrats and the more radical ecology groups
and the overall survival of the Democrats themselves will come to a head
at the next half-Senate election. The Democratic Labor Party and the Democrats
have both shown that there is room in the Senate for a third party but there
will continue to be intense competition over the next few years over who
that third party should be. 
  A half-Senate election is due by early 1988. At that election six Senate
seats in each state will fall vacant unless a double dissolution is called"
"In late 1984 the federal government increased the number of Senate seats
for each state from 10 to 12 to keep the overall number of Senate seats
at roughly half the number of seats in the House of Representatives. It
has been claimed by some of the Democrats that this increase was a ploy to
squeeze out third parties because an even number of seats in each half-Senate
election means that there will be no leftover seats for a third party to
pick up. This is probably being paranoid; constitution demands that the
ratio be 1:2. The Democrats managed to pick up two seats in the 1977
half-Senate election and three seats in the 1980 half-Senate election when
there were only five seats available in each election. Six seats should
give them a better chance than before if they poll well. It is equally valid
to argue that six seats means there are now two leftover seats instead of
one. 
  To gain a seat at the next election, if a double dissolution is not called,
will require about 14.5 percent of the vote."
"Myth and fable alive and well on the Australian wine scene  

  WINE, because its history extends for thousands of years, has always been
a subject for fables, myths and traditions"
"Until that illustrious French scientist, Louis Pasteur, established the
basic nature of the fermentation process, the wine lover had an almost
mystical view of wine.  Many still do"
"Although much of the fable and myth has gone, there are probably hundreds
of mistaken beliefs that are held by some wine drinkers.  Many of these myths
have a basis in truth, but the oenologist or viticulturist now has the
tools at his or her disposal to remove the agreeable romanticism and establish
the facts"
"There is a widespread belief in the Australian wine-drinking community
that all dry red wines improve with age and all dry white wines should be
consumed within weeks or months of purchase.  There must be millions of
bottles of dry red wine stored in cellars, garages, under houses and in
cupboards that would have been better drunk the day purchased"
"Equally, many fine Australian chardonnays, semillons and rhine rieslings
would benefit from some years in the cellar.  Whether a wine will improve
with keeping depends on its acidity, pH, alcohol level, tannin and a number
of other factors.  Ask the winemaker!
  For many years the red wines of the Hunter Valley made from shiraz (sometimes
called hermitage) grapes were described as having a character known as
""sweaty saddle"".  This odor is now known to be caused by the presence of
hydrogen sulphide, or worse still its chemical successors, 
mercaptans and disulphides"
"The character is, in fact, a major wine fault and Hunter winemakers are
now rarely guilty in this regard.  Wine drinkers however continue to talk
about this ""desirable"" quality"
"This fault is related to the view that all red wines should ""breathe"""
"A century ago custom decreed the wine was opened some hours before drinking
and then decanted.  This, it was said, removed the ""bottle stink"". It did
in fact allow the worst of the hydrogen sulphide fault to disappear"
"There are some modern red wines that improve after opening because they
have been so carefully protected from oxygen that they are ""dumb"" and need
a little time in contact with the air"
"A relatively modern myth surrounding red wine is:  ""The histamines in
the wine cause headaches.""  This fallacious concept was laid to rest some
years ago but it can be confidently asserted that whatever causes the headache
it is not large amounts of histamine"
"Gil Wahlquist of Botobalar Vineyards, Mudgee, puts it well:  ""They complain
about the headache from the bottle of red wine forgetting that they drank
three bottles of white wine before it.""
  Another myth, this time a viticultural one, is that there is some real
difference between wines in Australia labelled traminer and 
gewurtztraminer  To our knowledge no commercial Australian 
wine has been made from traminer.  The traminer, correctly named sauvignon 
blanc (not to be confused with sauvignon blanc) no longer exists in Alsace, the 
great gewurtztraminer region"
"All the traminers and gewurtztraminers in Australia are 
from the same grape.  However if that great and knowledgeable 
patriarch of the Hunter, Murray Tyrrell, can continue to label 
chardonnay wines, we say incorrectly, as pinot chardonnay, then the traminer 
confusion is a minor sin"
"Other myths that plague the seller of wine include the confusion between
""fruit"" and ""sweetness"", the mystical relationship between soil and quality
to the exclusion of climate and the belief that corks ""breathe"".  (If they
did all our wines would be oxidised)"
"AN INTERESTING selection of wines is available for tasting at the spring
wine festival being held at Stewart's Springwood Hotel tonight between 6
and 8 p.m.  This is the last of three opportunities for winelovers to sample
156 wines from 20 wine companies"
"A VISIT to the Granite Belt at this time of year will enable the interested
wine lover to see the vines just after the point in the growth cycle known
as bud-burst.  This occurred for the earlier varieties such as pinot noir
and chardonnay in the last week in September, and should occur this week
for late varieties such as cabernet sauvignon and merlot"
""
"As We Turned the Soil by Patricia Fisher, Cowra, NSW.  

  We discovered Grass Roots by accident ten years ago. Thank you for changing
the direction of our life. Looking back though I realise how innocent we
must have seemed to all those well-meaning people who warned us against
going to the country. I was city born and bred and knew nothing of the
hardships of country life. We were young yes, but with three tiny sons to
feed my husband wasn't about to throw a good job in the air and try to eke
out a living in the depths of the bush somewhere, however much we longed
to. Our babies must come first. We took the only road we felt was open to
us. A job in a small country town, sadly six hundred miles away from a much
loved family. We bought (or we and the bank bought) a huge old weatherboard
house on two blocks of land on the very edge of town"
"We set to work and dug up most of the back yard only to discover that
Glen Innes was in the middle of a severe drought"
""
"Down To Earth  

  Douglas, a young chap in his mid thirties, enjoyed the odd ale. As times
moved on, the breathalyser began operations in our home town, Lavington"
"This, of course, put quite a scare into a large number of the locals; as
it did in many other towns"
"Douglas, like the rest of us, worked on his own ideas how to beat this
latest invention"
"As he lived approximately three kilometres from the `local' he decided
- too far to walk; too costly to hire a taxi, and he did like a yarn with
the boys. So Douglas bought a shining two wheel push bike"
"To give you an idea on Douglas' build, he was about 5'6"" in height and
weighed roughly fifteen stone"
"The very same afternoon that he purchased his bike, he set off, whistling
away, down to the Boomerang, where he joined the boys for a yarn and a
few ales"
A couple of hours soon ticked away. Douglas decided to peddle off home
"He bought six bottles of Carlton Draught; these were handed to him in a
half size beer box. Although the bottles are loose, they fit quite neatly
into this box"
"Douglas strapped the box onto the carryall above the back mudgard, mounted
his machine, crossed the road and then took off for home, riding along
the edge of the bitumen. He had ridden about one kilometre up the road
when he started to run out of puff. At the same time he heard a commotion
behind him and looked around to find a semi trailer appearing to be cutting
him very short on roadway"
"Douglas steered sharply towards the gutter, hit a pot-hole and of course
lost control. After all the wobbling and crashing came to an end, the bottles
had skidded onto the highway and Douglas was on the footpath with the bike
perched on top of him. He jumped up, elbows and knees skinned and bleeding,
the semi was disappearing around a corner, some cars were running over
a few bottles, while others were swerving to dodge the remainder"
"When the traffic eased down Douglas sauntered over the roadway and gathered
his six bottles. Quite amazingly none of these were broken"
""
"British aglow with pride From PATRICIA MORGAN in London 

THE British film industry is aglow with pride this week after having won
the top award at Cannes for the spectacular film ""The Mission"""
"The prize virtually means survival for the Goldcrest company which had
a massive flop last year with its $28 million historical epic ""Revolution"""
"Apart from its artistic merit, ""The Mission"" is expected to be a commercial
blockbuster; all Goldcrest's remaining hopes of survival rested on its
performance at Cannes"
"Remarkably, the film was not really finished before it was rushed before
the jury and now it goes back for further editing and polishing"
"""The Mission,"" starring Robert de Niro and Jeremy Irons, is about Jesuits
sent by the Pope to work among Indians in South America and the political
and moral conflicts that arise between them"
"It was a double triumph for Britain. Bob Hoskins collected the best actor
award for his part as a timid gangster in ""Mona Lisa.""
  It was the first time in 13 years that a British film had taken the coveted
Golden Palm award and the first time in 20 years that a Briton had been
named best actor"
""
"By Ross D. Harris, Susan Merrett, Anthony J. Radford 9.    HEALTH 9.1   Employed/Unemployed  

Arising from the literature review of research into the effects of unemployment
are several inferences that were investigated further in this section of
the study.  The hypotheses that were formulated were:

1.    Unemployed persons will have a greater number of acute illnesses than
      employed persons"
2.    Unemployed persons will have more chronic illness than employed persons
"3.    Any increase in illness rates amongst the unemployed can be accounted
      for in part by poorer health-related behaviour on the part of unemployed
      persons, (i.e. the stress of unemployment causes the unemployed person
      to smoke more, drink more etc.)"
"Hypotheses were investigated by the use of a series of questions within the
main questionnaire.  Responses from employed and unemployed were analysed
in the first instance using Chi-square the the Student t-test and McNemar's
""Test of Proportions,"" as appropriate.  Multivariate analyses were carried
out on a number of dependent variables.  The same independent variables
were used throughout - employment status, place of birth, age,
occupation/previous occupation, length of unemployment, family size and
the respondent's perception regarding whether or not he found it impossible
to achieve his aims for his family (referred to as `family importance')"
"Respondents were also grouped according to place of birth (Australia,
England/Wales/Scotland/Ireland - referred to as U.K., and the Rest-of-the-World
- referred to as R.O.W.), and responses from employed and unemployed within
each group analysed by using Chi-square or Student t-test as appropriate"
"Hypotheses 1: `Unemployed persons will have a greater number of acute
                    illnesses than employed persons'"
This was investigated using a symptom check list to detect recent illness
"Respondents were asked if they had experienced any of the 25 symptoms listed
on page A.4 of Appendix 1 in the two weeks prior to interview.  The respondent
was required to answer either YES or NO for each symptom listed.  Results
appear in Table B1 (page A.4 of Appendix 1)"
"The employed and unemployed were compared using `total number of complaints
listed', as the dependent variable. Unemployed respondents listed a
significantly higher total number of complaints than employed (F(1,269)
= 10.56, p = 0.001)"
"In addition, frequency of reporting of each symptom was analyzed for
significant differences between employed and unemployed respondents, using
Chi-square.  Individual symptoms where frequency of reporting showed a
significant difference between employed and unemployed respondents, appear
in Table 9.1"
"Each of the symptoms in which a significant difference occurred, were reported
more frequently by the unemployed.  There were no symptoms that were reported
significantly more frequently by the employed"
"All symptoms in Table 9.1 are significant at the p<= 0.05 level.  `Feeling
depressed', `severe headache', `dizziness', and `seriously overweight',
are significant at the p<= 0.005 level"
"Multivariate analysis was carried out, using `total number of complaints
listed' as the dependent variable, and examining the main effects, two-way
and three-way interactions between a number of independent variables (refer
page 66)"
"As previously mentioned, there is a main effect of employment status, with
unemployed listing a higher total number of complaints than employed.  There
is no main effect for place of birth upon total number of complaints listed
(i.e. `place of birth' irrespective of employment status)"
"However, a further analysis was carried out, examining a number of dependent
variables against whether the respondent was born in Australia, U.K. or
R.O.W"
"Amongst Australian-born respondents, there is a significant difference between
the unemployed and employed, with unemployed respondents listing a higher
total number of complaints (t = 2.22, df = 114.86, p = 0.029).  There is
no significant difference between employed and unemployed respondents born
in U.K. or born in R.O.W"
"There was no effect upon the dependent variable by age, occupation /previous
occupation, length of unemployment or family size"
"There was a main effect of `family importance'.  That is, those respondents
who felt they were unable to achieve their family aims, list significantly
more complaints. F(1,201) = 7.88, p = 0.005).  This was irrespective of
employment status"
"There was a significant three-way interaction between employment status,
place of birth and size of family (F(2,262) = 3.53, p = 0.03).  Amongst
respondents with 3 or less family members, those who are unemployed and
born in U.K., listed the highest number of complaints, and those who were
employed and born in the R.O.W., listed the least complaints.  With a family
size of three or less, there is demarcation between the employed and
unemployed, with all unemployed (regardless of place of birth) recording
more complaints than employed"
"In families with 4 or more members, employed respondents who were born in
U.K. report the highest number of complaints, whereas unemployed respondents
with the same place of birth, report the least"
"The clear dichotomy that occurs with family size <=3 (i.e., all unemployed
list more complaints) does not occur with family sizes >=4.  With a family
size >=4, the unemployed record fewer complaints for respondents born in
U.K. and R.O.W..  For Australian-born respondents, the reverse is true,
with unemployed respondents listing more complaints than employed"
"Hypothesis 2: `Unemployed persons will have more chronic illness than
                    employed persons'"
"This was investigated by asking respondents to indicate from a comprehensive
list of commmon chronic conditions, which illnesses (if any) they suffered
from.  The criteria for a condition to be considered `chronic' were:

‚2The illness had been diagnosed by a doctor"
‚2The illness had been present more than six months
"High numbers of both employed and unemployed respondents reported chronic
illness fulfilling the above criteria - 69.6% of employed and 71.6% of
unemployed"
The number of chronic illnesses reported appears in Table 9.2
"The majority of respondents who report having long-term illnesses report
either one or two chronic illnesses - 43.9% of employed and 37.6% of
unemployed.  A significantly higher percentage of unemployed report three
chronic illnesses - 17.2% compared with 6.0% of employed. (z = 2.76, p =
0.003). Percentages of respondents reporting four and five or more chronic
illnesses are similar amongst the employed and unemployed. Significantly more
employed report more than five chronic illnesses (z = 2.36, p = 0.009)"
"The type of chronic illnesses and the frequency of reporting for employed
and unemployed respondents, appear on pages A.5 and A.6 of Appendix 1. 
Responses are summarized up to a maximum of five chronic conditions illnesses"
"Despite significant differences in reporting of `three' and `more than five'
chronic illnesses, there is no significant difference in the total number of
chronic illnesses reported by the employed and unemployed. The unemployed
reported the following chronic conditions more frequently than the employed"
"The only one of these differences which reaches significance is for `allergy'
(z = 2.21, p = 0.0136).  It is noteworthy that, though the data is not
appropriate for reporting significant variation, whereas 5% (5/93) of the
employed reported heart and coronary disease, 13% (9/67) of the employed
reported coronary problems"
"The employed reported kidney stones and bronchitis more frequently, but
once again the differences are not significant"
"Multivariate analysis was carried out using the total number of chronic
illnesses listed as the dependent variable.  Results were analysed for main
effects by the independent variables, two-way and three-way interactions"
"Employment status, place of birth, occupation/previous occupation, length
of unemployment, family size and family importance had no effect upon the
total number of chronic illnesses listed.  However, when subjected to an
examination of correlation (Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Co-efficient),
length of unemployment was significantly correlated with number of chronic
illnesses (n = 105; r = 0.22; p<0.05).  Furthermore, Chi-Square analysis
of numer of chronic illnesses against months of unemployment indicates a
significant increase in the number of illnesses reported in those unemployed
for more than 12 months"
"The important implication for further investigation is that illnesses multiply
in the population who endure a series social dislocation (e.g. unemployment)
for longer than a year"
"There was a significant main effect for age (F(3,201) = 6.0, p = 0.001)"
"Age was divided into 4 categories <=35, 36 - 45; 46 - 55; >=56.  Those aged
46 - 55 years of age listed the highest total number of chronic illnesses,
followed by >=56 years of age.  Those aged less than or equal to 35 years
of age, reported the least chronic illness. (This effect was independent
of employment status)"
"A significatnt two-way interaction was found between length of unemployment
and place of birth (F(6,92) = 2.82, p = 0.015).  Those born in U.K. who
had been unemployed more than three years listed the most chronic illnesses"
"Respondents were asked to what degree they found their chronic illness to
be limiting.  Reference to Table 9.3 shows 6.4% of unemployed reported being
unable to work at all (compared with no employed) and 17.4% of unemployed
reported being able to carry out some work but not a full day's work (compared
with 6.0% of employed).  Cross-tabulation of results and application of
Chi-square shows the unemployed to report significantly more disability
as a result of their chronic illness (X2 = 23.12, df = 3, p<=0.001)

  

There are a number of behavioural parameters that reflect an individual's
perception of their health.  These were investigated in this study in order
to further address the hypothesis that the unemployed are `less well' than
the employed.  The behavioural indices used in the Mature Unemployed Study
were: days spent in bed recently due to illness/injury; the degree to which
illness had compromised normal daily activities; recent hospital admissions;
consultations with health professionals; and medication use"
"The numbers of employed and unemployed that reported spending days in bed
over the two weeks prior to interview due to accident or illness were not
significantly different (5.4% of employed and 4.6% of unemployed).  There
were no significant differences in the number of days spent ill in bed in
the two weeks prior to interview, in limitation of daily activities due
to illness or injury in the two weeks prior to interview, or in the number
of days that activities were limited"
"There is no significant difference in the number of hospital admissions
in the twelve months prior to interview.  7.7% of employed respondents and
12.8% of unemployed respondents having had hospital admissions.  1.8% of
unemployed respondents (and no employed respondents), had been admitted
to a psychiatric hospital within the same period.  In both groups, the majority
of thoe who had experienced admission to hospital, had done so on
only one occasion"
"The reason for the most recent hospital admission appears in Table B3, of
Appendix 1.  Significantly more unemployed (7.3%) were admitted for surgery
than employed (z = 1.78, p = 0.0375).  No other differences between employed
and unemployed are significant.  The employed are fairly evenly divided
between admissions for surgery (2.4%) and admissions for sickness/illness
(3.0%)"
Respondents were asked to indicate the last time they had consulted a doctor
Results are summarized in Table 9.4 below
"Significantly more unemployed than employed had visited a doctor within
the two weeks prior to interview (z = 2.06, p = 0.0197).  There was no
significant difference in respondents who had visited a doctor two weeks
to three months ago.  The difference between employed and unemployed once
again became significant in the three months to six weeks time period, with
less unemployed having consulted a doctor than employed within three to
six months of the interview ( z = 2.239, p = 0.0084).  Figures for six to
twelve months and more than twelve months showed no significant difference"
"Multivariate analyses were carried out on two dependent variables:

‚2Last time a doctor was consulted"
‚2Total number of visits to the doctor in the week prior to interview
"With the first dependent variable (`last time a doctor was consulted'),
data was analysed within four time frames: 1) less than three months; 2)
four to six months; 3) seven to twelve months; 4) more than twelve months"
"This analysis failed to separate the figures for `two weeks ago or less',
and the significant difference shown in Table 9.4 was not apparent"
"For the second dependent variable mentioned above, (`total number of visits
to the doctor in the week prior to interview') there were no effects from
employment status, place of birth, occupation/previous occupation, length
of unemployment, family size or family importance."
"A clouded alternative  

If, as British politician Harold Wilson once observed, a week is a long
time in politics, the Liberal Party should contemplate how different might
be circumstances 18 months hence, for the next Australian election could
be that far away. This perspective should be tempering the heady scent of
an election victory floating from the undoubtedly successful conference
this week of the party's Federal council"
"That said, however, the Liberal Party has not in recent times presented
itself as such an attractive alternative government, even if there is an
element of default through the Labor Government's poor showing at the moment"
"The Liberals appear even to have united behind their leader, Mr Howard"
"And the Leader of the Opposition has tapped a community feeling and touched
these troubled times to present some potentially sound policies on such
crucial issues as taxation, economic management and industrial relations"
"Mr Howard's message of hope is based on working for ourselves, in contrast
to the Hawke theme of working together, on incentive rather than consensus"
"And in being radically drier than the Labor Government, Mr Howard wants
to dismantle much of the welfare approach of the Whitlam, Fraser and Hawke
decade that has so come to stifle initiative in Australia. We are at last
starting to see the Liberal Party being bravely and responsibly the Liberal
Party and presenting a real choice in an era of wimpish political centralism"
"There are, however, dangers which cannot be ignored. The truly disadvantaged
must be reassured that they will not be ditched should a Howard government
be elected. Australia and the international markets will need to be certain
that we will not suffer disastrous disruptions through confrontational
attempts to reform union excesses. Most of all, electors will need to know
that promises are backed up by details and costings"
"""Trust me"" worked for Mr Fraser and for Mr Hawke but, in an electorate
made increasingly sophisticated and edgy by awareness of the country's
economic difficulties, a philosophy alone is no longer enough. The Liberals
may feel that by being vague about their promises they are immune from
criticism or misrepresentation, but it might also be construed as cynical
manipulation or an admission of uncertainty about those promises. Only by
being more detailed can Mr Howard help us fully to understand and feel
comfortable with his far-reaching proposals"
"The Liberal Party is looking good but it cannot assume an automatic
election. It must maintain its image with solid parliamentary performance
and build on it by taking more into its confidence those who so desperately
want to believe in its message of hope"
""
"FORECAST Teacher retires after 50 years  
Bill Guy, a teacher at the Flagstaff College in Melbourne, has retired
after nearly 50 years in hairdressing"
"He began his hairdressing career in Devonport, Tasmania in 1937 as an
apprentice men's hairdresser with his uncle, and on completion, served in
World War 2 with the 1st Australian Naval Bombardment Group, then trained
as a ladies' hairdresser in Melbourne under the Government's rehabilitation
team"
"Then he went to work with a leading Melbourne salon, Ross Blain. After
a while he moved to the country, buying a salon in Coleraine where he stayed
for four years. Back in Melbourne he joined Alan Pass in Little Collins Street
with partner Pam Brettel. He joined the MLHA in the fifties and served as
vice president and chairman of the industrial sub-committee and also joined
the council of the Melbourne Technical College of Hairdressing, now Flagstaff
College"
"In 1969 he started teaching at the college and describes it as one of
the best decisions he ever made. In 1975 he was seconded, for six years,
to the Industrial Training Commission where the development of a common
syllabus was one of his interests"
"`I'm going to have a Claytons retirement,' Bill says. 'When I can be
gainfully employed by the college, I'll come back as a part-time teacher"
"The rest of the time I'll spend in my hobby, the garden, on improving my
golf, and learning to play bowls"
"Scissors cut in quick, simple  
Weston Imports is distributing a range of scissors created specifically
to cut modern, up to date styles. They revolutionise pointing, sliding and
thinning techniques and reduce time needed for a quicker cut and more
economical time usage"
"The scissors have a range of three cutting blades to achieve desired effects
but can also be used as ordinary scissors"
"The blades, designed by Dieter Keller, create different effects. The
scissors, called Jaguar I, II and III, have removable thumb rests and an
insert within the handles to overcome any metal sensitivity which some people
experience"
Weston is also distributing a new drier from Wigo called the Brushblower
"It has a special attachment which allows the stylists to pick up the hair,
wrap it around the barrel of the drier and hot air blows through the barrel,
increasing the rate of styling and drying"
"Modern praises Oz sales rate  
Ken Grogan, editor of the prestigious American industry magazine Modern
Salon, was impressed with the rate of our salon retail sales following his
discussions with a group of visiting Australians"
"Writing in the May issue of Modern, he said that the average of 30 to
35 per cent retail level of total dollar volume was '...at least three times
as good as our (US) percentages.'
  Talking with hairdressers in the Cortaville Associates tour of America
earlier this year, he realised the salon owners did not talk about 'retail'
but rather 'take home' products"
"In an article headed 'Salon take home - a different way of saying retailing',
Grogan acknowledged that merely changing terminology would not boost US
salon sales from 10 per cent to 35 per cent, but said it placed product
sales in a different perspective. Once a salon has convinced itself of the
value of selling products in conjunction with its services 'it's much, much
easier for the stylist not to sell merchandise to her client, but to suggest
she take it home with her,' he wrote"
"Trichology course  
More and more demands are being placed on hairdressers to advise and
recommend treatment for hair and scalp disorders"
"TAFE External Studies in Brisbane is now offering an Introduction to
Trichology Course. This course has been designed for those persons who wish
to study some aspects of trichology before undertaking the comprehensive
program that leads to certification as a trichologist"
"All of the information in this course will relate to an understanding
of the complex systems which make up the mobile body, body systems, nutrition,
chemistry and physiology of the hair and skin"
"An average student could expect to spend approximately two to three hours
per week studying the course over a normal college year. A further two hours
maximum time is required to complete each of the five assignments. However,
these are only recommended times and students would be guided by their own
study habits, personal commitments and ability"
"McKewins takes on Scottish videos  
McKewins has taken over the distribution of the hairdressing training
videos of Alan Stewart from the Rainbow Room"
"With cash and carry showrooms in Orange, Canberra, Coffs Harbour and
Crows Nest on Sydney's north shore, as well as its major store and head
office at Warners Bay in Newcastle, the wholesaler is marketing six videos
from Alan Stewart on cutting, colouring and perming"
"Video was an effective method for salon owners to provide additional training
assistance to senior and junior staff, Keith McKewin said. Videos provide
intense personal instruction on cutting and styling the newest looks, he
said"
"In the 16 years since he opened his first showroom, Keith has expanded
to service all of New South Wales and carries all leading salon products
as well as equipment for both hair and beauty salons and accessories for
beauty salons."
"Senator SANDERS (Tasmania) (5.11 ) - I move:
     That the Senate take note of the paper"
"I note that on page 1 of the annual report for the Department
of Foreign Affairs it says:

     The Department of Foreign Affairs is concerned with
foreign policy advice implementation .."
"The report goes on to describe this in detail. I point out that
either the Department is failing in its function or perhaps the
Government is simply not listening to its advice. In fact, the
Government seems to be unaware of much of what is going on in
the world. I refer honourable senators to a question I asked
yesterday in the Senate regarding the policy of the United
States of America, the avowed policy of Admiral James Watkins
who, in the proceedings of the United States Naval Institute,
said that the United States policy was to destroy Soviet
nuclear missile submarines at the outset of a conventional
war. I asked a question about the Government's awareness of
this policy and its significance, particularly to North West
Cape, which, of course, would give the first strike orders. The
Minister representing the Minister for Defence, Senator Gareth
Evans, said:

     However, it appears that this is not a definite agreed
policy but rather the canvassing of one among many
possibilities open to the United States of America in the event
of a conventional conflict with the USSR. Certainly, the
Australian Government -

this is the important part -

is well aware of these and other developments, actual and
possible, in the United States strategic doctrine. To the
extent that the proposal has been canvassed in the way that it
has been by Admiral Watkins, it would be fair to say, from an
Australian defence analysis point of view, that the wisdom of
such a strategy appears to us to be questionable. To attack
Soviet strategic nuclear submarines during a major conventional
conflict would appear to increase further what would already
be a high risk of escalation to nuclear war

That I agree with. It turns out, in spite of that definitive
statement by the honourable senator, that the United States
policy is in fact other than he stated. It turns out that in
Australia the Australian Government - I hope the Department
of Foreign Affairs is not involved in this lack of awareness
- is simply unaware of United States policies pertaining to
this area, to our very own part of the world. Although Senator
Evans said that this was not a policy of the United States, in
yesterday's Press, namely, the Herald, is a headline: `Sub
attack ""Key"" to U.S. strategy'. The article states:
WASHINGTON, Reuter - U.S. ships and planes would quickly hunt
down Soviet missile submarines if a conventional war broke out
between them, Defence Secretary Caspar Weinberger said"
"I think that someone is amiss in this country - the Government
or the Department of Foreign Affairs, although I think it is
more the Government's fault - because we are forced to learn
what the attitude of the United States towards our area is by
reading the newspapers. The United States did not bother to
tell the Government of this major shift in policy which, in
fact, was foreshadowed in the report by Admiral Watkins. The
United States did not bother to tell Australia that North West
Cape would be essential to the first strike hunting down of
Russian nuclear submarines in the event of conventional
warfare in Europe. This is not the first time this has
happened. We have seen it over and over again. One very
important example of this was in 1971 when Prime Minister
McMahon attacked the visit of Opposition Leader Whitlam to
China as offensive to the United States, because he was
unaware that Henry Kissinger was in China arranging a visit by
Nixon, which was announced while Whitlam was still in China"
"It is time this country demanded that it be told what the
United States has in mind for our area and not be forced to
read about it in the Press of this country"
"Senator MASON (New South Wales) (5.16) - There are
several points I want to make in regard to the 1984-85 annual
report of the Department of Foreign Affairs. My first point is
that, as a member of the parliamentary delegation which
visited China last year, I cannot praise too highly the spirit
of enterprise and enthusiasm I found among our diplomats in
that country. China is probably the most important foreign post
we have, in many respects, and it is essential that we get
things right there where our work is concerned, especially
after such a long period in our history when we did not get
things right as far as China was concerned. Looking back, I
would especially like to commend to this Parliament the
dedication, hard work and intelligence of the head of mission
at that time, Mr Denis Argall, who I think at great loss to
Australia was not able to complete his term as Ambassador but
was forced to return to Australia last August because of ill
health. I wish him a speedy recovery and I hope that his
knowledge of China and the enthusiasm he showed will again be
available somewhere in the service of Australia"
"The delegation was able to meet with Mr Hu Yaobang in
Beijing. I was struck by the firmness with which Mr Hu insisted
that China intended to persist with its open door policy of co-
operation in trade and joint ventures with other countries
- a virtual open door as dramatic as the one that Japan made
at the time of Commodore Perry. It was certainly in vivid
contrast with what I found when I visited China in 1975,
towards the end of the Cultural Revolution. I stress this
matter because I believe that many Australians do not yet
understand how much China has changed and what great trade
opportunities exist there for Australia, but, I would say, on
a hard-headed, businesslike basis because the Chinese are
certainly hard-headed enough. That was our experience of them"
"Before I went to China, I remember, someone said to me:
`What a terrific opportunity it would be if we gave every
Chinese one of a pair of Australian woollen socks, as they
would then have to buy the other half of the pair and that
would be a tremendous breakthrough'. I now hasten to assure
that person that the Chinese would immediately trade off a sock
so that half of them would have a complete pair of socks. That
is the way it is. The Chinese market is available only to
Australian business which is adaptable and which is able to
supply a good product at a competitive price. However, it is
a market that is well worth that kind of effort. It is the
world's biggest market, bigger than it has ever been before,
and interestingly enough - this is one of the main impressions
I think one gets of that country and an impression which our
diplomats stress to us again and again - Chinese society is
now turning acquisitive"
"After the years and years during the Mao era during which
the people could not have things - during which time I saw
them going through department stores looking wistfully at
consumer goods which they could not afford - they are now
reaching the stage where incomes are going up, especially
because of the incentive situation, and where there is a
market. It is a market which particularly we in Australia can
get into. The reason for that is that, as far as I can see, the
Chinese Government is in favour of Australia. We are a small
or middle country. We have never been colonists. We have never
really been in a position which would excite the Chinese to any
kind of opposition ideologically. That gives us a much more
important advantage in China, where ideology is still
important, than we might understand. There is already a large
number of Australian companies operating effectively,
efficiently and profitably in China"
"I ask the Australian Government even if it feels that it
has undertaken a public relations campaign among business and
the community generally, to ensure that there is a good and up
to date understanding of that country. Almost any effort we can
make is worth while. As an example, it is striking that the
greater part of the earnings of a Chinese worker are in the
form of incentives which are assessed regularly on his
reliability and energy. The principal of paying people the same
whether they work hard or not has disappeared in China. When
I asked one of the new Western-suited young technocrats how
this accorded with socialist ideas, he blandly told me: `Ah,
this is the new socialism'"
Senator Archer - Not in Australia
"Senator MASON - If that is the case, maybe we could do
with some of it here, Senator Archer. I commend to Senator
Archer and others, Senator Siddons's ideas on industrial
democracy. They passed the Senate once. Can we not go back to
that workable system of industrial democracy where the work
force would be largely self-regulating and we would need the
doctrinaire unions less. I repeat that the Government could
do worse than look at the Chinese system of worker incentives
in that light"
"Senator CROWLEY (South Australia) (5.21) - Much can be
said on the annual report of the Department of Foreign Affairs"
"l will resist wandering through many areas, some of which are
fairly unknown to me. I draw attention in particular to two
parts of the report that I found very interesting. One is the
reference in the report to the Department's equal employment
opportunity program and the women's budget program. I do so
because foreign affairs seems to be an area of little concern
for women. If women are at all concerned, they tend to have
nice soft feelings about such things as peace and foreign
affairs. That is not a real description of the situation. It
is worth noting that the Department is addressing quite
different understandings of the importance of foreign affairs
to women. I draw the Senate's attention to the difficulties I
had in reading the section on page 59 about how the Equal
Employment Opportunity Unit is constituted. One would need to
be a master of the alphabet to understand it, if not a
mistress. It states:

     The Committee consists of FAS (MFSD) (Chairman); AS
Staffing and Organisation Branch (SOB); AS Operations Support
(OS); ADAB or Head of Operations Support, Director, Personnel
Development, Director, Staffing and representatives of unions
and staff associations which have members working in the
Department"
"I appreciate the seriousness with which the Equal Employment
Opportunity Consultative Committee is taken and the
seriousness and significance of the people appointed. I simply
ask that the people writing the report in future spell out what
some of those letters mean. It is a matter of some puzzlement
to interpret them. They go to the seriousness with which the
Department addresses equal employment opportunities. The Equal
Employment Opportunity Unit addresses not only the needs of
women, but the needs of all people in our society who are
disadvantaged or not yet receiving equal opportunities within
the Australian Public Service and, in particular, within the
Department"
"Despite some efforts to address the situation, initial
statistical work reveals a similar picture in this Department
to that in the Australian Public Service as a whole. Women were
underrepresented in senior and non-traditional designations
and significantly underrepresented in foreign affairs officer,
consular and administrative streams. There were few
Aboriginals and people with disabilities had little opportunity
for career development or promotion. The Equal Employment
Opportunity Unit is looking seriously at ways that those
categories of underrepresentation can be addressed within the
Department. There are some challenges, particularly
considering disabled people or women, in that some of the
overseas appointments do not automatically follow for those
people.  But the Department is serious in addressing both considerations"
""
"Jumping the gun  

AUSTRALIAN businessmen habitually criticise government restrictions and
regulations that limit the activities of free enterprise"
"Yet, on the rare occasions that a government does act to introduce greater
freedom for enterprise and competition, there is usually an equal crescendo
of complaint from the same business organisations"
"The State Government's decision to allow Queensland retailers to trade
around the clock for a month from December 15 has been received with the
predictable objections"
"There is some justification for criticism of the lack of consultation
by the Government before its bold move"
"Industrial Affairs and Small Business Minister Vince Lester justifies
the Government's decision to go ahead without exhaustive discussions by
saying it would have been impossible to arrive at agreement"
"The response to the announcement of the trial period shows there is some
justification for Mr Lester's assessment - although that, in itself, does
not totally justify sweeping and unilateral decisions by Government"
"But what should be kept in mind is the fact - as Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen
emphasised yesterday - that this is a trial only"
"He has given a firm undertaking that all interested parties will be given
the opportunity to present their case to the Government after the one-month
trial period"
"Those involved - and particularly those representatives of free enterprise
who are usually so vocal about red tape and restrictions - should accept
the Government's word and treat the trial period in that light"
"The Government must take fully into account the representations of the
wider community when it comes to make an assessment of the trial period
before introducing permanent and radical change"
""
"Tiffany - Girl From Bay Makes It Big By Peter Haran  

  She must have been a beautiful baby, because baby, just look at her now"
"Her name is Tiffany Rowan, an 18-year-old from Glenelg who is taking the
European fashion scene by storm"
"Tiffany's climb to the top is the stuff dreams are made of - a model success
story"
"It all started three years ago when Tiffany posed in swimwear in the Sunday
Mail.  And that edge-of-the-pool shot may have been the springboard leading
her to the catwalks of Paris"
"By any yardstick, Tiffany's climb has been meteoric.  The former Rave
Agency model first made her mark as covergirl for Dolly magazine and then
it was on to the ""big smoke"" of Sydney and a top model agency"
"Then things happened.  Tiffany caught the eye of some of Australia's top
fashion magazines and for eight months she adorned the pages of Harper's
Bazaar, Cleo, Cosmopolitan and Mode"
"Tiffany went on to win $1000 on the TV talent show Star Search, and became
a finalist in Face Of The '80s"
"But it was while she was filming a commercial for Philips that Tiffany
got that elusive big break. 
  The film company moved to France for final shooting near the Eiffel Tower
and Tiffany promptly signed up with one of Paris' top model agencies"
"The fuse was lit and the girl from Glenelg set the European fashion scene
on fire"
"She made the pages of the English beauty magazine The Face, the Italian
fashion publication Tempo, and the French admired her in their mass circulation
publication called Vital"
"Late last week as the temperature plunged to near zero and the rain lashed
at the window of her home in Surrey, England, Tiffany Rowan was dreaming
of a sunny day down at the Bay"
"""I really want to come home for Christmas,"" said the girl in a whirl"
"""It's totally miserable here.""
  But the miseries of the Northern winter have to be taken in her long stride
- the importance is being in the right place at the right time"
"""Jet-setting is far from all fun,"" Tiffany said"
"""I've been living out of suitcases for as long as I can remember"
"""I love Australia, but if you want to work with the cream you just have
to work in Europe.  And it's fabulous for Australians over here, we are
the flavor of the month"
"""You need some advantage because the competition here is incredible.""
  Tiffany's next move is a natural one in the model world - acting.  ""I
enrolled in a three-year course,"" she said"
"""I've been running up and down the length of Britain all this month 
trying to get into acting school,"" she said. 
  ""I eventually got enrolled for a starting next September.""
  But in the meantime it's back to Paris and more work under the bright
lights - a far cry from the slim-line look 15-year-old who first made a
splash in the Sunday Mail"
""
"GUARD ON CHILD ABUSE PARENTS  SYDNEY:  

 The couple who allegedly neglected their young sons over a two-year
period have been given protection in jail"
"Authorities fear Donald Richard Capetti, 39, and his wife, Robyn Francis
Cappetti, 41, will be attacked by other prisoners outraged at the allegations
of abuse against their sons, 4 and 2"
"The Cappettis are each charged with three counts of inflicting grievous
bodily harm on two of their five children"
"Police discovered the children when they investigated a fire at the Cappettis'
home in Werrington, on Saturday night. 
  Darren, 4, weighed only 11kg when he was found tied to a door by a length
of rope"
"His brother, David, 2, was found in a filthy state, weighing only 12kg"
"Police alleged Darren had cockroach infestations in his nappy and his
stomach had been scalded by urine"
"He had been tied to a door and had slept on a urine-soaked foam mattress
for two years"
His right foot had become gangrenous
"David had allegedly suffered scalding from wearing wet nappies for too
long"
"Penrith Court was told the two children had not been washed for two months
and their fingers and toes had stuck together with grime"
Police alleged they were not fed at times for up to five days
"A spokesman for the Corrective Services Minister, Mr Akister, said the
Cappittis had been given protective custody for their own safety"
"Mr Cappetti has been held at Parklea maximum security prison while Mrs
Cappetti is being detained at Silverwater Prison"
"""It is normal procedure to offer prisoners associated with child-related
crimes protective custody,"" the spokesman said"
"""In some cases we give them protective custody straight away.  The Cappettis
willingly accepted it"
""
"By John Gillard CHAPTER 8  

Whether it had been in the pursuit of a couple of dodgy jingles to make
a quid on or just a few days' hols away from it all, it seemed to Ade that
he'd had the dubious pleasure of staggering through the dripping, clammy
heat of Singapore at least a couple of times a year now, for longer than
he cared to remember. Certainly for long enough to be aware of the incredible
change that has come over the joint in recent times"
"Today's Singapore was so clean, neat and tidy that you began to forget
you were in the mysterious East at all. It had become more like bloody Germany
with the central heating turned up full. `Where were the bugs, filth and
pongs of yesteryear?', he wondered longingly as he stood surveying yet
another hygienic, sanitised marble lobby. It was sad but true. The people
here had developed such fervour about all things new and shiny that they
couldn't wait to pull down the old parts of the town and they, of course,
were the parts that had given old Singapore its wonderful, seedy charm"
"These days just about everything worth knowing about or doing in Singapore,
that two-day town to end all two-day towns, seemed to happen in the big
hotels and glittering shopping complexes. The street markets and restaurants
were still there, of course, but they were becoming fewer and fewer and
as everybody's standard of living went up like a rocket and people started
buying Christian Dior clothes, driving Porsches, watching `Dynasty' and
dancing to Michael Jackson records, all they wanted to do was to forget
all about that smelly native shit and get on with the last bit of the twentieth
century"
"`You couldn't really blame them for wanting to move on to something that
they thought was better, though, could you?', he mused. Come to that, could
he, in his wildest dreams, see himself wandering Leyton High Road doing
`street cries of olde London' like his fore-fathers? ""Eels, live eels .."
"apples a pound pears"". Piss off! Times change, Ade. And somehow he couldn't
imagine all these Singaporeans eventually realising the folly of their
ways and going back to the bucolic bliss of rolling up camel dung and sticking
it in their ears or whatever it was that THEIR forefathers used to do,
either. They were too far down the track to Civilisation to want to know
about all that bollocks!
  When he'd first gone to Singapore in the late 1960s, he'd loved to stay
at Raffles and ponce around in the white suit and straw hat pretending to
be a card-carrying member of the Raj. He seemed to recall imagining himself
as a kind of rock 'n roll Somerset Maugham. The unpalatable truth was, that
in recent years that hotel had become so tacky that he'd finally given up
and surrendered his knackered person, complete with credit cards, to the
air-conditioned bliss of the tall, stately, steel and glass monoliths that
have sprung up in nicely art-directed jungle groves all around the town"
"After Ade's little brush with the nodding Nips, he'd decided to spend
the last couple of days of their stay there, taking it easy and regrouping
before the long haul to Europe. The advantage of said air-conditioned
monoliths, of course, was that they had every facility on hand and you didn't
have to lift a finger"
"To Maggie, of course, the stay was absolute bliss. She leaped at the
opportunity, as she always did in such places, to go and have the total
beauty treatment - face massage, manicure, pedicure, everything-bloody-cure!
In the end it took the little brown ladies almost those same two days to
complete her body overhaul"
"""It's like going to bed with the bloody Torrey Canyon"", he complained
on their final evenings as she stood at the dressing table checking herself
out in the mirror"
"Starkers and completely smothered from head to toe in greasy goo of every
known variety, she'd just emerged from the beauty pits at the end of the
female equivalent of a 50,000-mile service"
"""You are a totally unromantic person"", she replied, squinting into the
mirror. She often said that. With the light gleaming on her naked, oily
body she looked like something out of a dike fantasy Sparticus. In the glass
she saw him looking at her and smiling"
"""We've put on a bit of weight, 'aven't we?"", he suggested daringly. The
truth of the matter was that it was rather more the outrageously expensive
bottle of wine that he'd just drunk talking than the usually tightly
lip-buttoned Ade. He'd become bored and thirsty whilst waiting for her
to get back from open-heart fingernail surgery and had succumbed to his
old addiction yet again"
"""Not at all"", she pronounced. ""You obviously do not understand that I
have a pre-Raphaelite body. I am simply a beautiful woman born out of my
time.""
  ""If I was to leap out of bed like some halfwit matineee idol in one of
those Stephanie Summers books you deny you read"", suggested Ade, ""and take
you firmly and expertly in my strong, weatherbeaten arms and gently draw
you close to my rock-hard, manly chest, do you know what would happen?"""
She ignored him
"""Well, I'll tell you"", he said, propping his head up on one arm and grinning"
"""You've got so much of that gunge on you you'd go ... zzZZOOOP! Just like
a bar of soap right through my long, sensitive-but-masculine fingers and
end up on top of the wardrobe like bloody Tinkerbell.""
  ""You understand nothing about women"", she said dismissively. She often
said that too, and continued plucking her eyebrows"
"""You can say what you like"", he continued, warming to one of his favourite
themes, ""but deep down, old Ade is a romantic"". She stopped and turned
sharply, glaring at him with a cutting look of pity. He waved his hands
in front of him, shook his head as if to silence any argument and continued,
""Yes, despite what you think, I, Ade, am, believe it or not, your true
romantic, and precisely because of that, I flatly and totally refuse to
believe that the great beauties of the world go to bed looking like that"
"It's like sleeping with a fucking camshaft"". She made no response of any
kind"
"Thumbing through his latest airmailed copy of the Beano, Ade surveyed
his sexual prospects for the evening, eventually coming to the same gloomy
conclusion he usually reached in those days, i.e., whichever way you looked
at it, any kicks he was going to get that night were going to have to be
self-inflicted. It was definitely all down to a Barclays! Wasn't life a
crock of shit! Ignoring her, he slowly climbed out of bed and wearily made
the by-now familiar, lonely trek to the lovely, new, shiny hotel bathroom"
"Being absolutely miles and miles from anywhere, Singapore, like Australia,
obliges visitors to and from its shores to spend hours and hours cooped
up in that shithouse little metal and plastic tube eight miles up in the
sky that ordinary people apparently consider such a glamorous and exciting
way for people to spend all their time. The lure of the jet-set. Well, bollocks
to that. Despite all this marvellous modern technology, it still took between
twenty-five and thirty hours to get from Sydney to London and, notwithstanding
all Maggie's clever ruses and wheezes to get the pair of them treated like
fucking Rajahs, most of that time always seemed to be spent sitting next
to some oaf who either weighed eighteen stone, distributed evenly across
his seat and yours, or who talked endlessly about his or her hideous life
and breathed halitosis all over you. But the main problem with air travel
over such long distances is, of course, the all-prevailing boredom of it
all. Wasn't it the Grand old Duke of Edinburgh who, when asked, ""And what
was your flight like today, Your Royal Highness?"", had retorted, ""Have you
ever been on a plane?"", and when the brown-noser had dutifully grovelled
in the affirmative, HRH had added, ""Well it was very much like that"""
"Right on, Phil! When you've had a numb arse and swollen ankles on one
airline, you've had 'em on 'em all, really!
  Ade always tried to sleep as much as possible when flying but on this
occasion, his little doze was rudely shattered by the plane beginning to
groan and make strange shuddering noises. After about thirty seconds, the
noises stopped and nervous conversations began in the many and varied languages
of the passengers"
"He looked gingerly up at the by-now still, calm and non-vibrating ceiling,
and stretched. Maggie wasn't in the seat beside him. He peered around, but
he couldn't see her. She had to be in the loo. She nearly always was"
"`There's something about a DC-10, isn't there?', he observed to himself"
You can bloody well say that again! Especially when you're in seat 36C
"That's the one right at the back by the karzi. The one where you can look
over your shoulder and see `The Door'. Come on now, let's not beat about
the bush; we're talking DC-10s. Everyone knows which door. Yes, that's right,
the door that McDonnell Douglas assures us does NOT fly off in mid-air with
such monotonous regularity"
"He was beginning to wake up now. He put his seat upright and watched a
clutch of carrot-haired stewardesses sprawled across a row of empty seats
some way in front of him gossiping and filing their nails, with fags a-puffing
and drinks a-swigging. A clutch was about right, too. `Why were all their
legs bruised?', he wondered"
"On this plane the entire complement of female cabin staff somehow managed
to look like former nightclub hostesses who'd realised the folly of their
ways and had given up hustling tables and settled for the old Cartier watch,
a neckful of expensive jewellery and a couple of years shuttling to and fro
to the Bahrein Hilton on stopovers. All they had to do was hang around long
enough until some swarthy Mr Right with the stretched Mercedes and numerous
business interests finally showed up with a bunch of flowers he'd pinched
off a grave somewhere, slipped them a length of the old pork poker and
eventually proposed holy matrimony and lived happily ever after"
"It certainly looked on the cards for these girls too. They weren't your
ordinary air hosties. Not your big-boned Qantas girls, not your German
trilinguists or even your Cathay cunnilinguists. Oh, no, this flight was
the triple dare ... DC-10, Seat 36C (that means that you're the first one
to either get sucked out when the door comes off, or, by the look of the
girls, sucked off if it doesn't) and, best of all, the aircraft was resplendent
in the faded, tacky colours of ... TURKISH AIRLINES!
  Oh yes, surely we have heard mention of the legendary Turkish Airline
DC-10s? Doesn't the very folklore of our times instruct us that the hedgerows
of Europe are full of the gibbering, terrified bodies of farm workers diving
for cover as the rear doors and often the entire delightful planes themselves 
plummet down upn the cowering EEC rural sector? The other, lesser-known
titbit about said airline is the new depth of uncleanliness that they dredge
in every aspect of their service. Or, as Ade subsequently remarked, ""You
don't so much `fly on' a Turkish Airlines DC-10, it's more a question of
`treading in' one"""
"Maggie finally emerged from the toilet, complaining bitterly about the
buffeting she'd received and the generally filthy state of said closet itself"
"""I have NEVER ever seen a toilet as atrociously sordid on any plane anywhere"",
she told him ""It was just like ...""
  ""A Turkish karzi?"", he suggested thoughtfully"
"One of her old flatmates, a `girl' she hadn't seen for years, was to be
in Istanbul accompanied by her daughter and working on a film."
"CHAPTER 3 The Nurses  

In March 1912 Victoria had a mere half dozen bush nursing centres, New South
Wales had four and Tasmania just one. South Australia was still considering
whether to send district nurses north into the outback, although five country
towns in the south-east were already served. A Melbourne Herald writer felt
bound to trumpet the virtues of this handful of women:
  
Of all women workers, perhaps the Australian bush nurse stands highest .."
"A nurse with a heart, brain and education can tell the young mother just
what she should know, just what the State school utterly failed to teach
her ... if she happens to be a woman fit for the position, (she) is the
true missionary ... (bush nurses) often do the work of doctor, servant and
nurse combined. More than that ... they think healthy thoughts ... and inspire
their patients with something of their own feelings. 

  Such fulsome praise could have rebounded against the fledgling movement"
"Other branches of the nursing profession were as dedicated to ideals which
were given lofty expression in the first issue of Una, the Victorian Trained
Nurses Association journal, in 1903. Its summary concluded:

Nursing is today an Art and a Science; Art is as wide as Truth itself, and
Science to quote the admirable dictum of Huxley is `nothing more than trained
and organized common sense'"
"Besides ignoring the work of other nurses, the Herald's portrait of a
paragon slighted doctors, educationists, missionaries and servants"
"Nevertheless, the bush nurse did stand somewhat apart, even in the climate
of rising professionalism among nurses"
"In the first two decades of the twentieth century few nurses were employed
in public hospitals once they were through their training. Those who were    battled to improve nursing conditions such as the poor quality of hospital
food and working longer than their rostered shift. They were often on duty
for ten or twelve hours. Their last resort was resignation, sometimes en
masse as happened at the Women's Hospital in April 1912. The RVTNA, however,
was loath to sanction public negotiation on hospital salaries, fearing
that it would be likened to a trade union or accused of overburdening a
charity. Some certificated nurses worked in private hospitals, especially
the newer ones which accepted only trained staff. But generally they took
on private cases, working from a `home' run by an experienced nurse who
acted as manager, taking calls and alotting jobs"
"In this private area the RVTNA was keen to set fee levels which were not
to be undercut. The daily rate was 10s 6d for twelve hours and double that
for twenty-four hours. When a nurse was engaged on a weekly basis and lived
in the patient's house the fee was 2£ 7s 6d for ordinary cases,
2£ 18s for midwifery and 3£ 8s 6d for serious cases. These
included fevers and infections, mental and alcoholic conditions, the first
week of pneumonia and care after major operations. In these cases the nurse
was to be allowed, `if possible', two hours for outside exercise each day
and at least six consecutive hours for sleep.  Although private nurses'
weekly earnings might be twice or even three times more than those of hospital
nurses, their board and lodging had to be paid between `home' cases as well
as during longer leave"
"The RVTNA was careful to see that the principles underlying these fees
and conditions were not infringed by the bush nursing scheme. The Association
similarly scrutinized the formation in June 1910 of a visiting nurses
scheme, whereby a private nurse took on a number of patients, visiting them
once or twice a day while instructing relatives or friends in their full-time
care. The scheme was aimed at those who could not afford a resident nurse"
"By 1919 the Visiting Nurses Association was operating in many Melbourne
suburbs including Coburg and in provincial cities like Bendigo. To encourage
expansion, the Association then adopted `the co-operative principle', meaning 
that annual subscribers could call on the nurses free of charge"
"It was the isolation of the bush nurse from medical and hospital support
which made her role distinct from that of hospital, visiting, private or
district nurse. She was called on to exercise high levels of intiative,
independence and often ingenuity. There was also her work with school children
and their parents in promoting health care and preventive medicine. This
was well received from the outset and often surprisingly productive"
"Following the pattern established at Beech Forest, Education department
subsidies were granted to new centres according to the number of isolated
schools the nurse was able to visit. By 1917 this grant amounted to 250£
a year but that total remained the same while new centres were constantly
being created, so some received no subsidy at all. Almost without exception
these centres encouraged their nurses to do school visiting and bore the
full cost of her salary unassisted. Local committees had often been stirred 
by the talk, illustrated by a set of lantern slides prepared in 1914, which the
Association's travelling superintendent Miss E.M. Greer gave in districts
which registered interest in obtaining a bush nurse. The school visits always
prompted the most questions from the audience and swung many who had been
undecided into support for the scheme"
"In outlining the duties and responsibilities of the nurse to schools the
Education department asked in 1911 that suggestions and criticisms to help
develop the usefulness of the work be added to the monthly report of the
school visits. The nurse could instruct parents how to deal with minor ailments
such as sores, cuts and chilblains. Printed instructions were issued on
steps to be taken when hair, skin or clothing was unclean, usually
vermin-infested. By promptly recognizing infectious diseases and fevers,
and skin conditions such as scabies or ringworm, treatment including the
child's exclusion from school could be arranged. Parents were to be instructed
about chronic conditions such as discharging ears and conjunctivitis, and
encouraged to get medical attention for any serious condition. Where there
was evidence that children were seriously neglected or overworked the matter
was to be reported to the department's medical officers. Children who were
repeatedly absent from school through illness could be visited at home to
try to identify any contributing cause"
"By 1918 superintendent Greer claimed noticeable improvements in the health
and cleanliness of children in out-of-the-way places where the nurse visited"
"This was confirmed by the laconic report of one local committee that parents
always knew when the nurse's visit was due because their children paid
extraordinary attention to soap and water that morning. Small measures such
as a water mug for each child and separate pegs for hats and coats lessened
cross-infection"
"Poor diet was still a handicap to better health. An intake of little besides
corned beef, white bread and sugary tea was identified by Greer as the cause
of teeth decaying before they were through the gums, two and three-year-olds
unable to walk because of undeveloped limbs, and backwardness in education
levels by up to two years. The same diet meant that men at fifty or even
forty were no longer fit for work. Milk was seldom used by households, even
in dairying districts, and fruit and vegetables were even more uncommon"
"In response the nurses invited mothers to come after school on visiting
days to talk about food values, infant feeding and the care of sickly or
delicate children. In 1919 the Bush Nursing Association sent a submission
to the Education minister, stressing the importance of cookery and food
value lectures and lessons. This `health missioner' role of the nurse was
later extended through the infant welfare movement. Bush nurses were among
the first students at the infant welfare training school which opened at
South Melbourne in October 1920"
"After Mary Thompson's appointment early in 1911 Edith Barrett and Mrs
Lang, the Melbourne District Nursing Society's representatives on Council,
organized the purchase of the nurse's outfit which included a uniform and
bag of equipment. The dress was pale grey with a white apron, collar and
cuffs, and the only adornment was the badge presented to each nurse at
her installation. Lady Dudley donated the cost of the badges, which had
been designed at her request by Miss Officer of the Arts and Crafts society"
"They featured an enamelled green beech leaf recalling Beech Forest, and
the motto `By love serve one another'. When Lady Dudley died in July 1920
the presentation of badges ceased"
"A typical nurse's cap and veil of the period may have been issued for
indoor use, but riding habit and oilskins were usual wear during much of
the nurse's time on duty. Stout boots were essential. Nurse Tucker, who
succeeded Mary Thompson at Beech Forest, once walked eight kilometres in
three quarters of an hour on a call to a seriously ill patient in the bush"
"After 1913 novices were given rudimentary instruction at a Melbourne riding
school on how to handle a horse. Advanced skills in riding or driving a
gig, however, came only from hard experience"
"At first most nurses carried their equipment in a portmanteau, although
Gunbower's nurse in 1913, Ida Crook, slung a kit-bag across her shoulders
and rode a pony called Natty. From the end of that year the kit included
two black leather saddlebags with VBNA stamped in letters half an inch high"
"Packed in these or the portmanteau were waterproof sheeting, buttercloth,
absorbent wool, calico and strapping (which seems to have replaced formal
leg and arm splints). There were also rubber gloves, douche, enema, catheter,
bedpan, kidney dish, measure, invalid feeding equipment, lysol and sterilizing
tablets, eye dropper and drops, surgical needles, scissors, thread and forceps,
a thermometer, hot water bag, tongue depressor and simple ointments and
medicaments such as Vaseline, tannic and boracic acids, and castor and olive
oils. A medical relic of bygone days was the half pint pot of Prunier's brandy"
"A hypodermic syringe with morphia and strychnine tablets was added in 1913
but the brandy stayed on the list. It was occasionally used as a stimulant"
"A nail-brush and soft soap for cleansing, and an exercise book and temperature
charts for recording case histories completed the equipment"
"An order for sheets, pillow-cases, towels and a blanket was put through
in February 1911 but this seems to have been unique to Beech Forest and
was perhaps meant for use in the ambulance. Each nurse's outfit originally
cost about 12£, and replacement of stores and chemist supplies quickly
mounted to more than 10£ a year. In May 1913 local committees were
made responsible for replacements of drugs, following, where possible,
the advice of the doctor whose help the nurse was likely to call on in serious
cases. The local `drug safe' administered by the bush nurse was to prove
of great benefit in isolated districts. The cost of the original kit items,
supplied out of central funds, rose by fifty per cent between 1913 and 1919"
The nurse's salary remained at 135£ a year until late in 1919
"Out of this she paid her own board. The rise to 150£ was granted
partly because New South Wales bush nurses were being offered 170£"
"However, even before 1919 local committees in Victoria were asked to refund
the nurse any board costs over 35£ so that she could clear at least
100£. Further adjustments came in September 1921 when the salary for
a nurse with just a midwifery certificate was set at 150£, and for
a double certificated nurse 175£. Centres with nurses in the latter
category were offered the alternative of providing free board and a 150£
salary. Three weeks annual leave on full pay was standard from the beginning"
"Costs of travel to and from a posting, and of all travel on duty were paid
by the local centre and were minimized by free passes for railway travel"
"For the first year or two recruitment of nurses was fairly easy but their
resignation rate was high. Most often the reason was marriage, as zest,
competence and compassion were undoubtedly attractive qualities."
"By John Bodycomb Chapter 1 ONE FOR THE DELPHIC ORACLE! WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF AUSTRALIA'S CHURCHES?  

  In 1950 I was among the 77 per cent of Australians who went to church
at best irregularly; my church links were through a youth group, and reflected
more the desires of the flesh than a hunger for the holy. But things changed;
my conversion surprised everyone, including the minister. He was further
surprised the following year, when I told him I believed I was called to
ordained ministry"
"1. RECALLING J.D. NORTHEY  
Hence it was in 1951 that I first met J.D. Northey, to present my credentials
as a candidate in the Congregational tradition. Selection procedures were
less rigorous then than they are today, which was probably to my advantage"
"Having been told he was a dignified and scholarly man (both of which were
true), I was suitably apprehensive"
"I was quite unprepared for what lay in wait. J.D. greeted me in blue overalls
and armed with a mattock, with which he was attacking the college garden"
"At 62, he had not long quit the tennis court, which had seemed more suitable
than the boxing, cricket and football of his earlier days. He had lost the
sight of one eye in the last-mentioned: a slight disability of which one
became aware if walking on his wrong side. He could wheel quickly, and a
bump from his stocky fourteen stone was a hazard for the unwary"
"From 1952-56 I lived under the same roof with J.D. and Mrs. Northey, in
a small group of bachelors - since we were not permitted to marry until
our courses were over. I can therefore claim to know him better than many
- as a man, as a Christian, and as a minister of the Word. Hence there is
more than the normal degree of privilege attached to being a J.D. Northey
lecturer"
"It is enough here to mention three things I owe him. (That, in itself,
could bring a smile to those who knew J.D., because for him everything came
in threes; he was trinitarian to the end!) First was the need for a high
pain tolerance in the work of ministry; to curl up and fall in a heap with
every bump ill-befits the minister. J.D.'s high pain tolerance came in part
from the loss of his father at twelve; he went to work then to support a
widowed mother, three young brothers and a step-sister"
"Second, I learned from him how critical in an unstructured occupaion are
good self-motivating and self-monitoring devices, lest one become a bumbler
(for which there is ample scope in the ministry!). J.D. was almost
frighteningly well-organised - even to his fifteen-minute siesta each day"
"And third, I learned from him to speak of the divine with a healthy awareness
of one's flawed perception in such things. The only occasion I can recall
getting into real trouble was when I wanted to do something of which J.D"
"disapproved strongly. I made the mistake of protesting that I had divine
guidance. He exploded with terrifying force. `How dare you', he said, `invoke
the divine name to justify what you want to do!' That message has stayed
with me; it causes me to hesitate before offering too glib a theological
explanation of this or that in terms of what God might, or might not, be
doing"
"2. THE FLOWERING FIFTIES  

When I told my paternal grandfather, in 1951, that I was relinquishing my
career as an accountant to enter theological school, he was dumbfounded"
"`John, you are mad!' he said. `The church is dying! People aren't into religion
any more, and you will be out of a job.' Grandfather was not an unbeliever"
"In his ninetieth year he would still descend at the bedside each night on
his creaky old knees and discuss things with the Eternal. However, although
Grandfather was in no doubt about God's survival, he was concerned about
the future of organised religion and its ordained ones - whom I intended
to join"
"As a hearty young convert, I was not in the least worried, and my confidence
was duly vindicated. In the fifties there were clear indications of an upswing
in the fortunes of Australia's churches. A new and successful approach to
fund raising came via Colonel Wells, and the phenomenon of mass revivalism
via Billy Graham. New churches were popping up like mushrooms, sunday schools
were at capacity in the suburban developments, and weekly church attendance
peaked in 1960, at 30 per cent of the population. That represented a leap
of almost one-third on the base figure of 23 per cent a decade earlier"
"Not surprisingly, we concluded that we were doing most things well. There
was no real attempt at isolating out those factors in the church or in the
culture which might have been working in our favour. That kind of exercise
has assumed more importance recently, of course, and we are becoming aware
that explaining the vicissitudes of organised religion is rather complicated"
"It is possible to see with the benefit of hindsight that one of the most
potent factors then was demographic; we gained from the post-war baby boom,
which put many more children and youth in touch with the church, and raised
the interest of their parents"
"My first settlement fell in this period, and by generally accepted canons
was very successful. Although it was a city church, there was a large sunday
school and youth group. The evening congregation increased 50 per cent in
spite of TV's arrival on the scene, and the morning congregation doubled"
"It was heady stuff, and at the ripe old age of 27 I told a mass gathering
in the Melbourne Town Hall that God was sending a new wave. As always, it
was hard work, but the rewards were there"
"I am not convinced that doing the same things in the same way today would
assure the same results. Indeed, I am fairly sure it would not; many
ingredients in the situation today make it quite unlike that of thirty years
ago"
"(Unfortunately, one of the disadvantages to having a top-heavy age
distribution in our ordained ministry is that older clergy can have a tendency
to look backwards for their operational models. After all, that is where
it happened, and when one is three-quarters down the track, it can be hard
not to think, `If it worked then, why shouldn't it work now?')
  Thirty-five years after my grandfather's gloomy prognosis, there are still
churches. Indeed, as I have often argued, it may be quite inappropriate
to say with Bruce Wilson that Australians are `taking flight from religion'"
"Unless we equate being religious with churchgoing, there is a wealth of
evidence from what I call the `far side of the moon' to the contrary"
"In fact, the same proportion claims to attend weekly worship now as made
that claim in 1950: 23 per cent. When we consider the decline in Catholic
attendance over this period (from almost 70 per cent to less than 40 per
cent), it is apparent that something has picked up the slack. Furthermore,
since the 23 per cent who claim to be in church every week cannot be the
same as those who made that claim in 1950, it is obvious that many more
must have `gotten religion' to replace the dead and the drop-outs. Finally,
since the population has doubled between 1950 and 1986, 23 per cent today
is twice as many in raw numbers"
"3. THE EMPTY PEWS AND SLACKENING TIES  

  To some extent, of course, this is statistical game-playing. One is
reminded of that comment by the Scottish writer, Andrew Lang: `He uses
statistics as a drunken man uses lampposts - for support rather than for
illumination!' Lest we delude ourselves by the foregoing, two observations
are appropriate. First is that right across Western society, growing numbers
still classify themselves as `Christian' and give assent to traditional
items of belief, but have been showing less inclination toward regular
churchgoing. Second, those churches most seriously affected are what we
call the `liberal mainstream', which includes the tradition to which we
belong"
"This is not to say church attendance is everywhere declining. Contrary
movements can be cited; e.g. Poland, Korea and Latin America. In the first
two, piety and packed churches cannot be separated from national patriotism
and the desire to combat a threatening alternative (communism). In Latin
America, a groundswell of resistance to social injustices has much to do
with a variety of ways church allegiance is maintained. 
  But in each case where church life appears to be vigorous in one style
or another, we are dealing with widely-different streams; any attempt to
find a simple, single-cause explanation which accounts for all is naive"
"Yet, some common features can be found: in each of the foregoing, the corpus
of Christian tradition has been locked into the deepest aspirations of the
masses. Therefore, in one sense each may be regarded as a radically
`contextual' expression of organised religion - needed there and now by
reason of the social and cultural context, but not necessarily appropriate
in other places or other times"
"The trends in this country are of a different order, and are broadly
consistent with what can be seen in other Western societies. That is to
say, the liberal mainstream churches are losing ground numerically, and
this process looks like continuing. It is particularly apparent in the Uniting
Church. For example, the 1984 Victorian Synod survey showed that, from 1978
to 1984, confirmed membership fell by nearly 10 per cent. If that trend
were to continue (and we have no contrary evidence at this stage), membership
by the end of the century could be under 55,000, from over 83,000 in 1978"
"Second, on any given Sunday just under half our members are in their pews;
put another way, every week half the members are missing"
"4. THE SCOPE AND STYLE OF THESE LECTURES  

  And so, the issue to which these lectures are addressed is that of church
growth and decline - not in Poland, Latin America or Korea, but in Australia"
"In fact, they are even more tightly focused - concentrating principally
on the Uniting Church in Australia. Developments outside Australia are not
ignored; indeed, some note is taken of what is happening elsewhere. However,
the reasons why churches register gains or losses in one place may be quite 
different from the reasons for gains and losses elsewhere. 
  Because it is important to know both what to expect and what not to expect,
it should be understood that there is no attempt here to present a theological
rationale. The lectures are primarily an exercise in thinking sociologically,
for reasons which will be explained shortly. Neither do they set out to
deal with the global mission of Christ's people - as apostles for a just
and humane planetary culture. In short, this is not a set of theological
lectures, and neither is it a manifesto for Christian mission. One is entitled
to ask, `Why choose the subject of church growth and decline?' There would
seem to be at least three reasons for doing so"
"One is that for many church people it is a very live issue. It even keeps
many of them awake at night. Perhaps it should not, but it does! Experience
shows that continually skirting the issues which concern people, and instead
pressing what we believe `should' concern them, works only with some of
the people some of the time. If church growth and decline is a serious concern
for a significant number, it should be addressed"
"A second reason is that the subject seems to elicit a great deal of
ill-advised nonsense. Ups and downs in active support for organised religion
are not amenable to simple, single-cause explanations, but are extremely
complex. Some of the urgings of beatific and bright-eyed enthusiasts can
be damaging if they oversimplify these phenomena.  Chapters 2 and 3 identify a range of factors both external and internal, and examine their significance"
""
"Pope John Paul's Australian Church: uncertain, confused   

When Pope John Paul visits all state capitals and Canberra from November
24 to December 1 he will find the Catholic Church suffering a leadership
crisis and his flock in a spiritual malaise. TONY ABBOTT analyses the state
of the Australian Church which has four million adherents while PETER BLAZEY
reports on the marketing of the Pope"
"WHEN POPE John Paul II arrives for a six-day visit in November he will be
accompanied by fanfare and formality far surpassing that of any recent royal
tour. The cheering crowds and the Hollywood touch of the tour organisers,
however, will make little impact on the serious difficulties confronting
the Catholic Church in Australia. According to conservatives, the Pope
will not have time to hustle the local bishops into shape. According to
progressives, the Pope will not have time to listen to what the Australian
people are really saying"
"The Pope is undoubtedly a great leader yet he often appears to be leading
in different directions at the same time. His personal experience of nazi
occupation and communist rule has given him a yearning for freedom, yet
he is utterly devoted to the Church's age-old hierarchical structure. He
is a scholar of considerable standing, yet his total dedication to traditional
Catholic teaching renders him deeply unsympathetic to ""progressive""
theologians. He was a major actor in the Church-state intrigue that 
constitutes Polish politics, yet he has consistently opposed political 
alignment by the Church and an official political role for priests. He 
is a man of immense personal warmth and charm, yet his views on human 
sexuality strike many as inhumane"
"The respect and even fear which he inspires in governments as diverse
as those of the Soviet Union - whose interest in his death, if not actual
involvement in the 1981 assassination attempt, is obvious - and the Northern
Territory - which is said to have objected to his planned visit to Alice
Springs and putative talk on land rights - demonstrates the moral authority
of his heroic if contradictory personality. Recently described by Prime
Minister Bob Hawke as ""quite an outstanding man"" and ""remarkable by any
standards"", the Pope will need all his gifts to lift the local Church which
displays, according to Patrick O'Farrell, professor of history at the
University of New South Wales, ""little conspicuous vitality"""
"The most obvious sign of institutional stagnation is the chronic shortage
of priests. In metropolitan Sydney, for instance, the number of active
priests under 75 has fallen from 314 in 1976 to 243 today. By 2000, it
is estimated that the number will have fallen by more than 50 percent to
113 which will be sufficient to staff only 58 percent of existing parishes"
"Additional duties have exacerbated the heavy pressures on men who are
deprived of family life and often lack professional recognition. A paper
presented to the Australian bishops' conference in 1984 and reported in
the National Council of Priests newsletter claimed that religious reform
and social change meant that priests were suffering a ""sense of powerless,
meaningless, self-estrangement and isolation"""
"As one senior priest puts it, there is a widespread view, even among
Catholics, that entering the priesthood ""is the waste of a life"". In a
28-page paper presented to the Australian bishops in 1984, Dr Grove Johnson,
then rector of St Patrick's Seminary in Sydney, said that the ""crisis of
the priesthood"" was the ""deepest crisis facing the Church"". Johnson claimed
that trainee priests' lengthy isolation in seminaries risked producing ""loyal
and devoted members of the clerical club ... at the expense of truly human
development"" and that this was contributing to the Church's alienation from
modern culture and inability to speak with the world. There is no reason
to believe Johnson has changed his views"
"The crisis of the priesthood is accompanied by a crisis of the laity
- regular Mass attendance is estimated to be down from more than 50 percent
of Catholics only 10 years ago to fewer than 30 percent today. The recent
fining of a devout Christian who refused to let his house to an unmarried
couple, the ineffectiveness - except in Queensland - of Christian priests
over the screening of the allegedly blasphemous film Hail Mary and the
refusal of half of the 1983 federal Labor ministry to take the oath of office
on the Bible are ominous straws in the wind"
"In recent decades all Christian denominations have struggled to come
to terms with a society that is comfortable and well-educated and therefore
indifferent to religion and sceptical. This adjustment has been hardest
for the Catholic Church which used to pride itself on its rejection of
much of the modern world. The Roman Catholic Church which emerged from the
Reformation and which endured until 1965 was called by its leading theorist
""as clear and palpable a reality as the Kingdom of France or the republic
of Venice"". The Church of those days found its most peculiar expression
in the Syllabus of Errors of 1864 which condemned the proposition that
the Pope ""can and ought to reconcile and adjust himself with progress,
liberalism and modern civilisation"". But since the Vatican Council of the
early 60s the Church has been struggling to do just that - to re-express
its ancient faith in ways that fit the ""signs of the times"""
"In Australia, the problem of changing religious identity has been compounded
by a collapse of Catholic social identity. Until 1950, Australian Catholicism
was overwhelmingly Irish and underprivileged and the natural affinity of
religion, race and class was reinforced by a shared preoccupation with
the principal means of getting ahead in a hostile world - Catholic education"
"Since then, increasing affluence has eroded the Church's social prestige,
ethnic diversity has dissolved Irish solidarity and state aid has deprived
ordinary Catholics of the need to struggle together to preserve the schools
which are the embodiment of the faith. It is no longer clear what Australian
Catholicism is about"
"The old Catholic edifice of schools, hospitals and parishes is still there
but its purpose is less certain. Conservatives deplore the passing of the
Latin Mass, Roman collars and fish on Fridays. Radicals demand women priests,
married clergy and freedom from Papal interference. The vast majority stand
hesitantly in the middle welcoming the greater humanity of the modern Church
but sensing, too, its loss of cohesion and bravura"
"The old order is passing away but the shape of the new is by no means
clear. Are the bishops determined to rebuild a powerful social institution
or are they prepared to let the institutional Church dissolve into a loose
association of like-minded seekers after spiritual truth? Does the Church
possess divine truth and the unique means to salvation or is it just another
benevolent group in a pluralist society? The breakdown of Catholic
self-confidence - if permanent - will have a profound effect not just on
the nation's four million Catholics but on Australian culture generally
in which Catholicism has long been the most organised Christian force"
"While the manpower crisis will prove most immediately fatal to the Church
as it has been known, the fundamental crisis is one of leadership. The
leadership structure of the Roman Catholic Church is often misunderstood"
"An organisation ""flow chart"" would probably start at the top with the Pope
and proceed downwards through bishops and priests to the laity (which includes
religious brothers and sisters). The Pope's pre-eminent position, however,
is not due to his more exalted office - he too is a bishop - but to the
fact that the bishop of Rome has traditionally been regarded as the guardian
and repository of the Catholic faith. The other Catholic bishops derive
their catholicity from their ""communion"" with the bishop of Rome. The
Church is certainly hierarchical but at the top of the local hierarchy
is not the Pope but the local bishop. The Pope exercises power over the
Church in Australia indirectly through the bishops whom he appoints and
directly through the universal rules which he establishes for the maintenance
of the Catholic faith"
"For most of this century the worldwide Catholic Church seemed to be a
benevolent papal dictatorship. This appearance was due to the relative
unanimity of Catholics rather than to the discipline of Rome. When the
Church is riven with widespread and serious differences, as has been the
case since the Vatican council, the practical power of the Pope is severely
circumscribed"
The Catholic Church is not so much a papal Church as a bishops' Church
"As successors of the apostles, the bishops are responsible for all Church
activities within their dioceses. Nevertheless, the rules and instructions
emanating from Rome, the necessity to consult before making certain
decisions, the need to ensure the support of priests and to avoid alienation
of the people, are important legal and practical constraints on episcopal
leadership"
"Effective leadership in the Church depends upon the leadership qualities
of individual office-holders. The power of popes, bishops and priests largely
depends upon their ability to inspire and persuade. In the case of Australian
Catholic churchmen, this ability seems extremely rare beyond that small
and diminishing group of Catholics who are prepared to do whatever ""father""
says. The Australian bishops are men whose formative years were spent in
an enclosed clerical world which fostered team spirit and prudence but
not human warmth, worldly wisdom or creative imagination. It is not
surprising that they have shown more concern for shoring up a crumbling
traditional structure than enthusiasm for constructive engagement with
the world. 
  According to Bob Santamaria, the task which the Pope has set himself and
to which his extensive travels are directed is the restoration of a clear
sense of what it means to be a Catholic. Santamaria, whose control of the
anti-communist Catholic Social Studies Movement in the 50s is said to have
earned him the status of ""lay-bishop"", believes that the Pope's task in
Australia, no less than elsewhere in the Western world, is to reassert
traditional doctrine against its critics among priests, nuns and even bishops"
"For Santamaria, traditional doctrine is what is laid down in scripture,
the creeds and the texts of Church councils as authoritatively interpreted
by successive popes. This, however, is not as simple as it sounds. There
are religious disputes to which Catholicism has no authoritative answer"
"In the 17th century there was a virulent controversy between the Jesuits
and the Dominicans over whether man was capable of goodness without the
help of God. Ultimately, the Pope proclaimed that both views were permissible"
"Then there is the problem of papal pronouncements which seem wrong. Who
today would accept without qualification the statement of Pope Boniface
VIII in 1302 that it is ""absolutely necessary for salvation that every human
creature be subject to the Roman pontiff""?
  A great deal of what the man in the pew would call ""traditional doctrine""
is criticised by Catholic scholars who believe that religious truth ought
to be explained in a rational way if possible and that religious strictures
ought to be judged by the spirit rather than by the letter of Church law"
"Thus the German Hans Kung, critically examining the Gospel, explains the
resurrection of Jesus as a mystical experience of the disciples and the
virgin birth as an edifying fable designed to enhance the aura of an
extraordinary personality; the American Charles Curran, claiming that the
ultimate Christian imperative is love, justifies contraception, abortion,
homosexuality, masturbation and other Catholic taboos in limited
circumstances; and the Brazilian Leonardo Boff, writing in the context
of massive institutional exploitation and oppression, deprecates Church
structures that seem wedded to corrupt establishments"
"The question is: Can these thinkers and those with similar views in every
nook and cranny of Australian Catholic life sustain their objections to
the traditional understanding and remain Catholic? A ""yes"" answer implies
that Church teaching is essentially provisional, subject to the advance
of human reason; a ""no"" implies there is nothing new to be learnt. Not
surprisingly, the Pope himself is having an each-way bet"
""
"By Julie Wilder Anna Minter  


  ""Let us take a moment to reflect on what Anna meant to us,"" said
Lawrence his voice sharp and unfaltering as he competed with
the roar of the buffeting surf. I stared down at the boat on
the shore and the four of us standing beside it as if it were
a monument. Dorothy scattered petals into the little craft but
the wind caught the delicate blooms scattering them across the
sand and into rock ledges. Was this how Anna would have wanted
it? No body, no church and no hymn singing. Out there on the
bay was her favourite spot where she sketched the coastline and
Lyndow harbour depicted in many of her paintings. A simple
service on a stormy day, when the sea turned treacherous with
unseen rip tides, unlike the calm, spring morning when they
presumed she'd slipped, likely hit her head and drowned"
"I prayed to a God that gave Lawrence no such comfort. Anna had
been the source of his revelation that religious belief was no
more compulsory than the wearing of his Sunday best suit. I
tolerated with reservations my son's conviction that shedding
antiquated superstitions had freed his mind. And to the group
of curious onlookers keeping their distance we must have made
an odd assortment; standards turned upside down by two world
wars couldn't change the stonewall attitude of the pious
pillars of our small community"
"Beulah McCannister, the sharp end of a spearhead duty bound to
uphold the town's moral well-being, stood among them tall and
erect like a creaking gate-post. Her seasoned funeral hat
pulled tight over her ears in an attempt to stop the wind
dislodging it, her thoughts glaringly reflected in bead-like
eyes and pinched lips"
"I turned away from her presumptuous judgment, for,
even as I viewed the simple farewell, Anna's death wasn't real
to me. Wouldn't she come breezing through the doors of Hill
House, her flaming red hair glistening salty wet, those green
eyes flashing anger at having waited in vain for her rescuers?
As her housekeeper and friend for the six years that she'd
lived among us, I acknowledged that through the eyes of some
she was a sinner, yet adored and loved by others she had cared
to touch. There were no labels to fit Anna"
"My Lawrence with his lame legs nearly as useless as spent
knicker elastic had been stunted more by stifled anger and
self-pity than his affliction. Anna had taught him to laugh,
and shown him that there were ways to jump fences other than
with two straight legs"
"That Dorothy was Beulah McCannister's child was apparent in her
plain features and straight-as-a-yard-of-pumpwater body. With
a future as clear as reflections in still water. She was
destined to fill her days behind the counter of her mother's
home-made cake shop. Until Anna, sensing a talent in Dorothy
that set her apart from ordinary folk, cast pebbles in the
pond"
"Beulah all but ate her fossilised hat when learning that
Dorothy was sneaking up to Hill House for painting lessons
whenever she could get away from the shop. An outraged Beulah
demanded the arrest of the immoral Bohemian as an unfit
influence on the young. Constable Rearden agreed to speak to
the hill woman, but Dorothy was no child in the eyes of the
law, and he wasn't empowered to arrest folk just for their
colourful ways; not even on Beulah's assurity that Anna Minter
ran a devil's workshop. With fiery, pulpit fervour Beulah
accused him of being blinded by provocative flesh. Constable
Rearden reddened to the length of his exposed neck for, defying
the theory that a woman over forty was past her best years,
Anna made an impressive figure"
"She was restrained by neither fashion or conformity. With the
war over women were speculating on a new-found freedom, though
respectable women didn't, as yet, flaunt their bodies the way
Anna did. I voiced my disapproval but she'd laugh the way she
always did at such reprobation and say, ""I refuse to strangle
my finest attributes even for you, Esme Brock"". Like a child
basking in attention, she encouraged the caustic glances
knowing that every healthy male in Lyndow had his spirits
lifted by the sight of her fluid proportions"
"Fuller Price, standing beside Lawrence, his bulky frame bent
low over his grief, had known such pleasure. He'd been taken
with Anna the day he came to repair the roof. His dark,
smouldering looks that most of the time hid what he was
thinking didn't conceal his admiration. And Anna saw no good
reason to discourage him"
"""You'd best watch yourself with that one,"" I told her. ""He's
not been right since the time he spent in a German prisoner-
of-war camp.""
  Fuller fixed the roof. He mended the fences and out-houses, and
by the time he'd finished no house was more painted and
repaired than Hill House. Yet the more startling was the
renovation of Fuller himself"
"Four years in German prison camps had deprived Fuller of more
than just his freedom. He'd gone to war with enough arrogance - 
you'd have thought he was about to change history all on his own"
"Bitterness had replaced arrogance and there's nowhere for that
to go but eat away at your innards. Those that told him he was
lucky to be back in one piece found themselves fortunate if he
didn't up and knock them senseless. A carpenter by trade his
quick temper put paid to a regular job. These days he worked
for himself picking up the odd job here and there between bouts
of heavy drinking. Yet here he was sober, spruced up and shining 
like a choir boy"
"Though it was not my business how Anna worked a miracle on
Fuller, this transformation didn't escape the vigilant eye or
scornful tongue of Beulah McCannister who said, ""Nature alone
would condemn the union between an old hen and a young
cockerel"""
"The blinkered vision of Beulah and her cronies made them
incapable of seeing good where a grain of doubt remained to rub
noses in. If Anna broke the rules I was grateful that she'd
employed me as housekeeper when others were better qualified"
"""Give me a reason for employing you, Mrs Brock,"" said this
wisp of a woman with copper curls piled on top of her head like
one of those French tarts in a Moulin Rouge poster. Desperation
had brought me to Hill House on learning that a Miss Minter had
taken over the property and was advertising for a housekeeper"
"I was a war widow of dwindling means with a crippled son to 
support, yet to evoke sympathy went against my dignity as a 
proud woman. The education my pastor father had thought so 
important was of little advantage for this position"
"""I've no credentials and no formal training,"" I said, ""but I'm
honest and you'll not find a harder worker because that's
always been my way.""
 Placing a cigarette in an ebony holder and slowly lighting it
she stared at me with scrutinising honesty. ""I smoke more than
is good for me, I'm extremely untidy and I keep irregular
hours. How do you feel about that?""
  ""Miss Minter, it's no concern of mine if you cavort across the
hills stark naked when the moon's full. You advertised for a
housekeeper not a nursemaid.""
 To this Anna Minter threw back her brilliant head and laughed
so loud we were both at it"
"""Esme, I like your spirit. The job's yours but only if you call
me Anna.""
  Our relationship, born out of mutual understanding and warm
humour, mellowed into friendship and my admiration for the
brash Anna. Yet it was her indestructible spirit that
distracted me from the true implication of events leading to
her drowning. Only once in those six years did she stray from
Lyndow. A few months before her untimely death she returned
from a short visit to the city. Though she rarely spoke of her
life before Hill House, I imagined that her low spirits were 
the result of some personal family matter. I had learned not 
to pry, knowing Anna to be tight-lipped when she had a mind to be"
"Her mood lifted and, as I perceived then, the last winter in
Hill House was little different to any other. Though I
maintained my cottage with Lawrence, he spent many long
evenings with Anna. Her passion for books, a passion imparted
to Lawrence, was evident in a house that fair overflowed with
the works of such writers as Joyce, Shaw and D.H. Lawrence"
They would discuss for hours the wonder of the written word
"How different was my son's outlook from his first meeting with
Anna when, chipping away with disarming humour, she slowly
demolished the defensive wall he'd so carefully built. If his
legs were at odds with the rest of him, his mind was clear and
eager for knowledge. When his head wasn't buried in one of
Anna's prized tomes, he was tapping at the old typewriter she'd
given him. No one was prouder than Anna when, having written
several articles that impressed the editor, Lawrence was
established on the local newspaper"
"Young Dorothy's regular visits to Hill House were no longer
furtive affairs since she'd informed her mother she'd never set
foot in the cake shop again if she wasn't allowed to continue
her lessons. It was a side to the timid girl I'd not seen
before, though I reckon it was always there just waiting for
enough fire to burst out"
"Only the relationship between Anna and Fuller changed. Their
spontaneous gaiety was replaced with a conspiracy that on
occasions seemed to weigh heavy on Fuller. Whatever pained them
Anna went out of her way to hide. She'd get all dressed up in
one of her gaudy dresses, with bangles and beads enough to
hear her coming, and take herself off to the market. I remember
Beulah McCannister remarking that good taste was no more than
three good pieces of jewellery. I could understand that, for
had Beulah worn more you'd have sworn her bones were rattling"
"But frivolity was part of Anna's flamboyant nature as was her
return from the market ladened with flowers when there were
enough in the garden to fill the church hall"
"Yet there was this particular occasion when she arrived home
with no more than a faded, dog-eared book of love poems. So
engrossed was she in the musty, old book that not until I
brought in the tea-tray did she look up and say, ""It's sad,
Esme, that such an intimate possession should end it's days
discarded with indifference"""
"She reverently turned the wafer thin pages to reveal on the
inside cover a neat, handwritten inscription; To Sara my love,
David. I could sense Anna getting sentimental over this dusty 
relic that smelt like the cat had died and they'd forgotten 
to bury it"
"""If you picked that up from Gab Stein's stall you'd best scrub
your hands before tea. He's known to acquire his stuff from
some doubtful places,"" I warned, though Anna was already lost
in the flowery verses"
"It was about this time that Lawrence moved into a place of his
own. I missed him but he had his independence, and I could see
as how he was as happy as a pig in a mucky pen. A few days
after he'd moved to the rambling ground-floor flat, Anna,
nodding her head in approval at the sparsely furnished rooms,
presented Lawrence with a gift, her complete collection of
valuable and beloved books. Against his speechless gratitude
she said she would personally kick the sticks out from under
him if he didn't respect them the way she had. I was unprepared
for this extravagant gift, and my dumbfounded expression
prompted her to remark that at last she had succeeded in
getting my tongue to take a holiday. There was no doubt that the
overwhelming effect this disconcerting bequeathal had on Lawrence
and myself pleased and amused Anna immensely."
"Fugue on forty By Sara Dowse 1 The man I am leaving has pale hair but interesting eyes. The kind that turn
green with yellows, browns or greens, and stay fixed a dazzling blue with
blue, like the sea on a bright spring day. They seem small, close together
when he's tired, as though he hasn't the strength to hold them in place"
"Away from me, they are wide-spaced and large. Happy, innocent eyes. (I have
seen them at parties.)
  We fight, unhealthily. Crazy maelstroms that suck us in and blow us about
and leave the waters clotted with hatred and suspicion"
I rarely sleep
"2   The man of my dreams has a pleasant, handsome face. Smooth in the centre,
hard at the edge. Warm brown eyes - no ambivalence there. Ruddy beige of
face. Curly black hair. A welcoming smile"
He says he remembers me
I wonder
"1   Astigmatic, he sometimes shields his eyes with glasses. Heavy black rims on
his wide, long face. They accentuate a rabbit look in him. He suffers from
hay fever, wriggles his nose to keep them in place. When he wears them he
looks cold, professional. Yet one is conscious of a disguise"
"2   He says he will ring me. I admire his clothes. Caramel-coloured, to go
with his face. He is an artist as I am. A musician. Baroque. We have friends
in common. He will be coming to Canberra and will look me up. Pink and
plump. A picture of health. He might fit well in Canberra"
"1   Our connections are crossed with brambles. His naked eye is a thistle. When
we fight it's often because I wish it to end, or for there to be a sudden
awakening, a realisation of love, a discovery, like the bright infant,
floating pure and innocent through the bulrushes"
"We fornicate, through this. Often quickly, but if he is angry, long and
hard. I want love. He needs release"
I lie underneath
"2   Waiting for his arrival. It is a secret, his presence, all that's
inviolable in me. He is zabaglione, sweet with civilisation. I want the
pleasure to last, of knowing he'll be here. In the same city. Accessible"
"1   His arms are leaden weights around me. He tries to comfort though it pains
him. We are at truce, he brings me cups of tea. In the evening, by the
window flushed with cascading autumn foliage, he takes sullen sips of wine"
I cry from wounds the steaming tannin scours
"2   His viola is often with me. Light, insouciantly decadent, it trickles
through me, pouring out in a smile. In the sleepless hours, the suburban
hum of fridge and motor car smooth as nocturnal surf in my ear, I open the
case. Black leather frayed near the catch. Inside, the worn red felt. I play
a ponderous cello"
"1   I am suspicious. He must loathe me. And I loathe his pale fire, a dry ice
that burns at a touch. I withdraw, determined to find a meaning outside
him. So, he has found another! I will too"
"2   The tan bark outside Llewellyn Hall is slick and sharp underfoot. Tiny
native plants bend with the driving rain; the giant concrete walls are
streaked and steaming. The lights within glow as from a royal cave. I
imagine him by my side, discoursing on Telemann, Monteverdi, opera buffa"
"I breathe in the warmth from a damp wool coat. Giddy, I climb to the top
of the gallery, where seats are cheap and sound is best"
"1   He wants to split, he says. We stand at the window, bleak of foliage; winter
lights and winter stars dazzling shards on a void. I nod, realising it is
so. The tears dry on my cheek, salt sharp. Suddenly he looks so beautiful
and sad to me"
"2   I say to myself, why wait? Life if short should be sweet. I think of
brandy and pheasant as I reach for the phone, marvel at my luck when he
answers it. Then flounder, with nothing to say. He apologises for not
ringing. He has been sick, he says. He, sick? Embarrassed, I wish he hadn't
bothered to make excuses. I tell him I've rung to ask when he's going to
play. A pause. He clears his throat. ""I may not be able. This sickness. Last
year I had hepatitis ... I think it's a relapse.""
  ""Oh, I'm sorry,"" I say, suppressing my anger with him for lying"
"1/3  The kilos shed off me. My life, it seems, has shrunken to this room
with its looming wardrobe and cereal stickers on the back of the door. And
cut-outs of Gonza and Alfred E Neuman. The room of a son of a friend. I
keep the transistor low so as not to wake her through the gyprock wall. I
try yoga, meditation, masturbation, valerian tea. At last, when dawn comes
the outline of a pagoda tree stark against an opal sky, I find a kind of
peace: the locked case propped against the wardrobe and me lying stunned on
the bed"
"2   We make arrangements for dinner. ""I'm almost recovered,' he says"
"1   I pursue life, what it is to be human, mature, without ties or
responsibilities other than those I choose. I am determined. I am free now,
my friends tell me. So does he, when he condescends to meet. We are friends
now, he tells me. ""Now we can fuck, without the hassles."" He has a point,
and I give in. I go to films, meetings, dinner parties, pubs, concerts,
art shows. Alone. The nights are filled with sharp adult voices, warm wine
and frost. I must be determined, to brave the frost. By ten o'clock in the
evening, before the movie ends or the last cup of coffee is drunk, car
windows front and back coat with a thick crust of ice. On saying goodbye
the host hands you a bucket or saucepan of hot water. If you go to the
movies, you cover the windscreen with newspaper"
"2   I rehearse our conversation. I am teaching more than playing, that is
true, but I still have ideas about the instrument and have begun to rough
out some compositions. The students practise on them. The students like
them, and I feel guilty, because I am jealous of their playing. I would like
to be playing instead of teaching. He has no need to teach, or if he does,
only occasionally. His music, lilting, almost pastoral in effect, begins to
sound shallow. I wonder if he is fussy about his socks. 

 1   Midnight, maybe after, I leave the fire and the company and wind on my
scarf and tug on my gloves and march into the darkness with a potful of
boiling water. The frost melts in widening circles like portholes on the
glass, then slides in great drops on and under the bonnet. I jump in and
start the car, bless the heat from the engine. A quick goodnight from my
hosts and they rush inside with the empty saucepan and out of the cold"
"Within blocks the water on the windscreen has frozen. A sheet of opaque ice,
pearled as the dawn. I stop the car, leave the engine running, leap out to
crack the ice with my fists. It splinters, that's all. I climb behind the
wheel and drive with my head out the window"
Dangerous driving this way. I turn a corner and find I'm in his street
"Moving on, thinking I am crazy, and hateful, for spying on him like this"
"But, mercifully, no unfamiliar cars stand in front. And now I am here, it
would be spying if I didn't enter. My house, not long ago"
"The side door is open, not even latched. As though in the kernel of the
cold dark night he is waiting. The glass panels sweat. A light burns in the
kitchen. Something propels me now, a sudden swelling of obsession takes
over from the first frosty steps, whether anger or desire or both. The bare
bulb in the kitchen kindles beads of light on the frozen glass, gilds the
wrinkled leaves of the African violet he has neglected to water. And on the
table, two crystal glasses, a gift from me. And next to one, a woman's bag,
the colour of wine"
2   The melody is fading
"3   She takes me in her bed, a foam rubber mattress shoved against the
cupboard. I cry: she holds me in her arms. ""He isn't worth it,"" she says,
crooning it to me. ""Am I brilliant?"" I ask, stripped utterly bare, thinking
of the crumbling black leather, worn red lining, voluptuous cello standing
patient in the room next door. ""No,"" she answers, with piercing clarity,
""not brilliant.""
  She pauses to reflect. ""Creative.""
  She falls asleep, spreadwing over the mattress. I climb over her legs,
holding onto the cupboard, careful not to disturb her. In the room vacated
by her son I watch the parched bones of the pagoda tree darken against the
morning sky"
"At breakfast she expounds. Already, so young, her face is hardened about
the jaw, and then I remember she isn't young, I'm not young, though we have
started life anew, and that line of resolve round her chin would be scarcely
noticeable in a face whose flesh was firm. She butters toast. ""It's their
fucking negativity. That's what nearly finished me off,"" she confides. ""I
would say to him, every fucking week when you think of it (she laughs)
`look, do you love me, should we go on like this?' And the bugger would
never tell me, one way or another."" She lays her knife on the side of the
plate after cutting the toast in four neat squares. ""They want us to make
all the decisions for them.""

 2   I ring to postpone the dinner. ""No, I'm not well,"" I say. ""Nasty winter
flu,"" I tell him. He laughs. ""When you're better we'll have a nice quiet time"
"Two convalescents together"""
"1   ""You don't have to talk to him,"" she says"
"He stands flooded in winter sunlight at the door. I see him as though from
the end of a telescope, as though contemplating a star. His hair, yellower
than I remember, floats from his skull like the ruffled hair of a waking
child, the prototype of haloes"
"""I'm sorry,"" he says, but doesn't move"
"I feel myself hurtle down the hallway, head down, arms flapping at my side,
some burrowing animal groping towards the sun. I cry and he soothes me with
caresses and I wonder whether it will be right again but I cannot take his
caresses and I want it to stop"
"3   ""You have to find a centre,"" she says. ""Something inside yourself."" I
agree, weaving her words in the concrete cubicle through the student's
rasping chords. The sound quivers and finally disappears, rising high to the
acoustical ceiling to hover in the air. The student flattens her back
against the chair, the bow loose in her hand, leaning on the cello. ""You
okay, Maria?"" The student loves me, mistakenly. I smile, heedless of tears"
Gingerly she raises the bow and plays on
"""You know what happened to me."" My friend states this, but it is a question"
"She expects me to know yet wants to repeat it. Her sharp voice is quavering,
reminding me of the chin. She drinks milk coffee. ""Let me tell you."" How she
had left him, finally, because he wouldn't tell her to. And suddenly
everything was light and empty: ""I had this peculiar sensation, like I was
skiing, so fucking fast I wouldn't be able to stop. And the wind was cutting
right through me."" She drank a lot, sobered herself up with Panadols and
fucked a lot, with anyone willing. She smiles. ""It helped."" But then she
found a protector, a friend. He drank with her, the days ran into nights and
into days again and she knew it was morning only when it was time to take
another Panadol"
""
"Today's kitchen with Vo Bacon  

   More and more fruit and vegetable markets are having an exotic fruit
corner. But too often not enough information is given to some of the less
common fruits, such as the carambola (star fruit), breadfruit, pepino and
even the persimmon"
"Carombola is a waxy, yellow or yellow-brown fruit. It's shaped like a
five-pointed star, hence the name star fruit or five corners. Use as soon
as possible or store briefly in refrigerator, well wrapped. First, wash,
then slice crosswise or lengthwise and remove seeds. It can be poached,
or stewed alone or with other fruits. It can also be used fresh in fruit
salads, made into jams, jellies, chutney, or juiced and added to other fruit
drinks. Carambola is high in vitamin A, and has also some vitamin C,
phosphorus, calcium, iron and potassium"
"Breadfruit, a native of Asia, spreading from Sri Lanka to China, is a
large green, rough-skinned fruit, turning a slight yellow when ripe. The
flesh when fully ripe is yellow and sweet, and tastes like fresh bread,
which probably explains its name. Cook and use the same way as potatoes,
or use for desserts. Cook then mash, or cook with milk or cream and sugar,
or serve with custard or sweet sauce. Seeds can also be cooked and eaten
like chestnuts"
"Pepino, originally from Peru, is also called tree melon or mellowfruit"
"Shaped like a small melon, it has a satin-like green skin with vivid purple
stripes that change from green to yellow when ripe. The flavour is very
delicate, a mixture of melon, pineapple and lemon. You can use as any of
the melons, and the seed section is sweet and edible"
"Persimmon has a rich, delicious flavour, and must be eaten ripe. It's
delicious for breakfast, just cut in half and spoon out the flesh. Or use
in fruit salads, or pureed over ice-cream or sorbet, pie or steamed pudding"
"Have you stopped to consider what essentials are needed to start cooking?
The list can be endless. There are four main functions carried out in every
kitchen: preparation; mixing; cooking and serving; and cleaning up. So
here are the absolute essentials when first setting up a kitchen, to be
acquired as necessary or as culinary skills become greater"
"Preparation: Vegetable brush, paring knife, utility knife, wooden board, potato
peeler, strainer or colander, can opener, bottle opener, kitchen shears. Add when
possible: Chef's knife, parer/corer, other size strainers, boning knife, garlic
press, nutmeg grater, butter curler. 
  Mixing: Set of measuring spoons (4), set of measuring cups (4) for dry measures,
glass measuring cups (1 and 2-cup sizes), rubber scrapers or spatula, rolling pin,
grater (4 sided), funnel and pastry brush, set of mixing bowls, egg beater or whisk"
"Add later: Electric beaters, blender, food processor. 
  Cooking and serving: Pot holders, frypan, 2 saucepans (1 small, 1 medium), potato
masher, long-handled fork, ladle, slotted spoon, pancake turner, wire rack, baking
sheet, baking pan, pie and cake pan, set of tongs, wooden spoon. Add later: Tea
kettle, more saucepans, crepe pan, cake pans, muffin pans, bread pans, steamer"
"Cleaning up: Detergent, pot scrubbers, wash cloths, rubber gloves, cleansers, dish
towels"
"And remember this list doesn't even start to include your convenient
electrical extras"
"Some secrets of chefs:
‚2 To cut a fresh cake easily: Dip a sharp knife in hot water"
"‚2 To intensify the flavour of chocolate or sweet desserts: Always add a
pinch of salt"
‚2 For a beatiful even brown of sausages: Dip them in cream before frying
"‚2 Roast Beef redone: Spread with mustard, top with crumbs and dot with butter"
Grill until hot
"Anyone who spends a great deal of time out-of-doors, whether walking,
running,hiking, climbing, biking or swimming, needs nourishing nibbles. Here
are a few suggestions:
‚2 Shelled sunflower seeds and currants or sultanas
‚2 Soy nuts and raisins
‚2 Dried apricots, almonds and pecans
‚2 Raisins and walnuts
‚2 Dates, chopped dried peaches or pears and nuts
‚2 Dried apples, apricots and pecans
‚2 Peanuts, dates, pumpkin seeds and cashews
  Add fresh or dried coconut to any of the above combinations"
"Dried Fruit Bar In a bowl mix together Stir in In a medium bowl beat together  
  
Add to dry ingredients and stir just until blended"
"Spread in a greased 20cm square pan. Bake at 160°C (325°F) for 35 to 
45 minutes or until toothpick inserted in centre comes out clean. Cool on wire
rack. Cut into squares"
"Makes 16 x 5cm squares  


  All measurements in our recipes are standard metric cups and spoons approved
by the Standards Association of Australia. These are available at leading
department and hardware stores. All measurements are level"
"For easy reference, 1 cup is 250ml, 1 tablespoon is 20ml and 1 teaspoon
is 5ml. For recipes with eggs, use the 55 g size unless otherwise stated"
""
"By L C Kenna and P E Peploe 4. Measurements and Results  

  Details of the instrumentation used for acoustic and vibration
measurements are given in Appendix A"
"4.1 Vibration Measurements  

  Measurements of vibration were taken at four different
locations around the eastern revetment bay, for operation of
both F/A-18 and Mirage aircraft. The locations are illustrated
on Figs. 2 and 3. At each of these locations acceleration
levels were measured at several positions between ground level
and full height of the concrete walls. Figure 4 shows the
positions of the accelerometers on the north wall. Figure 5
shows the positions on the steel roof support. Figure 6 shows
the accelerometer positions used on the dividing wall between
the eastern and central bays; the block on which measurements
were taken was adjacent to the exhaust nozzles of the Aircraft"
"(Note that accelerometer position B, at this location, was the
same position at which the consultant's vibration measurements
were taken). Figure 7 shows the accelerometer positions for
vibration measurements on the eastern wall: the accelerometers
were mounted along the centre of one block and situated 6
metres south of the junction of the block wall and the cast-
in-situ wall. Figure 7 also shows a position labelled M: at
this position, a microphone was inserted through the wall to
measure the sound pressure level to which the wall was exposed"
"For practical and safety reasons, all accelerometer positions 
were on the outsides of the walls, relative to the position of 
the aircraft"
"The results of the measurements, in terms of the acceleration values 
at the various measured points, are shown in Tables 1 to 7 inclusive"
"4.2 Noise within the Revetment  

  Measurements of noise levels within the facility were taken at
the locations shown on Figs. 8 and 9, for the F/A-18 and
Mirage, respectively"
"For the F/A-18, measurements were taken for two power settings"
"These were:-
(i) port engine on full afterburner, starboard engine at 80%
military power;

(ii) both engines on full afterburner"
"For the Mirage, measurements were taken for the power settings
maximum dry and full afterburner"
"In Fig.8, the positions shown as A and B are positions
representative of where ground crew are likely to be located
during engine run-ups. Position A is 3 metres forward of the
exhaust and 3 metres to the left of the aircraft centreline"
"Measurement at this position indicates the level to which
ground crew may be exposed when examining the rear of the
aircraft. Position B is 12 metres forward of the exhaust and
7 metres to the left of the aircraft centreline. Ground crew
are located near this position when communicating with the
person in the cockpit controlling the aircraft engine. Position
C (which is the position marked M on Fig.7) is just below the
top of the wall, and 7 metres south of the start of the block
wall. This position was chosen to check the correlation between
acoustic and vibration measurements. Positions D and E on Fig.8
are both 6 metres south of the commencement of the block walls
on the two sides of the bay, and both 2 metres out from the
walls. These positions were measured in order to ascertain the
extent to which reverberation from the walls of the revetment
raises noise levels within the facility: because D is external
to the bays, it experiences no reflected sound other than that
reflected from the relatively-distant south wall, while E
receives reflected sound from several pathways"
"In Fig.9, positions A and B are the positions where ground crew
members may be located. Position A, on the wing, and 4.5 metres
forward of the exhaust was measured only for the maximum dry
power setting: this position is not occupied during run-ups at
full afterburner power. Position B is located 11 metres forward
of the exhaust and 7 metres to the left of the aircraft
centreline. Position C is described above for the F/A-18
measurements. Position D is at the aircraft tie-down position
in the central bay, position E is at the centre of the
uninstalled engine enclosure and position F is on the hardstand
area in front of that enclosure"
"The overall sound pressure levels, linear and A-weighted,
measured at these positions are tabulated on the tables
included in Figs. 8 and 9. For the critical positions from a
health and safety aspect, (positions A and B on both figures),
the spectrum of the noise is of importance for assessing the
adequacy of hearing protection. The one-third-octave spectra
at these positions, for the various combinations of aircraft
and power setting, are shown on Figs. 10, 11, 12 and 13"
"A further set of measurements were taken in the facility to
quantify the effect of reverberation on the noise exposures at
positions A and B for the F/A-18 aircraft. For this
measurement, a large loudspeaker capable of producing sound
down to very low frequencies, and thus able to simulate the
spectrum of jet engine noise was used. The loudspeaker was
situated at the exhaust nozzle position of the aircraft, on
the centreline of the revetment and driven with a pink noise
signal. The loudspeaker faced towards the rear of the
revetment. Measurements of sound pressure level were taken at
positions A and B. The loudspeaker was then moved to a
hardstand area out of the revetment, and well clear of any
reflecting walls. Measurements of sound pressure level were
taken at two positions situated identically, relative to the
loudspeaker, as positions A and B in the revetment had been"
"The differences between the two corresponding pairs of
measurements illustrates the effects of reverberation within
the revetment on the sound levels at positions A and B. The
one-third-octave spectra for the two pairs of measurements are
shown on Fig.14"
"4.3 Environmental Noise  

  Sound levels in the environment surrounding the facility were
measured at three different points along each of five
directions from the facility, radiating from the nozzle
position of the aircraft. Measurements were taken for the F/A-
18 aircraft operating with port engine on full afterburner and
starboard engine at 80% military power. For the Mirage,
measurements were taken with the engine running at full
afterburner power. The locations of measurement positions have
been shown on Fig.15 and the A-weighted sound levels measured
at each position are shown on Figs. 16 and 17, for the F/A-18
and Mirage respectively"
"(It should be noted that the position 1.5 kilometres from the
facility, in direction E (35 degrees) is in the married
quarters area of the base)"
"During these sound measurements, meteorological conditions were
also measured using a balloon to record this information at
various heights, and additional measurements were taken from
a ground meteorological station. The results of these
meteorological measurements are shown in Tables 11 and 12. The
average wind speed and direction for each of the periods when
the sound measurements were taken have been shown on the
figures containing the measurements results"
"In addition to the environmental measurements taken during
aircraft engine run-ups, measurements of the insertion loss of
the revetment structure were undertaken. The procedure involved
the use of two high-powered loudspeaker systems, one situated
at the aircraft position in the revetment, the other situated
external to the revetment bays. Measurements were taken, at
each environmental measuremental position, of the noise level
due to the in-revetment speaker, followed immediately by
measurements of the noise level of the out-of-revetment
speaker. The results are shown on Figs. 18 and 19, in units of
dBA, at each measurement position. Due to the weather
conditions and the volume of traffic (both aircraft and motor
vehicles), at some positions the sound from the loudspeaker was
not detectable above the ambient sound level"
"5. Discussion of Results 5.1 Vibration  

  Examination of the results shown in Tables 1 to 7 reveals that
for each measurement location on the concrete walls, the
maximum acceleration occurred at the tops of the walls"
"Comparison of the measurements at different heights indicates
that the side T-block walls are rocking as a solid unit on
their plinths. However comparing the accelerations at the tops
of the side walls with the damage risk criterion of Fig.l shows
that the measured values fall below the range covered by the
criterion curve. Hence these walls are considered to be safe
from damage due to noise induced vibrations"
"For the block wall, which is exposed to buffeting from the
exhaust as well as to noise, the measurements indicate that
the wall is vibrating in a flexural mode, that is, the wall is
bending. The measured value of several peaks of acceleration
at the top of the wall, when plotted on the criterion curve
(see Fig.20), falls into, or close to, the region where damage
is possible. Our advice from the Vibration Group at the CSIRO
National Measurement Laboratories, who have examined these
results, is that the north wall of the facility requires
remedial treatment to avoid possible damage due to vibration"
"However, any remedial treatment should not be considered in
isolation from other aspects: other results discussed below
have a bearing on what action may be taken concerning the north
wall"
"The results of vibration measurements undertaken on the steel
upright supporting the roof indicate no risk of vibration
causing damage. The effect of the vibration is to add a small
inertial load to the columns"
"Note that although accelerometers were located at positions
where maximum sound pressures and exhaust pressures (positions
1 and 4 respectively of Figs. 2 and 3) were anticipated there
may be other areas, not measured, in the revetment structure
where vibration levels exceed those shown in the results table"
"5.2 Noise within the Revetment 5.2.1 Auditory Effects  

  The sound levels shown on Figs. 8 and 9 indicate that hearing
protection is essential in virtually all parts of the facility
whenever an engine is running in any of the three bays, no
matter how short the exposure time may be"
"For the ground crews involved in the engine running, the sound
levels are sufficiently high, even with efficient ear
protection, that exposure times must be very limited if the
hearing conservation criterion is not to be exceeded. The
permissible exposure times, per day, can be calculated by
subtracting the attenuation spectrum of the ear protection from
the measured sound pressure levels of the aircraft noise
spectrum: the result is the spectrum of the noise reaching the
ears. This spectrum is then A-weighted and combined to yield the A-weighted
sound level at the ears, from which the permissible exposure
time is determined. (Because of the very strong low frequency
components present in the aircraft noise spectrum, the
simplified SLC80 procedure, which can normally be applied to
industrial noise levels to determine the adequacy of hearing
protection, does not yield accurate results)"
"The procedure described above has been applied to the noise
spectra at the crew positions of the two aircraft, at both
power settings, for two types of hearing protection. The two
types of hearing protection are:-

(i) a combination of ear muffs (Protector type EML-45) and ear
plugs (E.A.R.);

(ii) heavy ear muffs (David Clark type E310) - these are one of 
the highest rating ear muffs in NAL's publication ""Attenuation 
of Hearing Protectors"" (4th edition)"
"Both of these systems of hearing protection have been
evaluated at NAL according to the procedures of Australian
Standard AS1270-1975 ""Hearing Protection Devices"". Their nett
attenuations (mean minus standard deviation) are shown in Table
8"
"The results of applying the attenuations of these hearing
protectors to the measured noise spectra are tabulated in
Tables 9 and 10 for the F/A-18 and Mirage, respectively. The
tables show the A-weighted sound levels reaching the ears, and
the maximum permissible daily exposure time at each position"
"The results show that, using ear muffs, the maximum permissible
daily exposure times are impractically short. Hence all crew
working in the run-up facility should wear a combination of
earmuffs and ear plugs during engine running"
"Several additional points are of importance:-

(I) only one aircraft was undergoing ground running at the time when the measurements were taken"
""
"Is the old right now new? The state, the family and sexual repression in Queensland By Neil Thornton  

""Look governments can do anything, you can do anything you like.""

   The mainstream New Right combines a strident affirmation of
individual freedom in the economic sphere with moral
authoritarianism, the state enforcement of morality and
especially sexual morality in defence of the traditional,
nuclear patriarchal family. In its stress on economic
individualism the Queensland Nationals' political rhetoric has
pretensions as a model for the Australian New Right, and
leaders of the Liberal and National Parties both federally and
in other states have pointed to the Queensland government's
economic pronouncements and policy initiatives as the wave of
the future"
"Yet rhetoric aside, it is evident that in their
implementation of economic policy the Queensland Nationals are
not a front runner for the New Right. There have, admittedly,
been some recent deregulatory moves, especially an assault on
the trade union movement and an apparent drive toward
deregulation of the labour market, most conspicuously displayed
in fostering the use of contract labour in the State
electricity industry. But such deregulatory flourishes have had
no impact on the Government's well entrenched developmentalism
- its `agrarian socialism' and its systematic economic
intervention by way of providing infrastructure for mining,
mineral processing and tourism. What is more, certain of the
Government's so-called `deregulatory' moves have required the
selective use of state intervention as, for instance, in the
case of the electricity industry where, although Government
policy has eroded the working conditions of employees of the
South East Queensland Electricity Board and also facilitated
the employment of contract labour, collective bargaining has
not been allowed to determine the outcome. Instead, the
Government removed the State Industrial Commission's
jurisdiction over the electricity industry, substituting
control by a creature of its own (the Electricity Authorities
Industrial Causes Tribunal) thereby retaining strategic control
by tampering with the judicial apparatus"
"The Market and the Family  

   Queensland is not a flagship for the New Right in the
economic sphere, not yet anyway. But the picture is
dramatically different if one looks at the other strand of
mainstream New Right ideology and practice, that of social
morality and especially sexual morality. Here it begins to look
as if the Queensland brand of old-fashioned moral conservatism
might soon become part of a gathering repressive wave - the old
could well become the new"
"The New Right ideal of the economy is reactionary: its aim
is to revive the kind of relatively individualist economy found
in Western nations prior to the advent of the state-centred
welfare economies of this century. New Right ideology of the
family is likewise reactionary: the ideal is to somehow
recreate the type of nuclear, patriarchal family which is
presumed to have coexisted with an earlier, pre-welfare-
capitalist economy"
"For those who are familiar
   with and have to endure the
   Queensland style of moral
   conservatism it may already
   be apparent that it represents
   an ideological model and a
   corresponding set of public
   policies which might well be
   the best thing on offer in
   Australia as a base in reality
   for the aspiring ideologues of
   an Australian New Right"
"In mainstream New Right thinking the economy and the family
are complementary: a free market economy is envisaged as
providing the most appropriate institutional context for the
healthy family life which is, in turn, most apt for sustaining
a market economy. The family is pivotal in the division of
labour and the passing on of private property; it reproduces
the work force and transmits and reinforces the preferred
social and sexual morality. Furthermore -
   The focus on the family is critical to the right. It
   personalises and privatises social and economic problems thus
   removing them from the sphere of government action and
   spending. At the same time it legitimates the use of private,
   individual solutions while still providing a structure for them
   in the institution of the family so that order, not anarchy
   prevails"
"Even though, in New Right thinking, the free market system is
best able to provide the institutional setting for stable
family life, there has nevertheless arisen within contemporary
capitalist societies in the West a tide of humanism and moral
and sexual permissiveness which threatens to undermine the
cohesion of family life and weaken thereby the very foundations
of free market capitalism. Hence the need for a morally
interventionist state in order to protect family life:
   Maintaining the solidarity and cohesion of families by non-
   market means is seen as an essential prop for a free market
   economy"
"So it is that one finds in
   mainline New Right ideology
   two interconnected strands:
   individualist economic think
   ing accompanied by moral
   authoritarianism and state-
   backed moral and sexual
   repression"
"The Family, Sexual Morality and the Permissive Society  


   For the moral conservative, sexuality is a natural or God-
given, instinctual part of our lives intended primarily as a
medium for reproducing the species. Sex should be confined
within the quasi-sacred domain of the patriarchal nuclear
family: outside that realm it is illicit, socially and
economically disruptive and so properly subject to moral
repression extending to state-enforced proscriptions. Political
posturing about `individual freedom' masks an underlying
commitment to the duty of the state to make the personal
political, that is, to intervene in the so-called private or
personal sphere of conduct where and whenever necessary to
maintain the inviolability of family life"
"Social and legal developments
   which weaken the obligations
   of family life or which
   encourage sex outside
   marriage are perceived as
   tending to undermine the
   foundation of the prevailing
   social order"
"The overwhelming threat to family life (in this New Right
perspective) is the `permissive society' which was ushered in
during the sixties when in Western nations there began a period
of increasingly rapid social and personal change revolving
around the ways in which people experience and live out the
sexual side of their lives"
"To the new Moral Right, it is mainly the permissiveness of
the sixties that set in train the recent decline in traditional
values. Mrs. Thatcher is a typical exponent of this line:
   We are reaping what was sown in the sixties . . . The    
   fashionable theories and permissive claptrap set the scene   
   for a society in which the old virtues of discipline and   
   self-restraint were denigrated"
"For more than twenty years the National-dominated
governments ruling Queensland have been trying with
considerable though far from complete success to stop the
permissive tide flowing north and polluting the purer moral
waters of Queensland while the rest of Australia (with the
partial exception of Tasmania) was being inundated by the
permissive wave. Now that the moral tide is beginning to turn
against permissiveness internationally, it may well be that
here in Australia we are to see at least some currents of
Queensland's old style moral conservatism trickling down south
as they are taken up by Australia's version of the new Moral
Right"
"The Queensland Family and Sexual Conservatism  

   Queensland's sexual conservatism is a carry-over from an
earlier rural economy in which the model of personal/economic
life was the family farm. In that economy built around
pastoralism and farming the standard productive unit was the
small to medium size rural property. Rural holdings like this
were essentially family enterprises, in which production was
carried on by father and sons, supported by mother and
daughters caring for hearth and home and, at busy periods of
the year, sometimes lending a hand with the sowing or
harvesting or management of sheep or cattle. There was thus a
close, mutually supportive connection between the `productive'
economy and the domestic economy - the integrity and cohesion of
the family was essential for efficient production on the
`family farm'"
"With increasing modernisation and diversification of the
Queensland economy, the nuclear family came to have a less
decisive function in overall economic production, but for
several reasons a family-fixated conservatism has continued to
be dominant in the political culture of the state. First,
despite the relative decline of the agrarian sector,
manufacturing is still relatively undeveloped, and the middle
classes remain less significant in size and influence as
compared with the other mainland states. Secondly, the minerals
industry, though economically important, has not been labour-
intensive, and so has had only a superficial cultural impact on
Queensland. Factors such as these, then, go some way towards
explaining the cultural parochialism of Queensland"
"To these must be added the policy decision of successive
Queensland governments:

   Those governments have
   employed all the authority
   they could muster to try to
   sustain a family-oriented
   conservatism and to insulate
   Queenslanders from the trendy,
   permissive morality of
   mainland southern states"
"Senior members of National-dominated governments have been
elderly men from rural constituencies, almost invariably
steeped in provincial moralism. Sir Johannes Bjelke-Petersen,
in particular, is an authoritarian rural populist who
identifies the wishes of `the people' with the prevailing ethos
in the Nationals' rural strongholds. Those who conduct the
affairs of the state in Queensland, and especially the
inordinately influential Premier, are bent upon containing the
threats to Queensland's familial moral purity posed by urban,
southern-based permissiveness. Use of the state apparatuses in
enforcing their brand of rural morality is validated not merely
by insisting upon the harm which permissiveness causes to
traditional, family life but also by reference to the tenets of
religious fundamentalism, and by a populist appeal to the
attitudes of `the people' (which is to say some people) or to
what they like to call `community standards'"
"The State Enforcement of Sexual Morality  

   Nowhere is the Queensland
   Government's selective use
   of state intervention to
   buttress a conservative social
   and moral order more evident
   than in the areas of sexual
   morality canvassed in the
   rest of this paper - abortion,
   AIDS, contraception, child sex,
   the gay movement, pornography, 
   prostitution"
"It would require a book-length study to document fully the
systematic and persistent character of the sexual
authoritarianism practised by Queensland administrations even
over the last decade. All that it is possible to do here is to
point to the implications of this sexual repression by looking
at one or two of its more overt and worrying manifestations in
each of the areas of sexual morality just mentioned"
"Abortion  

   Abortion is seen by moral conservatives with deep religious
convictions as being against the will of God (being `murder' of
the unborn soul), as undercutting the procreative rationale of
sexual intercourse and as interfering with the customary
authority of the father. Abortion has been and continues to be
of great concern to religiously inclined adherents of the Moral
Right. For them the state is duty bound to enforce religious
precepts by intervening in family life so as to protect the
`unborn child', encourage procreation and ensure the integrity
of the family. There is a confluence between Catholic belief
and fundamentalist Protestantism on this issue. In Queensland
the Right to Life Association has for some time been extremely
active in petitioning the Queensland Government to legislate
against abortion and to close down existing abortion clinics"
"A recent notorious instance of the Queensland Government's
sexual authoritarianism was the police raiding of fertility-
control clinics in Brisbane and Townsville in May, 1985. During
the raid on the clinic in the Brisbane suburb of Greenslopes
(operated by Dr. Peter Bayliss) the police forcibly seized
20,000 patient records. In a subsequent District Court case Dr"
"Peter Bayliss and Dr. Dawn Cullen were charged by the Crown
with unlawfully procuring an abortion and Dr. Bayliss was charged
with having caused grievous bodily harm. Both were acquitted on
all charges"
"These raids and the ensuing court case illustrate well how
far the Queensland Government is prepared to go in its efforts
to try to uphold an oppressive sexual morality. The raids were
the culmination of a concerted political campaign going back at
least six years. During the period of the National-Liberal
coalition (some of whose members were also members of the Right to
Life Association) there had been an attempt to bring down
legislation which would have made an abortion even more difficult
to obtain in Queensland and which proposed severe penalties for
offending women and doctors."
"Cultures in conflict  

Charles Sturt, the first European to see the tribesmen of the Cooper, found
them an attractive people: `The men of this tribe were, without exception,
the finest I had seen on the Australian continent ... a well-made race.'
This opinion was repeated by both Alfred Howitt and John McKinlay of the
Burke and Wills relief expeditions, who commented favourably on their physical
appearance, apparent health and physical prowess, Sturt also admired their
temperament, commenting that they were in his opinion `naturally a mild
and inoffensive people', although remarkably brave when faced with exotic
beasts and strange men. Wills however thought them `easily frightened, and,
although fine-looking men, decidedly not of warlike disposition ... They appear
to be meanspirited and contemptible in every respect'. However, returned
from the journey to the Gulf, starving and ill, Wills could refer to them
as `our friends the blacks', and gratefully accept the shelter, food and
friendship they offered. Howitt rewarded the Cooper people for their kindness
to King and left the Cooper confident that he had ensured a friendly reception
for any future white travellers in the region"
"As inhabitants of an environment possessing resources adequate for their
own use but rarely allowing abundance over a long period, the Aborigines
had shown themselves willing to extend limited hospitality to small parties
of strangers passing through their country. Settlers, however, building
huts on the best campsites and herding cattle over their hunting range,
were recognized as intruders who threatened the finely balanced existence
of the local people. Once the initial awe abated and the white man was seen
to be a vulnerable human being, attempts were made to eject him"
"There was only one organized attempt to resist the alienation of the Cooper
tribal territories. In April 1867 the Sub-Protector of Aborigines in the
Far North, John Buttfield, reported to the South Australian Aborigines'
Office:
  
  I have the honor to inform you that having accompanied Sergeant
  Wauchop and eight Troopers to Lake Hope, Kopperamana, Killalpaninna and
  Lake Gregory I am now on my way south to Headquarters. The Natives that had
  collected in large numbers at Perigundi, including the Deerea [Dieri],
  Koonaree, Ominee [Ngameni] Yarrawarraka [Yauraworka], Cuddibirie,
  Yandrawandra [Yantruwanta] and Pilladappa tribes have dispersed. It appeared
  from information I gathered that an unusually large concourse assembled
  at Perigundi - had a very grand Corroboree in the month of March and then
  there devised a plan for exterminating the whole of the Settlers as far
  south as Blanchewater. It was their intention to murder the Missionaries
  first of all. The timely and unexpected arrival of three Police Troopers
  from Lake Hope prevented the execution of their diabolical intention"
"Anthropologists have suggested that sorcery was possibly the means intended
to be used to expel the settlers, but in fact the Mission Station was in
a state of physical siege by the end of march. The list of tribes given
by Buttfield suggests that the people who had seen most of the white man
on the Cooper - those in the Innamincka region - recognized him as a threat
to their lands and lent at least moral support to the resistance movement"
Individuals met with local resistance to their settlement along the river
"John Conrick, left alone at Goonbabinna for two months, was aware that he
was in some danger and slept armed, with his dogs guarding the door of his
hut. The Cooper people watched from a distance as he weeded and watered
his vegetable garden, milked his cows, and rode with his dogs among the
cattle. As the days went by and no other white man appeared, they resolved
to rid themselves of the intruder"
"One morning, just before first light, about two hundred of the Wongkumara
people surrounded the hut. Conrick wrote later:
  
  Suddenly my dogs charged out and attacked something which I at first thought
  was a dingo, but when it yelled I knew at once that it was a blackfellow
  and that an attack had been planned. I looked at my two revolvers, which
  were always in the belt around my waist day and night, and then hurriedly
  inspected the gun and rifle and found all the weapons ready"
"Meanwhile the nigger who had been seized by the dogs was having a bad
  time, and I determined to save his life, although I knew he was after mine"
"I put my head out cautiously and whistled the dogs off ... the blackfellow
  ... was badly bitten and torn, but I saw that he would recover ... I made
  him understand that I did not intend to kill him and that if he crawled
  to an old wurley about 400 yards away his friends would find him ."
"That night the whole story travelled far, and it was known that I had
  savage dogs and that I had spared the life of the man who had gone to kill
  me. I never again had any trouble with the blacks, and could do almost 
  anything with them .."
"While this is the only detailed account of such an encounter remaining,
there were probably other similar occurrences; the possibility is implicit
in the comments of an unidentified Cooper pioneer who in 1878 wrote to a
friend, refering to the Aborigines:

  They are very harmless fellows when kept in their place, but treacherous
  if too well treated; they have a great respect for me, the reason of which
  is that I keep a good supply of physic such as Holloway's pills and ointment,
  pain-killer, chlorodyne, salts, etc., and never go about without a revolver
  in my belt - just that they may see it"
"On the whole the Aboriginal inhabitants allowed themselves to be dispossessed
of their waterholes and hunting grounds with no more than token protest"
"As Conrick found, a show of strength won their respect and, while the white
man remained for many years wary of the Aborigines along the Cooper, there
were only isolated examples of confrontation"
"The differences between the two cultures were most easily comprehended
at the superficial level. In 1881 an observer at Elder's Perricherrie Station
on the Cooper described the Aborigines:

  They are even too lazy to get food, although they occasionally go out
  on hunting expeditions. They are disgusting and beastly filthy in their
  habits. Cleanliness is studiously avoided even in their eating, sand,
  charcoal and ashes all helping to fill up. They also eat fleas and lice,
  with which they abound. Their ceremonies - making wind, rain, rats, etc.,
  are simply orgies for the display of disgusting vices. Their corroborees,
  too, are mostly a combination of obscene expressions. There is not one
  redeeming trait in their character, and it is only fear of the whites
  which keeps them in subjection .."
"These were the attitudes of the white population generally and not confined
to the settlers around Cooper Creek. There was no understanding on the
white man's part of the culture of the people - worse, there was no awareness
of its existence. The visible manifestations of his complex and intensely
satisfying spiritual life were dismissed as loathesome superstition, his
social customs as incomprehensible oddities, his nakedness and his dances
labelled obscene. His inability to care adequately for the clothes the white
man insisted that he wear resulted in a litter of filthy rags which further
prejudiced the white community against him"
"There was however an even deeper gulf between the cultures which was
then, as now, the least understood of all the many differences between
the races. This was the concept of land ownership"
"To the Aborigine, the idea that a man could own the earth from which he
came was unthinkable. Man was an integral part of the land, from which his
spirit emanated and to which it returned, so that man could no more be
separated from his country than the rocks and earth which formed its physical
being. The spiritual bond between land and man gave him the right to range
over his country at will during his lifetime, the benefits of its
fruitfulness, and a resting place for his soul after his death. Land and
Man were one, in perpetuity"
"In European eyes, land is a commodity to be owned or traded as circumstances
dictate; that ownership precludes the free movement of others over the land,
and the products of that land become the sole property of the owner. The
two philosophies are totally incompatible, and it was the mutual inability
to understand that any viewpoint other than one's own existed that caused
the most anger and bewilderment on both sides. The Aborigines did not recognize
that the building of a hut and the introduction of strange animals could
prevent them from ranging freely over their own country; the white man could
not understand why the Aborigine persistently trespassed on private property
and speared animals which did not belong to him"
"Nevertheless, although the presence of the white man disrupted the
Aborigine's way of life and required him to adapt his material culture to
fit the new circumstances, it in no way altered his philosophy. He remained
confidently at one with his country, knowing his true place in the cosmos
and continuing the ceremonies which he believed maintained that cosmos until
well into the twentieth century. The friction which arose between the races
was not therefore over land ownership - both races being equally secure
on that point - but over the use of the land"
"An example of the conflict caused by restrictions on Aboriginal freedom
of movement occurred in the early days on Haddon Downs. Haddon was situated
on the traditional route between the Cooper and the pituri country of western
Queensland, along which passed a heavy traffic with parties of men
loaded down with blankets and clothing to barter for pituri. Overseer John
Howe claimed to have had trouble with the Aborigines in the early days when
the station was first occupied, and interference with this important
traditional trade was probably the cause"
"The wanderings of the Aborigines were usually accepted as an unavoidable
evil by the settlers, but their presence near water needed for stock was
undesirable. Everywhere, the Aborigine was driven away in dry seasons from
the good waterholes to make room for the cattle, and if he returned he was
harassed, somtimes shot at, and moved on again until the lesson was learned"
"Having accepted the white man, however reluctantly, as a permanent fact
of life, the Aborigines made the best of things. For the white man's tomahawk,
cast-off clothes, kerosene tins and tobacco they acted as guides through
the country they knew so intimately; for rations and a little money to exchange
for clay pipes, moleskin trousers and bright bandanas they learned to ride
the horses which had so terrified their fathers, and became shepherds and
stockmen among the beasts which had ousted them from their waterholes. They
exchanged the freedom to wander for a wide-brimmed hat, the hurly-burly
of the muster and a permanent camp near the homestead with a regular supply
of beef offal. The men made themselves indispensable to the settlers with
their seemingly instinctive skill with horses, intimate knowledge of the
seasons and the waters, and ability to track straying stock and lost white
men over difficult terrain"
"The stations remained predominantly male communities, so Aboriginal women
too had their uses; if this was ever the cause of conflict between the races,
no record remains even in local folklore. When white women did come, like
Mrs Colless on Innamincka and Mrs Burkitt on Tinga Tingana in the 1870s,
a few Aboriginal women could be trained to housework. Aboriginal women were
also used as messengers, carrying papers and goods to the construction camps
on Cordillo Downs, and carrying the mail from Cordillo to Haddon Downs"
They also worked as shepherds and at the woolscours at shearing time
"One settler was grateful for the Aboriginal women's ability to forage:

  I am not altogether without vegetable food, as I get the blacks to bring
  me a lot of `yougher', a small root about the size of a large pea, which
  has the appearance of a small onion, with a taste, when cooked, between
  a raw potato and a dried pea"
""
"Thursday August 7 THE PERSISTENT PROBLEM OF GUILT PRAY  
Lord Jesus, challenge my assumptions and let me see new things in
       your word today"
"READ  
Leviticus 5:14 - 6:7"
"THINK  
Imagine three Israelites in Moses' day. One knows he cheated someone"
"Another rashly made a promise but did not fulfil it. A third feels out of
fellowship with God, but cannot remember disobeying him. What should each
one do? How can their broken fellowship be restored?
  In each case, the Law says: Bring a ram as a guilt (compensation) offering
to the Lord. In the first two instances the worshipper must make restitution
with interest"
"This ram offering teaches two important lessons. First, it takes seriously
the uneasy conscience that cannot find specific cause for its restlessness,
and provides a means by which the worshippers may know that atonement has
been made. What does Hebrews 9:14 suggest as the way to deal with an uneasy
conscience?

Thank God today that Jesus' blood cleanses from ALL sin - not just conscious
sin"
"Second, it underlines the fact that sin has both a social and a spiritual
dimension. Even defrauding a neighbour (6:2-5) is seen as ""unfaithfulness
to the Lord"". Before the worshippers may offer the ram and be declared
forgiven, they must put right the wrong done by giving compensation to the
wronged person"
"Jesus also taught (Matthew 5:23-24) that we should not come to God in
worship without first being reconciled with others"
"ACTION  
Is there anyone today to whom you should make restitution, or with
whom you need to be reconciled? Ask God for a humble spirit. Make a telephone
call, write a letter, or visit the person, to put things right"
"MEDITATE  
Focus on Jesus, the 'Suffering Servant' as our guilt offering (Isaiah
53:10)"
""
"I'll fight Govt, vows resident  

AN ENVIRONMENTAL report on the Casuarina reserve destined to become a prison
should be released, says a man who lives 50 metres from the reserve"
"Mr Jim Elliot has called on the State Government to release a report
prepared by the Environmental  Protection Authority for the former Minister
for Environment, Mr Ron Davies, last August"
"""Local residents have a right to know all the details,"" Mr Elliot said"
"The decision to build the prison on the conservation reserve went ahead
though the EPA advised against it.  The site was studied by the EPA under
its System-Six report"
"EPA chairman Barry Carbon said that the former Minister was advised last
year that it would be inappropriate to develop the Casuarina site"
But the Government says it will go ahead with the project
"It will set aside $100,000 to buy other land as compensation, and has
designated that the department of Conservation and Land Management manage
the buffer zone around the 30-hectare prison"
"The plans have made Mr Elliot (33) of Orton Road, ""hopping mad"" and he
says he will fight to stop the Government ""desecrating"" the site"
"He has written a five-page letter to the Kwinana Town Council asking for
a public referendum on the issue and he is also organising a petition"
"Mr Elliot wants the Minister for Prisons, Mr Berinson, to outline why
Casuarina was chosen as the site"
"Mr Ian Fraser, president of the Kwinana Rural Ratepayers and the Residents'
Association, said the disbelief he felt when the prison was announced had
since turned to anger."
"`Battle wagon' arrives From Neil Evans in Sydney  

 The ""Mighty Mo"" - the USS Missouri - sailed into Sydney Harbor today
accompanied by hordes of vessels celebrating its arrival"
"As the 45,000 tonne warship sailed through the Heads and towards its
mooring place, smaller boats greatly outnumbering protest boats, hovered
around it"
"The Missouri reached the dock shortly after 8.30am amid little incident
from some anti-nuclear protesters who had gathered on the harbor to
demonstrate against its arrival"
"The ship is here for the Royal Australian Navy's 75th birthday celebrations
along with 40 other naval ships from seven countries"
"A spokesman on board the Missouri said:  ""It was a dream come true"" to
bring the historic warship Down Under"
"Four tugs met the Missouri at the Heads before accompanying her safely
to its mooring.  The port emergency tug led the warship up the harbor 
with all her fire hoses at work"
""
"Gladiator By Ian Beck  

There was no blood-gutter on the sword and when I drove it through him the
blood sprayed out like the dye in one of the exploding bladders the clowns used,
and lifted him a good two feet off the ground. He flapped around like a landed 
fish and hosed the wall under the sponsor's dais, and picked up his net and 
draped it over him to milk a few extra laughs, and chased the donkey boys when 
they tried to take him out"
"He'd caught me with the butt end of the spear in that last panic-rush of his,
and walking back to the armoury I felt the way you feel when you dive deep -
really deep - and the surface is a long way off. For a moment I was a kid again,
moving up through shafts of green light with a bag of abalone on my wrist and
the shadow of the boat above, at the furthest full-stretch limit of my breath"
"The Greek was waiting for me under the armoury gate. They called him the 
Greek because he dressed like a priestess, but he was really a German with one 
of those tangled surnames that pop the spit from your mouth when you try to 
pronounce them"
"""They'll be selling gold statues of you in Rome by the end of the month, he 
said"
"I brushed past him and sat on the big two-sided bench that ran the length of 
the room. It was cool and dark and as close to a sanctuary as I was ever going 
to get"
"""They won't see stuff like that in the provinces again.""
  ""Whose idea was it to sand the arena?"" I said"
"""It needed it.""
  ""You almost got me killed.""
  They'd brought in beach sand from somewhere and hadn't washed it properly. 
Moving around on it was like trying to slide on flypaper"
"""You did alright,"" the Greek said. ""You really showed them something.""
  ""Get me a bucket.""
  He picked up a leather bucket and held it under my chin, and I threw up a 
load of blood-coloured oatmeal. The pressure in my head was so bad I thought 
my eyeballs were going to pop"
"""Did he stick you, Dysus?""
  ""He didn't get near me,"" I said"
"""You get yourself some steam and a massage. You've been working hard.""
  ""I'm quitting, Kurt.""
  There was a roar from the arena - a truncated outburst that broke into jeers 
and clapping, like a fountain splashing onto stone when the pressure turned 
off. I could picture what had happened: someone had rolled out from under a 
spear or net"
"""That's it.""
  ""Listen ... we'll talk about this later. At the moment you're like a drunk 
with a hangover. Get yourself some steam...""
  He gave me his dirty-mouth leer - that lousy sweets-for-the-good-little-
children grin. I had wiped it off his face a couple of times in the past, but 
always came back"
"""Listen, Dysus,"" he said, ""How many toothpicks have you got now? Three isn't 
it?"" Toothpicks were the small ornamental swords they gave you after your 
twentieth combat"
"""You'll have four more before you quit - two more than the Cypriot. I can
guarantee it. You're good. I know it - they know it.""
  I looked at him. I could put a finger through his eye - right up there until
the threads and the eye reversed itself in its socket"
"""Alright,"" he said, ""alright. We'll discuss it properly tomorrow.""
  I tossed my wristbands at his feet and headed for the pool. The water was
steaming and the wood panelling gave off the smell of a pine forest after
rain. I rinsed the shreds of vomit from my mouth and washed my hair. The
pads of my fingers were so rough they could scrub sandstone, and the fingers
had stiffened and calcified. When I folded them into fists arthritic twinges
shot through the joints"
"It was time to get out - before the night sweats came and I started looking
for an opponent's moves on the tip of the spear instead of deep down in the
ultimate focus of the eye, where the thrusts show a fraction of a second
before they're made. At times now the hilt of a sword felt awkward in my
hand, and a dirty little undercurrent of fear had begun to show in some of
my moves"
"Money was no problem. I had the house and the vineyard and 10,000 a year
from the lumber yard my father had left me, so I'd get by. I would not end
up like Delius - as a masseur and stud for the capital's divorcees - or the
Cypriot, murdered in his sleep in a night shelter for alcoholics. I could
live comfortably on my own land and hunt with the local gentry"
"But there was something else, apart from the money - something I couldn't
focus on properly. I did not feel it in my heart. In most people the heart
is the exact size and hardness of a walnut. But I felt it just the same. It
was like I had lost something valuable in a vault full of my own money"
"I dozed until the water turned cold, and dried myself in front of the fire"
"I needed a drink and a woman with fresh sheets on her bed and that kittenish
manner the Roman whores have. A few drinks would kill the played-out
feeling. Afterwards there would be a kind of release, and maybe - if I woke
without a hangover and the morning was fresh - the certainty that things
had really changed"
"It was dark by the time I left, and the streets were empty. I had never been
in a town, even a garrison town, as scared as that one. The doors and
windows at street level were barred and the lights in the houses glowed in
back rooms, as though the owners were gambling there. The circus had
frightened them, and the streets had been stripped of anything likely to
attract a mob"
"I walked past rows of identical houses and into a square where a restaurant
lit three storeys and sent a downpour of conversation into the street. The
downstairs section was crowded and smelled of mutton and the cheap
drunkard's wine they sold by the hogshead, but the voices and the whores'
phony laughter were better than the deadness outside"
"Somebody called to me but I ignored them and moved up the stairs to the
roof. There were banquet-sized tables in the kind of arrangement you see at
conventions, and smaller tables for couples and the old people who eat
alone"
"A group of ten or twelve men were sitting at one of the tables and talking
about something in low voices. I couldn't make out what they were saying,
but judging by their expressions it was either politics or money"
I sat at a table bleached by spilled wine and waved the waiter over
"""You did well today,"" he said, as he filled the cup"
"""Put some water in that, I said"
"""Certainly."" He was a weak-looking kid, but with the sort of confidence that
comes with money. His father owned the place"
"""I saw you fighting,"" he said"
"""You made some money then.""
  ""No. I was betting on the other fellow.""
  ""So was I,"" I said"
"He laughed and put the jug on the table. ""With the manager's compliments,
he said"
"I drained the cup and glanced back at the big table. The man at the
centre of the group had plaited hair and the eyes of someone used to the
glare of water. A fisherman probably, or a bargee. Despite the desert
suntans they looked the way any group of Romans look when they're talking
among themselves - like a street gang plotting a revenge killing"
"The waiter had brought oil for the bread and I dipped a finger into it and
dabbed some onto my eyelid. There is a kind of webbing over my right eye
where the flesh has melted. I got it in a fight in an army canteen when
somebody threw boiling fat at the fellow behind me. But I see alright"
"I took a good long drink and pulled up the collar of my jacket against a
draught. It hit me then, worse than the Turk had hit me. I had put pressure
on the bruise or a nerve end, and the effect was the same as one of those
minor taps that can knock you cold"
"I threw up again, and this time it was as though somebody was dragging my
stomach lining out on the end of a line. I started grunting, and each time
a half-cupful of blood splashed onto the tiles and tightened my throat
another notch. This is it, I thought, this is how it ends, and isn't it the
way you knew it would be - a dirty embarrassment that leaves you with about
as much dignity as a derelict with his pants full"
"Then the rending feeling eased and my throat opened up, and I could breathe
again"
The man from the banquet table was standing in front of me
"""Can you see me properly?"" he said"
"""Yes,"" I said"
"""Your eyes are red. You've burst some blood vessels.""
  I took a deep breath. I felt better. I felt as though I had broken through
something"
"""Keep your head down,"" he said"
"""Go to hell,"" I said"
He crouched beside me and dabbed at the pool of blood with a finger
"""He's alright,"" somebody at the big table said. ""It's too light-coloured for
arterial blood. He's just vomiting wine.""
  ""You need a doctor,"" the man said. He said it as though we had both agreed
that was the best and most reasonable thing to do"
"""Get back to your friends,"" I said. ""I don't need your help.""
  ""You ought to be more polite, friend,"" a voice behind me said"
"A man with a weightlifter's build and the smile of someone who genuinely
likes to fight had moved up to the table. I smiled back and shook my left
arm to bring the leather worker's knife down my sleeve"
"""It's alright, Peter,"" the man said. And then, to me: ""Your pupils aren't
focusing properly.""
  ""I'm alright,"" I said"
"""Rest for a while.""
  He moved back to the table and I pressed my hands against my eyes and
watched a collection of red sparks jump and cartwheel. I felt light-headed
but clear in my head, as though I had been on a fast. The sparks turned to
points of residual light and I pushed my chair away and glanced back at the
banquet table"
"The fisherman was tearing up a loaf of flat bread and passing the pieces
around. The shreds looked like pieces of speckled flesh. For a moment I
thought of taking my wine across and leaving it with them, but the business
with the bread had a ritualistic quality that sealed them all in their own
special place. The idea of joining them was one of those infantile impulses
you get sometimes - like wanting to romance a whore. The sentiment was
laughable, and I grunted in disgust and rose from the table"
"On the way downstairs there was some kind of commotion behind me, and I
turned with the floor at eye level and saw that the group had broken up into
squabbling cliques. They were yelling at each other and sticking out chins
and thumping the wood hard enough to bounce the plates. The fisherman was
the only one who was still calm. He was looking at the dried blood on his
fingers and smiling in a smug kind of way, as though he'd just worked out
how to pay back an enemy"
"So you're a Roman after all, I thought. Another gentleman-savage - the kind
who gets all shivery when some kid screams at a spear thrust"
""
"Brian White Dear Admiral, in reply to your SOS  

  THE Kerry Packer station 3AK again performed disastrously in the latest
radio ratings"
""
"Benzotriazoles as energetic materials 1.   INTRODUCTION  

  Polynitrodiphenylamines are sought as new dense energetic materials, and
for structure/property correlations, as part of an explosives synthesis
programme.  Derivatives substituted with not more than three nitro groups
in one aromatic ring are readily prepared by direct nitration and/or coupling
reactions.  However, more highly nitrated compounds are not accessible by
these routes, due to the deactivating effect of nitro substituents and the
lability of nitro groups flanked by two adjacent nitro groups"
"The strategem which has been used to synthesise highly nitrated aromatics
involves mixed acid nitration of a suitable nitroaniline, often prepared
by selective reduction of a polynitroaromatic, cleavage of the nitramine
using sulphuric acid in anisole to produce a polynitroaniline which is finally
oxidised using peroxydisulphuric acid (scheme 1).  Compounds prepared by
this route include hexanitrobenzene (HNE) (1) [1], pentanitrotoluene (PNT)
(2) [2] and decanitrobiphenyl (DNBP) (3) [3].  This method was extended
to the synthesis of other highly nitrated polynitroaromatics, and to
investigate similar reactions using diphenylamines.  However, attempts at
nitration of these diphenylamines led unexpectedly to benzotriazoles.  This
report describes the synthesis of several of these compounds and a preliminary
examination of their explosive properties"
"2.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.1  Synthesis of Materials  

  2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) (4) can be selectively reduced with hydrogen
sulphide in dioxan to give 4-amino-2, 6-dinitrotoluene (5) [4] or by using
iron powder in acetic acid to give 2-amino-4, 6-dinitrotoluene (6) [2]"
"Hydrogen sulphide reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrodiphenylamine (7), chosen as
a model compound to develop the procedure and prepared conveniently by the
reaction of aniline with picryl chloride [5], failed to yield a recoverable
product but reduction using iron powder in acetic acid [6] gave 2-amino-4,
6-dinitrodiphenylamine (8) in good yield"
"Mixed acid nitration of (8) gave only highly coloured solutions from which
no product could be isolated.  However dissolution of (8) in acetic acid
followed by treatment with 100% nitric acid gave a yellow solid, which was
shown spectroscopically not to possess any amino groups.  The 1H n.m.r"
"spectrum in d6-DMSO displayed only two meta coupled doublets, each
one proton, at     9.51 and 9.07 (J ~ 2Hz) and a five proton singlet at
   7.61.  The same material was also obtained on treatment of an acetic
acid solution of (8) with sodium nitrite, and the compound was identified
as 1-phenyl-5, 7- dinitrobenzotriazole (9)"
"The formation of (9) by treatment of (8) with sodium nitrite is readily
understood in terms of dehydration of an intermediate nitrosamine (10),
or cyclisation of the diazonium cation (11) followed by deprotonation. 
Formation of (9) by action of nitric acid on (8) might result from reaction
of oxides of nitrogen present in the nitric acid, or by deoxygenation of
the 2-N-oxide (13) formed conceptually by dehydration of the nitramine (12)"
"It should be noted that while benzotriazole-1-oxides [7] have been described
benzotriazole-2-oxides appear to be unknown"
"Treatment of (8) with hot nitric acid gave a 1:2 mixture of (9) and
1-(4'-nitrophenyl)-5, 7-dinitrobenzotriazole (14).  A mixture of the same
products was also obtained on treatment of (8) with nitronium tetraflouroborate
in sulpholane, either at ambient temperature or at 110deg;C.  These latter
conditions are less likely to favour the presence of oxides of nitrogen,
perhaps giving greater support to the intermediacy of such species as (12)
and (13)"
"Dissolution of (9) in 54% nitric acid and heating under reflux failed
to give the expected nitration to (14), and the starting material was reclaimed
in quantitative yield.  This suggests that the formation of (14) on nitration
of (8) resulted from competitive nitration of the phenyl ring in (8) followed
by cyclisation.  However more vigorous reaction conditions led to smooth
and selective nitration of (9) in excellent yield.  Nitration in 70% nitric
acid under reflux gave (14), nitration using 100% nitric acid gave 
1-(2',4'-dinitrophenyl)-5, 7-dinitrobenzotriazole (15), while mixed acid
nitration gave 1-(2',4',6',-trinitrophenyl)-5, 7-dinitrobenzotriazole
(16).  In each case the structure was assigned on the basis of i.r. (no
NH absorption) and 1H n.m.r. spectra (presented in Table 1).  While
different nitrating mechanisms are suggested (by product characterisation)
for 100% HNO3 in AcOH and hot 54% HNO3, investigations as to the
nitrating species present were beyond the scope of this study"
"Coburn prepared (16) [8] (which he named BTX and proposed as a thermally
stable explosive suitable for use in exploding bridgewire detonators [9])
by mixed acid nitration of the benzotriazole (17).  We obtained the same
product on mixed acid nitration of the amine (18).  Among other compounds,
Coburn also prepared the isomers (22) and (25) from 3,5- and
4,5-dinitro-o-phenylenediamine (19) and (23) respectively [8].  We have
now prepared (22) via the amine (21), and (25) by the action of sodium nitrite 
on an acetic acid suspension of (26).  The structures of (22) and (25) followed
from l.r. and 1H n.m.r. spectra (given in Table 1)"
"2.2  Assessment of Explosive Performance 2.2.1  Density  

  The densities of the benzotriazoles (9), (14), (15), (16), (17), (22)
and (25) were measured using a gas comparison pychnometer and are presented
in Table 2 together with the values estimated using Stine's procedure [10]"
"The latter is a simple empirical group additivity method which does not
differentiate between isomers, nor does it take into consideration molecular
shapes and steric interactions.  Thus while the density measured for (9)
is in excellent agreement with the calculated value, the more highly nitrated
marerials (15) and (16) are somewhat less dense than predicted.  These lower
densities presumably result from reduced coplanarity of the phenyl and
benzotriazole ring systems arising from steric interaction between the
proximate nitro substituents at the 2' - and 6' - and 7-positions respectively"
"There are no such interactions in (17) and (22) and the observed densities
are very close to the predicted values.  Additionally interaction between
the adjacent nitro groups of (25) force them out of the plane of the
benzotriazole ring, and the density is lower than expected"
"2.2.2  Thermal Properties  

  The benzotriazoles (9), (14), (15), (16), (17) and (25) all melted sharply,
with no sign of decomposition, at temperatures between 150° and 
260°. The benzotriazole (22) did not melt below 260°"
"The thermal analysis results obtained by DSC are shown in Table 3.  Except
in the case of (22), the first event observed was melting, with no sign
of decomposition, with the fusion endotherm in the range 6-10 kcal 
mole-1.  Although the phenyl compound (9) showed no sign of exothermic
reaction, compounds (14), (15) and (16) exhibited an exotherm following
the fusion endotherm.  The magnitude of the exotherm increased, as might
be expected, with the degree of nitration.  These results suggest that while
certainly (16) and probably (15) may be sufficiently energetic to be useful
as explosives, compounds (9) and possibly (14) are unlikely to be satisfactory"
"The isomeric (25) also showed a melting endotherm and a large exotherm,
while (22) showed no sign of melting and a slightly smaller exotherm"
"Interestingly, 1-picryl benzotriazole (17) showed a much larger exotherm
than either (14) or (15), suggesting that the picryl group contributes more
energy to the molecule than does the dinitrobenzotriazole moiety.   

  The benzotriazoles were also examined using the ERDE temperature of ignition
test, in which 50 mg unconfined samples are heated at 5°C min-1 in
a test tube.  The temperature of ignition is that at which the sample ignites
or (more usually) explodes [11].  While the picryl derivatives (16), (17),
(22) and (25) ignited to explosion during this test, the others simply sublimed
and charred"
"2.2.3  Explosive Properties  

    The velocity of detonation and detonation pressure for each of the
benzotriazoles (Table 4) were estimated using the empirical method of Rothstein
and Peterson [12].  This simple method has the advantage that the detonation
parameters are derived solely from molecular formulae and structures, and
requires no knowledge of physical, chemical or thermochemical properties"
It is consequently unable to distinguish between isomers
"The impact sensitivity of the benzotriazoles (9), (14), (15) and (16)
was measured using the Rotter Impact Test, which monitors the response of
30 milligrams of explosive placed in a metal cup to the impact of a 5 kg
weight dropped onto it.  A Figure of Insensitiveness (F of I) is obtained
by comparison of the 50% ""explosion"" height for the material with that for
a standard grade of RDX to which is assigned an F of I of 80 [11].  The
impact sensitivity of (22) was also measured, and although insufficient
of (17) and (25) was available for complete testing, ""screening"" tests were
carried out on these materials.  Results are presented in Table 4"
"The expected increase in the explosive output of the benzotriazoles
with the degree of nitration is again reflected in the calculated velocity
of detonation and detonation pressure.  The values in Table 4 would once
more suggest that while the picryl derivatives (16), (22) and (25) and probably
the 2,4-dinitrophenyl compound (15) are sufficiently energetic to be useful
explosives the less nitrated (9), and possibly (14) and (17), are not"
"The increase in predicted explosive output with the degree of nitration
is parallelled by an increase in the sensitivity to impact of the
benzotriazoles (9), (14), (15) and (16).  Thus 1-phenyl-5,
7-dinitrobenzotriazole (9) is virtually insensitive to impact, (14) and
(15) are progressively more sensitive, whereas 1-picryl-5,
7-dinitrobenzotriazole (16) shows impact sensitivity typical of intermediate
or primary explosives.  The 4,6-dinitro isomer (22) shows similar sensitivity,
and limited screening tests indicate that the 5,6-dinitro isomer (25) and
1-picrylbenzotriazole (17) do also.  It is apparent that the picryl group
contributes more to impact sensitivity than does nitration in the benzotriazole
ring, and it is probable that the ""trigger linkage"" [13] for impact initiation
is associated with the picryl group.  The relatively minor variation in
sensitivity between the isomeric compounds (16), (22) and (25) may be accounted
for in terms of steric interaction between the 7-nitro group and the picryl
function in (16) and between the adjacent 5-and 6-nitro groups in (25)"
"There is also an increase in the electrostatic sensitivity of the
benzotriazoles (9), (14), (15) and (16) with the degree of nitration, but
none of these compounds would be regarded as particularly sensitive to this
stimulus"
"3.  CONCLUSION  

   Variously nitrated 1-phenylbenzotriazoles have been examined as potential
energetic materials, with reference to their densities, thermal properties,
sensitiveness characteristics and explosive properties.  Densities and
calculated explosive properties (velocity of detonation and detonation
pressure) increase with the degree of nitration, as does the energy released
on thermal decomposition and sensitiveness to impact.  In the case of the
latter two properties, however, it is also clear that nitration of the phenyl
substituent to produce a picryl derivative has more effect than does nitration
in the benzotriazole ring, and it appears that the picryl group provides
the ""trigger linkage"" for impact initiation"
"4.  EXPERIMENTAL  

    Warning!  Many of the polynitro compounds described herein are potentially
powerful and sensitive explosives, and should be handled appropriately"
"1H n.m.r. spectra were recorded using a Varian EM360L nmr spectrometer
on solutions in d6-dimethylsulphoxide containing tetramethylsilane
as internal standard; data for most compounds is listed in Table 1.  Infrared
spectra were obtained using a Perkin Elmer 683 spectrophotometer using
potassium bromide discs.  Melting points were measured using a Reichert
Heizbank hot strip and are corrected"
"Densities were measured using a gas comparison pychometer (Systems Science
and Software Type G 102-28).  Each compound was subjected to thermal analysis
using a Perkin Elmer DSC-2 Differential Scanning Calorimeter fitted with
a Scanning Auto-Zero accessory and a Thermal Analysis Data Station.  All
samples (0.40 - 1.00 mg) were weighed accurately on a Mettler ME30 analytical
balance directly into aluminium sample pans, and lids were placed (not crimped)
over the samples.  The sample and reference compartments of the calorimeter
were purged continuously with nitrogen gas at 20-25 mL min-1 throughout
the DSC scans, which were carried out at a heating rate of 20 K min-1
over a temperature range 330 - 800 K.  The output was calibrated using samples
of indium (m.p. 429.8 K), tin (m.p. 505.1 K), lead (m.p. 600.7 K) and zinc
(m.p. 692.7 K). 

2,4,6-Trinitrodiphenylamine (7)"
This compound was prepared as an orange solid (72%) m.p. 180° (lit. m.p. 179-80°) by the method of Davis and Ashdown [5]
""
"Does God listen to prayer? The Rev. Peter Rice  

""All my life I never care what people thought about nothing I did, I say"
"But deep in my heart I care about God. What he is going to think. And come
to find out, he don't think. Just sit up there glorying in being deaf, I
reckon. But ain't easy, trying to do without God. Even if you know he ain't
there, trying to do without him is a strain.""

  THESE ARE the words of Celie, the heroine in Alice Walker's book The Color
Purple. But they could equally be the words of millions of people who, like
Celie, no longer pray to God. God just doesn't seem to hear the cries of
human suffering, so most people have stopped asking"
And that presents a dilemma
"On the one hand, on every Sunday, in every church, Christians pray for
God to act in this world to bring about an end to human suffering. And in
some churches it seems to work better than others - everything from backache
to ingrown toenails are healed at the drop of a ""Bless you Jesus"""
"And yet Christians around the world are in the vanguard of the peace movement
whose motivation is the real fear that, faith or not, four billion people
could be wiped out in a nuclear holocaust, ingrown toenails not withstanding"
""
"Rosa and Dolia By June Helmer  

European emigres of the 1920s, Dolia and Rosa Ribush had a profound influence 
on Australian theatre and the arts. June Helmer, who still regularly visits
Rosa, is fascinated by her memories.       

 Rosa  
I am in your green calm room with filtered winter sunshine you
talking listening absorbing weaving a pattern of thoughts as
you have woven the abstract carpet fragile flowered china heavy
furniture paintings into harmony bathed in winter sunshine"
"Calm descends deeply distance does not exist the night blots it
out there is sun here a light I shut my eyes and see close my
ears to the voice of the ocean and hear your
voice"
"Is it that only these lines will convey my thoughts to you?
When I was a little girl I believed if only I look hard enough
and long into the pool I would see through to the other side of
the world"
"Now I know that is true but the pool has grown and all my life
looks back at me"
I am grateful for the image of you
Here - in France - I am in your green calm room
Lina
"This was for Rosa Ribush from her friend Lina Bryans, written
in Cassis, July 1953"
"Rosa Ribush is the widow of Dolia Ribush. Her story is largely
the story of her friendships. She had a great capacity for
friendship with her enthusiasm, loyalty and irresistible
charm; her fine critical intellect, limitless compassion and
generosity"
"The following story is told of her courage, when, even as a
young girl, she stood up for a friend against terrifying odds"
"Rosa's school friend was crippled and could not walk. The
teacher, a cruel sadistic man, called her to the blackboard to
work out a mathematical problem. Non compliance meant a dreaded
black mark. It was Rosa who rose to explain that it was not
possible and insisted that the teacher dictate the problem so
that the girl could work it out at her desk. When it was
completed it was Rosa who returned the paper to the teacher. To
his thunderous question `who said you could do that?' Rosa
replied, `my conscience'. `No one else had dared to intervene"
"Dolia Ribush's story is one of two great talents - for
friendship and for theatre. A.A. Phillips, his close friend and
literary adviser wrote: 
  Both were based on the same qualities - simplicity of spirit, 
  wholeheartedness in action, sensitiveness of imagination and 
  exhilarating joy in life  ... he had the drive of unflinching 
  enthusiasm and the pull of a magnetic personality. It was these 
  two qualities allied to the inheritance of a great tradition, 
  which made Ribush potentially - I say potentially - the greatest 
  influence in the Australian theatre of our lifetime. The core of 
  his influence was his intense belief in the value of theatre and
  the intense thoroughness that sprang from that belief. He had
  been bred in the Russian tradition - in which art is loved,
  believed in, respected. It has an essential difference of view
  from the British tradition of theatre"
"Dolia and Rosa loved and really understood Australia as few
foreigners can. Dolia was a very bubbling person. But the
bubbles never had a livelier gleam than when he was yarning in
a country pub, or savouring the atmosphere of a Test match, or
appreciating the Australianness of We of the Never Never. And
because theatre was the passion of his life, he wanted to see
the richness which he found in Australian life translated into
a play. Such a play was Douglas Stewart's Ned Kelly and the
climax of Ribush's life was the production of that play in
1944. When he died suddenly in 1947 he was planning to produce
Vance Palmer's Hail Tomorrow"
"Together the Ribushes made an invaluable contribution to the
artistic life of Melbourne. Rosa reminisces:
  In the 1930s and 1940s our home was the centre of intense
  intellectual artistic and literary activity. Due to Dolia's
  lovable and irrepressible personality and his effervescence as
  a host everyone came to our home. It was `Open Sundays' like
  a Salon"
"The mingling of friends was marvellous. There were Russian
intellectuals like Aaron Patkin, Australian actors, writers,
publishers, playwrights, producers, lawyers; Irene Mitchell,
A.A. Phillips, Nettie and Vance Palmer; Frank Dalby Davison, Clem
and Nina Christeson, Betty Rowland, Jean Campbell, Brett
Randall, P.D. Phillips and many others; there were the Yiddish
writers Melech Ravich and Pinchas Goldhar; artists Lina
Bryans, Jock Frater, William Dargie and Norman MacGeorge;
musicians Jascha, Tossy and Issy Spivakovsky. There was Czech-
born Edouard Borovansky, `Boro' as he was affectionately
called, and dancers from the Russian ballet companies"
"Every Sunday afternoon began with a rehearsal of plays for
those who shared Dolia's passion for the theatre - always
Irene Mitchell and A.A. Phillips and many others"
"Rosa took no part in the Sunday rehearsals (except for special
occasions when she would be called on to use her linguistic
skill to shape a Russian text into a more flowing version)"
"Like a Chekhovian character she would lie in bed, propped up on
her large, Russian, lace-edged pillows, with a great pile of
books on one side and an inexhaustible supply of chocolate on
the other. She would rise after the rehearsal, when the other
guests would arrive. Looking marvellous, with eyes sparkling,
she was the perfect hostess, moving from room to room. She
would lead the conversation, let drop a word or two to
stimulate discussion or to provoke passionate argument"
"`Russian discussions' they were called, when everybody would
speak at once"
"There were also great parties; parties which were dramatic
productions in  themselves. There were parties with a theme:
a Turkish party; a night in Montmartre; a Persian party or a
gypsy party; each with the appropriate decor and costumes"
"Friends would bring friends and every famous name visiting
Melbourne went to Ribush parties. Dolia would cook and prepare
for two days: serving Russian delicacies and vodka that were
rare in those days. Entertainment was mainly talk and the
exchange of ideas but if the party did not last for two days
Dolia was very disappointed. Melbourne had never known such
parties - they added a new dimension to the social scene"
"Rosa and Dolia Ribush had arrived in Melbourne on Cup Day,
1928. For this Russian Jewish couple, educated in the European
tradition and steeped in Russian culture, it was a puzzling
introduction to their new country to find everything closed"
"Though Rosa had quite a good knowledge of English (Dolia spoke
none), she found it hard to comprehend a strange culture where
everything stopped for a horse race. Despite this, and their
almost penniless and friendless state, they managed to find a
`very cheap boarding house' and began their new life"
"Dolia was born and educated in the part of Russia which was to
become Latvia. He served as an officer in the Russian army in
Petrograd during World War 1. He saw performances of great
plays, he acquired a profound knowledge of Russian theatrical
tradition, the practice of the Moscow Art Theatre and
Stanislavsky's principles (although he did not attend the
Moscow Art Theatre). He had his first theatrical experience as
an actor and producer in Riga. Although his father approved of
his son's involvement in the theatre he insisted on a practical
trade in case of necessity and so Dolia learned the
confectionery business"
"Rosa was born in Libau, a Russian provincial town, also to
become Latvian. After completing her high school education,
her family moved to Petrograd where she attended the
University, studying history and philosophy. At the same time
she did compulsory work in the passports office and also
indulged her passion for Russian literature and theatre. Like
most young intellectuals of her time, Rosa was initially
sympathetic to the aims and ideals of the Revolution (although
her father was a Czarist) and she heard the Russian greats,
Trotsky, Lenin, Kerensky and Gorki"
"But life became very harsh in Petrograd; idealism turned to
terrorism and the family, with the help of an American uncle,
returned to Libau. With the uncle's financial assistance Rosa
then went to Berlin, where she lived within the Russian
community whilst studying languages at the Berlin university"
"She began to teach Russian and German and worked at an
antiquarian bookshop without salary because of her love for
fine books. In 1926 she returned to Libau where she and Dolia
were married"
"There was no future for them in Libau so they decided to
migrate to Australia. They left politics behind - what they
brought to Australia was a rich background of Russian culture"
"Dolia, with Rosa's help, began to make sweets (although Rosa
had no training in this field) but as soon as the business
began to prosper she turned to the teaching of Russian and
German. Dolia's aim was to make his chocolate factory
successful so that he would be free to devote more time and
money to the theatre"
"Dolia's involvement in theatrical entertainment began in 1932
when he participated, with others from the Russian community,
in an International Evening of Russian music and drama
arranged by Dr Aaron Patkin. Dolia produced, adapted and acted
in Russian sketches which were repeated the following month at
the Comedy Theatre as part of Blockheads in Love arranged for
the Institute of Pacific Relations"
"It was to take eight more years before he realised his ambition
to produce a major work. On 7 November 1936, his production of
Maxim Gorki's Lower Depths opened at the Garrick. It was a
revelation to Melbourne theatre goers - nothing like it had
been seen before. Arnold Haskell; the famous balletomane, who
was in Melbourne with the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo wrote:
  In Melbourne to my surprise - I went unwillingly - I saw the
  finest amateur performance of my life ... The play was an
  exceptionally difficult one - Gorki's Lower Depths - the
  producer Dolia Ribush ... His cast was drawn from every walk
  of life, and he bullied them and sweated them, after a long
  preliminary study of the play, until they behaved like Gorki's
  unfortunate Russians, looked like them, moved like them,
  reproducing every detail of the Moscow Arts Theatre production
  ... 
  Two years later, in November 1938, Dolia produced Chekhov's 
The Cherry Orchard. Nettie Palmer wrote in her diary:
  Rehearsals of The Cherry Orchard are nearing their end. The
  more I watch them the more my admiration for Dolia Ribush
  grows. He's not merely a producer he's a creator, keyed up in
  every nerve to bring something living out of a void ... Have
  I ever met anyone to whom Art means so much? His general
  methods may be Stanislavsky's but his delicacy and exuberance
  are his own ... everyone of these rehearsals (and they've
  lasted over a year now) has filled me with excitement, a sense
  of being enriched, a deeper belief in what Art can give to
  Life"
"`Dolia had the music of Russian plays always with him' is how
Irene Mitchell describes Dolia's productions"
"In 1942 Dolia was commissioned by the New Theatre to produce
Distant Point, a play of modern Russia by A. Afinogenev, to
celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Russian Revolution. The
cast was a good one, the production, in Dolia's hands,
extraordinarily fine. It was artistically a great success but
only the discriminating few enjoyed it and it was a financial
disaster for the New Theatre"
"Dolia then turned his enthusiasm to Australian drama, in
particular to the production of Douglas Stewart's Ned Kelly"
"A.A. Phillips had given him a copy of the play at midnight and
by 8.30 next morning he was telling A.A. Phillips `I must have
it'. He and Arthur Phillips worked on the play, and letter
after letter passed between them and the author to perfect it
for the stage. A week was spent with Stewart in Sydney revising
the play and after a visit by Dolia, Rosa and Irene Mitchell to
his home in the Blue Mountains, Norman Lindsay drew a complete 
set of stage designs, sets, costumes and characters."
"PATRIOTISM, THE CULT OF THE WINNER, AND PLAIN DEJA VU TOP GUN (PG)
Directed by Tony Scott. Starring Tom Cruise and Kelly McGillis. Lyceum **  

  THERE'S been a lot of hullabaloo surrounding this film, about its politics
and box office success. But Top Gun is really a familiar movie formula with
some expensive props - a squadron of $30 million planes"
"Lieutenant Pete Mitchell (Tom Cruise) is a navy pilot selected for the elite
fighter training course, known as Top Gun. The idea is to cream off the
best pilots and train them up to a wartime standard of dogfighting. They've
all got snappy call signs like Maverick (Cruise), Goose, Iceman and Viper"
"In the absence of a real enemy, the pilots turn on each other - in fierce
competition to see who will be the best of the best, the top Top Gun. And
Maverick is the most aggressive and cocky of them all, flying against the
ghost of his dead father's reputation. People spend a lot of time muttering
about how dangerous and talented he is - ""a wild card"""
"Cruise's love interest is a Pentagon astro-physicist, played by Kelly
McGillis. At first, she's more interested in his plane than his body. But
Maverick does a few quick manoeuvres, like the plucky little dog-fighter
he is, and the girl is his"
"Amid the roaring jets and the steamy love scenes, Top Gun is actually
a bit dull. The movie is entirely predictable, with a constant, vague sense
of deja vu, reminders of a dozen war and flying movies you've seen before"
"The plot consists of a few hiccups in a single-note story, with little
character or story development"
"Director Tony Scott captures some of the magic of flying as the planes
prepare to take off, in stylish, atmospheric sequences. But the dog-fights
themselves confused me, with jets zooming in all directions and the pilots
barking incomprehensible techno-babble and slang into their radios"
"Top Gun is really a hymn to the Cult of the Best, a glorification of
competition. Winning is all - ""there are no points for second place"". It's
like finding yourself in a meathead self-improvement lecture"
"The unquestioning patriotism is really incidental - fighting the Commies
just happens to be the way these guys are going to prove they're the best"
"The contrived ""incident"" with enemy planes is certainly offensive and
disturbing, but it's also pretty absurd, with faceless Soviet pilots in
black helmets"
"Top Gun is also a hymn to maleness. It inadvertently shows up how ridiculous
male courtship behaviour is, with lots of locker room strutting and posing"
"The movie takes any excuse to take off the actors' shirts, undo their jeans
and show off a bit of meaty pectoral or rock-hard abdomen"
"Cruise doesn't have much to do other than ripple his jaw muscles and grin
cockily. It's hard to care much about Maverick"
"Kelly McGillis has even less to do. What a shame to see the sultry,
compelling actress from Witness wasted as mere decoration. She spends most
of the movie bending her knees so that she's not taller than Cruise"
""
"PC killing charge: three remanded  

Three men charged with having murdered Constable Angela Taylor, 
and several other offences, were remanded in the City Court 
today until February 6"
"Craig William Minogue, 23, of Mooroolbark, his brother, Rodney, 
20, and Stanley Brian Taylor, 51, of Birchip, are each charged with 
having murdered Constable Taylor, two counts of attempted murder, 
conspiracy to commit criminal damage where people's lives were 
endangered, criminal damage and malicious damage by explosives"
"The Minogue brothers also are charged with the theft of a car 
and Taylor with the theft of two boxes of gelignite, explosives 
and detonators"
"Craig Minogue faces a further 60 charges relating to armed 
robberies, Rodney Minogue a further 14 and Taylor a further 50"
""
"Eighth Rhine leak in a month WALDSHUT, West German. -  

About 2.5 tonnes of a packaging chemical leaked from a factory into the
Rhine River yesterday"
It was the eighth reported industrial accident along the river in a month
"Officials said the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) leaked from the Lonza chemical
factory in Waldshut in extreme south-western West Germany when a worker
left a valve open"
"The spill was discovered when a resident noticed the Rhine turning shades
of green and white for a kilometre downstream from the plant"
"Mr Lorenz Fischer, a spokesman for the Baden-Wuerttemberg State Environment
Ministry in Stuttgart, said about 7 kg of the leaked substance had been in
concentrated form and ""relatively poisonous"""
"But he said it was unlikely to endanger fish and plant life because it
was lighter than water and would remain on the river's surface"
Waldshut sits on the Rhine where the river forms the Swiss border
"The town is about 60 km upstream from Basel, Switzerland, where a 30-tonne
spill of industrial chemicals on November 1 contaminated long stretches
of the Rhine downstream, mainly in West Germany"
""
"Guilt  By Laurie Clancy  

IT WAS Jim Ireland who introduced me to the group of lefties
with whom for a time during my adolescence I became involved"
"I met Jim in a pub in Parkville when I was about twenty-one and
a final year honours student at Melbourne University. Every
Friday night I drank with a group of school teachers at the
Mayfair hotel - since demolished, like most of the landmarks
in my life - and they used to pay for my drinks, for the
spaghetti we would eat at a little restaurant in Elizabeth
Street, and then for me to be admitted to the jazz clubs we'd
visit every Friday night, Frank Traynor, Graham Bell and so on"
"Most of them were jazz aficionados of a type that was common
in Melbourne in the fifties and sixties but which seems to have
died out since"
"Jim, though, was different from the others. For one thing he
was older. For another, he was not a chalky, though he had been
one briefly; that was how he had come to know the group. He
worked in his father's weighing-machine factory and used to
come into the saloon bar of the pub wearing oily worker's
overalls. I used to admire his obvious indifference to the
impact he made on the clientele. Apart from the teachers, most
of them wore suits, were from the executive side of the nearby
factories across the roundabout in North Melbourne, and were
clearly unused to drinking side by side with a man who might
well have been employed by them. But though the publican Maurie
used to sniff and try to ignore Jim's order if there were
anyone else about, he didn't have the nerve to kick Jim out"
"If he had, the teachers would have walked out too"
"He had been drinking there some months before I said more than
two or three sentences to him. Then one night, after I had
refused to join the others in our usual meal, pleading work,
I stayed on and drank with him instead till the pub closed and
then he drove me out to Clayton to a party at the flat of a
friend. I found out a lot about him that night, including the
fact that he was a member of the Communist Party, the first I
had ever met. Apparently his left-wing friends held parties
most Friday nights, alternating at different people's places"
"Although over the next two years I was to go to many of these
I remember that first night particularly well. Our host was a
genuine member of the working classes, a young mechanic whose
only passion in life apart from the revolution was automobiles"
"He had four or five of them, in various stages of
dismemberment, in his tiny front yard, and in his bath where
usually the bottles were stored with some ice at these parties,
was a car engine. I suspect that if I'd turned back the pillow
on his bed I would have discovered a differential underneath
it. When we arrived he was finishing a story to the dozen or
so guests who were there"
"""Anyway, just as I come round the corner, heading for the pole
I noticed this tow-truck on the other side of the road, next
to the ti-tree, the driver having a fag behind the wheel. We
must have not synchronized our watches properly. Too late to
stop. I go into the pole doing fifteen and it's turned out
perfect. The safety belts held, the front end was stove in and
the radiator busted"
"""The tow-truck driver has come over, a funny look on his face"
"`I've had pretty fast calls in my time,' he says, `but this is
the first time I've ever got to the scene before the accident.'
When we told him the whole story he laughed himself silly and
gave us the ten bucks anyway without telling the cops.""
  I watched them as they laughed. It was a strange group of
people, to me anyway. There was a left-wing medical student
from Monash. There was a conservationist, years ahead of his
time, whom everyone thought was a crank. He used to chase after
motorists on his motor bike and hand them back the cigarette
butts they'd thrown out of their cars. Later, he became a
minister in the state cabinet. There was the senior journalist
on The Worker, who wrote nearly all the paper under different
names. There were beefy, hectoring women, all of them much
older than myself, who spoke of starvation in developing
countries. It may be sexist but it was nevertheless true, in
those days at least, that nearly all female radicals were
physically unattractive. That didn't change until Vietnam"
"Except for the mechanic Ernie and his handful of young mates,
the room burned with indignation and middle-aged sexuality"
"Sex, as Philip Larkin says, had only just been invented and
most of these people - especially those in their forties and
fifties - had taken to it with some enthusiasm. It was not
exactly your throwing your car keys in the centre of the room
scene, of the kind I read about years later in the Sunday
newspapers, but there was a continual sense of predatory
tension in the air, the women as much as the men. You had to
be careful turning on the lights as you entered bedrooms and
I quickly learned to pause on the outside of doorways to check
for sounds. There was little room in most of those new, cream
veneer flats"
"I was involved with little of it. For one thing I was much
younger than nearly everyone else at those gatherings and I
felt like someone in a group of people who had all known each
other for years, were tied together by ideology even when they
quarrelled about its meaning, and who in general spoke a
foreign language. Subterranean currents of passion swirled
around me but I was in the eye of the storm"
"They had affairs with married people! This was something that
until then I had only seen in books. The only woman in the
group who was about my age was Virginia, and she was having an
affair with a married man, the senior journalist on The Worker"
"She was twenty-six and he was forty-seven. Perhaps because she
saw there was nothing to fear from me, we became friends and
I was her confidant. Once she told me about her most
embarrassing moment"
"""We were at a party at this flat, see, Sam, and Simon and I got
drunk and started screwing in the spare bedroom on top of all
the coats. Of course someone came in and turned the lights on
and there we were stark naked. They called all the other guests
in to take a look.""
  I could tell from the gleam in her eyes that she had fond
memories of this embarrassing moment. As she sensed something
in my expression she added hastily, ""Of course, I was
underneath, they couldn't see much of me.""
  I laughed"
"At the end of that year I graduated with first class honours
and was taken on as a tutor at Melbourne, on the strict
understanding that it would be no longer than three years and
possibly only one. They were expecting me to go to Cambridge
and be cloned. I delayed over joining the Party. Jim was too
wise to push me. The truth was that after more than a year of
going to those parties my faith in the intellectual power and
integrity of Communism as practised in Australia had eroded"
"The discussions these people had concerning Communism, when
they were not talking about screwing or football, rarely went
beyond questions of tactics and expedience. I was bored, though
no doubt if I could have participated more I would have been
happier"
"Then one night in April, Jim Ireland invited me to a party at
the house of a couple named the Martins. They were not
communists, he told me, but were sympathetic; and the crowd
would include some younger faces. By the time we arrived at
about ten I had had a fair bit to drink, though not too much,
and after a few minutes talking to a woman named Maureen
Stevens, who was in her mid to late twenties, I finally asked
her to dance"
"As we danced - a professional tango on her part, a kind of
frantic scuffling on mine, glazed smile fixed to my face - I
reached out on impulse and lightly squeezed her right nipple,
safely ensconced in its padded cage, as I should have been. She
recoiled as if she had been stung. For a few seconds she
remained still, before resuming to the music, but this time
dancing stiffly at about two paces distance, so that we both
looked as if we were being jerked along, like a pair of
marionettes"
"""Why did you do that?"" she said quietly"
"Later, I thought of all the answers I could have made, that
might have at least allowed the moment to be glossed over"
"""Because I wanted to."" Why not the truth indeed? It took me
many more years to make the obvious discovery that most women
prefer not to be lied to. ""Because you have beautiful breasts.""
One, anyway. The answer I actually gave was the worst one
possible. ""I didn't do anything.""
  I had hoped she might leave it there but she was a stickler for
truth. ""Yes, you did. You touched my breast.""
  ""It must have been an accident."" I had begun to perspire. The
glazed smile had changed to one of sheer idiocy"
"""No, it wasn't,"" she said in the same quiet, uninsistent tone"
"""You did it on purpose.""
  To touch a woman's breast when you were hardly twenty-one -
that was hardly such a heinous crime surely? At around the same
time someone assassinated John F. Kennedy, the C.l.A. were not
long involved in ""de-stabilising"" the Dominican republic and
preparations for the build-up in Vietnam were well on the way"
"And I had touched a woman's breast! Yet it is difficult to
convey the shame and guilt I continued to feel at the memory
of that foolhardy gesture - made, let me insist, far less out
of a sense of lust or even lasciviousness than out of mere
impulse and ignorance of the rules of the game and an eagerness
not to be seen not playing"
"At last the music stopped and with it her implacable
interrogation and we both resumed our seats, on opposite sides
of the flat. I reached for my now warm, flat beer and downed
it in one gulp. Across the room, in the spaces opened up by
gyrating dancers as they whirled past, I could see Maureen
talking to her husband, a small, slightly balding man in his
late twenties, more conservatively dressed than anyone else in
the room, with a blue reefer jacket (where have they
gone, by the way?) and dark tie. From time to time they glanced
across at me and I knew Philip was being told all about the
incident. I pretended to look away. Jim Ireland swung by,
dancing with his wife for a change, and winked at me. ""You were
stiff,"" he said. ""You touched up the only Catholic in the
room."" As soon as I could, I left the flat and drove home in
my utility, sober for once and half-hoping as I always did on
the few occasions when I was driving sober late at night that
I would be picked up by the cops"
"Just for once it happened. As I drove down the Dandenong
Highway doing about forty-five I heard the wail of a siren
behind me and sure enough there the blue light flashing in my
rear vision mirror. There was only one cop in the car, a big
man who came towards me carrying a huge torch."
"By Nancy Corbett  

When Hanako heard Jack come up to bed that night after he rang Hannah, she
lay in bed and listened to his movements in the next room. He was humming
to himself and she wondered if he was thinking about Hannah. She felt her
virginity as a great disadvantage. Though her mother had twice begun to
arrange a marriage, Hanako had refused to hear of it. Like many young Japanese
women who could neither accept the traditional ways, nor completely ignore
them, she was confused. She bitterly resented the cold and offhand manner
Japanese men adopted toward women, but she did not trust the Western men
she met, either; their politeness toward women was strange, suspect. She
thought it must be insincere. She had accepted her loneliness without question
and had been, she thought, prepared to go on accepting it. Then she had
come to live in this house, where the relations between people were generous
and easy, and where she was the only one who carried tension within herself
most of the time. It was clear that deprivation was not inevitable"
"The house was quiet now. She turned on the tiny night light next to her
bed and took an envelope from a drawer in the night table. In it there was
a picture of her father. His severe, handsome face simply looked out, with
no expression. He did not reveal the things hidden in his mind's silence. She
felt that he loved her, but of course he had never said so. Why couldn't
they talk, as Matthew and Jack and Grace did, with laughter and affection?
Why, in her home, was everything always so cold and so quiet? Though her
family was prosperous, it seemed that everything - food, talk, good will
- was measured out in tiny, grudging amounts. Always just enough to keep
from starving; never a plenty. The attitude of her family typified yoyu
ga nai - not enough to share, no margin, no space for strangers, nothing
extra. The term came from the old days, when there was no empty space between
the crowded fields for a stranger and even when it wasn't true, it was an
ingrained habit of thought in her family that there was nothing to spare,
as though only meanness and measuring of everything would permit survival"
"Hanako put away the picture of her father and clicked off the light. She
lay on her back in the bed, with her arms straight along her sides. She could feel
the lightness of her body; too thin, she thought. Still, it gave her her
career. Would a man like it? Anyway, she had seen that afternoon that her
body was not very different from Hannah's, so being small was not, in itself,
a problem. Not with Jack. Hatsutaiken; the first physical experience. She
hated that word, splashed across posters in the Ginza, Asakusa or Shinjuku,
advertising sex films. But her time must come soon. He would be experienced
and would help her. She would have gone to him then but could not, while
his parents were in the house"
"Though her mind was in a turmoil and she lay without sleeping most of
the night, she scarcely moved. In the morning her bed was less rumpled than
Jack's, who had slept soundly"
"At breakfast, Grace looked at Hanako with concern"
"`You look ill,' she said. `Is something wrong?'
  `No,' Hanako murmered. `Nothing wrong.'
  Jack felt restless and excited. He had dreamed of Hannah in the night
and now he noticed Hanako's hair and the curves of her cheek and neck more
directly, more personally than before. He remembered from some book lost
in the past that, for Japanese men, a woman's neck was the most erotic part
of the body"
"Hanako was so aware of his attention that she could not eat. He must know
that she had been in his room, ransacking his belongings like a criminal!
Yes, he was staring at her, letting her know that he knew! She could not
bear it, and fled, her face burning with shame, away from the table and
up the stairs to her room where she threw herself on the bed. She stormed
inwardly at herself for lacking kinoji, the spirit of control. Kinoji is
essential to a Japanese girl's self respect; it is the ability to be calm,
no matter how violent the feelings beneath the surface; the ability to keep
control no matter how strong the urge to act or speak. She felt violated,
but she could blame no one. It was herself she had betrayed. Her father
had been right. She had made a grave mistake in coming to this strange place,
cutting herself off from all the familiar supports of her world. She had
weakened herself. She was alone. She felt raw and vulnerable, and very ashamed
for acting badly. She did not cry. Crying was for extreme anger. For this
feeling, there was no relief"
"Grace knocked then, and came to sit beside her on the bed. Hanako's face
was hot and she could not raise her eyes"
"`What has upset you, Hanako?' Grace asked. `Please trust me, dear; tell
me what has happened.'
  But the younger woman could not answer, and Grace reached out and smoothed
the hair away from her flushed cheeks"
"`It must be very difficult to come to a place where everything is so
strange and different,' she said. `You're so young! You must miss your mother
and father, and your friends. You must miss Tokyo.'
  `No,' Hanako whispered"
"`I'm not sure of this,' Grace went on, carefully, after waiting for a
moment, `but I have the feeling that my son has done something to upset
you. You mustn't feel that you have anything to hide from me, or be afraid
that I'll be angry if ... oh, this is difficult! Let me start again. Jack's
a young man, and you are very beautiful. It wouldn't be surprising if he
were attracted to you, here in the same house. I love my son, but men are
men. If he approached you, perhaps you would feel some obligation, because
of us ... Hanako, have you any idea what I'm talking about?'
  `No,' she said. With her mind whirling as it was, and Grace's vagueness,
the words were virtually meaningless to her"
"`Let me try to be more clear. Has Jack done anything to upset you?'
  `Oh, no!'
  `So it has nothing to do with Jack?'
  `Ah.'
  That was different. It had everything to do with Jack. Hanako was used
to hiding her feelings, and besides it is considered insincere in Japan
to tell the blunt truth when it might hurt or embarrass someone else. She
found it hard to know what to do, because she knew Grace wanted to know
the truth, and Hanako would have liked to be frank with her. It would be
a relief. But the old habits were too strong. For her to say that she loved
Jack, when nothing had occurred between them besides simple friendliness,
would embarrass her, not to mention the unsuspecting Jack, and it would
certainly puzzle Grace. It might even cause trouble between Jack and his
parents, and they had been so kind to her - no, she could not. So she made
a great effort to get control of herself again"
"`I think, maybe I'm sick.'
  `You do seem warm. Do you have work today?'
  `No work.'
  `Then just stay in bed. You look exhausted, and it's bitterly cold out"
"Try to go back to sleep, if you can.'
  Grace's kindness so disarmed Hanako that she was afraid she might cry,
after all, but she blinked back the tears and shook her head, to clear it"
"Her glossy black hair caught the light and Grace felt a rush of maternal
feeling for her. She reached to stroke Hanako's face"
"`Just stay there,' she said gently. `I'll bring you some tea later. If
you want anything, call out.'
  Hanako pressed her hand gratefully, and curled up beneath the blankets"
"She heard Grace go down the stairs. Soon the morning quiet of the house
settled around her, and she fell asleep"
"She woke to find Jack sitting on the end of her bed, looking at her
thoughtfully. A spasm of panic went through her and she sat bolt upright,
clutching the quilt. She looked around frantically, her eyes glittering
with fear"
"`Hey,' said Jack, raising his hand as if to defend himself from the violence
of her shock. `I won't hurt you. I just came in to see if you were all right
before I left the house. They've both gone out already, and we're a little 
worried about you.'
  The tone of his voice was reassuring, and Hanako began to breathe again"
"`Sorry, sorry,' she whispered"
"`No, I'm sorry. For waking you. Of course you were shocked - you were sound
asleep. I shouldn't have come in, I've disturbed you.'
  `No.'
  `But since you're awake now, can I get you anything? Some tea?'
  `Oh, no!'
  `You don't want it, or you're afraid it's too much trouble?'
  `Too much trouble.'
  `Yes, that's what I thought. Stay here, I'll be back in a minute.'
  Jack bounded down the stairs and Hanako could hear him making the tea
below in the kitchen, whistling a little, like his father did. She got out
of bed quickly and went to the mirror, where she studied her face. She brushed
her hair, outlined her eyes with kohl, rubbed gloss on her lips, then scuttled
back into bed and pulled up the quilt. Her heart was pounding. Was she clean?
She ducked her head beneath the blankets and took a deep breath. Nothing,
only a faint scent of her perfume"
Jack came in a few minutes later with a tray
"`Here we are,' he said cheerfully. `Tea and sympathy. And a few biscuits,
just in case.'
  He poured the tea and handed her a cup. She was grateful, as holding
it and drinking gave her something to do with her hands, and she did not
have to look at him. Tea was just as useful here as it was in Japan"
"`My mother asked me if I did something that upset you,' Jack said. `I
hope not. If I did, it wasn't intentional.'
  `But no,' Hanako said. `You did nothing.'
  `I thought you might have felt I didn't want you here. That I was angry
because you were here. How much do you understand of what I'm saying?'
  Hanako shook her head, leaving him puzzled. She didn't always understand
him, but his words were less important to her than the tone of his voice,
or the expression on his face. Just then what mattered was that they were
alone in the house, and that he was sitting on her bed"
"He could not believe it when she reached out with a suddenly sure hand
and took his cup, still nearly full, and placed it on the table beside her
bed. She did not hesitate. She got up from the bed and unbuttoned the long
silk shirt she was wearing, to let it fall around her feet. One part of her
shared Jack's amazement. But the part of her that was in control was as
calm as though she were just shedding an outer garment during a photo session,
and was still fully dressed beneath it"
"But she was naked. Her body was very pale in the pale winter light. She
held Jack's eyes with her own, calmly, and she reached up and pulled the
comb from her hair so that the smooth dark wave of it fell against her
gleaming skin. She felt powerful as she stood there so close to him, powerful
enough to reach out her hand and claim him"
"`I am for you. I'm yours,' she murmured in Japanese, but that wasn't what
she meant. Made bold because, after all, he couldn't understand the words,
she said what she wanted to say: `You are mine now.'"
"Loss and reassurance: Beverley Farmer's fiction By Cassandra Pybus  

In her most poignant story, ""Summer on Ice"" Beverley Farmer interpolates
into the narrative a quote from DG Rosetti:
  ""Look in my face; my name is Might-Have-Been"
"I am also called No-more, Too Late, Farewell ...""
                                            (Milk, p 132)  

While beautifully apposite to the circumstance of that story, these lines
could also be read as a poetic encapsulation of Farmer's work as a whole"
"Alberto Moravia once said that writers have this one big theme they repeat
over and over. On the strength of Farmer's work to date, Moravia's observation
would certainly hold true. She is a writer who has chosen to explore the
internal realm of individual emotion, and within that territory her persistent
theme is the experience of loss. Each of Farmer's stories concern loss in
some form. The experience may be brutal and complete, but more often it
is subtle and intangible, though as inexorable as the passage of time"
"In ""Summer on Ice"" Caro ultimately experiences a specific loss in the
termination of her affair with a married man, but throughout the story is
suffused with her sense of evanescence of life itself:

  Caroline, who has been so sure that certain afternoons were really
  unforgettable, finds they have gone. Like a film only intermittently in
  focus, all the rest a mist. In dreams she relives moments and wakes burning
  and overjoyed. The dreams fade quickly.  (Milk, p 132)  

As ephemeral as the shimmering ice on which she longs to glide and whirl,
Caro's love affair appears both to herself and the reader as a mirage:

  There are days when Caro does feel as if she is living a dream. She is
  not real; or she is fading, becoming invisible; or is left behind by time"
She lies awake all night. No one knows that they are - were? - lovers
"Are we? Were we? she wonders.  (Milk, p 128) 

His cavalier dismissal confirms her perception of the inevitability of her
loss, which is as much a function of time as it is the vagaries of human
emotion. Something of the same sense is contained in ""At the Airport"", another
of Farmer's excruciating and beautiful stories, in which a mother waits
for her son's return from a three months stay in Greece with her ex-husband"
"Throughout her vigil she is assailed by the loss of her marriage and family,
and her fear of the ultimate loss of her son. At their reunion, compounded
loss and emotion overwhelm her:
  
  To her ex-husband she says in Greek, ""There are times when -"" She can't
  speak. ""Life -"" she tries again. ""Oh, life. Life. Well, yes."" He smiles
  wanly. The trees toss and swill the gold light. Their eyes glitter with
  it.   (Milk, p 66)  

  In the story ""Woman in a Mirror"", a woman contemplating her body fears
cancer of the cervix growing within it. ""Could death and decay be growing
where the child grew she wonders, so soon after?"" (Milk p 163) The story
concerns death; the death of her husband during her pregnancy on holiday
in Yugoslavia; and her own impending death, be it sooner or later. ""Everything
deteriorates,"" she thinks. ""Nothing lasts. Flesh and love, memories,
relationships, the will to live."" (Milk, p 166)
  
  Death, the ultimate loss, is an omnipresent force in both collections
of Farmer's work, Milk (1983) and Home Times (1985), as it is the raison
d'etre for the earlier novel Alone (1981). ""I am bloody, bold and resolute,""
Shirley tells us on the opening page of Alone. ""I am golden in the dark"
"This is my dying day"" (Alone, p 1) And though we are spared suicidal details
in the novel, the stories contain recurring images of death, stark and shocking
in their preciseness. Yet, for all the stunning impact of these images,
it is death as a presence, rather than actuality, which is most powerful
in Farmer's work. She has an acute awareness of the poignancy, and the terror,
of mortality, as well as its insistence. This is especially the case with
the first collection Milk which carries an epigraph from Greek author Stratis
Myrivilis that Farmer has translated as: ""All of us are passing through,
no matter where we go ...""
  The first and title story concerns a small boy's growth into the knowledge
of mortality and the harsh demands of natural cycles. On his holidays in
Greece, Niko cannot accept the cruel village convention that would starve
a baby donkey rather than spare precious winter feed. He braves ridicule
to keep the donkey alive, just as, in parallel, his Greek grandmother smuggles
yogurt to the dying neighbour in the belief it will make her better. But
the cancer inevitably kills the neighbour and Niko must return to Australia
and leave the donkey to its fate. ""What can we do?"" Grandmother explains"
"""It has to be so. We all have to die. We die and donkeys die, even wolves
die."" (Milk, p 14) If Niko remains adamant in his rejection of this code,
other children in Farmer's work come to the knowledge of mortality more
readily. Paul, in ""At the Airport"" understands about his grandmother's death"
"""He knows he will die one day. He buries birds and chickens, and saves moths
from his cat."" (Milk, p 64) Such acceptance comes more readily to the children
than to many of Farmer's adult characters who fear death and disintegration,
even as they recognize it is their constant companion. Knowledge does not
necessarily bring with it acceptance or submission"
"Accompanying Farmer's concern with time and the loss that the passing
of time brings, is an intense feeling of separateness and isolation. Bell,
in ""Place of Birth"", takes photos of the Greek home she shares with her
Greek inlaws. When she leaves, against her husband's wishes, to return to
Australia, she will take these with her: ""Bare interiors of sun and shade
and firelight, in which she always appears absent."" (Home Time, p 25) In
""White Friday"", Barbara, returned to Greece, wakes from a dream of death
to an awareness of herself as ""a void, a vortex"". Alone in Thessaloniki
another Australian in ""St Kay's Day"" appraises her somewhat pathetic life
and concludes that, ""Wherever in the world she was at Christmas she would
be among strangers"". (Milk, p 54) In all these stories, the sense of
separateness is underscored by the individual's alienation from the established
culture in which they find themselves. However, the Greek-Australian conflict
of values and culture, which forms the basis of so many of Farmer's stories,
is not so much an exploration of social consciousness as a dramatized and
externalized aspect of the profound sense of otherness possessed by most
of her characters. In Alone Shirley gives this description of herself: "".."
"a snooper on foot now, much given to peering in at inhabited windows and
doorways. I have always been outside, an onlooker"".  (Alone, p 26) 

  All Farmer's characters are essentially alone. Where they are seen in
relationship to another it is usually to illuminate their separateness and
loneliness. There are occasional, exquisite glimpses of the unity of parent
and child, usually fleeting memories of a time that is lost and of emotions
which are no longer comprehensible. For Dimitri, the middle-aged son of
Melpo, vivid memories of his youthful mother, now truculent and dying, bind
him to a past that is lost and irrecoverable. In ""At the Airport"", a waiting
mother relives in memory the last occasion of real togetherness with her
son:

  She remembers their summer beaches. She dwells on the time when he was
  four, only four, and they were in Greece for the last time together. She
  blew up his yellow floaties on his arms, took his hand and swam with him
  in tow far out into the deep water where a yacht was anchored. Puffing,
  they clung to a buoy rope that threw bubbles of water in a chain on the
  surface of the sea. Scared and proud, they waved to his father and the
  rest of the family, those dots on the sand, aunts and uncles and cousins"
"The yacht tilted creaking above them. On the sea, as if in thick glass,
  its mast wobbled among clouds. They glided back hand in hand. Used to
  waters where sharks might be, she had never dared swim out so far before"
"Here there were none. They passed, mother and son, above mauve skeins
  of jellyfish suspended where the water darkened, but no one touched them"
"Bubbles had clustered, she saw, on the fine silver hairs on his back,
  on his brown legs and arms and on hers"
"She often dreams of this swim now. It was a month after it, back home
  in the early spring, that she left home.  (Milk, p 58) 

The special intimacy of mother and child is celebrated in lyrical memory;
it is not a sustained or sustaining unity of feeling. Many more episodes
illuminate the emotional breach which develops between parent and child
in the process of individuation and separation"
"Adult characters are quite unable to provide succour or emotional sustenance,
however much they may cleave to each other. Indeed, it is often precisely
at those moments of intimacy and close familiar contact that the perception
of being separate is most keen. Lovers, too, are strangers, invariably
entangled in misapprehensions and resentments. In ""White Friday"" Barbara
longs for the man she loves in Australia, yet in her thoughts of him pleasure
is mingled with trepidation:

  Naked in her white bed she imagines herself in his. She strokes his arms
  and shoulders, strokes him all over and kisses his shaggy head as it bends
  to her nipple. He has long eyelashes like shadows. The dark hairs of his
  body press soft against her. When he falls asleep he lies breathing in
  her arms, as confiding as a child (as his children). But he is lent, not
  given. He has said - to her, to others - that he can never imagine living
  with her. He asked once, ""If you had a man, would you want to have another
  child?"" The words spread silently inside her like blood pooling. How should
  she have answered? What does it mean anyway - have?
     Why did he ask?  (Home Time, p 90) 

She writes to him her innermost secrets in a letter she will not send him:

  Letters never sent, or sent but not answered; if answered, not answered
  to the point but at an angle to it: this is how it has been with him all
  along, in spite of what they wanted. She suspects that it will be in silence
  that they lose each other, by which time he won't care.  (Home Time, p
  86)  

  That lovers will lose each other is inevitable in Farmer's universe where
passion is transient, love a chimera, and even life itself seems ephemeral"
"It is an immensely painful vision, and pain figures largely in the experience
of her characters. Pain is as ineluctable as the process of time, it is
the very stuff of life. Farmer closes her latest collection with an observation
of a Greek grandmother, Sophia: ""Pain is like salt in a way ... it can make
the sweetness stronger, unless there is too much of it"". (Home Time, p 203)
In some stories there is too much pain, as in ""Fire and Flood"", Home Time,
in which a man loses first his stepson, then his wife in twin disasters"
"Totally numbed by this experience he wishes ""to remain suspended out of
life, of time, beyond all possibilities of action"". (Home Time, p 123)"
"A similar desire for annihilation besets Shirley in Alone, though
the more common response is akin to that of Sophia. If Farmer's characters
are assailed by loss, by grief, by pain, they also gain strength and resilience
through their knowledge of it"
"A number of reviewers have commented, with censure, on what they see as
passivity in Farmer's women. They report a desire to shake some resistance
into them"
""
"Manila's protest strike fizzles out Manila, 17 Nov   

- A general strike called to paralyse Manila in protest at
the killing of a trade union leader flopped today while officials first
announced, then retracted news that a man had been arrested in connection
with the murder"
"The Justice Minister, Neptali Gonzales, who had claimed there was an arrest
in the case, said later that informers had given police the names of two
men who stalked Rolando Olalia in the days before his death"
"Police were now seeking the men to put them in an identification parade,
he said"
"Mr Gonzales said that a car seen in Mr Olalia's neighbourhood shortly before
the kidnap had a licence plate that could have been issued to a Government
agency"
"A general strike called by Mr Olalia's 500,000-member May First Movement
interfered with bus services and led to walkouts by 30,000 workers at 120
factories - far from the numbers strike leaders had predicted"
"Manila officials suspended all classes for the city's schoolchildren
and a police spokesman said the city was calm and orderly"
"While many bus drivers appeared to be obeying the strike call, 300 of
the city's 500 buses were in operation.  Many of these were driven by soldiers
with police protection, officals said"
"The auditor's office of the Pasay City government in southern Manila
caught fire after a bomb was hurled through a window from a car"
Police said the bombers must have wanted to destroy important documents
""
"A town with malice By John Parker My Brother Tom: An explosive mini-series on Ten  

  Somewhere in the course of My Brother Tom, the teasing, seductive eyes
of a fresh-faced country girl turned cold and drained of happiness"
"If you watch the two part mini-series on Channel 10 next week, you will
realise what a tragedy that is"
"Based on the novel by James Aldridge, it's a story of importance, challenging
the bigotry of a small Australian country town"
"The victims of the social and religious injustice are an innocent young
couple in love, a catholic girl and protestant boy"
"Initially, the pre-war series is lighthearted and almost predictable, with
young Australians playfully racing through bushland on horses"
The catholic/protestant line is subtly drawn
But as yet there is no obvious malice
"Not until protestant Tom Quayle (Tom Jennings), the young, enthusiastic
political stirrer falls in love with catholic Peggy MacGibbon, (Catherine
McClements) do things start to get serious"
"A flirtatious tease, Peggy is rightly described as ""a walking temptation
to every protestant boy in town"""
"But pretence falls shattered when she and Tom stand in romantic trance-like
awe, contemplating the relationship which will tear the town and their own
emotions apart"
What a shame the series could not finish there
The events which follow are painful to watch
"Not only is the couple forced to fight a town divided by religion, but
problems are compounded as their fathers indulge in a seemingly endless
feud.  
  Tom's father (Keith Michell) is a pompous English lawyer who is ""stuck""
in Australia"
His attitude to life rubs hard against Tom and the rest of the town
"Peggy's father, Lockie MacGibbon (Gordon Jackson) is a direct contrast
of character"
"The likable gambler, boxing promoter lives by his wits and is quick to
mock things protestant"
"But as stirring as the mini-series may be, it is still a program the whole
family can enjoy"
"A viewing must, My Brother Tom screens on channel 10 next Monday and Tuesday
at 8.30 pm"
""
"...and in KL, a birthday bargain   

IF you're planning to be in Kuala Lumpur between now and September 30, a
penny-wise accommodation choice would be the new Shangri-La Hotel"
"As a first birthday promotion, the hotel is offering 40 per cent discounts
on rooms.  The discounts bring the price of a ""superior"" room to approximately
$60 (twin share) and a ""deluxe"" room to approximately $70"
The discounts also apply to the larger suites in the hotel
""
"Water rate a ripoff   

MY wife and I were measured to use 575,000 litres of water in the 12 months
to 19/8, an average of 1575 litres a day"
"Modified use and little garden watering since has consumed 61,000 litres
in 62 days, a rate of 359,000 litres a year, without normal garden watering
in summer. 
  How then can the MMBW defend statements in its brochure that a typical
water user consumes only 250,000 litres a year and that a high water user
is around 350,000 litres when there are only two adults in our house and
we are not wasteful"
"If we're going to have to pay higher rates, God help those with big
families"
"B.Welch, East Malvern"
"Shuttle given new rockets HOUSTON:  

 Engineers have developed a new solid rocket engine design to prevent
a failure like the one that caused the explosion on the Space Shuttle
Challenger.  A U.S. Space Agency official said a team at the Marshall Space
Flight Centre in Alabama had settled on the new design in a major step towards
returning the Shuttle to flight"
"Challenger exploded on January 28 killing all seven crew members, after
a joint in its solid rocket booster failed"
"The Shuttle fleet was grounded until the rocket design flaw could be
corrected.  
  The Rogers Commission, which investigated the accident, said
two O-rings in the rocket engine joint had failed to seal, allowing superheated
gases to burn through the wall of a propellent tank"
"Fuel and oxidiser from the tank ignited, causing the explosion"
""
"Uniform theft sparks police alert  

STOLEN police uniforms and a rifle may be used in an armed holdup while
attention is focussed on today's Papal visit, police warned yesterday"
"Two police shirts, a cap and a .22 rifle were stolen from the Banyo police
station on Sunday night"
"Nundah detectives believe the uniforms may be used by bandits to
impersonate police officers"
"A spokesman said the culprits may attempt the robbery while the majority
of police are on security duty for Papal tour"
"But police do not expect the stolen uniforms to pose a security risk
for the visit"
"The rifle, which did not have a firing mechanism, was not police issue"
""
"Doctors as certifiers of incapacity By Ian Webster   

  I could have been in Australia in December 1983 as I watched London's
Granada Television. Through interviews with disabled people, their relatives
and their doctors, WORLD IN ACTION examined claims that the UK government
was cracking down in invalidity benefits by declaring sick people fit for
work. Four years earlier Australia's crackdown had removed 30 thousand in
one year from its list!
  The program showed how the assessments and opinions of GPs, spouses and
workmates were widely disparate from the official line. To one supervisor
the suggestion that his workmate was a malingerer was rejected as rubbish;
given half the chance, he would happily employ more men of his mate's calibre"
"This worker died on his way to yet another of a sequence of DHSS medical
examinations"
"An official of the Miner's union, experienced at fighting appeals for
his members, described the legislation as pernicious; it attacked people
unable to defend themselves, and by disallowing the benefit reduced them to
abject poverty"
"The Minister for Health and Social Security denied that decisions were
made on financial and not medical grounds to transfer people from the sick
list to the dole queue. No, the medical guidelines had not been changed,
he said. The problem was the high levels of unemployment and lack of jobs"
"As this journal pointed out at the time, the Australian events were uncannily
similar. The precipitous fall in invalid pensions granted between 1979 and
1982 is shown in fig. 1. The differences with the UK were that the medical
guidelines here were shifted subtlely from the concept of (social) disability
to medical impairments with remarkable compliance of the medical profession"
"And there was no right of appeal for those disenfranchised from their
entitlements by these actions"
"In Australia the Minister and Social Security officials protested that
nothing had changed - but they failed to explain the plummeting number of
grants (see fig.1). The profession remained strangely silent. It took a
public outcry from the Australian Council of Social Services, disabled
persons and some lawyers and doctors, assisted by Graham Williams of the
Sydney Morning Herald, before the Government responded. Appeal mechanisms
were introduced and the medical guidelines reversed to the previous criteria"
"The situation is still not good but an improvement, nevertheless. The
Handicapped Programs Review (1985) and the Disability Advisory Council of
Australia, and many other bodies, want the Invalid Pension reviewed and
replaced by other provisions"
"Although doctors may not realise it, indeed many deny it, their decisions
are central to how social policy is implemented. The doctor's statutory
and legal capacity to certify incapacity controls access to sickness benefits,
workers' compensation, legal damages, invalid pensions, repatriation benefits
and pensions, as well as social assistance in housing, education, transport
and other areas. All citizens potentially may be affected. Is society justified
in entrusting this area of decisionmaking to us?
 
 What are the questions?  

When certifying incapacity, say, for work, the doctor is presented with
explicit and implicit questions. The explicit questions make proper use
of medical skills and often require additional knowledge and skills: whereas
the unstated questions potentially subvert the medical role"
"The medical opinion is used (1) to test the truth of the person's claims,
(2) to diagnose the cause, again to test veracity but also to assess severity,
(3) to measure the severity of impairment(s), and (4) to describe the disabling
and handicapping effects on the person. Some of these are more important
to the courts than to the welfare system. For example, in negligence the
search for cause and ""truth"" assumes importance: but even the welfare system
takes an interest in such questions if the claimant can be blamed, as with
alcoholism"
"A medical skill?  

Doctors are pretty good at judging a story and whether it hangs together and 
fits with a person's current state; that is what we understand to be the art 
of consultation and diagnosis. Doctors are expected to be open, accepting, 
indeed gullible, when unravelling a person's predicament and condition (this 
is known very well by drug addicts). But trust and truthfulness underpin this 
process; and if confidence is lost, or doubts cast, a medical history becomes 
valueless. On the other hand, cultivation of a healthy suspicion and respect 
for facts is essential for astute diagnosis - especially when dealing with 
confused patients. However, to maintain an ubiquitous state of suspicion would 
be a stressful way to practice medicine, bordering on paranoia. Under these 
circumstances, if evidence is required about the onset of a person's injury or 
illness and its effects on their activities, this could be provided by others 
better placed than the doctor to do so"
"In my opinion, it is unreasonable and unfair to cast the doctor as the
arbiter of truth, as he/she cannot claim this expertise. The AMA advises
that when writing a certificate to attest only to facts which can be observed
or validated and recommends that medical history data should be reported
as ""the patient stated ..."", or similar wording"
"The doctor is expected to make a diagnosis. This is relevant in assessing
an underlying cause. It also contributes to understanding the nature of
incapacity and the severity of disability and handicap"
"For the disabled person seeking compensation or welfare benefits the effect
on their working and daily living activities is the critical issue. Invalid
pension legislation defines the threshold for invalidity at ""85 per cent
incapacity for work"": whereas compensation legislation has a range of
incapacity levels which may be compensated for, as well as lump sums for
particular losses"
"In these circumstances, the severity of incapacity has to be assessed
and certified. The decision goes beyond diagnosis to include the effects
on human functioning: ability to get about, to work, socialise, be independent
and to be economically self-sufficient. The judgement is about who is to
be paid money and whether this adequately compensates the person for losses
(of pain and suffering) or, in the case of welfare benefits, prevents the
descent into poverty"
"Decisions in this domain incorporate the social world, a knowledge of the
availability of work and social welfare. Can the doctor tread these health
and social boundaries?
  In medical school the assessment of organ damage and dysfunction is taught:
restriction, pain and stiffness of joints, limitation of exercise tolerance
and respiratory impairments. These are the first steps to comprehensive
assessment of disability and handicap; thus medical practitioners have
a fundamental contribution to make in the assessment of disability"
"The recent moves to define and codify disability reflect a concern with
the whole person and their social status. Herein lies a real practical
expression of trendy ""wholistic medicine"" which all doctors can adopt. The
current moves towards comprehensive assessment and the team approach parallel
these developments"
"Is certifying incapacity a specialist or generalist function? Medical
specialisation is oriented to organ systems, new technologies or special
need groups, for example, the specialities of cardiology, radiology,
paediatrics and geriatrics. The eclectic whole-person approach of the ""old
time"" GP seems more appropriate for disability assessment than this. Frankly,
some of the decisions made by specialists appear severe and oriented to
physical impairment and less to actual functioning"
"The American Review of Respiratory Diseases in 1980 showed that respiratory
standards for compensation or social security purposes were extremely severe
and inappropriate for patients with interstitial lung disease - to fulfil
some of the criteria many patients would be nigh unto death. Specialists
see people who are referred in clinical and not community contexts with
diseases affecting the organ systems of their special expertise. We know
that chronic diseases often affect several organ systems. How does one fit
together partial deafness from childhood, moderate breathlessness, and some
arthritis in a person who has never learnt to read or write? From the medical
point of view these judgements require the wisdom and sensitivity of an
experienced and broadly educated practitioner"
"Should there be specialist assessors? A review of invalid pension
administration showed that the GP's opinion is likely to be upheld against
the full-time Commonwealth Medical Officer's when the decision is contested
before an independent tribunal. In addition, part-time CMOs' decisions,
often GPs brought in for this purpose, were frequently upheld against the
full-time CMO's"
"A team of assessors?  

The Woodhouse Report (1974) proposed a radical reform for compensation in
Australia. It made a distinction between the medical function of measuring
impairment and the administrative function of determining incapacity. Since
that time, our understanding of disability has advanced and comprehensive
assessment is the favoured approach. It has now a solid place in the philosophy
of aged care and in assessing childhood handicaps"
"To be done well, and it must be if another form of social control of 
disadvantaged people is not to be imposed, assessment will require extra
professional personnel and be time-consuming. If, as many hope, assessment
becomes the linchpin of geriatrics, rehabilitation, occupational health,
management of alcohol and drug dependence and in certifying incapacity and
sickness, it is most unlikely that enough resources will be available"
"Certifying sickness (temporary incapacity) and the major part of certifying
invalidity is likely to remain a primary function of medical practitioners"
"Added to the resource question is that of medico-legal liability. As welfare
and patients rights movements strengthen, legal contest over decisions of
this kind will increase. New South Wales doctors now pay upwards of $900
per year for medical liability insurance to cope with  rising litigation;
other professions may not be so willing to accept these costs"
"Assessment of needs versus eligibility criteria  

An important issue raised by the increasing use of assessment teams is
that needs assessment will become directly linked to deciding whether a
person is elibible for government assistance or access to government-funded
facilities. In the past society has taken steps to separate medical and
administrative functions. It is the judge and jury which decide the extent
of damages on hearing the medical evidence in the courts. In occupational
medicine, in assessing persons for insurance and pensions, this separation
has been strict, especially excluding the treating doctor from the eligibility
process. This does not gainsay the value of the treating doctor's opinion
and perspective!

 Ethics  

In medical ethics the primacy of the patient's needs runs counter to the
imposed role of the doctor as a gatekeeper to the welfare system. Set against
this the wider interests of the community and accountability. In addition
there is the conflicting loyalty to the employing authority and to the claimant
citizen. It is critical that the medical judgement should be independent
- the true stance of a professional"
"I think the conflict of loyalties can only be reconciled by separating
needs assessment and responsibility for care from deciding eligibility for
government or third party provision. I have no doubt they should be linked
but independent decisions. For example, needs assessment should be done
first and its results fed into the eligibility process, the final decisions
for which should not be medical"
"Conclusion  

I once said to a professor of law that a medical practitioner should be
an advocate. He disagreed. He viewed medical practitioners as independent,
unbiased arbiters of health, sickness and need. His concept of a legal advocate
did not gel with my idea. The legal advocate presents his client's case
persuasively to get the best deal for him: a contest according to the rules
of law. The doctor, however, needs only to be honest to act as an advocate
for individuals or communities. There is so much injustice in the social
system, of the kind I have described above, that to be fair is to be an
advocate!
  Is this the scenario fanciful? To be realistic, medical conceptions will
need to reflect concerns with social justice and welfare if medicine is
to contribute in ways I have proposed. Of the purpose of medicine, Theodore
Fox, a distinguished editor of the Lancet, said: ""Our purpose is to enlarge
human freedom to set people free so far as we can from disability and suffering"
"Although these ideas struggle for a place in contemporary medicine -
they are not foreign."
"Seoul blast reopens Olympic wounds By PETER WILSON  

TOKYO. - The worst nightmare of the Olympic movement was reborn at Seoul's
Kimpo airport with a bomb blast that tore the air with slivers of glass
and metal and took five lives"
"Sunday's devastation raised the memory of Munich in 1972 and the horrifying
possibility of far worse carnage in Seoul in 1988"
"It also proved what a breathtaking risk the International Olympic Committee
took when it decided to hold the 1988 Games in the tense, divided battle-field
that is the Korean Peninsular"
"A giant political time bomb now hangs over Seoul's Olympic stadium, and it
may go off at any time in the countdown to this Saturday's Asian 
Games"
""
"By Gay Scales  

""In this district Currawong shed is the key.  Would you both agree?""
  ""Well, the squatters seem to think so.""
  ""Yeah, I reckon the shearers would go along with that.""
  W. G. Spence drew a ring around a dot on the map spread out before him"
"""Then Currawong Station has to be our target"", he said.  ""It's our one point
of common agreement.""
  The three men were sitting at a table in Spence's hotel room.  It was
long past midnight, and all discussions seemed to lead back to the one plan"
"Since the latest coachload of scabs had arrived, this time from New Zealand,
and been escorted to neighbouring properties by a team of mounted police,
one thing had been plain.  The Shearers' Union would have to grasp the
initiative and organise a key shed in the district.  All three knew it would
be seen as an out-and-out act of provocation.  There would be an angry 
confrontation.  Possibly a violent outcome.  But they had to take a stand
now to protect the men.  To turn the other cheek would be seen as weakness"
"It was almost unbearably hot in the small room, and William Lane wished
McNair would get a bit closer to the soap.  The window had been jammed open
with a water jug, but he could still smell the rank odour of the man's body"
"God, he looked such a pig sitting there, with that warm boozy breath and
sweating body.  He moved over to the window and wrestled with the rotting
sash to let in more air.  Outside in the street below a handful of the
newly-arrived scabs were sitting disconsolately on their swags.  Lane gave
a sigh and returned to the table"
"""Jamison's shed is bigger.  Awkward to get to, but more shearing pens.""
  Spence shook his head.  ""Jamison is an animal"", he said.  ""Even his own
breed don't go for him.  On the other hand, they respect Darling.  He's
a natural leader.""
  ""Yeah, he's leading us all right"", said McNair glumly.  ""Bastard's brought
in enough scabs to shear the colony.  I reckon ye'll have ter do something
before it gets outer hand.""
   ""How many of these scabs know how to shear?"" Lane asked"
"""Not too many.  Except for the New Zealanders"", McNair added sourly"
"""Some of them shear like a bastard.""  
   ""Yes, and they're hungry enough to do it, too.""
   They fell silent while each man thought of the war that was taking place
around them.  Strike camps were pitched across the western plains of
Queensland, and police deputies were guarding them day and night, seeking
any excuse to shut them down and get the men off the land.  There were eight
hundred men in one camp at Wilcannia, and more `free labourers' arrived
each week by paddle steamers which carried the wool bales through the plains
on the way to the ports of Australia.           
   The real truth was that the pasturelands had been devastated by overstocking
in the past.  Millions of tiny black feet, which carried the wealth of the
new nation on their backs, had destroyed the turf which was not suited to
the grazing of large herds of cloven-hooved animals.  The rich western plains
had been eaten away and eroded within twenty years of the sheep's arrival"
"Now the boom was over both pastoralists and shearers were left to face the
consequences"
"""Are we going ter do something"", McNair asked? ""Or are we just goin ter
talk about it?""
   While the two leaders considered the question McNair sat slumped in the
cane chair, thinking of the sort of conditions the men would face in the
shearing sheds tomorrow.  Work would begin at daybreak and continue to sunset,
with only a short break for food and smoke-oh.  The contract with Darling
had the usual clauses which forbade swearing in the shed or treading on the 
fleeces, which sometimes got torn by a shearer's sack moccasin  If
Darling wanted to really play it tough he would insert the `raddling' clause
as a means of with-holding payment.  Red raddle was used by some squatters
to cheat men of their pay after the work was done.  By marking a badly-shorn
sheep with red crayon, it would not be counted in the final tally.  But
there were many instances of squatters condemning a whole penful, and dodging
a day's pay.  Darling had never used that tactic, to be fair.  But if they
pushed him hard enough ... perhaps?  Knowing which way he was going to jump
was the problem.  Compared with some of the others he was a gentleman. 
Yet sometimes the gentlemanly type were the worst.  With their English accents
and country squire manners, they would smile and nod their heads.  `My dear
chap, you may have a point there'.  Later on they would stand by, still
smiling, while the mounted police beat the Christ out of you.  Even worse,
they were part of an interlocking system of pastoral and political interests
that went from the country magistrate right up to the colonial governor"
"There was never anything you could actually prove about collusion.  It
just so happened that a word in the right ear at the Queensland Club meant
your name never appeared on a shearing shed contract again.  The word was
spread on the bush telegraph. 
   ""Well, come on"", he said aloud.  ""Make up yer bloody minds.""
   Spence looked at Lane, as if waiting for a suggestion.  Finally he stood
up and sighed"
"""We're going to unionise Darling's shed"", he said. ""It's as good a place
to start as anywhere else.""
   ""Good.  I'll go and tell the others.""
   Spence raised a warning finger.  ""Tell them the union is totally opposed
to violence of any kind.  Our men will run the meeting at the shed.  You
just make sure everyone gets there, understand?""
   McNair nodded and made his way to the door.  The last they heard of him
was the clatter of boots running down the stairs that led to the front bar"
"After he had been gone a few minutes Lane looked up from the shorthand notes
he was sorting out into several piles.  They were scraps of background colour
which he would thread through the story for The Worker in Brisbane.  After
adding a few more squiggles something occurred to him"
"""It's only an opinion"", he said, staring out the window so as to avoid
Spence's glance.  ""But something tells me we could do without Kerosine Jock
McNair.""
   ""No, no, you're wrong, Billy.  He needs a bit of watching, I'll admit"
"But he's got as much fire in his belly as any three other men I can think
of around here.""
   ""So long as he keeps it in his belly.""

                   
On Sunday morning there were family prayers at Currawong, the one day of
the week when the Darling family had breakfast together"
"They gathered with the servants in the large, formal drawingroom where
Mr. Darling read the text of the week from the Darling Family Bible.  It
was a household rule that prayers started at eight on the dot.  At precisely
that moment he opened the gold embossed King James edition at Timothy 1,
Chapter 6"
"""Let as many servants as are under the yoke"", he intoned, ""Count their
own masters worthy of all honour, that the name of God and His doctrine
be not blasphemed ...""
   The door was already closed when Maureen sped along the hall from the
diningroom where she had been laying the table.  At the last minute the
cook had reminded her of extra serving spoons for the stewed apple and rhubarb"
"There were sausages and flapjacks to follow, and he was dancing about the
stove with a pan of batter which had to be poured into the pans exactly
one minute after they raised their voices to sing the hymn.  He alone was
excused from prayers on the grounds of his heathenism.  When she opened
the door they were all seated in rows, and Maureen had to make a place for
herself.  Trying not to rustle her skirts, she knelt down beside the
housekeeper and made the sign of the cross.  Nesta noticed her mother's
scowl. 
   Maureen had attended six o'clock mass at a neighbouring farm, and she
thought this a very strange service indeed.  So much talking and sermonizing"
"Mr. Darling's words sounded quite fierce, too.  Not at all like the lovely,
liturgical words spoken by the priest"
"""But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into
many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition
...""
   Was Mr. Darling, she wondered, speaking of himself?  After all, he was
the only rich man here.  Was perdition a place or a state?  Whatever it
was, he didn't seem to think much of it"
"""For the love of money is the root of all evil; which while some coveted
after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with
many sorrows ...""
   Out in the hot kitchen the Chinese cook was piercing sausages with a
sharp fork.  They were sizzling in the pan at the front of the stove, and
he now ladled them on to a serving platter which he set in the lower oven"
"Two iron frying pans now took the centre of the stove, and the fat began
to splutter soon as he poured ladlefuls of batter into evenly sized circles"
"On a warming shelf above the stove sat baking dishes of fried chops and
eggs, all swimming in mutton fat.  Served with a crockful of boiled potatoes
the domestic staff would find them appetising enough.  Sunday was a treat
for them too.  All the meat they could eat, and an hour's rest afterwards
before preparations for the Sunday dinner were started.  Yes, the hymn had
begun.  The cook grinned to himself at the perfection of his timing. The
master would be rejoicing in the faith of his fathers plus the fact that
his nose would tell him of the delights which would soon be awaiting him
in the diningroom. The mistress would be noticing which girls did not close
their eyes in prayer, and Little Missee, with the hair like spun gold, would
be noticing her mother.  In his mind he liked to imagine the Christian ritual
next door -  right down to the housekeeper peering short-sightedly at the
hymn book while her hands ran over the keyboard.  What a strange God these
people worshipped!  So particular about how men and women behaved in public!
   `Where pity dwells the peace of God is there"
To worship rightly is to lo-oo-ve each other
"Each smile a hymn, each kindly deed a prayer.'
   Crisp sausages were surrounded by the plump, speckled flapjacks.  All
ready now, but where was that girl?  The cook looked anxiously towards the
door which didn't open as it should.  The piano had stopped, and he could
make out the sound of chairs being pushed back on the polished boards.  Where
was that girl?
   But Maureen Corrigan had been waylaid by Mrs. Darling.  With one hand
on the doorhandle she was about to open the door when Mrs. Darling bore down
on her"
"""My dear child."" Her voice, with its tired drawl seemed to penetrate
the entire room.  "" I really can't have you joining us for family prayers
like this.  I really can't.""
    Now the focus of all eyes, Maureen could feel her cheeks begin to burn"
"A couple of the other servants started to giggle, and she cast them a
withering look"
"""The Holy Roman Church will make arrangements for your worship while
you are at Currawong.  This is a Protestant household, my dear, and therefore
we have the right to make our arrangements as well.""
    Tears sprang to the girl's eyes.  What had she done wrong?  It must
have been something really awful judging by the vexed expression on the
dowager's face.  To hide her shame she turned the handle of the door, and
darted into the kitchen where the cook scolded her for her tardiness"
""
"COLOMBIA VOLCANO  

All Divisions and National Headquarters have received funds
from the public for the Red Cross relief operation which
followed the tragic volcanic eruption of the ""Nevado del Ruiz""
in Colombia in November 1985"
"The League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies has
worked with the Colombian Red Cross to provide relief to the
victims of the calamity"
"Detailed Situation Reports in telex format have been
circulated to all Divisions. They outline the nature of the Red
Cross relief action"
"The Australian Government contribution to the Red Cross
programme was $300,000. The Australian Red Cross has
transferred a further $177,455.19 received from the public and
$5,000 from the Society's Overseas Assistance budget item"
"Former Colombians now living in Australia have been
particularly active in fund-raising for Red Cross and the
enclosed photograph may be of interest for Divisional
publications. Pictured from left to right are Mr Alan McLean,
Assistant Secretary General, Australian Red Cross Society
receiving a cheque from Mrs Raphaela Lopez, President of the 
Spanish Latin American Welfare Centre and Mr Reynaldo Buitrago, 
President of the Colombian Community of Victoria"
""
"It's snow glow for skiers  

SNOW skiing enthusiasts couldn't have wished for better conditions at
the weekend. 
  All resorts reported heavy falls"
"The resort manager at Mr Hotham said it was the best opening to the season
for several years"
"""It is as close as you can get for perfect skiing this early,"" he said"
Most resorts recorded falls of 50 cm or more
But accompanying the falls were sub-zero temperatures
"Yesterday's maximum for Mt Buller was a chilly minus 3 degrees after
the overnight low of minus 5.6 degrees"
"The weather bureau spokesman said more snow was likely over the next few
days"
"Even Queenslanders shivered yesterday. In the southern interior towns
of Stanthorpe, Warwick and Surat, the mercury dropped to minus 5."
"Sensitive massage - PART 4
NECK AND SHOULDER MASSAGE By Ralph Hadden  

  What with driving cars, long hours at an office desk and all the slings
and arrows of daily life, we all know neck and shoulder tension. As a
professional masseur I find that every one of my clients has experienced
tension there, and needs the relief of massage - massage to undo the knots,
relieve the tightness and pain, and loosen the locks"
"The Neck, Shoulders and Upper Back  

The neck and shoulder region is vital and central to the body's functioning"
"The neck is the all-important link between the head and the body, mind and
feelings, major sense receptors and means of locomotion. We turn around
on our neck and upper back to point our major sense receptors towards what
interests us or, if we feel over-stimulated or overstressed, we create muscle
tension to resist movement and prevent ourselves from turning"
"The configuration of this region reflects our life history. Hunched
shoulders, for example, may indicate that this person, as a child, was
frequently hit by a parent and they may be hunched as if anticipating
the next blow. If our life was very frightening we may pull the head back
in fear, using chronic tension in the neck to maintain our `safer' position,
or we may compensate by thrusting the head aggressively forwards. Someone
who is figuratively a `pain in the neck' - a nagging nuisance - may, if
we look into it, become literally a pain in the neck"
"Our shoulders and upper back are where we `shoulder our responsibilities'
and we may droop or sag or stiffen under these. Unexpressed anger and
frustration can also store in this region"
"When the area is functioning properly it is fully mobile, enabling full
expression of ourselves and flexible response to the world. Massage to this
area will help it to become free"
"The Massage  

This massage will follow the three-level pattern, as mentioned in the first
article in this series (Nature & Health, Vol. 6, no.4). As I explained then,
massage is best done working progressively through three different levels
of pressure - surface stroking, intermediate level kneading, and deep pressure
- and should then be completed with soothing stroking again. We'll also
add some other strokes to round out the massage"
"In the other articles in the series I've described massage with the recipient
lying down, but this time we'll do it a different way - sitting up. Though
the recipient is not as relaxed in sitting as he or she might be lying down,
there are advantages to this sitting massage:

 ‚2It's easy to do in everyday situations 
  - office, living room or bus stop(!)
  - and no special equipment or setting up is required, just a chair ‚2No oil is required ‚2For someone not used to massage this is an easy way to introduce them
to the experience - they don't have to undress or lie down, and it's very
satisfying  

  Before you try the techniques described below, first of all try massaging
your own neck and shoulder region - feel into the muscles and notice where
you feel tight and notice what feels good to do to yourself. This self-massage
is not only good for you, it also gives you an understanding of what your
partner will feel when you apply massage"
"Remember that this part of the body can carry a lot of tension, so don't
aggravate that by massaging in an agitated or rushed manner. Take it slow
and steady"
"Preparation  

As usual with massage it is best, if possible, to be in a quiet place without
distractions, though this is not so crucial with the sitting massage"
"Have your partner sitting comfortably on a straight backed chair, without
arms (they get in the way) and with a firm seat (you don't want your partner
sagging as you press). Check whether your partner has any recent injuries
or problems that require careful attention"
"Beginning  

Consciously relax and settle yourself. Rest your hands on your partner's
shoulders (a good neutral point for making initial contact) and be still,
being aware of how your partner feels. Give a soothing stroking to the whole
area - upper back, shoulders, neck, head"
"Kneading  

Knead and squeeze the neck, shoulders and upper back with both hands. Aim
to grip a broad area of muscle each time, and apply the squeeze firmly and
slowly, and release it slowly"
"The area between the neck and shoulder (the trapezius muscle) feels great
with this stroke, so give it a good squeeze, using two hands on the one
side (see fig.1)"
Now give a squeeze to the `shoulder pad' (deltoid muscle)
"On the upper back you can't grip much flesh, but just knead as much as
you can"
"Now work on the muscles at the back of the neck (again a much appreciated
stroke) by tilting the head slightly forward, steadying the forehead with one 
hand and squeezing as if gripping the scruff of the neck (as you would pick up
a puppy). (see fig. 2). Check that your partner feels comfortable with this
stroke"
"Deep Pressure  

With the thumb, or tips of the fingers, press into the soft tissue just
below the bony occipital ridge (base of skull) at the top of the spine,
and one or two inches either side (fig 3). Work only on the back of the
head and neck, not to the sides which are more vulnerable. On each point
press in slowly, hold, then slowly release - this should take about the
same amount of time as an out-breath. Continue with deep pressure to work
on the muscles running beside the spine in the neck and upper back. Press
down on the muscles between neck and shoulder and into any other muscle
areas of the upper back as needed"
"SENSITIVE MASSAGE  

Be careful. The deep pressure work is most effective, but can also cause
harm if used inappropriately:

   ‚2 press only on soft tissue, not bone ‚2 press and release slowly and steadily ‚2 use a strong pressure, but only as strong as your partner is able to
    comfortably receive and stay relaxed with. If you feel your partner
    tensing up, ease off the pressure ‚2 don't press on the sides of the neck, only on the muscles at the back
    running alongside the spine ‚2 keep the head and neck alligned in a normal, straight alignment. Apart
    from letting the head drop slightly forward while working on the base
    of the skull, do not twist, bend sideways or rotate the head and neck Breathing  

Encourage your partner to breathe freely while you use the deep pressure"
"If a point that you're pressing on feels sore, your partner can help to
release this by breathing out as you press, feeling that they're releasing
the tension as they do so"
"Soothing  

After the strong work you've just done, now we do some soothing massage
- some `sugar with the medicine' (but better for you than sugar!)
  Work your fingers in under the hair and massage the scalp, getting the scalp
to slide around slightly. Give a gentle upwards tug to the hair. (fig. 4)"
"Move to one arm, wrap your hands around the uppermost part of it, give a
slow firm squeeze, release, move down a few inches, squeeze and release
again, and so on, slowly squeezing and releasing down the arm, all the way
to the fingertips. Shake your hands loose, and repeat with the other arm"
"Finishing  

Stand in front of your partner and rest your hands lightly on his or her
head. Lightly and slowly brush your fingertips down the sides of the head,
onto the neck, shoulders, arms and hands, and sweep off the fingertips"
Shake your hands loose. Tell your partner to rest awhile
"When to use this Massage  

Everybody will appreciate this massage but particularly those who are feeling
stressed in some way - frazzled by a hard day in the office, weary and tense
after many hours driving, or a parent who's fed up with the kids, for example"
"Headaches can often be soothed away with this massage but be careful. If
the massage is done too strongly, too quickly or too roughly you can
make the headache worse. Check as you go along whether what you're
doing feels OK, and go slowly and calmly"
"When this massage is done well your friends will feel marvellous - it's
a great relief to have that tension massaged away, and the freedom of movement
and ease that results brings a contented smile to everyone's face"
""
"Alive to GOD AN EXCITING NEW BIBLE-READING EXPERIENCE FROM SCRIPTURE UNION  

Scripture Union, whose Bible-reading notes have a total worldwide circulation
of 1,300,000 in 58 languages, has just taken a major step forward"
A fresh and lively approach to God's word
"Hot off the press comes ALIVE TO GOD, a brand new series of Bible-reading
notes for adults. This vibrant new series was launched at Scripture Union's
recent Easter Conference in Adelaide"
"`We're all excited by ALIVE TO GOD', said John Lane of the Scripture Union
National office at the launch. `It's designed for those who are starting
a daily time with God which they've never had before - and for those who
want to put a new life into the time they already spend with God each day.'

Colin Matthews, head of Scripture Union's Bible Use Department in London,
visited Australia for the launch. ALIVE TO GOD was `born' in his office,
but has been adapted for use in Australia and New Zealand. He said, ALIVE
TO GOD provides a fresh and lively approach to reading God's word. We've
subtitled it `Bible guidelines for living by the Spirit' because it also
offers practical applications and suggestions for prayer, praise, confession
and meditation"
"ALIVE TO GOD will help Christians engage in active dialogue with God and
will bring to life that time we spend in God's presence each day"
""
"By E Lloyd Sommerlad Chapter 1 Ober-Rosbach - 1855  

     Johan Heinrich Sommerlad had been thinking of emigrating from
Germany for some time before the day early in 1855 when he set off
for Frankfurt to see an emigration agent. His village of Ober-
Rosbach in the province of Ober-Hessen was no place for an enterprising 
young man to get ahead, especially when he was one of the
younger sons in a poor family. Ober-Rosbach, now part of Rosbach
v.d.H. (vor der Hohe - in front of the Heights) was an ancient
village with a population at that time of almost 1,000, at the
eastern end of the Taunus Mountains, and some 20 kilometres from
the city of Frankfurt-on-Main"
"Born in 1829, Johan Heinrich was the sixth child of Karl Christian
Daniel Sommerlad (born 1795) who had married Catherine Margretha
Becker in the Lutheran church at Ober-Rosbach in 1818. Karl
Christian himself was not a native of Ober-Rosbach, though there
are records of Sommerlads in the village as far back as 1664 when
the local church chronicles commenced"
"Karl Christian was a small-time farmer, trader and gardener"
"The family was poor and it is likely that he rented from landowners
the two or three hectares where he gathered hay and grew fruit and
vegetables. This land consisted of various small plots outside the
town. Like all the local farmers, the Sommerlad family lived among
a cluster of houses in the village, which by this time had spilled
over the mediaeval walls which had fallen into decay - though
remnants of the walls and two towers can still be seen today. The
Sommerlad house (no longer standing) in Hintergasse strasse,
probably built in the 17th century, would have had stone
foundations, oak beams, shingle roof, and walls consisting of mud
daub strengthened by reeds from the river, between the oak timbers"
"The house was very small for a big family. Downstairs was the
stable for their two cows and next to it the kitchen. Upstairs were
two bedrooms, so small children no doubt slept several to a bed and
some shared their parents' room. The house had no heating beyond
the kitchen fire. They would have liked cast-iron heating boxes
connected to the kitchen, as in the noble houses, but they could
afford no such luxury"
"Every morning one of the children had to go to the village
fountain to carry home buckets of water. The spring water was
clear and fresh; it was brought down from the hills overlooking the
town in wooden pipes to the fountain in the marketplace - built in
1833 and still standing. Other routine jobs in which Johan Heinrich
took his turn were to cut the wood and start the kitchen fire, feed
the hens and gather the eggs, milk the cows and clean the stable"
"The young Johan went to the local municipal school for eight
years. Instruction was rudimentary - reading, writing,
calculations and accounts, the bible being prominent among the few
books available for study. As most children had to help with
farming and harvesting, school hours in summer were from 6 am to 8
am. 
    Like others of his age, Johan Heinrich had to undergo some
military training but his was said to be ""slight"" on account of his
""bad eyesight"". At the outbreak of the German Revolution in 1848,
when he was 19, he was summoned to Baden but obtained a deferment
of call-up for one year. During that year the Revolution collapsed"
"The family was religious and regularly attended the Lutheran
church which, with its tiered octagonal steeple, is still a feature
of the town today. A highlight of the church year was the Harvest
Festival at the end of the summer, when the church would be filled
with sheaves of wheat and oats, produce from the vegetable gardens,
grapes and stone fruits and great loaves of bread for the service
of thanksgiving. Sunday was a day of rest as was Christmas Day and
Easter. Most of the village people attended two services each
Sunday"
"Karl Christian Sommerlad was a professional gardener and
worked hard on his few hectares with help from his wife and the
younger members of his family. The cherries, apples, peaches and
grapes from his orchard and the potatoes, cabbages, turnips and
corn from his garden were sold at market. Each evening in summer
some member of the family would sit in the village marketplace
selling fruit and vegetables. But the principal market town of the
district was Friedberg, six kilometres away. So each market day
children of the family left home at 5 am and walked to Friedberg,
pushing a handcart loaded with produce or carrying baskets attached
to a shoulder yoke. The family had no horse - that was only for a
rich man"
"The production of his small orchards and garden, however, was
not sufficient to maintain his family. So Karl Christian took work
wherever it was offered - cutting wood, grafting trees, helping in
the harvest, repairing farm tools and harness"
"The children of the family also had to look for work as soon
as they had left school. Fritz the eldest, was already 13 when
Johan Heinrich was born. Then came Heinrich, 10 years older than
Johan, a sister Mariana and Jakob two years his senior. Peter was
two years younger than Johan. Another brother, Christian, and
sister Katharine, died as they reached their teens"
"Traditional crafts and trades were the mainstay of Ober-
Rosbach at this time, apart from its agriculture, and many young
men learned skilled occupations and sought employment as
carpenters, brewers, masons, smiths, butchers, bakers, weavers,
coopers or shoemakers. Girls, whose educational attainments were
generally low, were expected to learn home duties, help in the
fields, work as housemaids, and then marry"
"Fritz Sommerlad became a master shoemaker and Jakob Sommerlad
a stone mason while brother Peter was apprenticed as a cobbler"
"Heinrich might have to walk each day for as long as two hours to
find work as a labourer, for which he earned only a pittance. Johan
Heinrich learned from his father the skills of gardening and fruit
culture - experience which stood him in good stead later on. He
scythed and gathered the meadow hay, reaped and hand-threshed
grain, pruned and grafted trees, picked fruit and hoed vegetables"
"He worked on the family plots and took casual jobs if he could find
them. He also helped his father make beer from their own barley. In
spare time and bad weather he did weaving"
"Despite his ""bad eyesight"" Johan Heinrich was a very good
marksman. Sometimes he would hunt in the fields and woods near the
village for a hare, duck, pheasant, or pig and occasionally he shot
a fox. At the age of 20 at nearby Fredericksdorf, he competed with
many seasoned shots in the great annual shooting match. Muzzle-
loading rifles were used, and competitors paid a small fee for each
shot. The target worked automatically; when the bullseye was hit a
gaily dressed figure of a fool shot up in the air. Johan had
occasion for only three shots, as with these he scored two bulls
which beat all his rivals. The prize was a fine fat wether, draped
from head to foot with multi-coloured silk ribbons. The village
people of Ober-Rosbach gave him a noisy welcome on his return"
"As the new year of 1855 dawned, Johan Heinrich pondered that
he would turn 26 in February, and he saw a bleak future ahead of
him. Poverty was widespread in the whole of Hessen, and his family
shared the common lot. He was an ambitious young man and was not
prepared to accept the frustrations of his peasant existence
without trying for something better. He had heard of many of his
fellow countrymen who had migrated to America or Canada and reports
had filtered back of good opportunities for people prepared to work
hard"
"His family was not at all keen that he should migrate. It
would mean one less mouth to feed but one son less to help support
the family. His three elder brothers had already married and left
home. But they could not deny Johan the chance to try and improve
his situation. So he decided to go to Frankfurt to enquire about
emigrating"
"Chapter 2 German Emigration-
Australian Immigration  

     The first half of the 19th century was a turbulent time for the
German people. Napoleon's defeat of Prussia at Jena in 1806 marked
the end of the Holy Roman Empire and until 1814, the French
occupied Germany and much of the rest of Europe. The inhabitants of
Ober-Rosbach as in other towns and villages suffered great
hardships and lost many citizens who were conscripted to fight in
Napoleon's campaigns. After his defeat, there was a regrouping of
the many small German States and Prussia emerged with new strength"
"The German Confederation of States was formed, including Austria,
which was in fact, the dominant member. The German States, however,
such as Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt, remained independent,
with their own rulers. Frankfurt-on-Main, within the Hessen region,
was a free city and a sovereign member of the German Confederation"
"It would not be until 1871 that Bismarck rallied to Prussia, the
rest of Germany and established a united German Empire, (which
excluded Austria) under the Kaiser Wilhelm I"
"Napoleon introduced into the conquered areas new ideas of
popular sovereignty and national rights. The period that followed
his defeat was marked by restlessness and revolt and deep social
conflict. Local grievances, demands for liberal reforms, agrarian
discontent and social distress culminated in the 1848 revolution"
"A body representing the aspirations of all nationally-minded
Germans met at Frankfurt in May 1848 and existed for a year. But no
agreement could be reached and meantime the revolution failed and
was followed by even more severe repression"
"Political, social and economic conditions combined to make
many Germans so disenchanted with their homeland that they sought
to emigrate. Between 1830 and 1875 two and a half million Germans
streamed across the Atlantic to the United States of America. Apart
from the mass exodus of the liberals and radicals whose hopes were
dashed after 1848, groups of Lutherans fled Germany to escape
religious oppression. In the 1830s the King of Prussia decided to
unite all Protestant churches and a number of other German states
followed suit. The ""old Lutherans"", in particular, bitterly opposed
the forced unions and refused to participate in the Reformed
Church. Their dissent led whole villages to move together to start
again in the New World where freedom of worship was granted"
But the greatest motivation to migrate was economic hardship
"There was an explosion of population in Germany during the first
half of the l9th century - it increased by 50 per cent between
1815 and 1850. As yet little industrial expansion had taken place,
especially in small states like Hessen, and consequently there were
few employment opportunities for village labourers and artisans who
moved hopelessly around the countryside"
"Thousands of peasants who had earlier benefitted from land
reforms, were unable to pay their instalments and surrendered or
sold their holdings. In the mid 1840s both corn and potato crops
failed and harvests were bad between 1848 and 1853. In the south
west of Germany, the numerous small holdings of land were 
insufficient to support a large peasant family and desperate poverty 
was widespread. Emigration seemed the best answer and in 1850 alone,
150,000 Germans left their homeland"
"Under these circumstances of over-population and poverty, the
German ""small states"" encouraged emigration. In Hessen, for
example, a National Society for Emigration was established which
had an office in Frankfurt from 1848"
"Meanwhile, Australia was in desperate need of new settlers and
hired labour particularly agricultural workers. The early settlers
had been given grants of land and assigned convicts to work for
them, but when convict transportation from Britain began to dwindle
and eventually to cease in New South Wales in 1840, this source of
free labour was cut off."
"Why pay more?  

Investigate some of the best international travel deals in this guide to
23 countries prepared by David McGonigal"
"In arranging an overseas trip, the one thing you never lack is brochures"
"These range from elaborate publications produced by airlines or national
tourist organisations down to a flyer for Ol' Hank's Vintage Auto Barn in
Kansas City. Hidden in all this are some very fine deals for travellers
- often only available if purchased in Australia before you set out"
"Most countries offer discount rail passes - and in Europe there are several
rail passes which operate in most countries (such as Eurail) or in a group
of countries (the Scandrail pass for Scandinavia, for example). Another
saving offered to overseas visitors by many countries is to allow purchases
without the imposition of local Value Added Tax"
"Here's a guide to what is available. Unless otherwise indicated, prices
are in Australian dollars. However, as the Australian dollar's exchange
rate fluctuates and the situation in other countries may shift, it is
inevitable that prices and packages will change. Use this as a guide only
and follow it up with your own enquiries when planning your trip. This survey
should be read in conjunction with After the flight in Golden Wing January,
1986, which gave details of discounts offered by airlines for ground content,
stopovers and ongoing travel"
"The principal rail pass in Europe transcends any national borders so we'll
deal with it first. The Eurail pass is valid in all Western European countries
except Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It gives you unlimited first-class
travel on all trains but you have to pay a reservation fee and for sleeping
accommodation. The ticket must be purchased outside Europe: it costs $405
for 15 days, up to three months costs $1055. It is valid for some ferry
travel. The youth pass for those under 26 is for second-class travel and
is considerably cheaper. For people under 26 there are also the Interrail
and BIGE passes"
"Canada is considerably larger than Australia, so if you are planning on
visiting several destinations in Canada it's essential to shop around for
the best way to do this. Vancouver on the west coast is also host to Expo
86, which runs from May 2 to October 13 - it's to be the largest world
exposition ever held in North America"
"Both of the Canadian airlines - CP Air (which flies out of Australia)
and Air Canada - have discount fares available for visitors which are not
available for locals. CP Air's discounts were given in our earlier survey"
"Air Canada has a North America Travel pass for four flights (C$520) up to
12 flights for C$774. You can also buy one-destination tickets for travel
in the US and Canada in Australia at rates 30% less than the economy fare
- the tickets have to be bought in Australia. So do add-on fares to reach
a North American destination after the trans-Pacific flight - these can
be 50%-70% off the price you'd pay in Canada"
"In Ontario, overseas visitors are entitled to have the State sales tax
refunded: 7% on ""non-disposable"" purchases and 5% for accommodation. If
you have the time, the cheapest way to see the country may be to use a
driveaway company. These organisations are listed under ""Automobile, Truck
&Drive-Away, Transporting"" in Canadian Yellow Pages - they take on the
job of getting someone to drive a car a long distance while the owners fly"
"The ""someone"" can be you - you only have to pay for petrol. You are allowed
a set number of days to get the car there and have to lodge a deposit"
"VIA Rail is the combined Canadian passenger rail service. There are local
services as well as the Canadian which runs across the country. Canrail
passes are available either in Australia or Canada for unlimited rail travel
- either for one region of Canada or the whole country. Bus passes are also
available - the return fare from west coast to Montreal in the east is C$198"
Greyhound lines in Canada is represented in Australia by Greyhound Australia
"Fiji has a discount scheme on Fiji Air. The airline, which links the numerous
islands, offers a Discover Fiji pass which is valid for 14 days and costs
F$199"
France will refund VAT paid by Australians after they leave the country
"The amount due is paid into your Australian bank account. The total purchases
in each store must be at least 800 FF to qualify and there are some
restrictions on what goods are included in the scheme"
"The French National Railroad (SNCF) has a discount system for foreign
nationals. The France Vacances pass is available both here and in France
and gives you either nine days or 16 days travel within a one-month period
at either first or second class rates. In addition to unlimited rail travel,
the pass includes discounts on bus excursions, free travel on the Paris
bus and Metro network and admission to the Pompidou Museum. It also gives
discount on car hire with unlimited kilometres. You must be over 21 and
have a credit card and the first reservation must be made at least eight
days in advance"
"In Paris, you can buy a discount ticket for travel by Metro, bus or Regional
Rapid Transit (RER) for two, four or seven days"
Germany offers its own discount DB Tourist Card rail pass for foreigners
"For second-class trains it costs $110 for four days, $172 for nine days
or $235 for 16 days; first class is $156 for four days, $235 (nine days)
and $320 (16 days). The pass also allows travel on some bus tours and public
transport within cities and discounts on river cruises and travel to West
Berlin"
"Other discount tickets, not restricted to visitors, are available in the
major cities and within regions"
"Greece has a rail discount scheme: the price per person varies according
to the number of people in a group. For a single person, the 1985 price
was Dr 3360 for 10 days and Dr 7440 for 30 days. The price is expected to
rise by 5% in 1986. Note, however, that the rail network in Greece is not
as well developed as in many other European countries. For most travellers,
a more useful discount is the Aegeanpass, a ferry pass offered only to
Australians by Aegean Tours (with a similar pass issued by Caras Tours in
Melbourne). The passes are valid for unlimited ferry travel for 15 days
or one month"
"Holders of Eurail passes pay only a small charge for deck travel by ferry
from Brindisi, Italy, to Patras, Greece. A seat or cabin is charged at
the full fare. A similar system applies from Piraeus (the port of Athens)
and Haifa, Israel"
"Holland's rail pass costs Dfl 78.50 for three days or Dfl 396.00 for a
month, second class. A Museum Card costs Dfl 20 for people over 25 and gives
free admission to 250 museums. Many restaurants exhibit the ""tourist menu""
sign which provides a three-course meal for a standard price of Dfl 16.75
(1985 price) - the quality of food is variable, of course"
"Hong Kong as a free-enterprise, duty-free country can't offer much by way
of discounts or tax concessions to visitors. However, there is one privilege
available for overseas guests - admission to the members' stand at a Hong
Kong race meeting. Races are held at Happy Valley or Sha Tin tracks on
Wednesdays, Saturdays or Sundays from September till May. You need to bring
your overseas passport and make the booking in Hong Kong on 5-244191. The
cost is HK$200, which includes pick-up from one of several points, a Chinese
meal, a guide (the racing/betting system is somewhat different in Hong Kong)
and admission to the exclusive members' enclosure at the track. A race calendar
is available from the Hong Kong Tourist Association office at 255 George
St, Sydney"
"India's trains have great fascination for the rail buff. Every day, they
move more than 10 million people on carriages ranging from ""colourful"" second
class to the ""Palace on Wheels"" which was originally built for Maharajahs
in the desert State of Rajastan. Between October and March, the ""Palace""
sets out from Delhi for an eight-night tour of Rajastan. Accommodation is
on the train - there is also a lounge, minibar and kitchenette with attendants
in each saloon. 1985 prices ranged from 1250 Rs to 2125 Rs"
"Indrail passes are also available for unlimited rail travel throughout
India. They are available in India for foreign nationals. The best class
costs from US$160 for seven days to US$600 for 90 days; second class from
US$35 for seven days to $130 for 90 days"
"Indian Airlines, the domestic carrier, has two discount schemes. The Discover
India fare is available in India to foreigners and costs US$375 for 21 days
with unlimited itinerary and stopovers. The India Wonderfares split the
country into four sections (not surprisingly, North, South, East and West)
and charge US$200 for unlimited travel for one week within one region. Again,
it can be bought in India"
"Although not strictly a discount, the chance to stay in a Maharajah's
palace which has been converted into a hotel - and pay less than you would
for a hotel in Australia - is good value. The Government of India Tourist
Bureau in Australia has details on a number of Palace Hotels - including
the famous Lake Palace Hotel at Udaipur. Prices for a room start from 50
Rs and go up to $100 a double for the Lake Palace Hotel"
"Indonesia provides a discount pass for air travel on the internal Garuda
network. The pass must be purchased in Australia and there are no refunds
after the commencement of travel. The route is fixed at the time of booking
but the dates of travel remain open. There are three passes: five cities
in 10 days for US$300, 10 cities in 20 days for US$400 or 33 cities in 60
nights for US$500. Depending on the route you select, the saving can be
up to 50% of the standard domestic airfare"
"Ireland has a ""Springtime in Ireland"" discount scheme operating throughout
the country until the end of May. The bulk of discounts are in the area
of accommodation but also include travel to and within Ireland, entertainment,
shopping and admission to tourist attractions. Discounts are up to 50%"
"Aer Lingus, the Irish airline, offers discounts throughout the year for
rental cars - the price varies by season. A small car for a week costs $183
in April-May, $203 May-June and September-March, and $252 July-September"
Rail/bus passes are available for $107 for seven days or $154 for 15 days
"Rail-only passes cost $84 and $125 respectively. Eurail passes may be used
from France to Ireland"
"There is a discount meal scheme for tourists to Ireland, too. It offers
two standards of set price tourist meals - either IR£5 or IR£7.35
for three courses. Refunds of the VAT tax (from 8% to 35%) are available
for tourists - there may be a minimum of IR£50 per shop and you must
have the invoice stamped by customs as you leave the country"
"Italy has long had a petrol coupon system in which foreign travellers
could use tax-free coupons to purchase petrol throughout the country. However,
this has been suspended at least until the end of February"
"There are two Italian Rail passes. The first gives unlimited travel on all
trains in Italy - including express trains. First class costs from $148
for eight days to $258 for 30 days; second class costs from $94 for eight
days up to $162 for 30 days. The Kilometric ticket costs $181 first class
and $101 second class. For that you get 3000 kilometres of rail travel over
two months - up to five people can share the pass and can all travel together
on the one pass"
Japan presents language problems for the overseas visitor.
"Paris terror toll climbs to 10 dead PARIS (AAP):  

  The death toll in the September wave of terrorist attacks
has risen to 10, with the death of a young woman wounded in the bombing
of a discount clothing store on September 17"
"Police said the bomb-thrower had been identified from photographs as Emile
Abdallah, a brother of Georges Ibrahim Abdallah who is one of three Middle
East terrorists whose freedom has been demanded by the group claiming
responsibility for the bombings"
"Emile and three other Abdallah brothers, also sought by French authorities,
have told reporters they have not left Lebanon in recent months and had
nothing to do with the bombings"
""
"Drug pair `will still be hanged'   

  ONLY hours after the Malaysian Government had granted convicted drug 
runners Brian Chambers and Kevin Barlow a two-week stay of execution, 
Penang's top legal authority said the two men would still be hanged. 
  Penang's senior legal advisor Mr Shaari Yussof said last night he 
expected the two Australians would be executed, regardless of the
complex legal manoeuvres employed in a bid to save them. 
  Mr Shaari said the facts of the case remained that Malaysian courts had 
passed sentence and the Pardons Board had rejected pleas for clemency. 
  ""A reprieve has not been granted and it is clear they will hang,"" 
Mr Shaari said.  ""Under the due process of law the executions will be 
carried out."" 
  Chambers' mother Mrs Sue Chambers said last night news of the stay of 
execution was ""like the sun coming out"". 
  ""I've been holding my breath for so long about this.  It's nice to be able 
to get some oxygen,"" she said. 
  The mothers of both the men were visiting their sons in Pudu Jail 
yesterday morning when an Australian High Commission official told them
of the stay of execution. 
  ""We all just stood there and grinned at one another,"" Mrs Chambers said. 
  ""It is the only little bit of good news we have had since we have been 
here.  I suppose anything was an improvement on what the
position was before."" 
  The Malaysian Government gave an assurance in the Penang
High Court yesterday that warrants for the execution of Chambers, 29, and
Barlow, 28, would not be issued while legal proceedings were under way to save
their lives. 
  Justice Edgar Joseph Jnr has fixed a hearing for July 4 when he
will further consider the arguments of Chambers' lawyer Mr Subash Shandran"
"Mr Shandran is arguing for an extended stay of execution pending a plea for
the Malaysian Supreme Court to re-hear Chambers' appeal, which the court
rejected last December. 
  Mr Subash Shandran is claiming an important trial procedure relied on by 
the trial judge is no longer applicable in Malaysia. 
  He is arguing that since 1981 the Supreme Court, in applying a Privy Council
decision on a Singapore case, had ruled the judge should hear both prosecution
and defence before a decision. 
  It was under these rules that Barlow and Chambers were tried.  But in 
March this year, three months after the rejection of the appeals, the 
Supreme Court said it was wrong in applying the Singapore
case. 
  Mr Subash Shandran also told the Judge the lawyers for the two
condemned men had not been officially told of the Pardons Board's rejection
of their clemency petitions and had only learned of them through press reports"
Barlow and Chambers were sentenced to death in July last year.
"Video hope for missing boy SYDNEY:  

 Police hope the abductor of eight-year-old John Purtell may have
been filmed on video"
"John vanished during a junior rugby league carnival in Griffith last Saturday
and detectives said a number of home videos had been taken during the day"
"The missing boy disappeared from near the shower block at Griffith's
Jubilee Park shortly before he was due to head home"
"Yesterday, additional police from Sydney joined the search while divers
scoured Lake Wyangan, where the bodies of two Griffith schoolboys were found
late last year."
"JAZZ Precision, power, and professionalism SA - Texas: The United
States of Jazz
Festival Theatre
Wednesday  

  THE North Texas State University One O'Clock Band is aptly named"
"""One O'Clock."" The connotations are all there - and so correct. The ""one""
stands for a winner, and this big band fills that spot with polished power"
"The ""clock"" stands for time, the essence of which is an essential ingredient
in any top jazz aggregation - and these 20 musicians had the mix just right"
"North Texas State University has nine big bands - from one o'clock to
nine o'clock - and this one leads the way. Ironically, not one Texan is
in the team: two Swedes, two Canadians and the rest from throughout the
US"
"The program opened nicely enough with the SACAE Big Band, conducted by
Hal Hall, taking us on a smooth musical ride from classic Ellingtonia through
some Big Band Bop before finishing the journey with a ballad featuring Andrew
Firth"
"They can hold their heads high when compared with other college outfits
in this country. But the gold medal had to go to the One O'Clock Lab Band"
"In a performance which demonstrated precision, power and professionalism,
the Lab Band (directed by Neil Slater) amply demonstrated why it is so highly
acclaimed by leading jazz performers throughout the world"
"Whether it was in the attack of Escape Velocity, the subtleties and sombre
voicings of Nuance, the nicely paced ballad I'm Old Fashioned (building
into a crescendo of biting brass), or the brisk encore Machito - the band
failed in only one respect. It failed to expose any weakness in either
ensemble playing or solo performance"
"But if North Texas took gold, there were other medals, too. To senior
lecturer, musician and composer Eric Bryce for his four-part suite Jazz
Through The Looking Glass performed in the second half by the combined Lab
Band, SACAE strings and Big Band, and to the featured artists: Andrew Firth
(clarinet) and vocalist Angela Smith"
"Undoubtedly, this concert was one of the successes of the Jubilee 150
Youth Music Festival"
Don Porter
"A friend vents his anger in church By TERESA MANNIX  

  A fiery Irish priest, Father Joseph Staunton, vented his anger against
the media from the pulpit.  In one of the pews sat Mrs Ingrid and Mr Bill
Murphy - the widow and brother of the man who was the subject of yesterday's
Thanksgiving Mass"
"The tiny St Bede's Church in Red Hill, where Father Staunton is a parish
priest, was chosen for the service because an application to hold it at
the more formidable St Christopher's Cathedral at Manuka was turned down"
"Father Staunton told the congregation that a friendship had developed
between himself and Mr Justice Murphy, based on many long arguments"
"Justice Murphy was not a practising Catholic.  The service was held at
Mrs Murphy's request partly because Father Staunton had spent so much time
with her husband towards the end of his life, and partly because those who
had been close to the judge wanted to give thanks for his life rather than
to mourn his memory"
"The Member for Canberra, Mrs Kelly, attended, as did the Member for Fraser,
Mr Langmore.  There was a smattering of diplomats among the 70 or so people
but it was, generally, a very subdued affair"
"Children from St Bede's Primary School sang the hymns.  There was no
pomp and little ceremony"
"Father Staunton delivered his political sermon from the pulpit.  He told
the congregation repeatedly that he hoped that nobody in Australia would
ever again be subjected to a campaign of vilification like that directed
against Justice Murphy"
"Even the word ""allegation"", used by some sections of the media, was
a ""despicable assumption"""
"He said Justice Murphy had suffered the pain of the accusations almost
to the very end of his life.  Every new inquiry against him produced further
""agony"". 
  The congregation filed out quietly at the end of the service.  Mrs Murphy
even raised a smile outside as she was hugged by sympathisers before climbing
into a waiting diplomatic car."
"CONTENDERS
Nev Warburton's steady rise  

A FEW months ago, four Labor Premiers came to Brisbane to support Nev Warburton
in his bid for Queensland's top job"
"It was something of an exotic holiday and, like many Aussie tourists,
they set out to show the natives how amusing, dashing and superior they
could be"
"Comparisons were made and the obvious result was that Nev Warburton was
seen as considerably less than amusing, dashing and superior"
"The dominant logic was that because he was not like successful ALP leaders
in other States, it was doubtful that he, too, would become a Premier"
"This did not take into account that Queenslanders might not want a glib
Brian Burke or a trendy John Bannon heading their government"
"He has been the perfect figurehead in an ALP campaign which has concentrated
on government negatives. 
  The months of accusations might have appeared as ugly and desperate
muck-raking coming from a flashier Labor leader"
"If such a nice and unexcitable bloke as Nev Warburton says all these
nasty things, there might be something in them"
"He remains rather hide-bound, relatively inflexible and threatens to bore
on occasion"
"Campaign

  But he has grown into the Opposition Leader's job rather than shrinking
it to his proportions"
"After a demanding election campaign, some observers are beginning to
believe Mr Warburton could also grow into the job of Premier"
"His political career is traditional ALP. He moved from top-level sport
through the trade union ranks to local government and finally to Parliament
as the member for Sandgate in 1977"
"His progress up the party ladder has been through predictable factional
support"
"In this election campaign, internal ALP divisions have been kept hidden"
"In part, this is a credit to Nev Warburton's leadership"
"ALP tacticians have tried to get him to be more aggressive, but he has
insisted on sticking to his own pace"
"The opinion polls have indicated he has done the right thing. 
  It is unlikely that Nev Warburton will become Premier via the ALP winning
an outright majority of seats in this election"
"But a hung Parliament opens up all sorts of prospects, including the
extreme possibility that Labor might be asked to form a minority government
- giving Mr Warburton the top job"
""
"Computers let the camera lie By Frank Walker  

THE old adage that the camera never lies has never really been true. Various
techniques from throwing Frisbees across the sky to look like UFOs, to
superimposing negatives, have long put a lie to that"
"But the electronic age has made reality redundant. From now on we are
going to have to doubt everything we see on film and on photographs"
"A new generation of computers has emerged that can change photographs
so that it is extremely difficult to tell them from the real thing. Until
now photographs have been changed by superimposing negatives, cropping,
cutting and pasting, or painting directly on to the print"
"The new computers take an image of the print, convert it into digital
data, and put it on a screen. The artist can then move the images around,
changing colours and making people or objects disappear and reappear at
will"
"When the artist is finished, the image is put back into the computer and
a print comes out at the other end of the process"
"The pictures shown here were done on two devices: the $200,000 British-made
Quantel Video Paintbox used mainly for fashioning television logos, and
the $2-million Crosfield Electronics pagination system also from Britain"
"Both have been in Australia for 18 months or so, but the operators are
still finding new ways of using the equipment, testing the boundaries of
what is possible. Colours of houses, dresses, and eyes can be changed at
will. Wrinkles, fat, or blemishes can be wiped away from film stars at a
flick"
"One operator, who did not want to be named, said a car company last year,
for an advertisement, wanted to use a spectacular photo it saw in a European
book of a rally car going around a mountain road. Unfortunately the car
was not their make"
"The operator said it used the machine to ""paint"" in the characteristics
of the wanted car over the image of the original. To cover over problem
areas, dust and flying stones from the wheels were added. A group of people
were standing too far away so the machine simply moved them closer"
"""You should never believe anything you see any more,"" said Terry Fitzell,
an operator on the Crosfield system at Mansfield Reproductions in Sydney"
"""Even publicity photos of movie and TV stars come to us with bloodshot eyes
and pimples. We remove them with the machine. One of the worst examples
we get is the Queen Mother. She has terrible brown teeth. We paint them
white so no one can see.""
  For a cigarette advertisement a parachutist jumped out of a plane with
the brand name on the top of the parachute and the photographer snapped
away from the plane as he drifted down on a blue lagoon with a sandy beach"
"But the parachutist was in the top right corner of the picture, exactly
where the advertiser wanted to run words"
"Using the Crosfield, the operator shifted the parachutist to the bottom
left corner and doubled his size for good measure. ""It saved them about
$30,000 as they didn't have to re-shoot the ad. Mind you, we could have
done it on the machine without them flying to the lagoon in the first place,""
said the operator"
"The Quantel Video Paintbox is a smaller machine used mainly for video
advertising and television logos. For moving pictures the artist has to
retouch every frame of the sequence"
"According to the marketing director of Quantel in Australia, Haydn Deere,
the potential of the machine is limited only to the expertise of the artist
working it. He admits the potential of the machine is ""frightening"""
"""You can really kiss good-bye to photos as evidence of anything. I have
seen whole battle sequences put on film that never happened. In one
demonstration, they had the image of a tank, put it on a background, and
frame by frame made it move across the screen. It was only when the turret
moved that it looked artificial, but that is only limited by the talent
of the artist.""
  In a TV advertisement that would be shown in America, a Hawaiian beach
scene inadvertently had a topless woman bather revealing all. No problem
for the Paintbox. Frame by frame, they painted a bikini on her. The only
question was what colour they wanted"
"Deere is aware there is a strong ethical question involved in these machines,
but he says that is up to the people who use them"
"There are 10 Video Paintboxes in Australia, seven of them in television
stations. Sometimes they are not used just for station logos. One artist
who used to work for Channel Nine said the face of a mountain was moved
slightly on the Paintbox for a short sequence in a mountaineering documentary
so that it was clearer what the climber was doing"
"The Video Paint Brush Company does contract work on its Paintboxes in
Sydney and Melbourne. ""Six months is a long time in this business. We are
doing things we wouldn't have thought of a year ago, and who knows what
we will be doing in a year,"" says Sydney manager Stephen Smith"
"The senior designer, Michael Murray, is an artist by trade. He said he
could not only change the colour of people's eyes on the machine, he could
make them blink"
"In 10 minutes of playing around on the machine, he gave Neville Wran a
beard and made Bob Hawke bald, simply by shifting portions of Wran's sideburns
over his cheeks and gradually extending Hawke's forehead"
"It would be difficult to pick it as a forgery as actual parts of the
photograph as recorded on the computer were moved rather than painting on
the beard or forehead. The only way to tell is to pick repetitions of the
""cloning"" patterns of the parts of the photograph"
"The Paintbox and the Crosfield are only two of the new machines in the
rapidly developing field of digital retouching. The Israeli-made Scitex
machine and the West German Chromacom, for instance, also turn photographs
into computer data for printing, making photo and graphic reproduction quicker
and cheaper"
"The benefits of the new technology are obvious. They are opening up new
and exciting possibilities in photo and graphic reproduction such as record
covers, pop videos, and eye-catching magazine covers. Computer enhancement
of photographs has helped examine the explosion of the Challenger Space
Shuttle and exposed fake photos of the Loch Ness monster and UFOs"
"But they bring with them a moral dilemma: How far can one go? The temptation
to ""improve"" images or even fake them is now so much greater"
"As the machines improve and become more widespread, it will become more
and more difficult to tell the adulterated image from the unadulterated"
"It might be that news magazines and newspapers will have to make public
declarations that they will not alter or change their photographs"
"Even a magazine world-famous for its photographs, National Geographic,
has succumbed to temptation (see picture). A director of the printing and
engraving section in Washington said the decision to move the pyramids
was out of ""aesthetic reasons"" and every effort is made to avoid this sort
of thing. ""But the main point when using this type of technology is not
to alter the meaning of the photograph. We certainly didn't do that.""
  ""The only other changes we ever made to photographs was to tone over the
genitals of naked natives. This is a family magazine, after all. But we
don't even to that any more.""
  In a letter to a disillusioned reader, the editor-in-chief of National
Geographic, Bill Garrett, said: ""The effect was the same as if the
photographer had moved over a few feet. More important (to this issue)
is how much did the use of a telephoto lens move the pyramids? How much
did the colour change because of a filter? Were the camels there naturally
or were they brought there for the picture...?""
  National Geographic, of course, isn't the only one to have fallen to
temptation. Company annual reports in the US have appeared with a company's
new building surrounded by trees rather than the car parks which were in
the original photo. A 1982 photo book called Idylls of France reportedly
removed unsightly telegraph poles from a rural scene and litter from a stream
bed from the original photos"
"In Australia the ethics of retouching photographs were examined when the
Sydney Daily Telegraph ran a photo of Gough Whitlam sitting alone at his
desk shortly after the 1975 sacking. The caption said: ""Mr Whitlam, a lonely
figure in the Federal Caucus room."" In fact, the photo was taken at a press
conference and a secretary in the background had been painted out"
"The photographer was suspended from Parliament for two weeks and the paper
apologised, saying it was an error"
"However, over at the Sydney Morning Herald photographs appeared in the
early 1970s on Anzac and Remembrance days showing an old digger with jets
flying over his head. This was done by superimposing one photo over another,
both taken on the same day but impossible to get in the same frame"
"The news editor at the time, David Bowman, stopped this practice, saying
he thought a photograph should only have in it what was captured in the
lens"
"The National Times photographer, Lorrie Graham, whose work has been
published in books, magazines and newspapers around the world, says there
is little satisfaction for a photographer in ""stooging"" a photo"
"""It is usually only for the benefit of editors and the written word that
photos are changed. Photos themselves have never been sued, only the captions
have. But if this practice of forging photos ever happened in newspapers,
the lawyers would have more money than they can handle."""
"One week to T day By Kevin Norbury, Megan Jones and Ross Brundrett  

THE State Government has just five days to stop gay rights activist Alison
Thorne returning to the classroom"
"Legal sources say the government is bound by the Equal Opportunity Board's
ruling that Ms Thorne be reinstated as a classroom teacher"
"But if the government appeals to the Supreme Court before Parliament rises
next Friday, it will gain time to ""change the rules"""
"Ms Thorne's return to teaching is backed by her union, the Technical Teachers
Union of Victoria"
"But school bodies and other community groups doubt she will be accepted
at any school"
"On Thursday, the Equal Opportunity Board ordered the Education Ministry
to take the necessary steps to appoint Ms Thorne to a technical school
from January 1"
"But the Premier, Mr Cain, said his Government had an obligation to parents
not allow Ms Thorne to teach children 16 and under"
"He said Ms Thorne's return to the classroom would undermine the Victorian
education system, and the Government would not let this occur"
"A senior government legal source said the Government would have to amend
the Equal Opportunity Act or the Teaching Service Act if it wanted to block
Ms Thorne's return"
"Ms Thorne, 27, was withdrawn from classroom duties at Glenroy Technical
School three years ago after she spoke, on Derryn Hinch's 3AW program, in
favor of lowering the age of consent"
"She was transferred to an administrative job in the Education Department's
regional office"
"In July last year, Ms Thorne lodged a discrimination complaint against
the Education Department - now the ministry"
"A lawyer working on equal opportunity cases said yesterday that once the
government lodged an appeal, the reinstatement order would be held in suspense"
An amendment could then be in force by the time the appeal was heard
"If the Government does not appeal, Ms Thorne will re-start her teaching
career in the new year, most likely at Tottenham Technical School, or back
at Glenroy"
"Back in November, 1983, she was waiting to transfer from Glenroy to
Tottenham, where she had been promoted"
"How she would be received now at Tottenham Tech, the school wasn't about
to say"
"Staff and the school parent's club were tight-lipped about the possibility on
Friday"
"But sources close to Glenroy Technical School say she would not be welcome
back there"
"They said the school was still reeling from the media attention it copped
when Ms Thorne was removed from teaching"
"The school's deputy principal, Mr Barry Armstrong, yesterday refused to
 comment on the possibility of Ms Thorne's return"
"Glenroy Tech teacher Mrs Sonia Rutherford told the Sunday Press that
the school ""was angry with Hinch's involvement at the school and we do not
want to get involved with the media again.""
  Jan Dillow, president of the Technical Teachers Union of Victoria, confirmed
that Ms Thorne was officially designated to Tottenham Tech"
"""But it is up to her which school she returns to,"" Ms Dillow said"
"Sources said Glenroy Tech, and a number of other technical schools, was
already over-supplied with teachers"
"Ms Dillow said the Department of Education looked at enrolment figures
at the beginning of each school year"
"If the figures were ""over-establishment"", or there were more teachers
than department ratios permitted, teachers were transferred to other suitable
schools in the area, if possible"
"If there were not enough jobs to go round, a colleague would lose their
job or be transferred to accommodate Ms Thorne if she is allowed to take
up her option at Glenroy Tech"
"Ms Dillow endorsed the Equal Opportunity Board's directive that Ms Thorne
be put back into the class room"
"""It was our policy that Alison be reinstated,"" she said"
""
"Pamplona Baja Norman H. Hart  

Pamplona Baja is one of the many hundreds of 'new' housing developments
(Pueblos Jovenes) that surround Lima and most other cities of Latin America"
"People come to the cities in search of a better life than the one they knew
in the mountains. They arrive with only what they carry on their backs and
maybe with their families. If they are lucky these people may know someone
in the city where they can stay for a while until they become oriented"
"San Juan de Miraflores, of which Pamplona Baja is a district, is some twenty
years old. Many of the houses are quite soundly constructed, but others
are not and are thereby a risk to health and life. Floors may still be of
dirt while the whole family and its animals may share one room. The poverty
which forces them to live in such conditions also prevents the people from
buying good food and obtaining proper health care. Tuberculosis is a major
killer with 85% of the population affected by the disease to some extent
or other"
"In this context the Community House exists in Pamplona Baja. Originally
begun five years ago as a refuge for single mothers, it has grown and changed,
adapting to the needs of the local community. The house is a centre for
worship, Bible study, prayer and fellowship on Sundays and during the week"
"It is the office for the social worker, while for the nurse it is a surgery"
"It is a site for a leather workshop where young men are taught a trade to
supplement family incomes or to help pay for their tertiary education. It
is the home of two of the community leaders and their families. It is a
school for the adult literacy programme, where twenty to thirty ladies learn
to read and write Spanish which is not their native language. The centre
also runs a kindergarten for thirty children of the poorest families, a
Sunday school and a youth group"
"The Rev Tony Michael acts as a pastor for the community; his wife Priscilla,
in conjunction with Epifania and Esperanza, co-ordinates the social work"
"The community has opted to provide sustained care for individuals and their
families, not just a supplement to government services. About twenty patients
are provided with drugs for T.B. under the supervision of a volunteer doctor
who visits when required. Priscilla and Epifania go regularly to twelve
of the fifty government schools in the area to teach basic hygiene related
to T.B., typhoid, venereal disease, drug addiction and sex education. The
centre helps to find employment, visits community members in Lima jails,
advises people on how to deal with government departments, how to care
for themselves and their families and helps them to realise that they are
sons and daughters of God and important to him"
"Where possible, the centre also helps in first aid and a limited supply
of drugs for emergencies and severely poor people. When available, food
supplements are given to patients and their families. Milk is given to
kindergarten children. Clothing is provided if available and necessary"
"The depression and distress which are a natural consequence of the life-style
and illness in the Pueblo Joven means that there must be frequent and often
lengthy visitation to support patients and their families. Often there are
deaths and some families can lose members at such an alarming rate that
there is little prospect of a third generation. Here the Church is trying
to help people survive. This means that the gospel in Peru must be wholistic
- it must relate to the whole person. Pamplona Baja has chosen this course"
"While in country areas some missionaries have undertaken the task of preparing
scripture and liturgies in Aymara and Quechua, in Lima Spanish
is the lingua franca and any progress the people make must be in that language"
"Most would deny any knowledge of an indian language because that is seen
as a social stigma. The missionary is usually using Spanish as a second
language also and in these circumstances misunderstandings can often occur
making communication a trial but also a joy in learning together"
"Pamplona Baja has many needs - a library for use by students in the district;
drugs for T.B. patients at three hundred and fifty dollars a year for each
one; Bibles for the growing Christian community."
"Wage increases will not be handed to us on a platter By Graham Marshall  

  Bill Kelty argued in the weeks leading up to the ACTU Special Unions
Conference that the union movement had three options on wages"
"One, go for full wage indexation in the next national wage case in the
knowledge that a discounted two per cent increase would be the inevitable
result and that the centralised wage fixation system would then collapse"
"Two, go outside the centralised wage fixation system and try to get increases
in the market"
"Or three, go for a new system which would give protection to low income
earners through the centralised system but allow greater flexibility for
unions to get further increases above the fixed general increase"
"This third option, or the two-tier option as it has come to be known,
was certainly Bill Kelty's preference and it was clearly accepted by the
ACTU Special Unions Conference as the best means of maximising the wage
outcomes in the present economic and political environment"
"It was not an option which was supported by the ATF and a number of other
public sector unions. For us there was too much uncertainty about the second
tier"
"It is clear that the second tier is designed primarily as a safety valve
mechanism to allow the industrially strong unions in the private sector
to get additional wage increases to those handed down in national wage
cases"
"But now that the ACTU has made its decision, we will have to look at various
ways teachers might be able to get wage increases in the second tier"
"We must remember here that the ACTU decision simply determines what it
will propose to the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission
at the next national wage case. What the Commission actually decides might
be quite another matter"
"For this reason the ATF Executive decided prior to the Special Unions
Conference ... `that if the majority of unions agree to the two tier proposal
as the most viable option which retains some measure of centralised wage
fixation, then the ATF reserves its final position on the two tier proposal
until such time as the Commission brings down its decision with the details
of the increases to be awarded, the timing of such increases and the
principles that would be attached to the operations of the second tier'"
"If teachers are to have any chance of getting second tier wage increases,
these increases must be made possible by the principles adopted by the
Commission.  The decision of the Special Unions Conference means that the
ACTU will argue for an expansion of the current principles covering additional
wage increases (additional to those increases which everyone gets) so that
many more unions will have an opportunity to get these increases on an industry
by industry or award by award basis"
"If the Commission decides to adopt expanded principles which will make
it possible for teacher unions to mount cases for salary increases on the
basis of increased work value, wage comparability and/or restructure and
reclassification, then clearly the ATF will be more inclined to support
the new wage fixation system"
"Because the Special Unions Conference decided to hold a further ACTU
Special Unions Conference after the national wage decision case is handed
down, the ATF and all other ACTU affiliated unions will have another
opportunity to collectively decide whether we want to stick with the two
tier system or not"
"But whatever further decisions lie down the track, it is clear that teacher
unions around Australia are going to have to start gearing up for industrial
campaigns on salaries and salary related issues if we want to maintain
teachers' living standards"
"The best possible decisions of the Commission will simply provide us with
an opportunity to get wage increases. They won't actually give us these
wage increases"
"To achieve this we will need to succeed with particular claims for second
tier wage increases. And we can be certain that these wage increases will
not simply be handed to us on a platter"
"Whether we decide to campaign on reclassification (which is becoming a
significant issue around the country with increasing numbers of teachers
stuck at the top of the automatic salary scales) or some other issue, it
will require a concerted and nationally coordinated industrial campaign
to have the best chance of success"
""
"STILL CASH AND TIME TO GAMBLE 

Times are tough. Money's short, we are told, and the economy's not in the
best of health. But, amazingly, we still can find the time and cash to have
a flutter, particularly on Melbourne Cup Day"
"Apparently we cannot resist the temptation to live up to our world-wide
reputation as enthusiastic sports who'll bet on anything, including flies
crawling up a wall"
And we've got the figures to prove it
"Within a period of just 24 hours this week NSW punters wagered the amazing
amount of $30 million on just two events - Monday night's Lotto draw and
yesterday's Melbourne Cup"
"And that doesn't include the rest of yesterday's races, or the various
other forms of legal - and illegal - gambling we indulge in like scratch
cards and poker machines, blackjack and two-up"
"Lotto's prizemoney pool - the amount distributed among the winners - on
Monday night amounted to a massive $12.7 million, including the Division
1 prize of $7 million, shared by 11 syndicates"
"Yesterday the State had an enormous $16.4 million punt on the Cup itself
or more than $17 million if we add the TAB in the ACT, which also works
as the Northern Territory TAB"
""
"Ed. by Garry Wotherspoon Adrian Finds His Avalon Adrian Dixson  

Perhaps my parents were disappointed when their first and, as
it happened, their only child was a boy. When the doctor asked
my father `what are you going to call the baby?' he replied,
`Shirley.' `That might not be a good idea', suggested the
doctor, `it's a son!' So I became Adrian"
"Father was the eighth son in a family of nine boys and six
girls: Mother the eighth daughter in a family of eight
daughters and one son. All but three of twenty-four uncles and
aunts married and produced families, so I grew up almost the
youngest among dozens of cousins. One of my uncles recalled
that my father was strikingly handsome and very attractive to
women - his early photographs lend support to this claim. The
same uncle was inclined to believe that my father in his mid-
thirties married my mother, not simply because he found her
attractive and charming, but also because she belonged to a
prosperous, well-established rural family tracing its
antecedents in part to the first settlement. At all events I
passed my earliest years - the depression years - in a
secure, comfortable, middle-class Australian environment"
"My earliest recollections are set in a highly organised
suburban society where everything and everybody had its
clearly defined place and purpose. Everything happened at its
appointed time: Sunday was church and Sunday School; Monday,
washing and ironing; Tuesday, for baking cakes; Wednesday, we
visited relations; Thursday, cleaning day; Friday, shopping;
and Saturday, tennis in the afternoon and bridge at night"
"The one thing that I missed particularly was the regular
company of other children, but our daily household routine was
far from dull. I was never bored. A seemingly endless stream of
tradespeople crunched up the gravelled tradesmen's entrance to
our back door: the milkman with his trimly painted horse-drawn
cart, the postman, the grocer, the greengrocer, the butcher,
the iceman, the baker, the produce merchant, and the clothes-
prop man all called regularly. `Ragsy', my silky terrier, and
I enjoyed the friendliest relations with the tradespeople and
eagerly awaited their arrival. Each afternoon at five o'clock
we squatted in front of an old horn speaker to listen to our
favourite wireless sessions, `The Fairy Godmother' and `The
Hello Man' on 2CH. Even during the hours of darkness the sound
of footsteps and a passing flash of torchlight assured me that
the local nightwatchman was doing his regular rounds"
"My father was a quietly spoken, mild-mannered man. Cricket
and antique furniture were his lifelong interests. He entered
gladly into community activities - secretary of the local
Methodist Church, a member of both the local United Australia
Party executive and the local Masonic Lodge. He held a fairly
well-paid position in the Commonwealth Public Service. I could
not conceive of a kinder or more generous father. Unfortunately
we never became very close. Before I was very old I realised
that the sorts of things for which he wanted to feel proud of
me were mostly the things in which I excelled least"
"With dark brown hair, deep green eyes, and a very fair
complexion, my mother was an attractive woman. In contrast to
her five elder sisters, who rarely stopped talking, she was a
quiet, gentle person. She delighted in the homely arts of
crochet, flower-arranging, cooking, and playing the piano. In
the years before the war we usually employed one live-in maid
to help run a household which, with frequent visits from
country relations, often numbered seven or eight. I adored my
mother. She was the centre of my world, and the person whose
approval I most earnestly sought"
"My father's mother, Grandma Dixson, lived with us. She was
a stiffly upright and slightly redoubtable lady in her
eighties. In the ten years that I knew her I never once saw her
in anything but black - dresses, shoes, stockings, beads, hats
and gloves. Her long gowns, relieved only by a thin edging of
white lace at collar and cuffs, just touched the floor. With
her long white hair piled up she was a study in quiet dignity"
"On Saturday nights, possibly to mitigate my disappointment
at not being allowed to mingle with the bridge players
downstairs, I was accorded the privilege of sleeping with
Grandma Dixson. With great glee I clambered into her vast
double iron bedstead with its shapeless, squashy old feather
mattress redolent of lavender and musk. My prayers finished,
Grandma would regale me with recollections of her childhood in
Hampshire; riding her pony `Fanny'; building snowmen in the
fields at Christmas; visiting her brothers at Winchester
College, and the long sea voyage from London to Geelong via Rio
de Janeiro. Vividly she recalled hiding in the billowing folds
of her mother's crinoline when the seamen playfully chased her
around the deck. Her family had settled in Geelong and it was
here, when she was twenty-five, that she met my grandfather"
"They settled on the Murray River where the first eleven of
their fifteen children were born. Later they took up a sheep
property in north-western New South Wales. Grandma played the
church organ in the township five miles away. To get there she
rode side-saddle. `However,' she explained, `by the time I'd
finished serving midday dinner and washing up I didn't have
time to open the five sets of gates between the farm and the
church, so I jumped them!' I listened fascinated as she
described making bread, candles, soap, and even sewing tiny
items of underwear and hats for her large family"
"From a time pre-dating my earliest recollections I found
an immense delight in dressing-up - a delight not altogether
shared by my father who was not favourably impressed when he
returned from church one Sunday morning to discover his five-
year-old son shuffling half way down the street in a pair of
his mother's high heels and long satin dress beneath a pink
flowered parasol. I shall never forget the screech of brakes as
he stopped the car and bundled me in, not at all, as I felt, in
a manner befitting my obviously dignified appearance. His
reaction to this incident made me decide that perhaps I'd be
wiser not to wear mother's old silver-beaded wedding dress on
future occasions when I went up the garden to feed the fowls"
"If my penchant for dressing up disturbed my father, he
must have been equally dismayed by my fondness for dolls. I
wanted to own dolls, dress them up, place them in furnished
dolls' houses and, possibly worst of all, tell all the visitors
about them. I daresay father's embarrassment reached its high
point when I led him into a local toy shop and, pointing to a
small brass donkey engine, inquired of the proprietor, `How
much is that dolly's bath heater?' I also revelled in playing
with toy tea sets and sewing cards - everything that he felt
a regular boy should eschew"
"Our household was dominated by a strong sense of personal
modesty. In no circumstances did anyone ever appear outside the
bedrooms or the bathroom less than fully clad. For tennis
menfolk wore long white trousers. While I clearly remember
frequent reminders that `children should be seen and not heard'
and `Money does not grow on trees', the rule that people should
never appear less than fully dressed was never stated. Very
likely this topic, like sex, was too distasteful for
discussion. I was never greatly impressed by the oft-repeated
warnings about keeping quiet or being thrifty, but the unspoken
example of personal modesty communicated itself to me with
painful intensity. The very idea of undressing, even partly, in
the presence of others became abhorrent to me. Fortunately I
felt no embarrassment on those rare occasions when I stayed
overnight with my uncle and aunt by the sea and shared a bath
with my cousin Nigel. We both relished the experience"
"Possibly because I was denied any opportunity to see the
adult body, it became for me an object of considerable
fascination. While still of kindergarten age, I remember
standing with my mother on a suburban railway station as a
Scotsman in kilts walked down the steps onto the platform
opposite. I had never before seen a man with bare knees"
"Innocently, I asked my mother, `Do you think that Scotsman
might let me play with his legs?' I forget her exact reply, but
it was something like, `No darling, I don't really think so.'
     A few weeks later I discovered a new sensation which
seemed to me to be perfectly harmless. When my father was
seated I lay on the floor beside his chair and wriggled my bare
feet up his trouser legs. I enjoyed the sensation, but it soon
irritated him and he stopped the practice with `Adrian, are you
crazy? Don't be so silly. Go and play with Ragsy.'
     On Sunday afternoons I was bathed, dressed in my best suit
and bow tie, and sent off to the local Methodist Sunday School"
"I quite enjoyed Sunday School. In the kindergarten, forty or
fifty little boys and girls sang hymns, listened to stories,
and marched around a circle of tiny chairs before they broke up
into smaller class groups. On one particular Sunday afternoon
our teacher, Miss Bertha Burrows, had prepared for us an Old
Testament story illustrated with a series of flip-over coloured
pictures. The story concerned reapers harvesting wheat, and
when she uncovered the first picture my mouth went dry with
excitement. Here was a field of men clearly stripped to the
waist. Never before had I seen a man wearing so little. Then
I heard Miss Burrows' voice asking, `Adrian, will you go to the
picture please and point out a reaper for us.' `Why me?' I
wondered. `Can Miss Burrows read my thoughts?' The shudder of
excitement was so intense to me as my finger touched the navel
of a painted reaper that I felt everyone must have noticed it"
"My fears were needless. Nobody else appeared to be the least
stirred by the picture. But I still felt guilty. There must be
something very wrong, I felt, at finding excitement in anything
so immodest as a half-naked body"
"Although my maternal grandmother, Grandma Moresby, never
lived with us, she lived at the opposite end of our street. Her
home, `Broughlea', was much older and larger than our own. Its
wide verandas and spacious grounds, which included a tennis
court, a fowl run, and a large, disused stable, provided an
ideal playground for an imaginative five-year-old"
"Grandma was cared for by a devoted old Yorkshire maid
named Alice, who made just as much fuss of me as did her
mistress. Her long black dresses were the only sombre thing
about Grandma Moresby, who always seemed to be smiling. She
never complained if I strummed too long on the piano. Nothing
was ever a bother to her. Her household ran with seemingly
effortless efficiency. Everything from breakfast to supper
happened exactly as it was meant to, at precisely the right
time, and it was always done well. She had been a widow for
five years when I was born and her whole life centred around
her six surviving daughters, one son, and nine grandchildren of
whom I was the youngest"
"Christmas at Grandma Moresby's was the highlight of my
infant years. This was one time when I was never lonely. All
my aunts, uncles and cousins descended on `Broughlea'. If my
South African relatives also happened to be visiting Sydney, a
total of fourteen adults and nine children squeezed around
Grandma's extended dining table. A pine tree specially felled
and carted down from Pennant Hills stood in the centre of the
old stable, and we kids danced around it trying to read the
names on the dozens of presents nestling between the glass
balls and tinsel. Being the youngest I was at a slight disadvantage because
I couldn't read the names or reach high enough to examine the presents on
the loftier branches."
"IT'S ALL FUN FOR MOUCHE Movie Talk BY JOHN HANRAHAN   

THERE can't be many stars who could claim their break into show business
was in Tahiti!
  But that's exactly where 14-year-old Mouche Phillips, one of the stars
of TV's Butterfly Island and the new Aussie movie Playing Beatie Bow stepped
into the spotlight"
"Mouche plays the title role in the film adaptation of Ruth Park's bestseller
about a Sydney teenager who finds herself transported back to the Rocks
area in the last century by a young girl (Mouche), and the adventures she
encounters"
"""A big singer by the name of Carlos, from France, came over to Tahiti
to do a commercial for an orange juice,"" Mouche, an enthusiastic, poised
and unaffected young lady recounted"
"""They got all the Tahitian girls around my age but then said they were
looking for someone different to be in it ...You! And I went, `oh, okay'"
"""That was my first film experience.""
  She had been living in Tahiti for a year and half with her mother"
"On returning to Sydney, a friend suggested Mouche accompany her to join
an agency"
"""I went along and wasn't actually going to join,"" Mouche explained"
"""But she got some photos done and I jumped into a couple of them and the
agency asked me to join, too"
"""Television commercials and catwalk modeling followed, but I was only
10 at the time and my idea of a career was either an air hostess or a
ballerina.  
  Then came the chance of a lifetime. She was invited to join a number of
boys and girls to take part in an exchange with children her age in China, with
the exercise to be subject of a documentary"
"""It was called Children of Two Countries ... there were four boys and
four girls with special talents, and it was to experience their kind of
life. I went for painting,"" she recalled"
They spent three weeks there. Then came Butterfly Island
"""I had long hair and a sun tan and they thought I looked right for an island
setting,"" she said"
"""But they wanted to know if I could do all these sporty things like drive
a boat and hang from a coconut tree ... I said, `oh sure, whatever you want'"
And they wanted me to climb into a plane from a boat as it was flying off
I went off to Queensland for it and had great fun
"""The role of Beatie Bow, a young candymaker's daughter, was a cinch after
that.""
  Then came the worst news. She had to have her waist length hair cut off"
"""I thought they were joking, but they weren't. Mum asked for a wig and
they said no. But now I like it this length! And I loved the role because
it was a challenge.""
  But as much fun as Mouche is having with her acting, she has other plans
within the industry"
"""I really want to do make-up, special effects make-up, and then eventually
do some producing. And Mum is very supportive of me,"" she enthused"
""
"WHAT POLLIES REALLY THINK  

POLITICIANS and bureaucrats beware"
Psychologists can now read behind the rhetorical statement
"The political rhetoric of world leaders is providing American psychologist
Dr Philip Tetlock with an accurate indicator of what politicians really
think about important issues"
"For example, the soft-line literary use of language currently shown by
the Soviet leader, Mr Gorbachev, tells him that Mr Gorbachev would be
prepared to reach a major agreement with the US"
"But Dr Tetlock has found the current US administration more sceptical
in outlook than any administration in the last 12 years"
""
"Zany mob good for a laugh  By SHERYL CHEN  

WICKETY Wak fans rejoice - there's another Waks Work special on tonight"
It's the third in a series made by the Queensland band for Channel 7
"Waks Works III is hour-long compilation of comedy sketches, musical send-ups,
impersonations and spoofs of well-known television commercials"
"Wickety Wak's Tony Jeffrey, Peter MacKay, Rob Rosenlund, Pani Gibert and Greg
Doolan don dubious costumes and outrageous make-up for the variety
program. 
  The Brisbane-based group is renowned for its hilarious send-ups of
celebrities.  Professor Sumner Miller, Cyndi Lauper, Freddie Fender, Tina
Turner and the Leyland  Brothers all feature"
But the band does have a serious side
"Its members are professional musicians and have scored international
success with Moonlight Marvel"
"Wickety Waks' lead vocalist, Tony Jeffrey, was born in Ireland and has his singing career as a boy soprano in local eisteddfods"
"Reputation  

  When he moved to Australia he began working the cabaret circuit and was
selected to represent Australia in the Sopot Song Festival in Poland in
1970"
"The band's drummer, Peter Mackay, was born in Adelaide and has earned
a fun reputation for his send-ups of Mick Jagger, Rod Stewart, Joe Cocker
and Rolf Harris"
"Rob Rosenlund, who plays keyboards, is a Brisbane-born sheet-metal worker
who turned his professional life to music when he toured with the band Winston
Country"
He joined Wickety Wak in 1978
"Bass guitarist Pani Gilbert was born in New Zealand and moved to Australia
in 1962"
This year he celebrates 10 years with the band Wickety Wak
"Greg Doolan started playing guitar at the age of 15. He was a draughtsman
with the public service for five years, playing the Brisbane circuit part-time"
"He joined Wickety Wak in 1975 and is the master-mind behind the comical
send-ups"
Waks Works III screens at 7.30
""
"by Christopher Gentle  

Leach-Jones is often mistakenly perceived
to be a formalist because of his fascination with
pictorial problems. In fact he uses abstract
language to explore fundamental philosophical
concerns as his recent Romance of death
series illustrates"
"HAVING migrated to Australia from Britain in 1960, Alun Leach-
Jones has established himself as an important Australian artist
over the past twenty-five years. He has an impressive record of
exhibitions both in this country and overseas and has been included
in important group exhibitions and collections around the world. In
Australia he has been influential not only as a distinguished
teacher but by example and through the quality of an increasingly
large body of work that he continues to generate. It is not unusual
to see direct references in student work but it is certainly a mark
of respect when this occurs in the work of quite mature artists as
sometimes is the case"
"However there are still misconceptions about Leach-Jones's
paintings by those who fail to read beyond the first level of his
work and see him purely as a decorative colourist, concerned only
with technicalities and the formal problems of painting. Ironically, 
this is a criticism which Leach-Jones himself levels at much of 
recent Australian art. Part of the problem of interpretation can
be traced back to that period in the 1960s when `New Abstraction'
was the blanket title for a number of quite disparate young artists
who were conveniently but incorrectly grouped together under the
then popular banner of colour-field painting. Leach-Jones was among
them"
"Yet there were aspects of his painting that distinguished him
even then. The work was authoritative and the technical mastery
over the intricacy of his images bore evidence of a patience and
dedication that has remained a hallmark of his career. As Patrick
McCaughey wrote in 1973, `At a period when the notions of
professionalism assumed fetishistic importance for younger
Australian artists, Leach-Jones seemed the most professional of
them all'. He seemed also to have a grasp of and familiarity with
the concepts of current European and American movements that was
uncommon in his Australian peers. He has continued to nurture these
associations by frequently exhibiting and working abroad"
"As one acutely aware of his European beginnings he has a greater
affinity with the intensity and intellectual vigour manifested in
those arenas rather than the necessarily narrower cultural
environment in his adopted country. For, unlike many migrant
artists (and native ones for that matter), he has not fallen under
the spell of either the many geographical wonders of this ancient
and arid continent or of the local folklore, white or black. He
retains a strong sense of his own Celtic heritage and philosophies
rooted in the European tradition of the great Masters and is quick
to pay homage to Jean Dubuffet, Pablo Picasso, Pierre Bonnard and
most especially to Henri Matisse. In the late 1950s and early l960s
when the post-war Americans had such an impact on contemporary
modernist philosophy, Leach-Jones found an affinity with Hans
Hofmann and Josef Albers and inspiration in Robert Motherwell. It
is no surprise then that his work should reflect this international
outlook"
"Leach-Jones's work bears ostensibly little evidence of
Australian influence except, almost inevitably, in his colour and
light and sense of space and scale - his paintings are all large"
"The sharp, wide-ranging tonal patterns and high keyed, brilliant
colour celebrated with such virtuosity are anything but Celtic,
although there is a delight in ornamental and complex pattern"
"There are no soft tones, no Welsh slate-greys; in their place are
sparkling coastal blues and greens and the pinks and gold of late
Sydney afternoons"
"However, one should beware of drawing the obvious conclusion
that such references are inherent in Leach-Jones's colour because
he has never been a literal painter in that sense. For him the
figurative image must inevitably entrap the viewer, arresting the
fundamental process of communication and impeding the
interpretation of the symbol. Janine Burke, writing about Leach-
Jones in 1976, suggested in some detail that the works can be
approached on three levels: on a purely literal and associative
level which is the most readily accessible, as allegories or
pictorial parables and finally as symbols. If one is to traverse
these levels, and this is not always easy, the artist maintains
that the distraction of realist imagery is best removed. He
believes that, `If you could get rid of external reality it would
be much easier to deal directly with feeling and experience'. With
this in mind it is not difficult to see why Leach-Jones relates to
art forms other than painting. Indeed much of his inspiration comes
either directly or indirectly from composers and writers: `I see
books as a whole set of intellectual tools which keep you striving
and functioning, just like looking at other art, listening to
music, reading poetry, literature and criticism, it's just to
remind you of what the goals are, what the standards are ...' And
it is not only from the works that he draws inspiration. The
writers, poets, musicians, the individuals themselves serve as
models in their dedication, intellect and ethics"
"Although Leach-Jones is broadly regarded as an abstract painter
concerned largely with developing a difficult, formal visual
language, he sees himself simultaneously using that abstract
language to explore and express the human condition especially in
his more recent works. He contends that it is not enough to produce
`adequate decoration' no matter how skilfully. For art must carry
ideas and feelings and create dialogue to communicate
meaningfully. It signifies Leach-Jones's commitment to these
ideals that he characteristically produces work in series in which
he patiently develops and expands his ideas. The series is
completed at a stage where the concepts are overtaken or a natural
impasse is reached, a point at which development ceases. 
   On the other hand, Leach-Jones has always been ready to
experiment and never reluctant to delve into the unknown"
"Consequently, there have been some quite sudden changes in his
style over the years due to the discovery of new materials and
procedures - or in direct response to environmental changes. For
instance, Leach-Jones's work was visibly affected by his move to
Sydney from Melbourne in 1977: while they maintained a classical
order these paintings broke out from the confines of the strict
regime embodied, for example, in the earlier Noumenon series. The
inhibiting rigidity of the symbols was relinquished along with the
reference to three dimensional form. The new works became freer and
higher keyed"
"In 1980 Leach-Jones was invited to live and work in Berlin as
Artist in Residence with the German Academic Exchange Service where
the groundwork for the current series of paintings was laid. The
Romance of death - the generic title for these paintings - seem an
unlikely denotation for works which are brimming over with action,
colour and light. The title is in fact Leach-Jones's esoteric
reference to a number of personal characteristics and experiences"
"His perception of himself is of a melancholic and introspective
personality which he attributes to his background and heritage. He
is certainly a romantic as most artists must be, but his romance is
tinged with a melancholy and natural pessimism. He enjoys listening
to twentieth-century British music and reading poetry, Welsh poetry
in particular, which reflects this sensibility"
"It seems that Leach-Jones has reached now a stage where is more
relaxed and reflective and has gained the confidence that comes
from consistent success. That he is able to define and accept
personality traits is significant, as knowing oneself is very much
part of the art process. We are witnessing the artist maturing and
coming to terms with himself and his fundamental nature"
"In Europe the pressure of world politics and threat of the
nuclear holocaust is more acutely felt, as is the memory of
historical disasters. These events, or personal histories for
instance, might well prompt a consideration of our inevitable
mortality. This is not in itself a morbid preoccupation"
"Historically, reflections on death and on life have often been
synonymous; in the work of nineteenth-century German romantic
painters and the Pre-Raphaelites it became a romantic obsession"
"Leach-Jones deals with it in purely modernist terms with not a
whiff of sentimentality. The English ecclesiastical historian John
McManners argues that `the attitude of men to the death of their
fellows is of unique significance for an understanding of our human
condition ... the knowledge that we must die gives us our
perspective for living ...'. And J. D. Enright in his
introduction to The Oxford Book of Death suggests that `... to
talk at all about death is inevitably to talk about life'"
"Leach-Jones continues to be fascinated with the pictorial
problems of contemporary painting as he addresses these larger
issues and in the latest works we see the results of his
persistence in honing and refining the solutions he has developed
to marry these concerns. The biggest change in his work is his
restriction of colour essentially to the primaries and for the
first time black becomes a major element. This is in sharp contrast
to the immediately preceding works where not only are the colours
exotic but the artist also introduced ground glass, sand and a
highly reflective metal flake. Large areas of these materials were
interspersed with flat areas of paint and it is indicative of his
skill that Leach-Jones was able to bring these otherwise
unsympathetic materials together and make them work with the
painted shapes to create unified and strikingly beautiful
paintings. The reasons for using such unconventional materials lay
in his attempt to endow particular non-referential structures with
a visual strength that would, in Leach-Jones's words, `be as
powerful and arresting as a realistic image of the figure'"
"One suspects that the artist thoroughly enjoyed the challenge of
the inherent difficulties and, like all true craftsmen, has a deep
affection for his materials. It might be said that this was his
infatuation with a sequined whore to whom he then lent
respectability In Romance of death no. 8 he goes
further and introduces neon into the work. It is his first attempt
to do this and although the painting is successfully resolved it
is still a somewhat tentative approach to the problem of marrying
a direct source of light with the light-reflective surface of
paint. The solution was not fully to integrate them, one over the
other as it were, but to place them side by side, the relationship
being cemented by the neon lines echoing the direction, movement
and colour of the rest of the painting. The neon lines also clearly
imply an extension of the work beyond its physical extremities, as
do the painted areas. This applies to most of the latest works,
whereas the forerunners were neatly stabilized within the frame
having their own built-in border. Now, the explosive energy which
emanates from the centre of the picture projects beyond the frame,
propelling and carrying the shard-like forms with it. The forms
were previously contained and stabilized within the picture but, in
the latest works, shapes are allowed to break through and beyond
the frame. The overall effect is one of energy and vitality. This
is enhanced by the contrasting tonal pattern and the point is
emphasized further by the use of a white outline around every
shape, giving them edges like razor blades. This device gives a
sparkling effect to the painting and at the same time drags the eye
along the edges and in sharp turns through the painting from shape
to shape. There is nothing haphazard in this: Leach-Jones is a
sophisticated creator of shapes, and the complexity of the works
encourages lengthy analysis and reflection. Despite their apparent
gaiety the recent paintings are formally severe and paradoxically
suggest an underlying disquiet, a sense of foreboding. Perhaps they reflect
the darker side of the throbbing metropolis of any great city, visually
exciting places where one is also constantly aware of danger. 
  The colours are particularly evocative in the Romance of death paintings"
""
"Towards a new theology of transcendence By Ronald S. Laura  

     In recent years it has become fashionable to suppose that
the conflict between religion and science is more apparent than
real. It has, for example, been argued by Max Charlesworth that
there is no conflict between Christianity and science, only a
conflict between a ""certain fundamentalist form of Christianity
and a certain philosophical theory about science"""
"Charlesworth's suggestion is that the Christian scriptures
about God and the world do not admit of literal interpretation
and similarly, that the theory of science cannot legitimately
be positivistically construed. Once the forms of Christianity
and science are thus recast less parsimoniously, the tension
between religion and science is deemed to vanish. There is, I
admit, a strong temptation to reduce the conflict between
religion and science to the terms of dispute so persuasively
enunciated by Charlesworth, but I am bound, nonetheless, to
urge that it is a temptation to be resisted. There is, of
course, a truth in Charlesworth's formulation of the problem,
but it is not the truth upon which the resolution of the
relation between religion and science turns"
"The demythologization of Christianity has its limits, just
as the de-positivisation of science has its limits. I thus
incline to the view that there is a deeper level of tension
between religion and science than we have discerned, and that
it shows itself in the limits of religion and science, not in
the forms of which the limits feature simply as one expression"
"We can demythologize Christian scripture, but we cannot
demythologize the doctrine of God's transcendence which
underpins it without destroying the essence of Christianity
itself. It is either a literal truth that God exists or it is
not, and transcendence is the mode of God's existence"
"Science is similarly delimited by the constitutive
concepts which served to characterize it. Positivism is
admittedly one and not the only form which science can take,
but it is the essence of science that it cannot take just any
form. The constitutive concepts of science preserve not
positivism but an empiricist methodology by way of which the
world is known through the quantification of its parts and the
mensuration of their relations to each other. What there is,
even in the framework of a science demythologized of
positivism, reduces to what is quantifiable and mensurable. The
degree of latitude in the methodology is a matter simply of the
variety of ways in which it is possible to quantify and to
measure. In this sense, the tension between the nature of
belief in the God of Christianity and the logical character of
science is fundamental. The problem of God's transcendence is,
I submit, the recalcitrant problem which gives rise to the
conflict between religion and science, more real, I should say,
than apparent"
"In the remainder of this piece I shall be concerned to
adumbrate a new theology of transcendence. My aim is to provide
a tolerably coherent account of a possible interpretation of
God's transcendence which neither exaggerates nor underplays
the pressure which science places on religious belief. The
theological disposition has regrettably, I believe, been to
capitulate to science. The more science is alleged to explain
of the universe the further we have let God be driven from it"
"The concept of God's transcendence of the universe has almost
become an euphemism for his absence from it. Let us see if we
cannot now redress the balance"
"Before the advent of modern science the concept of
transcendence derived a certain sense from the idea of the
universe as a spatially limited system. The finiteness of the
world enhanced the infinitude of God. If the world were
limitable, then the transcendence of God put him beyond its
limits. It was Giordano Bruno, however, who in the sixteenth
century challenged the concept of the universe as a spatially
closed system. Following Copernicus, he affirmed the belief
that the earth and planets revolve in orbits around the sun,
but extended the view by postulating an infinite space with no
fixed centre in which stars are independent suns, moving like
our universe, through unending space. By expanding space to
infinity, Bruno coincidentally robbed the word `beyond'. of its
meaning, for the world was no longer finite space. Bruno had
unwittingly challenged God's own territorial imperative in the
theology of the times, and he paid dearly for his heresy, as
it was then viewed, by being burnt at the stake in the year
1600. Since the time of Bruno, the concept of transcendence
has become progressively more recondite as science has
pushed back the frontiers of the universe ever further"
"I have elsewhere argued that it is a mistake to reject
religious belief in the name of science, for the
affirmation of scientific belief rests ultimately upon
faith. It is no part of my purpose to rehearse that
argument here, but one of its aspects is pertinent to the
present consideration. Certain beliefs are what I have
called `epistemically primitive' in respect of the
enterprize of science. An obvious example of the sort of
belief I have in mind is the tacit assumption, underpinning
all science, that the future resembles the past. If a
scientist did not believe that the future resembled the
past, there would be no point in carrying out experiments,
as one would have no way of connecting the results of one
experiment with the results of another. That the future
resembles the past is not itself, however, a belief that
can be established by experiment, for it is a constitutive
belief or experimentation. That the future resembles the
past is a pre-condition, that is to say, of experimentation
and thus cannot itself without vicious circularity be
incorporated as its result. Inasmuch as this belief
characterizes the way in which we test, by asserting the
conditions under which testing becomes intelligible, it is
what science must exempt for specific tests of science to
be intelligible"
"There is a mordant irony in the fact that though the
belief that the future resembles the past figures within
science as epistemically primitive, the concepts of
`future' and `past' are not themselves pellucid. Equally
ironic is the realization that the whole concept of space-
time to which tensed predicates such as future and past are
wedded would itself appear to be fraught with difficulties"
"The problematic nature of the space-time manifold becomes
theologically interesting when we are reminded that it is
the spatio-temporal boundaries in respect of which God's
transcendence is postulated. If there is conceptual
confusion or incoherence in the articulation of these
boundaries, as I suggest there is, the theological
disquisition could well benefit from their discovery. Given
that the spatio-temporal demarcation of the world in
scientific terms has proved inimical to the theistic
affirmation, it would thus seem imperative to link the
analysis of divine transcendence with the analysis of the
confusions attendant upon space-time categories. This is
what I now propose to do"
"Part of the difficulty in getting clear about the
concepts of space and time is that we implicitly enjoin
spatial metaphors in the elucidation of time while
explicitly denying temporal metaphors in the elucidation
of space. Indeed, in solid geometry three-dimensional space
is represented as timeless and all verbs as tenseless. Yet
our ordinary discourse about time betrays a closer relation
between space and time than one might at first suspect. Our
metaphors for time reflect spatial references. We speak,
for example, of time as a river in which events flow past
us, like seasons which come and go, sweeping away the
present moment into the ever more distant past. The passage
of time metaphor creates the impression of time as a
kinetic continuum. The focal points of time are events, and
events possess the kinetic quality being future, present,
and past, for they have not yet happened, are currently
happening or have already happened. Events are ordered in
time, in other words, by conceptualising time as a sequence
of events whose position in the sequence is constantly
changing. As the old adage would have it, `Time waits for
no one'"
"To complicate matters further, time predicates are
`token reflexive' or `indexical', being self-referential
in respect of their utterance. While their connotation is
fixed their denotation is constantly changing. Where one
stands in the river of time (yet another spatial metaphor)
will determine one's temporal relation to the specific
event, whether it is past, present, or future or all three
at the same time for different people in different times"
"The fall of the Roman Empire was for Caesar a future event,
though it is for us a past event. When one considers that
the `things' of which events are constituted are in
ontological terms, `enduring substances', the paradox of
the permanence in change becomes unavoidable"
"Since the same event is at different times future,
present and past, we may feel there is less of a problem
in the ascription of three incompatible temporal properties
to it. After all, we do not ascribe temporal simpliciter; our temporal predicates are
attributed by reference to a particular time. So at time
`t' the event is future and at time `t2' it is past and so
on. In this sense we could employ dates to characterize the
river of time much in the same way in which we use
longitude and latitudinal coordinates to locate places on
the globe. In so doing, however, we have strengthened the
spatial metaphor of time, for dates are now made to
function as cartographical references on the river of time,
measuring the distance between one event and another in
terms of duration. Two peculiar difficulties emerge. The
first relates to how time can be measured. Time flow
entails motion through time, whereas time is what we use
to measure motion through space. We talk, for example, of
moving from point X to Y at so many metres per second. If
we now shift the example to movement through time, we shift
from metres per second to measuring the flow of time in
terms of seconds per what? What we are deprived of is
precisely the fixed frame of temporal reference against
which the flow of time could be measured"
"There is, of course, another difficulty even less
tractable than the first. We have tried to avoid the
paradox of ascribing three incompatible temporal
properties, i.e. future, present, past, to the same event
by specifying the uniqueness of time of the ascription in
respect of the event. Unfortunately, the general theory of
relativity shows that there is no unique moment of
individuation to which we can appeal to achieve this, for
it turns out that simultaneity is itself relative. There
is no specific time that could be nominated unambiguously
as the present moment, since any two spatially distinct
events can - relative to the movement of any two observers
- be contemporaneous to one and yet sequential to the
other. As Davies has aptly put it:

Indeed, even the temporal order of such events is relative"
"It is therefore meaningless to wonder what is happening
`now' on the quasar 3C273, because if the reader stands up
and walks about, his minor change of motion will have
shifted the moment of simultaneity on that distant
astronomical object by some thousands of years. Similarly,
distant aliens are disagreeing about whether 1979 on Earth
is past or future according to whether they are sedentary
or strolling!

     Our inquiry thus far has been intended to show that
while contemporary science presupposes a four-dimensional
space-time manifold, with three dimensions of space and one
of time, there are serious difficulties inherent in its
analysis. I have also intimated earlier that the issue of
God's transcendence is not unrelated to the way in which
science has relied upon its spatio-temporal model as
ontologically delimiting. Having prepared the ground, the
time has come to plant the conceptual crop, in the hope
that we will yet have time for the harvest"
The thesis I shall propose is as follows
""
"WHY do Australian and state selectors allow district clubs to play
international cricketers? We should promote our own to have more potential
from which to choose at all levels. Surely we could produce a John Emburey?

  Lofty Pearce (Pascoe Vale S)."
"`Rambo' fights back for free enterpriseFrom Motoring Writer WAYNE WEBSTER in Munich 

AUSTRALIA'S embattled automotive industry will get a $20 million shot
in the arm thanks to an ambitious export program about to be undertaken
by BMW. 
  In a bid to salvage its almost decimated share of the Australian car
market, BMW Australia is desperately hoping to stitch together a lucrative
export deal with the German head office. 
  The managing director of BMW Australia, Mr Ron Meatchem, said here yesterday
that the vital export program was the only thing that stood between BMW
and ""extinction"" on the strife-torn Australian market"
"Mr Meatchem is planning to ship Australian components to Germany in a
bold bid to earn life-saving export credits to offset BMW's ballooning import
bill, which has skyrocketed because of the falling Aussie dollar"
"""We want to become an importer/exporter, a whole new role in the Australian
car industry,"" said Mr Meatchem"
"""In this way we can survive the holocaust of the past six months.""
  Mr Meatchem, the outspoken head of BMW Australia, has recently been
nicknamed ""Rambo"" because of his verbal attacks on the Federal Government's
motor industry policies.  
  ""Senator Button's motor industry plan has turned from a path for importers 
into a rocky path to destruction,"" he said"
"According to Mr Meatchem, over the next 18 months importers are going
to find it difficult to survive, battling not only the Government's
controversial Fringe Benefits Tax and sales tax increases on luxury cars,
but also the sick and sorry Aussie dollar"
"""Under the present Labor Government philosophy, we're completely
expendable,"" he said"
"""But we are an Australian company in Australia.""
  BMW Australia's bold plan is to sell fully-finished car components back
to Germany in a bid to earn export credits and ease the terrible burden
of importing cars. 
  BMW Germany has already had a team in Australia looking at the local
suppliers, and at least 15 local companies will be approached to take part
in the scheme"
"Mr Meatchem hopes to send Australian glass, aluminium, electrical products
and suspension gear back to Germany in order to earn cost-cutting credits"
"""The Government is making it tough for us to survive in Australia,"" he
said"
"""In January, 1985, a BMW 735i cost $62,000, but by the end of this year
it will be almost double - and the government is taking almost 50 per cent
of that in tax"
"""If we don't have the free enterprise system, Australia is doomed as
a nation."""
"No overtaking proposal, just not practical 

THE NSW Staysafe Committee has completely missed the mark with its latest
proposal to do battle with our rising road toll - they have tried to design an 
orange and ended up with a lemon"
"Its proposal to ban overtaking on all two-lane roads in NSW will go down
in history as one of the silliest pieces of bureaucratic nonsense ever to
grace the pages of a government report"
"Already the NRMA and the NSW Police Association have called the proposal
impractical and likely to be ignored by many if it ever becomes law"
"There is no denying that there are idiots on the road and that the casualty
rate from irresponsible overtaking is far too high"
"More Mayhem
  But to enshrine in law a system in which the only legal means of travelling
on the open road is to drive in Indian file is to invite even more mayhem
and the probability of increased driver frustration with its inevitable
results"
"Oppressive laws are never the answer to difficult situations.  Driver
education can be"
"The Staysafe Committee has done a commendable job in the past in highlighting
the dangers of and possible solutions to what has become one of the most
devastating problems of modern living"
"It has come up with several commendable proposals which have made real
improvements in the battle to keep the road toll down"
"But it has entered into the realms of the unrealistic when it suggests
a solution which is neither practical nor capable of being adequately policed"
"As Police Association president, Lloyd Taylor, pointed out it would need
at least another 200 police officers to enforce"
"It is not difficult to realise that the NSW force just does not have the
manpower to handle that situation"
"Police presence
  And the NRMA proposal to spend the money involved on more overtaking 
lanes is surely a far more reasonable proposal than that envisaged"
"On the other hand, the Staysafe Committee may have hit on a winner with
its suggestion that an increased police presence with giant electronic boards
showing motorists how fast they are travelling may help in cutting down
that other killer - speed"
"Any motorist knows the sobering effect the presence of a police car in
a stream of traffic can have"
"The committee should be reminded that as bad as the problem may be, it
calls for reasonable and practical solutions, not a cumbersome and unworkable
system which could only have the effect of adding to the difficulties road
users already face."
"By Peter Cowan  

Crows lifted over the thin bushes. Settled to the stripped tree. On the
ground the bark lay twisted in long strips. The carcass near the edge of
the road was split, broken. Dry. Long ago dry. Come if you wish, he had
written. I shall be here"
"It seemed humorous now. A bit savage. A kind of joke no one was responsible
for. The flat ground to the left was rising, seemed to twist away in the
heat and hard glare. Nearer to the road, a ridge, sharp, red, the lip stained
in long white streaks, held like the breaking edge of a wave"
"I had gone to see Sophia. Not knowing what to expect. I could not remember
anyone giving her a particular title, a role, aunt, cousin, one of these
she must have been. No memory remained of her appearance, only of a house
and single person in it. The sense of a person alone. But she too had written"
"It was a small house, I had thought of something bigger, many rooms, now
the roadway cut in until there was no verge, only the strip of pavement"
"Traffic crowded towards lights at the corner. She was very small, thin,
strong. Grey hair drawn back, smoothly, like that of a younger woman. Yet
I thought at once, had a kind of tiredness. Young man, she said, I can see
you do not remember me. She held the door. Why should you"
"The front room was very clean. Stripped, I was sure. It had once surely
held a great confusion of objects. Waiting now"
"She brought tea, and biscuits she had made herself. Her thin taut face"
"Small, quick hands"
"As you see, I am fading quite comfortably"
"No, I said"
"Should dying be uncomfortable?
  No. No I didn't mean that"
"I'm sure you didn't. There is nothing I much care for any longer. Should
I like all this?
  What did the quick gesture of her thin hand take in. I don't know, I said"
"It had become Dickensian. The small boy. Perched at bay. Indeed she could
well have been in the front row as that passionate voice ceased. To the
wild applause. Mr Dickens, please, your autograph. And though she was quite
without malice, I had become the small boy, inadequate, resentful. She,
a voice from the past"
Your mother stopped visiting a long time ago. You may not remember
"It was a long time ago. Half of my lifetime. At least. There seemed no
humour in her words. Time had perhaps shrunk in this house. She set her cup
neatly on the beatiful tray that I might have seen but did not recall. I wanted
to see you. I think you are almost the last"
"There did not seem any answer to that. Her thin face moved. A sort of
smile with precision"
"A preparation, she said"
And whatever else we had tried to talk about while I ate her biscuits
"While you are here, she said, you should go and see Walter. If you can"
Do not be misled by him
"Walter?
  My brother. As they would have it. Her smile this time with irony and
some faint bitterness I did not understand, but must be aware of"
"It is not far these days. A long way once. And I'm sure a long time since
ever I was there. But he may want to talk to you. 
  Distance, too, had shrunk in this house. My visit she accepted as if I
called in from a neighbouring suburb, a street away, rather than the other
side of a continent. Her letter had come before the other, after my mother's
death. I had not answered it"
"This place could have been yours, she said, as we stood at the door,
the traffic now building to the rush hour. But I'm afraid it has never been
mine. She lifted her hand as I reached the pavement, and closed the door"
"The news of her death had come to me in England. The house was not left
to me, an expectation that had never occurred to me until she spoke. It
had belonged, all those years, to Walter. It was an odd visit, an impulse,
after I received her letter, and was on the way to England, a chance to
break the boredom and irritation of a long flight. Though it had not, in
the event, done that. The early convict hulks so plainly the prototype of
the jet liners. Even those were spared the endless clambering children"
"A visit that owed something to an idea of seeing again that place where
I had grown up, and, without ever really thinking about it, expected to
remain. Looking down at a hot shadeless street from the window of a cheap
motel, I had not been able to pursue that. Perhaps in any case the intention
had been less strong than a curiosity at the complete lack of any trace
of these people in my mother's few enough belongings. Sophia, Walter, who
else? No papers or photographs. Only of my father. No voices were to reach
out from that past, it seemed. Otherwise I might have known Sophia in the
years when we had something to say to one another. It appeared I had been
steered away from my relatives"
"Twelve thirty on the west coast. If the city radio laid claim to this as
some part of the coast. Thin bushes made dark patches like shade across
the ground, showed black along the top of the rise. Wattles. Or mulga. Neither
of which I could claim to recognise, despite the coloured spreads of endless
coffee tables. Perhaps they were all the same, some just drier, more brittle"
"Curving slowly in an arc as the car travelled. Earlier there had been mining
towns about the backtopped road with its glitter of stubbies, bottles, cans,
small cartons like white everlastings, towns moving to new life as the price
of gold lifted, the shells of older buildings not too stark a comment. Beyond
the blacktop, long scars lying across the flats, the earth piled and abandoned,
raw scrapes along the dry creek beds, stones, bushes, brown and red earth
gashed back. Spoil from metal detectors and dozers no doubt. In the new
rush. Time would possibly soften them too. If it was not too late"
"Now ahead there were the black struts of a shaft, the earth held in clean
dumps, flat topped, like the ridge of land away to the left. There were
no buildings, a track half smoothed in dust, dead grass"
"From the old shaft-head patterns of shadow marked the ground, the car"
"My water stained briefly the base of the solid upright. I could not imagine
why I had come. Into this mad time warp"
"It had begun, or at least been decided, in the walled garden. Where no doubt
a lot more important concerns had begun. Mr Gladstone walking the paths"
"Perhaps with Lord Aberdeen, possibly some official of State, or the powerful
of his party seeking to return yet again. Perhaps not for these things at
all, but in the half dark of evening with Catherine. Very far from those
other streets, the shadows beyond the lamps, figures half seen. Here light
glowing from the house whose windows overlooked the garden. A long way from
London, a retreat. The horses and carriage from the city. Lost one night
in a fog, near Hyde Park, with the Gladstones finding temporary lodgings,
to the amusement of their friends who thought Dollis Hill a hill too far"
"But no locking the park gate at six o'clock for him. He would have been
surprised, it may have been, to know this would one day be named for him"
"Perhaps even the gardens had been much the same. The purple and yellow borders
of the neat beds, the stocks, pink, white, delphiniums tall above them"
"Carnations in gradations of colour beyond imagining. I had never been a
gardener. The old brick walls held, indeed may have been literally held,
in creepers. And of course the roses. A few here, and in special beds outside
the walls in the outer park, insolently luxurious. I did not see her at
first, coming from the narrow gate, walking slowly, unwillingly. I am not
meant for walking, she said, declining my voyages about the park. Her dark
hair loose, she had been back to the house. Mr Mason went home, she said"
So I left early. No one will notice
"I moved the books, which she seemed unaware of, and might have sat on"
I think she was short-sighted. Those heavy eyes
"By the delphiniums, I said. Those things, with that deep colour"
They could be wallflowers. But I don't know about flowers
I never paid much attention to them myself until I came to this place
"In our front garden at home there were two cement gnomes. Later someone
gave my father a cement Aborigine. I thought it was funny. They were loving
gnomes. Inside they hated each other's guts"
"The gnomes?
  The other gnomes. When they split up I was old enough to be glad. She
reached down, touching the deep brown petals very gently. I think it killed
my mother. The whole thing. I wonder sometimes if my father is still alive"
In America. I told you. Though I suspect he has reached your Boot Hill
I think he'd like that. He was a great hater
"Other relatives had been kinder, leaving her the house in the quiet street
with its lines of two-story semi-detached, set far enough away from the
through-road of Willesden and the older solid houses that had become tenements,
milk bottles and rubbish sprouting about their paths and doorways, empty
cartons kicked along the pavements. Dog turds. Not so far, perhaps, from
the Finchley Road where Dickens walked in the evenings, that great voice
declaiming his part in Wilkie Collins' play. To the alarm, it was said,
of residents. Nothing would alarm them now. Set back also from the railway
embankment that in summer discovered a thick green vegetation where children
might have played, once must have played, though they stayed inside now"
"Heard from the pavements. Her street was close yet removed from these things,
almost without traffic, few cars, where you heard people walking, and the
occasional street trees threw a dirty felt of spent leaves across the pavement"
"Where there was a kind of silence. Raised voices, yes. Occasionally the
day-long television. But somehow nothing. A peace"
"You don't have to go, she said. And do this thing"
"I have to go. Whether I do this thing, as you call it, or not. I can't
stay here"
Yes
But no. It's a matter of nationality
"Not that again. Look, there are so many people in this country illegally
they've given up bothering. They would never even look for you"
"With you as a cover, yes, it might work. A respectable girl in a solicitor's
office"
A respectable solicitor's office
"I do have to find this place, I said, and see whoever is there. Whatever
I do afterwards"
You let it obsess you. But you could come back
"Ellen liked to run separate problems together. Possibly a trick learned
from her solicitors. Confusing, if you tried to argue with her. She probably
did think my insistence that legally I could not stay indefinitely in England
was a quibble, but she ignored the fact that it would become very real if
I began to look for some kind of position. She was very forgiving, of all
save those gnomes whose seething guts she joined in hatred. I had thought
a good deal about going to this place I could barely remember, thought about
it sitting in the garden, half asleep sometimes. When she was not here"
"But not, surely, letting it obsess me. As a child I had been there with
my mother, a long journey, by rail, then car."
"YOUR LINE
Blocked accounts better  

The Chinese national Peoples' Congress, held in Beijing in March and April
this year, was addressed by Premier Thao Zijand on behalf of the State Council
covering a report on their Five Year Plan. The report quoted China's output
of grain for 1985 reached a total of 370 million tonnes, an increase of 58
million tonnes over  previous years. The Chinese Premier said that China
is now more than self-sufficient in grain and has a surplus for export"
"So, who is kidding whom amongst our politicians regarding subsidised wheat
sales (subsidised by taxpayers - not by the large grain companies who make
billions every year out of wheat sales to China and Russia. Yet, we still
hear the Right and the Left claim that Capitalism and Communism are inveterate
opponents) to China. It is about time that we acknowledge the unconscionable
fact that international trade benefits no one except the multi-nationals
and international financiers. If international trade is deemed necessary,
then it should be undertaken on the basis of ""blocked accounts."" ""Blocked
accounts"" are a bilateral method of exchanging goods between nations without
the aid of international finance. ""Blocked accounts"" would not only obviate
the onerous necessity of international debt (caused by developed countries
all trying to achieve a favourable balance of trade) but would dispense
with the utter absurdity of dumping (invariably below cost) goods in communist
countries whilst concurrently expending billions on nuclear arsenals against
the very enemy with whom we aid by exporting subsidised primary and secondary
products"
"J.D. HUME,
Lindisfarne. We wouldn't really miss Miss, Mrs or Ms  

Non-sexist language is needed to prevent us associating every position
or activity with a person's sex. Perhaps even more important than non-sexist
job descriptions is the need for non-sexist titles and pronouns. Can somebody
invent simple, non-sexist words that mean:
(a) Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms;
(b) He or she;
(c) His or her(s);
(d) Him or Her?
Nothing ponderous please. Some of the expressions in the recently released
US Guide to Non-sexist Language make me cringe. Phrases such as ""craftsperson""
and ""wait person"" forget that effective language requires simplicity. We
should be reaching for simple alternatives eg ""waiter"" instead of ""waitress""
not ""wait person"""
"Of course, we would still be faced with thousands of individual names
that draw attention to sex eg Nathan, Natalie, George and Mary. Any
suggestions?

 DAVID BREWER"
"Glebe. Specialised timbers are being destroyed  

I am a craftsman in wood and earn my living, along with hundreds of others
in this state, whether they be woodturners, furniture makers, tourist shop
proprietors, small sawmillers, timber merchants, art college lecturers,
etc, from the specialised timbers that are available to Tasmania"
"These specialised timbers are called minor species by the woodchip companies
and left on the ground and burned to provide a seed bed when they clearfell
and slashburn our forests"
"Do you realise Mr Gray, that you are currently permitting, one might even say
encouraging, the destruction of the resource base of what is a very important
industry for Tasmania? An industry that properly nurtured and 
developed could provide thousands of jobs throughout the state and bring 
Tasmania the reputation of a high quality manufacturer of specialised woodware"
ANTONY DE LARA
"Moonah. The percentages were absolutely pointless  

We read with interest the article (Sunday Tasmanian, Sep 7) on cooking
with bean curd, of Tofu, but I would take issue with Sue Waterworth when
she states ""It provides... 300% less cholesterol (than mince). If a quantity
of mince contained say, 10 grams of cholesterol, then 100% less of 10 grams
would be nil. Therefore it would be impossible to arrive at a 300% figure"
"She had already said that Tofu has no cholesterol at all, so why not just
leave it at that, instead of going into pointless percentages?

 P.BROWN
Blackmans Bay."
"But who will sweep the streets?  Seeking the real emerging curriculum issues By Kevin Harris  

  The dominant body of theory which presently underpins research into
educational issues, teaching training, schooling practices, and which supplies
the rationale for the provision of universal compulsory schooling in the
first place is idealist theory which mystifies and misrepresents the role
of schooling within social relations and which creates tensions within
schooling by positing noble and worthwhile goals which are in fact
unrealisable. An analysis of the role of schooling in terms of production
relations rather than idealist theory reveals that the achievement of universal
liberal education within advanced corporate capitalist social relations
is mythical, and that the most likely tendency for the future will be to
offer less liberal education to fewer and fewer people. If societies are
to survive in which universal liberal education is truly possible (and in
which free educated citizens willingly carry out the necessary menial and
instrumental tasks) then a fundamental change in the economic base must
first be brought about"
"Introduction  

  In a recent paper Jim Christensen argued for a curriculum for freedom
as an appropriate alternative to school curricula designed to enhance pupils'
job prospects, insisting that we must come up with a viable alternative
to the latter, and that finding a suitable alternative is a serious
contemporary challenge for professional teachers. I agree with him in
principle. My immediate problem is that I would wish to take very strong
issue with just about everything else in his paper, which I see as being
misguided and misdirected mainly because of its basis in one naive
social-economic hope and a series of misunderstandings of the place of
schooling within social relations. One possible response, then, would be
to mount a direct criticism of Christensen here; but I have never liked
duelling in public, and so I shall choose a different response. Rather than
make negative points I shall put forward a positive case concerning many
of the same issues which Christensen has addressed: our analyses will not
touch at many points but they will meet on a central issue, and taken together
they may then form the basis for future constructive discussion rather than
the public blood-letting which too many academics are much too fond of"
"But given the constraints of time and space I can at best outline my case
and give small supportive argument here: full discussion must be sought
elsewhere"
"My case is simply that educational practice, which includes curriculum
issues - not to mention our youth - has been very badly served for a long
time by an outmoded and inappropriate body of educational theory, and also
through failure to take necessary heed of a particularly valuable explanatory
account of the labour market, labour relations and production relations
- an account which demonstrates that universal liberating education cannot
be achieved without a fundamental change right at the very economic base
of social relations"
"The Inappropriate Body: Idealist Liberal Educational Theory  

  Educational practice - in its formal legal manifestation, schooling -
is underpinned by theory: educational theory. Teachers consume large doses
of it in their training period, they espouse it as practitioners and confront
it in guides to their work such as curriculum preambles; government departments
formulate their policy in terms of it; and all who have to do with education
in general are accountable to it. And the vast bulk, if not the whole of
this educational theory which researchers presently generate, and academics
presently teach, and teachers presently learn, and government departments
presently attempt to implement in schooling practice is what I shall call
idealist liberal educational theory. It is theory firmly rooted in Plato,
which has come down to us in a continuous line from him; and the roots are
most manifestly obvious in the works of those who held the first chairs
and lectureships when the monopoly on legitimate educational theory shifted
to universities and advanced colleges about a century ago, and who so set
the tone for modern contemporary studies.    

  But just as Renaissance scholars had to reconcile Platonism with
Christianity, so the Victorian Platonist dons had their particular
reconciliation to do too. Plato's social and educational theory was unashamedly
elitist. However, more recently transmitted from the past were theories
(rooted in changing material practices) of equality, egalitarianism,
liberalism, and the `Romantic' belief in the worth of every individual person,
which those such as Voltaire, the French Revolutionaries, Rousseau, von
Humbolt and Mill had given expression to. Alongside this, industrial capitalism
had brought about the great migration to the industrial and commercial cities,
as well as the need, of which more will be said later, to school everybody"
"Thus the major problem confronting educational theory, as practised by its
first academic professionals, was that of reconciling Platonic idealist
elitism with liberal egalitarianism; and the legitimate educational theory
which has since emerged as dominant is that which, while attending to the
empirical data generated by the social sciences as well as such key concepts
as `equality', `autonomy', `individual development', `enlightened citizenship'
and `democracy' along the way, has unsuccessfully continued to address itself
to this task. Sad though it might be, (and this does relate to the
street-sweeper problem) we have been riding a loser for a long time now"
"Why it is a loser will become evident as this paper progresses; here let
me spell out first why I categorise the theory in question as `idealist'"
"Basically, dominant educational theory is idealist in that it denies,
ignores, misconceptualises, and renders unproblematic certain important
factors about the real world of daily experience and practice. More
specifically: 

  a) it assumes, either explicitly or implicitly, an atomistic stance to
social relations, and thus adopts a theoretic context which regards teachers
as free, autonomous, individual agents and consequently describes teacher
practice within the terms of such a context. An emphasis falls on what the
(independent, autonomous) individual teacher can or might do for individual
pupils, and then through dubious extrapolation closely resembling the
committing of a category error, on the gains and transformations which are
hoped for from the accumulative effect of large numbers of (independent,
autonomous) individual teachers interacting with larger numbers of less
independent and less autonomous but similarly individual pupils. The theory
thus appeals to the aspirations and capabilities of teachers as individuals,
and teachers are, of course, individuals in one sense (a sting in the tail
is that it also attributes blame for failure to teachers as individuals),
but it fails to account adequately, if at all, for the non-atomised social
constraints which stand between the teacher-as-individual (and the pupil-as-
individual) and the fulfilment of the prescribed ideals

  b) it conflates schooling with `education'. That is, a public concrete
institution is confused and conflated with an abstracted ideal in much the
same way, as Illich has noted, that hospitals and `health' and the police
force and `law and order' have similarly become conflated. Now this is not
to deny that schooling has something to do with `education', but the nexus
is a tenuous one and anything but the essentialist association which the
once revered philosopher, R.S. Peters (in a direct line from Matthew Arnold)
so commonly proclaims. Schooling, as we shall see, has much more to do with
things other than `education'; and the nexus which has been consistently
woven between the two thus falsely represents schooling to its agents (the
teachers), its charges (the pupilis), and to its providers and beneficiaries"
"Theory which declares that the main business of schooling is `education',
or simply blurs the distinction between the two, mystifies the function
of schooling within social relations, and at the day-to-day level presents
teachers with fine ideals, noble hopes, admirable aspirations, and large-scale
failure when it comes to the attempted realisation of these things in practice
(which does not mean that no teacher ever assists in the `education' of
some pupils).   

  c) it concentrates quite centrally on notions such as `democracy',
`equality', and `personal autonomy', suggesting also in unproblematic fashion
that the social formations in, to and for which the theory is meant to apply
are democratic and egalitarian (or at the least are moving strongly in those
directions), and that they are seriously desirous of promoting the type
of personal autonomy spoken of among all. Now administrators, academics
and teachers might believe in promoting democracy, equality, and personal
autonomy, and strive as hard as they can towards these ends; but if in reality
they are working within social relations which are quite undemocratic, based
firmly on inequality, and threatened by too much personal autonomy, then
clearly these people, and especially the teachers, must continually encounter
restraints between what they are striving for and what they are able to
achieve, or experience conflict between the theory which guides their practice
and the actual outcomes of their practice - and conflict which, in the long
run, is not adequately accounted for by the theory itself.      

  d) it exhorts moral and intellectual prescriptions which, although possibly
applicable to the best of all possible worlds, tend to emerge as somewhat
empty rhetoric in the present historical conjuncture. It would be very
nice if schooling helped all pupils `achieve the highest degree of individual
development of which they are capable', led pupils as deep as philosophy
and as high as art, or, to be a little less grandiose-sounding, developed
the spirit of fraternity among all, encouraged cooperation, and promoted
equality and justice. Concerns and ideals such as these, flowing freely
from dominant educational theory, are a common basis of general
teacher-endeavour which is surely directed towards `stemming the common
tide in a wealthy and industrial community'. They are, however, very difficult
concerns and ideals to fulfil in non-cooperative, unfraternal, unequal,
unjust wealthy and industrial communities which in reality cannot afford
(both literally and figuratively) to stem the common tide, and in which
someone has to sweep those infernal streets. 

  e)  it accounts for failure to achieve its own ends, predictably, in idealist
terms; most commonly falling back on human nature (people are naturally
lazy, greedy, evil etc.), and/or a naive a-historical account of `the way
things are' and how they got to be that way which distorts and misrepresents
causal relations, takes existing conditions as `given' rather than brought
about, and most importantly fails to recognise that `existing conditions'
are actively maintained, reproduced and recreated in the present. In this
way actual existing dynamic problems are confused with causal factors, and
can thus be identified, and dismissed, as causes which have brought about
the problems that we now face rather than as the problems themselves. An
interesting example of such argumentation, combined with a retreat to human
nature, is provided by the afore-mentioned R.S. Peters:  

     In all social movements, whether they be religious, political or cultural
     [does this include, and if not can we add, `educational'?], there is
     always the problem of the majority who do not care... The explanation
     of this familiar phenomenon, as well as the inefficacy of advocacy
     [and `education' or schooling?], is not far to seek. The majority of
     men are geared to consumption and see the value of anything in terms
     of immediate pleasures or as related instrumentally to the satisfaction
     of their wants as consumers. 

And therein lies all the consolation necessary for anyone seriously
endeavouring to put idealist educational theory into practice but somehow
just not getting the results"
"f) finally, although not exhaustively, it either denies or is largely
oblivious to the matter of production relations and the effects of production
relations on all aspects of material practice; including, of course, schooling"
"And having noted this it would be wise, therefore, if we ourselves now gave
ample consideration to production relations before returning eventually
to the general problem of producing adequate educational theory and the
specific worry as to who will sweep the streets"
"Production Relations and Education: Reality and Possibility   

  It was noted in the previous section that one of the legacies or effects
of idealist liberal education theory is that the assumed connection between
schooling and `education' is almost universally taken for granted"
""
"Powerful case against tax  

  THE coal mining industry has mounted a powerfully persuasive and logical
case against the fringe benefits tax. A responsive, responsible government
might well be persuaded but this Government has not given any indication so
far of listening to logical argument. Thanks to a mixture of stubbornness
and poor advice, it is in an almighty mess on the fringe benefits tax and
shows little sign of finding an easy and practical way out"
"The mining industry believes that the tax will cost an extra $17 million
a year. Another $17 million will be paid in increased company tax and
about $6 million  will come from the non-deductibility of entertainment
expenses. Of the three, however, the fringe benefits tax is attracting the
most criticism from the mining industry"
"The industry's main argument is that housing provided in remote areas
should not be treated as a fringe benefit because the houses are needed
to attract labor to those areas and, as such, is an essential and necessary
cost of production. It is a compelling argument, particularly in this State"
"The towns servicing the central Queensland coal mines are there because
of the mines; they simply did not exist before. As well, mining companies
have provided the cost of infrastructure, such as roads, railway lines
and rolling stock, which should have been a responsibility of the taxpayer"
"Governments have also, through company taxation, export levies and royalties,
enjoyed their share of the mining riches"
"Times, as the mining companies point out, have changed. The great markets
for mining products are no longer there; the prices for those products are
much lower. Under these circumstances, governments should be encouraging
mining, not hitting it with extra imposts"
"The Opposition realised the difficulties in taxing miners' housing after
Mr Howard's abortive attempt in 1980. If, as it is generally expected to
do, the ALP loses the seat of Mount Isa in the State election, the fringe
benefits tax can be fairly blamed. Mr Hawke and Mr Keating are supposed
to be working on minor revisions; they will need to perform major surgery
to placate the mining companies and their employees"
""
"Federal Cabinet Cruises Through A Stormy Session SYDNEY. -  

Jackhammers drowned out any controversial press questions on
mining Kakadu National Park, and the Minister for the Arts, Mr Barry Cohen,
looked like a tourist with his video camera as the Prime Minister, Mr Bob
Hawke, and Federal Cabinet prepared to put to sea yesterday"
"This is the Royal Australian Navy's 75th anniversary year and the 16
ministers boarded HMAS Stalwart at Garden Island yesterday morning to mark
the historic occasion with an equally historic first - Federal Cabinet's
first meeting at sea"
"After the meeting, with the Cabinet still on board, HMAS Stalwart sailed
from Garden Island to rendezvous with the destroyers HMAS Sydney and HMAS
Perth for exercises"
"As his ministers enjoyed a cuppa on the flight deck, Mr Hawke inspected
the guard and the Navy band - members of which were beginning to look
decidedly chilled"
""
"Ice-cool enigma gets a kick out of being a loner By MICHAEL COCKERILL  

Diplomacy has never been Marshall Soper's strong point.  Indeed the 25-year-old
multi-talented soccer player seems to have spent most of his career building
bridges only to happily knock them down again"
"Why a man with so much to play for has a history of self-destruction is
an enigma.  Among the people Soper has been associated with few can truly
claim to know what makes him tick"
"Many have tried, and failed.  Of all the coaches Soper has had since he
arrived on the national league scene with Apia Leichhardt in 1981 only Manfred
Schaefer, his current boss at Sydney Olympic, can boast a worthwhile
relationship"
"Yet Soper is not an offensive character.  He wishes no-one harm. Nor is
he preoccupied with criticising the game that has given him so much"
"But he is exasperating.  He is a loner.  He is confident to the point of
being headstrong.  And he has demonstrated on countless occasions that
he can be frustratingly unpredictable"
"For all his clashes with authority, however, Soper has few regrets. 
It is almost as if he wants to force whatever issue is at hand until it
reaches breaking point. Then he can enjoy the reaction"
"It is a style which often lands him in trouble, although Soper is comfortable
with that.  Controversy is a constant, almost reassuring, companion"
"That is why he is always building bridges.  And that is why his latest
reconstruction project leads him to the door of national coach Frank Arok"
"Arok has already forgiven Soper once.  When he ignored a curfew while
the Socceroos were preparing for a game against England in Brisbane in 1983
he was sent home.  Arok said then: ""If 17 players can stick to the rules
and not play up why should I tolerate one man doing as he likes?""
  Even as he said it, however, Arok knew that with the 1985 qualifying rounds
of the World Cup approaching he could not ignore a player of such goal-scoring
talents.  Soper returned to the squad and to all observers it seemed a fait
accompli that he would spearhead the Socceroos' World Cup attack alongside
skipper John Kosmina"
"But Soper, the master of surprise revealed an ace up his sleeve just
days before the first World Cup qualifier against New Zealand in Auckland"
"Two years of training camps, preparation games and team talks went out
the window as he withdrew from the World Cup squad for ""personal reasons"""
Once again the thunderclouds descended on Soper's Raymond Terrace home
Once again he was centre stage as the drama unfolded around him
"Even the most hardened Soper cynics found it hard to believe he could
throw away the chance of a lifetime for reasons which most other players in
the squad chose to ignore.  Sure, it was tough financially to go on the
road with the Socceroos but such sacrifices came with the job"
"SO AROK did what he had to do.  He got rid of Soper.  In came David Mitchell
and he performed so well that he has since landed a lucrative contract with
the German Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt.  
  At one stage, midway through the campaign, Soper made noises to return
through the back door.  But it is no secret that had Arok relented he would
have had a players' revolt on his hands"
"So Soper, who would have been a key figure in what was a glorious, if
ultimately unsuccessful, campaign got his kicks only in front of the TV
set.  And for one of the few times in his life he regrets what happened"
"""Looking back, I guess I should have stayed,"" he said"
"""When I played my first game for the Socceroos (January 1983 v New Zealand
in Auckland) the thrill of pulling on that green-and-gold shirt was tremendous"
"It was a great honour, and that made it very difficult to give up"
"""I might not get another chance to play in the World Cup, and that is
hard to take.  I got wrapped up in the whole thing last year, but it was
painful to watch"
"""Now I've got only one thing on my mind - to get back into the team. 
And I'd like to think that if I keep scoring goals then Frank (Arok) won't
be able to ignore me"
"""As for the other players, I've got no apprehensions. A true player always
thinks the best players available should play in the team, and I think I'm
the most complete striker in the country.""
  Soper has the credentials to back up his claims.  Since he left the
now-defunct Northern NSW State League club Stewart and Lloyds to join Apia
five seasons ago he has notched 65 goals, making him one of top 10 all-time
scorers in the national league. 
  IN THAT time he has had a number of clashes with his coaches, but his
form in front of goal has never waned. It even survived the most turbulent
period of his career, when he was involved in a running battle with Tommy
Docherty while the flamboyant Scotsman was at the helm of Olympic"
"""I never liked him - simple as that,"" Soper said.  "" I thought he came
out here for a holiday.  He treated the game as a joke.  
  I didn't think it was right that someone who was getting so much from soccer
should behave that way.  He was always abusing me in the press, complaining
about my attitude and my playing style.  
  ""I was glad to see him go, but even during the worst times I kept scoring
goals.  He just couldn't afford to leave me out of the team.""
  But goals were not the only reason Docherty would not dare to drop Soper"
"Since he joined Olympic three and a half seasons ago Soper has been elevated
to a God-like status by the club's fanatical Greek fans"
"He scores goals, he wins matches and he responds to their adulation. It
would take a brave, if not doomed, coach to take chances with The Man Who
Can Do No Wrong.                            
  ""I have a great relationship with the Olympic fans,"" he said"
"""If I keep scoring goals like I have been, then they respond. When a couple
of thousand people start cheering my name it lifts my performance; it spurs
me on.  And I always like to entertain the crowd, to be a bit of a character"
"""I'm also a cheeky sort of player.  I like to get the ball wide and take
on defenders.  Some people reckon I've got a short fuse, but even in the
middle of an incident I've got a cool head underneath.  I know what I'm
doing because most of the time I've been baiting the defender.  
  ""You've got to be confident in this game.  And I reckon I'm one of the
best.  That's why I never worry about the opposition; never respect too many
players.  I let them worry about me."" 
  THAT Soper is blossoming into the well-finished article is also a compliment
to Schaefer.  He is the only coach since his mentor of his junior days,
former Everton forward, Mike Trebilcock, to gain his respect"
"""I guess I can be a difficult player to manage, but with Manfred there
have been no problems at all,"" he said"
"""The only way I can describe it is that we have a bond; that we just seem
to hit it off.""  
  Whether the successful relationship keeps Soper at Olympic
until the end of his playing days is debatable.  Although the player enjoys
the club, and would love nothing more than to win the title with Olympic,
he is by nature nomadic"
"""I'm happy with Olympic, but there comes a stage when a player should
move on,""  he said"
"""Call it boredom, but sometimes you need a change to rekindle your
enthusiasm.""
  Where he will go after he completes his current one-year contract is anyone's
guess, but there will be no shortage of offers"
"And whether he plays for Olympic next season, or another Australian club,
is immaterial to Arok. If he is going to forgive and forget a second time
then all that matters is that Soper is close at hand"
""
"Markets react calmly to record deficit CANBERRA - 

 A record current account deficit for October highlights the
pressure on the Federal Government's strategy to slow down the economy without
creating a full recession"
"With a deficit of $1735m, Australia continued to suck in more than $3000
worth of imports in October despite a 12 p.c. drop on the September figure"
"But, while the Opposition said the result was a disgrace, the financial
markets reacted calmly with the dollar and interest rates remaining steady"
"The Opposition Leader, Mr Howard, said the result proved the Government's
economic policies had failed miserably"
"But the Treasurer, Mr Keating, told Parliament the figure was ""in the
groove"" with Budget expectations"
"The October result showed that while the overall deficit rose $262m on
the September figure, Australia's trading position improved dramatically
in seasonally adjusted terms"
"The deficit on the balance of merchandised trade increased by $185m to
$253m, with regular imports continuing the downward trend that has been
evident in the economy since late last year"
"Government sources said they were more than happy with the deficit because
it was at the ""very bottom of everybody's expectations"""
"The trade account ""should come back, but there won't be any dramatic
progress"". 
  The Government's sails are set for early next year when it expects the
current account to pick up and start to move towards a trade surplus"
"Yesterday's figures were influenced by a number of adverse factors, including
the importation of $139m worth of aircraft parts by Qantas, Australian Airlines
and Ansett"
"Other seasonal difficulties included massive interest payments from
the public and private sectors and the quarterly foreign aid payments, and
the seasonal trade movements which work against any upturn in exports against
imports"
"Government sources say that with the regular imports - those not including
one-off items such as defence materials, aircaft and fuel - falling, there
is now growing evidence that Australian industry is engaging in import
replacement.  
  However, the Opposition has charged that Mr Keating had said
12 months ago that the trade deficit would begin to improve and this had
not happened"
"""There is not one individual, not one family, not one business that can
now possibly say that they feel they are better off under Hawke Government
than they were 3 1/2 years ago,"" Mr Howard said"
He said Australia did not need a recession to stop the inflow of imports
Instead investment needed to be encouraged
"""The great failure of the Government's economic strategy is that it believes
that all you have to do in order to encourage people to invest in exports
or manufacturing is to take advantage of the price benefits of a
depreciation,"" he said"
"""Yet in reality the things that will make people invest are lower taxes
and lower interest rates.""
  Mr Keating said the October figures had caused hardly a flicker on the
Reuter screens which show the movements in the value of the Australian dollar"
"The dollar closed yesterday at US64.58c, the same as it closed on Wednesday,
and the trade weighted index, where the dollar is measured against a basket
of currencies, finished slightly stronger at 54.1"
""
"Evans moves for steady oil prices  

AUSTRALIAN Energy Minister Gareth Evans has thrown his support behind stable 
world oil prices"
"Mr Evans is visiting Gulf oil nations ahead of the Organisation of Petroleum 
Exporting Countries' October 6 meeting in Geneva"
"He discussed prices with Kuwait Oil Minister Sheikh Ali al-Khalifa al-Sabah 
yesterday and, according to official sources, expressed Australia's 
willingness to maintain price stability"
"Mr Evans was due later to fly to Saudi Arabia before visiting Oman on a 
four-nation tour"
"His talks came on top of forecasts by Iranian Oil Minister Gholamreza 
Aqazadeh that OPEC will work for a $US19 a barrel oil price by year-end"
"The Iranian minister was speaking in Jeddah where he met Saudi Arabia's Oil 
Minister Ahmed Zaki Yamani"
"Together, they discussed prices and production quotas for OPEC's 13 member 
states"
"Before leaving Iran, Aqazadeh said he would possibly discuss regional 
issues with Saudi and Kuwaiti heads of state - a reference to the six-year-old 
Iran-Iraq war"
"He called the meeting with Sheikh Yamani ""brotherly and friendly."""
"Staging limits spirited return BALLET THE QUEENSLAND BALLET
Scheherazade:Choreography by Jacqui Carroll, music by Rimsky-Korsakov, designed
by Mike Bridges"
"Frankie and Johnny: Choreography by Andris Toppe, music by David Pyle and
the players, design by Bill Haycock"
"Glen Street Theatre. Frenchs Forest. August 20-23  

  THE Queensland Ballet is a tight-knit ensemble with exciting vigour,
considerable skill and a fighting spirit that gives it engaging appeal"
"It's nearly six years since the company has performed in Sydney, and those
years have obviously been well spent in building a strong and flexible group
of young dancers. In the process, it has developed a nuggetty character
that melds together the variety of dancing styles it presents"
"Although it is firmly based in classicism, The Queensland Ballet is just
as likely to tackle the kind of choreography that you might see in a
contemporary musical. It appears to thrive on a diet of new work and contrasts"
"The double bill it has brought to Sydney sums up its stylistic approach,
though the minuscule size of the stage (in dance terms) means that we're
not seeing them at full stretch. Scheherazade, for example, looks far better
in a bigger venue, as I saw it in Canberra a year ago. There, the ensemble
sections could take off and provide a robust balance to the intimacy of
the duets. Here they have nowhere to go"
"Nevertheless, it's good to have the chance to see the fine qualities of
Rosetta Cook, whose performance in the title role was characterised by sinuous
movement and poetic phrasing with a flowing finish to every move she made
on stage. She was ably partnered by Dale Pengelly"
"The work itself is uneven. Its main creative weakness is its 
predictability, both in terms of its literal response to the music and its use
of the established neo-classical choreographic vocabulary. On the credit
side, there are some challenging sequences for the dancers - notably in the 
duets for Scheherazade and the Traveller - and they accomplish them with 
practised ease"
"Frankie and Johnny also has its high and low points. Andris Toppe has created
an exciting series of solos and duets, which were well executed in
appropriately incisive style, but he hasn't achieved the same level of success
with the ensemble side of the piece"
I don't think he has been helped by what seemed to me a confusing scenario
"A program note quotes thoughts about the contradictions of America, which
are presumably meant to be encapsulated by this sordid little tale of deception
and death from a seamy, male-dominated segment of society from yesteryear"
"Or were they? The whole piece was presented as a jolly romp, a good excuse
for fun and frolic, when ironic comment seemed to be more apt. But I may
be taking it all too seriously - encouraged, I must admit, by the jazz score,
which built on the popular song of the title to develop areas of greater
depth than anything that was offered on stage"
JILL SYKES
"QAFL syndicate fights for Brisbane licence  

SUPPORT among VFL clubs was growing for the Queensland Australian Football
League's fight to gain the licence to operate a VFL team in Brisbane, QAFL
president John Collins said yesterday"
""
"Flower children's autumn By Phil Jarratt  

  IF YOU'RE a baby boomer with a long memory, you may recall Haight-Ashbury,
Dr Timothy Leary, Indian headbands, fringed frontier jackets and The Summer
of Love. It is almost 20 years since Sergeant Pepper told the band to play
- beginning a bizarre cultural revolution of sorts that had a profound effect
on the way we looked at drugs, the environment, even the war in Vietnam"
"The hippie movement had many homes, from Amsterdam to Istanbul, from
Greenwich Village to Glebe. but nowhere was the beads and bangles brigade
so evident, so pervasive, as in San Francisco"
"""If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your
hair,"" went the song. And they did, filling the seedy streets of the Haight
with the spirit of free love and cheap thrills. But San Francisco got sick
of the hippies even before the rest of the world did and so they moved on,
generally finding rural retreats where their unorthodox behaviour was rendered
acceptable by sheer force of numbers"
"In the way of human evolution, hippies became New Settlers who became
disaffected subsistence farmers who drifted back into the cities and became
fully-fledged yuppies. Except in northern California, where the spirit of
Jefferson Airplane lived on long after the band had become a Starship and
succumbed to commercial temptation. And in one northern Californian town the 
spirit lives on, albeit a little wheezily, today"
"In 1971, two oil tankers collided off Bolinas - an hour north of San
Francisco, in ritzy Marin County - leaving the area's beautiful beaches
fouled with slick. Environmentally concerned young people from the Haight,
the houseboats of Sausalito and the Berkeley university campus descended
on the tiny village to help clean up. Many of them decided to stay and the
hippies controlled the town of 1,500 people by the mid-1970s through stacking
the boards of such instrumentalities as the Bolinas Community Public Utilities"
"This board managed to halt any new housing construction by barring the
distribution of water meters"
"But even more noticeable than the anti-building stance was the new attitude
to tourism"
"The picturesque, if slightly shabby, village had been a tea-and-scones
stop on the way to Point Reyes National Seashore Park but the flower children
ripped the sign down"
"Even though the California Transport Department has erected 34 replacement 
signs, the road to Bolinas remains unmarked"
"When I first visited Bolinas, a decade ago, I was immediately seduced
by the potent mixture of liberal thought and creativity"
""
"Labor facing a big battle for power From Warwick Costin in Canberra  

The Hawke Government faces an extremely tough challenge to stay in power,
Foreign Minister Bill Hayden said last week"
"After massive swings against the Labor Party recently the Government's
survival would depend on how Australians accepted stern budgetary measures
to repair the economy, he said"
"""Historically, the bearers of bad news have been shot, or dismembered in
some way,"" Mr Hayden said"
""
"AN eight-year battle - then AB licence is granted  

AN eight-year battle to gain a private artificial breeding service
licence suddenly ended recently for Gippsland inseminator John Pollard"
"Without warning or explanation he was told to apply, yet again, for a
licence and it was granted"
"Licences to operate an AB service in Victoria are granted at the discretion
of the Minister for Agriculture and Rural Affairs"
"Since 1978, Ministers of both Liberal and Labor governments have found
it more discreet not to grant AB licences to private operators"
"John Pollard believes the injustice of withholding licences has been
recognised and the situation is being rectified"
"The Minister for Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Mr Walker, has confirmed
that issuing licences for private AB services has been reviewed.  He said
licences would be granted provided strict health and quality control
conditions were met.  DARA officers would monitor all licensed services"
"John Pollard was one of several private operators whose activities were
limited in 1978 by grouping them, without consultation, under the licence
of Elders Breeding Services"
"He said that year a meeting was held in Melbourne of some parties involved
with the artificial breeding industry but at which private inseminators were
not represented"
"FOLLOWING it, he was issued with his A grade inseminator's licence as
a subcentre of Elders and was told by the Department of Agriculture that
only one inseminator could operate from his service in any one 24-hour
period.  John was employing another inseminator at the time"
"He understood the move was made to protect the co-operative insemination
services from competition by private inseminators"
"John retaliated with a persistent eight-year campaign to have the ruling
changed.  He hounded local MPs, the Ombudsman, sought legal advice and
repeatedly approached the Ministers for Agriculture during that period"
"""At one stage, a Minister was writing letters to me addressed `Dear John',
we had had so many communications,"" John said"
"""I wanted a full licence which would allow me to store and pack semen
for sale and offer an unrestricted insemination service which gave farmers
freedom of choice at a competitive price."" 
  JOHN's entry into the private AB field was more by accident that design"
"He trained as a commercial inseminator in 1968, then worked with the local
AB co-operative for about five years.  
  That was a sideline to working on the family dairy farm selected near 
Warragul by one of his ancestors in 1873.  
  In 1976, a couple of local farmers asked John to inseminate their cows
with some semen they had bought privately.  He obliged.  Then, before
long, the bush telegraph had spread the word that John was available and
more and more farmers sought his services"
"Before long, he had recruited another inseminator and they were both being 
kept busy"
"Then, the restriction was imposed on his business but the demand
continued.  John was joined by former Warragul AB co-op manager Henry Ziebell
and he also recruited a veterinarian to assist part-time"
Veterinary registration automatically includes approval to inseminate
"Officially, John and Henry worked day about and the vet provided back up"
"John said his association with Elders was quite normal.  He was able to
secure semen from any registered artificial breeding organisation in
Australia.  
  VAB Co-Op were unable to sell direct to him but John said he could get
all the VAB semen he wanted through other sources.  Now that he has been
granted a full licence, VAB are more than happy to sell to him"
"Since John's PBS Artificial Breeding Services were licensed three months
ago, he has recruited another inseminator, Trevor Wozencroft, who used to
manage a Queensland AB service.  So, PBS Artificial Breeding Services now
has three full-time inseminators, John, Henry and Trevor, and the vet still
works with them part-time"
"John still operates his service from his home on the family farm where
they milk up to 250 cows a year"
"BEFORE his licence was granted, his AB service premises were inspected
to establish that the buildings were suitable.  His records system was checked
to make sure a thorough and accurate account could be kept of bulls used,
cows mated, and movement of semen could be identified and traced in case
of disease outbreak; and that semen collected from farms and stored for
farmer's private use and not for sale was handled and stored in premises
separate from those used for semen for sale"
"He had to undertake to offer his service year round and make available
to customers semen from all major suppliers"
"John said he endorsed ""110 per cent"" the principle of inspection and
licensing to control the standards of AB services"
"ALMOST all his clients are stud breeders and mainly dairy farmers.  John
does not quite know how the stud involvement came about although he is
enthusiastic about pure breeding in cattle"
"""You can go somewhere when you are producing purebreds,"" he said.  ""Nothing
looks better than a herd of pure Friesians or Jerseys in a paddock.""
  Servicing stud breeders led him to start an on-farm semen collection service
a couple of years ago.  That is how he fills in his spare times during the
off-mating season"
"He not only collects semen and stores it for clients to use when they
want it but offers a pre-season fertility check of bulls. 
  And he is also being called upon by beef breeders for whom he provides
the artificial insemination service in a veterinary supervised synchronised
mating program.  John co-operates with veterinarians performing embryo
transplants"
"John will help farmers select AB bulls but always leave the final decision,
and responsibility for it, with them"
"He does not believe the apparent easing of licensing private artificial
insemination services in Victoria is going to produce a rush of new operators"
"The capital costs associated with bulk liquid nitrogen storages, on farm
containers, laboratory equipment and other facilities would make a newcomer
to the business think twice"
"Also, farmers are already well serviced in Victoria, indeed better than
they were in the past.  John pointed out that not too many years ago AB
services and semen were offered on a take it or leave it basis"
"Competition created by several bull farms, imported semen and new technology
which makes it easy and cheap to move semen across the world, has also led
to improved service for farmers"
"John said there were now resident representatives of VAB and Elders Breeding
Services in Gippsland competing to secure the farmer's business"
""
"Mini-TV series on Barlow case  

A Sydney-based film production company is to make a television mini-series
on the Barlow-Chambers hangings"
"The fledgling company, Roadshow Coote and Carroll Pty Ltd, will start work
on the series in May 1987"
"Company director, former Adelaide film producer Mr Matt Carroll, said
today the mini-series would aim to capture the ""personal side"" of the two
hanged men"
"It would portray the complete story from their arrest to the subsequent
hangings"
"Kevin Barlow, 28, of Adelaide, and Geoffrey Chambers, 29, of Perth, were
hanged in a Malaysian jail last month after being found guilty of possessing
179g of heroin. 
  Mr Carroll said the case had ""all the ingredients to be an excellent
mini-series."" 
  ""An extremely large number of people in Australia followed the case in
its entirety,"" he said.   
  ""It commanded a very large audience on television and in the Press, so
this is a natural move.   
  ""It will be a very fast-moving and dramatic series if it goes ahead.""
  The mini-series was still in the early research stages to establish its
viability"
"""At present we are gathering information to work out what direction we
will take,"" he said"
"""We intend to start casting early next year and full production in May"
""
"The gospel according to Saint Mick By Craig Bailey  

  Paul Hogan calls his first film a `feel good movie'. He's right. I'm hardly
your average Australian bushman, but the crocodile poacher from Walkabout
Creek aroused my Aussie pride and, while not exactly having me rollicking
in the aisle, gave me quite a few laughs"
"Dundee may not boast the hi-tech stuff of George Lucas. It lacks the violence
of Rambo. Its characters are few and budget meagre next to the average American
film. But it's the most watched movie in Australia, and there's got to be
a good reason for that"
"Despite a sojourn in New York and an American co-star, Dundee is about
as Australian as you can get. As a hero, Mick Dundee leaves Ned Kelly, the
Man from Snowy River and Dame Edna for dead. The little Aussie battler has
grown up. No longer just anti-authority, poor victim of circumstance, purely
cynical, but a battler who takes on the world and wins. `That's why you
have so many accidents over here,' the outback bushman declares to a
thoroughbred New Yorker. `Your steering wheel's on the wrong side of the
car!'
  Hogan trivializes his film when he describes the Oz imagination, the spirit
of Australia. We're too skeptical to be taken in by a flying kangaroo, but
a crocodile poacher, super barramundi fisherman who picks up King Browns
and casually flings them aside is almost believable, and very appealing"
"MATESHIP GOSPEL  

  What makes our new folk hero so attractive is this: he promotes a gospel
that is palatable, particularly to the male of the species. He is the sum
of how we like to think about ourselves"
"For starters, it is a gospel of mateship, an idea very much alive in
most Australians - the myth that keeps many from utter despair. If you can't
depend on your mates, what hope is there? In a land which by its sheer size
and harshness threatens to swallow us, mateship makes life bearable. A
sobering moment in Dundee's gospel is served up in an elaborate
N.Y. party when, after being introduced to a lady who visits a `shrink',
he asks, `Hasn't she got any mates?'
  Mixed with respect for mateship is Dundee's contempt for superiority and
pretence, like table manners at an exclusive restaurant. Those who cross
his lines of acceptability usually become victims of a swift punch in the
mouth. Equally, his genuine concern for the underdog - the Aborigine, the
street girl - characterize his `everyone's-me-mate' philosophy:
`Be in town for a couple 'a days. See ya round,' he offers from a taxi cab
window to one of New York's 7 million residents!
  Dundee's gospel is underscored by a kind of morality that is not far from
a believed-in (though not often practised), morality that is basic to the
Australian. It is a close-to-the-earth, survival morality. Its highest
ideal is mateship and it's moulded by the land: land rights? `We belong
to the land, it doesn't belong to us,' says Crocodile Mick. While Rambo
is busy bulldozing his surroundings with guns and knives, and dispensing
justice with iron gloves, Dundee survives rather than conquers, and his
primary weapon is his dry humour"
"It's the wit that characterizes the lighter side of Aussie morality -
it mocks the false and showy, but affectionately points to some great
Australian truth - if nothing else, that life is to be enjoyed despite
adversity"
"Crocodile Dundee says a lot about the things many Australians value. Those
things are not entirely foreign to the Gospel. As John Hannaford points
out, `Jesus likes Aussies...He likes the way we care about the battler and
the underdog...' There are many things about Mick Dundee that I think Jesus
likes. If it's true that he characterizes the Australian experience of life
then could it be that we Christians need to spend less time condemning the
evil around us and recognising the good? Is it possible that in the process
we'd be able to present our Gospel in a more relevant fashion to our Australian
mates without compromising its content? `Me and God, we're mates,' says
Crocodile Dundee. Maybe with a more positive relevant Church, God could
become his Lord and Saviour as well"
""
"Music-Maker Aims For Top By John Marr  

  The captivating sounds of the bouzouki have been part of the Adelaide
scene for many years, and a trip to Greece this week by a father and son
will ensure it stays that way"
"Kevin Amanatidis is an up and coming bouzouki player who is going back
to his father's birthplace to learn from the experts"
"Restaurateur and chef Basil Amanatidis will fly out of Adelaide with his
18-year-old son on Tuesday, heading for Athens"
"For Kevin, it's the chance of a lifetime.  He will enter music school
in Athens and will take specialised external bouzouki tuition"
"""Kevin probably has gone as far as he can with is bouzouki playing in
Australia - certainly Adelaide, anyway"", a proud dad, Basil said"
"""Greece is where the experts are, so we will go to them"""
"The bouzouki, a development of the lute and mandolin, is a traditional
Greek instrument which has soared in popularity in the West, largely because
of the exposure to Greek cafe music and its use in Greek film soundtracks"
"They are not made commercially in Australia.  Kevin's current bouzouki
is Athens-made and worth about $2500"
"Good instruments take months, sometimes years, to make, allowing for the
curing of the woods and the painstaking joining of dozens of pieces to form
the body"
"They usually are highly ornate, set with mother-of-pearl carvings and
other decoration"
"For Basil, it's a journey back to see a Greece he's not visited for about
30 years - and it's also partly a business trip"
"Having just sold his control of the kitchen at the Gothic Hotel, this
long-time chef will be looking at the popular Greek taverns and cafes to
""maybe incorporate some ideas in Adelaide"""
"Kevin will be in Greece for about a year, while his father will be returning
in about six weeks"
""
"A journey By Suzanne Edgar  

The four-wheel drive carries the watchers through lemony evening light towards
the heart of the country where the green flames of little pines leap from
blond grass. Netta wants to arrest the steel cocoon; or force a window and
fly back to the red gums sculpturing the river banks, their gnarled fist
roots clutching soil sucked by the hungry Lachlan"
"At last they make camp and Netta, anxious to be helpful, takes a bucket
and stumbles into a lagoon. She emerges calmer, but slopping her water a
little. After dark they cradle full stomachs around the fire while Alex,
the leader, plucks songs from his guitar. Netta and the German girl Irmgard
stay up late, talking of why they've come; a half moon paints white slats
between the trees. In the morning dry light and space shimmer into Netta's
head and push away depression and doubt"
"Driving again, she dozes, chin lounging against the seat belt, and wakes
remembering her friends in the cafe, herself on the defensive"
"""Why's a townie like you going racing across the country with a mob of
bushies? You won't see much from the inside of a bloody great van,"" John
said"
"""You should take a fly net,"" Delia warned"
"""Where on earth do you buy those?""
  ""Netta you're so impractical. I'll lend you one.""
  Lal yelled from the machine where she was yanking levers to make cappuccino"
"""You mightn't get on with the rest of the group. They won't be like your
gallery tour types.""
  ""That's a risk, but I'm hoping to meet some Aborigines up north. We'll
be at Yowah and Eulo for two weeks.""
  ""Woolly-minded liberal travels north to ease guilt!"" John mocked. Anger
tightened through Netta's chest"
"Now she swats at flies sipping a bead of sweat in a hollow above her lips,
and looks out at glowing red earth stippled with yellow flowers. Netta's
thighs and the bench are sealed with sweat; a stubble sandpapers her legs"
"Why had she been so disorganised when it came to getting away? Even at
the clinic; Dr Moore had been irritated about the accounts she wouldn't
get finished"
"""Where's the bloody McCormack file?"" he'd screamed - in front of the courier"
"Netta stared into the filing cabinet. After the sniggering youth had gone
the boss nudged her"
"""Sorry Net. Have you found it?"" Passing the file, their hands grazed"
He watched her affectionately and Netta trembled
"""Wouldn't it be better to travel with friends, rather than total strangers?
It might be strenuous, you're not getting any younger old girl.""
  How answer that there was no-one to go with? How say, I don't have holidays
because in that hotel on Fraser Island I barely spoke to a soul. Or, cocktails
and dinner in the revolving tower just aren't available to me"
"""I'd like some adventure, you never know what I might find out there"
"Who I might meet. And I find nature ... refreshing. Your style of thing,
with boats and booze and teenagers all over the place doesn't really appeal.""
That shut him up"
"But how would she manage in a tent with strangers? It was difficult to
sleep in her own flat. Perhaps the others would be tight little couples,
with smug wives boring on about children and extensions"
"Anything would be better than this dreary business, dwindling as the suburb
aged and people died. Last winter, in between patients, she'd knitted the
boss a jumper. She loved to see the soft wool, turned in her hands, wrapped
around his throat. Moore himself was concerned. He might move to a busier
partnership, or retire early. She needed to look for something else, but
put it off"
"At Yowah, Netta and Irmgard put up their tent where wild hops spurt among
the rocks. Netta finds a trail of glass and opal chips near a bower bird's
shrine. She brings out her hat decorated with silk poppies and Delia's net
fits around the crown"
"Burnt orange distance is a magnet and one morning Netta sets out on her
own. One can't get lost with one's feet on a track, she tells herself; Mulga
trees wind like ghosts of people the land once owned. Ahead, two great brolgas
appear, heads lifted to catch her slight scent and sound. She watches the
birds who move in a tantalising rhythm; dissolving in the haze when she
approaches; still and silver if she waits. Netta leaves her little drab
self scuttling along with shoulder bag, hat, and googly-eyed field glasses
and merges with the high-stepping birds"
"They lead her to a pool covered with tiny flowers where a small bird stalks
on stilts, darting at insects and staring into the water. A narcissus bird"
"Netta flicks back the fly net and looks down at her own face, askew in the
brownish mirror, with circle of straw for frame and dark hair greeting its
image: a closed, self-contained look. Not so assured as the brolgas; more
like this solitary dot of a bird who makes do with very little, unperturbed
by an intruder kneeling in the clay. 
  Netta strips and wades in, splashing water over her arms and sinking a
little in oozing mud. Then she shoves her underwear in the bag, replacing
only her blouse and skirt. A change in the light switches her back to time
and other people's expectations; she heads for Yowah. Silky red powder silts
up the hairs along her toes and blows round her calves. Striking sharp chips
of fluted rock, Aboriginal flints, she selects one for a talisman"
Eulo is a pub and a thickening of weatherboard houses beside the road
"One morning a voice in a megaphone swings through the bush to Netta and
Irmgard scraping eggs from frying pans"
"""Welcome ladies and gents to the World Championship Lizard Races get down
here early you've got to be in it to win it so place your bets on one of
our thoroughbred lizards assembled here from studs all over the south-west,
enter the log chopping and ladies' tug-of-war chicken wheels and steak
sandwiches refreshments no limit."" Netta shudders"
"But Irmgard is keen. ""Let us go Netta? We haf come all this way, we should
at least look. Also, some postcards I must buy.""
  ""I hate crowds, and the noise! It's bad enough from here. Besides, I've
got no clean clothes.""
  ""We can go to the river and wash our shorts. They will dry so very fast
in this heat.""
  ""Couldn't you go with Alex and the others?""
  ""They are gone already. Come please Netta?""
  ""All right, but I'm not staying long, I hate drinking in the middle of
the day in weather like this.""
  Blacks, oil drillers, cattle men in tough hats and boots, out-of-towners
mill about the pub, and the verandah overflows with men lifting stubbies
to cracked lips. In the beer garden raw Queensland rump sizzles on barbecues
and the megaphone belts out starting times. Packs of men hunt together,
while babies crawl like blowies over their sprawling, slack-bellied mothers"
"Netta's glad of her net and grins at a blonde teetering by on stiletto heels,
slapping herself"
"""You've got the right idea love. Next year I'm gunna come up here with
a truckload a them things to sell. Reckon you'd make a killing.""
  ""Maybe I'll do that myself.""
  ""Is that right? Well good on ya.""
  Netta lets herself surge with the crowd. At the log chopping, bronze giants
in navy singlets hose down the arena and a sweet smell of soil and sawdust
rises. Irmgard has disappeared. After the lizard races, Netta heads for
a gin and tonic. A black woman sitting on the kerb catches her eye and waves
her over. They talk: Minnie Stevens, her niece Riena, and Netta the southerner"
"""You like me sing you corroboree? I sing you magic, woman's magic. Only
for woman."" Netta sits on the grass"
"When Minnie sings her body sways and her eyes snap and glitter. Weaving
a high-pitched tune with voice and flowing hands, she seems to conjure powerful
rites; though Netta doesn't properly understand. The three women are in
a world apart, beside the old red road, beside the pub. Afterwards Netta
can never recall Minnie's face, so dominant are her black, conspiratorial
eyes. Deep, yellow-black eyes. The singing slows to a wail"
"""Let's have another drink Netta, you buy me a beer eh? Then I sing you
more songs."" Netta brings a row of frosted cans"
"""Thanks darlin. Now I make you special love magic, get you boyfriends,
many boyfriends. I make you boyfriend stay only with you, never look at
other woman, come back you always even from far away place.""
  Netta flushes behind her net. What boyfriend? ""All right,"" she says, ""but
you'll need pretty strong magic.""
  ""No? Doan tell me that. You beautiful woman, lovely hair"", she reaches
out and strokes Netta's hair. ""I get you much power, sing a rainbow roun
your face.""
  The singing begins again. Each incantation ends with a strange
upward-twirling trill. Only this time the hands thread the air about Netta's
bare thighs, flit before her breasts. Dabs of spit are anointed, ""ptht ptht"",
on her cheeks, inside her knees, along her arms"
"""How old you are darlin?""
  ""Forty.""
  ""No, that carn be true. You doan look it, same as me! You an me can be
good friends, we understand many things these young ones carn't, tee hee.""
Minnie nudges Netta and winks to exclude Riena and also Irmgard listening,
intrigued but cautious, on the edge"
"""I love you darlin,"" Minnie hugs Netta. ""You come to the toilet with me
eh?"" Minnie gets up and hitches her dress with the faded pink roses. They
link arms for a journey to the ladies and gents leaning under a peppercorn"
"Flies cluster on scraps of stained lavatory paper and it stinks of urine
spilled wide of the mark. Queuing for a squat over the pit, Min announces
Netta is with her. When they return, a young man is lowering himself on
to his haunches beside Riena"
"""Luke! Lukey, where you bin all this time? Haven been to see your old
auntie for months. Netta, this my nephew Luke. Luke meet my frien Netta"
"She's from Canberra, can you believe it?""
  ""Hello Luke.""
  ""Hi. Pleased to meet you, staying up here long?""
  ""Only a week, worse luck.""
  ""I bin singin her magic, she's very powerful woman. You still got that
shirt I fix for you Luke? You doan wash it, do nothin to spoil its power
like I tole you, no dry cleaning?""
  ""No no auntie, don't worry, it's in my cupboard. You don't go along with
this stuff do you Netta?""
  ""Oh yes I do.""
  ""Go on, I bet you don't; white people never do, they think it's rubbish.""
Luke is a little embarrassed by his Aunt Min and toothless Riena, as one
is at twenty, imagining he sees them through this stranger's eyes. But Netta
can't emphasise her belief enough"
"""I don't think it's rubbish,"" she says urgently"
"""I don't believe you.""
  ""But you must, it's true; I do believe, and I respect your aunt."" For
some reason she cares intensely how Luke judges her. He wears a neat shirt
and shorts, a bush hat is pushed back over dark, curling hair; his eyes
are aquamarine. Black-fringed eyes in a golden face, searching hers, relenting"
"""Come up for the races did you?""
  ""Yes, partly.""
  ""What do you think of Eulo?""
  ""I love it.""
  ""He's a good boy, my sister's boy, you like im Netta?"" Minnie turns away
to hector Riena, who has lit a cigarette, and Luke drops to one knee, hesitant"
"""Would you ... would you let me kiss you?"" A rope in Netta's chest loosens
and drops. She looks around, sees the Mechanics' Institute with its banner
flapping over the porch: Disco Dance Sat 28th. Eyes plead"
"""I suppose I would, if you really want to.""
  Luke removes his hat and leans forward."
"Kalgoorlie Alice By Shane McCauley  

IN THE DARKNESS of the lane-way the shadowy thing had looked like a giant
toad squatting, hind parts against the brick. He had looked and stumbled
into the same wall, fifteen feet away from the now gurgling shadow. He saw
faint light coursing with the meandering trickle of urine"
"""What ya lookin' at?"" asked the shadow, now gaining a third dimension
as an arm appeared. The brandy tap-danced behind his eyes and he couldn't
find an answer to the hoarse female voice"
"Raymond Christopher had arrived in Kalgoorlie the previous day, putting
up at one of the cheapest hotels. The path which had brought him through
this day to this particular alley-way had become even more confused in his
mind than the purposeless reality. A little earlier in the evening he'd
tried explaining to the tattooed roo-shooter who had asked him the inevitable
question in the adjacent bar"
"""I came here because I wanted to feel clean. I wanted to feel that I could
just be me and get away from the past. No strings. No letters to write"
"Nothing ... Thanks, I will - nice drop this Hannan's ... My old dream of
standing alone on the mountain. And here I am, on the edge of a desert"
When I was a boy I wondered why they changed the guard at Buckingham Palace
"Why they changed anything. Here nothing changes. Except the shadows.""
  Cornwall, the roo-shooter, had downed his brandy, belched, and turned
watery grey eyes upon him"
"""How old are you?""
  ""Twenty-eight. But that's not ..."" Here Raymond had been interrupted by
an old-timer crashing between them, bringing a whisky-flooded breath with
him from out of the night"
"""I've jush had all me teesh out. Need drink.""
  Overwhelmed by the dazed sadness in the man's eyes, and choked by the
festering whisky smell, Raymond had barely managed to reach the outside
lane-way before he was briefly, but unequivocably, sick. It was there that
the amphibious female shape had clambered out of the darkness at him"
"""I said what ya lookin' at? Christ, but look at him! Ha, ha, ha, ha!""
The laugh sounded more like a buffalo's death-throes"
"Raymond wiped his chin with the back of his hand and looked at the shape,
an Aboriginal woman he now remembered seeing earlier sitting on some steps
outside a house in one of the nearby back-streets"
"""You'd bedder sid down an' 'ave 'nother drink. Doan mine Alice, she's
gotta piss somewheres an' 'can't go in the pub. Threw me out an' busted
two of me fingers last time I wend in theres."" She crumpled beside Raymond,
hands still gripping a half-empty bottle of wine. He, too, slumped and felt
the spirit of the surrounding desert pass him by, pausing only to ruffle
his black hair with its blacker breath. I don't think I can walk, he kept
thinking, floating out of himself and forgetting the presence beside him"
A high-pitched yell came from a window near them and sliced up to the stars
"""You call me a poofter again, and I'll cut your fuckin' throat!"" Alice
laughed again while Raymond threw up the remnants of his sticky brandy and
beer. He turned and watched the powerful action of her dark, elastic throat
as she sucked at the wine bottle. He vaguely tried to guess her age, couldn't
and was tempted to close his eyes, resisting as he heard his brain chuckle
menacingly at the prospect. This time last week I'd just finished a week's
respectable work at the bank, he thought; now I'm seven hundred kilometres
away, rapidly drinking up my dreams, sitting in a damp alley with an Aboriginal
woman who's liable to rob me the minute I pass out, perhaps even helping
the process along with her bottle. He looked up at the stars and suddenly,
almost guiltily, felt irrationally refreshed, as if he'd awoken from a doze
at the beach. He took the bottle the pink and black hand passed him and
drank a little, tentatively, ready to stop at the first sign of his body's
rebellion. None came. The night can begin again, you bloody fool. Inside
the pub, Cornwall finished telling the story of his marriage and his ""bitch
of a wife"", tore up her photo, and deposited the fragments into the warming
froth of a beer glass"
"""What's your name?"" Raymond heard himself asking"
"""Alice. Alice Rumsbody I was called. Funny, isn't it?""
  ""Alice is a pretty enough name. I'm Raymond.""
  ""Raymon'. Never knew nobody called that. 'nother drink?""
  He refrained this time, beginning to enjoy the apparent revival of his
senses. When in Perth he had become increasingly aware that he was losing
his essential personality, becoming disembodied, or rather at the disposal
of too many other bodies. Too often he wallowed in painful nostalgia, recurring
images of himself at his first dance, of his first kiss, his first ""adult""
nights out with his friends. His spare moments had become so full of these
mental images of the past that he'd become frightened, thinking he would
never recapture sensations of newness and self-discovery. And then something
about the gold-fields attracted him, perhaps that they, too, were remnants,
leftovers, from a more bustling period of history. A friend had written
a book on the Golden Mile, and this decided him on wanting to share the
atmosphere suggested by the anecdotes and historical narrative. Unfortunately,
a developing proclivity, a facility, for getting drunk had descended upon
him at a similar time, combined with the frustration that comes with a failure
to find sufficient self-excuses for the condition"
Raymond edged his way back to the alley wall
"""I feel like walking. Need to clear my head.""
  "" 'sallright. I'll come with ya."" Even in the darkness he could see that
teeth in the side of her mouth were missing. Yet there was some bluff,
attractive quality about her that didn't seem entirely buried in, or
unrecoverable from, blunted living"
Raymond Christopher and Alice Rumsbody walked hesitantly into the street
"The earlier, casual wind had fed upon itself and was now blowing strongly"
"Paper and leaves jumped up and twisted in the light that stained the street
like tobacco-juice. Broken glass was scattered near a drain. Raymond had
little idea of where he was going, just a vague thought that he would like
to see the heaps of mineral waste, the mesas, in the dawn, hours away. Alice
seemed to accept that this man knew his destination; all of the others
had. They passed some railway sidings. The railway cars carrying farm machinery
looked as if they were being mounted, methodically raped, by their cargo"
"Alice drank again, while Raymond sang under his breath"
"""Christopher Robin went down with Alice, they're changing the guard at
Buckingham Palace.""
  ""What you singing?""
He repeated the lines"
"""Did you make that up?""
  ""No. I remember my mother singing it to me when I was about five. It's
funny how nonsense makes sense in the end. If you wait long enough. If you
forget that you are waiting.""
  ""My mum sang to me, too. She made hers up. We was given a little book
of songs by some white peoples, but she couldn't read. She sang a bit 'fore
she died. Chuberculosis, the priest said.""
  Raymond accidentally kicked an empty can that sent a hollow sound echoing
along the nearly empty street. A few youths passed, laughing, on the other
side. One of them shouted something at them, but Raymond didn't understand
it. Not that it mattered. A white ute drove past them, accelerating as it
went. Cornwall was going home to an empty house, to commit murder again in his
sleep. He recognised Raymond as he went past, and snorted to himself"
"""Black bitches is better than white. At least you don't expect them to
stay with you."" And he leaned forward to switch on his radio. The next day
every kangaroo he shot would have mascaraed eyes and pouting lips"
"""Just a minute,"" said Alice. ""I'll be back 'mmediately."" Raymond watched
her half-run, half-walk into the absolute shadows of a street full of
ramshackle houses. He kept on walking, slowly, almost hoping the woman would
catch him up. He realised that he would soon be out of town. Several of
the houses he passed had dim, furtive lights within them, and he wondered
who lived there. At least this is not a city of concrete playing-cards,
the Kings and Aces stretching up to grate and flick the sky; the humble
neon here doesn't affront the stars too much. As he thought this, conscious
of his own bombast, one little star streaked towards the invisible horizon
and vanished, absorbed into night's blotting paper. Raymond began to feel
cold and weary, but determined to keep walking, putting off the horrible
inevitability of waking from drunken sleep. ""Vulnerability,"" he muttered"
From one front yard came the sinister sounds of washing hanging on the line
"Like ghosts clapping. Then road forked and sign-posts mouthed names blankly
at the night. Boulder, Kambalda, Coolgardie"
"Alice couldn't see Raymond ahead as she hurried along the street, a new
and unopened bottle of wine in her hand. Her loose, claret-coloured dress
hampered her. Wheezing, she looked down at the white flashing of her sneakers
on the ageing bitumen. It was a bad, desolate night to be lonely, and she
wanted to find this man again. Even though he had not given her anything"
"Sores on the backs of her ankles pained her, and her thighs felt watery
and were stinging. Then she saw him walking, stumbling, by some bedraggled
gum trees on the fringes of the town. The wine she had drunk hugged itself
closer to her blood. She felt the evening conspire in her, hearing strange
atavistic chants in her heart. She was aware of her own smallness, and her
lips were arched in the defeated bow of a smile"
"Raymond heard the shuffling and panting behind him and waited. He saw
the wide-opened eyes and approaching smile, not understanding them. Her
motivelessness pleased him"
"""Why doan we stop heres! Walked 'nough, ain'tcha?""
  ""If I stop now I might never get up.""
  ""Eh? I went back for this."" Raymond saw her raise the full bottle of wine
above her head as it it were the head of a fallen foe"
"""Good girl."" Her smell came to him on one of the pulsating gusts of wind"
"A smell of moist cotton, alcohol, and surprisingly gentle sweat that he
fancied he could see forming between rich brown pores. It was an exciting
combination, somehow combining fruitfulness and decay. On another occasion,
at an office-party, he'd become aware of the smell of chicken on his fingers,
cold and pale, and that odour had depressed him and been with him for days"
He'd thought that death must smell of cold chicken and three-day old flowers
He took the bottle from Alice and drank
"""Do you know how to get to those big heaps of waste that are near the
abandoned derricks?""
  ""Oh yeah. Near here. Why you want them?""
  ""Might be a good place to sleep.""
  Raymond lit two cigarettes and passed one to Alice. In the blackness near
them a small marsupial swallowed a worm"
"They remained silent as they walked, stopping only once while Raymond
turned off the road to urinate on a jagged clump of scrub. He'd only seen
the great slabs of mineral waste before when driving, and had always wanted
to come back to them. Without a moon it was difficult to determine their
exact dimensions. As they walked toward the mesas, Raymond remembered what
they reminded him of: the illustrations of a Sumerian city that he'd seen
in one of his father's books. There was the same bland impassiveness about
them, a defiance and potential strength that was coiled in the grey mud
hearts of these abandoned pieces of sludge. There was something pointless
and laboured about them that made them peculiarly man-like"
""
"... And the post-war giants name their best skippers. By Brett Thomas  

NSW Cricket Association president Alan Davidson, who played in 44 Tests
between 1953 and 1963, said there have been only two standout captains in
his time - Lindsay Hassett and Richie Benaud"
"""I think Richie was the best mainly because our careers went side by side
from schoolboy days,"" he said"
"""I understood him and he understood me.  It was always very easy to play
with him.""
  Davidson gives Hassett the credit for moulding him as a player during his
first tour of England in 1953"
"""I will always have a very vivid recollection of Lindsay during that tour,""
he said.  ""He had a wonderful understanding of a young player"
"""He was only a little man - but he was very big on understanding.""
  Blockbusting batsman Keith Stackpole, with 43 Tests under his belt, has
no doubts when it comes to his choice as the best"
"""Ian Chappell was the best I ever played under, then Bill Lawry and Bobby
Simpson in that order,"" he said"
"""I rate Ian the best because his style of captaincy suited me.  We would
both rather win a match than have it peter out into a dull draw"
"""Bill was more of a defensive captain but he showed the young fellows the
right attitude although he didn't have quite the same material as Ian"
"""And Simmo was a great inspiration because he was always so terribly
energetic.""  
  Channel 9 commentator Bill Lawry also names Richie Benaud as the best ever
- with Ian Chappell second.  He would not name a third"
"""Richie was a tremendous captain,"" he said.  ""He was the first of the
modern captains to really appreciate what was needed in modern cricket"
"""The series in which he captained Australia against the West Indies in
1961 started a tremendous boost for cricket"
"""He has done a fantastic amount for both Australian and world cricket
and I've never seen or played with anyone better"
"""Ian Chappell had a tremendous record as a captain and a player and,
statistically, he was also one of the best"
"""His own natural ability shone through and he always led from the front.""
  Cricket commentator Richie Benaud said there were only two standout Australian
captains he's seen - Keith Miller and Ian Chappell"
"""Keith was captain of NSW and although he never captained Australia at
Test level I still consider him the best, with Ian,"" he said"
"""They are the top two - all the others are of about equal standard"
"""The reason they were so good is because they had imagination apart from
their skill and leadership qualities"
"""They had a very good knowledge of the game and were always willing to
take a gamble."""
"Monteverdi chorus Music by Derek Moore Morgan 

  HAMBURG'S famous Monteverdi Choir makes its first Australian tour next
month, beginning with a single Perth concert on July 7 at the Concert Hall"
"Forty singers, together with their choir director, Jurgen Jurgens, will
display their talents in a wide-ranging programme of shorter choral items"
"The first part consists mainly of madrigals and chansons from the European
Renaissance period, balanced by a second half representing the 19th and
20th centuries, and including some of the Brahms Gipsy songs as well as
individual items by Dvorak and Tchaikovsky"
"Interesting sets of chansons by Debussy and Hindemith, as well as pieces
by Kodaly and Ligeti bring the programme close to our own time"
"The Monteverdi Choir was founded by Jurgen Jurgens just over 30 years ago,
originally as a small body concerning itself in the main with madrigal singing"
"The personnel soon consisted mainly of students and other young people,
who were eager to learn, and ambitious to improve"
"In 1956, after only a year of existence, they went to the international
choral competition in Arezzo, Italy, coming 24th. Each succeeding year they
improved their rating, and in 1959 their goal was achieved, with a first
prize in the main competition for mixed choirs"
"Many other prizes in international competitions followed and today the
Monteverdi Choir is known as Europe's major prizewinning amateur choral
body"
"Success in competitions attracted the attention of recording companies,
and records, many of which won international awards, established the choir's
reputation throughout the world"
"Flexible in size, the ensemble can consist of 20 to 90 singers, according
to the needs of anything from folk-song programmes to oratorio"
"Theirs is no specialised repertoire, and within a single programme they
move easily from the linear interplay of madrigals to the romantic richness
of Brahms, or the dissonant clarity of contemporary choral works. Singing
in seven languages is taken for granted by this ensemble"
"The music of Claudio Monteverdi, considered Italy's greatest 17th century
composer, is a starting point for the ensemble"
"Described by an immediate successor as ""the prophet of music"" because
of his innovatory spirit, Monteverdi's contribution to musical history
has been ranked even with that of Bach, Mozart and Beethoven"
"THE Eder Quartet visited Australia and New Zealand in 1980, though on
that occasion I believe it gave Perth a miss"
"Founded in 1972 at Budapest's famous Franz Liszt Academy of Music, its
principal teacher also coached the legendary Kodaly and Bartok Quartets"
"Major awards at Evian and Munich were followed by extensive European
tours, in addition to impressive appearances at international festivals"
"The Eder Quartet performs regularly on radio and television in its native
Hungary - in addition to appearances on the concert platform"
"Its recordings include the complete Bartok quartets, the sixth and last
of which, dating from 1939, it will play in its Musica Viva recital at the
Concert Hall on Monday, together with works by Brahms and Haydn"
""
A pub tradition that grew
"Foxy?  

  Donnie told his yarn at The Holbrook Hotel, after travelling through
the bush from Tumbarumba"
"As fox skins were worth about $40 each that winter, Donnie would at most
times have his shotgun in his car, for, ""You never know from where a fox
will spring.""
  He stopped his car beside a rough, bracken covered gully, got his fox
whistle and shotgun from the car and selected a position where he stood
very still, and blew the whistle. He then realized that he had only one
cartridge in the gun and did not have any more in the car. Of course, if
a fox did trot up, that shouldn't cause any problem"
"However, a few minutes later along came two foxes, but about ten yards
apart. Donnie waited patiently, hoping that the foxes would brush close
together, so that he would have a chance of shooting both. A few seconds
ticked by and the foxes were getting very close to Donnie, but still a
long way apart. According to Donnie there was only one thing left to do;
""I gave them the old `swoosh shot' and I got them both!!"""
"By Phyllis Shatte A Family Split  

""Is there a doctor present?"" Elinor asked anxiously, as she held Susan to
her"
"""I'm a doctor,"" a quietly spoken young man stepped out of the crowd. He bent
over Susan and felt her pulse. ""I'll get my bag from the car,"" he said"
"He instructed the crowd to step back, and proceeded to examine Susan
thoroughly. ""She's had a complete nervous breakdown,"" he informed the
family, as he introduced himself as Dr. Cornell. ""She'll have to go to
hospital for treatment. How many children has she got?""
  ""Five!"" Elinor replied. ""The youngest, a baby girl, is only nine months
old.""
  ""Is she still breast fed?""
  ""She is practically weaned,"" Elinor advised. ""She will survive on the
bottle.""
  ""Can the children be placed with somebody?"" Dr. Cornell asked. James was
hovering around, anxious to help"
"""They can accompany me to my parents' place,"" he told Dr. Cornell"
"""I'll take the baby,"" Elinor ignored James. ""We can stay with my sister,
Greta in Stanthorpe, till Susan recovers. I think Rob and Samuel can go to
their grandparents at Rockvale, and Pam would probably prefer to go to her
grandparents at Cottonvale.""
  Pam was crying. She had not forgotten the previous fire in which Mandy had
perished. She was very upset"
"""I'd like to go to Irma's place, and go with her to school at Dalveen!.""
  ""I'd forgotten about school for Pam,"" Elinor apologised. ""She goes with her
brothers to Thulimbah School. If that is all right with her father, she can
go to Dalveen!""
  ""Yes. Pam likes to be with Irma. I'll go down and see if I can help dad out"
"The cottage is empty."" James gave his consent willingly"
"The crowd was beginning to disperse. Emily, Fred and family were too upset
to speak. They were going to miss Susan and the children. They had grown to
love Susan as their own daughter"
"""We'll be in town to visit her,"" Emily told Elinor, and Elinor wrote down
Greta's address for them"
"Susan was still unconscious. She looked so small and frail. How could this
happen to her again? She was such a wonderful, hard-working person. Somebody
was out to drive them away from Cottonvale. Elinor had a feeling that this
time they had succeeded"
"""I'll take her to Stanthorpe,"" Dr. Cornell said. ""My wife is with me. Susan
needs treatment immediately.""
  ""I'll come with you,"" James offered"
"""There's nothing to be gained by that,"" Dr. Cornell, who had overheard
Susan's bitter outburst, informed him firmly. ""She needs complete rest"
"Nobody gets in to see her for several days. We've got a lot of work to do
to get her back on her feet. The shock has been horrific!""
  James assisted Dr. Cornell to carry Susan to his car. They placed her on the
back seat, and tucked a blanket around her"
"The children were upset, but they did not play up"
"James put Pam in his car, and wished his other children goodbye. ""I'll be
in touch,"" he assured Samuel"
"""We'll take the boys and Deanna to Rockvale now, and take Deanna into
Stanthorpe tomorrow. Susan is sure to ask for her first,"" Elinor gave Dr"
Cornell Greta's address. She lived only a street away from the hospital
"Elinor had collected the big nappy bag Susan had carried with her. It also
contained the takings over the past few days, and Elinor kept quiet about
that. She knew Susan would not want James to know she had salvaged the
money. As she was about to step into the car, having settled the tired boys
on the back seat, a black hand reached out to her"
"""Take this,"" kindly old George Sorlie said. ""It's the night's takings. It
might help to buy a few clothes for the children. It's times like this I
wish I were a real magician. I'd put the house and shop back where they
were, and make this small amount of money into thousands of pounds"
"Unfortunately, I'm not really as brilliant as I'd like to be!""
  Elinor burst into tears. ""That's wonderful of you,"" she said, ""Susan will
be forever grateful.""
  ""I wish I could do more. I hope our paths cross again one day. I'm an
excellent judge of character, and I have a feeling that little lady is in 
for a tough time, but she is a battler. She will win through. That I can 
predict!""
  ""If she doesn't, it won't be for the want of trying,"" Elinor shook his hand
firmly. ""God be with you,"" she said as she got into the car. John handed
Deanna to her, and they waved goodbye to the Smiths and other folk they
knew, and drove slowly away"
"Albert and Sue Chapman heard the car approaching about one o'clock in the
morning, and expected the worst. They never had visitors at that hour of the
morning, unless something was wrong"
John explained what had happened. The children were too tired to talk
"""They've got what they stand up in,"" Elinor explained. ""They lost
everything, and James had not paid the insurance premium.""
  ""Where's Susan?"" her mother asked"
"""She's in hospital,"" Elinor replied. ""Dr. Cornell drove her. She's had a
complete nervous breakdown, and we had to place the children. Pam is going
to Dalveen. John and I are taking Deanna to Stanthorpe. We'll stay with
Greta and Ted. We've brought the boys here to you. If you can't look after
them, we'll place the boys with Arthur or Victor.""
  ""No! They are welcome to stay with us. We have them during the school
holidays. We'll manage. There are a few clothes here for them. Susan always
leaves a few things behind on purpose. It saves packing a stack of clothes
every time they come to stay. It's incredible!"" Sue Chapman continued. ""You
wouldn't believe that fire could happen three times to the one family!""
  ""This time they lost everything. Susan gave James the insurance money to pay
the account, and he didn't do it!""
  ""That's typical of James,"" her mother answered. ""Then you and John must have
lost all your wedding presents too.""
  ""All the breakable gifts,"" Elinor replied. ""The rest are packed in with our
furniture, and on the way to Rockhampton with some of our clothes. We've
lost a lot of our own personal belongings, but at least we have a few
things.""
  ""What about your honeymoon?"" her mother asked"
"""It can wait,"" Elinor answered. ""John and I will stay with Greta and Ted for
a while, and take care of Deanna, unless Susan is in hospital for some time"
"Then we'll work something out.""
  They were soon in bed, but Elinor and John could not sleep. They were
thinking of Susan, and the family split up because of another tragedy that
was no fault of their own. They were sure it had been deliberate!
  Despite the late night, they were all up early next morning. The boys were
upset over the loss of clothes, toys and school books. However, Sue Chapman 
had most of the books from her own children, and she gave them to Samuel and 
Rob"
"""Did you lose your trike, Max?"" she asked unhappily, knowing how much Max
valued his trike"
"""No! It's with Mrs. Smith. I left it in their picnic area when I was called
home to get ready last night. She will look after it for me!""
  ""I think Susan's sewing machine was at Smiths too. Emily borrowed it a week
ago, so Susan has it and a lot of things stored in the shed. Other than
that, they lost everything.""
  Fortunately it was the weekend, so Sue Chapman was able to get herself
organised. Elinor handed her the money the entertainer had presented to
them. ""This will help to buy clothes for the children. At least they can
start school on Monday with new clothes. It will mean a trip into town
today. If you and dad take the utility, we can go in our car and stay with
Greta and keep Deanna with us. Then you can bring the boys back. ""
  ""Can we see mum?"" Samuel asked, when they were told they were going to town"
"""If you are allowed in,"" Elinor promised. ""We'll certainly try to see her.""
  The latest disaster had left them feeling very quiet and detached, but they
were excited over the trip to town. Elinor went shopping with her mother,
and they bought clothes for the children, including Pam and Deanna. Elinor
still had the money from the shop takings, but she didn't want to touch that
until she had a chance to discuss with Susan what accounts were outstanding,
in case she required the money to settle any debts"
"They had lunch with Greta and Ted, who advised they would gladly put Elinor,
John and Deanna up. Greta advised if they wished to proceed with their trip
to Rockhampton, they would be pleased to look after Deanna"
"They had no children of their own, and Greta dearly loved babies"
"So there would not be too many visitors for Susan to cope with, Elinor took
the three boys and Deanna with her to hospital. They were lucky to strike
Dr. Cornell, who told Elinor she could go in for a few minutes with Deanna,
but the boys had to wait at the door"
"""She's been asking for Deanna and Max,"" Dr. Cornell reported"
"Elinor was upset when she saw Susan's face. This latest tragedy had left its
mark"
"""I'll never forgive James for not paying the insurance,"" Susan said. That
seemed to hurt her more than the fire. ""He didn't even hand the money back!
I suppose he spent that on his girl friend as well!""
  ""Girl friend?"" Elinor was shocked"
"""Yes. He's been two-timing me for some time, and using our money to purchase
expensive gifts. I had our joint account changed into separate accounts. At
least he can't touch what I have in my bank account, so we are not entirely
destitute!""
  ""Poor Susan!"" Elinor said in disbelief. ""I didn't know anything about that! 
I'm really sorry. No wonder you had a nervous breakdown. You have more
than your share of problems!""
  ""Bring the boys in,"" Susan said to Elinor. ""I want to see them.""
  ""The doctor said they were not to come in,"" but when Samuel heard his mother
say to bring the boys in, they came, and stood meekly beside her bed"
"""We'll be all right mum,"" Samuel assured her. ""You just get better. We want
you back home with us.""
  They didn't have a home any more, Susan was thinking, but she brightened up
considerably. ""Where's Pam?""
  ""She is going over to Irma's place, and James has gone to his parents. We
are staying with Greta and Ted, and minding Deanna,"" Elinor explained"
"""I think you and John should get on with your honeymoon, and leave Deanna
with Greta. You've suffered enough and lost some of your wedding gifts and
personal belongings. The doctor said I'll be here for at least a couple of
months.""
  ""We'll talk it over with Greta,"" Elinor said as she kissed her sister
warmly. ""Don't you worry.""
  The boys kissed their mother goodbye, and Max gave her a special hug. ""I'll
keep away from the creek,"" he promised her, and Susan felt relieved. She
knew when Max made a promise he would keep it!
  Susan made up her mind to co-operate and do all she could to get better. She
wanted to be back with her children"
"Elinor and John talked things over with Greta and Ted, and decided it would
be sensible to continue on their honeymoon to Rockhampton, and start in
their new business. Greta and Ted loved children, and Deanna was settling
down well with them, without her mother"
"They called at the hospital and said goodbye to Susan, promising to keep in
touch. Susan wished them well, and hoped they would never suffer loss of
their living by fire"
""
"Economic gloom far from over  

  The Federal Budget went part of the way towards correcting some of the
worst features of our recent economic management"
"But in significant respects Treasurer Paul Keating's actions did not fully
match his bold words"
"The moderate majority of Australian people has generally agreed a period
of tight wage restraint is needed at this critical period"
""
"The genus Pyxine (Physciaceae, lichenized ascomycetes) in Australia By R.W. Rogers Abstract  

Following morphological, anatomical and chemical studies, 15 species of
Pyxine (Physciaceae, lichenized ascomycetes) are recorded for Australia"
"Their classification, distribution and habitats are discussed.  The following
taxa are reduced to synonymy: Pyxine cocoes var. endoxantha Mull. Arg. and
P. meissneri var. rinodinoides Vainio with P. berteriana (Fee) Imshaug;
P. brachyloba Mull. Arg., P. nitidula Mull. Arg. and P. microspora Vainio with
P. minuta Vainio; P. meissneri var. convexula Malme, P. albida Magnusson and P"
"pringlei Imshaug with P. petricola; P. meissneri var. subobscurascens Malme 
with P. pungens Zahlbr.; P. retirugella var. laevior Vainio, P. retirugella 
var. capitata zahibr., P. copelandii Vainio, P. asiatica Vainio, and P. 
patellaris Kurok. with P. retirugella Nyl.; and P. prominula Stirton
with P. cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. The new species P. isidiolenta R.W. Rogers is
described and the new name P. linearis R.W. Rogers is proposed for P. 
retirugella var. endoxantha forma sorediosa Mull. Arg"
"Introduction  

  The genus Pyxine was established by Elias Fries in 1825 with Lecidea
sorediata Ach. as its type species.  He placed Pyxine in the tribe Pyxinae
along with Umbilicaria, the common character being a naked proper exciple"
"By 1885 Nylander had recognized four species in the genus, with essentially
the same delimitation as now: a small foliose lichen with black apothecia
usually without algae in the margin; spores thick-walled, brown and two-celled"
"Pyxine is one of a number of genera similar in thallus size and morphology
(Pyxine, Physcia, Dirinaria and Physconia) in the Physciaceae.  Fertile material
of Pyxine can be distinguished from the others easily, for in sections of
the apothecium the epithecium reacts K faint purple-violet. Both Dirinaria
and Pyxine have a dark hypothecium which is not present in the other genera
and Pyxine, unlike Physcia, Dirinaria or Physconia, often has apothecia
with a margin devoid of algae.  The apothecial margin in Pyxine is not
lecideine as reported in some earlier papers, but is a modified lecanorine
structure (Swinscow and Krog 1975a)"
"Sterile material is more difficult to determine but Pyxine does have a
number of attributes that help to identify specimens.  First, many species
contain lichexanthone in the upper cortex, and therefore react UV gold;
no other foliose Physciaceae show this.  Species of Dirinaria tend to have
lobes which fuse laterally, which no Pyxine does.  Many Pyxine species develop
pseudocyphellae which show as white lines on the margins of the thallus
or on the upper cortex, where they may form a reticulate pattern: such
pseudocyphellae are not found in the other genera.  The chemistry of Pyxine
is also characteristic, all Pyxine species (except Pyxine nubila) producing
a range of triterpenes, but in association with norstictic acid. Dirinaria also
produces triterpines, but in association withdivaricatic or sekikaic acids"
"It is clear that Dirinaria is the genus closest to Pyxine in terms of
both apothecial structure and chemistry.  Both Dirinaria and Pyxine are
genera of the tropics and subtropics, and have at times been combined (e.g"
"Stirton 1898).  Examination of collections from the Brisbane area showed
that the genus Pyxine in Australia was in need of careful study, although
a great deal of ground work had already been done by Stirton (1898), Imshaug
(1957), Swinscow and Krog (1975a, 1975c) and Kashiwadani (1977a-1977c)"
"Materials and Methods  

  In this study taxa have been delimited by examination of a large number
of Australian collections of Pyxine.  Having established the number of species
in Australia, and what are the limits of their variation, type materials
from Australia and elsewhere were examined in order to find appropriate
names for the species.  The result is a relatively broad species concept,
with the type sometimes representing an extreme variant of the taxon as
in the case of Pyxine retirugella.  The species description given here are,
therefore, not descriptions of the type but a description which circumscribes
the taxa as they appear in the Australian environment"
Most of the material examined was collected by the author or by Nell Stevens
"Collections were borrowed from other Australian herberia, CANB, NSW, MEL,
BRI, PERTH, and the herbarium of Dr J.A. Elix in the Chemistry Department
of Australian National University, abbreviated CANUC.  The Australian material
in BM was examined and that in G borrowed for study.  If no location is
indicated specimens are housed in BRIU"
"Full synonymies are not given: those names reported for Australia are
disposed of, and synonyms discovered during the study indicated.  Many
additional synonyms based on modern species concepts are reported by Swinscow
and Krog (1975a)"
"Type specimens were kindly made available for this study by BM, G, FH,
UPS, O, W, H, S, GLAM, TNS, TUR and C"
"All specimens were examined under u.v. light and where material permitted,
thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and microchemical spot tests were performed
on the thallus"
"Thallus Morphology   

  The thallus is normally composed of neatly radiating subdichotomous to
linear lobes, although irregular substrates and age disturb this pattern"
The lobes are often noticeably crenate or complicate along the margins
"They are commonly more or less flat, although P. convexior and P. pungens
are characterized by convex lobes.  The colour of the lobes is fairly uniform
white to pearl grey or dull yellow.  (Colour terminology is after Kornerup
and Wanscher 1967.)  The lower surface is black, except in P. nubila, usually
with plentiful, well developed black rhizines"
"Soredia, pustules and isidia occur in a continuum in this genus.  The
intermediate forms have been noted by Kashiwadani (1977a) and by Swinscow and 
Krog (1975a).  Some species show well developed soralia, which may be orbicular 
and laminal as in some P. retirugella collections (Fig. 4) or orbicular
and pedicillate as in others.  The closely related P. consocians shows pustules,
often with proliferating tissue on the margins.  P. subcinerea shows marginal
soralia that appear to develop from the marginal pseudocyphellae, often
spreading continuously along lobe margins (Fig. 9) but in other cases remaining
discrete.  P. cocoes produces laminal and marginal erose soralia (Fig. 5)
which may form extensive sorediate patches.  In P. sorediata the soredia
are marginal and very coarse, although sometimes they are restricted to
the tips of marginal lobules and may look rather like insidia (Figs 6 and
7).  The soredia of P. coccifera have their origin in the pseudocyphellae
and are brilliant red (Fig. 8)"
"Soralia are sometimes restricted to older parts of the thallus, with
extensive non-sorediate areas near the perimeter.  Great care must therefore
be taken when looking for soralia, and very small thalli ought to be matched
to both sorediate and non-sorediate descriptions"
"In the Australian material only P. isidiolenta shows true isidia.  In this
species the isidia are thin somewhat branched cylindrical structures (Fig. 10)"
Isidium-like pustules are developed in P. consocians (Fig. 11)
"Pseudocyphellae are common in a number of species but the degree of
development is very variable.  Species should not be separated on differing
degrees of pseudocyphellation as the character varies greatly from lobe
to lobe on the same thallus.  Marginal pseudocyphellae, which appear as
a white line along the margin of the lobe, are especially common.  They
often carry over onto the upper surface as short white lines (Fig. 12) which
may link up irregularly or more or less reticulately (Fig. 13).  In some
cases the pseudocyphellae develop as cracks or splits between ridges.  This
is particularly marked in the P. retirugella complex, in which the type of
P. retirugella shows an extreme development of reticulate pseudocyphellae"
P. coccifera commonly shows deeply split pseudocyphellae (Fig. 8)
"Colour of the medulla is fairly constant within a species.  Three colours
can usually be distinguished: white, yellow and buff.  In P. coccifera, the
medulla is white except immediately under the pseudocyphellae where it is
red"
"Pruina is present in most species, the amount varying from specimen to
specimen and lobe to lobe.  It may be present in continuous sheets, e.g. in 
P. cocoes (Fig. 14), or only in a sparse scatter of crystals as in P. linearis
(Fig. 15)"
"Apothecium Morphology  

  Variation in apothecium morphology has been well discussed by Swinscow
and Krog (1975a) and there is little to add.  It is clear that the nature
of the margin of the apothecium is variable, sometimes with an apparently
thalloid margin and sometimes without one.  The margin is in all cases
lecanorine but often without algae and carbonized, thus appearing lecideine"
"In the past many species have been created on the grounds of a margin coloured
like the thallus or not; such separations are spurious, a single thallus
often having apothecia of both forms.  The presence of an `internal stipe'
(Imshaug 1957) has been found to be a useful taxonomic attribute"
"Chemistry  

  Cortical chemistry is an important taxonomic character in Pyxine, the
presence or absence of atranorin or lichexanthone being a useful character
for identifying species"
"Medullary chemistry is variable within and between species.  The medulla
may contain norstictic acid, testacein, triterpenes and pigments.  Testacein
is the unknown UV substance reported by Swinscow and Krog (1975a), first
isolated from Parmelia testacea (J.A. Elix, personal communication)"
"Triterpenes are present in all species except P. nubila, but in variable
quantities.  They appear to be constant or present as only a limited number
of variants in a species"
Medullary chemistry is regarded here as a confirmatory character only
"Neither the presence or absence of norstictic acid or testacein nor a different
pattern of triterpenes was considered sufficient in itself to separate species"
"In this respect the treatment of chemistry in this study is akin to that
of Swinscow and Krog (1975b) in their treatment of Usnea rather than their
account of Pyxine in East Africa (Swinscow and Krog 1975a).  Permitting
chemical variation within species has had particular significance in the
P. retirugella and P. minuta complexes, in which fewer species are recognized
than would be if the criteria used in some other studies (e.g. Swinscow and
Krog 1975a; Kashiwadani 1977a) were applied"
The chemistry of the species discussed in this paper is presented in Fig. 1
"Distribution patterns  

  Virtually all of the collections of Pyxine made in Australia are from
a narrow band near the coast.  They were gathered mostly along the east
coast except for a small number of collections from the north and north-west,
two from the extreme south-west and one from Tasmania (Fig. 2)"
"If the coastal strip is divided into segments representing climatic regions
and the total number of species of Pyxine present in each is accumulated
(Fig. 2), it is apparent that the genus shows its greatest development in
the tropics and subtropics, which have a more or less year-round rainfall"
"A number of species is also known from the `Wet-Dry' tropics, a region with
an extreme winter drought and a relatively short wet summer season"
"Only one species occurs in the cool-temperate region, Pyxine nubila, known
only from a single site in Tasmania.  One species, P. subcinerea, has a disjunct
distribution from southern New South Wales to the far south-west of Western
Australia"
"On the maps of individual species it is likely that any disjunctions apparent
along the eastern and southern coasts where collections of lichens are numerous
represent real distribution gaps.  However, gaps along the northern coast
(e.g. in the Gulf of Carpentaria) may represent gaps in collection rather
than distribution"
"The distribution of Pyxine in Australia (Fig. 3) can be explained in climatic
terms.  The genus occurs only in those areas which are at least seasonally
humid and wet and warm simultaneously.  This explains the absence of Pyxine
from the inland, from the south-central coast and the western coast, which
have a cool wet winter and a dry summer or are uniformly dry all year round"
"Exceptions to this are Tasmania, where a single collection of P. nubila (Fig. 3F)
is known from a region which is uniformly cool and moist, and the extreme
south-west of Western Australia where P. subcinerea occurs (arrowed in Fig. 3J)"
"In the north the seasons are strongly differentiated with a warm, very
dry winter and a hot wet summer.  This climate supports a number of species,
one of which (P. coccifera, Fig. 3B) is restricted to the region."
"Yes, Bob, a new plan of `action' BAKER'S DAY  

  I WONDER what Bob Hawke was doing last night? If given proper advice he
was in front of what Clive James calls the Crystal bucket watching Yes,
Prime Minister"
"Like its predecessor, Yes Minister, this is a curious show"
"Much of it is frankly puerile, the wit not much beyond that of the average
American sitcom which is to say tailored for backward five year olds"
"But there are flashes of a cynical and brilliant wit almost worthy of
George Bernard Shaw. 
  If you are not a regular of this show it will take more space than I have
at my disposal to explain why Jim Hacker, politician, and Sir Humphrey,
bureaucrat, have arrived at No 10 Downing Street and why it should be funny"
"Suffice it to say that the best piece of advice Jim PM got on how to run
the job was to embrace masterly inactivity"
"When he questioned this pithy wisdom he was told to embrace firm masterly
inactivity"
"Through one and-a-half terms of government Bob Hawke and company have
been telling of all the great things they have done to put Australia to
rights"
"As a result we are skint, depressed and soon to be up to our earlobes
in unsold wheat"
"Which brings me back to The Lodge, Canberra, and some constitutional advice"
"Just in case he missed it I think I shall send a video recording of Yes,
Prime Minister to Mr Hawke"
"Masterly inactivity, firm or otherwise, seems to me an increasingly
attractive policy"
""
"Photoionisation and auger electron emission from the lithium molecule:
calculations using multicentre numerical continuum functions   By F.P. Larkins and J.A. Richards Abstract  

A numerical method has been used for the generation of molecular
continuum wavefunctions at the relaxed Hartree-Fock level associated with
the photoionisation of the lithium molecule.  Exchange between the continuum
electron and the ion core is included, but L coupling is neglected"
"Cross sections for core and valence shell photoionisation have been calculated
from threshold to 6.0 a.u.  The results differ significantly in detail from
previous multiple scattering calculations.  Continuum phase shifts and the
asymmetry parameters for the various processes are also reported.  The
molecular cross section values are compared with atomic cross sections
calculated at the relaxed Hartree-Fock level.  The Li2 molecular Auger
transition rates are also calculated from first principles using the
appropriate two-centre continuum functions.  The results provide a basis
for the reinterpretation of recent experimental findings of photoemission
data for the lithium vapour system"
"1. Introduction  

  A major challenge in the calculation of molecular photoionisation cross
sections and the associated angular distribution parameters is to describe
adequately the final continuum state involving the ejected photoelectron"
"A range of methods has been proposed to address this problem.  Many are
approximate in nature and do not require the explicit evaluation of continuum
wavefunctions.  Such methods do not provide a basis for a theoretical
description of photoelectron angular distributions, or of Auger electron
emission.  A fully numerical method of evaluating molecular continuum functions
has been reported recently (Richards and Larkins 1984, 1986).  It has been
previously applied to calculate photoionisation phenomena associated with
the hydrogen molecule and the hydrogen molecule ion.  In this paper the
numerical method has been used to calculate continuum functions for the
determination of photoionisation cross sections, angular distribution
parameters and Auger transition probabilities associated with the lithium
molecule.  The photoionisation findings are compared with atomic cross
sections.  The work provides a basis for the reinterpretation of the
photoemission data of Krummacher et al. (1982) and Gerard (1984)"
Photoionisation of the lithium dimer Li2 is of fundamental importance
"Theoretically Li2 is the electronically simplest stable homonuclear
diatomic molecule after H2.  It has a large internuclear equilibrium
separation of 5.052 a.u.  The ground state electronic structure   
contains both core and valence electrons.  Previous investigations of the
electronic properties of Li2 have tended to concentrate on bound state
calculations of ground and excited Li2, and valence hole states of Li2, 
due to the interest in Li2 for laser use (Harris 1980; Hyman and Mani 1977).  
The most important theoretical contribution has been the series of 
multiconfiguration self-consistent field (MCSCF) studies by Konowalow 
and coworkers (Konowalow and Fish 1984; and references therein). Reviews 
of this area are given by Schmidt-Mink et al. (1985) and Hessel and Vidal 
(1979).  The present work on Li2 continuum processes complements the
existing bound state work"
"There has been only one previous calculation of either core or valence
photoionisation in Li2 namely, the multiple scattering calculation of
Davenport et al. (1983).  The corresponding photoionisation of atomic Li
has been studied more extensively.  Both core (Amusia et al. 1976; Larkins
et al. 1981, 1986; de Alti et al. 1983) and valence (McDowell and Chang
1969; Chang and Poe 1975; Bhatia et al. 1975;  Tiwari et al. 1977; Sukumar
and Kulander 1978) studies have been reported"
"The Li2 molecule is also the simplest diatomic molecule in which Auger
emission processes are significant.  Although little is known experimentally
or theoretically about the Li2 Auger processes, Li2 is a convenient
system on which to test the two-dimensional numerical continuum method"
Calculations of the Auger transition rates are presented herein
"2. Theory (a) Photoionisation cross section  

  The cross section for photoionisation of a system in initial state `i'
by an unpolarised photon beam of energy hv, ejecting a photoelectron of
energy    leaving the system in final state `f' is given by  (1)  
where    is the fine-structure constant,    is the Bohr radius
and    is the statistical weight of the initial discrete state. 
The ionisation energy    and the photoelectron energy    are in
atomic units, and    is in units of Mb   .  Within the
dipole approximation the transition moment    is given by     (2)  
where    and    are the total initial- and
final-state functions, respectively, for the N-electron system and   
is the one-electron dipole operator.  If the wavefunctions   
and    are exact, there are two equivalent forms of the dipole
operator:    (length form) and    (velocity form)"
"When non-exact wavefunctions are used in practice, the forms are no longer
formally equivalent.  For diagram photoionisation processes, especially
those involving the lowest member of a state manifold, it can be shown (Manson
1976; Richards and Larkins 1983) that generally no one form is to be preferred"
"In practice, both forms should be evaluated, since the agreement between
the forms provides one measure of the quality of the calculation"
"In a Hartree-Fock treatment the initial state is represented by a
single-configuration state function (CSF)    (N) and the final
state by the CSF,    (N), where   
Here    (N) is the antisymmetrised product of the final ion CSF   
(N - 1) with the continuum function    which is normalised to unit 
outgoing energy"
"(b) Photoionisation angular distribution  

  Photoionisation by an electric dipole interaction between linearly polarised
radiation and randomly oriented target molecules (Yang 1948; Cooper and
Zare 1969) gives rise to a differential cross section of the form   
where    is the angle-integrated total cross section,    is
the ejection angle of the photoelectron relative to the polarisation vector
of the incident radiation, and   . The angular distribution 
is determined completely by the asymmetry parameter    the value of 
which is physically confined to the range   .  The analysis by Tully 
et al. (1968) gives the vibrationally and rotationally unresolved differential 
cross section of a linear molecule as       
and hence       
                                                                    
The quantum numbers L and    asymptotically characterise the final state
continuum angular momentum states;    and    are the magnetic
quantum numbers of the initial state and the final ion core state respectively,
   are Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, and    is the incident 
photon energy.  The asymmetry parameter for a given system is then 
determined by the continuum phase shifts    and dipole transition 
moments    for each of the allowed final state continuum channels.  
The phase shifts are fixed by the asymptotic radial form of the continuum 
wavefunction, which is the Coulomb function (Abramowitz 1972) with argument 
    where    is the photoelectron momentum and    is the net charge on the final state molecular core.  The transition moments are given by
       

  In the present work expressions for    and    are required for
photoionisation from a    or    initial state orbital. 
Expressions for the    case are given elsewhere (Richards and Larkins
1986).  By writing the interaction term as    and including terms up to L = 5, the expressions for    in the    case with    are      

 (c) Li2 continuum wavefunction evaluation  

  The details of the two-dimensional numerical treatment of molecular continuum
wavefunctions have been outlined previously (Richards and Larkins 1984, 1986)"
"At the Hartree-Fock level the equation to describe a continuum electron
of energy    in the field of a bound-state molecular core comprising 
(N - 1) electrons, abbreviated    is   
where          

Here the subscript    refers to atomic nuclei (of charge    
in the molecule, and the subscript j refers to the bound-state orbitals;
   represents the molecular Coulomb potential and    represents 
the molecular exchange potential, and the coefficients    and    
are characterised by the symmetry of the total N-electron state (Roothaan 1960)"
"The numerical treatment consists of performing a conventional algebraic
basis set calculation on the initial and final ionic core bound states and
then solving for the photoelectron continuum wavefunction numerically, in
the relaxed Hartree-Fock ion core potential derived from the bound state
calculation"
"In the present work an (11s,6p) uncontracted gaussian set from Huzinaga 
and coworkers was used for the Hartree-Fock initial and final ion core bound
state calculations (11s from Huzinaga et al. 1971; 6p from Huzinaga 1965)"
"The cross section and angular distribution results reported here correspond
to the use of the relaxed Hartree-Fock model"
"(d) Auger transition rates  

  The Auger process involves a radiationless transition between a highly
excited initial (N - 1) -electron state    and a final state
   consisting of an (N - 2)-electron bound state and a free
Auger electron of energy   

                            

The many-electron Hamiltonian of a system undergoing a radiationless transition
is given by

                            

where
 
                            

is the Coulomb interaction between electron pairs,

                            

is the remainder of the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian, and    is the
relativistic spin-orbit interaction.  The transition probability for an
Auger transition from    to    is given from first order 
perturbation theory (Wentzel 1927) by

                            

where    is the energy density of states about the final state energy"
"The Auger transition can be treated in various coupling schemes, either
Russell-Saunders, jj, or intermediate coupling (Asaad and Burhop 1958)"
"For the molecules of interest in the present work consisting of low Z
nuclei, Russell-Saunders coupling applies, that is    and S are conserved
in the transition for linear molecules, and a nonrelativistic treatment
is appropriate.  In the nonrelativistic limit the perturbation in the
transition operator (18) reduces to the Coulomb interaction between the
electrons participating in the transition.  In the Hartree-Fock approximation,
single configuration state functions are used to represent    and 
  :

                           

                           

If different orbital sets are used to construct the bound states
   and    the transition probability expression
(18) becomes complex to evaluate, although the appropriate formalism exists
(Howat et al.1978).  If, however, a frozen core approximation is made, in
which the final state is constructed from the initial state orbital set,
the transition probability reduces to an expression in terms of the Coulomb
and exchange integrals (Siegbahn et al. 1975)

                             

involving the continuum orbital    the final state orbital    
in which a vacancy is present in the initial state ion, and the initial 
state orbitals    and    which correspond to the vacancies 
produced in the final state by the ejection of the Auger electron and the 
filling of the existing initial state vacancy.  Expressions for the transition 
probability are given by Agren (1981) for both initially closed and open shell 
molecules"
"3. Results (a) Li2 cross sections  

  Photoionisation cross sections and angular distributions were calculated
for the core ionisation processes

                       

                       

and for the valence ionisation process

                       

The ground state equilibrium geometry of R = 5.052 a.u. (Huber and Herzberg
1979) was used in all calculations.  The bound state SCF wavefunctions were
evaluated using an uncontracted (11s, 6p) gaussian basis set, as mentioned
previously.  The final core state was described in a relaxed orbital approach"
"Calculations were performed using the UIBMOL SCF program package (Faegri
and Manne 1976).  The total SCF energies for the molecular states are given
in Table 1.  While lower total energies result from multiconfiguration
calculations which include correlation (Schwarz et al. 1978; Bacskay et al"
"1986) the SCF approach was considered adequate to generate the N - 1 electron
potential required for the determination of molecular continuum functions"
"The calculated    SCF ionisation energies for photoemission from
1    1    and 2    orbitals are 64.68, 64.63 and 
4.38 eV respectively.  These theoretical values have been used for specifying
ionisation thresholds required for the transition moment calculations. 
The only ionisation energy known experimentally with reasonable confidence
is the 2    adiabatic ionisation potential of 5.14 eV (Eisel et al.1983;
Bernheim et al. 1983) which is not directly comparable with the Franck-Condon
value"
"The photoionisation properties for continuum angular momentum states to
L = 5 for u symmetry and to L = 4 for g symmetry at photoelectron energies
up to 6.0 a.u. have been determined.  As in previous work L coupling between
the exit channels has been neglected.  The Li2 ground state equilibrium
bond length of over 5 a.u. is one of the largest of the first row diatomics"
"It is significantly longer than for the diatomic molecules    
and    which we have considered previously using the numerical 
method.  From the physical point of view it is of interest to assess the extent to which the ionisation process retains atomic-like character at this large internuclear separation. From the numerical point of view, however, the large bond length is troublesome. It means that a finer grid spacing is needed and, since the molecular potential approaches its asymptotic form more slowly, the grid must extend further. Moreover, the larger bond length causes the influence of L coupling in the continuum wavefunction to be larger. The overall result is that for numerical calculations of a given size, lower numerical accuracy is obtained for Li2 cross sections than for H2 or H2. Various numerical (r, θ) grid arrangements were used, with grid spacings h  0.051-0.084 a.u. and    and boundary values   . The Li2 exchange potential calculation converged more slowly than the H2 calculation, and 5-15 iterations were generally necessary compared with 3-10 for the H2 molecule"
""
"TO DAY  

  RADIO'S funny lady Liz Sullivan will stay at 3KZ next year despite two
attractive offers from other stations"
"The effervescent Ms Sullivan, whose breakfast partnership with Peter Meehan
rates a good second to AW's Bruce Mansfield and Darren James, has decided
to stay put"
"""Yes, there have been good offers and one sounded very promising,"" Liz
told me. ""But I have made up my mind to continue at KZ next year"
"""Peter and I have strong on-air chemistry and I have great affection
for my boss, Les Heil. He's been very good to me.""
  However, while she was keen to chat about KZ, the usually talkative Ms
Sullivan was very tight-lipped about the source of the offers"
"I believe the excellent 1986 ratings for both KZ and the Meehan-Sullivan
breakfast team were the deciding factor"
"One of the stations involved was almost certainly 3UZ, where Ms Sullivan's
former 3XY partner Peter Harrison now does the breakfast program"
"There is also a strong whisper that another station might have been trying
to buy both the Liz Sullivan on-air talent and her knack of writing topical
comedy"
"The Meehan-Sullivan humor is one of the main reasons the pair rate so
well. They went number one in the year's second ratings survey"
"While Liz Sullivan won't name the stations romancing her, she did admit
that one offer was a very good one and ""was something more than just on-air
work."""
"Penfolds opens its high-tech bunker  Huon Hooke  

When Penfolds concluded a successful takeover of Allied Vintners in 1985
its managers were horrified at the plans for the new Seaview champagne cellars
at Reynella, south of Adelaide"
"Allied, which encompassed Wynns, Seaview, Tulloch and Killawarra, was
spending millions on what Penfolds thought was a highly impractical and 
inefficient champagne complex, made up of three partly underground bunkers
with six enormous concrete slabs as floors.  
  Penfolds' first move was to scrap the Seaview plans, and secondly to draw
up plans of its own for a new Seaview cellar alongside the Penfolds-Kaiser
Stuhl stronghold at Nuriootpa in the Barossa Valley"
"But the contract for the concrete slabs couldn't be cancelled. Penfolds scratched its corporate head and came up with the solution. It used them as walls for one gigantic Seaview building, which was declared open by the SA Premier John Bannon last weekend. The building covers 1.5ha (3.5 acres) and you could fit three football fields in it"
"The standing joke at ""pennies"" is that when the holocaust comes the employees reckon the bunker will be the safest place to hide. An alternative joke could be that it's almost big enough to hold all the staff of Penfolds, which is the biggest Australian wine company by far"
"Managing director Ian Mackley siad Penfolds crushed 87,600 tonnes of grapes last vintage. He reminded his audience that that memorable vessel, the Queen Mary, weighed a mere 82,000 tonnes"
Not the least impressive statistic is the amount of loot that's been spent on this fantastic fizz factory: a cool $15 million
"There's little doubt that Penfolds has the biggest winemaking complex in the southern hemisphere. In France's Champagne district towns of Reims and Epernay there are bigger sparkling wine operation, but I don't believe there is one that could match the impressive array of state-of-the art equipment"
"Perhaps the most startling are the automatic remuage machines, which shake the yeast sediment down to the necks of the bottles after the bottle-ageing. These do, in 10 days, the job that men used to need two months to do. Designed, built and patented in Australia they are bigger than any I have seen in France. They are computer-controlled so they operate continuously. Each machine can take 4,000 bottles and shake them down in 10 days - and there are eight of them!
  Seaview sells about 170,000 dozen bottles of champagne a year, putting it well behind Penfolds' big one, Minchinbury, running at about 550,000. But Seaview is by far the biggest-selling sparkler made by the full methode champenoise - the traditional French champagne method"
"This is a more costly and slow process than transfer disgorgement, the method used by Minchinbury, Seppelts Great Western Imperial Reserve, Orlando Carrington and others. But even Seaview's 270,000 cases is small bubbles beside biggest real champagne,Moet and Chandon, which sells about 1.5 million cases a year"
"However Penfolds is making plenty of room for expansion. The sparkling wine market is growing at about 20 per cent a year, and the new cellar has the capacity to produce 500,000 dozen a year. The storage capacity of the building is one million cases. The base wines are not made in this cellar, but they are bottled and undergo their secondary fermentation there, then afterwards their 12 months bottle maturation on yeast lees, disgorgement, liqueuring, recorking, labelling and packaging"
""
"Cultures and illiteracies  History? We're making it By Humphrey McQueen  

`CULTURES and illiteracies': both nouns in my title are
deliberately in the plural"
"By introducing terms such as `nouns' and `the plural' I
run the risk of joining those commentators who claim that
standards in our schools have fallen, and who demand a return
to the basics, to the three Rs and to grammar. In fact, they
have been arguing this for many years. As far back as 1920,
staff at the University of Queensland complained that students
could not write clear sentences; I have collected a file of
similar complaints spread over the sixty-five years since then"
"It is possible that there has been a persistent decline
in literacy and that the accusers have always been correct. Yet
a little historical knowledge suggests that the perception of
rising illiteracy could prove to be a research topic in its own
right. Instead of wondering why the middle classes were forever
rising, historians could ask why literacy is always declining"
"My worry is about a different kind of illiteracy, what I
shall refer to as `cultural illiteracy', which is far more
destructive and at least as prevalent as is grammatical
incompetence. Surely it matters less that children misspell
Shakespeare's name than that they are denied the chance to
revel in his plays. For as Ben Bowyang put it, ""If R-O-N-G
don't spell wrong, what do it spell?""
     Everyone reading this piece will know the meaning of
`noun' and of `the plural'. If that was not so, I should be as
alarmed as Professors Kramer and Chipman. What is less certain
is whether readers will respond to the reverberations of
Matthew Arnold and his Culture and Anarchy in my title
`Cultures and Illiteracies'. How confident can we be that it
will continue to be possible to convey our comprehension of
Culture and Anarchy to teenagers, as readily as we can instill
them with the rudiments of grammar?
     I hold no brief for Matthew Arnold. Rather I want to
underline the importance that cross references play in every
understanding. Language is not a chain of inert blocks. Always
and everywhere, language overflows with metaphor, myths and
half remembered meanings. To be deaf to those echoes is to be
less than literate"
"As well as recalling the name of Matthew Arnold, my title
will have revived thoughts of C. P. Snow and F. R. Leavis
disputing `the two cultures', one scientific, the other humane"
"Specifically, Snow lamented the illiteracy of arts graduates
who were pleased that they did not know the second law of
thermodynamics"
"The topic of scientific literacy is too vast to deal with,
and too important to pass over, so I will confine my remarks on
this matter to praise for one author and for one teacher"
"The author is Stephen Jay Gould, professor of biology,
paleontology and the history of science at Harvard. His best
known books are collections of the monthly essays which he
writes for Natural History. The epithet `natural historian' is
the one that suits him best. His essays revive the nineteenth
century manner of broaching some great question of existence
through the investigation of a particular phenomenon. One
collection draws its title from a study of the Panda's thumb"
"Gould begins with a visit to the zoo to observe the Giant Panda
which the Chinese had just donated to the United States. Five
thousand words later he concludes with a disproof of the
existence by God by demolishing the argument from design"
"`Natural historian' has a fustiness about it and yet it
deserves to be treasured. Natural history offers a path between
the discipline of history and what is currently labelled
environmental studies. It also leads away from the shortcuts
associated with sociobiology"
"Another of Gould's books is relevant to my theme. In The
Mismeasure of Man, Gould cuts into the controversies
surrounding culture-free IQ testings. He argues that
intelligence is the capacity to operate in a culture. Cultural
illiteracy is alarming because it disables the intelligence,
dismembers the memory and disregards the imagination"
"THE teacher whom I want to remember was a Mr Oliver who taught
me a good deal more than chemistry because he never confined
himself to the `periodic table'. In telling us how the world
worked, he always asked why any specific piece of knowledge had
been discovered. For instance, we learnt that in the presence
of a catalyst, hydrogen and nitrogen will combine under extreme
temperatures and pressure to form ammonia. This process was
named after a German scientist, Haber, Mr Oliver went on to
tell us. Haber had devised the catalyst in 1913, just in time
to let Germany go to war without needing to worry about being
cut off from the Chile saltpetre which it would otherwise have
required to make explosives. On looking back, I realise that my
Marxism and my interest in history both got more stimulus from
chemistry than from learning history itself, although religious
instruction was more formative than either history or
chemistry. We were denied the option of biology; if I had not
had other sources of information I would have left school in
the belief that the `sex act' had been passed by parliament"
"My final digression is towards `multiculturalism'. Again
there is no space to treat this in depth. While I am delighted
by the displacement of anglo-celtic dominance, I do worry when
ethnic groups are encouraged to preserve the cultures of
their places of origin. Apart from the perpetuating of
oppressive social practices that such preservation might
entail, there is the impossibility of treating culture as if it
were an object. Cultures are ever changing sets of practices
and to survive at all they must always be giving up and taking
in. Unless cultures are seen in that active way,
multiculturalism will be a pernicious nonsense. The definition
of cultures as ceaseless remaking is central; if culture is
identified with `artefacts' then it is impoverished and
illiteracy increases"
Multiculturalism has highlighted one brand of illiteracy
"The writing of Australian history has been weakened by the
inability of most scholars to speak or read the languages of
non-English peoples. The Aborigines suffer most from our
illiteracy. Not only do we not attend to their languages but we
impose our concepts on their most crucial beliefs. The terms
`Dreaming' and `the Dreamtime' contain almost nothing of the
Aboriginal experience. Rather, they express our borrowing from
Freud, plus our inability to comprehend the intimacy of the
Aborigines' connections with the natural world. `Dream' is what
Europeans do when we are asleep. `Dreaming' is our wholly
misleading attempt to convey what Aborigines do when they are
most alert. Moreover, the term `the Aborigines' is a
simplification. If ever there was a polycultural world, it was
that of the tribal Aborigines"
"The Chinese and Pacific Islanders have had their
experiences ignored or distorted because their written sources
were closed to the bulk of academic historians. Similarly,
Greeks, Serbs, Italians and German settlers were often
marginalised by historians who tried to recount the practical
marginalisation of these groups without possessing their
languages. The 1934 disturbances in Kalgoorlie, for example,
were much more than race riots. Political divisions were at
least as important, as were disputes between Anglo-Saxons and
the `dagoes', who included left-wing Croats as well as pro-
Mussolini Italians. The Anglo-Saxons were split between
radicals who supported the Croats and the racist Australian
Workers Union who wanted all `wogs' off the goldfields"
"Countless stories will not be told for as long as
Australian history is monolingual. Language is the pivot of
every culture"
"DIGRESSIONS, said Tristram Shandy, are of the essence, and so
I trust that this introduction has been sufficiently
digressive. If so, we are better equipped to ask how and why
the clock of cultural illiteracy has been overwound"
"Too often traditions are identified with what has already
happened. We fail to see that they too are living experiences,
constantly being reshaped even by those who approach them in
the spirit of pious emulation. To attend to traditions is not
merely to pay homage to the departed. It should be, as Eliot
observed, to recognise what is already alive"
"One of the most consistently engaging of historians, Eric
Hobsbawn, has co-edited a volume on The Invention of Tradition,
showing, for instance, that clan tartans were established only
in the 1840s and popular devotion to the British monarchy
after the 1870s. These essays have a double effect. They
undermine the power of those who want to deploy `ancient'
practices in order to sustain their contemporary rule Those
usurpers, the Shah of Iran and the Emperor of Abyssinia, 
attached themselves to royal households with a thousand years 
of lineage. More importantly, by indicating that many
`traditions' are of quite recent origin, we are reminded that
the social order changes, and that its traditions are invented
by people - in the case of clan tartans, by the needs of
woollen manufacturers"
"Another recurrent enemy of cultural literacy is the cult
of self-expression which has devastated the visual arts and
poetry. One teacher recently reported that a very bright
student of creative writing refused to believe that Tennyson
deliberately wrote in iambic pentameters Surely,
the student pleaded, those measures flowed naturally from his
essential being, arriving on the blank page to stand forever
uncorrected? As her teacher added, there comes a moment when
students bent on self-expression have to be told that what is
wrong with their work is that they are boring. The way to
escape from the tedium of ourselves is to steep our souls in
life, and in what has gone before us. Traditions, then, help to
set us free by encouraging us to add to them, and thus to
redirect them"
"Australians face a further illiteracy because our cultural
systems have been dominated by British and later by US
organisations. The British garrison of professors, bishops,
school principals and editors is no longer self-perpetuating,
though its remittance men and pensioners still encumber a
disproportionate percentage of our cultural offices, as do
second and third rate North American doctorates in the social
sciences. At the commercial level, there has been the control
of book publishing, film distribution and television
programming by British and US corporations. The cumulative
effect of this occupation has been to stifle both critical and
creative work about Australia"
"There has been a significant lessening of this overseas
domination during the past fifteen years. None the less, a
colonised mentality survives. Australian literature continues
to struggle for its life within the English Department at the
so-called Australian National University. Basic facts about
Australian culture are far from being common property. One
journalist reported a lecture on `The Antipodean Manifesto';
another transcribed the Jindyworobaks as Virginia Warradaks"
"Substantial problems arose when each generation of
Australians tried to write, paint, sculpt, make music and
produce films in ignorance of what had been attempted or
achieved. That ignorance left them open to overseas models and
it debilitated their confidence. Writing and painting did best
because, from the 1890s, there were the traditions of Streeton
and Lawson to follow, to reject and to incorporate. Few of the
film makers who started around 1969 had seen much work by
Longford, Hurley or Hall, let alone heard of the McDonagh
sisters. Today, films and television series are supplying the
stories about our past that the formal educational system has
failed to convey"
"The visual historian, Ernst Gombrich, has lamented the
decline in `the tradition of general knowledge'. He observed
that general knowledge had had its snobbish edge, that the
matching of Greek dramatists with their plays was one way of
excluding people from conversations. The other side of general
knowledge was that it made children aware that there were
innumerable civilisations and zones for them to
explore. A single question and answer could momentarily
illumine the mind to the existence of Toltec society. General knowledge
tests quickened curiosity for more than this or that name, date and place"
""
"Saturday August 9 GIVING AND RECEIVING PRAY  
Thank you, my loving Parent, for all that you have given me. Today
       I specially want to thank you for .."
"READ  
Leviticus 6:14-23"
"THINK  
Submission to God.  Under Moses' leadership, the Israelites had made a
covenant, or treaty, with the Lord (Exodus 19:3-8). He agreed to be their
God while they promised wholehearted loyalty and obedience to him"
"Treaties between conquerors and their subjects were well-known to the
Israelites. As a mark of loyalty, the conquered people were required to
send a regular tribute gift to their overlord. Now, as the Israelites learnt
what it meant to be the Lord's loyal subjects, they were taught how to bring
their 'tribute gift' (for this seems to have been the nature of the cereal
offering)"
"Provision from God.  In bringing this gift, the people were acknowledging
their utter and grateful dependence on the Lord and his gifts to them. As
well, they were providing for the needs of their spiritual leaders, for
the cereal offering formed the staple diet of the priests (16,17)"
"The ordinance of this offering was intended to teach about giving and
receiving"
"When the worshippers took their cereal offering to the priests, to whom
were they giving it (2:1)?

From whom did the priests receive their portion (17)?

 FOCUS  
God still provides for those who serve him, but the responsibility
for giving is ours. Prayerfully consider your own giving"
"- How is it determined? By the church's budget, your own financial situation,
or what?
- Does it include God's concern for the whole world?
- Is it limited to physical needs or alternatively to 'spiritual' Is it dutiful, joyful, grudging, enthusiastic?
- Is it a subject of frequent prayer?"
"Warning on PIN code safeguards By Deirdre Williams  

  A warning that bank customers should not keep their PIN code to automatic
teller machines with their cash card has been issued by Consuming Interest,
the quarterly journal of the Australian Consumers Association"
"It seems about 50 percent of customers keep their code number, often
disguised as a telephone number, with their card"
"The publication said banks might consider this practice to be a breach
of conditions of use.  The customer could be left liable for unauthorised
use of the card"
"Difficulties with security of PINs (personal identification numbers)
was just one of the problems related to electronic funds transfer systems,
which were highlighted in a recent ACA survey"
"The survey showed that many consumers had suffered financial loss or
inconvenience due to EFTS"
"Other problems included errors and account statement inaccuracies; ""phantom""
or unauthorised transactions; outright fraud; and mistakes in the amount
of cash disbursed from electronic terminals"
"Consuming Interest described cases where consumers had found their
accounts debited twice for the same purchase, or discovered transactions
caused by someone else being issued with an identical card"
"One consumer had two separate withdrawal transactions for $100 disrupted
with no money received, but the account was debited for the $200 and it
took six months and a written complaint to get the account rectified"
"Other cases involved excessively delayed transfer of funds, with one
person's wages remaining inaccessible for six weeks"
"""These problems result from accounting procedures whereby transaction
requests are recorded without verification that the cash was dispensed,
or the account credited,"" the magazine said"
"It said the system appeared designed to protect the financial institution
- while the consumer bore the risks"
"The Australian Consumer Association has called on the Federal Government
to make urgent reforms"
"The association wants legislation to ensure uniform codes of practice
and rights and responsibilities of all parties clearly specified; better
advice to consumers on methods of securing the PIN code, with all consumer
liability or losses ending automatically once the card has been reported
lost or stolen; and a formal system of investigating errors"
"The association also is pressing for the establishment of a tribunal
to resolve any disputes"
""
"Boycott by 19 nations feared LONDON, Sun:  

  Organisers fear that as many as 19 of the 49 nations entered
in the Edinburgh Commonwealth Games could join the African-led boycott"
"Five countries have already said they will keep their athletes away from
the Games - due to start on July 24 - mainly in protest at the British
Government's refusal to impose trade sanctions on South Africa"
"Tanzania confirmed today that it would join the movement started by Nigeria
on Wednesday which was then followed by Ghana the same day, by Uganda
on Friday and by Kenya yesterday"
"The countries which have pulled out are also upset at the inclusion in
the English squad of two South African born women, runner Zola Budd and
swimmer Annette Cowley, both of whom use British passports. 
  Organisers believe the growing momentum of the boycott could cause it
to sweep through the other 10 African countries in the Commonwealth:
Botswana, Gambia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe"
"Zimbabwe is waiting till next week's meeting of southern African nations
in the ""front line"" of the struggle against South Africa's apartheid system."
"By Stewart Clegg Introduction  
The world of scholarship constitutes many facts which are ""inconvenient""
for deeply held values as Max Weber (1948,p.147) remarked in ""Science as
a vocation"". Some disciplines may well imagine they manage this tension
by ignoring it, opting for either the empiricism of facts or the canonical
role of Tradition. Some practitioners of sociology clearly share one or
other of these phantasies (which, in fact, always reduce to the latter)"
"I should say at the outset that I cannot imagine the luxury of such views,
any more than could Weber"
"As is well known, Weber never anticipated that, whatever the probability
of its achievement, the value of ""socialism"" could ever be an antithesis
to the fact of bureaucracy. Despite his opinion and through his legacy,
in recent years a number of scholars in the field of sociology have been
involved in the development of what have come to be called ""critical""
perspectives on organizations. The critical challenge has been to empiricist
and conservative conceptions of the field. Instead of simply reporting evident
""facts"", these critical scholars have increasingly turned to a study of
the structures and processes taken to underly the existence and non-existence
of certain possible facts, in enquiry whose method is somewhat similar to
Umberto Eco's (1983) puzzle-solving method of ""abduction"". Sometimes, however,
puzzles may be solved too readily, evidence found too close at hand or
""inconvenient"" facts avoided"
"Critical sociology, socialism and organizations  
Critical sociology of organizations has been critical of the practice
of orthodox organization theory in its central concerns. These have been
with the design and rational structuring of organizations (Donaldson 1985;
Benson 1983). Characteristically, drawing on marxist perspectives, ""rational
structuring"" in organization has been critiqued as an effect of capitalist
domination. Autonomy, posed as a laudable goal, has been seen as emancipation
from that which dominates. It has frequently been argued that, in practical
terms, this requires somehow overthrowing ""capitalism""; theoretically it
requires overcoming the limits to an imagination held captive by a knowledge
whose constitutive interest is in the ""control"" of objects (Habermas 1971)"
"This argument is not unproblematic. In rejecting the concern with ""rational
structuring"" as itself a delusion of ""capitalist theoretical hegemony"",
little space is left in which critics might rationally re-construct
organizations in practice"
"Critical organization theory, then, in spite of its real achievements,
has not yet contributed to a generalizable alternative practice of
organizations. Some justification exists for this negativity. An essential
objective of the critical exercise is to alert us to the unexamined and
implicit assumptions of existing frameworks. It was in this way that a certain
eminent victorian left-hegelian, for whom ""critique"" was rarely absent from
the title page, developed his own analyses. However, Karl Marx, in a famous
thesis, advises us against merely negative dialectics; indeed, a warning
against analysis without transformative application is engraved upon his
tombstone. This should alert us to a second meaning of ""critical"", as being
decisive with respect to outcomes, in which some positive alternative does
require proposal"
"A major reason for the shortcomings of marxist critical theory in
organization analysis is that its critique is far too narrow. Its deficiency
in this respect has two aspects, both relating to Marx's lineage from utopian
socialist thought. On the one hand, classical marxism and its derivations
have been subjected to a critique both by utopianism and for utopianism,
as Anderson (1983,p.97) has noted. With respect to contemporary marxism,
utopian critics most frequently focused on its narrow and utilitarian
development in Eastern Europe after 1917 (although in a modified form the
same change surfaces in accusations against the reformism of social democracy),
while Western Marxism, since Lenin, with its characteristic concern with
aesthetic and cultural products rather than the social relations of more
material and mundane production, may similarly be characterized by default
as ""utopian"". The cleft stick of marxism's development is, of course,
explicable. Classical marxism, as it developed around the twin vectors
emerging out of the revisionism debates in the Second International, lost
the practical utopianism associated with the thrust of Luxemburg's,
Pannekoek's and Gorter's commitment to ""council communism"" (see Bricaner
1978; Smart 1978; Carchedi 1985). Only in Gramsci's involvement with the
Turin workers council movement of 1921 did it retain a momentary flicker,
one which, in his Prison Notebooks, remained unquelled even while imprisoned
by Fascism (Gramsci 1971). On the one hand, so it seemed, social democracy,
Bernstein's heir, developed a narrow, utilitarian form of political calculation
premised on an accommodation and management of capitalism. On the other
hand, Bolshevikism simply incorporated the crudest aspects of capitalist
organizational practice in Lenin's enthusiasm for Taylorism and its subsequent
degradation into Stakhonovitism"
"Faced with this situation, some of the generation who were learning their
sociology and their politics in `68, not surprisingly, attempted to return
to Marx to find some way out of the conjuncture of a stallled de-stalinization
in the East and an aborting ""long boom"" in the West. However, Marx was of
little help. In the few remarks in his work on the organization of a socialist
society the residues of an impractical utopianism were all too apparent
traces. Themes chacteristic of French utopian socialists such as St Simon
or Fourier, which imagined overthrow of complexity and divisions of
labour, were reproduced therein. As Perry Anderson (1983,p98) has remarked ""The
conviction of an inherent simplification of administration and production,
economy and polity alike, found its most passionate expression in the pages
of (Lenin's) State and Revolution where any cook could run the state"". And
despite a renewal of interest in ""self management"" and ""workers control""
as solutions to the increasing failure of capitalist enterprises such as
the Lip watch factory in France and the Triumph motor works in England,
Gramsci's (1971) cryptic notes on ""workers councils"" remained primarily
an academic concern"
"In the East, ""socialist construction"" under Bolshevik tutelage, where
it addressed questions of organization at all, proffered solutions learnt
from the most ruthless of capitalists such as Henry Ford but applied them
with an even more effective regime of terror than Ford's Pinkerton Agents"
"In the West, more orthodox marxists could ignore organizational questions
as they waited for capitalism to collapse. It was only Bernstein, and the
real heirs of the German SDP, the Swedish Social Democrats, who linked
""socialist construction"" and organizational issues in any effective way"
"It is worth recalling here why Bernstein in particular took upon himself
the odium of challenging ""orthodox marxism"" in the international marxist
movement, for we would argue that present-day marxist theorists may be
caught in the same intellectual bind and political limbo as the old orthodoxy
(even if they have done more than their forbears to raise their predicament
to the level of an art form!). Working from deterministic theses about
inevitable class polarization and crisis under capitalism, the orthodoxy
announced three ""guarantees"" of history - capitalism's self-destruction,
the working classes coming demographic dominance, and, given continued
agitation and propaganda, socialist political dominance on that demographic
basis (Salvadori 1979). For the orthodox, be it noted, it was capitalism's
macro economic irrationality that would precipitate the terminal ""crisis""
of mature capitalism: at the point of production the bourgeoisie ran a tight
ship whose presumed technical sophistication and organizational efficiency
would fall like ripe fruit into socialist laps"
"In hindsight, this last point was an astonishing and self-defeating
concession, one that denied the necessity to mount a practical challenge
to capitalist organization of the enterprise and thus develop ""the material
conditions"" for the resolution of the contradiction between forces and
relations of production. For western labour movements this concession has
left the bitter and enduring legacy of defencelessness against
economic-liberal policy, with which it shares the implicit assumption that
capitalist organization spells effective enterprise (Higgins 1985a; 1985b)"
"Secure in the belief that the final, cataclysmic crisis of capitalism was
only just around the corner, ""orthodox marxism"" went even further to argue
against any form of intervention in aid of progressive public policy or
of political alliances to support it. In each of these spheres its fatalistic
vision led inexorably to the politics of abstention"
"Bernstein demolished the ""guarantees of history"" to make way for a new
interventionist socialist politics. His classic Evolutionary Socialism,
though concerned mainly with an argument about social democracy's wider
political role, contains suggestive obiter dicta on organizational questions"
"Having defined socialism as a movement towards - or the state of - an order
of society based on the principle of association (Bernstein 1961, p.96;
my emphasis), he has this principle depend on democratic organizational
forms: ""Trade unions are the democratic element in industry. Their tendency
is to break down the absolutism of capitalism, and to procure for the worker
a direct influence in the management of industry"" (pp. 139, 163)"
"But Bernstein stopped halfway. His attack on determinism did not extend
to upsetting the orthodox assumption that capitalism had still to mature
- that is, still had a progressive future - before it would be meaningful
to propose transformative (as opposed to ameliorative) policies. Pending
this mystical maturation reformist interventions such as social policy
or industrial democracy rested on a merely ethical-liberal basis. In other
words, Bernstein stopped short of a critique of capitalism's organizational
effectiveness and, thus, could not forge the link between democratization
and economic renewal"
"This is precisely the link that Ernst Wigforss, Swedish social democracy's
formative theoretician, latched onto in the 1920s. Armed with Marx's
conceptualisation of capitalism's ""irrationality"", Wigforss imbibed the
lessons of the then ongoing ""rationalisation movement"" which uncovered -
albeit sympathetically - the organizational roots of industrial dislocation
and inefficiency in the capitalist enterprise. Two of the themes which the
movement articulated drew Wigforss' attention. First, forms of financial
calculation in the enterprise conflicted with the technical and organizational
preconditions of an efficient manufacturing process. Second, typical authority
relations and reward systems tended to produce inefficient work practices"
"Wigforss concluded that these disorders were systemically induced, flowing
inescapably from two aspects of private ownership of industry - the profit 
principle and the necessarily authoritarian forms in which the outside owners'
interests and prerogatives were imposed on a working collectivity. Here, then,
was a whole new dimension of ""critique"" in addition to the critique of 
capitalism's macro-economic irrationality"
"Where Bernstein had talked about ""organized capitalism"", Wigforss (later
joined by a close colleague, Gunnar Myrdal) repeatedly took up the cudgels
against capitalist ""disorganization"" (especially Myrdal 1934). For Wigforss,
these considerations completely reversed social democracy's programmatic
presuppositions. Capitalism had no progressive future and socialists had
no business tinkering with ameliorative reforms while awaiting the great
day of maturation (or ""crisis"") and leaving capital in control of the
enterprise and resource allocation. The former had now to be democratized
and the latter brought under social control. Socialism, in his celebrated
phrase, had to be brought forward as ""the working hypothesis"" of day to
day policy-making. Transformational reforms had to go on the immediate
agenda"
"In arguing for industrial democracy (and later, economic democracy through
collectivized ownership of capital), Wigforss thus brought together the
issues of organizational effectiveness and control. Moreover, he broke with
the merely reproductive reformism of social democratic revisionism. ""It
is a curious blindness"" he wrote, ""not to see that the organization of
economic life is at the same time a question of forms of control"" (Wigforss
1981, Vol. IX,p.63). In a parallel development in the twenties, leading
elements of the Swedish union movement, who also had one foot in the
rationalization movement, began to develop a union ""production policy"" (de
Geer 1978; Hadenius 1976). They saw union participation in industrial
organization as necessary to overcome elements of capitalist disorganization
in industry if the latter was to meet union aspirations for employment and
wage levels. Both these developments came down to this: capitalism constituted
a deteriorating basis for the organization of the modern industry it itself
had created. The labour movement presented itself not simply as a challenger
to capital's control of the economy and enterprise, but more particularly
as the bearer of sounder organizational principles and social priorities
upon which to place a more advanced economy and enterprise"
""
"Sydneyside 
 By Mark Thompson  ILLEGAL CASINOS FACE BAD STREAK  

  The NSW Government faces its greatest test of strength with the opening
of its new casino"
"Yet again the government has proposed the introduction of ""tough legislation""
to combat the 200 illegal casinos in Sydney"
"It is a statement which has hit the headlines regularly for the past five
years. But this time they mean business"
"For a start the NSW Government would not stand for the competition which
would syphon valuable revenue from their own 100 per cent government-owned
casino"
"With more than $140 million at stake there can be no doubt the government
will ensure that every single illegal casino has been closed"
"The $750 million casino and hotel complex will stand majestically in the
Darling Harbour, which until recently was a neglected piece of real estate
just outside the business district"
"Construction will be completed for the Bicentenary in 1988 but the hotel
complex will not be finished until 1990"
"400 tables

  It has been described as Australia's biggest casino and, when compared
with our own achievement just over the Causeway, you can see why"
"The Sydney casino will boast 400 gaming tables and 1500 video slot machines
with a capacity for 11,000 people at one time"
"The Perth casino has room for 4500 patrons, with 142 tables and 300 video
slot machines.                   
  The Sydney casino will have a 28-storey hotel with 700 rooms of five-star
standard"
"The Perth casino and hotel complex, which will cost $280 million, will
have a 12-storey hotel with 412 rooms"
"It is obvious the NSW Government is already getting itchy over the revenue
generated from the casino. 
  Plans are under way to set up an interim casino which will be operating
within six months"
"The problem is that both the government and the developers are still ""tossing
up"" between several possible sites."
"CHAPTER 2 PROPOSED OPERATIONAL STRATEGY 2.1      Objectives, functions and uses of the Australia Card Program  

2.1.1     Within the context of the Government's desire to
provide fairer and more equitable taxation and welfare systems,
it is the Commission's understanding that the principal
objective of the Australia Card Program is to establish a
mechanism for the unique identification of persons within
Australia, and by this process to:

(a) reduce the incidence of -

    ‚2 tax evasion

    ‚2 incorrect payment of health and welfare benefits and
      other government moneys

    ‚2 other abuses of government programs; and

(b) generally assist government agencies to carry out their
    functions more effectively"
"2.1.2     The functions of the Australia Card Program are to
provide a framework of identification within Australia which
will aid in the positive identification of:

(a) participants in specified financial transactions (for
    taxation purposes);

(b) persons lawfully entitled to undertake work in Australia;

(c) persons entitled to Commonwealth Government pensions,
    income support payments and assistance under other government
    programs;

(d) persons entitled to Medicare benefits;

(e) persons entitled to an Australian passport; and

(f) persons seeking to register for employment with the
    Commonwealth Employment Service"
"2.1.3     Whilst the Program clearly will not be a panacea for
all the ills of tax evasion (particularly in relation to the
cash economy and organised crime), it can successfully achieve
the stated objectives and perform the functions listed above"
"2.1.4     Appendix D outlines the uses of the Australia Card
and register which are intended by the Government and are
detailed in the Government's submission to the Joint Select
Committee"
"2.1.5     The operational objectives outlined in Section 2.3
below have been developed after careful consideration of these
objectives, functions and uses and the system requirements that
they imply"
"2.2       Companion system for entities  

2.2.1     The most significant revenue gains expected from the
Australia Card Program are those arising from the taxation
uses. To prevent the transfer or leakage of these revenue gains
to entities, the Government has accepted the need for a
companion system for such entities. In this context, ""entity""
means any organisation or association (whether incorporated or
unincorporated) and includes persons engaging in transactions
in joint names"
"2.2.2     The companion system for entities proposed by the
Australian Taxation Office is outlined in Appendix E. It does
not involve the allocation of a separate unique number to each
entity but relies instead on a requirement that, where an
entity engages in a prescribed transaction, the Australia Card
of an appropriate responsible individual associated with the
entity is required to validate the transaction"
"2.2.3     The companion entity system will be administered by
the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). Whilst it should have
little effect on the administration of the Australia Card
Program by the Commission, it is recognised that:

(a) the establishment and maintenance of the highest
    practicable level of integrity for the Australia Card Program
    will be critical not only to the success of that Program but
    also to the effective operation of the companion entity system;
    and

(b) continuing liaison with the ATO will be necessary to
    identify promptly areas of mutual concern or issues on which
    the policies or practices of one organisation may have
    implications for the other organisation"
"2.3       Operational objectives  

2.3.1     The broad operational requirements for the
administration of the Australia Card Program by the Commission
are that the system should be able to:

(a) register, with a very high level of integrity, every
    eligible person and allocate an Australia Card number to every
    registered person;

(b) issue Australia Cards in respect of all registered persons;

(c) receive data from government agencies to establish records
    and verify identity and eligibility;

(d) provide information to government agencies necessary for
    approved uses of the Program"
"2.3.2     The Commission regards integrity as the cornerstone of the
Australia Card Program. It is a central issue that is critical
to the success of the Program in terms of both the achievement
of its objectives and its acceptance by the general community. It
is for this reason that integrity has been made the first
operational objective below; it is addressed in more
comprehensive terms in Section 2.6 below"
"2.3.3     The principal operational objectives for the
establishment and administration of the Program are taken to
be:

(a) to achieve the highest practicable level of integrity for
     the data on the Australia Card register;

(b) to ensure that the optimum safeguards and controls are in
    place to protect the integrity of the system and the privacy
    of individuals and personal information relating to them;

(c) to register and issue Australia Cards to at least 96% of
    eligible persons over the two year implementation period and
    subsequently to the entire eligible population;

(d) in the ongoing phase, to reissue cards as required and to
    register the newborn and new arrivals from other countries in
    a timely manner;

(e) to pay particular attention to the needs of (and, where
    necessary, to make specific arrangements for) special groups
    such as people in remote locations, people from Aboriginal
    and ethnic communities, institutionalised persons and
    Australians overseas;

(f) to develop, implement and administer the Program so as to
    minimise public inconvenience;

(g) to provide ready access for cardholders to their own data
    on the Australia Card register;

(h) to provide (in a manner consistent with (b) above) on-line
    and other appropriate enquiry facilities to enable
    authorised government agencies to access the Australia Card
    register and to provide update information to those user
    agencies in a timely manner to assist in the effective
    operation of their programs; and

(i) to operate with the lowest possible administrative costs
    consistent with these objectives"
"2.3.4     The operational strategy outlined in this chapter is
designed to achieve these objectives and has been used in the
preparation of the estimated work volumes, resource
requirements, costs and timescales provided in this report"
"2.3.5     It should be appreciated, however, that some aspects
of this operational strategy may be revised following the
further planning and evaluation referred to in Section 5.4"
"2.4       Overview of operational strategy  

2.4.1     For the general community, the principal impact of
the Australia Card Program during the two year implementation
phase will be the arrangements for registration of eligible
persons and the issue of Australia Cards. Invitations to apply
for registration, based on matching of the Medicare database
against other government databases, will be posted
progressively over the first 20 months of the implementation
period. The invitations will request completion and return of
an application for registration"
"2.4.2     After further checking of the information supplied
by the applicant, he will be asked to phone a toll-free central
enquiry number for the relevant State and make an appointment
for a registration interview at a convenient branch office. At
that interview, the applicant will provide proof of identity
and eligibility and a signature for inclusion on his Australia
Card"
"2.4.3     Special publicity arrangements during the last four
months of the two year implementation phase will encourage
those who have not received invitations to apply for
registration"
"2.4.4     The registration arrangements outlined in the three
preceding paragraphs are described in more detail in Section
2.11 and its supporting Appendix M"
"2.4.5     Australia Cards will be produced at a secure central
site using automated techniques and will be distributed under
security conditions. They will be made available for collection
at Commission branch offices 2 - 3 weeks after the registration
interview"
"2.4.6     It is recognised that special arrangements will be
essential for various groups in the community who will not be
able to visit a branch office or who will require special
attention in other ways -- these arrangements are discussed in
Section 2.14 below"
"2.4.7     Other essential elements of the Commission's proposed
operational strategy are that:

(a) the Commission will continue to operate as one organisation
    with its several functions -- Medicare, Medibank Private and
    Australia Card -- all carried out within the existing
    integrated structure;

(b) a three stage computer matching process (using the Medicare
    enrolment file as the base) will be used during the
    registration process to establish and validate identity and
    eligibility;

(c) the Australia Card register will contain data on each
    registered person including basic personal information 
    (name, address, sex, date of birth etc.), personal information
    required to establish identity and eligibility (e.g. birth
    certificate or immigration details), card issue details, audit
    trail information, and, depending on the views of the Joint
    Select Committee and the wishes of the community, optional
    emergency information,

(d) the Australia Card will contain name, number, sex, date of
    birth, period of validity, citizen/resident/visitor status,
    signature (on adult cards), name and number of responsible
    adult (on children's cards), eligibility for Medicare and
    authority to work (visitors' cards), and appropriate security
    features;

(e) the promotional plan to explain the program and to
    encourage registration will include brochure distribution
    through government agencies, a national letterbox drop and
    reinforcement advertising through press, radio and TV;

(f) cardholders will have access to their record on the
    register (subject to some limitations mentioned later);

(g) authorised government agencies will have access (by on-line
    computer terminal or other appropriate means) to the
    register for approved purposes;

(h) the data on the register will be maintained using
    information supplied by cardholders (and relevant government
    agencies) and updated information will be available immediately
    to authorised users;

(i) Australia Cards will replace Medicare cards entirely during
    the 2 year implementation phase; and

(j) the Commission will install and operate a computer system
    for State registries of births, deaths and marriages"
"2.5       Privacy, rights of access and appeal mechanisms  

2.5.1     As indicated in Appendix B the Australia Card
proposal has received strong public support as a general system
of identification and as a means of reducing tax evasion and
welfare fraud. However, it has been criticised by civil
liberties groups and others who fear that the Program may lead
to an erosion of personal privacy and individual liberty
through the possible creation of dossiers on individuals or
uses of the system beyond those intended"
"2.5.2     It is clear that if human rights and personal privacy
are to be protected, adequate legislative safeguards and
administrative controls will be essential. At the same time,
comprehensive information program explaining Australia Card
and these safeguards and controls should alleviate the concerns
that have been expressed"
"2.5.3    Chapter 14 of the Government's submission to the Joint
Select Committee discusses privacy and human rights issues and
describes the legislative controls and safeguards proposed by
the Government. In particular, it outlines the role of the
proposed Data Protection Agency which would, inter alia,
provide an external appeals mechanism for the review of
decisions made by the Commission or other government agencies
in relation to data held on or obtained from the Australia Card
register. Chapter 16 of the Government's submission details the
proposed internal review mechanisms and rights of appeal
concerning disputes and complaints arising from Australia Card
data and procedures"
"2.5.4     Appendix F of this report summarises these issues and
describes how the legislative requirements would be reflected
in the Commission's administration of the Program. That
appendix also explains the arrangements for access to the
register:

(a) by each cardholder enabling him to check the accuracy of
    the personal information held on the register which relates to
    him; and

(b) by approved user agencies to personal information on the
    register enabling them to carry out the functions for which
    approval has been granted"
"2.6       Integrity of the Program  

2.6.1     A major determinant of the integrity and success of
the Program will be the effectiveness of the validation of
identity and eligibility prior to the allocation of an
Australia Card number and issue of the Card. However, the only
way in which integrity -- in this context -- could be
guaranteed would be to make the checks on identity and
eligibility absolutely exhaustive"
"2.6.2     To apply exhaustive checks for each person would not
be acceptable to the general community and would be seen as an
unnecessary intrusion into personal privacy.  It must be understood, however, that any system with checks that are less than exhaustive -- including the system proposed in this report, despite the range of safeguards that is being contemplated -- will inevitably have some potential for exploitation by those who are really determined"
""
"WHY THE SWANS WILL BE CROWING 

WITH much fanfare and Hollywood razzamataz the Sydney Swans yesterday made
ugly ducklings of the NSW Rugby League"
"The Swans' stunning victory over Carlton - maintaining their outright
lead on the VFL premiership table - was watched by 37,873 fans at the SCG"
"Yet five rugby league fixtures around Sydney yesterday managed a total
attendance of only 40,743, with the Penrith-St George match drawing the
top crowd of 11,357"
"It would be easy to dismiss the alarming discrepancy between these figures:
  The Swans do have a certain novelty value, not least because the former
South Melbourne Club, the disgrace of the VFL, have won six successive games
this season"
"Dr Geoffrey Edelsten, controversial Sydney medical entrepreneur and
part-owner of the Swans, with his beautiful young wife Leanne, have focused
much attention on this hitherto ""foreign"" football code"
"Value for money
  Quite apart from the Swans' stupendous form, the Hollywood pizazz and
the cheerleaders - corny as it all may be - show the club is really trying
to give the crowds value for money"
"And it worked. Only 20 minutes into the first quarter yesterday, the gates
were shut as thousands of fans still flocked to get in"
"Admittedly, rugby league is too thoroughly entrenched in Sydney to be
knocked from its roost"
"But RL officials would be short-sighted indeed not to take notice of
yesterday's crowds"
"Attendances have indeed been picking up these past couple of seasons after
a concerted effort by League officials. 
  But that the Swans are making big inroads can't be ignored"
""
"Christmas all the year round  

  THIRTY years ago, if you lost something of value - a ring or a fountain
pen - in the street there was a good chance you would get it back. These
days, the probability is high that you wouldn't. It is no secret that Australia
has changed. We have come to know growth and unprecedented personal wealth,
and the people who know the latter best have also, of course, accrued power
and influence. Our role models, even heroes, these days are Bond and Holmes
a Court, Murdoch and Packer - Australians (most of them) out of Dallas"
"In the 1950s we most admired Test batsmen who walked long before the umpire
lifted his finger. Pragmatism, ruthlessness, unflinching competitiveness
are the rules of today's game, which promises big prizes to its winners"
"Whereas the 50s demanded that we co-operated with one another for little
reward, the 80s have seen whole sections of society become an irrelevance
to many social and political processes"
"Who asks the poor what they think or how they vote? A growing minority,
their voice is nonetheless small amid the cacophony of persuasion that
harangues our opinion-makers and political leaders. Who asks the family
man or woman - people who were typical Australians not so long ago - whether
he or she is satisfied? Nobody. Not seriously, anyway, because in modern
times what is left of the family is often a broken body hinged together
by the State and supported by welfare payments. Better to listen to the
real beat of society, to hear the people who know its savage rules and can
play its cut-throat games"
"So where does this leave Christmas? Families still reunite, gifts get
exchanged, turkeys are carved and plum pudding is slept off in the recliner
rocker. Marvellous things all. And for a week or two around the event a
miracle occurs: the goodwill is palpable, the spirit of Christmas lives"
"But a week or two of goodness is all, it seems, we can afford. For it can be
argued that one of the casualties of Australia's development in recent decades
has been basic decency. And that is perhaps the greatest pity of all. It is
less important that professing Christians are fewer these days. Christianity's
fundamental message seems an encumbrance to modern life. Yet what a message!
There is not a doubt in the wide world that the meaning of Christ's life is
more relevant than ever, that in the long run it is better to love than to
destroy and that the rewards for doing so are far more profound than money in
the bank. 

  The OECD has forecast an Australian GDP growth rate next year of 3.25
per cent - a handy figure at the best of times and greater than the average
for member countries of 3 per cent. Assuming continued steadiness in government
policies and commonsense management and union reactions to them, there is
every reason to believe our economy is not so fragile as we thought. There
will be cake to go around. If only it could be Christmas every day, say
the dreamers. If only the baby in the manger, the self-sacrifice on a knotty
cross, were lasting images"
"Too much to ask? perhaps, but if we can make the effort to accommodate
the views of the person on the other side of the table - even if it stings
(and it has never been easy to walk before the umpire gives you out) -
then we could celebrate a kind of Christmas all year round"
""
"Melbourne Cup up for grabs - again SYDNEY  

- Frustrated punters and horse owners now have their chance to own
a Melbourne Cup"
The 1978 cup won by Arwon is up for sale
"An advertisement in yesterday's Financial Review invited offers for the
18-carat gold cup"
"When Arwon (Nowra spelt backwards) won the Melbourne Cup he was owned
by a syndicate whose members included Nowra fisherman Mr Jack Watson and
Jack, Eric and Bob Doon, three brothers from Tumut"
"In 1984 the syndicate wound up and the Cup was bought by Mr Bob Doon for
$18,000"
"The 13-year-old became a NSW mounted police horse after he left racing
in 1982 with $370,000 stake winnings and now spends his time at a farm
in Bendigo"
""
"Of fire, water, earth and air The Writings of Thickthorn by Glen Ingram  

  Last century, natural history was popular - very popular. In Australia,
like most countries in the western world, the writings of naturalists were
in demand and avidly read. But unlike in Europe, very few popular books about
the natural world were printed in the Australian colonies. There is, however,
a vast endemic literature. Unfortunately, it is hidden from most of us because
it is in newspapers. If we are to discover a tradition of Australian natural
history writing, we must look to those old periodicals"
"Here lies a paradox. Because newspapers were ephemeral, their contents
influenced few. Books would have created a tradition, but their numbers
were lacking. It is no accident that a native naturalistic writing, like
Australian science, had to be reinvented in the 1950s. But that is the
lot of a country with a colonial past"
"I would like to introduce you to `Thickthorn', my favourite writer of
natural history of yore. He wrote for newspapers in the 1880s. His style
was attractive: rich phrases moulded with spirit but marked with the hard
edge of empiricism. His description of the nest of the White-throated Warbler,
for example:

    

`Thickthorn' was the nom-de-plume of Charles Walter Devis. Devis was born
in Birmingham, England, in 1829. After completing a Bachelor of Arts at
Cambridge, he entered the Church of England and became the Rector of Brecon
in Somersetshire. Eventually, he left the church to become curator of the
Queens Park Museum in Manchester. In 1870, he departed England and settled
at Rockhampton in the colony of Queensland. There he wrote his articles
as `Thickthorn' in the tradition of the classic English clergyman-naturalists,
a class which flourished in the nineteenth century"
"One contemporary writer highlighted the advantages of combining theology
with natural history:

    

But what attracted clergymen, and indeed what made natural history so
popular across all class barriers, was Natural Theology. Its principles
were persuasive. Nature was the Creation of God and in Nature one could
see His Workings. The living kingdom exhibited His Perfection and His Spirit"
"By observing Nature and attempting to understand the Creation, one came
closer to God"
"The spirit of natural theology permeated Thickthorn's writing:

    

The spirit was in his writings but God wasn't. Thickthorn was a convinced
Darwinist. Even so, the essays of Thickthorn are a cogent argument against
the proposition that Darwin killed spirit. Certainly evolution killed natural
theology. Observing nature had led to a theory that seriously challenged
the idea of creation. Natural history had become dangerous. It was no longer
a respectable pastime"
"The writings of `Thickthorn' are also a foil against the proposition that
to write scientifically as a naturalist one must write coldly. Science,
like natural history, is a world of wonder, curiosity, and imagination"
"Watch `Thickthorn' as he first encounters the burrowing habits of nesting
Blackheaded Pardolates:

    

`Thickthorn' wrote his last natural history article in The Queenslander
on 18 March, 1882. But for Charles de Vis at 53, a new career was just
beginning. He changed his name to de Vis, switched to straight scientific
prose, and took the position of Curator at the infant Queensland Museum"
"In the next thirty years he wrote about 200 papers and described and named
several hundred species of vertebrates from Australia and New Guinea. The
animals for which he is best remembered are Bennett's Tree-Kangaroo, the
Golden Bowerbird, McGregor's Bowerbird, the Spiny Rainforest Skink, and the
Red-eyed Treefrog"
The death of `Thickthorn' and the birth of `de Vis' was a gain for science
"But it was a loss for natural history. What is sadder, however, is that
you, the reader, have little opportunity to read `Thickthorn's' writings"
"Perhaps it is best not to lament. The 1880s were very different from the
1980s. You might be annoyed by the misinformation, stunned by the opinions,
and enraged by the shooter-mentality"
Try this piece on one of our favourite animals!
"Disastrous end to the nuclear dream The Worst Accident in the World - Chernobyl:
The End of the Nuclear Dream. Pan Books. RRP $8.95.Reviewed by COL MACKAY.  

  BEFORE going on night duty at Chernobyl's No.4 nuclear reactor on April
25 this year, Valeriy Hodiemchuk, later described simply as a ""power station
operator"", told his wife he would take her and their small son to the next
village for the weekend where they could help his mother plant potatoes"
"It was the last time the family saw him. In the early hours of Friday,
April 26, Hodiemchuk became a bizarre victim of what is now termed ""the
worst accident in the world"""
"Hodiemchuk's wife and child did make the trip on a bus just as planned,
with the little boy believing his father was still on duty at the plant"
"But in the aftermath of the explosion that tore the reactor apart, rescuers
who found Hodiemchuk's radiation-contaminated body had hastily covered it
with wet cement and abandoned it where it lay inside what was left of the
plant"
"The huge concrete sarcophagus now being built over the No.4 reactor will
make an awesome tombstone for his son to visit: as it will too, for his
own children and his children's children in turn - on through the centuries
it will take for Hodiemchuk's grave to become safe from radio-active
contamination.  
  Hodiemchuk was the first victim of the Chernobyl disaster. He was pinned
beneath collapsing masonry at his work station by the explosion. Nearby
his fellow worker and friend, Vladimir Sashionok, was also caught in the
blast"
"Staggering from the wrecked block with 80 per cent burns to his body,
Sashionok fell into the arms of horrified workmates and gasped only two
words: ""Valeriy. Inside."" He then lost consciousness and later died in an
ambulance on the way to hospital"
"Sashionok also did not have a funeral. Fearing radioactive contamination,
the ambulance crew buried him in the cemetery of the first village they came
to"
"Future in doubt  

  In a new book outlining the events that led to the disaster and its
aftermath, Chernobyl: The End of the Nuclear Dream, a team of special writers
from the London Observer strongly question the use and future of nuclear
power stations in present and future civilisation"
"They say scientists now know what caused the Chernobyl fire, but how could
it have been allowed to happen? Why could the Russian scientists not have
foreseen the disaster. And why did the safety systems that had been
deliberately built into the reactor not function? In particular, why did
the reactor's emergency cooling systems not immediately dampen down the blaze?
  But of the effects of the disaster, the authors say that even though Russian
official information places the death toll from the Chernobyl disaster at
just over 100, thousands more of the survivors will die of cancer over the next
few decades, and many more of their children and children's children may suffer
from genetic diseases"
"Tens of thousands may not be able to return to their contaminated homes
in the Ukraine, where Chernobyl is situated, for years to come. But, say
the authors, even these appalling consequences could have been infinitely
worse"
"They point out that if it had not been for five simultaneously lucky factors,
the Chernobyl accident could have been a holocaust. The death toll would
have been very much higher; the contamination very much greater"
"The first of these factors was that the accident happened at night. This
meant there were many fewer people at the site than there would have been
during the day, a few hundred compared with the several thousand employed
at the four existing reactors and on the construction of two others"
"More importantly, the people in the towns and countryside around the plant
were indoors. In their homes, they got one-tenth the radiation dose they
would have received outside. 
  The second factor was the fierceness of the graphite fire. Its intense
heat launched radioactive materials 1000m into the sky, as if they were
sleeved in an invisible chimney. This caused most of the radioactivity to
be widely dispersed on the winds, rather than falling on the surrounding
area"
"The longer it stayed in the air, the more the cloud's short-lived
radionuclides decayed and the less virulent they became. The weather was
responsible for the three other factors of good fortune"
"Crippling accidents  

  The night was still enough to allow the radioactive plume to rise steadily
far into the air. Also, what wind there was blew from the south, sending
the deadly cloud over the relatively sparsely populated Pripet marshes and
forest land"
"Most important of all, the weather at the time was dry: there was no rain
to bring down the radioactive materials"
"The authors point out that in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster, the
world's nuclear industry faces a crisis of confidence. As worried populations
throughout both eastern and western Europe listened anxiously to radio
and television advice about how to avoid the worst effects of the cloud
of radioactivity which swept over them from Chernobyl, it also brought anxiety
to the world's nuclear salesmen"
"Ask the authors: ""Can nuclear power survive? Does it deserve to? And if
the world is to manage without nuclear power, what other sources can provide
the electricity to keep the lights burning into the 21st century?""
  Cynically, they point out that the nuclear industry and its powerful
supporters in government would say such questions could only could
only be asked by the technically illiterate or those blinded by 
environmentalism and hatred for high technology"
"Such technological arrogance, the authors say, has been bred by a generation
in which nuclear power has been isolated from real public pressure, and
has developed in a close and unhealthy symbiosis with central government"
"They say for 40 years nuclear power has been shamelessly pampered by
governments of every color in almost every developed country. It has been
given the best brains and biggest budgets governments could provide"
"The laws of economics have been repealed in its favor, while its
environmental hazards have been overlooked. Only the defence industries
have enjoyed a longer or more luxurious ride. Yet at the end of this, the
industry in most of the western world is unprofitable, depressed and
demoralised"
""
"Robot pals and other monsters you'll face in the future  

  The Modern Frankenstein, by Ray Hammond, Blandford Press, $22.95"
"When Mary Shelley published Frankenstein: Or The Modern Prometheus in 1818,
she struck an amazing chord with her gothic horror tale about a scientist
who created life"
"Author Hammond cleverly uses the story of Frankenstein and the circumstances
under which it was written to explore the coming reality of life being created
by modern scientists"
"Hammond is controversial when he suggests that men in future may come
to rely on robot companions - even to the exclusion of human friends"
"War in the Shadows, Bougainville 1944-45, by Peter Medcalf, William Collins,
$19.95"
"The author says very little has been written by or about the efforts of
half a million Australians who served in the Pacific Islands in World War
II"
"This short book was written in response to questions from Medcalf's
daughter about what the war was really like. 
  Medcalf was a 19-year-old infantryman on Bougainville in 1944-45 and the
book vividly tells of the horrors of the jungle war against the Japanese"
"Fine Cotton and Me, the confessions of Hayden Haitana as told to Graham
Bauer, Angus and Robertson, $9.95"
"Much has been written about the Fine Cotton ring-in and now comes the
story almost from the horse's mouth"
"Hayden Haitana is the New Zealand trainer who was one of the key men in
the substitution of the open-class sprinter, Bold Personality, for the
out-of-form Fine Cotton in a restricted event at Brisbane's Eagle Farm
racecourse in August 1984"
But this book goes further than telling Haitana's version of the ring-in
"It is an account of Haitana's life - the life of a self-confessed con artist
who has been involved in everything from theft and fraud on the wharves
to horse doping"
"Choosing A School - Questions Parents Should Ask. by Judith Laird, Kerril
Maloney and Lorraine Moody, Allen and Unwin, $8.95"
"The authors of the latest more-parental-involvement-in-education book
say it is a good idea to know what a school offers in the way of academic
subjects, personal development, programs for gifted or remedial students,
its position on homework, religious education, sport, its educational
philosophy and contact between parents and teachers"
"Other questions should concern facilities, fees, uniforms, transport
and staff. This is a paperback compendium of questions which cover every
aspect of education"
"Working Out With Weights, published by William Collins, $15.95"
"Historians may look at the 1980s as the decade of fitness mania. Getting
fit and staying fit is now attracting millions of people of both sexes and
all ages"
"This book is packed with diagrams and photographs of exercises and equipment,
and there is a comprehensive nutrition guide to help weight-workers achieve
their goals"
""
"POLICE fury on car-bomb scare By NEIL McMAHON  

Police were angry and disgusted over an elaborate eight-hour bomb scare
in Toorak Rd on Saturday"
"Assistant Commissioner (Operations), Mr John Frame, said if a stolen car
was planted near the site of last Sunday week's bombing as a hoax, the people
responsible were beneath contempt"
"""My feeling is one of disgust and anger,"" he said"
"""If it is an elaborate hoax then those responsible are below contempt"
"""The people of this area have been put through a very bad ordeal over
the past week and if it is a hoax they should be ashamed of themselves.""
  Sen Det Stephen Keogh, of Prahran CIB, said the stolen car at the centre
of the scare had been finger-printed"
"He said he hoped this, with witnesses' accounts, would lead police to
the two men who stole the yellow Subaru coupe"
"The men told the owner on Saturday morning they wanted to take it for
a test drive"
"At about 12.15 pm the car was abandoned by one of the men near the corner
of Toorak and Punt Rds, only metres from the Turkish consulate building
destroyed in a bomb blast last Sunday week"
"Police took no chances with the car and cordoned off an area bounded by
Punt Rd, Darling St, Domain Rd and Alexandra St before bringing in the special
operation group and Army bomb experts"
"Residents, shoppers, and shopkeepers were evacuated"
The car was declared safe just after 8pm
"The Army robot fired three shots into the car but failed to detonate the
suspected bomb"
"An Army bomb disposal expert wearing protective clothing later placed
explosives on the bonnet and blew open the front of the car"
"Police then declared the car safe and the area was reopened within an
hour"
"Mr Peter Thatcher, 28, said the man who abandoned the car quickly ran
away"
"""He was driving along up toward Punt Rd and then he did a quick half
U-turn and the car was blocking both lanes of traffic,"" he said"
"""He got out of the car and walked to the front of it and fiddled with
it for a couple of seconds then turned and ran.""
  Mr Thatcher described the man as aged about 35, 178 cm tall, of solid
build and European appearance.  He was wearing shorts, a T-shirt and thongs"
""
"Canine Heartworm disease spreads Australia wide by Dr R B Atwell BVSc MACVSc PhD  

MOST ALARMING feature of canine heartworm disease in Australia is that it
is now much more widely spread than was initially realise.  A recent survey
Australia-wide has revealed that even remote areas like Alice Springs and
northern Western Australia have become infected. Generally the disease
is spread widely throughout Queensland (except in tableland areas) and
similarly in New South Wales. In fact, some areas of Sydney now report a
50% infection rate.                                     
  Local infection rates (eg in your town or suburb) do depend on factors like
mosquito type, infection rate, flight ranges, access to infected dogs, abuse
of/or no use of prophylactic therapy etc. Even so, the spread of the disease
has been quite spectacular and resembles the situation in the USA"
"Two factors are associated with the spread: 1) The fact that dogs in our
modern society are more mobile (holidays, shows etc.) and can conceivably
infect a resident non-infected mosquito population should they themselves
be infected; and 2) It is believed that the mosquito has learnt to adapt
to colder climates and therefore the infected (with heartworm) mosquito
is now believed to be able to survive longer in colder weather and so pass
on the infection when it next feeds on a dog. Also the type of mosquitoes
that are now known to be capable of carrying the infection have been
increased.                                               
  Thus it is believed that the disease is being spread by now mosquito
populations becoming infected with heartworm larvae and thus allowing their
passage to new non-infected dogs within their feeding area. In addition
to this is the increased awareness of the disease by both veterinarians
and the general public, particularly in areas previously believed to be
clear of the disease"
"How to stop the infection? Obviously, if mosquitoes are not present in your
area then your dog will not become infected. However, what about the holiday in
Queensland or the coast and the mosquitoes that they will have exposure to?
Prophylactic therapy is essential if access infected mosquitoes is possible. 
The drug of choice is diethyl carbamazine (DEC) and it must be given during 
the mosquito season and for at least two months after all mosquitoes have 
ceased activity or their exposure to dogs. In some areas this means that all 
year round therapy is necessary. So if you live in a non-infected area (Are you
sure? Ask your local veterinarian) and wish to travel to a potentially infected
area, eg Brisbane, for four weeks then your dog will need to be treated with 
DEC daily for three months to ensure protection. 
  What dose do you use? The minimum dose known to be effective is 5.5mg/kg body 
weight/day. Higher dose rates than this are quite safe (as DEC is an extremely
safe drug even with accidental intake by children) but you must ensure at 
least 5.5mg/kg/day. Care is also needed to allow for growth of your dog. So as 
your dog increases in size and weight you will need to ensure that you
appropriately increase the dose of DEC (a very common mistake). 
  If you are in an infected area DEC therapy will be necessary from 4-6 weeks 
of age (as soon as pups are able to take solids if not in mosquito proof 
quarters). The reason for this is complex and a part of the very unusual life 
cycle of heartworm. The dose of DEC you give today protects against, or kills,
the infection (larvae from the mosquito) the dog may have got one to two 
months previous, ie the infection picked up today will not be killed for one 
or two months provided the dog is dosed with DEC at the correct minimum dose 
rate daily during the period of time. Hence the reason for the need to give 
therapy for two months after the mosquito season is over. 
  What is new in drugs? New drugs (and different applications of existing 
drugs) are being tested in our research unit and several look promising both 
for killing worms and for stopping the clotting and inflammation that occurs 
in the lungs of infected dogs. However, the time between discovery of drugs 
and their development is prolonged. A new drug called Ivermectin holds a lot of
promise both in the treatment of the disease and in its prevention. However, 
this drug is not yet commercially available in Australia for heartworm. 
  New diagnostic aids have been developed. These blood tests help the clinician
to diagnose what is called `occult heartworm', ie where the disease is severe 
(lungs particularly are affected) but the routine blood tests for the presence 
of microfilariae (offspring of the adult worms) are inconclusive. Thus the
veterinarian now has a new diagnostic tool (called the ELISA test) to aid with
the diagnosis of the more unusual cases of heartworm. You may ask why is it so
difficult to diagnose. Usually it is relatively simple to do so, but the
disease is very complex and, as it affects so many organs in the body, can
sometimes be very difficult to diagnose accurately. Hence the need for ELISA
tests, radiology, blood tests, ECG and other aids in some cases of the disease"
"The DEC reaction - what is it? This is a severe shock reaction that can occur
in infected dogs that have microfilariae in their bloodstream. If you have a
dog and it is over six months of age and you live in an infected area it is
essential to have the dog blood tested prior to the use of DEC."
"BRUCE DOVER (Sun Weekend, May 24) never heard of the 12th Australian Infantry
Battalion in Vietnam. The 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, captured
that tunnel system in the Hobo Woods in January, 1966. The tunnels didn't win
the war for the enemy. We beat him every time. It was the gutless civilians
back home. 

 Gordon Peterson. Ex-1 RAR (Mulgrave)."
"Australians an endangered species By Phillip Adams  

Phillip Adams is the Chairperson of the Australian Film
Commission amongst many other interests and occupations"
"The Scenario is Australia in the 1980's. 
The cinemas are showing Soviet titles, the bookshops are filled
with the outpourings of Soviet writers and intellectuals. The
newsagent is full of Soviet versions of Time and Newsweek, and
Soviet sex magazines, (if that's not a contradiction in terms);
the radio plays little else but Russian songs, the overwhelming
majority of drama on the telly has SovexportFilm on the
credits, and they are punctuated by commercials run by
advertising agencies plagiarising Soviet originals, which isn't
surprising when 95% of the agencies have their head offices in
Moscow or Leningrad. When you go shopping to buy a suit which
bears a sturdy resemblance to Nikita Kruschev's, you pay your
bill with a plastic card bearing the insignia Soviet Express"
"You work for a Soviet-owned multinational, your government
provides military bases to the Kremlin, and despite some
pretence to political autonomy, toes the Soviet line"
"Since 1806 Australians have feared a Russian invasion. It
was in that year that the first vessels from the Tsar's navy
hove into view in Sydney Cove, on their way to Antarctica and
Alaska, and they caused some consternation  among the colonists
when they fired a polite salute to King George. Ever since, the
cry `The Russians are coming!' has been as familiar in this
land as coo-ee, and our rising paranoia encouraged us to send
troops to the Crimea, would you believe, and to build Fort
Denisons and gun emplacements on every coastal promontory"
"But while we've been waiting for the Red Terror or the
Yellow Peril, in its various manifestations, we have been taken
over by the world's most powerful culture, and without a shot
being fired, except for those shots that were fired beside the
invaders at people designated our common enemy. And we've
welcomed the invaders as liberators. We've dragged enough
Trojan Horses through the streets for a Moomba procession or
the Melbourne Cup. And nobody says this is part of a
conspiracy. The American takeover of our cultural, commercial
and political lives is a consequence of their prodigious
energies, the extraordinary capacity of a vital people"
"But enough is enough. Where the British Empire was
established with musket and gunboat, America's empire has been
achieved with the friendly persuasion of comedian and crooner,
by film stars and flim-flim men from Hollywood. Through
cultural osmosis they have replaced our dreams with theirs
giving us a comprehensive iconography which we now firmly
believe is our own. It's an extraordinary irony that Humphrey
Bogart and Hemingway, for example, feel `right' whereas there's
something exotic and slightly unconvincing about a Jack
Thompson or a Patrick White. American culture is in our
bloodstream, and our neurons, whereas our own arts seem
artificial, awkward and anxious. We have to convince ourselves
that our culture is legitimate or even necessary, given the
totally successful subversion of American ideas, ideals and
idioms. We'd like to believe we've rid ourselves of the
cultural cringe, when it simply isn't true. What we have is a
chip-on-the-shoulder culture, rather gauche and defiant, a
contradiction in cultural terms. It's like trying to force your
way into a dixieland band with a didgeridu"
"In the BBC's Pennies from Heaven Denis Potter reminded us
that people in every western society measure their lives in
American pop songs, that their arias are the songs of Al
Bowley and Rudy Vallee of Crosby and Presley. The more
sophisticated amongst you might add an Edith Piaf or the
coquettish lyrics of Noel Coward, or some rugged verse from
Redgum, but our music is largely Tin Pan Alley or Broadway,
Motown or US movie themes, and while we might finish up at a
film festival admiring Wertmuller, like as not, certainly for
my generation your first cinematic enthusiasm was Weismuller"
"Last year in Zimbabwe I was discussing the phenomenon, the
threat of globalism, with a black minister in the quasi-Marxist
government and we discovered we'd spent our respective
childhoods cheering Johnny Weismuller in Tarzan films, me at
Hoyts Rialto in Kew, and he in a jungle clearing, a little
black boy applauding the efforts of an overweight white man
while he subjugated eye-rolling parodies of African
tribespeople"
"The question must be asked - is there any point in
defending our national or regional or local cultures against
the American juggernaut? There's not a kid on earth who isn't
perfectly happy to accept Spielberg and Lucas as their Pied
Pipers; hardly a television audience that won't laugh at MASH,
and you could argue that America's cultural vitality and its
global relevance has come out of the melting pot mentality that
has lured film makers from Eisenstein to Beresford, from Milos
Foreman to Peter Weir, in to that Californian melting pot"
"American show business has after all always been a product of
reluctant ex-pats, of enforced immigration. On the one hand the
vitality that gave it everything from jazz to breakdancing,
from ragtime to rock, came from the marketing of slaves, while
Hollywood was created by the people fleeing the pogroms of
Russia and Eastern Europe. It was such depths of experience and
despair, the desire to survive and to celebrate that gave
America the flair and the feeling that made much of the world
respond so readily and happily. We surrendered to the
seductions of American culture and little by little we lose our
authenticity and our sense of ourselves"
"Only one major art form it seems to me held out against
Americanisation by osmosis - and that WAS painting. Australian
literary and cinematic myth-makers owe a considerable debt to
the Nolans and Boyds who filled reluctant art galleries with
those sun-drenched paintings when the rest of the artists in
the other art forms were crying in their beer about the
fierceness of Australian philistinism, and Sidney Nolan did not
yield to the temptation of putting one let alone two Kirk
Douglases into his legendary canvases"
"So does it matter a tuppeny damn about a national or
regional culture? Are such things anachronisms,
sentimental fantasies, farts in a global windstorm?
     A few months ago I was having lunch with the Minister for
Science and Technology from Norway (I thought he was a
socialist, he turned out to be a conservative, but that was
only one of my mistakes...) I said `I know nothing about your
country.' He said `It's very like New Zealand in population and
topography and size...' I said 'How splendid! We'll soon have
a vacancy for a country about the size of New Zealand in a
local treaty, and if Oslo was willing to replace Wellington
would your prime minister be willing to sign the ANUS treaty?'
While considering this invitation he made a prediction I found
somewhat chilling - namely that the two discrete Norwegian
languages would disappear by the end of the century. Why?
Because of the DBS phenomenon, the Direct Broadcast Satellites,
bobbing in geo-stationary orbit over Europe, beaming out
American programmes 24 hours a day, ignoring national barriers,
flouting copyright conventions, orbiting counterparts to pirate
radio stations. `Every day,' he said `the children of Norway
learn another one or two American words.' The process seems
irreversible. And similar fears were expressed in most of the
countries of western Europe. I remember fighting to get Sesame
Street on in Australia. I first saw it in Prague of all places,
and was quite touched by it - not by the chanting of alphabets,
but by seeing black and white children playing together. A few
months after it was on air I heard my own children replacing
terms like garbage with trash, and biscuit with cookie, and
make no mistake a cookie and a biscuit are very different
things. A biscuit is a moral milk arrowroot, a cookie is a
rather more voluptuous creature"
"If you add to DBS a plethora of new technologies, the
process of cultural levelling seems inevitable. The
colonisation of Coke and General Foods, General Motors and IBM
must be triumphant, and if it happens won't it be a little like
the destruction of those earlier imperialists, the Christian
missionaries, of the cultures of Oceania, of New Guinea, of the
Australian aborigines? Won't it tend to leave people without a
sense of identity, without a centre? There are undoubtedly
advantages to a world that shares the same iconography and
language, that speaks a sort of cathode esperanto through the
success of American soapies. (Incidentally I met Princess Di,
and I said `I know your mother-in-law's favourite programme is
Kojak, what's yours?' She said `Charles and I never miss
Dynasty.' I said `Why.' She said `It's such good escapism....')

     Anyway there are obvious advantages if we all have this
inter-galactic homogeneity in which the values and beliefs of
the denizens of the Polo Lounge in Beverly Hills become the
aesthetic, the philosophy, and the mindset of billions. The
last Oscar ceremony was telecast to mainland China, in one of
Comrade Deng's more aberrant moments, for once you let in the
movies you change everything, from the dress to the diet to the
nature of human relationships. It's not only Ronald Reagan who
confuses films with reality, recycling dialogue from Dana
Andrews as true life anecdotes in his presidential addresses"
"The confusions between cinema and society have been growing
exponentially for fifty years. In the thirties Hollywood
gangsters modelled themselves on Cagney and Bogart, who in turn
were modelling themselves on Hollywood gangsters. In Colorado
Springs, the base for strategic air command where every day for
the last thirty or forty years the failsafe bombers have headed
across the Bering Straits, the `Ops' Room where the Third World
War will be run from, or one of them, was designed by the
scenic artist from 20th Century Fox. The uniforms of the air
force academy nearby which is the intrepid birdman's version of
West Point were designed by Cecil B de Mille"
"If you scale that down to some of the fascination
interactions in our country I remember watching Number 96 and
knowing of the interaction with the general public in
Australia. The writers used to devise a perversion a month and
put it in the script only to find that it would be
enthusiastically embraced. One of the most spectacular was
`snowdropping'. For those of you who don't practise it, you hop
over the fence and knock knickers off a rotary clothes line"
"Within minutes of snowdropping being dramatised in the
programme there was hardly a rotary hoist in the nation that
was safe from predators. When the producers would write out a
character or three from the show because they were asking for
too much money (they'd bomb a bit of the building) they'd get
letters from literally dozens of people asking if they could
move in"
"I have friends in America who were seriously experimenting
with the idea of marketing dreams direct to the public. Instead
of relying on one's own feeble imaginings for nocturnal
fantasies, be they wet dreams or nightmares, you'd be able to
pick up signals from a digital pillow, fanasmagoric images
produced by the best rock clip teams"
"So the tentacles of globalism, both the hardware and the
software are only beginning to embrace us, and overwhelmingly
its values and its fashions are coming from a few square miles
in California, aided and abetted by such talented ex-pats as
Weir, Beresford, Schepsi, Armstrong and Miller"
"I'm not entirely convinced that the battle is lost. It's
fascinating to look at a society like Britain which
counterposes, at least on television a vigorous local culture"
"It places strict limits on the amount of American television
that the networks are permitted to screen. In the light of the
anxieties of Norway's minister for science, I find it
comforting that after 60 years of radio and forty years of
television, the regional accents of Britain survive. They laugh at Lucy
and Bilko and Mary Tyler Moore and MASH but they still maintain some of
their idiosyncracies, most particularly the specificity of the way they
speak."
"Cover story in reverse for clad Amanda You can't tell a woman by her clothes By Gail Williams  

  CLOTHES, like manners, may maketh man, but Amanda Muggleton has discovered
they can turn a wellknown Australian actress into a nonentity"
"The former Prisoner star was swamped in publicity in 1983, when Perth
audiences swarmed to Her Majesty's Theatre to see her wearing just a towel,
in Steaming"
"She says her phone didn't stop ringing and the media made a huge fuss
of her.  But she's finding things a lot quieter playing Pauline, in The
Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, at the Regal Theatre"
"The show is a roaring success, but Amanda says if she kept a diary during
her six-week stint in Perth it would read like this:
  ""MONDAY:  My one day off.  Phone didn't ring, no interviews.  Went down
to Fremantle and sat in the sun"
"TUESDAY:  Browsed around the Art Gallery, loved the Golden Summers
exhibition  The show brought the house down again"
"""WEDNESDAY:  Did a matinee, good attendance.  Not sure if the audience
got the message about Pauline's awakening.  No interviews.  Cast went to
Gobbles, F Scotts and Rumors after the show"
"""THURSDAY:  Full house, no interviews.  Am looking forward to going to
Rottnest.  Hope I'm not seasick like I was last time.  No interviews, maybe
I should take my clothes off!
  ""FRIDAY:  Lady from the Sunday Times phoned.  Perhaps she heard I'm taking
my clothes off!
  Don't get Amanda wrong.  She's not going out of her way to seek publicity"
"She's just noticed Perth theatregoers are more fickle than those in the
east"
"Said Amanda:  ""I think it's really weird, because last time I came here
I got such a different reception.  I would hate to think it was just because
I took my clothes off.  If that's what it takes to sell a show it's pretty
poor, don't you think?
  ""In Melbourne, the show was received really well and given huge amounts
of publicity.  Here it's being received just as well, but the press don't
seem to want to know.  In Perth, I haven't been doing an awful lot apart
from the show.  I suppose you could say my whole life is spent in the
darkness of the theatre.""
  Since Amanda charmed Perth audiences as the voluptuous Josie, in Steaming,
she has made three movies, and travelled through South-east Asia and China"
"""I did the movies Street Hero, with Siggy (Thornton) and Queen of the
Road with Shane Withington from A Country Practice,"" she said"
"When Prisoner's final episode comes up in September, Amanda will join
her former co-stars in drinking a final toast to the end of one of Australia's
most popular soapies.  But she won't shed a tear"
"I'll probably never do another soap opera,"" she said.  ""With soaps you
get labelled as your character, not only by the public, but by people in
the industry"
"""While I was doing Prisoner I came close to getting a role in a miniseries,
but I didn't get it because the public would have identified me with Chrissie
Latham from Prisoner"
"""The stupid thing is, people doling out the work tend to look down on
soap actors because they are churning out quantity, not quality.  If only
they realised what soap operas are doing to actors - they're improving
them by making them act so much better to improve the dreadful scripts.""
  Amanda, no shrinking violet, always seems to be cast in the role of the
gutsy women"
"""I've been very lucky really,"" she said.  ""I love those roles.  I've never
had to play the ingenue, the frail heart always in tears - that's not me"
"I adore Pauline.  A lot of women are going through exactly the same things
she's experiencing.  They're torn between two worlds, the world of duty
and that of the liberated woman.""
  There's a smidgeon of the flirtatious Pauline, in Amanda's bubbly
personality.  But the awakening feminist in Pauline is no stranger to Amanda"
"""I think I have myself very much together, as far as women's lib goes,""
she said"
"""I've no desire to get married or have children at this stage"
"""I seem to be surrounded by men at the moment in my personal life. 
All of them want to get married and have babies"
"""In the past, it has been the woman who wanted all of that.  Now women
are realising, like Pauline, what they have been missing out on.  Young
girls today are thinking they want to do everything but get married"
"""It's crazy - the women's liberation movement has made men want to have
the security of a wife.""
  While she's in Perth, Amanda hopes to catch up with one of her greatest
fans, Monica, from Rocky Bay Village.  They met during Appealathon two
years ago.  Monica was the Appealathon child and they write regularly"
""
"BOY STILL ON WALKABOUT  

THERE is still no sign of Vaucluse schoolboy James Wolfe, who may be wandering
Sydney with amnesia"
"James, 15, who suffers from epilepsy and needs regular medication, went
walking last Thursday and did not return home"
"Since then there have been sightings in the eastern suburbs and in the
City"
"Last December James, paddling on a surf ski in the Harbour, failed to come
home and was presumed drowned, but next day he was found paddling the ski
west of the Harbour Bridge and returned home unhurt"
""
"Emmies dazzle but don't see the `light' TELEVISION JOHN FRASER  

ONLY Hollywood could put on something as flash as The 1986 Emmy Awards"
"And not only make them work, but do them well. Nine has got them at 8.30
tonight, and it's pretty entertaining stuff"
"It would have been superb if the judges had had the wit to give all the major
awards to Moonlighting"
"Instead, Cagney and Lacey, and St Elsewhere just about hogged the lot"
"Nine would have every reason to holler; ""we wuz robbed.""
  Still and all, it was a slick presentation, with a very funny opening
by comic David Letterman, with the glamor provided by Shelley Long from
Cheers"
"This is the 38th annual Emmy awards and it will be seen by maybe 150 million
people around the world"
"After about the first three minutes I lost track of who'd won what, or
who the bloke on the dais in the penguin suit was talking about"
"You could not however, lose track of the display by apparently ageless
women such as Diahann Carroll, Joan Collins, Cybill Shepherd and Angie
Dickinson"
"For some reason unknown to mere mortals, Phylicia Rashad did not get a
guernsey as Bill's wife in The Cosby Show, while Michael J. Fox got the
nod for Family Ties as the best lead comedy actor"
"Haven't the judges ever heard of Ted Danson in Cheers, or Harry Anderson
in Night Court?
  Obviously not"
"Some old-timers were dragged out of the woodwork, including Lucille Ball
and Bea Arthur"
"These two husky-voiced old troupers once co-starred in a film turkey
called Mame, which one New York critic, I think it was John Leonard, summed
up in two of the saltiest paragraphs ever to grace a page"
"He said: ""This is the worst film I have ever seen. They (Ball and Arthur)
sound like Knute Rockne and Jimmy Breslin in drag.""
  Red Skelton makes a delightful guest appearance, apologising for not being
able to stay longer"
"""I would,"" he said, ""but I've left my grand-daughter in a 
shopping trolley at the supermarket.""
  Leave her there, Red, leave her there"
"THE trouble with the Emmy awards is that it's up against the opening of
My Brother Tom on Ten"
"I have to resist the temptation, having watched that many mini-series
lately, to call it The Great Baby Robbery, or My Brother Tom's Boookie"
Whose Bookie? Well
"One of the stars, of Tom, and a most unlikely one, is Chris Mayer who
plays the Catholic punch-up merchant, Finn McCooil in a small country town
where religious tensions are running high"
"He's the town bully, and loves it"
"""Everyone's always thinking `what will McCooil do next, what's McCooil
thinking?"" Mayer said yesterday"
"""He's a sort of catalyst for the town's mixed emotions.""
  Mayer, 24, was born in Trinidad, and came to Australia in 1981"
"""There were only two sports in Trinidad, cricket and boxing, so I took
up boxing,"" he said"
"""There wasn't a lot of science involved and after I got hurt a bit I gave
it away. It's a mugs' game and basically too much like hard work"
"""But that basic training helped me in the part. In fact, when Tom Quayle
(Tom Jennings) actually did knock me down in the fight scene, I saw red
and had to take a few deep breaths and hold myself back"
"""But basically, at heart, I'm just a big softy; if someone said boo to
me I'd run away"
"""When I was taking lessons in wood-chopping from Laurie O'Toole, it was
pretty hairy. Those axes are heavy and bloody sharp, but he was a top teacher"
"""And Keith Michell, as the English lawyer, was just brilliant, and so
was Gordon Jackson. Just lovely to work with; never tried to hog the show,
and I learned a helluva lot from them"
"""Working on this has given me terrific confidence"
"""What's my ambition? Oh, one day I'd really like to play a nice, sensitive
bloke who's not fighting people all the time.""
  He's got enough talent to do that"
""
"LIFE'S DOSE OF MEDICINE TV today  

IT'S 1957. Celia and Jessica are two pretty flatmates and their lives are
just starting"
"Jessica wants a rich husband, Celia a career"
"And their story is told in Strong Medicine which premieres tonight on
Channel 10 at 8.30, with Part Two shown tomorrow"
"Based on Arthur Hailey's best-seller, the two-part mini-series follows
the girls' adventures from their apartment-sharing days to husbands, the
hippy 60s and middle age. Pamela Sue Martin plays Celia Grey, an ambitious
young woman who would rather stay up late studying than go on a date"
""
"Where to live?  

WHERE to live is an important feature of most older people's lives.  Retirement
will almost certainly be a time when you reassess your housing needs"
"Jan Bowen, in her excellent guide, Know Your Rights When You Retire (Bay
Books), says the main options people should consider are:
  To continue to live in their own home"
To buy something smaller; that is a home unit
To live in a rented home
To move to a retirement village
"While the availability of medical care and support services is obviously
important to consider, it is worth being aware that only 8 per cent of older
people need the institutional care offered by a hostel or nursing home"
"Fifteen per cent of people need support services in their own home and
the rest (about 77 per cent) live at home just as they always have"
"Moving to a unit is a popular option for those people whose families have
moved away from home.  Many units have the advantage that maintenance of
gardens, etc, is the responsibility of a manager"
"Retirement villages are a relatively new and increasingly popular
choice for retired people or people approaching retirement.  Some villages
accept residents of 50 or 55 years of age and many people are choosing to move
in and establish their lives before they retire"
"Whatever you decide to do, you will need to be aware of the laws which
apply to selling a home, or to buying a home or home unit or retirement
village unit"
"Alternatively you may need to know how the law applies to altering a home
and to renting a home"
"There are a number of government concessions to help low income earners
with housing costs"
"Even if the family has grown up and moved out, many people still prefer
to stay in the home they have always lived in"
"They might like the area and be close to family, friends, familiar shops,
library and other services, especially health services"
""
"There's nothing new about the Accord by Jack McPhillips and Anna Pha  

   Although the wage restricting purposes and effects of the
ACTU/ALP Accord are main features of that document and are
widely known to workers, the concepts on which it is based are
even more important and their implications wider"
"These concepts include:
      ‚2 wage levels are the main and even the sole cause of
price inflation;
      ‚2 as such they are responsible for economic instability
and even economic crisis;
      ‚2 workers are responsible, at least to a substantial
degree, for economic difficulties and consequently have a
responsibility to assist overcome those difficulties;
      ‚2 workers (labour) and their employers (capital) share
common interests in the development of a capitalist economy and
in overcoming its difficulties;
      ‚2 capitalism is an acceptable social-economic formation
and must be preserved;
      ‚2 there is need for collaboration between labour and
capital"
"There is really nothing new in those concepts. They are
standard for representatives of capital, they have been
frequently adopted and acted upon by governments of Social
Democracy, such as the current Labor Government in Australia
and have, upon occasions, been adopted by some of the leading
bodies and persons in the trade unions"
"They have always been opposed and resisted by genuine
communists"
"Those supporters of the ACTU/ALP Accord who claim uniqueness
and exceptionalism for that document are unaware of or ignore
certain facts of history"
"As far back as 1927 the concepts of common interests and
collaboration between employers and union organisation were
advanced in a formal manner by employers in England and
accepted and acted upon by the British Trade Union Congress"
"In November 1927, Sir Alfred Mond - later Lord
Melchett - acting on behalf of a group of employers, addressed
a letter to the General Council of the TUC inviting
representatives of that body to join him and his capitalist
colleagues in discussing certain problems marking the then
current conditions in the British economy"
"His letter said : ""The movement towards industrial
cooperation has recently received a great accession of strength
and there seems to be general agreement that a useful purpose
would be served by a consideration of certain fundamental
factors in industrial reorganisation and industrial relations
... The necessity of every action being taken to achieve the
fullest and speediest measures of industrial reconstruction,
therefore, impels us to seek the immediate cooperation of those
who are as vitally interested in the subject as ourselves. We
believe that the common interests which bind us more powerful
than the divergent interests which seem to separate"
"""The prosperity of industry can in our view be fully
attained only by full and frank recognition of facts as they
exist and an equally full and frank determination to increase
the competitive power of British industries in the world's
markets... That can be achieved most usefully by direct
negotiation with the twin objects of the restoration of
industrial prosperity and the corresponding improvement in the
standard of living of the population"". (Trade Union Documents
by W. Milne-Bailey published by G. Bell & Sons Ltd, London,
1929, pages 253-4.)
   The address by the President to the Trade Union Congress in
that same year (1927) contained the following:
   ""We all know - employers as well as Trade Unions - that the
vexatious, toilsome and difficult period through which we are
passing is a transitional period. Much fuller use can be made
under these conditions of the machinery for joint consultation
and negotiation between employers and employed. Discussion on
these lines would bring both sides to face with the hard
realities of the present economic situation, and might yield
useful results in showing how far and upon what terms
cooperation is possible in a common endeavour to improve the
efficiency of industry and to raise the workers' standard of
life. We should not be deterred by allegations that in entering
into such discussions we are surrendering some essential
principle of Trade Unionism"". (Ibid. page 252.)
   Those discussions did take place over a period and were
formalised at conferences which made decisions and issued
documents"
"On July 4, 1928, ""The Conference on Industrial
Reorganisation and Industrial Relations"" adopted a ""Scheme"" and
said:
   ""This Conference is convinced that the most valuable and
helpful element towards seeking a means of preventing disputes
lies in the main objective of the Conference - the strengthening
of good relations between organisations on both sides and their
recognition of joint industrial responsibility. This Conference 
believes that a broader acceptance of the responsibility of 
industry as a whole for the avoidance of stoppages of work 
should be developed"". (Ibid. page 258)
   The Annual Report of the General Council to the Congress in
1928 referred to what was called ""The Mond-Turner Conferences"""
"It referred to the difficult circumstances of the time and set
out three courses which were available to the trade union
movement. Two of those courses were based on concepts of the
class obligation of the unions. The third course was stated as
follows:
   ""The third course is for the Trade Union Movement to say
boldly that not only is it concerned with the prosperity of
industry, but that it is going to have a voice as to the way
industry is carried on, so that it can influence the new
developments that are taking place. The ultimate policy of the
movement can find more use for an efficient industry than for
a derelict one, and the unions can use their power to promote
and guide the scientific reorganisation of industry as well as
to obtain material advantages from that reorganisation. Faced
with the situation that now prevails in this country, the
Council has taken the view that the third course was the only
one it was possible to take if the Trade Union Movement was to
endure as a living, constructive force"". (Ibid. page 427)
   Two years after these noble (?) concepts were developed the
workers of Britain were unemployed by the hundreds of
thousands, impoverished and feeding from charity soup kitchens"
"That was not the fate of Lord Melchett or the TUC leaders
who developed the concepts of ""common interests"" and class
collaboration"
"But almost 60 years after ""Mondism"", the same concepts upon
which that infamous scheme was based are enshrined in the
ACTU/ALP Accord -.Mark I and Mark 11 - and the same class
collaboration proposals are being advanced and acted upon by
sections of the employers and sections of the trade union
leadership"
"In fact, the very views enunciated by the British trade
union leaders in 1927 and 1928 are being repeated today in
Australia by union leaders supporting the Accord"
"Attempts at this process of class collaboration were made,
in the form of proposals for a ""Industrial Peace Conference"",
by Prime Minister Chifley and subsequently by Prime Minister
Menzies. Both attempts were rejected by the unions"
"But ""Mondism"" did not die. It was revived in varying forms
in several European countries and in Britain in the 1970s"
"A widely used means of implementing the principles of
""Mondism"" is the so-called Social Contract. A symposium on
trade union problems organised by the World Marxist Review in
April 1982 and involving representatives from several forms of
social contracts which had operated in Luxembourg, Denmark and
Austria"
"A report of that symposium contained in World Marxist Review
No. 12 of 1982 contained this observation on the experience in
Austria:
   ""They (Government, business and union leaders) take joint
decisions on the main social and economic problems, bypassing
the elective organs. In political terms, `social partnership'
binds the trade unions to participation in spreading the
deliberate lie about there being some kind of community of
interests between capital and labour. In economic terms, it
serves capital, because it imposes on the trade union
leadership a renunciation of the use of the militant potential
of the working people in the struggle for their own economic
interests. With the `social partnership' policy is closely
connected the limitation of democracy in every sphere of trade
union activity. Its main principle is the cutting short of any
mass action in order to provide the leadership with the
conditions for conciliatory activity"". (page 56.)
   The WMR discussion revealed that the unions of Luxembourg
allowed themselves to become involved in social partnership
when the economic outlook was relatively favorable. They
adopted ""...an institutionalised system of trilateral
cooperation enacted legislatively. They agreed to a collective
contract, a so-called zero contract, which is (was) in force
until the end of 1983 and which says (said) that until then the
trade unions will (would) not demand any wage rises, provided
wages are automatically adjusted to the growth of prices. But
indexation has been abolished by the Government and the crisis
has induced the employers to go back on these obligations.."
"all these events have forced the trade union leadership to
recognise the futility of the model based on `social
partnership' and to resort to measures of protest..."". (WMR,
No. 12, 1982, pp 57-8)
   The WMR discussion revealed that Denmark had an incomes
policy, in many respects similar to the ACTU/ALP Accord, which
sought to improve international competitivity and to create
conditions necessary to attract more capital investment, and
thus more new jobs. The outcome of their incomes policy,
according to the representatives of the Danish trade unions at
the symposium, and based on government statistics was a fall of
12 per cent in real wages of workers who were members of the
Central Association of the Trade Unions of Denmark and those of
Government employees dropped by 24 per cent"
"The Danish representative went on to say:
   ""Consequently the characteristic thing about Denmark is that
the offensive by capital was being supported and encouraged by
the social democratic government . ."
""" Higher wages or new jobs' - that is how the employers'
union, the Central Association of the Trade Unions and the
Government see (saw) the alternative on the eve of the 1983
wage-rate bargaining, but everyone knows that the restraint on
wages did not create additional jobs and that on the contrary,
the number of unemployed since 1979 has doubled. In 1981, of
the 1.5 million unionised wage workers, 700,000 i.e. nearly one
half, variously resorted to the unemployment aid in fund. The
number of unemployed averaged almost 300,000, to which should
be added 100,000 persons who have more or less voluntarily left
the labour market"". (WMR, No. 12, 1982, pp 57-8)
   The experience of workers in Britain with forms of social
contracts is discussed and to some extent documented in a
publication dealing with the ACTU/ALP Accord and published by
the South Australian Institute of Teachers (SAIT). Titled The
Prices And Income Accord SAIT Kit and dated July 1983 this
publication reproduces material from British publications 
dealing with the period of a social contract under Labor
Governments in the mid '70s. It also includes other sources of
information dealing with the Accord and a commentary by a South
Australian SAIT activist, Clare McCarty"
"The material from the English publications and Ms McCarty's
personal observations reveal a striking similarity between, and
in some respects an identity between, the activities and
statements of leading figures in the British labour movement
and persons similarly placed in the Australian movement"
"Ms McCarty points to the fact that in Britain the concept of
""social contract"" was developed by the Labour Party as far back
as 1965 and observes:
   ""In fact the ideas and rhetoric from 1965 onwards are
amazingly similar to what we are hearing in Australia now. The
results were devastating to the British working class"""
"She says: ""It (the Social Contract) began officially with a
statement of intent from George Brown, just after Harold Wilson
(now Lord Wilson) had come to power in 1965. The statement of
intent on `Productivity, Prices & Incomes' was meant to `Ensure
that the benefits of faster growth are distributed in a way
that satisfies social need and justice'"""
"Despite these noble intentions that plan was dead at the end
of twelve months. It was followed, under the same Government, by other schemes
said to be aimed at controlling wage levels and prices."
"By Leon le Grand  

Bodai was completing some mathematical calculations to establish the Yume no
kuni's latitude and longitude. He put down his quill and beckoned Robinson
towards him. When Robinson was close by Bodai spoke softly in Portuguese"
"`Aren San, you be careful of Toju. He has always disliked you and
consequently you'll never be safe while he's around. For heaven's sake don't
upset him. I feel it is inadvisable for me to push in and go ashore; I'll stay
on the ship. So unfortunately I won't be with you to offer any protection, so
be careful ... Give him his head, don't argue.'
  Robinson nodded. `Thank you, Bodai San. I appreciate your advice and I feel
it's well-founded.'
  The small bay was about five miles long by two miles wide. The ship was
anchored five hundred yards from the shore and about two and a half miles from
what appeared to be the entrance to a river. Toju directed the men to row
towards the mouth"
"The water was calm. Robinson could not remember having experienced such heat
and humidity. It was very unpleasant"
"The skies were alive with waterfowl and birdlife. A flock of ducks took off
from the edge of the bay, swept along the horizon in an arc, and resettled
further down the shoreline. Robinson noticed some other strange birds, bright
red, green and yellow which flew past them screeching noisily"
"Most of the shoreline was heavily wooded. A few small clearings indicated
that the land rose steeply in the background. Robinson counted four faint wisps
of smoke slowly ascending into the cloudless sky"
"Toju ordered the men ashore on the small sandy spit ahead. The boat went
aground a few feet short of the waterline. Toju didn't remove his sandals. He
stepped out of the boat into about eighteen inches of water and walked proudly
up the beach. He beckoned the men to follow him and to pull the boat securely
onto the beach"
"From inside his jacket Toju withdrew the scroll and read the formal
proclamation"
"`You,' he said, pointing to one of the Samurai. `Bring the mon from the
boat.'
  The Samurai returned with a flag bearing the Tokugawa insignia. At Toju's
signal he drove the stake into the ground, at a spot well above the watermark"
"The bottom part of the cane broke off, much to Toju's annoyance. He instructed
the Samurai to sharpen the end with his knife and to try again"
"`I shall call this bay Kunike-Wan, after the broken flagstick incident,' Toju
declared solemnly. `You,' he contiued, pointing to another Samurai. `Bring the
plaque from the boat.'
  The golden piece of timber was some three feet long and about a foot wide. It
was sheathed in gold metal, with the Japanese inscription beaten into it. Toju
instructed the man to hammer the plaque onto a large tree growing on the slope"
"The long sharp nails fixed the plaque firmly to the ancient wood. At Toju's
instruction all the Samurai gave a loud cheer"
"It was Robinson who first caught the glint of white teeth through the dense
undergrowth. He reached for his pistols, and at the same time alerted Toju"
"`Toju San, look. Natives, they're armed!' he hissed quietly, alarm in his
voice"
"In a split second, three of the dark faces had edged forward. The Samurai
archers simultaneously drew arrows from their quivers and stood ready"
"`Wait!' Toju yelled to his men in a short, gruff command. 
  The two groups stood staring at each other. Toju beckoned the three natives
towards him"
"`Come, come,' he said softly, gesturing with his hand towards himself"
"The three men, black as charcoal, stood rooted to the spot. Several more
faces emerged from the undergrowth. None of them wore a stitch of clothing. Two
of them had a small bone, several inches long, pierced through their nose just
above the lip"
"Without warning, the first three spontaneously launched sharp pointed spears
towards the Japanese"
The Samurai archers responded quickly. The arrows whisked through the air
"The three natives dropped to the ground, their arms and feet thrashing. Their
screams subsided to deep grunts as they reached their last agonizing moments;
then they lay still"
"As the Samurai advanced they could hear the rest of the group crashing
through the scrub as they ran to safety. The first Samurai to reach the three
bodies decapitated them. Toju ordered that stakes be cut and driven into the
sand. The Samurai complied immediately. The three heads were left hanging from
the top of the stakes as a warning to the other natives"
"The savagery revolted Robinson, who found some difficulty in stopping himself
from vomiting"
"`Come on men,' Toju ordered. `Back to the boat.' Six Samurai set to the oars,
while the others kept their muskets cocked, prepared to fire at an instant's
notice. But none of the spears thrown by the natives succeeded in reaching
them"
"Toju stood at the bow of the boat, giving orders to the crew. The lush green
foliage grew profusely along the swampy river bank"
"The rocky valley was deeply faulted, its V-shaped floor bedded down on huge
granite blocks, which had eventually formed a waterfall. Torrents of water
cascaded down some thirty feet into the crystal clear rock pools below. Toju
pointed to a pebbly beach"
"Toju ordered half the men to bathe in turn, while the others kept watch"
"`You and I will go in when they come out,' he said to Robinson"
"Robinson tasted the water. It was fresh and sweet, and would be ideal to fill
the ship's barrels"
"`Come, Aren San. We will rest out of the sun under these trees,' Toju said as
he pointed to two enormous trees towering over the edge of the river"
"Robinson felt uneasy. It was the way Toju kept looking at him. He took off
his shirt and washed it in the river. Why did he have to wait to have a swim?
He knew Toju only too well. I won't give him the reason or the opportunity, he
thought"
"Hanging his shirt over a low branch of the tree, he suddenly froze in total
shock. There was no time to move, or even flinch. Toju's deadly two-handed sword
cut through the air, the blade flashing in the sun"
"Robinson's eyes closed automatically, resigned to death. Before the blade had
completed its arc Toju emitted a battle cry. His armed Samurai ran towards him"
"Robinson staggered back in suspended animation, the shock deep,
instantaneous. The blood had drained from his face. After Toju returned his
sword to the scabbard, he stood hands on hips triumphantly claiming victory"
"The head of a monster snake as thick as a man's arm lay on the ground, the
seven-foot headless body lashing about in uncoordinated sweeps"
"Robinson staggered backwards. His eyes were fixed as if in a trance. He
tripped on a small rock and fell into the shallows of the river. He sat up in
swirling water and began to laugh in nervous release as the terror subsided"
"`Come on, Aren San,' Toju said enthusiastically. `I'll get my men out of the
water and you and I can have a swim. You look like you need it.'

After swimming around for a few moments Toju pointed to a ledge halfway between
the waterfall and the river. He climbed up the rockface carefully, then
balanced on his toes and perfected a neat dive into the water, barely making a
splash behind him. The twelve Samurai cheered him on, encouraging him to dive
again. Toju bowed to them politely and executed another dive, this time
including a forward somersault"
"Robinson had never seen such precision diving before. As the men's cheers
rang through the trees in the narrow rocky valley, white birds with pink
plumes squawked loudly as they took off and circled overhead"
Toju swam over to Robinson
"`I've never seen such beautiful birds,' he said. `Such variety.'
  `You seem very happy, Toju,' Robinson replied. `I felt there was some
hostility between us,' he added, cautiously"
"Toju's expression changed to a frown. `Well, there was. I'm not sure that you
understand our ways. When you saved my life I owed you a debt, a debt I
couldn't repay. One must always reciprocate with a gift of equal value. In
saving your life today, I managed to accomplish that. So you see, your life can
be spared.'
  Robinson was astonished. It had been a day of terror and tribulation. He felt
a mixture of emotions emerging"
As he left the water Toju gave instructions to his men
"`Now you six can go in. I want you to get the casks out of the longboat and
fill them with water. Give them a rinse first. You,' he continued, pointing to
the Samurai nearest him. `Don't start undressing yet, wait until the others
have put on their clothes and armed themselves.'
  `Hai, Toju San,' the man said respectfully, bowing towards him"
"`Come Aren San, I have a small surprise. I've brought along a small cask of
sake. I didn't feel like celebrating when we needed to kill the natives. I do
not enjoy killing, but it was essential to establish order from the outset,'
Toju said, his voice indicating a strong sense of duty and responsibility"
"He went to the beached boat, collected a small cane cask with a wooden
stopper and two small handleless cups"
"`We'll go under those trees over there,' he declared. `You check for snakes
and animals.'
  Robinson laughed. `You'd have to be kidding, I won't even squat on the ship's
deck without looking behind me. I'm sure I'll be like that for the rest of my
life.'
  Toju gave a short gruff laugh and strutted towards some gnarled gum trees,
out of sight of the dead snake"
"It took some time to fill the wooden casks. The crew rolled the casks over to
the longboat, methodically placing them so as not to put the boat out of
balance, and then returned to the water"
Toju and Robinson sat in the shade of the trees
"`Here, Aren San, have some sake.'
  `Here's to the new Japan - the country of ""Tokugawa"",' Robinson said
ceremoniously. `It's an old English custom to propose such toasts and drink to
them.'
  `Oh well, let's drink to it then,' Toju replied, downing the sake in one
gulp. He then proceeded"
"`No doubt Aren San, this is the land of plenty. I've never seen such
excellent fishing waters, so many varieties, including the giant prawns. I have
no doubt this land will produce good crops; it is also ideal for rice. The
temperature is excellent. From the foliage we've seen growing along the coast,
the soil must be very fertile.'
  `Perhaps we'll take a party inland soon Toju San?'
  `Yes, that's an excellent idea. We could climb up to a high spot and get a
better overall view.'
  `I was thinking about that ...'
  A terrifying scream brought the laughter and idle chatter from Toju's men to
a halt. Robinson and Toju stood up, endeavouring to see what had caused it"
Toju's gruff commanding voice bellowed over the water
"`Who screamed? What's happening?'
  Five Samurai battled their way across the water towards the beach near Toju
and Robinson. Breathless, the first two clambered over the stones in Toju's
direction and stopped in front of him shaking in terror"
"`Toju San, it was awful. It was a huge dragon, and it's taken Toba San in its
jaws.'
  `How big was this monster?' Toju asked disbelievingly"
"`I'd say it was three times my height,' one of the men replied. `It's eyes
were two feet apart, its mouth and enormous teeth like nothing I've ever seen.'
  `I don't believe such monsters exist,' Toju said to Robinson"
"`We're in a very strange country. May I ask some questions Toju San?'
  `Yes of course, if you can get to the bottom of this mystery.'
  `What colour was its skin? Describe it to me in detail please.'"
"Bearing in mind
Parents' pride goes before the fall ...Dr Kenneth Isaacs 

  Only upon the birth of one's own child can one know the full meaning of
the trite phrase, ""bundle of joy"". Proud parents respond to the event of
birth with intense pleasure, and along with concern for immediate care,
start fantasising the child's future"
"Sometimes it is because a parent perceives a child as an extension of
self rather than as a separate being, that sense of competition with other
parents emerges, with vicarious parental participation in each step of progress
of the developing child"
"The desire for a super-child creeps into mother or father. That desire
can yield disaster. At minimum, the dangers lurking along the paths are
serious enough that it should make parents cautious when they find themselves
thinking in terms of super-child"
"Numerous plans are available to teach children to read at one year, 
be toilet trained at six months, play the piano as soon as they can sit,
and do maths at two years to support the glittering promise to have a college
graduate at 15 years of age"
"Some parents leap to the opportunity to enter their child in an infant
olympics. The tour de force of complex math capacity before the child can
deal well with words to describe the problems, toilet training before nerve
fibre has developed a myelin insulating sheath that can allow the child
to have clear messages anticipating the event, or listening to philosophic
treatises in which words are not understood, etc. can create lifelong problems"
""
"Where are the bears? By TIM BOREHAM  

WHAT has happened to all the bearish talk of a much-vaunted second recession,
to equal the pessimism of 1982-83?
  It seems that despite perennial gloom about high interest rates, the current
account deficit and the state of the Australian dollar, the present ""bull
run"" seen in our stock markets at the moment is going to continue for some
time"
""
"Classics detectives trace ancient Athenians By Frank Campbell  

WHEN HONORATIANA POLYCHARMIS, a resident of Athens, who lived
in the 2nd century AD, claimed in a stone inscription that she
was descended from the statesman Perikles, who dominated
Athenian political life 600 years earlier, she may not have
been social climbing"
"Working from fragmentary stone inscriptions and literary
sources, Professor Michael Osborne, Professor of Classical
Studies at the University, has traced more than 200 relatives
of Perikles. The beginning of the family tree can be traced
back to the end of the 7th century BC"
"""It is just possible that Polycharmis was right,"" Professor
Osborne says. ""If so, it would be interesting to know if her
family was as important in the 2nd Century AD as it was in the
5th Century BC, when Perikles flourished. We might know that
by the end of next year.""
  Reconstruction of the Periklean family tree is a tiny part of
a major research program by Professor Osborne which could make
Melbourne University a world centre in ancient history
research"
"The aim of the research, which is being done in co-operation
with the British Academy, is to create a comprehensive
biographical dictionary of identifiable citizens and residents
of ancient Athens"
"Professor Osborne says at least 100,000 people (citizens,
slaves, criminals, and mercenaries) have been identified from
fragmentary stone inscriptions and literary sources"
"Information about them is being fed into a computer and will
be published next year in two large works"
"One of the works - a lexicon of known Athenians - will be
published by Oxford University Press for the British Academy"
"The second, which is to be published by Duckworth and
could run to 1200 pages, will be a comprehensive biographical
dictionary, containing information about the careers of each
of the 100,000 or so citizens and other residents of Athens
and an assessment of their importance in Athenian life. The two
books will serve as a reference source for scholars in ancient
history"
"Professor Osborne's main research is the reconstruction,
interpretation, and translation of the thousands of inscription
fragments, which have been recovered from archaeological
excavations over the past 200 years, and which are still being
discovered in considerable numbers. Many of them are in the
Epigraphical Museum in Athens. (Epigraphy is the study of
inscriptions)"
"Some of the stones recovered from the excavations contain the
public records of ancient Athens. Professor Osborne plans to
publish the material for the years 336 BC to 50 BC with a 
translation and commentary, as ""The Public Archive of 
Hellenistic Athens"". The book will be illustrated by 
computer-drawn facsimiles of the stones and their inscriptions"
"""Reconstruction is a tricky task,"" he admits. ""Most of the
stones are in very bad condition as the result of frequent re-
use since the original inscription.""
  Professor Osborne explains that in ancient Athens anyone who
was a citizen had the right to vote at the Assembly. When the
Assembly reached a decision the Secretary of the Council was
instructed to see that the decision was inscribed on stone and
set up for everyone to see. ""It was usually put in
a religious precinct, frequently on the Akropolis where, it
was believed, it had the protection of the appropriate god or
goddess,"" he says"
"""But later, when troubles affected Athens, many of the stones
were removed from the Akropolis, and, as time went by, were
used for a variety of purposes, some, for example, as rubble
for housing. Others were used as drain covers and building
material for fortifications. They became damaged and
fragmented. That's how we see them today.""


The Department of Classical Studies at Melbourne University
has about 2000 impressions of these inscriptions. The
impressions, called `squeezes', are obtained by applying wet
filter paper to the surface of the stone inscription with a
brush."
"Outback drama is already U.S. hit By JOHN WALSH  

OL' BLUE Eyes Frank Sinatra put his finger on fame in his song New York,
New York when he crooned: ""If you can make it there, you'll make it anywhere.""
  So the future looks good for the new Australian mini-series The Last
Frontier, which screened earlier this month in the US and was a hit not
only in New York, New York but Omaha, Nebraska, Three Forks, Montana and
just about everywhere else. 
  Now the four-hour Outback saga starring Dynasty's Linda Evans and our own 
Jack Thompson is coming to Sydney (Channel 10, Monday and Tuesday, 8.30pm)"
"And producers McElroy and McElroy have good reason to expect it to repeat
its American success here"
"While the idea of a city woman displaced in the bush and having to fend
for herself isn't over-original, it is fleshed out with strong characters,
great acting and the wonderful scenery of the Outback"
"The show is ofen dramatic, but moves at a relaxed pace - just as life
does in central Australia"
"Dynamic  

The strength of The Last Frontier comes in some dynamic face-to-face
confrontations between the characters"
"Besides Evans and Thompson the mini-series stars Judy Morris, Jason Robards
and Tony Bonner"
"And director Simon Wincer and writer Michael Laurence have shown off the
considerable talents of this cast to advantage in some memorable one-on-one
scenes"
"The performance which will surprise a lot of people is that of Linda Evans,
who discards her Dynasty fineries to turn in acting that is definitely
not Krystle Does Alice Springs"
"Linda makes a believable job of playing widow Kate Hannon, the woman
from Los Angeles who finds herself Down Under battling to prevent her late
husband's cattle station being taken over by a ruthless rival"
"Tony Bonner plays Kate's short-lived husband Tom Hannon, while Jason
Robards is the scheming cattle baron Ed Stenning"
"Kate's decision to fight Stenning embroils her in a bitter feud involving
him and his daughter Meg (Judy Morris) - and leads to love with Stenning's
son Nick (Jack Thompson)"
"Schmaltzy  
 
The Last Frontier's solid supporting cast includes Toni Lamond, John
Ewart, American teenagers Meredith Salenger and Peter Billingsley and local
youngsters Beth Buchanan and Asher Keddie"
"There is perhaps too much playing to the US market with some explanations
of common Australian expressions, and two too-schmaltzy scenes using Waltzing
Matilda and The Star Spangled Banner"
But otherwise this is a first-class show
""
"Lumley accounts declared invalid By HEATHER KILLEN  

  Edward Lumley Ltd's 1986 accounts, directors' report and notice of meeting 
were declared invalid yesterday by Mr Justice Needham in orders handed down in 
the NSW Supreme Court"
"The orders followed the judgment handed down on Monday concerning a dispute 
between Lumley and BT Insurance Ltd, controlled by Mr Brent Potts and Mr Brian 
Yuill, over seats on the Lumley board"
"BT Insurance, a 23 per cent shareholder in Lumley, has nominated two 
candidates for election to the board at the company's forthcoming annual 
general meeting"
"However, Lumley directors stated in a circular to shareholders that only 
three directors could be elected, and the Lumley family, 55 per cent 
shareholders, had thrown its weight behind the incumbents"
"On Monday, Mr Justice Needham ruled that four directors could be elected to 
the Lumley board because of a technical breach which occurred in 1982"
"In accordance with the company's articles of association, Mr Anthony 
Crichton-Brown should have been re-elected as a director when he resigned as 
an executive director and assumed the role of managing director in 1982"
"However, the election did not take place and a vacancy on the board has 
existed since that time"
"Mr Justice Needham said yesterday that the company's notice of meeting, 
directors' report and accounts contained irregularities which may cause 
substantial injustice that could not be remedied by order of the court"
"He ordered Lumley to inform shareholders as soon as possible that the annual 
general meeting would not take place on November 5 as scheduled, and that new 
notice of meeting, accounts and reports would be sent out in due course"
"He also ordered the company to issue new notice, accounts and reports, and 
point out to shareholders the changes made to these documents"
"Further, the company must send out new proxy forms and is restrained from 
counting any previous proxies"
Lumley was also ordered to pay all costs incurred by the action
"Justice Needham said BT Insurance's nominations to the Lumley board were 
still valid, as was the special resolution the company will put to the Lumley 
meeting to change the terms of the employee share scheme"
""
"Mansell ahead LISBON:  

 Briton Nigel Mansell romped to a convincing victory in the Portuguese
Grand Prix at Estoril yesterday and put himself within one race of the
world drivers' championship"
"Title leader Mansell led unchallenged throughout in his Williams and was
rewarded with a 10 point buffer at the head of the standings"
"World champion Alain Prost of France took advantage of a late spin by
Piquet and a seemingly empty fuel tank suffered by Brazilian Ayrton Senna
on the last lap, and squeezed home second in his McLaren.  Piquet (Williams)
and Senna (Lotus) finished third and fourth"
Australian Alan Jones (Haas Lola) spun out of the race early on
""
"CHAPTER TWO BACKGROUND  

2.1       It is necessary both to understand the respective
roles played by the Department of Aviation (DofA) and the
Bureau of Meteorology (BofM) in the provision of meteorological
services to the aviation industry and to obtain an historical
perspective on developments leading to the need for this
inquiry"
"Department of Aviation and the Bureau of Meteorology Working
Arrangements  

2.2       The Secretary to the DofA has the legal
responsibility under the Air Navigation Regulations Section 98
(1), to determine the meteorological services which are
necessary `to ensure the safe, economic and regular operation
of aircraft' in Australia"
"2.3       The Meteorology Act 1955 paragraph 6(2)(b), states
that `The Bureau shall perform its functions under the Act in
the public interest generally and in particular - for the
purposes... of civil aviation'. In addition, paragraph 8 of
the Act provides that `the Director of the Bureau may, subject
to any directions of the Minister, make charges for forecasts,
information, advice ... supplied in pursuance of the Act.'

2.4       In practice the DofA specifies the requirements for
meteorological services and the BofM provides the major part
of these services and subsequently charges the Department"
"`These costs are, in turn, incorporated by the Department in
air navigation charges which are levied on the aviation
industry'. Meteorological charges are formalised in an
agreement between the Bureau and the Department entitled
`Working Arrangements for the Provision of Meteorological
Services and Facilities for Civil Aviation'"
"2.5       The Bureau has been providing meteorological services
for civil aviation for the past 40 years. During this period
both the funding arrangements and the charging philosophy have
been altered.   In the years 1952 to 1979 the Department of
Aviation (or its predecessors - the Department of Transport and
the Department of Civil Aviation) contributed fixed percentages
of total Bureau expenditure on both salaries and also general
expenses"
"2.6       The 1976 Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the
Bureau of Meteorology, the Howson Report, recommended that:

        `The provision of any additional service e.g. to civil aviation
        and the armed forces, should be subject to a charge aimed at
        recovering the marginal cost of providing the extra service and
        associated overheads....'"
"2.7       Section 7 of the 1979 Working Arrangements sets out the
agreed charging principles and a charging formula. The charging
principles are summarised in Appendix VI. It should be noted
that whilst the Howson Report refers to marginal costs the
Working Arrangements use the slightly different terminology,
directly attributable costs `...officers directly involved in
the provision of the service'"
"Cost Recovery in the Department of Aviation  

2.8       Successive Australian Governments have endeavoured
to recover from the aviation industry the cost of the services
provided directly in support of civil aviation. The amounts
involved are considerable, for example, of the Department of
Aviation's budget for 1984-85, $471.5M was assessed as being
attributable (recoverable) costs. Revenue for the same period
was $282.9M comprising air navigation charges of $134.7M,
aviation fuel tax of $81.4M, and rents, concessions etc. of
$66.8M"
"2.9       Overall this represents a cost recovery rate of some 
60 per cent. The balance of $188.6M was paid from consolidated
revenue"
"In an attempt to increase departmental efficiency, the
Secretary to the Department of Aviation, in November 1983,
announced a target of an average 2 per cent per annum reduction
in real costs for the three years commencing July 1984"
"The Bosch Report and Meteorological Services  

2.10      The Bosch Committee was appointed by the Minister for
Aviation early in 1984 to inquire into all matters relating to
aviation cost recovery. It reported to the Minister in November
1984. Among the Inquiry's recommendations dealing with
opportunities for reducing costs was Recommendation (R59) which
states:

        `The Department should include (in its planning) as a specific
        objective the increase of at least 9 per cent in productivity
        over a ten year period. This would be in addition to the 2 per
        cent per annum reduction in real attributable costs over three
        years to which the Department is already committed'"
"2.11      On 14 August 1985, following wide consultation, the
Minister for Aviation, the Hon Peter Morris, M.P., announced
that the Government had agreed to the adoption of the Bosch
Strategy"
"2.12      The Bosch Report made six recommendations concerning
meteorological services as follows:

   ‚2    Meteorological costs should continue to be attributed to the
        industry.(R19)

   ‚2    Formal consultative arrangements should be established between
        the Department of Aviation, operators and the Bureau of
        Meteorology to ensure that the meteorology services supplied
        to the industry are provided at the required standard, that
        costs are kept within reasonable bounds, and that the
        development of the Bureau's investment program takes into
        account the concerns of the aviation industry.(R20)

   ‚2    The basis for charges levied against the aviation industry for
        meteorological services should continue to be the incremental
        cost associated with providing the services.(R21)

   ‚2    The Bureau of Meteorology should complete as soon as possible
        the study into development of a comprehensive costing system
        which would enable the identification of incremental
        costs.(R22)

   ‚2    The Bureau of Meteorology should identify each of the services
        provided and the fees charged for them in its accounts to the
        Department of Aviation.(R23)

   ‚2    The Bureau of Meteorology should negotiate with operators
        supplying meteorological data to agree on the costs involved
        and whether they warrant development of a system for paying for
        the data.(R24)

2.13      In addition the Report also briefly addressed the
current provisions for charging for meteorological services and
stated:

        `The intention of the charging principles is to charge the
        increment cost of providing aviation meteorological services"
"Not all the principles are strictly in accord with this
        intent'"
"Cost Reductions - the Basis of the Decision to Close Weather
Service Offices  

2.14      As noted above the Secretary to the Department of
Aviation had taken the initiative to anticipate the Bosch
findings through measures designed to improve the cost
effectiveness of his Department. This decision has been
subsumed by the subsequent decision of the Government to accept
the Bosch Report strategy and to proceed with its
implementation"
"2.15 As part of the Department's effort to implement the
Secretary's decision, DofA decided to extend the containment
of costs to include the provision of meteorological services
to aviation"
"2.16      Because of the nature of the Working Arrangements,
it proved difficult for the Bureau to determine how a general
`across the board' expenditure cut could be implemented"
"Following protracted DofA and Bureau discussions, the Bureau
issued a Staff Notice on the 23 July 1985 foreshadowing the
possible closure of ten (originally nine) Weather Service
Offices (WSOs) over a three year period"
"2.17      The proposed closures resulted in public protest from
a range of community interests including the general public,
farmers, fishermen, industry, port authorities and the media
as well as the aviation industry and in particular, general
aviation. Most of the communities affected were remote from the
major capital cities"
"2.18      It is important to note that the existing Working
Arrangements provide under Principle 3 for the

        `Cost of shared services or facilities to be allocated 
        on a proportional basis, taking account of the relative 
        usage of the services or facilities.'

Under these arrangements therefore, it is little wonder that
the Department of Aviation is seeking a review of the charges"
"There is ample evidence to support the claim that there is a
significant component of non-aviation weather services provided
by the provincial WSOs which are currently totally billed to
the Department of Aviation"
"2.19      The Bureau has stated that the DofA did not formally
advise the Bureau that it did not wish to meet the full costs
of aviation meteorological services in 1984/85 until January
1985. Accordingly a shortfall of approximately $1M in the
Bureau's 1985/86 estimated revenue from charges for aviation
services exists"
"2.20      The Bureau issued a Staff Notice concerning the
proposed WSO closures on 23 July 1985. Since this Staff Notice
a number of DofA and Bureau meetings have been held, some of
which have included staff associations and aviation industry
representatives. As the proposed closures had a significant
impact on the provision of non-aviation services, on 28
November 1985, the Ministers for Science and Aviation jointly
referred the issue to this Committee"
"CHAPTER 3 EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSALS The Direct Effect on Weather Service Offices  

3.1       The Bureau currently operates 28 Weather Service
Offices Australia wide. The direct effect of the proposals is
the closure of ten of these Offices. Details of current status
and proposed changes are included in Tables 3.1 and 3.2"
"Timetables for the implementation of the closures are presented
in Appendix VIII"
"3.2       The locations are Alice Springs, Cairns, Canberra,
Hobart, Launceston, Mt Isa, Port Hedland, Rockhampton, Tamworth
and also Essendon where services are provided from the
Melbourne Airport WSO on a shift rotation basis"
"3.3       Weather Service Offices form part of the three-tiered
operational organisation of the Bureau. The three tiers
comprise:

   ‚2    the National Meteorological Centre (NMC) in Melbourne and the
        Regional Meteorological Centre (RMC) in Darwin providing
        broadscale forecast and guidance material for the whole
        Australian area of responsibility:

   ‚2    the eight Regional Forecasting Centres (RFCs), one of which is
        located in each State or Territory Regional Office with
        responsibility for weather services in their individual areas
        of responsibility. In addition Townsville is an RFC for
        aviation purposes. The RFCs act as warning centres with
        official Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres being located in
        Perth, Brisbane and Darwin. In addition they are `parent
        offices' for the WSOs and Observing Offices in their regions;
        and

   ‚2    Field Offices including 28 major Weather Service Offices and
        50 official Observing Offices. The WSOs are located at Civil
        (17), Defence (8) and Joint User (3) airports"
"3.4      The Observing Offices form part of the Bureau's basic
surface and upper air observing network. As part of their
duties, most provide routine (hourly) and special (half-hourly)
Aerodrome Weather Reports (AWRs), or observations, specifically
for aviation and many are collocated with WSOs. The
offices are staffed by Bureau trained observers who are
represented by the Professional Radio and Electronics Institute
of Australasia (PREIA)"
"3.5       The Weather Service Offices are staffed by Technical
Officers (Meteorology), in general recruited from the observer
ranks, who are members of the Association of Draughting,
Supervisory and Technical Employees (ADSTE)"
"3.6       The Bureau of Meteorology states that the WSOs were
originally established to provide services for aviation. Their
functions, as defined by the Bureau, can be formally summarised
as follows:

   ‚2    maintaining meteorological watch for the locality of the office
        and providing input and feedback to RFC terminal forecasts and
        amendments for the local airport;

   ‚2    preparing trend type forecasts for the local airport (where
        applicable);

   ‚2    deriving forecasts for particular air routes from area
        forecasts received from the National Meteorological Centre or
        a parent RFC;

   ‚2    compiling and presenting flight documentation to aircrew;

   ‚2    distribution and interpretation of relevant public weather
        forecasts and warnings originated by the parent RFC; and

   ‚2    acting as a point of liaison for local organisations"
"3.7      From the DofA viewpoint, the major function of the WSOs
as defined in the Working Arrangements, is the provision of
face to face and/or telephone briefing to aircrew and
Departmental operations personnel to enable clarification and
elaboration of forecasts, warnings and the current
meteorological situation. Other functions include the
distribution of flight documentation, the provision of trend
type forecasts and a terminal area thunderstorm service where
appropriate. In addition there is a stated requirement for the
provision of Aerodrome Weather Reports"
"3.8       It is obvious that one of the underlying reasons for
this inquiry has been the different interpretation of the
functions of the ten WSOs concerned. On the one hand the
Department has seen the offices as primarily providing a
briefing service; the Bureau on the other hand has, in
practice, implemented a far broader definition extending to the
distribution and interpretation of public weather forecasts and
a much wider weather watch function"
"3.9       In the course of this inquiry the Committee visited
all ten WSOs proposed for closure.  At three locations - Hobart, Canberra Civil and Essendon the volume of public weather services provided was obviously low and the functions were primarily for aviation."
"Costly heroics  

SEARCHING for new Everests to conquer is a perennial human obsession that
frequently results in failure - even loss of life"
"In the notoriously treacherous waters of Bass Strait last weekend, one
man's thirst for adventure led to two tragic deaths, and brought needless
grief to two families"
"Tony Dicker's attempt to row across the strait appears to have been more
foolhardy than daring, particularly as he was not wearing a lifejacket"
"And in endangering his own life he also jeopardised the lives of others
- with disastrous results"
"As our report in Page 27 today acknowledges, the law cannot entirely protect
people from themselves; nor should it be invoked arbitrarily to stop people
from pursuing their goals"
"But society needs some protection from people who embark on perilous
expeditions for which they are plainly ill-equipped or inexperienced; and
there are times when rescue groups should think twice about risking innocent
lives to save people who knowingly take dangerous chances in their quest
for glory"
"It comes down to a question of moral responsibility. Anyone setting out
in search of adventure should have the sense to ensure that he or she is
not about to put someone else's life at risk"
""
"The movement of fluids and substances in the testis B.P. Setchell Abstract  

Three aspects of the control of movements of fluids and substances into,
out of and inside the testis are discussed: the tubular barrier, the
interstitial extracellular fluid and the testicular blood vessels.  The
functional basis for the tubular barrier is twofold; there are significant
differences in the concentration of many substances inside and outside the
tubules and marker substances enter or leave the tubular fluid at widely
different rates, depending on lipid solubility and the presence of specific
carrier systems.  The anatomical basis for this barrier appears to be the
specialized junctions between adjacent pairs of Sertoli cells.  The barrier
develops only at puberty, as the first cells undergo meiosis, but the
development may not be as sudden as previously believed.  The barrier breaks
down after efferent duct ligation when spermatogenesis is disrupted"
"Techniques for measuring the volume, the turnover rate, the composition
and fate of the interstitial extracellular fluid are described, and the
unsatisfactory features of the presently available techniques for collecting
this fluid for analysis are emphasized.  There is a relationship between
the fluid in the testis and lymph from vessels in the spermatic cord and
lymph may be important for the transport of hormones to the general circulation
in some circumstances and to other organs close to the testis.  The testicular
blood vessels display certain unusual features, a very high susceptibility
to the toxic effects of cadmium salts, a high level of alkaline phosphatase
activity in all endothelial cells but only after puberty and a high level
of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the endothelial cells of the arterioles
and the testicular artery.  These same cells are the site for a specific
transport system for leucine and phenylalanine, with kinetic characteristics
similar to the system in brain.  Flow of blood may limit hormone secretion by the aspermatogenic testis, but diffusion limitation may also be important under some circumstances. A fuller understanding of the ways in which substances move around in the testis, particularly how they cross the endothelial cell layer or penetrate into the tubules, will be important for a better appreciation of testicular function"
"Introduction    
            
In this lecture, I propose to describe some features of the movement of fluids and substances within the testes of mammals. That such a topic merits consideration is perhaps surprising, but I hope to show that the testis has many curious features which influence the free movements of substances both within the tissue, and between  the tissue and the rest of the body. As the testis is an important endocrine tissue, and hormones are important factors in the production of spermatozoa, this discussion will concentrate on hormones, although not exclusively"
""
"By Serge Liberman Fame: or the Rise and Fall of Benny Liner  

Benny Liner called me over to his table the moment I entered the Scheherazade"
"At first, I didn't recognize him. He wore dark glasses and a scraggy beard
that appeared to have been stuck on by a third-rate Vaudevillian make-up
artist. But the balding head, the tapering face and large pointed nose were
his alone. A Cyrano was he who was thirty-five but looked forty and suffered
visibly from hay fever"
"We had first met in the third form. Together, after school, we had studied
algebra and trigonometry, had quizzed each other about the lakes of America
and the Kings of England, exchanged copies of Steinbeck and the juicier
Erskine Caldwell, and later became infatuated with Mary Unger, a wide-eyed
narrow-hipped lip-licking coquette of the first form. For four years, we
were friends. Then the university separated us. I set sights on medicine;
he went into architecture. He failed, turned to history and politics,
defaulting in these through soporific boredom and loss of interest, and
drifted, a rudderless vessel, into a pen-pushing position with the Department
of Taxation. Then I lost track of him until his name appeared in the papers
in connection with some scandal of which I had garnered a few disjointed
facts. I had been engaged in post-graduate study in Cincinatti at the height
of the affair and did not know the details"
"After the initial formalities, during which he ordered an iced-coffee
and vanilla slice for me, he took a pipe from his checkered waist-coat pocket,
stuffed it with cheap tobacco, lit the matted pulp with considerable sibilant
sucking and blew white billows of smoke into the air. His hands were white
and plump. They were also without hair"
"`Well, I suppose you've heard,' he said, draping an arm about a chair
and crossing one leg over the other in an attitude of indolence"
"`Heard what?,' I asked"
"`You are a diplomat, aren't you?,' he said"
"The smoke of his cheap tobacco did not blend too well with the coffee
before me. I waved it away. Seeing my gesture, he smothered his pipe with
the palm of his hand"
"`Forgive me. I'd forgotten. You never were a smoker, were you?,' he said"
"He paused, probed at some probable molar cavity with his tongue, then
resumed"
"`Well, I'm a celebrity, did you know? I've earned myself a small niche
in history. I wanted the sun; and, man, I got it. I sowed, and as I sowed
so did I reap. I was rubbed lusciously with the sweetest honey, but taste
instead of the most caustic tar.'
  When I furrowed my brow at this flow of cryptic aphorisms, Benny Liner
stopped speaking. He scratched at a patch of eczema at the root of his nose
and sniffed. He bit his upper lip and seemed disappointed"
"`So you really don't know? You really don't? - Do you have time then or
are your patients hustling you?'
  `It's my afternoon off. I have time,' I said"
"`Good. Drink your coffee slowly then.'
  I bit into my vanilla slice. Benny took a spray from his pocket, squeezed
it into his nostrils and sneezed. His relief, as he wiped his beard, was
immediate"
"`It all started for one reason alone,' he began. `It all started because
I wanted too much. I wanted - in one word - to be famous.'
  `Oh?', I said"
"`Listen. - Two years ago, I was a nobody, a Mr No-name, a Mr Zero, a Mr
Zilch. And it hurt. It hurt to realize that for all my thirty-three years,
I had achieved nothing important. Keats, you will remember, was already
dead at twenty-six; Einstein was the same age when he changed man's concept
of the universe. And then there were Newton, and Goethe, Mozart and Shelley,
all men of genius, famous before even their first grey hairs appeared. While
I, with half my life as good as over, all I had done was to ensure that
the people's tax returns were in order and that no-one was getting the better
of the Department. Surely - surely! - I had been destined for better things"
"My parents had, after all, survived Europe. I myself had recovered from
meningitis, and once, when I was five, six perhaps, I was knocked down by
a truck and had crawled out with barely a scratch. There must have been
some greater purpose, some special mission for which I had been spared"
"Surely that was a fair assumption, No?
  `Well, I had early on set my mind upon becoming a writer. And not merely
of books, of those potboilers and throwaways that fill to nausea the shelves
of every store like tins of tuna, but of sagas, chansons de geste, epics"
"Epics! In the lower forms, you will remember, I was a good student and already
then I felt myself specially ear-marked for fame. My parents were not without
pride on my account, their friends praised me, my teachers commended my
talents, and everyone - everyone! - predicted success in whatever field
I chose. And like silver to greed, their praise naturally honed my conceit
all the more keenly. I filled my days with fancies. I sucked, as it were,
upon the lollipop of fame. Of fame! Fame! Fame! Wherever I walked, the thought
was always with me. Fame! Fame that made a man rise above his fellows, fame
that made other men raise their eyes in worship, fame that tantalised and
promised eternal life. Believe me, I could conceive of nothing grander"
"`From where I lived, I often walked to Ormond Hill. There, the sheer ecstasy
of creative thought soared its highest, for only from the heights can the
eye grasp the vastness of space, the expanse of time, only from the heights
can one comprehend the unity that underlies the innumerable tiny separate
and scattered splinters of human existence. There, on my Everest, I was
a giant amont dwarfs. Ship's lights, port lights and the stars winked at
each other. Waves rose and crashed against the parapet below. Brisk winds
sprang up from the sea and brought all manner of redolences to the nostrils
and all manner of tastes to the tongue as from far away came also the sounds
of motors and horns, sibilances and muffed echoes"
"`Sitting there alone on the crest of my Olympus, I heard voices, saw faces -
saw builders and destroyers, prostitutes and virgins; saw schoolboys and
shopgirls, titans of business and toothless larrikins; and white-coated
doctors and dog-collared priests, pimple-faced addicts and six-fingered
freaks, and, in a hubbub as if from Babel come, they were whistling and
shouting, taunting and swearing; and they were hissing and bellowing, and
shrilling and shrieking. And as I watched and listened and contemplated
that which, as it were, came before mind's eye, as in that wake I took it
all in, I had a vision. They were bound in time, all those folk, they were
bound by time - that was clear - yet were they simultaneously timeless"
"The present was a mere blinking, yet did even this mirror the eternal. For
that which men were now, that had they always been, and that would they
forever be; as they acted now, so had they always acted, and so would they
always act; what they lived for now, for that had they always lived, and
for that would they forever live. We had become modern, yes, we were masters
- or servants perhaps - of cars and electricity, television, computers and
all mod cons; our music, literature, architecture, engineering, art, one
could argue, had advanced in diversity, versatility, technique and maybe
in sophistication; but at the nitty-gritty level of human affairs, nothing
- nothing - ever truly changed. Now, as always, a bronchitic child spent
sleepless nights while its mother fretted, old men raged against the night
and women everywhere sobbed and bit their lips over illness, disaster and
death, all these recurring, all these recurring, as did carnivals and terror,
rites of passage and rituals of grief, as did beauty and saintliness and
malice and waste and splendour and decrepitude. All these, from Eden to
the Black Death even to the present day; and from Cornwall to Melbourne
to Japan. The eternal, the infinite and the universal, each in the merest
moment caught, each in the weest trifle identified"
"`This, then, this was the world as I saw it. And none, our age being short
on great minds, had in our own time yet fully captured the vision. Nor -
so did I believe - had anyone yet effectively caught the gaping contrast
between the heedless flow of time and the flitting evanescence of existence
which both made meaningless and pathetic all our fretting, our ambitions,
our very lives, yet against this, despite all this, charged every man and
woman alive ever to create meaning, even to invent it if need be, for no
other world but this could they ever know, and, if they were to fulfil the
best of all that lay within them, only here, only now, in this life only
could they hope to do so.'
  Benny paused. He had been probing at air and now inverted his finger towards
the table which, in turn, he took to prodding for emphasis"
"`Both to present the world as I saw it and to fire others to give of their
best - in other words, to inspire and excite and to elevate - these became
my dual ambitions as I sat on Ormond Hill. And on such nights, I hurried
home, intoxicated. My imagination burned. Not bothering to take off my jacket,
I would sit down at my desk, take reams of paper from a drawer and begin
to write. Words streamed from my pen; the ink was a waterfall. I breathed
life into people, all manner of folk - professors, inebriates and seedy
crows, and children, wastrels, braggarts and cretins. In those hours, believe
me, which lasted well into the night, I was exhilarated, alight, alive,
and it was in a state of ecstasy that finally I would fall asleep"
"`But o, were such sleep, such sleep to last forever!
  `In the mornings I read again the sheets I had filled with ink during
the night. Gremlins, I discovered, mischevous sprites inhabited my drawers"
"For, in the more sober light of day, all I found of all my ecstasy were
stilted prose, hollow phrases, a cornucopia of platitudes and, worst of
all, not characters alive who moved and thought and felt but caricatures
who didn't in the least bit breathe. How it hurt! Believe me! How it pained!
I wanted to give up, give it all up a hundred times. But to give up hurt
even more than to continue, for the prospect of mediocrity and with it the
dread of oblivion were alike past bearing; and I knew that, whatever the
pain, whatever the agonising, the coming evening I should try again.'
  Benny Liner rapped his pipe against his hand. A sprinkling of charred
tobacco powdered the table. His nose twitched. He sniffed. Then he sneezed"
"Wiping his beard again, he asked, `Can I buy you another coffee?'
  `My turn,' I said, calling over the waiter"
"`I am telling the story,' he replied. `I'll also pay for your patience.'
  He pushed the sugarbowl towards me even before the coffee had arrived"
"`I'll have another cup later,' he said and coughed into his plump white
palm"
"`One day,' he resumed, `in the hold of a new idea, I left the office in
a hurry. The day was cold and bleak, the kind in which icicles hang from
walls. The wind blew viciously and the sky was menacing. People everywhere
turned up their collars. The air tasted salty. And then, and then, the storm
broke. Caught in the downpour, I ran for shelter in the doorway of a bookstore"
Other people pushed past me. They were wet
""
"Red tape waste  

THE Government Business Regulation Review Unit - itself a bureaucratic mouthful
- has produced some horrifying figures on the cost of red tape"
"Australia, it is said, has a characteristic talent for bureaucracy. That
talent is costing us up to $80 billion a year. Of course, it is outlandish
and fanciful to suggest that all government regulations can be abolished"
But there is clearly vast potential for the red tape burden to be shed
"According to the Confederation of Australian Industry, business regulation
is costing 20 cents in the dollar. That is far too expensive. It must
be trimmed quickly"
""
"When it comes to truth pollies dish out Clayton's By Robert Haupt  

DEMOCRACY is the system that lets you know when a nuclear reactor blows
up. The other one keeps the whole thing secret until the geiger counters
go off their dial a thousand kilometres away, revealing that the radioactive
clouds had at last drifted into a democracy. It was not the West that began
using Chernobyl for propaganda purposes; it was the Soviet Union, by refusing
to disclose the accident when it happened"
"When we get a clear-cut incident like this, we can see that democracy
is comparatively good: not only less evil but more efficient, too. The trouble
is, you can't go on for ever basking in the reflected glory of comparisons"
"Life is indeed a wonderful thing compared to the alternative but you've
got to get on with the chancy business of living it: glad to be alive, sure,
but knowing that to be alive can be sad"
"And when you look at what democracy is, rather that what it isn't, you
find that it is difficult to admire"
""
"By Frank Hardy The Funny Side of Fiery Fred  

A few years ago, I met Keith Miller in the Steyne Hotel, Manly,
and said I wanted to earn an honest dollar creating a book of
cricket yarns"
"Keith, as good a fellow as you'd meet in a day's walk, told me
he'd like to collaborate in such a project, but reckoned that
the only man in the cricket world for the job was Fiery Freddie
Trueman"
"In London soon afterwards, I had a job finding the old Fred,
but eventually met him for the first time, appropriately enough
at Lords cricket ground. Fred was on air as a BBC commentator"
"And it was funny; Fred, who turned out to be no lover of
Geoffrey Boycott, reacted with less than usual enthusiasm when
Boycott reached a record number of centuries. Everybody seemed
wildly enthusiastic, except Fred, who merely said in subdued
tones - ""He's doon it!""
  We breasted a bar at lunchtime, and Freddie agreed to work on
a humorous cricket book with me. I asked about Boycott and Fred
replied: ""We'll leave him out of the book; what he's done to
cricket isn't funny.""
  I never did find out the reason for Fred's apparent hostility
towards Boycott, but Freddy himself lived up to his reputation
as humorous cricket folklorist and outrageous wit"
"I've often wondered why men become legends in their own
lifetime, when others, of apparently equal ability, do not. I
believe it is because they capture the imagination of ordinary
people by taking the same attitude as them. This applied to
Athol George Mulley as a jockey and to Fred Trueman as a fast
bowler"
"It was all clear at the first meeting I had with Trueman. A
devil-may-care attitude to authority, self-assurance about
his own ability without being arrogant, and a humourous turn
of phrase which flowed naturally"
"Later, I spent a week living at Fred's house in Yorkshire. We
would gather at Peter Parfitt's pub with Neil Hawke and other
former professional cricketers. They talked shop and I've never
laughed so much in my life"
"One afternoon, while Peter was busy serving at the bar, Freddie
said to me: ""Peter was a good left-hand bat, but he had a bad
habit of standing on the stumps with his heel when he went for
a hook-shot! Ohh-aye! He did it on the Melbourne Cricket Ground
one day in a Test against Australia and one of the bails fell
off"
"""Everyone was watching the ball, see, so nobody noticed, not
even the umpire. And there was a photo on the front page of a
newspaper the next day, showing Peter putting the bail back on!
But no one had noticed it. He went on to make a 100!""
  On another occasion, over dinner at Fred's house, he told
another story about Peter's bad habit, which is well worth
repeating"
"There was great rivalry between Lancashire and Yorkshire, and
they were playing in Lancashire. One of the umpires thought
Peter was a cunning, tricky devil, so he watched him like a
hawk, didn't he? Ooh-aye!
  A strong wind was blowing. Peter Parfitt went for a hookshot,
tapped the base of one of the stumps with his heel, and a bail
fell off! Everyone was watching the ball hurtle to the
boundary- except the lousy Lancashire umpire! Peter decided to
trick him. ""The wind blew the bail off,"" he said to the umpire,
quick as a flash. ""It's a very windy day.""
  The cunning Lancashire umpire replied, ""Yes, it's very windy"
"Thou'd better be careful walking back to the pavilion, or it'll
blow yer cap off. I'm giving you out for standing on the
wicket!""
  Fred Trueman reckoned that the rivalry between Yorkshire and
Lancashire in those days was so great that a certain Lancashire
captain invented a prayer to be used in every match against
Yorkshire"
"He'd arrive at the ground before everyone else, kneel down in
the shower and say The Lancashire Lord's Prayer:
  ""Dear Lord - Thou'd be the best judge of a cricket match in
all the world. And today, if Yorkshire is the best team, they
will win; if Lancashire is the best team, we will win; if the
teams are equal, the game will be drawn; if it rains cats and
dogs, the game will be abandoned. But if Thou will keep tha'
bloody nose out of it, Lancashire will win by an innings! Amen!""
  Fred was often in trouble with the Marylebone Cricket Club
during his long career. He got into a lot of trouble during one
tour of India and the MCC often fined him large sums"
"Fred denies the apocryphal story which had him saying to a
Maharajah at a dinner: ""Pass the sugar, Gunga Din,"" but he
admits he stepped out of line quite a few times"
"He shrugged off the heavy fines and suspensions with typical
wit: ""They fined me so often that when I got back to England,
I owed the Marylebone Cricket Club money and me wife wanted to
know where I'd been all winter!""
  Using a tape recorder in the pub over dinner, and at Fred's
famous stand-up comic performances, I got down about 16 of
Fred's yarns, wrote the same number myself about Australian
cricket and we made up a few stories together"
"One night late, I asked Fred if he'd ever struck what we call
in Australia a ""fluker"". Ooh-aye! Fred had struck a few all
right, hadn't he! So we bounced one-liners about fluking lucky
batsmen between our pipes and beer glasses. After an hour, we
had a story called The Fluker"
"It's too long to relate here (you'll have to buy the bloody
book to get the details), but some idea of it's flavour can be
gleaned from Fred's remark that he struck a Lancashire fluker
who had the ""play and miss"" shot down to a fine art"
"My meetings with Fred Trueman were a sheer delight, and we wrote
a book to prove that cricket, like grand opera, is funniest at
its most serious moments"
"Hardyarn  

  My favourite yarn of Fred Trueman's concerns none other than
Douglas Jardine, of bodyline infamy, him-sodding-self"
"Yorkshire were playing Cambridge. There had been some rain and
the wicket was a Sticky Dog"
"A certain Yorkshire bowler worked as a miner during the winter,
and hated all amateur cricketers, - the Fancy Caps, as he
called them
  Yorkshire won the toss and sent Cambridge in to bat. The
conditions suited the bowler (we'll say it was Mick Cowan),
and he got two Cambridge wickets very quickly and cheaply"
"Cambridge were two for 27, and Mick had two for 11"
"And who should Mick Cowan see coming in to bat, but the future
amateur captain of England himself - Douglas Snobbynose Jardine!
  Mick wants his wicket bad!
  Douglas Jardine walks to the wicket in all his glory, wearing
an expensive Viyella shirt, a Fancy Cap, silk batting gloves
and handmade boots. Mick reckoned he had 500 quid's worth of
clothes on!
  One of the fieldsmen asked Mick: ""Where's he going, then?""
  ""I don't know,"" Mick Cowan replied, ""but he smells nice!""
  Douglas Jardine went to a lot of trouble taking block, had a
good look around to see if any of the Yorkshire tykes had moved
in the meantime, then checked his bat with the umpire again"
"""Let's get on wi' t'game, then,"" Mick demanded"
"And when Jardine was ready, he bowled a leg break that sent the
off-stump tumbling over"
"Jardine, the future amateur captain of England, looked at the
wicket in disbelief. He'd been bowled first ball by a common
miner, who'd never even played for England! But, being a
gentleman, he walked towards the pavilion with his bat under
his arm, taking off one of his gloves"
"As he walked past Mick Cowan he said condescendingly: ""Well
bowled, Cowan! That was a good ball!""
  And Mick Cowan replied: ""Aye, but it were wasted on thee!""

 Truthful Jones on Raffles  

There I am in the Carringbush Hotel, Collingwood, drinking with
the flies"
"And I'm there for a good reason: some people bought a run-down
pub near the railway line - and changed its name to the
Carringbush Hotel"
"What did they pay me who invented the word Carringbush in Power
Without Glory? One free counter lunch! That's what!
  So I hang about the pub, occasionally dropping hints that some
sort of honorarium should be paid for the use of the name. But
my hints fall on stony ground - like the seed in the Bible"
I'm just about to get maudlin about the injustice of the world
"Well, can you blame me? There's a Carringbush library, a
Carringbush racehorse, a Carringbush architects' office, and
the odd fish shop or boutique - all called bloody Carringbush"
"Then, I tell myself, it's a great honour, really, to have
invented a name and have it pass into the language of my home
city, when who should walk in but Truthful Jones himself"
"""What are you doing here?"" he asks"
"""I might ask you the same question. Last time we met you were
up at Billinudgel ...""
  After admitting the fact, Truthful says he's come to Melbourne
to set up a raffle business, to suss out suitable pubs"
"""I thought raffles had gone out of fashion,"" says I"
"""Not in Marvellous Melbourne, they haven't,"" Truthful says"
"""In fact, I ran the only fair dinkum raffle in Melbourne. Did
I ever tell you about it?""
  ""No, I don't think you did. Have a drink and bash me ear.""
  ""It happened during the '30s Depression years. Things was crook
with me at the time and I was no Robinson Crusoe, I can tell
you. Funny thing about a depression. The silvertails always say
the unemployed don't want to work, then comes a war and there's
no more unemployed. Now where do them unemployed get to? Killed
in the war, I s'pose.""
  ""You could be right at that - but get on with your story.""
  ""You're a bit niggly today,"" comments Truthful Jones slyly"
"""Could it be that you failed to copyright the name Carringbush
and never got a brass razoo for all these places called after
it?""
  He downed his beer without removing the glass from his lips and
waxed philosophical: "" Buying raffle tickets is a bad habit to
get into, like paying your income tax and backing racehorses -
once you start, you can't stop. I've run a few raffles in my
time, and I know what I'm talking about.""
  ""Oh, I don't know. A lot of honest raffles are run, I reckon.""
  ""Well, every man's entitled to his own opinion - but opinions
are funny things - a man who gets wrong opinions either ends up
in jail or in Parliament.""
  ""You'd better tell me about that raffle ... what was it
again?""
  ""The only fair dinkum raffle ever run in Melbourne. I ran it
myself, so I ought to know ... There was a bloke next door
to me who kept chooks. Out at Preston it was"
"""I used to keep looking over the fence at them fowls, clucking
and pecking away, and I used to say to meself: `Them chooks are
eating their heads off in there while human beings are
starving. It isn't right. Them chooks ought to be raffled.'
  ""So one night, I dives over the fence and grabs two big black
chooks. Orphingtons they were. You wouldn't credit the noise
a chook can make when it knows it's going to be raffled - fit
to wake their owner up. At last, I get hold of 'em and put 'em
in a bag under the bed.""
  ""And what has stealing two chooks got to do with a fair dinkum
raffle?""
  ""Coming to that - not a bad drop of beer this - well, next
day was Saturday and I went down to the pub. And I've got these
two chooks in a spud bag with their heads stickin' out of two
holes"
""
"RACT is critical of single lane plan  

THE RACT has criticised a plan to build the new Bass highway between Launceston
and Deloraine substantially to singlelane standard"
"The RACT's Launceston manager, Mr Lloyd Redman, said that as the link
between Launceston and the North-West was the busiest stretch of national
highway in Tasmania it should be all dual-lane highway"
"""This is a major route for tourists and heavy vehicles taking sea freight
to Devonport and Burnie,"" he said"
"""A single-lane highway will not be adequate for present needs, let alone
the future"
"""Why has the DMR (Department of Main Roads) chosen to end the dual-lane
at Hadspen?""  (It will be dual-lane as far as Hadspen, and single-lane from
Hadspen to Deloraine)"
"""At the very least there should be overtaking lanes and all bridges built
to dual-lane specifications,"" Mr Redman said"
"While he welcomed the new highway, he said that the good sight-distances
and straights of the highway would encourage constant overtaking, with the
accompanying risk of high-speed head-on accidents"
"The Westbury Council also welcomed the new highway yesterday and accepted
the DMR's estimation that singlelane standard would be adequate"
"The road - which will take five to seven years to build - will connect
with the Prospect bypass which runs from Launceston's southern outlet to
the western outskirts of the city"
"The new highway will cross the existing Bass highway at Prospect and
run just north of it until the Pateena Rd junction (which leads to Longford)"
"The new road crosses back to the southern side of the existing one just
past Pateena Rd, and remains on the southern side until just east of Westbury,
where it crosses back to the northern side"
"Two routes are being considered for the Westbury-Deloraine section: 
one which remains on the northern side of the present road and one which
crosses back over the existing road to bypass Exton to the south"
""
"Deposits set for beverage bottles  

 Amendments to the State Government's Beverage Containers Act were approved
by Executive Council yesterday ending plans to lift deposits for non-refillable
beverage bottles from 5c to 15c"
"Non-returnable containers will now attract a deposit of 6c, compared with
the 4c deposit on returnable containers"
"The amendments were introduced when the Government found it could not
justify the planned 15c deposit after being challenged by the Bond Brewing
Company in court"
"A spokesman for the Minister of Environment and Planning, Dr Hopgood,
said yesterday it had become apparent the Government could not justify
such a large differential between returnable and one-way containers under
Section 92 of the Constitution which related to free trade between States"
""
"Visiting broker likes sound of his own fund By Dan Brooks  

SOUTH African born Martin Simpson is a New York stockbroker channeling 
Australian investors' money into international high-technology stocks"
"It calls for rapid decisions from the investment guru who has a machine-gun 
like patter to match"
"He was in Sydney last week extolling the locally-managed fund that bears his 
name, The Martin Simpson High Technology Fund"
"Offering a quick apology - he had only 13 minutes to spare for a hotel 
lobby interview before darting to a North Sydney business meeting - he 
delivered what has come to be a condemnation of our high-tech hopefuls"
"""Many of the smaller companies here in the high-tech field are new ideas and 
blue sky and bit of this and a bit of that,"" he said"
"""We are cautious on the Australian high technology field because many of the 
companies are less seasoned (than their over-seas counterparts)"
"""They're more venture capital than high-tech.""
  But Mr Simpson's attitude seems to have softened since a visit last 
February"
The fund did not have a cent in the local market then
"He was reported as saying some were ""accidents waiting to happen.""
  Since then, the fund has added five home-grown companies to its global 
portfolio of technology and health care stocks: Sarich Technologies, Icom, 
Memtec, Idaps and Peptide"
"""We bought, in spite of my protestations to the contrary, a few shares (3000, 
it ensues) in Sarich at about $8.60,"" he said this week"
"""They're now $20 and, knock on wood, seem to be heading in the right 
direction.""
  Even so, Australian stocks accounts for a mere 1.3 per cent of the fund's 
overall value"
"The unlisted fund is managed by ABC Fund Managers, part of Melbourne 
businessman, Joseph Gutnick's First Investors Securities Ltd"
"Funds raised have doubled to $13.5 million over the past six months and the 
portfolio's capital growth has tipped 36 per cent"
"Reasons for setting up a local fund bearing his name are simple.  He has a 
sister living in Australia. 
  He intends launching the fund in New Zealand on this visit"
"Born in Capetown, Mr Simpson went to Michaelhouse school, Natal, where one of 
his school chums was Robert Holmes a Court"
"They next met when Mr Simpson came to Perth during a two-year honeymoon in 
the early 60s"
"""Robert was then driving a taxi to pay his way through the University of 
West Australia"
"""The last time we spoke, he was thinking in billions.""
  Mr Simpson settled in New York in 1965 and eight years later formed the 
Martin Simpson & Co Inc stockbroking firm specialising in monitoring 
technology enterprises"
"He said:  ""For us, high-tech means well established companies with good 
growth prospects and very strong managements"
"""We are very, very selective"
"""Most of the equities we invest in will continue to be European, Japanese 
or American although we certainly have a place for Australian stocks to 
participate.""
  Good decisions were vital because world high-tech stocks have been generally 
depressed over the past three years"
Many stocks sell at 20c in the dollar
"They won't all go back to a dollar but a number will, he said"
""
"BOY, 9, CATCHES FALLING BABY GIRL  

A 9-YEAR-OLD boy who caught a 17-month-old baby after she fell two storeys
from an apartment building says he wasn't sure he was going to catch her"
"""I was afraid I just might miss her because I'm not too hot at catching,""
said Joey Rains, of Newark, California"
"""But I believed in myself so I got right underneath her and I caught her.""
  The boy saw Sara Wolf standing on a table near an open second-storey window
on Monday night, as she started pushing against the insect screen"
"He shouted at her to stop and ran about six metres to a spot below the
window"
"As he did so, Sara fell, did a half-somersault and landed on her back
in his arms"
She was unhurt by the fall
""
"$9.95 YELLOW BOOK MEAL  

The Yellow Book Cafe has been popular as a charming, alfresco oasis of
good food at modest prices ever since it opened as an adjunct to the Yellow 
Book restaurant"
"Now the Yellow Book Cafe, of 1 Kellet Way Potts Point - corner of Ward Ave 
and Roslyn St  - has moved inside for winter and is offering tremendous value 
in a $9.95 three-course menu"
"Enter the gates of the gracious house, pass through the garden and you're 
suddenly anywhere but in the heart of The Cross"
"Start with a drink in the comfortable bar, perhaps, then dine in a 
delightfully happy, plant-filled room"
"The special $9.95 Mon-Sat menu has three or four choices in each course and 
changes regularly"
"The night we dined there, first course choices were deep-fried potato skins 
with sour cream/horseradish dipping sauce (if you don't know about these, 
take it from me they're delicious), soup, grilled mussels on shell and 
Japanese pork pancake"
"For main course, we could choose from roast of the day, chicken cacciatore, 
meat loaf stroganoff and hot beef curry with rice"
Grilled sirloin steak and fish of the day are $2.50 extra
"For dessert, the choice was fresh lemon mousse, baked fruit sponge pudding 
or ice cream and chocolate sauce en vacherin"
A hot bread roll is $1 and a bottomless cup of Cona coffee $1.50
"The limited wine list is mainly $8.50 and $9.50.  Wine is also served by 
$1.50 glass, $3.50 half-carafe and $6 carafe.  Cocktails are $4.50"
"Payment is by cash, Bankcard, Visa or Mastercard only"
Book for the Yellow Book Cafe on 358 4194
""
"BROTHER TOM BACK AGAIN By KEVIN SADLIER  

ACTOR Tom Jennings, star of the Channel 10 mini-series My Brother Tom, will
be back on the small screen next year"
"Tom will play Greg Hudson in episodes of Sons And Daughters to be seen
on Channel 7 next year"
"Greg Hudson is described as ""bright and smart"" and the character will
be an important link between the roles played by Rowena Wallace, in her
return season with Sons And Daughters, and Belinda Gibson"
"Tom says he got the Sons And Daughters role almost immediately after
he had finished working on a telemovie, a thriller called Watch The Shadows
Dance, in which he co-starred with Nicole Kidman"
And that role came after My Brother Tom
"""There was a time when I used to work part-time as a waiter to help make
ends meet,"" he said"
"""Now I'm in danger of becoming a full-time actor.""
  Tom, still only 20, is the grandson of veteran English stage star Patricia
Hayes and came to Australia with his family when he was 15"
"He had originally planned to be a journalist but a brief appearance in
a TV commercial when he was still at school changed all that"
"The young actor's first major role was in Mad Max III in which he played
Slake McThirst, a leader of the feral children"
""
"Knight to king, check MELBOURNE  

 - A ballet about chess comes to the Melbourne stage tonight,
Australia's world-famous dance knight, Sir Robert Helpmann, playing a king"
"The ballet is Checkmate, the role, the Red King, which Sadler's Wells
Ballet founder Dame Ninette de Valois created for Sir Robert 49 years ago"
"In those days, Sir Robert, 28, had to pretend he was a tottery old man"
"Today, at 77, he doesn't have to pretend very much, although he exaggerated
his fragility yesterday at the Victorian State Theatre.  ""I'm very thrilled
about tottering on in this role,"" Sir Robert said."
"Cagney sets her target By KATIE JOHNSTON  

CHRIS Cagney meets her match in former cop Michael Magruder on Cagney and
Lacey on Channel 7 tonight"
"Magruder is a Michigan bounty hunter played by Brian Dennehy who is in
New York after a guy who skipped bail back home. 
  Among uniformed officers he is held in awe and as one put it: ""He has
brought in over 100 bail skips, has a black belt in karate, and could probably
blow away half the mid west with his arson"""
"Cagney (Sharon Gless) and Mary Beth Lacey (Tyne Daly) are after the same
fellow who, among other things, is wanted for shooting a cop"
"A reported sighting at a hotel puts Cagney and Lacey into action but
a smug Magruder is all they find"
"He is arrogant, smart-mouthed, obnoxious and sexist describing Chris and
Mary Beth as a couple of `gun molls' who blew his cover"
"He also stands to make $50,000 if he catches the wanted man and gets him
back to Michigan"
"Gritting her teeth Chris tells him for the fifth time not to call her
honey and determines to catch the crim first"
"But Magruder is always one step ahead paying off witnesses for information
and gunning down others"
"Meanwhile Mary Beth is having troubles at home when she discovers her
youngest son Michael can't read. 
  She and husband Harvey (John Karlen) face $4000 tutorial bills to take
him out of the overcrowded public schools and into a private one"
"While she and Harvey argue over schooling Chris is insisting they stake
out Magruder's mobile home, a '74 Ford and follow him"
"Mary Beth is worried Chris is becoming obsessed with beating Magruder
and may suffer a breakdown"
"But their main problem seems to be their overcoats: in almost every
scene they walk in, take off their coats, take a phone call, and put their
coats straight back on to walk out again"
"They don't even get to sit down, have a cup of coffee and read the papers!
  And what sort of job is that?
  (This episode of Cagney and Lacey screens later on country stations)"
"IN the second last episode of Filmstruck, on the ABC tonight at 10.30 John
Baxter, playwright David Williamson, and composer Peter Sculthorpe reminisce
about the old days of the Saturday matinee"
"Discussing the rise and fall of the great movie palaces Baxter watches
a large suburban cinema go down under the bulldozer"
"He then visits Sydney's lavish State Theatre which has been listed by
the National Trust"
""
"Huddled masses yearning for kitsch By DAVID DALE  

  NEW YORK, Sunday: Five million Americans answered President Reagan's call 
to crowd into New York at the weekend and ""celebrate liberty"". Most of them 
honoured the 100th birthday of the statue in the harbour by wearing green 
foam-rubber crowns, wandering round the streets holding beer cans, and 
singing the national anthem again and again"
"But some New Yorkers celebrated liberty in other ways: 
- Five thousand of the city's 11,000 taxi drivers went on strike for the 
weekend, complaining that they have not been allowed to raise their fares 
for six years. 
  A ride on a bus or subway became the embodiment of the phrase ""huddled 
masses, yearning to breathe free"". Michael Higgins, president of the Taxi 
Owners Guild, said: ""We showed them.  They'll take us seriously now."" 
- Italian and Polish organisations held protest meetings to complain that 
there were no Italians or Poles among the 12 ""ethnic Americans"" who received 
medals of honour from Mr Reagan (the list included Bob Hope and Henry 
Kissinger). 
  The ceremony was intended to honour the statue's symbolism of America 
opening its ""golden door"" to the oppressed masses of Europe, but the Mayor 
of New York, Ed Koch, labelled the selection of the 12 medal winners as 
""idiotic"". Mr Koch, who is up for re-election soon, held his own hastily 
organised counter-ceremony, in which he gave ""Liberty Awards"" to 86 
immigrants. 
  The next day, newspaper opinion polls showed 60 per cent of New
Yorkers believe America has accepted too many immigrants and should close its
golden door. 
- The Elvis Presley impersonators of America protested that the 200
Elvises appearing in the weekend's closing ceremony (along with the 500 banjo
pluckers, 300 tap dancers, and 500 marching girls) were not real Elvis
impersonators but simply dancers in black wigs who would mime to Elvis
recordings. 
  Their spokesman, a man named Lee Elvis, of East Flatbush, who has
been impersonating The King professionally for 16 years, said: ""They could have
done it with taste.  They could have had maybe the top 10 impersonators and done
it right.  But this - this is just a mockery."" 
- About 500 homeless people held a 28 hour sit-in at Battery Park, the centre 
of festivities in lower Manhattan, protesting against the expenditure of $30 
million on the events of Liberty Weekend. 
- Close to 2,000 homosexuals marched through southern Manhattan in
protest against the US Supreme Court's ruling last week that homosexual acts
could be declared illegal.  They chanted ""Not the church, not the state, we
alone decide our fate"" and ""What do we want? Oral sex. When do we want it?
Now."" 
  But they had failed to obtain a police permit to celebrate liberty in
this way.  When they reached Wall Street, which borders the area most crowded
with visitors, the marchers met a wall of helmeted police, holding clubs. They
turned back, and then several of them were attacked by people in the crowd.  Two
men were taken to hospital, and the protest march dispersed. 
- Human rights groups picketed the Esmeralda, Chile's entry in the Liberty 
Weekend festival of 22 tall ships, because it was used as a detention centre 
and torture chamber after the military coup in Chile in 1973. 
  The organisers of the weekend had refused to ban the Esmeralda from 
participating, saying they did not want to ""politicise"" the event. 
- Residents of Jersey City, which overlooks the Statue of Liberty from the 
other side of the harbour, demanded that Liza Minelli not be allowed to sing 
New York, New York at the weekend's closing ceremony, because Jersey City 
has more of a claim to the statue than New York, and anyway, the closing 
ceremony was being held in a stadium in New Jersey.  Liza Minelli sang
it anyway. 
- Members of an organisation called Jews For Jesus moved through the
crowds in southern Manhattan handing out a pamphlet which warned: ""Saving a
symbol isn't enough"". ""Our economy, world politics and disintegrating personal
relationships may soon undo us. It cost God a bundle, but he was willing to pay
the price.  Yshua gave his life, his blood so that we could be healed."" 
  But nearly everybody else had a great time, particularly the souvenir 
vendors.  On Saturday afternoon, Mervin Bendewald, running a stall near 
Battery Park, said: ""It's a madhouse.""  His stall offered more than 100 
items ranging in price from $2 for an official liberty cigarette lighter to 
$295 for a two-metre green plexiglass replica of the statue. Mr Bendewald had 
only sold one plexiglass statue by Saturday afternoon, but he'd sold 200 
official Statue of Liberty shower curtains for $32 each, and was doing brisk 
business in Liberty pewter thimbles for $7, moulded plastic torches just like 
the one held by the statue for $12, and sunglasses with one lens coated with 
stars for $12. 
  Mr Bendewald was also offering the chance to have your photo taken with 
Lee Iacocca for $5, using a life-size cardboard cutout of Mr Iacocca, the 
chairman of the Liberty Restoration Fund.  Mr Iacocca, also chairman of 
Chrysler, is currently the most popular man in America, and he spent most of 
the weekend denying suggestions by television reporters that he should stand 
for president in 1988. 
  But Mr Bendewall's biggest seller by far was the green foam rubber crowns. 
On Friday alone he sold 3,000 of them at $3 each, in spite of the fact that 
nearby vendors had cut their prices to $2. 
  Mayor Koch offered this advice when asked about the commercialising of the 
Liberty weekend: ""Rush to the stores and buy all the kitsch you can because 
in 100 years you're going to make a fortune - that's the history of kitsch."" 
  If the weekend proved anything, it proved that there is no limit to 
Americans' taste for excess.  You might have thought things had gone far 
enough when Jennifer Stewart, 28, of Iowa City, won the national Lady Liberty 
look-alike competition by painting herself green, and putting a broken 
laundry basket on her head. 
  But then the Carnegie Deli presented Mr Iacocca with a replica of the 
statue, made with 30 kilograms of chopped liver.  And an artist named Peter 
Rocha produced a metre-square mosaic of the statue in jellybeans. 
  As the weekend went on, it seemed perfectly normal to hear a television 
commentator filling in time before President Reagan arrived to switch on the 
laser lights for the statue in this way: 
""You know, in addition to the sights and sounds we're bringing you here, 
there's something else I wish I could share with you.  There's a smell in the 
air here.  I can detect it.  It's the sweet smell of liberty."" 
  The Liberty Weekend is over now, the millions have returned to their small 
towns all over America, and it might seem that nothing - certainly not 
Australia's Bicentennial celebrations - could ever top it for spectacle and 
excess. 
  But remember that planning is already under way here for the 500th 
anniversary of Christopher Columbus's discovery of America.  See you here in 
1992."
"Fred just has to stay, his loyal fans say  

I FIND it unspeakably horrendous that you suggest putting down dear old
Fred Bassett. His loyalty to and comments on his humans beat all other 
strips for intelligence. Why not euthanasia for Norm, or Robotman? 

 Loves Ya, Fred (Frankston).  

Leave Fred Bassett alone. Read something else. There is plenty to read in The
Sun. 

 Mrs Rushton (Thornbury)."
"New fighting fund gives the farmers lot of punch Canberra Comment
By David Kidd  

CANBERRA:  In three short years, the Hawke Government has managed to unite
farmers in a way which has not been achieved before, as shown by the broad
national support given to the Australian farmers' fighting fund, now expected
to reach $15 million. 
  The fund will bankroll legal challenges to Government legislation. It
will also be used to take militant trade unions to court when they move
outside the law"
"In the words of NFF president Ian McLachlan, the main use of the fighting
fund in year one will be for what he calls clearing Australia's industrial
passage ways"
"But there will be an early move to develop profiles of all federal rural
electorates, as well as country-city marginal seats"
"The profiles will cover the demographic and psychographic aspects of each
electorate"
"When the NFF conducted its recent animal welfare survey, one of the features
was the collation of the responses on animal welfare, against the
psychographic aspects of where people lived, how old they were, whether
married or single, if they worked or were on the dole and what their incomes
were"
"THE exercise was instructive with clear patterns in responses related
to life styles"
"In the lead up to the next federal election, profiles in hand, the NFF
will be able to plan its strategies to make sure that people understand
the issues and if possible ensure candidates are chosen sympathetic to NFF
and small business economic imperatives. 
  Just over a year ago the fighting fund was born at the farmers' rally
in front of Parliament House in Canberra in a display of unity which should
have alerted the Government that all was not well"
"While there was deep anger in the farm community then, the sector had
few means by which it could back its words with actions"
But from now on it will be actions which speak the loudest
"At the Canberra rally in a display of political independence Ian McLachlan
accused the leaders of the three major parties of being out of touch with
rural problems. This led to a furious reaction from the National Party leader,
Ian Sinclair"
"This public rift broke the perceived nexus between the NP and NFF which
the federation had been trying for years to break"
"THE success of the fighting fund was largely due to the perception that
Labor is a city-based party which has no interest in the problems in the
bush. This view helped to galvanise its large electorate to boost the NFF,
which was already well organised, vocal, and effective, into a now well
funded opponent for this Government, and all others which follow, no matter
what their political persuasions"
"The unity between farmers and business has resulted in a war chest for
the NFF, which will use the $2 million annual interest from the fund at
the discretion of trustees"
"The trustees are the former Premier of Western Australia, Sir Charles
Court; the fighting fund director and prominent Adelaide businessman Tony
Summers; National Farmers Federation president, Ian McLachlan; and NFF
executive director Andrew Robb"
"While the Minister for Primary Industry John Kerin understands the problems
in rural Australia, the majority of his colleagues do not apparently appreciate
the devastation there caused by the combination of rising costs, the drop
in the value of farm commodities and the use of monetary policies which
forced interest rates to an intolerable level"
"FARMERS in the Victorian Mallee were generous contributors to the $1.5
million raised in Victoria, despite recent tough times. Peter Fischer, the
National Party member for Mallee, told this Column that since July 1 this
year never had so many constituents turned up at his electoral offices and
at other meetings he arranged in the electorate, just to talk. Nor had he
seen them so confused over things like the fringe benefits tax (FBT)"
"He summed up their feelings, when he said they believed that starting
with the assets test on pensions, the FBT and the capital gains tax, coupled
with high interest and inflation rates, all the Government had achieved
was to erode their capital base, and they did not like it one little bit"
"The mere threat of a capital gains tax was sufficient to force down the
value of farm land significantly, in some cases resulting in demands from
lending institutions to reduce overdrafts because of reduced equity in
the security"
"While all this adverse comment was getting wide currency, the Government
failed to successfully communicate to the rural electorate the positive
aspects of its policies such as the improved competitiveness for farm
commodities overseas, resulting from the massive devaluation of the Australian
dollar"
"THIS was acknowledged last week by the chairman of the Prime Minister's
rural task force, Barry Cunningham"
"The task force has not been a major public relations success for the
Government, judging by the reception it got in its recent swing through
central Victoria"
"Mr Cunningham admits to a particularly tough time in Mr Fisher's electorate
when the task force visited St Arnaud, where it was subjected to a tirade
of criticism"
"The Government at this stage is not acknowledging that it is in trouble
in the rural seats it holds. 
  But a measure of its concern was the outburst by national ALP secretary
Bob McMullan, who last week called on the NFF to return any overseas
contributions to the fighting fund and added that he was worried about what
the federation would do with all the money"
""
"Deregulation: the tough get going  

In 1903, seventeen independent owners published twenty-one capital city
dailies. By 1982, the number of newspapers had dropped to seventeen, and
the number of owners to three. This massive concentration of ownership of
the press has also happened in radio, television and, most recently, satellite"
"The `Big Four' - Herald and Weekly Times, Consolidated Press, News Corporation,
and John Fairfax, continue to expand and consolidate their powerful empires
- and the government has done nothing to stop them. What this means for
us all, as media-consumers, is critical. Liz Fell, a keen and critical watcher of
the Big Four's maneouvres, looks at some of the issues"
""
"""YOUTHYAK - TEENAGERS WITH LANGUAGE LEARNING DISABILITY""Jonathan Kester L.C.S.T., M.A.A.S.H"
"Speech Therapist-in-charge
Royal Perth (Rehabilitation) Hospital

Public Relations Officer
W.A. Branch, A.A.S.H.  

The Public Relations Committee of the W.A. Branch of A.A.S.H. has recently
completed its second video programme called ""YouthYak - Teenagers with Language
Learning Disability"" as part of the Branch's contribution to the International
Year of Youth"
"The main aims of the programme are:-
1. to raise community awareness the existence of language
   learning disabilities and limited communication skills among teenagers
2. to provide information about the nature of communication disorders
   that arise in the teenage population  
3. to offer some strategies that teachers, parents and others can use to 
   enhance the communication skills of the young and
4. to alert the community to the need for parents and care givers to
   provide varied and stimulating language environments for very young children"
"The programme runs for 27 minutes and can be used to stimulate discussion
and broaden attitudes among teachers, guidance officers, school health nurses
and psychologists. Target audiences also include parents and teenagers"
"The video separated into three sections with short fade-outs provided so
that those watching can stop the tape and discuss the contents and implications
of each section"
"""YouthYak - Teenagers with Language Learning Disability"" starts by comparing
the communication skills of two teenage boys. ""Bobby"" competently the contents of a ""Footrot Flats"" strip cartoon"
""
"17.  Aboriginal customary laws and the criminal justice system  

  It is, no doubt, a question of high legislative policy whether
  tribal aboriginals, who are unable to understand the concepts
  of the ordinary law, ought to be tried under that law"
"Ngatayi v R (1980) 30 ALR 27, 34 (Gibbs, Mason, Wilson JJ)  

  The existence of two systems of law side by side, the
  prevailing one and aboriginal customary law, with their very
  different attitudes to guilt and responsibility, creates
  serious problems and the question of how far our laws should
  apply to aboriginals and how far their law should be allowed
  to apply to them is controversial"
"id, 36-7 (Murphy J)  

393. The Commission's Terms of Reference. The Terms of
Reference refer to the `difficulties that have at times
emerged in the application of the existing criminal justice
system to members of the Aboriginal race', and require the
Commission to investigate, among other things:

  a) whether, and in what manner, existing courts dealing with
  criminal charges against Aborigines should be empowered to
  apply Aboriginal customary law and practices in the trial and
  punishment of Aborigines; and
  (b) to what extent Aboriginal communities should have the power
  to apply their customary law and practices in the punishment
  and rehabilitation of Aborigines"
"Although the Reference is not restricted to the recognition of
Aboriginal customary laws in the criminal law, a particular
concern of the Reference is the difficulties often experienced
by Aborigines dealt with by the Australian criminal justice
system (and, equally, by the criminal justice system in dealing
with those Aborigines). These questions are considered in this
part of the Report. In this chapter it is proposed to set out
the basic factual and comparative background, and to outline
the various issues which arise in considering the recognition
of Aboriginal customary laws in the trial and sentencing of
Aborigines. Chapter 18 will consider the problems arising with
the substantive criminal law in its application to Aboriginal
defendants, including the question whether a new defence should
be recognised based on Aboriginal customary laws. Chapter 19
discusses the converse question, whether Aboriginal customary
laws should themselves be imported into the general legal
system in some way, so as to be a basis for criminal liability
and punishment under the general law. Chapter 20 discusses
procedural as distinct from substantive forms of recognition
of Aboriginal customary laws in this area. Finally, Chapter 21
discusses in more detail questions of the sentencing of
Aborigines convicted of offences, and in particular the
application of `customary law and practices' in their
punishment and rehabilitation"
"The Statistical Background  

394. The Disproportionate Impact of the Criminal Justice
System. That Aborigines are subject to the general criminal law
has long been established. Great difficulties have sometimes
been experienced in the trial of traditional Aborigines, whose
comprehension not only of the forms and procedures of their
trial but also of the substance of the charge is often slight
or even non-existent. But, despite difficulties in particular
cases, the criminal law has been applied to Aborigines in all
its aspects. The results of its application are now so well
known as to be notorious. Aborigines are grossly over-
represented in Australian criminal statistics, both in terms
of conviction rates and rates of imprisonment. In her
`pioneering study', Dr Eggleston pointed out that in Western
Australia in 1965, Aborigines, who constituted 2.5% of the
State's population, were convicted of 11% of offences and made
up 24% of the prison population. In South Australia in the same
year, Aborigines (0.7% of the population) accounted for 14%
of the admissions to prison. This over-representation, she
found, was not only the result of different patterns of
criminality, but of differences in arrest, prosecution and
sentencing practices. Although the distribution of offences has
changed since the 1960s, the overall situation remains similar"
"National Prison Census figures for 1984 indicate that
Aborigines, while less than 2% of the Australian population,
comprise approximately 10.5% of the prison population. The rate
of imprisonment of Aborigines is over 16 times that of non-
Aborigines. On a State by State basis the rates are as follows:

  

Indeed, it is possible that these figures understate the real
situation, at least with respect to some classes of offence"
"In a study of violent crime on Queensland Aboriginal reserves,
Dr Paul Wilson found an annual homicide rate (for the 17
communities studied) of 39.6 per 100 000, compared with a rate
for Queensland of 3.28 and for all Australia of 4.0. The rate
of serious assault on these reserves was also far greater than
the Queensland rate"
"Assault is far more likely than murder to be ignored by white
  police, to go unreported, or to be dealt with informally by
  Aboriginal police on reserves. But even with assault we find
  the same bleak picture emerging from the statistics. The rate
  for serious assault charges on reserves is 226.05 per 100 000
  compared with a Queensland figure of 43.85. So, although the
  reported Aboriginal rate is five times greater than for that
  State as a whole, the enormous `hidden' assault rate - crimes
  not reported - is probably 10 to 15 times the State or
  national figure"
"395. The Position with Minor Offences. The exorbitant crime and
imprisonment rates recorded in these studies are not confined
to serious or violent crimes. At least in recent times, a high
proportion of Aboriginal offences has been of a minor,
repetitive, sometimes even trivial character. The New South
Wales Anti-Discrimination Board in a study of street offences
by Aborigines found that:

  in 10 NSW towns with high Aboriginal populations, Aborigines
  charged with minor offences in public places greatly outnumber
  non-Aborigines. The behaviour resulting in the charges was in
  the main of a trivial nature, the majority of offences
  involving the use of unseemly words. Penalties, too, have a
  more severe impact on Aboriginal people. An appreciable number
  of those convicted and fined in the 10 towns in this study went
  to jail rather than pay the fine, even though jail is not a
  punishment option available under the Offences in Public Places
  Act"
"In South Australia between 1 January 1983 - 30 June 1983, 34%
of all persons convicted of `drunkenness', `minor street
offences' and `offences against order' were Aboriginal. In
country areas a similar pattern emerges to that in NSW:

  A study of court records ... show that courts servicing
  communities with a substantial Aboriginal population ... have
  markedly higher rates of imprisonment for vagrancy offences
  and fines and imprisonment for public drunkenness offenders
  than other courts. An Aboriginal defendant charged with
  offensive behaviour before the country courts in this State
  is five times more likely to receive a prison sentence and six
  times more likely to be refused bail than non-Aboriginals"
"The National Prison Census of 1984 indicates that 14.3% of all
persons in prison for `offensive behaviour' offences are
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Aborigines and Torres
Strait Islanders are similarly
disproportionately represented for other
`good order' offences (26.5% of all prisoners) and for justice
procedure offences eg breach of bond (17.3%). Changes in the
law aimed at remedying this situation - such as the
decriminalisation of intoxication or reform of the law relating
to street offences - have often not produced the desired
result. Such changes do not necessarily lead to a reduction
in the level of contact by Aborigines with the criminal justice
system, and especially with the police"
"396. Aboriginal Juvenile Offenders. The statistics for juvenile
offenders present a similar picture. For example, in the
Northern Territory in 1983-4, 400 of the 894 appearances
(44.7%) by juvenile defendants in criminal cases were made by
Aborigines; in Western Australia in the same year the figure
was 1173 of 8266, (14.2%)."" As the Director of the Office of
Crime Statistics in South Australia has pointed out, such
figures:

  consistently ... show that young Aboriginal people suspected
  of offending are:
  ‚2 more likely to be arrested than summonsed;
  ‚2 more likely to be referred to courts rather than to aid
  panels (during the first half of 1982, 64% of young Aboriginal
  defendants went to court, compared to only 36% of other
  defendants - penalties imposed by aid panels generally are
  far less severe than courts);
  ‚2 more likely to have been remanded in custody"
"397. What do the Statistics Mean? Commenting on earlier but
similar Aboriginal imprisonment rates the then Director of the
Australian Institute of Criminology said:

  These are dramatic rates of imprisonment by any standards and
  for any community. Just to quote them is to question their
  justification. You have to believe either that Aboriginals are
  the most criminal of minorities in the world or that there is
  something inherently wrong with a system which uses
  imprisonment so liberally"
"The problems reflected by these statistics cannot be attributed
to any one cause, whether this is actual offending rates, the
problematic definition of offences in some cases, or
discriminatory policing. The situation - or rather, the range
of situations - which underly the statistics is undoubtedly
the product of a variety of factors. But understanding of these
remains limited, and the need for careful assessment of the
present position, as well as for appropriate action, is
obvious. Where the situation described in these studies and
reports results from discriminatory policing, steps should be
taken to prevent such discrimination in future. To the extent
that it results from insensitive application of the law, the
law or its administration should be appropriately reformed. To
the extent that it results from poverty, social and educational
deprivation and poor standards of health (engendering
attitudes of apathy, boredom or despair) these should be
confronted and if possible remedied. To the extent that it
results from alcohol or petrol sniffing, the provision of
appropriate rehabilitation and support services should be
encouraged. All this is well enough known and ought to be
generally accepted. In many areas some steps have been or are
being taken, by or in collaboration with Aboriginal agencies
and organisations, in the directions suggested above. But the
question remains: what is the relevance of these statistics for
this Reference? To what extent are they the product of non-
recognition of Aboriginal customary laws? Do they reflect
problems experienced by all Aborigines, or only certain groups?
Are the problems a product of conflict between the general law
and Aboriginal customary laws, and if so, to what extent can
they be resolved through their recognition?
 
398. Large Heterogeneous Communities. Many Aborigines, including
many traditionally oriented Aborigines, now live in much larger
groups than was usual in pre-contact times. Many of these
groups comprise people from different language groups and
localities, with consequent dislocation and disharmony. The
survey of Queensland reserves conducted by Wilson:

  found two distinct clusters of reserves. One cluster had a very
  high rate of violence and the other was relatively low,
  although the latter rate was high by white standards. Examples
  of communities where violence rates were high included Palm
  Island, Weipa South and Yarrabah, where the average rate of
  violence was 7.07 per 1000 people. Those in the low-violence
  group (with a violence rating of 2.31 per 1000) include
  Lockhart, Doomadgee and Aurukun. High violence reserves were
  marked by a number of characteristics: alcohol was legally
  available; they had only low to medium levels of traditional
  culture; they had relatively high populations; most
  importantly, they were reserves that had received displaced
  Aborigines from other areas. Palm Island was originally
  established as a penal settlement. Weipa South had taken in
  people forcibly removed by police from their tribal lands at
  Mapoon, as well as others from Aurukun and Edward River"
"Yarrabah has people from a number of tribes. Reserves with a
  lower rating had nearly the reverse pattern: they were
  communities in which alcohol was not legally available; where
  relatively high levels of traditional culture survived; they
  had low populations; they were generally isolated from white
  influence; they were not receivers of people forced from their
  traditional areas. These trends in violence and destruction on
  Aboriginal reserves point to explanations which are familiar
  to observers of other societies."
"By Helen Rutledge Chapter 18 Sydney in Helen's Time  

It is a strange feeling to read an account of your home town written by
a mature person looking back to her childhood from another world, decades
later, especially when that person is a writer of no ordinary skill. When
the home town is Sydney, my first thought is `How could she make it seem
so true and yet so ordinary?' My second thought is that it was so true because
it was so ordinary"
"To children and most young people, everything is noticeably ordinary"
They are so conscious of their surroundings that they do not remark on them
"It is not a case of familiarity breeds contempt, but a way of surviving"
"Later, when they go to different and new places, they `remark on' more
than they `notice'. It takes time and knowledge to appreciate what you see
- the difference between a general impression and a particular one or vice
versa. The older one gets the more capable one becomes of both noticing
and remarking because experience helps one to recognise, detect and compare,
and it cannot be helped if the first fresh feelings have disappeared with
youth"
"So, I cannot remember Sydney truly as it was when I was young because
it was just the place where we lived, and familiar things are seldom remarkable
or exciting. Its loveliness we took for granted; perhaps we had to be taught
by artists and writers becoming famous in this century, how beautiful it
is"
"The first really exciting thing to happen to Sydney in my day was the
building of the Harbour Bridge. It was an awakening and an eye-opener"
"We watched the arch take shape and wondered if its designers and builders
could possibly have planned it so true that the halves of the span would
meet exactly in the middle. Unforgettable was the marvel and beauty of it
when it did. That stupendous arch was as beautiful and magical as a rainbow
or cobweb, and likewise of short duration. Once tied to its roadway, it
achieved a different kind of splendour, especially at night, but I am grateful
that I saw it 50 years ago when, pylons unfinished, it seemed skyborne over
the water"
"However, that is not a childhood memory, and if I was to recall my most
predominant impression of that early time, it was of the utter sandiness
of Sydney, not just the lovely yellow sands of the comparatively empty beaches,
but the dirty grey sand of the bush, yards and gardens"
"My life-long friend Molly Street married Guy Burnand in 1939 and went
to live in England. For various reasons, she was never able to return to
Australia until 1982. I was surprised when she remarked she could not get
over the `greening' of Sydney. I had never noticed it, or rather, I had
never thought about it. I had seen trees planted along the suburban roads
and I had seen the subdivisions take place of big properties into blocks
of land for sale. I had seen all the new houses built and the owners planting
trees and shrubs on their block. I was so aware of the bricks and hideous
tiles that I never noticed I could hardly see them any more, except when
they piled up into flats"
"Rona used to stand out as a landmark, now it is difficult to see the house
from the harbour or anywhere else. With the splendid water supply and pressure
we have today, I find I no longer think of Sydney as being sandy"
"The Comet  

I once hated dates, and having to learn those of the kings and queens of
England. Two dates I have never forgotten - 1503 and 1714; the years when
two queens died - Elizabeth and Anne. They are very useful dates for houses
and furniture and, or course, the people of their time. In my old age I
treasure dates. Sometimes it is really important to be able to `date'
accurately a doing, a happening or an object"
"My first irrefutable dates are Halley's Comet and the death of King Edward
VII. Comets ever have been considered portents of ill-omen and were greatly
feared by mankind, especially in dark ages when the moon and stars were
the only night lights. Halley's comet was the most fearful omen of all,
and legendary in that its 76-year transit meant that many people never
saw it at all and few saw it twice. Because the Norman Conquest of England
was so vividly recorded on the Bayeux Tapestry, the comet's appearance ever
since is supposed to be bad news for kings (it was indeed so for King Harold
at the Battle of Hastings and also convinced his army that they were on
the losing side). I remember so clearly being got out of bed, wrapped up
and carried on to the nursery balcony to see this wondrous sight. Because
it was said that every time the comet passed close to the sun, some of its
tail was burnt off, it was suggested that Alastair and I should bottle
a bit of its tail. No ordinary bottle was used for this purpose. It had
no neck and its cork was recessed in its base. It was the shape of those
glass paperweights that when turned upside-down send a snowstorm fluttering
on to persons or dwellings. As our bottle was green, perhaps a flower or
a tree was once enshrined in it. For years it glowed like a starboard light
in our nursery cabinet, along with other treasures such as the lead rose
leaves collected after the Leura fire. Where is it now? The day came when
we said, `How silly!' and did not attempt to rescue it when our mother turned
the day nursery into the dining-room and the cabinet and most of its contents
disappeared"
"My other vivid memory was of a day, soon after the comet had passed by,
when my brother and a friend came clattering downstairs, announcing in
cheerfully dramatic voices, `The King is dead.' Alastair and I were not
unprepared for this sad event; we had ceremoniously sealed the comet's
tail in our green bottle and, of course we knew that comets were bad news
for kings because of 1066 and all that"
"Equally memorable was a children's party of the Frazers at Caerleon, when
some of my pleasure (if there was any to be had) was spoilt because Lady
Patricia Ward, daughter of our third Governor-General, Lord Dudley, wore
a black cire satin sash on her white muslin dress, her hair tied up with
black bows and her hat had black ribbons to tie it on. She also wore black
patent leather buckled shoes (though she probably wore them all the time)"
"Always so royalist, I reproached my mother afterwards for a lack of respect
on my part for the late king. My mother, who like everyone else grown-up
was wearing full mourning herself, said it would have been unsuitable (such
a useful and overdone word) and it was different for Patsy Ward as she was
`official'"
"CHAPTER 19 Ginahgulla Road  

When I was young, I lived in a world with horses. My father said he was
bad at recognising people, unless he saw a man patting a horse because he
knew who the horse was. When he was courting my mother, he would take her
out in his sulky, with her sister Janet, aged eight, squeezed between them
as duenna, which may have given my mother confidence, but must have been
profoundly irritating to my father"
"When they were married my father added a brougham to his equipages. I
do not remember going out in the sulky, but I do remember the brougham"
"I remember much better my grandmother's victoria, with a fur rug to spread
over our knees. The carriage horses were Peter and Paul"
"My parents bought a car before my grandparents did. Theirs was treated
much the same way as the horses and not taken out on Sunday until Janet
learnt to drive the rather fearsome Renault. Osborne, the coachman, never
got out of the habit of leaning forward going up hills to `ease the horses'"
"The Rona paddock was used by Peter and Paul, the Rona cow, our cow and
later my sister Philippa's pony. Our own paddock, in which my father kept
his polo ponies, had been sold"
"Horses did not come back into my life till I married in 1935. At Gidleigh,
my husband's property, there was still a teamster and eight fine draught
horses which took our wool to the railway. When World War II started, we
were fortunate enough to have the horses and carts to do most of the station
work, and men who knew how to use the harness"
"My brother, Alastair, had a skewbald pony called Patch. He and my father
used to ride down to Rose Bay through the scrub where Cranbrook Road is
now. We used to call it Sandy Lane. They would meet Mr Herbert Allen and
his son Dick, who lived close to Rona and who also had a paddock behind
their house, Buyuma, on Victoria Road. They would canter along the beach
together to swim at Farmer's Baths"
"In 1914, the polo ponies were sold, and the nice little groom who could
not read or write, went to the War to be killed. Alastair went to School
at Tudor House, where many of the boys had ponies, and took a pony called
Oswald"
"`They' tried to teach me to ride, but I was frightened to death and
absolutely loathed Patch, a shying little beast, and there is something
very unnerving about a leading rein, however necessary. Philippa learnt
to ride the natural way. She really did not care much for the games we played,
and though I forced her to play with dolls her heart was not in it. In due
course she was given a blue-grey shaggy pony called Bluey, who became her
best friend. Osborne, the Rona coachman, taught her to clean the bridle
with silver sand, use saddle soap and the curry comb, and oil Bluey's hooves"
Bluey was groomed all day when he was not being ridden
"When Philippa was older she was given a lovely creamy pony which she used
to ride to Centennial Park, where she met friends, until a concrete road
was laid along Victoria Road. Bluey had been given to a cousin, Daisie Osborne
(now Tait), and she and Philippa went on to be successful breeders, especially
Daisie, and owners of racehorses. They both felt that Bluey had started
their education and their continuing delight and love of horses"
"We were geographically limited socially to places within walking distance
and the availability of an escort, as were our playmates. On special occasions
we were taken out in either a hansom cab or a four-wheeler, always, if my
preference was considered, the latter. Hansoms terrified me to death, and
I feared the horse would sit down on Victoria Road (it must have once),
or Edgecliff Hill, or worse still, the wheel would come off catching in
the tramlines. I was a timid child"
"I do not remember our mothers attempting to enjoy each other's company
while we played, nor were we noticeably supervised Some of
the gardens we had the run of were very large, and when we were wanted,
bells were rung or `coo-ees' called. So we were generally `dropped' and
`picked up'"
"My brother, Alastair, was delicate after a severe attack of rheumatic
fever and was in bed for weeks and kept quiet for months, though we were
not naturally rowdy children. He was not sent to school until he was 12
- a mistake, my mother thought, as his health improved quickly at Tudor
House. For these various reasons we were used to amusing ourselves"
"We had splendid toys that we loved, and played endless games of our own
devising.  To fill a need I invented an imaginary friend called Molly Deena"
""
"Insider's view of prison life MUD AND STARS, by Robert Spicer (Animo, $8.95). JOHN BROSNAN  

ROBERT SPICER is a man of many parts and an author of two books before he went
to prison. Despite anticipated objections from friends, former prisoners and
prison officers, I found this third book interesting and useful"
"""He only served three months"", they said. ""He served in a restricted part of
the prison"". ""Of course they treated him well, they knew as an author he would
write another book on release.""
  But didn't Henry Lawson serve short sentences in restricted confinement?
Lawson's two famous prison poems are among the best assessments of prison life
ever written and, outside the gospels, they were my greatest help on prison
work. With these thoughts in mind, I read `Mud and Stars' and found it to be
fair, objective and thought-provoking"
"While serving his sentence for cattle-rustling in the Metropolitan Gaol,
Coburg, Spicer had an opportunity to meet and observe all types of prisoners"
"Working in the officers' mess and living in ""Two Dorm"" he would have mixed with
a good cross-section"
""
"Strikes at record low  

THE number of working days lost through industrial disputes in the 12 months 
to March 1986 was the lowest for 17 years, the Australian Bureau of 
Statistics said yesterday. 
  The ABS said 1,118,900 working days were lost in the 12 months to March, 
compared with 1,385,600 in the 12 months to March 1985 and 1,074,400 in the 
year ended April 1969. 
  A total of 60,100 working days were lost by 42,000 workers in 154 disputes 
in March compared with 120,500 days lost by 48,100 workers in 161 disputes in 
February. 
  A total of 84,500 days were lost because of industrial disputes in March 1985,
the ABS said."
"Pensioner loses in ticket row By George Williams  

  A single parent pensioner with a severely handicapped child has been billed
$47.50 for parking in a Subiaco street space that she helped to plan when
she worked for the council"
"Mrs Val Bokhari, of Applecross, said that she was guilty of the offence,
but the council seemed unnecessarily hard to ignore her letter which asked
for leniency"
"She had been running late for a dental appointment in Kings Road, Subiaco,
when she parked on the incorrect side of the street"
"She realised that she had broken regulations when she received a pink
slip in the mail days later demanding that she pay a $20 fine"
"She said ""I am a pensioner but I am determined to pay my way"
"I realised that I must have broken the parking rules and I was to pay as
soon as I could along with all the other bills.""
  She delivered a cheque to the council about a month after the fine was
due"
"""Next thing a letter turned up returning my cheque and including a summons
for court,"" she said"
"""I returned the cheque to the council with a letter explaining my
circumstances - that I have debts of over $20,000 and I am on the pension"
"I said that I was guilty but I asked for a little leeway, that's all"
"""Then the court bill arrived - demanding $47.50.""
  Mrs Bokhari said her letter was never answered by the council"
"She said: "" I suppose it's almost funny that I worked for the council
for three years and one of my jobs was marking out the different parking
zones.""
  She said that she had served the council well, working for less than the
usual rate of pay and that she had worked at short notice on rush jobs"
"The council had even telephoned her to ask her to work on the eve of her
wedding eight years ago"
"The Subiaco City Council town clerk, Mr Jim McGeough, declined to comment
on Mrs Bokhari's case"
""
"A clear conscience By Robert Dessaix  

LET THE SCREECHOWLS screech and the moralists snap and yap at my heels -
I am unmoved. I am not to blame"
"My innocence, however, is not the issue. My only reason for retelling
the tale is to establish the truth of what happened once and for all. My
aim, in a word, is lucidity, above all lucidity. As if by vapours from some
putrid swamp, the truth has become so clouded by fabrication and false report
that the facts of the case have all but disappeared from view"
"Our first meeting is etched clearly in my memory. It was at brunch at the 
Foleys, one Sunday in April. Brunch was served on a green tray in the courtyard,
green being more a summer luncheon colour, I should have thought, but the
Foleys have never been sticklers for detail. The warm, crusty croissants were 
a comfort, the coffee a mild Colombian roast, and high up above in the crown 
of the umbrella tree there were honeybirds creating havoc. The womenfolk were 
still pottering in the kitchen, I remember, and Roy Foley was being faintly 
disagreeable, sniffing around the main point of the conversation (my script), 
hesitating to lunge. ""Yes, I like it, Roger, I like it very much,"" he 
kept saying, toying with the Swiss marmalade with
those long, unaccountably tanned fingers of his. ""Yes, I do like it, Roger,
and God knows I get very little I do like coming across my desk these days.""
He really talks like that - ""coming across my desk"". ""But I'm wondering
about the audience appeal side of it ..."" Here he trailed off. And at that
very instant she wandered out through the french doors into the courtyard"
"She headed towards us with the air of a child looking for a lost ball,
not exactly disregarding us, but occupied with something else. In a yellow
tracksuit. Of course, the Russians and Germans have written a lot of
high-sounding rubbish about ""love at first sight"" (so-called), describing
in tedious, overblown detail how it strikes its victims like a cobra, like
cholera or a bolt of lightning. Well, no aurora borealis lit up the sky
for me, I assure you, and indeed I find that whole nineteenth century
dramatisation of a simple first frisson morbid and totally unconvincing"
"The yellow struck me, I admit, and the cold, sad, cat's eyes, but that's
all"
"""Ah, Louise, Louise, this is Roger, a friend of ours - or perhaps you
met last - er - Saturday, was it?"" Roy was dithering. Louise circled slowly
and sat down. Roy rambled on a bit, trying to light on a suitable topic
for three people who didn't care about each other to exchange views on"
"He failed. Louise, I knew, was his sister-in-law. Our wives bustled out
with more coffee, pumpernickel and cheese and swept Louise up in a gust
of sisterly good humour. Borne aloft briefly on their bonhommie, she smiled
and chatted for a few moments and then seemed to sink again, eddying downwards
in a slow spiral of despondency"
"I was beginning to be intrigued. Just pinpricks of quickened interest,
mind you, nothing of consequence. I drew her out. She wrote. Oh? What? Plays"
"Oh, really? Anything I'd have seen? Probably not. Try me. And so on. Her
tense stillness was engaging. Did it suggest she was disconcertingly close
or immeasurably far away? My wife, meanwhile, was darting in and out of
the conversation like a wasp - ""pass the cheese"", ""isn't it hot?"", ""and
where are you living?"" (Not ""do you live"", I noticed.) Like all rudderless
women my wife is forever getting her bearings. Despite her peevish forays,
however, Louise and I forged a delicate link. When the others wandered off
to the far end of the courtyard to admire Roy's bromiliads, I caught her
eye across the table strewn with coffee-cups and croissant flakes and suggested
we meet again before too long and talk about her latest script - after all,
I was an old hand. She wasn't averse to the idea and even smiled, I thought,
perhaps a little kittenishly. As we drove home, I was aware of a pleasant
yellowish blur at the edges of my mind.                               
                                

  On reading my description of our first meeting, I must say, in the interests
of absolute lucidity, that the description is, in certain details, somewhat
impressionistic. In fact, to be absolutely candid, it's largely nonsense"
"And, again, I mainly blame the Germans and Russians: they've made it quite
impossible for us to grasp the thing in itself any more, stripped of all
the verbal dross and metaphysical flimflam. I mean, ""Colombian roast"", ""first
frisson"", ""slow spiral of despondency"" - God alone knows where I dredged
all that up from. Not that the versions concocted by my wife, or Roy's,
bear any closer relation to the truth - far from it. According to one of
my wife's more hysterical accounts, for instance, I set the whole thing
up expressly to humiliate her in front of her friends and it was nothing
but a cynical, ruthless attempt to murder our marriage, while Roy's wife,
not to be upstaged, claimed for months that Roy had engineered the whole
thing to humiliate her. Why would he bother? Women are born spinners of
tales, as a rule with themselves as the central character. 
  No, that's all a lot of hogwash and the unadorned facts are these:
technically, I first met Louise quite by chance, improbably as it may sound,
at an ABC staff party in the company of a poet wearing a beard and a Hawaiian
shirt, and I found her attractive and not, I thought at the time, disinclined
to pursue the dialogue we had established. So I asked Roy Foley, who was
hovering, to invite us both to lunch some time. So he did. And quite frankly,
I was captivated. There is nothing more seductive than utter vulnerability
sprinkled with the grit of self-respect. Claws concealed by silky paws"
"We did meet again, of course, after the Foleys' lunch and discussed her
play over Viennese cakes and smoky tea in a smart, colour-coordinated cafe
with bland pastel prints on the walls, near Taylor Square. What drew me
on? I think her restrained playfulness, the grace and tenderness of the
pale hands reaching across the table to fondle petals, napkins, even the
fragile handle of my teacup, together with the feline watchfulness of her
black-edged eyes, as hard, and soft, as amber beads. I tracked her through
the maze of her playscript, pruning here and nurturing there, and when we
emerged at the other end, relaxed, relieved and stimulated, I thought of
home, my wife, my blinkered Trotskyite daughter and my son, his mind askew
with tarot cards and natural living, and knew, with a quiver of certainty
and a sudden dry stickiness on the roof of my mouth, that I was about to
commit adultery"
"I was not ""in love"". I emphasise this point because befuddling notions
such as this have needlessly confused the issue all along. At night, when
the children were out at their futile meetings about solidarity with Bolivian
miners and herbal cures for stomach cancer, my wife would forever be whining
at me: ""Are you in love with someone else? You're in love with someone else.""
How tiresome it was and ultimately meaningless. What is it supposed to mean,
this phrase ""in love""? What specific sensations does it refer to in the
real world, if any, and, if any, why not name them?
  I have been open and frank about my attitude to these questions since
adolescence. I have consistently maintained that concepts such as
`commitment', `responsibility' and `fidelity' are not so much outmoded
as meaningless, and meaningless in the most direct sense: these words do
not refer to anything identifiable in the real world. What is identifiable
is that I entered into a contract of cohabitation and mutual consideration
with my wife. Why such a contract should exclude emotional involvement and
occasional copulation with other persons has never been clear to me and
I have never, or almost never, subscribed to that view of it. However, as
I explained to Louise right at the start, or as near the start as practicable,
the validity of the contract itself was always permanent as far as I was
concerned. My wife is a mean-spirited, snappish creature, and my children
are bizarre and in the thrall of ideologies which are stultifying and alien
to me, yet on the whole the arrangement works well enough. I see no reason
to terminate it. But it includes, as far as I am concerned, the possibility
of my indulging myself emotionally and diverting myself sexually with other
people from time to time. I'm not talking about menages a trois, swinging
couples or asking my wife to entertain my mistress at morning tea or any
of that modern claptrap. I don't claim to be in the avant-garde, I merely
claim to be civilised. I had thought Louise understood that from the outset"
"The winter drew us together. There were picnics in Centennial Park,
surrounded by mallee-hens, Italian children and mohair rugs; there were
dinners at cosy French restaurants and takeaway Chinese on Sundays; we even
hired a car once and drove down to Gerringong to sit on the huge white sweep
of beach, high up where the tussock-grass starts, and watch the milky green
surf batter the sand; and there were evenings at home in her tiny lamp-lit
flat, eating curry with a fork and discussing her play, which by then was
in production and not going smoothly. I noticed, naturally, the growing
insistence that we arrange our next meeting for a specific place and time,
I noted, too, the unobtrusive ways she wove the fringes of our separate
lives together, and couldn't help but be struck by the little surge of
excitement that always came over her when we met. But I always thought she
understood my terms"
"Looking back, I think perhaps Louise mistook the trappings of passion
for passion itself. She misread my responses. The simple fact is that she
invited a sort of gentle savagery on my part, and enjoyed it, and was so
abundantly easy to pleasure. Certain lips may purse with distaste at such
intimate details, but I must record for the sake of complete lucidity that
when she made love to me, eyes closed, awash with pleasure, mewing, arching
and scratching, I found it, for banal chemical reasons, infinitely arousing"
"It inflamed me, engorged me. But it wasn't passion. (I honestly believe,
with hindsight, that I've only felt real passion twice: once for my wife,
when we were young and it just welled up inside me, spontaneously like
hunger or nausea, because everything about her - her legs sheathed in 
stockings, her pale fingers, her baby-talk, her rhythmic walk, the way she
put spectacles on to read a book, her yawns, her shoulder-blades, everything,
everything, everything was utterly beautiful; the second time it was for a 
waiter in a spaghetti-house near Taylor Square, it lasted three weeks and was 
a total mystery to both of us. It was not passion I felt for Louise.)
  At some level, it now transpires, Louise and I were writing our lives
into vastly different scripts. Oddly enough, it was Roy who first alerted
me to it, in his heavy-footed way. We'd met entirely by chance at The Stag
near Taylor Square (and not, as Roy would later have it, in the foyer of
the Academy Cinema - Roy is too precious by half about his reputation, there
is nothing remotely louche about The Stag). I'd looked to one side after
ordering a drink, picking out faces and profiles in the reddish gloom, and
my eyes had connected with Roy's. There he was, one elbow on the bar in
the classic pose. He'd been grinning at me (but to himself) for some minutes,
it would seem"
""
"Austin cautiously aims for the top  

AFTER several months of trying, Brian Austin has not sold his Ascot house
and has been unable to find one with complete appeal in his new electorate
of Nicklin"
"His rented base during this election campaign has been a high-rise unit,
above the fray and removed from the clamor caused by his candidature"
"He has been particularly cautious in his assault on the new seat of Nicklin,
which in theory is a National Party enclave with a hefty 16-20 per cent
cushion of voters"
"The 43-year old Minister for Health is cautious about most matters,
including his ambition to become Premier"
"He has been tossing it about in his mind for more than a year, has discussed
it with friends and even sounded out reporters during occasional late nights
over beers and off the record"
"Advice

  Mr Austin would not directly challenge Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen but has
cast his eye over the rest of the field"
"His leap, a few days after the 1983 election, from the Liberal Party to
the National Party was a calculated risk and with his ambition was hardly
incautious"
"He was able to stay in Government and maintain the prominent Health
portfolio. This was a good move as the Health Minister has two great
advantages. 
  He has departmental officers on whom he can rely for advice on technical
matters, and he can be the bearer of good news when he announces and opens
hospitals and other important facilities"
"He has backed his experts on all major issues, has used departmental
publications and advertising for some helpful personal publicity and is
regarded as one of the more effective ministers"
But there is a portfolio better even than Health for an aspiring leader
"The Minister for Works and Housing has an even greater ability to be
associated with good works and his duties take him around the State and
provide contact with a wide cross-section of voters"
"Mr Austin, along with other Cabinet members, has been interested in the
Works portfolio. It could not have escaped him that Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen
held it for five years before becoming Premier"
"A major problem intervened when his Brisbane seat of Wavell was abolished
in the recent redistribution and he needed another electorate"
"Some National Party members in Nicklin, the newly-created seat surrounding
Nambour, objected to party headquarters insisting on the Health Minister
ahead of hopeful locals. The matter has not been completely resolved and
is certain to have an effect on voters on polling day. 
  Should Mr Austin win the seat he would have an ideal electoral base which
would be rock-solid National for many years. 
  And should the job of Premier come up for grabs, he would be ready to
grab"
"He is still cautious and would not necessarily go into the contest alone
and might prefer to be part of a ticket."
"Fine particles and their effect on segregation in bins By D.F. Bagster and C. Killalea  

SUMMARY   Recent studies of particle segregation involving binary mixtures
with a coarse and very fine component (finer than 100 microns) have produced
a decrease rather than the usual excess of coarse particles at the bin wall
(inverse segregation)"
"It was aimed to clarify this inverse segregation effect by feeding binary
mixtures with a coarse and very fine component (fly ash or alumina) to a
thin, long sloped container simulating loading into a storage bin. Segregation
profiles (plots of dimensionless coarse particle concentration against
dimensionless distance from the feed point) confirmed the inverse segregation
effect for very fine powder mixes"
"It is likely that the conditions needed for inverse segregation are a very
fine particle component (less than 100 microns) and a large coarse to fines
size ratio. There is a dependence on coarse particle concentration. It seems
that inverse segregation will occur at higher coarse feed concentrations
and the overall amount of segregation is reduced if the fine component is
reduced in size"
"1   INTRODUCTION  

Segregation is an unmixing process on solids, producing separation or
classification of solids. It refers to the separation of coarse from fine
material during the flow of a powder or the vibration of a bed of powder"
"As an example, gravel, coal or sand tend to form a cone shaped pile when
poured on the ground. When this pile contains many different sizes, the
smallest ones remain at the apex of the cone, and the large particles tend
to come to rest at the bottom edge. The phenomenon affects industries with
solids handling and storage systems"
"For instance, the quality of finished glass is affected by segregation"
"Also the uneven distribution of size in a coal feed of a preparation plant
results in inefficient operation. Another occurrence is the reaction of
a bed of powder with a gas which often depends on the size of the particles
and the pattern of gas flow with the result that a non-uniform distribution
of sizes can adversely affect the speed or conversion of reaction. Uneven
loading on bunker walls could conceivably lead to failure of the structure"
"One of the aspects of particle segregation that has confused its understanding
is the behaviour of very fine material (100 microns and much less) when
in a mixture with coarser particles. Initially, when this was first addressed
in the literature, for instance Van Denburg and Bauer (1964) and Williams
(1965), it was considered that fine particles would give negligible
segregation. Lawrence and Beddow (1969) noticed inverse segregation (less
coarse particles in outer layers) in mixes containing greater than 60 per
cent fines, with large coarse particles. This appears to be the first published
work reporting this phenomenon. Williams (1976) reported that one problem
of segregation not studied is the extent to which segregation occurs for
particles of mean size less than 100 microns. Drahun and Bridgewater (1983)
could not clearly find the reasons for Lawrence and Beddow's phenomenon"
"Bagster (1983) reported reverse segregation patterns for low coarse
concentration, fine sand mixtures (the coarse concentration falls as the
distance from the feed point increases). He ascribed this to cohesion effects"
"Bagster (1985) again reported these reverse segregation patterns, and such
influences as settling velocities, bouncing fine particles, ""quasi-particle""
formation, cohesion, and matrix of fines effects were considered. The
literature review contains more details"
"Indeed the literature is scarce which considered the problem of segregation
involving very fine material, both from reporting of results and in
interpretation of results. The object of this paper is to investigate the
segregation patterns obtained from binary mixtures of particles involving
very fine powers. As discussed below, size of particles is considered by
authors and researchers to be more influential on segregation than density,
and was the basis of this study"
"2   LITERATURE REVIEW  

Fischer (1960) looked at the problem of blending coarse and fine particles,
and came up with some suggested segregation mechanisms. These included that
larger particles gained their mobility by rolling and flowing over one another
and smaller particles achieve their mobility more by aerated suspension,
with fine material being like dust in air. Another factor that can come
into play is a tendency of small particles to coat the large ones, upsetting
the random distribution mechanism. Electrostatic charges on the surface
of particles constitute another most powerful force. The relatively small
electrostatic charges that can exist on solid particles can produce
segregation"
"Williams (1963) suggested that particle size is the most important of the
properties causing segregation. The author said that size segregation occurs
when a powder is poured into a heap, whereby the larger particles run more
easily down the slope of the heap, and also when a mixture is subjected
to vibration. This vibratory effect he refers to as ""percolation"", whereby
larger particles tend to rise to the top, and demonstrated this effect by
immersing a large steel ball into sand and observing that on vibration the
steel ball tended to rise"
"Van Denburg and Bauer (1964) reported the caracteristics of solids that
they consider to affect solid-solid mixing. These were: grain size
distribution, nominal grain size, particle shape, effective particle density,
surface characteristics, surface conductivity, bulk density, flowability,
angle of repose, and resistance to agglomeration. This list is similar to
Brown's factors (1939) contributing to segregation, and like Williams (1963),
the authors consider that for free-flowing solids, size and distribution
of size are the most influential"
"They said that electrostatic effects produce an unmixing effect by creating
agglomeration when particles are extremely fine and of high surface area"
"But also, they claim that segregation within a storage container is
predominantly caused by the freedom of particle movement that exists when
granular, free flowing materials tumble over each other"
"The conclusion stated is that finely sized materials, say finer than 200
mesh (74 microns), will offer few problems in segregation. This is because
here the variables associated with high surface area per unit weight tend
to control and free flowing properties are often lost"
"Williams (1965), following up his earlier work, again added that size was
the most important property influencing segregation. He explained the
segregation effect with a ""screening"" model"
"The inclined surface contains holes of the same order of size as the diameter
of the bigger particles. Particles when falling down a slope are kept in
a state of agitation near the surface, and act as a screen, which allows
fine particles to fall through with high probability. Coarse particles can
not pass through and roll to the lower part of the inclined slope. This
differs from Brown's collision theory (1939) in explaining segregation where
it is postulated that smaller particles are brought to rest on collision
much more readily than large ones which therefore can travel further"
"Williams also states that very fine particles are usually cohesive, and
that segregation is very much less serious for such powders. He said that
it is quite certain that the tendency to segregate falls away with reduced
particle size, and is negligible for particles less than about 20 microns"
"No numerical data supported this claim, which is similar to Van Denburg
and Bauer's view"
"Lawrence and Beddow (1969) studied powder segregation during die filling
with two component mixes of lead particles. Their main conclusions were:

2.1  Segregation occurs by fines filtering down through the moving powder
mass, and an excess of coarse particles flows to the outer layers of the
powder in the die. They termed this occurrence normal segregation"
"2.2  As fines are reduced in size, beyond a critical value, the filtering
process becomes progressively more difficult, and segregation may even
decrease. In large sized coarse particle systems, inverse segregation occurs"
"Also, particle shape and density had little effect upon powder segregation"
"Hence Lawrence and Beddow observed that with large coarse particles and
a high percentage of fines in the system, the outer layers would have a
lower coarse particle percentage than in the original mixture. They attribute
this inverse segregation, as they called it, to the fact that when burial
occurs during die filling, the relatively few coarse particles are hindered
by drag from reaching the vicinity of the die wall. They said this occurred
in mixes containing more than 60% fines. With less fines they observed normal
segregation occurring. Harris and Hildon (1970) noted that few quantitative
measurements of the segregation process had been made, and that size was
reported to be the biggest influence. They stated that segregation was induced
by two main methods. These were segregation by vibration, whereby fine 
particles percolate through the interstices in the bed of coarse particles, 
and segregation induced by pouring into a heap as demonstrated by Williams 
(1965). 

Shinohara et al (1972) theoretically analysed the mechanisms of size
segregation of particles in filling a hopper based on the screening or
percolation model. According to their model when mixed particles of different
size flow down on a solids heaped surface, the fines pass through interspaces
of larger particles, and are packed in interspaces of stationary large
particles of the heaped surfaces. With this, and in the derivations of their
equations, voidage in the bed of particles is considered a factor contributing
to the segregation process"
Williams and Khan (1973) summarized the main mechanisms of size segregation
"The first considered was trajectory segregation, due to the fact that for
particles projected horizontally, the distance they will travel is proportional
to the square of the particle diameter. Percolation, which is when
rearrangement of particles takes place due to the probability that a particle
will find a void in which to fall, which depends on particle size, and
vibration, in which large particles vibrated tend to rise to the surface,
are other mechanisms stated"
"Their experiments examined the effects of particle size and shape on
segregation. Shape was considered not to be a significant contributor to
segregation but particle size, as with others, was the main factor"
"Another finding was that segregation was reduced when the mean diameter
of components was decreased below 500 microns. Also in glassbead mixtures,
by increasing the diameter ratio past a critical point, segregation was
reduced. This was attributed to the presence of static electricity in finer
materials, causing cohesion between particles, and reducing percolation"
"Williams (1976) presented a review of the segregation of particulate
materials. In this paper, it is recognised that a problem not studied is
the extent to which segregation occurs for particles of mean size less than
100 microns, and the particle size for which segregation can be assumed
to be negligible"
"In 1983 Bagster confirmed Drahun and Bridgewater's finding (1983) that
concentration profiles for various slope lengths could be correlated using
a fractional (dimensionless) slope length. Also, at low feed concentrations
of coarse particles, the  profiles could be correlated using a
concentration ratio. This ratio relates the coarse concentration at a
particular slope length to the average feed coarse concentration"
"For coarse sand and cohesionless fines mixtures, the characteristic increase
of concentration of coarse material towards the wall was reported by Bagster"
"He observed an apparent universality of concentration profile at low coarse
concentrations. This is consistent with there being no interference between
coarse particles. However, with higher feed coarse concentrations, there
is a probable concentration dependence"
"Also presented were profiles for low coarse concentrations and very fine
sand particles, finer than before, with the fines being somewhat cohesive"
"The reversal of previously found profiles was observed, with a pronounced
reduction in coarse particle concentration near the wall of the bin. That
is, the coarse portion of the feed has seemingly been retarded as it travelled
down the slope. As the coarse concentration was increased to 25 per cent
the coarse concentration profile showed less extremities of concentration
variation at the bin walls. At 50 per cent concentration the reverse profile
did not really show up at all, and there was on the whole a flattened profile,
indicating little segregation. Thus the author stated that the reverse profile
is modified by the simple mass of additional coarse material"
""
"FLOAT ON PEACE  

     The Nepean VAD cadets, winners of the Red Cross Lady
Cutler Cup, entered a float on the theme of International Year
of Peace in the Australia Day procession through Penrith and
St Marys on Monday, January 27"
"The group has been entering a float in the procession for
the past eight years, and received a plaque for the best
decorated float last year. This year's float was decorated with
blue, red and white streamers coming down from a maypole and
circling the truck. A large dove, and peace symbols were also
part of the display, as well as maps of Australia. Director of
the Voluntary Aid Service Corps, Miss Phyl Jenkins, said the
cadet leaders, Mrs Jean Stephens, and Mrs Lorna Parr, and the
cadets put many hours of hard work into the float"
"""Although they didn't win anything this year, they are to
be commended for their community mindedness, and their hard
work,"" she said"
""
"BLASTHOLE DENSITY LOGGING AS AN AID TO BLAST PATTERN DESIGN By PETER G BELLAIRS, IAN SHEPPARD AND JOHN BULTERS ABSTRACT  

  Two blasthole density logging programmes have been conducted on the Mt
Whaleback iron ore mine to evaluate the use of this type of logging as an
aid to blast pattern design. The first programme also involved the setting
up of a Density Test facility with which to calibrate the density probe"
"The programmes indicated that about 22-23 blastholes can be consistently
logged per day at a cost of $1.30 per metre. Even though this is only half
the rate required to log the average number of blastholes drilled daily
on Mt Whaleback, testwork indicated that no significant loss of accuracy
results if only half the holes in a pattern are logged. The major results
of the programmes were:-

  

  These density results have been used to implement savings in drilling
and blasting via pattern expansion and charge optimisation of blastholes"
"Eight ore patterns have been successfully fired and dug using 2 m less Ammonium
Nitrate Fuel Oil explosive (ANFO) in the blast damaged front row blastholes
instead of the standard 1 m drop in charge from the main body blastholes"
"The low densities recorded in shales and BIF have led to pattern expansions
of up to 50%. Further experimentation is being undertaken to justify further
pattern expansion for all waste on Mt Whaleback. Pattern expansion
experimentation is also being undertaken in the softer ores. Currently,
an 11 m equilateral triangle pattern is used to blast these rock types although
a 16 m by 10 m pattern has successfully fired some soft high grade ore"
"The geophysical logging of blastholes, provides a low cost method of providing
density data with which to base and monitor blast pattern design
experimentation, alter powder factors and accurately locate charges within
blastholes"
"INTRODUCTION  

  This paper details the methods used and the overall results obtained from
two blasthole geophysical logging programmes conducted by Century Geophysical
Logging Australia on Mt Whaleback. The first programme was carried out over
27 January to 31 March 1985 and was part time in nature being combined with
the geophysical logging of both percussion and diamond holes."
"Fans `acted like a lynch mob'  

A COLLINGWOOD cheer squad member yesterday said fans behaved like a lynch
mob after the defeat by the Sydney Swans on Saturday"
"David, 15, of Altona, said he saw elderly women, men and children abuse
umpires after the Swans' controversial one-point victory"
"He said three men punched one umpire and pushed around and spat on another,
while disgruntled fans threw mud at a goal umpire"
"""I felt disgusted that this sort of thing could happen in football, but
could see why they did it,"" he said"
"""The umpiring cost Collingwood the game.""
  David who did not want his surname used, said he saw at least 1000 irate
Collingwood fans converge on the ground after the game"
"""You could feel in the air that something was going to happen,"" he said"
"""It was like a lynching mob, a riot.  Supporters came from everywhere"
"""I heard on the radio that only drunken louts were involved, but there
were all sorts of people"
"""Old ladies, men and kids yelling at the umpires to `give us a go'."""
"Richard's one out - but he's no beast BRISBANE  

- Richard Kennedy might be the ""ugly duckling"" in 
the group"
"But Richard has as good a chance as anyone of becoming Nurse of 
the Year"
"Richard, from Townsville is the only male finalist in the 
quest, organised by the Queensland Cancer Fund"
""
"By Julian Lloyd  

  The City. Greys and silver set in browns, in staggeringly high and miserably
low relief. The streets once flanked with green were torn and crevassed, and
walked by people who emerged lamely from the rank buildings when the rains
stopped. The City was a corpse, no longer a thriving and prosperous organism. 
  The Great Days were still there to be seen. Walk around and you would have
seen a thousand years of ambitions. There were buildings of confident elegance,
rows of honest terraces, and the huge monoliths of the Mad Engineers who had
built towers in the sky. But all the remains were hollow shadows, the skeleton
of that magnificent animal, the City. Here and there the last elements of life
in the City were being consumed by its paralysing disease, its people"
"There was a certain bar in the North decorated, inside and out, with a
hundred years of grime. Liquids slid down male and female throats as they
bantered and swayed, roaring with heavy laughter. A wide man behind a long bar
refilled smeared glasses with transparent or amber drink. The room was long
with windows down the side opposite the bar. It was mid-afternoon, but the only
light was from a few yellowish globes hanging from the ceiling"
"Dandurian sat behind a table in a corner. On the table was a bottle and
glass. His hands rested on the gun barrel he used for a walking stick. His
sloped forehead was heavy and finished in black, handsome eyebrows. From the
cavities below, his eyes stared in two different directions simultaneously,
each with individual and perfect comprehension. His nose was arch and fat, his
lips clenched lust. He watched the laughing clowns. They could feel the stare
but in their euphoria ignored it. He, too, was amused when a clown toppled
over, for people's weakness thoroughly pleased him. He watched on until the
evening. New arrivals made a point to greet Dandurian. A nod, and offer of
refreshment, but not conversation. He accepted the dues with the barest use of
an eye"
"Whilst watching he considered other matters. He thought, as always, of those
left in the City who were rich. In proportion they were few and decreasing,
yet there were still enough. They were small, startling flashes of iridescence
in the poor monotonom, made greater because they were so visible to those who
still had the heart for avariciousness. 
  There were few who knew anyghing of the birth of the City, or how it had
slowly grown grasping, and gaining its strength. How through work and poverty
it had eventually blossomed into energy and ideas, richness beyond
comprehension, its influence felt throughout the globe"
"But those were the old days, long passed. They were before the people of the
City discovered that the essence of life was pleasure"
"Dandurian was a final result of all this although he had no perspective of
the City's past. He was unusual. There were few who had real desire. Dandurian
had a crude and substantial energy and the lines of his plotting and his ego
were closing. He considered Dizz, envying such wealth matched with so pleasing
a demeanour. Dizz was the Owner of the City, no one knew the extent of his
fortune, but for some hereditary reason, more in the minds of the people than
in fact, Dizz had an absolute power which was never used. It was an illusion
grown fat because it was never tested. Dandurian saw this, saw that Dizz had no
mechanics of power, and that Dizz was effete to the point of lunacy. Quite
charming and quite unable to make the simplest decision since he never had to"
"His pleasures, none of them very disturbing, were all thought up for him by
others"
"Dizz sat in a deep leather armchair inside a machine that moved a dozen feet
above the ground through the City on a noisy throb of supporting air, gripping
height and then losing it to slip down a few feet again. The machine was large
and the room that Dizz sat in was expansive and lavish. His steward stood
attentively by him, selecting the moment to place a glass in his hand, or a
cigar between his lips. And Dizz enjoyed it in his way, having moved far beyond
the bounds of boredom"
"Outside, on top of a high serrated metal building, a girl watched the machine
sailing between the monoliths. This was Illy. She stood precipitately at the
edge, looking down, defying gravity as she leant to observe, a hundred storeys
above the street"
"Illy from the gutter. She was once there she remembers. In the concrete shell
filled with people. She remembers none of them. No faces, no names. Nothing"
"Faint coloured hair hung down by her white face. Her eyes were the palest
green, so pale that sometimes there was no colour"
"The machine rose fifty feet towards her to pass close beneath as she looked
down, the whirling suction brought her teetering to the edge, yet she did
nothing to balance herself. She stared through the window to see the most
aquiline face as the machine passed, leaving her isolated, high over the vast
morass of the City"
"TWO  

  The Theatre for Evolutionary Thought. Once the whole City had voted for
people to lead it and to make its decisions. But over the years they had become
bored with doing this, since it never seemed to matter. The Theatre was started
as a joke and required all its members to have a list of Five Hundred
supporters to acquire a seat, the list to be renewed every five years. It
became oddly successful since it was so amusing. It acquired considerable
influence for a while before it also went into decline. Yet it was still there"
"And Dandurian had bought himself a list of Five Hundred. He stood before the
Theatre. The Members shouted at him, `Words speak louder than actions! Words
speak louder than actions!' But the cast in Dandurian's eye unsettled them and
each had the sensation that he was being directly selected. Their shouting had
no body to it"
"`The bastions of thought must be seen to be thinking,' he said to them, to
create temporary confusion. He continued in the lull, `The right ideas must
make an impact. Mine will. My friends,' he appealed, `the time is right.'
  `Obscene,' they cried, `obscene, leave. Leave.' `Long live the Evolution,' he
said. They repeated the phrase because they had to. It was etiquette. When they
finished he stared at them, two at a time, in the silence. They shifted
uncomfortably, two at a time"
"They sat uneasily in rows in front of him that rose fan shaped from the
stage. Dandurian stood belligerently looking at them, bent aggressively forward
from the waist, leaning on his gun barrel walking stick. Once he'd surveyed
them he sneered and spat in front of the benches. They didn't like it but, as
ever, their courage failed them and they sat, each hoping another would do
something. Dandurian, sensing this, laughed loudly. How he laughed! Fear is the
master"
"He returned to his room in a poor district in the north of the City. The door
swore as he pushed it and he spat on the filth covered floor as a rotten stench
filled his nostrils. He hurled his gun barrel at the pile of paper in the
corner and the young girl sleeping in it moaned at the ritual. She woke and
looked at him: `Yeah baster, whadst want?'
  `Food, drink. Manners too girl. Manners. Now.'
  `And what baster? I begs it do I? Or sleeps forrit. Yeah?'
  `No time. Here.' He threw some coins at her. `Go.' She crawled from under the
papers, naked and scrawny, scrambled up the money, put on the two bits of
clothing she had, and went"
"He felt an odd sense of remorse as she slammed the door. Gone. One day for
ever? He couldn't afford her. But fourteen! Ah now that's right my angel"
"Fourteen and his as he pleased. That such pleasure should be his. His by
rights, as compensation for life. Yes, compensation. Not enough. Now so much
more would become his because he had found the secret. He stroked the stick of
dynamite that lay on the table"
"THREE  

  The exclusive party had been clinking its way through iced, pale pink
cocktails for two hours. Beautifully cultured voices rose like contraltos above
the melee of sound"
"The General talked to Margot d'Armandine, the famous ballerina. `Of course,
tragedy is inherent in everyday events. Even the most commonplace"
"Only this evening I nicked myself shaving, not a small matter in itself, but so
much worse if one has an engagement afterwards.' The diminutive Margot
d'Armandine raised herself on her toes to peer with her pointed face at the
General's chin"
"`You poor dear' she said, brushing his cheek with her long fingers"
"The party was thrown by Belladonna. She had large ebony eyes which shone with
an alien kindness. That night she wore a dress of fine silk, and gold chains
which hung from her waist to the floor and split up her long, dark legs as she
walked. She talked to Ballantine, a pompous industrialist, pompous with
everyone but her. `Ballantine, you're looking so handsome tonight.'
`Belladonna, not as handsome as you ...' He began to stammer"
"`I know, dear Ballantine. You're very sweet. And are your engines grinding
well?'
  `Yes. Indeed. They purr as sweetly as your Cheshire cat.'
  `Fine engines! They mean so much to us all, in these days.'
  `Yes' he said, his face crimsoning as it puffed up, `yes.'
  `Ah!' said Bella as she heard the thudding in the air, `Dizz is to arrive"
"Shall we go to meet him!' She took Ballantine by the elbow and threw him
through the people towards the glass doors"
"Dizz's noble, aquiline head rested, quite empty, against the padded leather"
"The steward prized open his fingers and placed a glass of alcohol and ice in
them. Sensing the cold Dizz lifted his hand to his lips and drank. The steward
smiled with satisfaction"
"Dizz flew slowly through the night, at times so close to the City's towers
that he heard the words of the squarming people; senseless, meaningless things"
"He could see them playing, eating, staring at nothing. At times they hovered
just a few feet from the ground above the worst streets in the northern zone of
the City, the violent zones. People looked up from the crumbling streets as he
passed, shielding their eyes from the air. The machine moved slowly along,
casting shadows of red, green and white that illuminated upturned faces"
"Hearing the noise the street girl of fourteen ran out of a bar where men with
gross fumed breath had been pressing coins in her hand. She stared up as the
machine slowly passed over"
"Opposite, looking from his window, Dandurian saw both her and Dizz
simultaneously, one eye focused on each. The violence of opposite emotions made
his face jerk and his skin ooze a thin slime. He could smell his own hatred"
"Then the machine increased its energy and climbed unsteadily away to the
West, to the Great Tower where Belladonna waited. 
  When the street girl returned the food she brought was thrown across the
room, a brown mess to lie rotting for many years. And she was hit as she took
off her clothes. Dandurian clawed blood from her thin flesh, his saliva
dribbling on her head, as he mounted her"
"The machine ascended to the top of the Great Tower where a crowd had come
outside to greet Dizz. At the front was Belladonna with Ballantine"
"The steward deftly retrieved the precious glass as Dizz got out. Belladonna
stepped forward and the two greatest smiles of the City flashed at each other
like bursts of neon lights, a great spectacle of the times"
"`So kind!' said Belladonna as Dizz moved in to take her hand and kiss her
cheek, his eyes brimming with assumed delight"
""
"RENOVATIONS & KIT HOMES SPECIAL FEATURE Playing house - to your own style  

        If you are restoring or extending a less than youthful house the
experiences of two families, recounted in this section, may shed a different
light on your project"
"For the home builder, a kit home is one attractive alternative"
"If time and experience is short, but you still want to build your own home,
then a truckload of materials and a ready source of 'how to' advice from
a kit home specialist could be the answer. Designing, ordering, organising,
and cutting materials to length are just a few advantages offered by this
method"
"Generally, companies offer a variety of designs as well as the option
of using one of its builders to work on as little or as much of the project
as you desire"
"Many kit homes come in modules enabling the owner-builder to start
with a small, low-cost house and extend when finances allow. This is an
easier and faster way of building which still gives you that special feeling
of achievement that will undoubtedly become part of your home forever"
""
"Equipment Versatile conveyor system  
The Capway conveyor system, manufactured in Holland and widely used by
bakers and pastrycooks in the UK, Europe and the US is now available in
Australia.                                                              
  The system consists of a wire rod belt (200 to 500 mm wide) and two
supporting chains"
"Belts come in three basic patterns to suit varying products being conveyed
and may be custom made to suit any particular problem"
"It is a system which can be completely integrated with existing or new
equipment, from the world's leading manufacturer's of baking equipment"
Capway's versatile design carries dough as it proved to the oven
If desired it may be extended as a cooling tower up to 10 tiers high
"In the proving tower configuration, dough enters the system at the first
level and is gradually conveyed to the top of the tower on the outside edge,
then down an equal number of tiers on the inside of the tower, then onto
the oven"
"The time spent in the proving tower may be pre-determined for each batch
as required"
"The drive unit consists of two wheels, of special cost steel, mounted
on a shaft driven by a general motor mounted on the shaft or by chain
transmission"
Stretching of the rod belts are regulated by tensioner on the driven units
"Straight and curved conveyor sections are built with two special aluminium
side profiles, which may be adjusted to the correct belt width by aluminium
rods and on each curve"
"The belt runs through specially designed plastic nails; this ensures smooth
operation"
"Simplicity of installation and operation is evident, with the tail unit
comprising two steel side plates with a fired steel shaft separating them"
"The steel shaft has two steel pulley wheels with bearings on which the
chains run"
"Unlimited length of run can be achieved by the use of intermediate drive
units"
"The flexibility of Capway allows the use of a single conveyor system which
incorporates straight, curved sections which can incline and/or decline
without interruption to the movement of the belt and more importantly the
product being conveyed"
"Capway is used worldwide by pastry and cake manufacturers as well as luscant
makers and confectioners"
"Automatic conveyor  
The AZA bulk handling system, manufactured in Italy, was originally designed
to carry livestock feed, but over the last six years, has been modified
so that it may be used in flour mills, bakeries and other human food conveying
systems"
"It is a simple, versatile, automatic system, and flexible enough to convey
products as diverse as talcum powder to rice bubbles to 7-10 mm sized pellets"
"The main elements of the units are a totally enclosed stainless steel
tube and stainless steel cable with nylon discs which slowly pull the products
through the tubing"
"The flexible cable can move through 180 deg corners up to 450 m in each
system but still does not ""deblind"" pre-mixed product or cause segregation
of particle size"
"AZA cable systems are commonly used to transfer raw materials from storage
silos to the mill area and even dust from cyclones to outside disposal areas"
"The system is totally enclosed which reduces duct and the risk of
contamination, is virtually silent, which makes it attractive from a noise
pollution point of view"
"AZA systems are driven by motors up to a maximum of 2.24 kW (3 hp) which
again means low operating costs"
"AZA does the job automatically, efficiently and effectively at an economical
price"
"Automated Danish and puff pastry production  
Continuous automated production of Danish or puff pastries is now possible
with the Rheon MM system, Greer division"
"The MM line is also capable of producing puff pastry using low melting-point
fats"
"The heart of the system is the ""compound nozzle""  of the MM laminator,
which prepares the layers of fat and dough"
"The nozzle continuously co-extrudes a tube of dough with fat on the inner
surface"
"When this hollow tube of dough and fat is spread sideways, a continuous
layer of fat and dough of even thickness is formed"
"This layer is continuously folded before proceeding to the stretching
stage which forms the dough, in one operation, into a thin unbroken sheet
ranging from 3 to 30 mm in thickness"
"The stretching operation is performed by the Rheon SM stretcher, a special
rolling mechanism which compresses the dough into sheets without the severe
friction and localised stresses associated with the conventional double
roller system - resulting in the accurate production of puff pastry with
perfect layering - without having to retard the dough several times during
the manufacturing process, as is the case with the conventional roller of
sheeter table systems"
"After stretching, the continuous stream of dough is automatically made
up into individual products by means of a range of optional devices"
"The MM line will work equally well with a tough pizza dough, a delicate
Danish dough, a wet bread dough, a tender pie dough or a fragile puff dough
and still surpass handmade quality"
""
"Sharing the glory of Christ  

  On Ascension Day we prayed:
  ""God mounts his throne to shouts of joy; a blare of trumpets for the Lord""
(Reponsorial Psalm); and: ""May we follow Christ into the new creation, for
his ascension is our glory and our hope"" (Opening Prayer). We gave thanks
for the glorification of Christ, and expressed the hope that we might one
day be caught up in that same triumph and joy"
Today's liturgy takes its tone from the feast of the Ascension
"- The gospel features Jesus' own prayer that we should share his glory:
""Father, I want those you have given me to be with me where I am, so that they
may always see the glory you have given me.""
- In the passage from the Apocalypse the risen Lord says: ""Very soon now
I shall be with you again, bringing the reward,"" to which the Church responds
longingly: ""Come, Lord Jesus.""
- In the Acts of the Apostles' account of St. Stephen's martyrdom it is
recorded that the saint was given a vision of the ascended Lord"
"Actually today's reading from Acts says much more. It speaks not only
of Stephen's coming into the glory of Christ; it emphasises that this witness
to Jesus was first asked to duplicate the sufferings of his Lord. The parallels
between Stephen and Jesus in their respective deaths are deliberately spelt
out:

        - Both were brought before the Sanhedrin"
- Both had false witness giving evidence against them
- Both were accused of blasphemy
- Both were taken outside the city to be killed
- Both prayed for their enemies
"- At the moment of death, both spoke an almost identical prayer:
        ""Father, into your hands I commend my spirit."" ""Lord Jesus, receive
        my spirit.""

  In all these parallels, St. Luke (who wrote the Acts) is saying: the life
of Jesus continues in the life of the Church; the disciple of Jesus, like
the Master, must take up the cross; if we aspire to union with Christ in
glory, we must first be prepared to endure for his love. As St. Paul put
it: ""Yet so we suffer with him that we might also be glorified with him""
(Romans 8, 17); or again, in the words of St. Paul: 
  ""All I want to know is Christ, and the power of his resurrection, and
to share his sufferings by reproducing the pattern of his death. That is
the way I can hope to take my place in the resurrection of the dead ... And
so I press on towards the prize which God calls us to receive in Christ
Jesus"" (Philippians 3, 10-15)"
"Max Barrett, C.SS.R."
"BOYFRIENDS. to have or have not.  

Guys. You can't live with them, you can't live without them. Or can you?
Being single is not the end of the world. In fact, some girls even prefer
it"
"So, you want a boyfriend. Why? Because your best friend has one and you
feel left out? Because the formal's coming up? Because you're tired of kissing
mirrors? Or maybe you feel that deep down inside you need to share your
life with a special guy"
"Mmmmm. I guess that sounds reasonable enough on the surface. No matter
what guys are like, it seems we're desperate to put up with them. In fact,
we feel our hearts will break if we can't find a guy to break our hearts"
"Funny, isn't it? Why is that the idea of being single unleashes all our
hidden fears of lonely spinsterhood?"
"Tax chief reports  

THE bottom-of-the-harbor tax evasion era appeared to be over, according
to the Tax Commissioner, Mr Boucher"
"He said in his 1985-86 report there were no obvious signs of artificial
""paper"" schemes being promoted during the year"
"As part of the bottom-of-the-harbor mop-up, $53.6 million in irrecoverable
tax from company ""strip"" assessments was written off in 1985-86"
"A further $160 million was written off in irrecoverable penalties for
strip company returns not lodged or lodged incorrectly"
""
"The third commandment of Cologne By John Emery  

THERE IS a moment, some mornings, when Kurt wakes up and, waking, thinks
he is in Cologne. He thinks he can hear the sound of little men in trilbies
and roll-neck sweaters clomping on the pavement. Standing at the kerb blowing
on their fingers against the cold. He thinks he can hear the roar of traffic"
"The smell of industrial fumes brought down by the cold, damp wind off the
Rhine. If he went to the window he would see their closed-up faces, staring
down at the grey pavement, avoiding each other as they scurry to the office,
the factory, wherever"
"It is a moment of panic and there is only one way to over-come it. He
throws off the blanket and heaves himself up from the bed. He is naked and
he is not cold. That is the first sign of reassurance. He can hear his wife
singing, not in German, not even in French - even though her French is
excellent, better than his - but in a language made up almost entirely of
vowels. An oceanic language. Limpid, languid, mellifluous. He hears his
children shout in the same tongue"
Reassured he pulls aside the Dayglo drape and looks out
"THE COLOGNE feeling is explained by the low cloud, clinging to the peaks"
"Up there are growing rows and rows of pines. The cloud hugs the shape of
the peak. The great brooding mass of rock that looms over the ruins of the
Nunnery. Ka veve o ke zine"
"He peers out and now he knows he is not in Cologne. He thinks it could
be somewhere in Spain. The white cobblestone blocks that lead under the
trees to the Cathedral. The peeling blue paint on the cathedral. The nick
in the side of one of its towers where a charge of shot slammed during the
dispute, 130 years ago, with the Jesuit missionaries who had press-ganged
all the inhabitants into building the cathedral, the summer palace for the
king, the cobbled roads. Thousands of the inhabitants died, he remembers,
in that insane burst of building, when Pere Laval had his vision that here
would be the Pacific's centre of Catholicism. From here would the tide of
Protestantism be rolled right back to Manchester"
"And he built the Nunnery beneath Ka veve o ke zine. Hill where women jump
in the old tongue. An activity almost given up until the nunnery's regime
of Catechism, sewing, the singing of dirge-like hymns instead of the dancing
of the tamore, revived it"
"Kurt hates the Church, and now he hears the bell toll out that today is
All Souls Day, and he realises that his wife is singing precisely because
she is going to Mass, and for him to fight it would not stop her, would
do nothing but point up the division that lies between them, the chasm that
he is not yet ready to cross. The chasm of the Pacific Ocean; between Cologne
and his home, here, on the island"
"He lights a Galloise. The patisserie will be open soon and he'll get some
fresh croissants for breakfast. Today he is going to set levels for the
concreting work he is doing for the gendarme. He turns away from the town
window and goes to the other window and opens it, and smiles"
"He keeps this view till last. He likes to feel the panic that maybe he
is back in Europe. He likes to resolve it slowly, step by step. And this
is the second last step. He stares down at the wharf. There's a ship at
the end of it, must have come in last night. A small trader. He immediately
looks across the bay, but the French destroyer is gone. The cloud is breaking,
but the lagoon is still a dirty grey. Soon it will sparkle blue. There is
a wind from the south-east and it's bringing up chop. If his friend, Tihoni,
is on that boat then he won't be able to get out to his island"
"He looks for Tihoni's island: Kamaka. It's a small volcanic peak with
a sliver of beach. As the cloud lifts he can see out to the reef. It's always
a reassuring sight to see that reef, even though it's 25 km away, so far
all you can see is a line of coconut palms, like telephone poles, rising
out of the lumpy ocean. A row of telephone poles that circles Mangareva
and keeps the Pacific Ocean from slamming the brittle volcanic debris that
makes up the islands into powder"
"""O Kurt? Kurt? Take the boys down to the baker, will you? Get them some
breakfast. My sister is here for Mass.""
  He turns slowly, for the final confirmation that he has made it, he has
got rid of Europe, little men in trilbies, cold smog, closed in faces. He
shuts out the mention of Mass. Just as, if he had seen the destroyer over
by the pearl-farm when he looked, he wouldn't have seen it either"
"She smiles at him. Her eyes are brown, almost black. Her hair is black,
long, fine. Her skin is brown and so clear. No one in Europe ever had skin
that clear. She wears a tight, red and blue and yellow dress. It is too
tight. He stops himself from frowning. Last year it was just tight enough"
"Next year she will have to admit the truth and buy a larger size. Polynesian
women expand to fill their years"
"And the boys look up at him, too. Not as brown as her. He smiles at her
as he takes their hands. Their young fingers are browner than his, but clear
and unweathered. She brushes against him, letting him feel her thanks that
he is not making a scene about Mass"
"WHEN KURT was a boy Cologne was a pile of rubble being bulldozed. It
was a street of G.I's with gum and jeeps. It was a place where no one talked
about anything that had happened. History had been a bad dream and now that
they were awake they'd not mention it - even though everyone had the identical
dream, even though there were still bodies waiting to be discovered, bombs
that would explode as Kurt and his friends clambered amongst the ruins"
"There was a cathedral in Cologne, too. He could just remember the way
its twin towers soared into the sky, like gingerbread mountains. The cathedral,
too, was full of rubble. People picked through the rubble as if they were
looking for the Relics, unable to believe that so Holy a place could have
been touched by something as mundane as bombs"
"If the home of the Relics of the Magi could be desecrated, then what hope
was there for any dreams?
  Through the rubble the dreamers walked. The only people who seemed awake
were the G.I's. Kurt watched them closely. He watched how his own people
both shrank away from them and also kow-towed to them. He watched the return
of the men to the town. The haunted, broken faces of the men. The women
trying not to watch their return, trying not to act as if they knew their
own man was not amongst them. Kurt's mother's man. Kurt's father. Not there"
Gone
"Kurt made three silent vows. And, being the vows of a child, uttered in
secret, they would bind him forever"
"One. He would become a soldier, like the G.I's. 
  Two. He would leave Cologne forever"
Three. He would never think about history
"He also made a wish. That, in his life as a soldier, at wherever it was
soldiers went, he would find his father. But he already knew the wish would
not come true. He only made the wish in anger at his mother's association
with the G.I's"
"KURT DISCOVERED you couldn't be a soldier in Germany any more. The Germans
were people of the broken dream. Kurt searched until he found an army he
could join. It was in France. The Foreign Legion"
"Kurt went first to Africa. He didn't like Africa. It, too, was full of
dream-walkers. Impatiently, he pressed for a transfer, and was offered
Polynesie. He didn't know where it was, or what he'd be doing there. He
didn't care. He went"
"Kurt takes the boys down to the Patisserie. The people on the street shout
hullo to him. No trilbies. Shorts and open, flower-strewn shirts. Sarongs"
"In the hair cascades of real flowers. That's what he loves the best. Those
intricate baskets of flowers they weave into their hair. The men with floral
head-dresses and frangipani and hibiscus behind their ears. That's what
he likes. 
  The church-goers are streaming ahead of him. All the fine young girls
and the young family men with wives and children. If he joined the church
he knows he would close off just a bit more of the chasm between himself
and, not just Eugine, but also her sister, and her mother, and by that process
all her relatives. But something blocks inside him at the thought of it"
"The boys want ice-cream. Of course they want ice-cream. What he would
like to do right now is take their breakfast and go out to the boat and
head out over a patch of coral and put a couple of lines over the side and
see what comes up"
But he knows what would come up. Siguratera gambiera would come up
"He frowns and lights another smoke. For a moment there, history crept
in. Blue-green algae. French destroyers. The long concrete and iron shed
away off across town, with the sprinklers on the roof"
"THAT SHED was the biggest joke of all. When he first arrived in Mangareva,
with the Foreign Legion, they were just building it. There used to be 15,000
people in these islands, the Gambier Islands, of which Mangareva was the
largest, before Father Louis Jacques Laval and his assistants had arrived,
in 1834. By the time they were removed the population was down to 5,000"
"By 1963 the population was 2,500. Mangareva was becoming a ghost island
with a huge white cathedral and the tombs of the old Polynesian kings. 
  The French authorities were worried about the wind"
"The wind which blew from Muroroa Atoll, about 800 km to the west. They
offered the islanders a deal. Free air fares and freight if they shifted
to the island of Tahiti"
"That's right, they said. Join the relatives in the metropolis. Be where
the action was. Dancing and drinking. Buy a Citroen. Use some of your
traditional rights and request a piece of land. Get to hell out of this
dying atoll"
"And most of the Mangarevans did just that. But about a thousand stayed
on. Well, Polynesie, is a Province of France, and France is the home of
democracy. French officials were not going to force people to leave their
homes. Indeed, no. 
  But they would suggest to the Mangarevans that, when the hooter sounded,
they all file down to the nice new shed the Legionnaires were building,
with the sprinklers on the roof, and stay there until the next hooter sounded"
"""But, why? What's the danger?""
  ""Danger? Danger? There is no danger. This is but a precaution.""
  ""A precaution against what?""
  Kurt had seen it before. The baffled faces. The officer being pleasant,
until pressed beyond a certain point. The troops sitting in the truck, rifles
between their knees. He'd seen it before, but could barely remember it -
even though it was now him sitting in the truck, holding the rifle, watching
the officer's back"
All he could remember was the Third Commandment of Cologne
Forget about history
"He built the shed. He herded the islanders into it. Once they sat there
for 24 hours without food, Kurt included, staring up at the chink of sky
they could see where they'd run out of roofing iron, along one side. The
sprinklers were sprinkling away, flushing whatever it was the officer didn't
want anyone to know about, off the roof, down the concrete channel, and
into the lagoon."
"CREDIBILITY IN TATTERS 

President Reagan of the United States has ensured that he will be a ""lame
duck"" during his final two years in office. The exposure this week of secret
arms sales to Iran and the redirecting of some of the proceeds to the Contra
rebels in Nicaragua, has stripped him of much of his credibility, especially
in foreign affairs"
"He seems to have eschewed advice from the professionals of the State
Department, including his Secretary of State, Mr Shultz, and placed his
trust in the amateur conservatives that he appointed to advisory positions
in the White House. These people had the backing of Mr Reagan's right-wing
supporters in the Republican Party, who have made Mr Shultz a target because
of his desire to achieve arms-control agreement with the Soviet Union and
his support of President Aquino of the Philippines. The extreme right in
the US wants no truck with communists and puts its trust only in superior
US military strength. The right has encouraged Mr Reagan in his opposition
to the left-wing Sandinista Government of Nicaragua and has financially
supported the Contras"
"The shipping of arms to Iran, a nation that the President accused of
sponsoring terrorism, was a blow to his reputation, aggravated by his public
explanation that the deal was to build better relations with so-called moderates
in the Iranian Government, rather than to secure the release of American
hostages held by Middle East terrorist groups. Surveys indicate that most
Americans do not believe him, knowing well that freeing hostages is a sacred
cause with the President. But apart from their doubts about the reasoning
behind the sale of arms, many people regard it as poor tactics. Could it
not encourage Iranian-backed terrorists to grab more hostages so that they
could be bartered for arms? Could the sale merely extend the long bloody
war between Iran and its neighbour, Iraq? Who are the moderates in Iran
and will they actually have any influence in securing peace in the Middle-East?
There has been little evidence of a rise of moderate feeling in Iran, and,
contrary to what Mr Reagan told his people, there is none that terrorist
acts by Iranian-backed groups have decreased since the arms were delivered"
"Resignation and dismissal
  There was another shock for the American people in the revelation this
week that money from the sales to Iran had been improperly diverted to the
Contras during a period in which the Congress had refused to sanction such
aid. The revelation has led to the resignation of the President's National
Security Adviser, Vice-Admiral John Poindexter, and the dismissal of his
deputy, Lieutenant-Colonel Oliver North. The White House is insisting that
Colonel North acted alone in arranging the transfer of the funds to the
contras and that the President was not informed. This, however, is not washing
with either Congress or the public, even though Colonel North had helped
raise private money for the Contras. If people are expected to believe that
a second-rank aide was running his own foreign-affairs program in secret
they are entitled to ask just what sort of foreign policy is being conducted
by the White House and who is directing it, experts or Mr Reagan's supporters
on the far right"
"Neither Admiral Poindexter nor Colonel North had expertise in foreign
policy before his appointment to the White House staff and it is no wonder
Mr Shultz and his senior deputy, Mr John Whitehead, have distanced themselves
from the arms sale. Mr Whitehead told a Congressional committee hearing
this week that the Iranian affair had marred the credibility of Mr Reagan
and the United States. The reaction of the world had been ""universally
negative"", he said. It is rare for either the Secretary of State or the
Department of State to contradict the President in public and the fact that
it has now happened indicates the deep rift between the department and the
White House"
"If Mr Reagan succumbs to outside pressure and asks Mr Shultz to resign
because of his lack of support over the arms deal, the reputation of the
US will fall further. Mr Shultz is a trusted negotiator and well liked both
in and outside the U.S. If he went there would be no brake on the excesses
of the White House hawks. The US, the Western superpower, is the nation
that small countries depend on to preserve peace and negotiate with the
Soviet Union on reducing the nuclear arsenal. Over the final two years of
the Reagan Administration it will be difficult for the small nations to
put their full faith in the US or to end suspicions that the US says one
thing and does the opposite"
"Israel too has harmed its reputation by its role in helping to facilitate
the arms sale and because of allegations that it had a hand in the transfer
of funds to the Contras. The quest for peace in the Middle East will be
set back now that Israel has been revealed as helping to secure arms for
Iran, a nation distrusted by the moderate Arab states."
"Modernism meets modernity: great combusting conjunctures! By Terry Smith  

What is the Post-Modern? Why has it appeared so prominently, so
(apparently) recently? In whose name is the Post-Modern spoken?
With what effects? These are the questions Foucault has taught us
to ask when we seek to decipher the operations of power within the
circulatory systems, the dispensaries of knowledge. There are, of
course, no simple, singular answers, nor even the possibility of
a set of answers of the same type - because the concept has
appeared in different discourses, with distinct, even unrelated
meanings. Here, however, I want to apply Foucault's questions to
the use of the `Post-Modern' as a marker within the urge to define
periods; periods of history - human, social, cultural, artistic,
of fashion of thought - even a period apparently beyond history"
"Specifically, I am interested in the play-off between `modernism'
and `post-modernism' within avant-garde art and architecture, and
will argue that they are shaped within broader psycho-social
regimes, including that of `Modernity'. Whether these relationships
have shifted sufficiently in recent years to indicate the emergence
for a regime of `Post-Modernity' remains, for me, an open question"
"It is a question, moreover, to which I suggest we apply the same
critical scepticism, however rootless, that is one of the positive
productivities of modernism"
"Import Rhetoric: Necessity and Scarcity  

In a paper entitled `Catatonia' given during the first Foreign
Bodies Conference in Sydney in 1981, Meaghan Morris concluded with
two questions about the theme of that conference - `semiotics
in/and Australia'. As this Conference may qualify as the second
`Foreign Bodies' one, I would like to repeat her questions to see
if they might not apply to `post-modernism' here:

  So what I want to know is: what purpose does it serve to posit a
  semiotics (post-modernism) which isn't what we do, and what purpose
  does it serve to posit an orthodox semiotics (post-modernism) which
  we don't do any more, but we all know we never did anyway?  (Morris
  1981:139)  

So far, `post-modernism' as a concept has served the interests of
a few artists, performers and writers, mainly in Melbourne, and has
become a banal mannerism in architecture. As a piece of import
rhetoric, however, it has much impact, a hovering implication, an
absence of something so much more complete elsewhere, but making
space here for both the superficial and the significant"
"Consider first superficial Post-Modernism as it appears in
architecture. It replays in reverse the strategy of the apologists
for the Modern Master architects: whereas they rendered nineteenth-
century architecture irredeemably past, ridiculing it as
superficially historicist, Post-Modernism attempts to render the
modern past by claiming that only the superficial and the
historicist are possible now. Some lovers of `mass cult' share this
view. It follows that all the structural tensions within the modern
are occluded Modern Art, the avant-gardes (critical and fascistic),
Modernism (critical and institutionalised), the anti-modernist
criticisms - are seen as aspects of the same institutionalised
failure, symbolised for Huyssen (1981) and others by the success
of the big Beaubourg survey shows of the critical avant-garde
(although this is only a partial reading of those shows, and their
significance). Repulsion from occlusion was exactly what propelled
the anti-modernists of the early 1970s, but, unlike them,
superficial post-modernists have only the slender sociality of
opportunism"
"There is a significant other. A story completed, a history ended,
leaving to the survivors only the opportunity to gaze sadly,
angrily, nostalgically, at random fragments of the end of history
as such. Thus Ted Colless at the First Foreign Bodies Conference
(1981:154):

  The simple story is that all the shooting off about post-modernity,
  post-movementism, transversalism, nomadic desire and semiotic
  delinquency is the banal re-run of vanguardism that, even in its
  heyday, was nothing but a useful fiction of speed for a history
  that has futurised itself into a terminal concussive stability,
  the intransigent escalation of global security"
"The `repeat' quality (in the TV programming term) of even this
depth of despair is admitted by all: for example, J.F. Lyotard's
(1984:16) first response to the question `What is Post-Modern?' is
`Certainly it is part of the modern... Post-modernism thus
understood is not modernism at its end, but rather modernism at its
very beginning - and that beginning is always recurrent'"
"Superficial `post-modernism', therefore, parallels those much-
advertised alcohol substitutes: the modernism you have when you
have finished having one - or, more precisely, the avant-garde you
have when you're not having a modernism"
"Can I try to clarify my position here? I resist the invitation to mere 
indulgence in the cloying closures of `mass culture' imagery, which is 
all you end up with after Adrian Martin's (1984) absorbing critiques 
of everything else. Being `swept away' by it is an utterly inadequate 
response to the recession blues in which this response claims to be 
socially based. I resist the invocation of a new artistic style with 
its blind-eye shrug towards reaping the rewards of art institutions 
sick of being criticised/deserted by `politicised' artists. I resist 
also the nihilistic necessity of a world apparently `futurised' into
`terminal concussive stability' - the repeated insistence on it,
however elegantly put by Jean Baudrillard and others, has, like all
the preceding images of powerlessness - `repressive tolerance',
`reproducing bourgeois ideology', spectator suture', `the lack' -
 become tedious, dull, even comfortable. I do however, affirm the
calm sense of entailment, the extremity of refusal, the implacable
criticism of self and others which crosses part of Ted's text cited
above, but is perhaps best expressed in the logical shifts of the
following:

  What grounds contemporary aesthetics is catastrophically empty"
"Our emotivist culture is the final occidental act. It is the ground
  of a groundless aesthetics. The aesthete's grounds are instrumental
  and managerial. The power of the aesthetic manager hides his
  emptiness. Misrepresentations of the mechanism of his aesthetics
  imposes necessity on that mechanism, the mechanism makes necessity
  of the misrepresentation"
"Those who long for a non-decadent aesthetics, a non-decadent art
  do their longing in images of their arbitrary power. The longings
  are themselves decadent. This gives us something to do. But we are
  bound to use these resources and their products and to make nothing
  of them. Those resources of which we do not, perhaps, make nothing
  are little better than nothing themselves. There is no anger in
  this remark. Only a sense of necessity and scarcity"
"This is from `Art and Language paints a picture - a fragment'
(1983:7), written to accompany paintings `by mouth', like the
studio picture in the Fifth Biennale of Sydney, itself a history
painting of the past decade or so (plate l) better, a surface
offered for marking, for tracing, by disputes about what might
constitute that history, an invitation / refusal, viciously
mocking, of course, Courbet's famous The Studio, the Seven Years
of My Life as a Painter and its legacy as a reference in recent art
historical debate. This implicates us all"
"`Only a sense of necessity and scarcity' - such an extremity of
critical watchfulness is one marker I wish to place as the
irreducible value of any avant-garde worth the name, as impossible
to disperse. Such a positioning is, I submit, the only defensible
mode of reflexive work. It is not necessarily modernist, although
in this century it cannot but have some relationship to the modern,
however contingent"
"The other marker is quite Other, originating separately from any
of the artistic modernities which are themselves, in important ways
complex effects of it. By the term `modernity' I refer to a social
regime, a network of contingencies, set in play by and within the
Capitalist Machine. These regimes can form on a variety of levels,
across a variety of sites: for example, the economic and cultural
`modernisation' of certain Third World countries. There already
exists a usage of the term `modernity' in the discourses of art,
literature and fashion: since Baudelaire, it has conjured up the
social changes making up `modern life' - the bourgeois city, its
speed, pleasures, volatility, its release of artistic autonomy, its
insistences on the pure pleasures of perception. `Modernity', in
these terms, posited both a content for significant art, and
specific values in its making - Manet was the exemplary figure. A
twentieth-century usage, however, has to be a much expanded affair
- indeed, qualitatively different, because it must be located
within psycho-social spaces increasingly structured by desires
shaped in imaged form, especially visual imagery. Organising this
imagery became more and more essential to the modernisation of
capitalism. The imagery of modernity was no longer a `popular
culture' reservoir into which artists may or may not choose to dip"
"It fast became a productive regime with its own mechanisms of
disruption, reduction and dispersal, entangling artists in a
variety of ways"
"Detroit Desiring Machines  

My research (Smith 1985) has focussed around one moment in the
development of this regime: the period between the wars when, in
the United States especially, new corporations joined the welfare
state to normalise an advanced social regime around various figures
of the modern. Three couplets constantly occur in all forms of
visual imagery: industry-worker, city-crowd, and product-consumer"
"My study traces one trajectory through the invention of line
production at the Ford Motor Company plant at Highland Park,
Detroit, 1913-14, to the New York World's Fair, 1939-40. From the
factory to the spectacle, a very diverse imagery of modernity works
with and through other social forces in the prodigious efforts of
the New Corporatism to separate production from consumption, and
to accelerate, simplify and regulate both. Yet this occurs always
in quite specific ways, only one of which I have space to indicate
here: Ford Company line production engenders a radically functional
architecture, creating new `cities' of industry; these plants are
projected as Modern America through business and mass
advertisement, using especially an imagery created by hiring the
most `advanced' modernist painters and photographers, such as
Charles Sheeler and Margaret Bourke-White. Modernism meets
modernity...and gets a job"
"In June 1984 a painting by Charles Sheeler, Classic Landscape,
(plate 2) was bought by a consortium of New York art dealers for
US$1.87 million, nearly matching the record price for a twentieth-
century American painting - the US $2 million paid by the
Australian National Gallery for Jackson Pollock's Blue Poles ten
years earlier. The painting had been in the collection of Mrs
Eleanor Ford ever since her husband, Edsel, bought it from its
first exhibition in Detroit in 1932. It was painted in 1931 and was
based on photographs taken by the artist in September and October
of 1927, when he spent six weeks at the Ford Motor Company, 
River Rouge Plant, Dearborn, Michigan, under commission by an 
advertising agency to provide images for their campaign for 
the Model A Ford car, launched in December that year"
"Fifteen million Model T Fords had been sold since 1908. Their
massive output resulted from a transitionally productive strategy:
engineering of this product was frozen, and all of the inventive
energies were concentrated on reducing (boiling down) the sequences
of supply into ever-smaller segments, obsessively increasing
internal limits. Thus was created a flow of assembly; each minute
part of work, including the movement of stock, the actions of each
worker was minuted, surveyed, recorded, coerced. This was the
Fordism, so readily extended out of the plant to organise the lives
of Ford workers and the surrounding city, which Gramsci (1971:277-
318) attacks"
"Part of the Ford Co. domain of invention was the tight enveloping
of these flows by an architecture - such as Kahn's Building B 1917
at the Rouge plant - a functionalist fitting far tighter than that
of the much-heralded European Modern Masters (indeed, its
architecture was invisible to them: they read it as spontaneous,
`vernacular' design, proto-architecture, modern primitivism)"
"Buildings like this were shaped by both internal and external
movement: the six-storey building of 1914 at Highland Park was
essentially a storage shed for incoming parts assembled over a
railway and structured according to the tracking of cranes. The
entire plant was organised around the through movement of ships 
bringing new materials, railways bringing some manufactured parts, 
then the assembly, then dispersing of the single product."
"Top music and flash dancing ...  

  Channel 10's Wednesday night movie at 8.40, Flashdance, is a modern day
Cinderella"
"Jennifer Beals stars as Alex, an attractive, talented dancer, who finances her
dreams of becoming a member of the Pittsburgh Ballet Company by working as a
welder during the day. 
  During the night she works at the local bar parading her talents in front
of an intoxicated crowd"
"Alex falls in love with the owner of the construction company where she
works. Their relationship boosts Alex toward success"
"The highlight of the movie is the music and the spectacular dance scenes
which are the eighties answer to Saturday Night Fever, the hit of the
seventies.  Hit songs Maniac and What a Feeling! really add to the impact
of the movie and played a big part in its success"
"A familiar storyline of a rags to riches attempt is carried off very well
in Flashdance"
It also stars Michael Nouri
"THE MAN WITH THE GOLDEN GUN (Friday, 8.30, Channel 10) - While most of
us thrive on pushing a pen or swinging a pick, James Bond is back thriving
on adventure and always cheating death"
"Roger Moore is James Bond, 007, and someone has placed a high price on
his head. It is the dreaded Scaramanga (Christopher Lee). Bond heads east
to encounter his enemy in his usual action packed way"
"He is attacked by martial arts experts, sumo wrestlers and has a hair
raising boat chase. And in typical Bond fashion, the quality of his female
company is high"
"It is the ninth James Bond movie and is sure to please the many Bond
die-hards.  Stars Roger Moore, Christopher Lee and Britt Ekland"
"YOUNG DOCTORS IN LOVE (Tonight, 8.30, Channel 7) - Based on the same ideas
as the Carry On medical satires, it will provide viewers who have a sense
of the ridiculous with some very funny moments"
"A cast headed by old hand at the comedy game, Harry Dean Stanton, bungles
its way through a series of outrageous events which will leave you wondering
what really does happen when you are under anaesthetic"
"Produced by Garry Marshall, the man who gave us the Odd Couple and Happy
Days, Young Doctors In Love will provide light, humorous viewing. Stars
Harry Dean Stanton"
""
"Cricket protest CAPE TOWN.  

 - In the fifth such attack in less than a month, anti-apartheid
activists have wrecked a cricket club pitch in protest at the rebel Australian
cricket tour which has just begun"
"In the latest attack, a group calling itself the ""Night Prowlers"" dug
up and poured oil on a pitch in the elite white suburb of Constantia, home
of the Western Province B team"
"An attempt was also made to burn down the clubhouse but this was thwarted
by a nightwatchman"
"Previously the Western Province A ground at Newlands was attacked, the
homes of two cricketing officials damaged and the hotel in which the rebel
team was staying had stones thrown through some of its windows"
""
"Rushing down the road to Mandalay  

Tourists are allowed only seven days in Burma. T.R. LANSNER tells how he made
the most of his one-week visit to this mysterious and colourful land"
"DAWN on the Irrawaddy:  Pink patches colour grey-shaded clouds obscuring
the eastern horizon.  The dark line of the riverbank below takes on a more
solid substance and the black expanse of night sky softens towards blue"
"A riverside pagoda stands in elegant silhouette against the paling sky
as our steamer manoeuvres close in to shore.  A few large-wheeled bullock
carts are drawn up by a tiny jetty at this obscure stop on the daily run
downriver from Mandalay to Pagan in upper Burma"
"Few foreigners take these leisurely cruises down the wide, mighty and
muddy Irrawaddy.  Burma allows tourists a maximum seven days' stay - fly
in, fly out, and no extensions considered.  Most visitors try to cover as
much territory as possible in that time, packing a month's worth of pagodas, 
markets, hill resorts, arts, crafts and cultural shows into a hectic week which
eventually leaves them nearly comatose with exhaustion in the Rangoon Airport
departure lounge"
"A trip down the Irrawaddy means missing some other beautiful or fascinating
place, but with the short glimpse of the country permitted by Burmese
authorities, such choices must be made"
"The journey begins at Rangoon Airport, where you are immediately introduced
to official Burma, and very shortly thereafter, to unofficial Burma.  A
thick sheaf of customs forms must be completed in detailed duplicate"
"Cameras, watches, cash and jewellery are listed on several forms duly
inspected and stamped by unhurried bureaucrats.  The process can take an
hour or more, and you feel heartily sick of officialdom when you step from
the customs hall straight into the waiting grasp of the black marketeers"
"""What do you sell?"" is their greeting, ""I buy your whisky, what price?""
  Burma boasts a strict socialist economy which has driven the resource-rich
country to the brink of ruin.  The great fuss over filling in customs forms
is necessary because few consumer goods are legally imported, though the
demand is great.  Into the gap step entrepreneurs who will buy virtually
anything foreign, from whisky to cigarettes to walkman radios, perfumes
and pornography, for resale in the local markets"
"Nearly every tourist arriving in Burma carries a bottle of Johnny Walker
Red Label whisky and a carton of cigarettes to sell on arrival for a fistful
of kyat, the Burmese currency.  Some shoestring travellers scruff by on
as little as $US 40 for the week, and for a bit more you can live quite
well"
"Just south of Mandalay, I found a festival under way.  Merchants,
restaurateurs, and fortune-tellers had set up shop, and by their raucous
behaviour many young men seem dedicated more to imbibing good spirits
than honouring them.  A circus and a freak show offered diversion under
an immense canvas tent, and a rudimentary carnival drew a fair crowd"
"Its prime attraction was a primitive ferris wheel.  It was ""powered"" by
a gang of about 15 nimble young men who clambered with monkey-like agility
to the top of the wheel while it was held fast below.  When those on the
ground released it with a great shove, the weight of the climbers propelled
the ferris wheel through its initial revolution.  With finely-timed leaps
to the ground, they deserted their precarious perches as the wheel and its
riders continued to spin above them"
"Much of what is often described as Burma's ""charm"" is its peoples' ability
to make do with limited modern material resources.  From a man-powered ferris
wheel to the 1950s vintage cars which potter about Rangoon's boulevards,
it is a country which seems to be caught in a time warp, left at a less
complicated and less frenetic level of existence"
"For the tourist able to take in only seven days of wonders, the relative
difference in pace is even more striking.  Places where you could easily
spend days are seen in hours, and many spots must simply be left unseen"
"But unless the recurrent 20-year-old rumours that the Burmese will ""soon""
allow longer visits miraculously come true, tourists will have to be satisfied,
if not satiated, with their one week excursion to a land which merits much
longer exploration."
"Peko asks for talks on Kakadu  

  PEKO-Wallsend chief Charles Copeman has called on Prime Minister Bob
Hawke to stall further development in the mineral-rich Kakadu National Park
until they can discuss issues involved in mining"
"In a letter to Mr Hawke, Mr Copeman has outlined five specific areas
he wishes to argue at the planned meeting"
"Mr Hawke has yet to receive the letter, sent on Tuesday, but a spokesman
said the Government had no objection in principle to further discussions
with Peko over the issue"
"The issues to be raised were detailed yesterday by Mr Geoffrey Sherrington,
the special projects manager for Geopeko, the subsidiary company operating
in Kakadu"
"The first was a clarification of the true position of traditional
Aboriginal claims of the land regarding mining operations"
"Production came to a halt at Robe River's Pannawonica mine during a visit
by Mr Copeman yesterday"
""
"Security shake-up as new Popemobile breaks  

A back-up bulletproof car will be included in the Papal procession through
Brisbane after the ""indestructible"" Popemobile broke down during a rehearsal
yesterday"
"The custom-built Popemobile threw a security scare into tour organisers
when its transmission failed during the rehearsal at QEII stadium"
"But the police commander for Pope John Paul II's visit, Assistant
Commissioner Ron Redmond, said it was fortunate the problem had surfaced"
"""This eventuality had been foreseen and a reserve bulletproof vehicle
will be in the escort in case the Popemobile breaks down,"" Mr Redmond said"
"""Mechanics have rectified the problem and the Popemobile should see out
the entire Brisbane tour.""
  A massive police security operation, which includes a crack anti-terrorist
squad, swung into action yesterday in readiness for the Pope's whirlwind
visit"
"Queensland police polished security arrangements by travelling the Pope's
route with the Popemobile, police escorts and RAAF surveillance helicopters"
"The Popemobile's transmission failed after the three-tonne vehicle had
done a lap of the QEII stadium"
"A police spokesman said Sunday's Turkish consulate bombing in Melbourne
had not affected security arrangements"
"""At this stage, the bombing has nothing to do with the Papal visit and
as security levels are very high, every reasonable precaution has been
taken,"" he said"
"More than 800 police, including undercover officers who will mingle
with Pope-watchers, will be responsible for crowd control at Brisbane
Airport and along the route to QEII and the City Hall"
"One of the most worrying security aspects will be the Pope's blessing
of Brisbane from the City Hall balcony"
"Mr Redmond has said:  ""The high-rises around the City Hall are a worry
and situations like that, when the Pope is out of his vehicle, will be covered
with the necessary weapons.""
  More than 140,000 people are expected to see the Pope during his packed
six-hour visit"
"Public transport arrangements are the biggest for an event in Queensland,
with 22 extra train services and 200 buses at the ready"
"Transport Minister Mr Lane and Lord Mayor Ald Atkinson have asked people
to use public transport"
"Education Minister Mr Powell has stressed that today is not a school
holiday. 
  But parents have the option of sending their children to school"
""
"Love Loaf  

  Tonight, millions of people around the world will sit down to a three-course
meal, in a comfortable dining-room"
"Tonight, hundreds of millions of people will not sit down to a three-course
meal, in a house that is only one room"
"That's why World Vision International Clubs are launching the Love Loaf
appeal - they see the little plastic loaves as a constant and close reminder
of the needs of others, who often seem so far away"
"For those who've never heard of a Love Loaf, it is a small bread-shaped
container, which serves as something of a mini collection-box for World
Vision. Its purpose is much wider than that however - WVI Clubs see the
Love Loaf as an ideal way to build up interest within their home"
"WVI Clubs national co-ordinator, Elaine Harris, has an ultimate goal for
the Love Loaf. She wants to see one in every home in Australia and she is
confident that goal is not impossible. All the WVI Clubs around Australia
will be working actively to promote the Love Loaf and will be distributing
them widely"
"Elaine Harris believes there is an endless list of places suitable for
Love Loaves - not only homes, but offices, churches, shops, banks and petrol
stations"
"""You could put a Love Loaf in your car, for instance, and when you pull
up to buy petrol and have spare change, you could put it in the Love Loaf"
"Every little bit adds up"", says Elaine"
"A Love Loaf filled with dollar coins adds up to about $200 and that money
could buy several Ethiopian farmers an Agpak kit, made up of tools, seeds
and fertilizer, giving those people a chance to rebuild their lives after
years of famine and drought"
"People wishing to join the Love Loaf program can write to Elaine Harris,
World Vision, Box 399C GPO Melbourne 3001"
""
"It's good, clean family violence The Karate Kid returns  

  Biff! Bam! Whack! Is it Rambo? Is it Chuck Norris? No. It's the Karate
Kid himself, Ralph Macchio, kicking his way into another round of sanitised
violence"
"Will homespun Ralph prevail over the forces of evil? Will his Master 
resolve the unresolved conflict which has kept in him exile for 40 years? Will
the box office run hot"
"For answers to these and other questions, roll up to Hoyts - where Karate
Kid II, the sequel to that first martial arts blockbuster is kicking across
the screen"
"Tough but not vicious, emotional but not soppy, powerful but not obscene
- Karate Kid II occupies middle ground between the stupidity of Rambo and
the slop of Spielberg"
"Appeal  

  Heck, you could take your grandmother to see it. Or your teenage son"
"As they say in the trade, here's a flick with wide appeal"
"Indeed, the conflict situation has been ingeniously set up - built around
the old and new generations in Japan, the narrowing cultural differences
between the United States and Japan and the notion of compassion versus
honor"
"The Kid's teacher Miyagi (Noriyuki Morita) receives a letter calling him
to the deathbed of his father in Okinawa"
"In going there, he must also deal with his teenage rival-in-love, now
a wealthy businessman, who has never forgiven him for stealing the heart
of the village siren"
""
"For Arthur Ellis, it's time to quit By Terry Friel  

Leading Melbourne car dealer Arthur Ellis is quitting"
"And he's tipping as many as half of Melbourne's new car dealerships to
disappear within two years"
"The Ellis family Holden and Honda dealership will be auctioned on December
10 - a victim of the fringe benefits tax and the slump which has rocked
the new car market"
"New car registrations plunged almost 20 per cent nationally last month
as the industry continued to slip into its worst position in eight years"
"Mr Ellis said FBT was ""the final straw"" for his family's six-year-old
Heidelberg operation"
"And he predicted that the widely condemned tax would claim more victims
in the car industry"
"""There is no doubt in the world that anybody who is hovering will fall
(because of the tax),"" he said"
"Mr Ellis said the new car market had fallen 25-30 per cent at the same
time interest rates had rocketed 50 per cent"
"The main reasons behind his move were the market slump, FBT and the amount 
of interest expressed in the dealership property.  ""We haven't been pushed 
to the wall,"" he said"
"But Mr Ellis, who has been in the business 35 years, said the outlook
for the new car industry was grim"
"""I feel in the next couple of years it's going to go down,"" he said"
"""Most of the dealers are having a hard time.""
  Competition was fierce in the face of falling sales and profit margins
had been slashed"
"Mr Ellis said the Federal Government faced a huge groundswell reaction
against FBT"
"He will take a bus-load of protesters to an anti-FBT rally in the City
Square on Monday"
"Mr Ellis said the Government was cutting its own throat with FBT.  The
impact of the tax on business profitability would cut Government revenue
from other taxes, such as sales tax"
"He said he would help his staff find new jobs.  The industry slump had
already forced the Ellis operation to trim staff"
"Mr Ellis will stay on for a time to ""tidy up"". He has no definite plans
after that."
"Formulating the future  

  Many would like to see the Antarctic set aside, one way or another, as
a continent free from development or exploitation of any kind"
"Humanity's history of discovery, exploration and eventual exploitation
has seen waves of people move from their native land to inhabit what were
for a long time seen as uninhabitable regions. Two hundred years ago, white
man moved into Australia shortly after moving into southern Africa. We
are now showing signs of moving into space, the deep sea and Antartica"
"What are the possible resources available in Antartica? Although little
hope of exploitation exists realistically in the near future, some
possibilities do exist in the medium to long-term future, particularly fisheries
(being tentatively developed now), ice (as a water source), minerals
(including hydrocarbons), tourism and what I term serendipity - the unexpected
results of research"
"In discussing the future it is also worth considering the impact on
Antarctica of mankind's activities elsewhere on the globe"
"Ice as a Water Source  

  Antarctica contains 25-30 million cubic kilometres of ice, enough to raise
the sea level by some 70 metres should it melt. It sheds some 12,000-14,000
cubic kilometres per year as icebergs, with a water purity far in excess
of normal distilled water"
"There has been much popular speculation about the potential role of icebergs
as a water source, most centring on the concept of towing icebergs to the
site of water need"
"A 30 million tonne iceberg is at the larger end of the medium-sized iceberg
range and contains about .04 cubic kilometres of ice, enough water to serve the
needs of a city the size of Perth for seven to eight weeks in summer. That
amount of water is worth some $14-15 million in Perth or $18 million in
Adelaide. Both cities perceive a need for additional water for both water
supply and quality control"
""
"Aust brokers have big hopes for New York From MALCOLM MAIDEN in New York  

  Several Australian broking houses in New York are expanding their operations 
significantly"
"The brokers are concentrating on developing bond dealing capacity in 
recognition of the emergence of a major US market for Australian bonds in 
the past year"
"But, the expansion also covers equity operations and demonstrates confidence 
on the part of the brokers about future US investor demand for Australian
paper"
"Bain and Co, J.B. Were and A.C. Goode are all chancing their arms against the 
bond trading might of the US investment houses which developed the Australian 
bond market in New York"
"Bain and Were are also expanding their equity dealing capacity, and the 
overdue entry of Melbourne's McCaughan Dyson is expected early in 1987"
"Goode's top New York man Mr Hugh Webb Ware said the developments reflected 
the fact that ""the US will be a major force in the Australian bond market for 
the foreseeable future"""
"US investor interest in the Australian bond market surged during the final 
quarter of 1985.  The attitude of US investors towards Australian economic 
developments since then has had an important influence on the development of 
policy responses to the economic crisis"
"The initial wave of widely based US buying of Australian bonds, either 
directly or through retail vehicles such as the First Australia Prime Income 
Fund, was triggered by a wide yield spread between Australian and US 
government securities, and the belief that the $A was stable at about US70c"
"Today, the interest rate spread remains, but many US investors have been 
burned by the subsequent slide in the $A, now partially reversed"
"The drop in the dollar's value did not rout the US market, however, and 
Australian brokers claim that in the long term, US investors may prove more 
stable than Japanese houses"
"It is argued that the bond and equity investment is being led by 
institutions establishing core holdings offshore as part of the 
internationalisation of their portfolios"
"Bain's New York office is in the process of more than doubling its floor 
space as part of a major upgrade.  Bain currently fields two brokers in New 
York, two corporate advice executives and four support staff"
"In coming months, the broker will introduce a bond trader, two new equities 
dealers, one more corporate advice executive and additional support 
personnel"
"Bain has traditionally been a major player in the $A bond market but until 
now, the New York office has serviced US demand for Australian bonds in 
concert with its London office.  A similar system is employed by Westpac-Ord 
Minnett"
"Bain's London partner in charge of bonds Mr Graham Morton, will oversee the 
establishment of the New York bond dealing operation later this year and ease 
the first New York bond dealer, Mr Hal Heron, into the job"
"Were will boost its broking staff from three to five and establish a bond 
trading operation to be run by Mr John Clark, ex-London"
"The existing equities operation will be boosted by the addition of Mr Sam 
Brougham, currently trading in Melbourne, Mr Peter Wade and Mr Tom Hayward"
"Mr Wade worked for Were in New York from 1981 to 1984 then returned to the 
Melbourne office to manage Far Eastern activities.  He will be an 
institutional dealer in New York, while Mr Hayward will be an equity 
salesman"
"Goode has already set up a bond trading operation by bringing Mr Tom 
Larkworthy from Melbourne"
"Said Mr Jim Rayner of Were: ""We are a separate profit centre here, and
the expansion makes a statement about expected profitability."""
"GROWING PAINS The sad story of a falling out  THAT WAS THEN ... THIS IS NOW (Roadshow Home Video)  

THIS is the fourth novel by S.E. Hinton to be turned into a movie"
"S.E. Hinton is one of the most perceptive writers about young people,
their problems and the traumas inherent in growing up"
"The other three films of her books are Rumblefish and The Outsiders
(both directed by Francis Ford Coppola) and Tim Hunter's Tex, in which
Matt Dillon starred"
"Emilio Estevez, son of actor Martin Sheen, was also in Tex. And so he
became interested in the stories of S.E. Hinton"
He wrote a screenplay for That Was Then ... This Is Now
The director was Christopher Cain
This is the sad story of two youths who have grown up together like brothers
"They have survived some bad times in the downbeat neighborhood where
they live"
"Now they are projected through various situations and their responses
to them which hasten their growing apart and the finish of a loving
relationship. 
  Emilio Estevez plays Mark Jennings. Craig Sheffer is his close friend,
Bryon Douglas"
"Cinematographer Juan Ruiz Anchia has created striking images, particularly
in the night scenes"
My view: Recommended
""
"Tribute to a riding legend Motorcycling  - Wayne Gregson  

KEN RUMBLE probably would have been embarrassed to hear what everyone has
been saying about him this past week or so"
"But those who knew him were trying to find words to describe his phenomenal
abilities on two-wheel machinery"
"Ken Rumble, 59, Australian motorcycle champion for many years, was buried
last week after succumbing to a wasting illness"
"His friend and on-track competitor Hughie Hoare said there would hardly
be a motorcycle club in the land which would fail to mark his passing"
"""I don't think there'll ever be another rider like him, or as good as
him,"" he said"
"""He was the best all-rounder Australia has seen"
"""He raced and won on almost any sort of bike in any sort of motorcycle
sport"
"""He even had a go at speedway, about one season if I remember correctly,
but he said he could never come to grips with that wooden fence.  He was
a great slider.""
  Ken Rumble began his peculiar motorcycle racing career soon after World
War 2 and soon discovered he had an ability to go fast on virtually any
motorcycle"
"He performed the seemingly impossible one year by picking up all the
national scramble titles, 125cc, 250cc, 350cc and 500cc, on the famous 125cc
Walsh BSA Bantam"
"""In one meeting which comes to mind"" Hughie Hoare said, ""he reckoned he
was going to ride a road Manx Norton in a grass track meeting.  We all laughed
at that.  It was outrageous to ride a Manx on the grass"
"""I mean, this was a pucka road racing bike"
"""But he turned up and wheeled the thing off the trailer.  He'd put wide
bars on it, grass-track tyres, speedway type footpegs.  Sure enough, he
was going to give it a go against all the grass track JAPs"
"""He won all the races he entered.""
  After hanging up his solo road-racing leathers, Ken Rumble decided to
race side-cars"
"His career ended only 10 years ago after a nasty side-car accident on
the old Hume Weir circuit in which he badly injured a leg.  He'd been racing
- and winning - for 30 years"
"""Young people who never saw Ken Rumble ride have really missed out on
something,"" Hughie said"
"""What made him so good, so long? I don't know.  There seemed to be nothing
he couldn't do.  Perhaps it was bred into him.  Who knows?
  ""And you know, for all his success, he was a helluva nice guy as well.""
  Someone once explained the difference between a good rider and a champion
rider as follows: ""A good rider will win on a good bike.  A champion will
win on anything"
In which case Ken Rumble more than qualified
"AUSTRALIA's largest annual historic motorcycle meeting will be held at
Phillip Island on October 18-19"
"The meeting, which attracts more than 200 entries, some from overseas,
includes classic (pre-1963) post-classic (1963-1972), solo and sidecar racing"
"There will also be static displays of antique motorcycles, a vintage parade,
and a concourse d'elegance.  A restored 1957 Triumph will be raffled and
drawn on the Sunday"
"A TRIUMPH pageant will be held between 8 am and 1 pm on Saturday, October
25, as part of National Motorcycle Month"
"Motorcycles will gather in Elizabeth St between Lonsdale and LaTrobe
Sts and then a parade will take them through the streets to Albert Park
Lake"
""
"Gravity By Gillian Higginson  

I was thirteen years old in 1969. That year was the end of a decade, the
beginning of which I could not remember. Week after week - or so it appeared
to me - I watched television documentaries about the sixties, all with titles
like ""This Is The Decade That Was"". I sat through them, silently, while
my parents exclaimed and sighed and shook their heads at the catalogue of
debacles and disasters which paraded across the screen. I seemed to be always
at home that year, watching television with my parents on Saturday nights"
Weekends were interminable in the dozy Blue Mountains town where we lived
"My sister Louise, three years older than me, wasn't at home very often,
and her absences only increased my own sense of dreary captivity. Old rituals
that had once bound us as a family were disintegrating. Louise had scorned
Sunday drives long ago, and now I sullenly resisted them too. My mother
would stand in the doorway of my bedroom where I would be aimlessly be
arranging my hair with my sister's curling tongs or, perhaps, bending over
a bowl of hot water, steaming blackheads off my face, and she'd say to me
wearily,   

  ""Dad and I thought it would be nice to go for a drive out to the nursery
this afternoon. I don't suppose you're interested?""

  I would make a face of disgust and shake my head; she'd survey me for
just a moment before going out to tell my father"
"""Anne's not coming,"" she'd sigh"
"""Anne's not coming,"" he'd repeat sardonically. ""Alright, we'll bloody
well go by ourselves then.""

  And off they would go alone, most Sundays, my father tightlipped; my mother
sad and appeasing"
"After their car had disappeared out the end of our street I'd retrieve
the packet of Alpine cigarettes that I kept hidden under my mattress, lock
up the house and go out, usually, down to the shops (which my parents,
hankering after a different, more English way of life, referred to as ""the
village""). I walked, head down, hoping not to meet the eyes of neighbours
out gardening. These streets, which until only recently had inspired, and
provided the stage for, all my games and fantasies, now yielded nothing
to my imagination. They were intolerably familiar. The shops when I reached
them - all shut up and silent and empty until Monday morning - depressed
me more than anything I could imagine. There was nobody about. I stood and
looked through the window of Mrs Betts, the grocer, and thought about heaving
a rock through it, just to hear the crash echo through the still streets"
No place on earth could be as deadly as the town I lived in
"I sat at the empty bus stop and listened to the mournful, hypnotic drone
of model aeroplanes down on the oval, and to the far off sound of cars toiling
up and down the Great Western Highway, lucky city dwellers just out for
the day. Then, my energy low but with my heart beating quickly - racing
with nervy restlessness and desire, desire for something else, for somewhere
other than this place - I would go across the park to the public toilets
at the back of the School of Arts, to smoke a cigarette. Standing there
in the graffitied gloom, inhaling deeply, I would feel a little restored"
"The cigarette, forbidden and frowned upon, made me feel less a part of this
town, less a part of my family, and somehow closer to my true, as yet
undiscovered and unexpressed, self. Those packets of Alpine represented
the unknown side of my life, my secret potential, my future. But once the
cigarette, occasionally followed by another, was over, there was nothing
left to do but drag myself home again, to be back in my room with the door
shut by the time my parents returned from the nursery or wherever they had
been. On Sunday nights I drifted from room to room, dissatisfied in all
of them, impatient for the weekend to be over"
"Every year in May my father would get the big electric heater out of the
hall cupboard and, grimly, install it in the open fireplace which during
the warmer months of the year was occupied by an elaborate dried flower
arrangement. The fireplace was a persistent sore point with my father. When
he had had our house built three years earlier he had requested an open
fireplace, a feature not included in the development company's plans. The
company had hummed and hawed and warned of additional expense and how there
wasn't much call for them these days, but my father remained firm. He had
always dreamed of an open fire, he said, and he was now going to have one"
"So the fireplace and chimney was duly built and, a few weeks after we had
moved in my father, savouring the moment, declared,

  ""Well, there's a real nip in the air today, isn't there? I think we'll
have a fire tonight.""

  When all the newspaper and kindling and logs had been neatly assembled
on the hearth we gathered around, my mother ready with the inevitable pot
of tea and a date loaf to mark the occasion. My father got methodically
to work with not too much paper and just the right amount of kindling, starting
a lovely blaze with just one match: it would have annoyed him if he had
been unable to do it with one. He sat back on his haunches, proundly, and
Louise and I cheered and clapped and my mother poured the tea. For just
a moment we all joined with my father in his dream come true. The sweet
smell of burning wood, the dancing golden flame and the glow of snug well-being
- it was suddenly what each one of us, too, had always longed for"
"But within minutes the lounge room was filling up with smoke. Something
wasn't working right. My disconcerted father bent down to the blaze and
poked and proded, but smoke continued to pour forth, into the room. The
chimney just didn't seem to be drawing at all"
"""Maybe there's a bird's nest up there,"" my mother suggested soothingly"
"Louise and I looked at each other and quietly left the room. Our eyes
were starting to stream. We could hear my father's frustrated, angry curses
as we sat in the kitchen, silently eating slices of date loaf"
"There was no bird's nest in the chimney, nor any other impediment which
could easily be removed to solve the problem. They had just built the whole
thing wrongly, that's all, so that it was never going to work. My father
blamed God, who was usually at the bottom of his disappointments and failures"
"He would regale visitors, unwittingly admiring the very englishy charm of
the fireplace, with the saga, telling them how he had always wanted an open
fire, how he had argued for it with the builders, how it had cost him extra
money which he could ill afford, how much he had been looking forward to
cold winters by the hearth, so that the guests could not help but laugh
at poor Robert's bad luck. But my father was seeking more than that, something
more than sympathetic amusement. He wanted confirmation from them for his
own belief that this story, after all, was only typical; that life,
indisputably, singled him out for particular punishment. Usually the guests,
still laughing, protested"
"""Oh Bob, it's not that bad.""

  ""It is,"" my father insisted, still smiling tightly but banging his teacup
in its saucer. ""It's always been the bloody same.""

  The fireplace episode became a parable told to outsiders, of hopes not
realised, of pestilence, sent down to blight him"
"The installation of the electric heater each year marked the arrival of
winter, a season taken much more seriously by my parents since their move
to the mountains from the city's milder climate. We became intrepid pioneers,
battling the elements. We wore overcoats instead of cardigans, and protected
young plants from frosts. In 1969, it felt to me that winter signalled a
closing in, a shrinking of the world around me. Our family seemed to take
up permanently in a corner of the lounge room; the television and the heater
- still called the ""fire"" - became the dreary focus of daily life. My father
discouraged us from using the rest of the house: heating more than one room
was a waste of electricity. Summer, with its space, its light, its new year
bringing hopefulness, seemed remote, an impossible fantasy that would not
become real again until the taunting smell of jasmine in the September air
brought the heart up sharp. I hated the cold weather, the layers of warm
underwear and the early nightfall which demanded I be home early too. It
suffocated me more than summer's thick-scented heat"
"That winter the Americans put the first man on the Moon. For a few weeks
in June and July all other world events paled before it; as Apollo sailed
closer to its destination, it seemed the decade would end on a heroic note
after all"
"My father took a huge interest in the Apollo mission, and he tried to
arouse similar enthusiasm in my sister, and then in me. Neither of us
responded. For some reason that I could not quite define the whole business
annoyed me, it made me feel resentful, somehow, and irritable. Every time
I sat down in front of the T.V. at home, or in front of the science
teacher at school, or switched on the radio, it was being discussed, people
were talking about it with pride and confidence. They were all hailing it
as the greatest thing ever: this voyage into space, into the unknown. But
I suppose that was just it, they all seemed so sure of what they would find
when they got there. I had already been assured that there would be no
surprises, that there was actually nothing there. No life, not even any trees
or grass, just dust. And craters. That's all, they kept assuring me, my
father, my teachers, some man who was interviewed on the radio. I kept hoping
they'd all be wrong, that when the astronauts actually arrived, when they
climbed out of the ship onto the dusty surface of the Moon that it would
instantly, spitefully, swallow them up, like quicksand. Or that people -
Moon people - would appear out of nowhere, and invite them home for a cup
of tea. That would give everyone something to carry on about. But that was
nonsense, they said, the Moon simply could not sustain life"
"""Just matter floating around out there,"" my father said comfortably when
I asked him. ""Why don't you sit down and watch it?"" There was some programme
about it on the television. My mother smiled encouragingly at me and patted
the seat on the couch beside her"
"""No thanks,"" I said, ""I'd die of boredom."" I slouched off, feeling my
mother's disappointed gaze on my retreating back"
"In those days, I felt my mother's eyes were permanently implanted in between
my shoulder blades. As I left the house each morning to catch the bus, hitching
my school uniform up over its belt to make it shorter, I could sense her
watching me from the front door. Whenever I stalked out of the room in the
middle of a quarrel she'd remain, quietly observing my exit, gazing and
sighing after me. Once she stopped in the middle of washing up - I was standing
beside her, reluctantly drying - and stood staring out the kitchen window"
"Her face quivered, as if she was about to cry"
"""What's the matter?"" I said, uneasily"
"She turned towards me vaguely, I think she'd forgotten I was there or
something. After a moment her expression cleared, and I was relieved to
see she wasn't going to cry"
""
"Some hope at last in crime fight  

EVER since this State was founded by a ragged collection of convicts
and soldiers, citizens have been confronted with jarring reports of corruption
in high places and crime bosses running around with apparent immunity"
"Tales abound of crooked cops, taped telephone calls, rigged trials, bent
judges, ministers on trial, hit-men and drugs, police and politicians'
friendliness with the Mr Bigs of crime"
"Human nature being what it is, there will always be a few rotten apples
to spoil the barrel. But the fact remains that the administration of justice
in the elevated realms of NSW for many years has been pursued with somewhat
less vigour than in some other places"
"Anger and frustration at times have been spawned in many  people. Regrettably
only a few still feel this way. A far worse social disease is disillusionment
and apathy"
"Yet the reports this newspaper carries today offer a glimmer of hope that
perhaps, at last, something is moving.                                  

  Much of this depends on the fortitude of the Police Minister, George Paciullo"
"Mr Paciullo has achieved something unique in his 10 months in the portfolio. He
has won the confidence of the police like no other minister and it appears his
pledge to take on the Mr Bigs of crime is not just hollow words. 
 
  Mr Paciullo has shown he responds to public complaints, is prepared to
name the guilty in Parliament and weed out corrupt police even though he has
received death threats"
"He has been kept on in one of the most crucial jobs in the NSW Cabinet by
Premier Barrie Unsworth. Mr Unsworth may well be somewhat lacking in
charisma, he may be regarded as humourless and deadpan, but on the question of
crime and corruption he has one of the best track records in Parliament. Since
1977, when his 20-year-old son Anthony died from an alleged drug overdose in
Malaysia, Mr Unsworth has vowed to pursue organised crime. 
  He has been accused of being a headkicker, a man who pulls wings off
butterflies. Perhaps this, and not slick charisma, is what it takes to pry open
the can of worms and sort out the mess inside."
"By Derrick Ovington A HERITAGE OF AUSTRALIAN ANIMALS AND PLANTS  

Conservation status    Australia is an island continent and as a consequence,
except for migratory species, Australian animals and plants have evolved
in isolation and many are specific to the continent. However, numerous Kakadu
species have retained affinities with those of South-East Asia, the nearest
land mass, apparently reflecting their shared common ancestry when Australia
and Asia were joined together"
"Kakadu is the home of a rich heritage of native animals and plants; many
are both attractive and of scientific interest. Because of the value of
native animals and plants to Aborigines, it is not surprising that they
feature in Aboriginal mythology and rock art. The rock paintings, particularly
of animals, provide evidence both of long-term changes in the species present
and of the continued presence in the area of other species for thousands
of years"
"Each of the numerous Park habitats has its own characteristic community
of living things interacting in innumerable ways with one another and with
their environments. Knowledge of these functional relationships is critical
for management of the Park. Detailed research is providing vital information
to enable the implementation of effective management practices to safeguard
this remarkable range of species and habitats. Both are irreplaceable, having
resulted from over 20 million years of evolution"
"The species present at Kakadu differ greatly in distribution and conservation
status. Some are common in Australia or across tropical northern Australia
and are not under threat. Other species though widespread in northern Australia
are rare and their survival may depend in large measure on the protection
afforded by the National Park. A few species have a very restricted
distribution, being found only at Kakadu and sometimes only in certain
localities because of their very precise environmental requirements. Knowledge
of the abundance and distribution of species in the Park helps to ensure
the protection of rare and endangered species and improves the likelihood
of people seeing plants and animals of special interest to them"
"All the different kinds of native living things present have a role to
play in maintaining the delicate harmony of Kakadu with its self-regulating
and continuing sequence of reproduction, life, death and decay. Of all tropical
wilderness areas in the southern hemisphere Kakadu National Park is the
most outstanding sanctuary, providing a haven where a wide variety of animals
and plants, including some rare or endangered species, can survive in natural
surroundings. Let us keep it that way"
"Animals  
Whilst Kakadu is renowned for its variety of wild animals,
undoubtedly the species tally is incomplete. Already scientists have recorded
about 50 mammal, 275 bird, 75 reptile, 25 frog and 55 fish species. There
is a great diversity of insects; about 4500 species have been recognised"
"As systematic faunal surveys of different habitats are completed, new species
for the Park, and some new to science, are being discovered and species
not seen for many years are being rediscovered"
"Most native animals at Kakadu are harmless to people but some can be plain
annoying, especially insects which buzz around, bite or suck blood from
people. Mosquitoes thrive in the Kakadu environment and can be particularly
troublesome to campers. Other creatures such as venomous snakes and large
crocodiles are dangerous if provoked. Animals protected in national parks
tend to have little fear of people and, with some justificaiton, may regard
people as food or as intruders to their territories, posing a challenging
threat to themselves or their offspring. Naturally, in these circumstances
some wild animals may react aggressively to humans. Consequently it is
advisable not to act foolishly by taking risks. Watching wild animals at
Kakadu can be a pleasant experience but sensible people keep a safe distance
from wild animals and use telephoto lenses to take close-up photographs"
"Most native animals are nocturnal and the best time to see some species
is dusk or shortly after dawn"
"Mammals  
The native mammals are generally shy and avoid people by hiding
or running away. Dingoes or wild dogs Canis familiaris dingo range widely
in the Park, feeding mainly on other mammals, birds and reptiles. Most often
they are encountered as single animals or as a pair but sometimes family
packs of up to five are seen. Virtually all dingoes at Kakadu are pure bred
for there has been little interbreeding with domestic dogs"
"Macropods are common in some habitats. The gregarious agile wallabies
Macropus agilis often move in groups through the open woodland whilst wallaroos
or euros M. robustus are usually seen as solitary animals in upland wooded
areas. Mobs of antilopine kangaroos M. antilopinus are occasionally seen
on stony ridges or in open woodland, particularly where plants are regenerating
after fire. Spectacled hare wallabies Lagorchestes conspicillatus and northern
nailtail wallabies Onychogalea unguifera are present in small numbers in
grassland and open woodland areas. The very shy black wallaroos Macropus
bernardus are largely confined to the Park. The relatively small nabarleks
Peradorcas concinna and short eared rock wallabies Petrogale brachyotis
inhabit the rocky formations of the escarpment and outliers"
"The smaller mammals tend to be inconspicuous and only seen briefly. The
arboreal sugar gliders Petaurus breviceps and northern brushtail possums
Trichosurus arnhemensis as well as northern brown bandicoots Isoodon macrourus
are sometimes observed during the day in wooded areas. Several kinds of
water rats and other small rodents live in freshwater lagoon and floodplain
habitats but are rarely encountered. Echidnas Tachyglossus aculeatus, sometimes
called spiny anteaters, are to be found on the escarpment. Some small mammals
are largely confined to rocky areas; typical of these are rock possums
Pseudocheirus dahli, Woodward's thick tailed rats Zyzomys woodwardi and
Harney's marsupial mice Parantechinus bilarni, only known since 1948. Many
species of small mammals are essentailly nocturnal and are aggressive, fierce
carnivores, for instance northern native cats or northern quolls Dasyurus
hallucatus and arboreal phascogales Phascogale tapoatafa"
"Within the Park there is a remarkable variety of flying mammals, twenty-six
of the sixty-five species of Australian bats being present. The bats of
Kakadu range in size from large, fruit-eating flying foxes, weighing at
maturity over half a kilogram, to small, mouse-sized animals. Whilst some
people are apprehensive of bats, the ill repute of bats is undeserved. These
remarkable animals are highly adapted to enable them to fly and navigate
at night. Bats spend the days roosting in groves of trees, caves, rock
overhangs, tree hollows and under bark. They are often seen flying at dusk
when they leave their roosts to forage"
"The two species of flying foxes present at Kakadu, black flying foxes
Pteropus alecto and little red flying foxes P. scapulatus, are the most
conspicuous of the bats. Roosting by day in large, and somewhat smelly,
camps in mangroves, paperbark swamps and monsoon forests, they emerge in
droves to feed at night on the fruits, flowers and leaves of trees,
particularly of Ficus, Eucalyptus and Melaleuca species. Often they are
seen, or heard, squabbling amongst themselves whilst feeding at Nourlangie
Camp and Park Headquarters. Since flying foxes are important pollinators
of plants and disperse viable seed through their excrement, they are important
for the perpetuation of some plant species"
"Kakadu is a key refuge for at least four species of endangered bats: ghost
bats Macroderma gigas, orange horseshoe bats Rhinonicteris aurantius, lesser
wart nosed horseshoe bats Hipposideros stenotis and white striped sheathtail
bats Taphozous kapalgensis"
"Ghost bats are carnivorous, feeding on insects, mammals, small birds,
and even other bats on occasion. They roost in caves and overhangs with
stable temperature and humidity regimes. Orange horseshoe bats are very
rare, with possibly fewer than 2000 living in Australia. Although individuals
have been seen at Kakadu, no roosting sites have been discovered. Bats of
this species are known to roost in very hot, humid caves and being very
sensitive to human interference may abandon caves if disturbed. They feed
on moths, beetles, wasps and ants caught while flying low over the ground
Little is known of the biology of lesser wart nosed horseshoe bats. They
have two warty protuberances on the nose which may aid echo location of
objects when flying at night. White striped sheathtail bats, only discovered
in 1979, are apparently endemic to Kakadu National Park. Found in open eucalypt
and pandanus woodland, they fly high and fast in pursuit of insects and
are believed to roost in the hollows of trees or under exfoliating bark"
"Birds  
Kakadu National Park has a remarkable combination of bird species;
about a third of all Australian species has been recorded there. In particular,
it is a major Australian refuge for many kinds of tropical birds"
"Birds of prey range widely over the Park, differing in size from large,
majestic wedgetailed eagles Aquila audax to small, but lightning quick,
collared sparrowhawks Accipiter cirrhocephalus. Black kites Milvus migrans
are the most common birds of prey in the Park. Possibly the most frequent
bird sound heard in the dry season is the shrill cry of the ubiquitous
whistling kites Haliastur sphenurus, gliding gracefully or circling on thermal
air currents on the look-out for carrion. Letter winged kites Elanus scriptus,
a relatively rare species, are present in the Park and are most active at
night, when they may be seen hunting over the floodplains for rodents. The
discovery of a small breeding pupulation at Kakadu extended the previously
known range in the Northern Territory by several hundred kilometres. Both
grey and white phases of grey goshawks Accipiter novaehollandiae occur in
wooded areas. Rare red goshawks Erythrotriorchis radiatus, which feed mainly
on other birds, are largely restricted to the sandstone woodland. White
breasted sea eagles Haliaeetus leucogaster are often seen singly or in pairs
perched on trees overlooking billabongs or flying with strong, leisurely
wing beats along waterways in search of unsuspecting fish on which they
swoop and catch them in their talons"
Along the coast and on the tidal flats there is a great variety of birds
"Some are all year residents, others are migratory, mainly returning from
more northerly or southerly latitudes at the onset of the wet or the dry
season. The coastal bird fauna includes boobies, cormorants, curlews, egrets,
greenshanks, herons, ospreys, oyster catchers, plovers, rails, stilts,
sandpipers, terns and turnstones"
"The mangrove swamps are important roosting and breeding sites for many
bird species, including colonial nesters such as egrets and cormorants"
"Some birds are largely confined to the mangroves. Examples of these are
mangrove kingfishers Halycon chloris, mangrove robins Eopsaltria pulverulenta,
chestnut rails Eulabeornis castaneoventris, white breasted whistlers
Pachycephala lanioides, yellow white eyes Zosterops lutea, large billed
warblers Gerygone magnirostris and mangrove warblers G. levigaster. Mangrove
warblers are noteworthy for their sustained sweet song and compact pear-shaped
nests, made of bark, grass stems and seaweed neatly bound together with
spider web, and usually seen suspended from leafy mangrove branches"
"Because of their variety and profusion much interest has centred on
waterbirds. At nesting time the breeding grounds, hidden amidst the dense
sedge and grass cover of the floodplains, resound with the noise of geese
and ducks. The populations of some waterbird species, although abundant
in Kakadu, are largely restricted in Asutralia to a narrow band along the
northern coastline. Typical of these are magpie geese Anseranas semipalmata,
green pygmy geese Nettapus pulchellus, Burdekin ducks or Radjah shelducks
Tadorna radjah and water whistling ducks Dendrocygna arcuata"
"Some waterbirds common at Kakadu are relatively widespread in Australia,
for instance jabiru storks Xenorhynchus asiaticus, the namesake of Jabiru
town with enormous spear-like beaks to catch fish, and lotus birds or
lilytrotters Irediparra gallinacea, whose long hind toes enable them to
walk on water weeds and which build their nests on floating vegetation"
"Other widespread species include pelicans Pelecanus conspicillatus and darters
Anhinga melanogaster, sometimes called snake birds because of their resemblance
to snakes when swimming submerged with the head and neck above water"
"Cormorants, egrets, herons and ibis abound. Nankeen or rufous night herons
Nycticorax caledonicus are very common along the watercourses. Recently
a large rookery of this heron, with as many as 2000 nesting birds, was
discovered in rainforest at Kakadu."
"By Alan Renouf Australia and the Soviet Union  

Before he became Prime Minister, Fraser was more hostile to China than to
the other communist giant, the Soviet Union. He believed that through the
Chinese populations of south-East Asian countries China could subvert the
region near Australia, that China had been behind the uprising in Indonesia
in 1965 and that she bore much of the responsibility for the defeat of the
United States, and of Australia, in the Vietnam War. However, by the time
he took office, Fraser had revised his thinking; he now saw the Soviet Union,
rather than China, as posing the main communist threat"
"Admittedly, the change in Fraser's outlook was not highly apparent in
the first six months of government - with one possible exception. On becoming
Prime Minister, Fraser promptly withdrew the Whitlam Government's de jure
recognition of the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania into the
Soviet Union. Whitlam had believed that the incorporation of these states
into the Soviet Union reflected a long-standing and irreversible reality
and he had calculated that, by recognizing the Soviet action, Australia
would be better able to protect the interests of her citizens in the former
Baltic states. Moreover, the Whitlam Government had granted recognition
only after consultation with Australia's main allies, none of whom had
objected. However, when people of Baltic origin inside and outside Australia
criticized the Government's action (there was even a demonstration against
Whitlam at Niagara Falls), the Liberal-Country Party Opposition accused
Whitlam of currying favour with the Soviet Union. Although a Liberal-Country
Party Government had itself previously extended de facto recognition of
the incorporation, the Liberal and Country Parties now promised that, once
returned to power, they would rescind the de jure recognition. In these
circumstances, the decision taken by the Fraser government was not
interpreted as signifying any particular hostility to the Soviet Union"
"Although Russia anticipated that worse was to come, and said so publicly,
this flowed more from intuition than from anything Fraser and his colleagues
said or did in the early months in government. In his first foreign-policy
statement to Parliament, Peacock condemned the Soviet intervention in Angola
on the grounds that it was contrary to the rules of detente. But he allowed
that the involvement possibly `grew with events and opportunity' and did
not necessarily represent `an attempt to steal a march on and humiliate
the United States.' Moreover, the Fraser government was concerned not to
harm a trade that was greatly in Australia's favour; the government suggested
a joint shipping enterprise with the Soviet Union and permitted the start
of the scientific exchanges agreed during the Whitlam period"
"The moment of truth, revealing Fraser's real attitude to the Soviet Union,
came with his major foreign-policy speech to Parliament on 1 June 1976"
The manner in which this speech was prepared has been discussed earlier
"Of more significance was the substance of the initial draft circulated by
the Prime Minister. The finished product was, for Russia, bad enough but
the first draft was even more antagonistic and vitriolic. The Prime Minister
invited a select group to present views and consultation with this group
led to some toning down of the text. Had the original text been pronounced,
it is highly likely that there would have been a violent reaction from the
Soviet Union, possibly a breach of diplomatic relations or at least a reduction
of imports from Australia"
"Fortunately, Fraser contained his more extreme attitudes but he left no
doubt about his basic antagonism toward the Soviet Union. After presenting
a classic conservative approach to international relations (power is the
major consideration and `we must face the world as it is and not as we would
like it to be') and denying that such an approach was pessimistic, Fraser
cited a number of factors to prove that peril lurked everywhere and that
the world environment was `deeply disturbing'. His central theme was Russia's
conduct. Although Fraser conceded that Russia was committed to the avoidance
of nuclear war, he argued that `reasonable people can, however, reasonably
conclude [that] the Soviet Union still seeks to expand its influence
throughout the world'. According to Fraser, Russian actions were too often
inconsistent with a reduction of tension. He instanced Russian policy in the
1973 Middle East War, in Vietnam, in Angola, the substantial growth of the
Soviet Navy and the expansion in the last decade of her armed forces by
a million men. The latter had produced a major discrepancy between the
seventy divisions of NATO and the 178 of the Warsaw Pact (even allowing
for the difference in the size of divisions), which eroded the advantage
of the better equipment of NATO's armies. Fraser claimed that Warsaw Pact
forces far exceeded the forces needed for the defence of Eastern Europe"
"Moreover, the Soviet nuclear armoury was now so large that it provoked doubt
about Soviet motives - did it not display a desire for supremacy?
  There followed a denunciation of detente. The principal common interests
of the United States and of the Soviet Union, Fraser contended, were
limitation of the possibilities of nuclear conflict and an end to the wasteful
arms-race. Detente has been hailed as an advance, as a genuine, overall
relaxation and military tensions. Unhappily, reality had not lived up to
the aspirations of detente and, Fraser concluded, `Negotiations will
not succeed unless they are accompanied by a clear determination to maintain
a balance of forces and are free from illusions about the effectiveness
of unsupported goodwill.'
  Fraser's speech was avowedly one-sided. Clearly, the Soviet Union was
still seeking to expand her world influence but this was normal for great
powers and the United States was doing the same. In stressing Russia's
expansionist ambitions, Fraser missed the main point; the most serious problems
arose from the methods employed by Russia. Moreover, some of the instances
that Fraser cited to prove Russia's culpability lacked validity. For example,
Russia had attempted to prevent Egypt from starting the 1973 Middle East
War and, once the war had started, attempted to stop it. Also, in Vietnam,
the United States, not Russia, had intervened first"
"Fraser was on safer ground when he addressed the build-up in Russia's
armed forces. However, his implicit conclusion that Western defences were
no longer adequate was of doubtful validity and was not generally shared
by Western analysts. The growth of Soviet forces was largely explained by
Russia's need, since the 1960s, to secure her border with China where, in
1976, she maintained no less than forty-nine divisions. The Fraser Government
made no allowance for this very significant change in Soviet strategic
circumstances. 
  To justify his government's concern, the Prime Minister emphasized the
increase in Soviet defence-expenditures. The American administration had
recently estimated that the Soviet Union was spending on defence at least
twice as high a proportion of GNP as the United States. Nevertheless, this
did not necessarily warrant alarm as the Soviet economy was only slightly
more than half the size of the US economy. Non-American, Western outlays
far exceeded the non-Russian, Eastern outlays. Soviet defence industries
were not as efficient. Furthermore, it was natural that Russia, a superpower
with an empire stretching from the Arctic to the Pacific, should develop
a `blue-water' navy. As to the possibility that Russia was pursuing superiority
in nuclear weapons, even if true, there could be no question that the US
would allow herself to be outpaced. Besides, a Soviet nuclear supremacy
would be meaningless as long as the US retained the capacity to destroy
the Soviet Union at least once (as she surely would)"
"Fraser's criticism of detente was also unconvincing, although in line
with the current fashion. He overlooked the fact that the policy of detente
had originated many years before the Helsinki Agreement was signed in 1972
and that it had yielded substantial, mutual benefits. It had, for example,
resolved the Berlin problem which he had predicted would cause endless crises"
"For Fraser, detente was the latest version of 1930s style appeasement,
the disaster which had so much impressed him as a young man. However, the
circumstances of the post-1945 period were vastly different and no such parallel
could be drawn. The latter period had seen constant, largely effective
resistance to Soviet expansionism, not surrender to it. This had led to
the realization, with detente, that there was a means by which East-West
competition could be kept within proper limits without resorting to
confrontation, with all the waste and dangers that that implied"
"Shortly after his speech of 1 June 1976, Fraser visited China on his first
offical visit abroad. The choice of China represented a major departure
from previous practice of the Liberal-Country Party, whose Prime Ministers
had always visited Washington and London first, and a radical change for
a man who, not so long before, had been bitterly critical of China. In
Beijing, the Prime Minister found a large audience which relished his views
about Russia. These views ensured the success of the visit. However, Fraser's
Chinese hosts did not respond to his suggestion, indirectly expressed (and
probably overheard by `bugging'), that the United States, China, Japan
and Australia should form a front, including a military relationship, against
the common Soviet enemy. 
  A further slight to Russia soon followed. On 30 June, James Killen, the
Defence Minister, told a press conference that Russia's military build-up
represented a direct threat to Australia. Strongly criticized in private
by Peacock, Killen, within three hours, put out an `amplification,' denying
what he had said. When this did not allay the public criticisms of his conduct
(including a disavowal by the United States), Killen reverted to his original
statement. His performance was so strange and his statement so evidently
contrary to the views which the Government wished to uphold before the public
that the Soviet Union let it pass"
"This unfortunate but revealing incident, together with some unfavourable
media comment on Fraser's earlier speech, explains why, from this time until
the end of 1979, the Fraser government adopted a more restrained public
attitude toward Russia. There were two additional reasons for the Government's
increased restraint. Firstly, at this time, the United States did not entirely
share Fraser's hostile attitude. Secondly, Australian-Soviet trade, which
the Country party especially valued, was flourishing. By the end of 1976,
both Doug Anthony, the Deputy Prime Minister, and Peter Nixon, the Minister
for Transport - both members of the Country Party - had visited Moscow"
"On returning to Australia, Anthony had broached the possibility of selling
uranium to Russia and Nixon had publicly presented Russian intentions as
non-hostile and non-aggressive. Indeed, Nixon announced an agreement to
extend scientific and other exchanges as a mark of cordiality in the
relationship. Evidently, the Government was resolved that, despite its leader's
sentiments, Australia would do business as usual"
"On 15 March 1977, Peacock attempted to rationalize the hostility of Fraser
to the Soviet Union and reconcile it with the attitude of Anthony and Nixon"
"Unlike Fraser, who talked as if the East-West relationship had regressed
to a Cold War pitch, Peacock described the world situation as changed for
the better. The previous twenty-five years, he said, had been dominated
by superpower tension in an essentially bipolar situation. These years had
been characterized by priority given to the ideological and military dimensions
and by a high degree of political immobility, with Third World countries
being treated as objects, not as actors. All this had now altered, Peacock
claimed. The ability of the superpowers to control others and to determine
the agenda of international politics had declined and they now had to pay
more attention to third parties. While the question of the military balance
between them remained crucial, the conversion of military strength into
political power and influence had grown more complex and uncertain. The
potency of ideology had waned, pragmatism, scepticism and dissent had become
more prevalent, alignments were less fixed and the Third World was more
assertive. `In a less static, polarized and ideological world, we can afford
to give less weight to ideology and more to a discriminating evaluation
of national behaviour and capabilities'"
""
"Cars v trees  

THE Perth City Council's plan to widen Riverside Drive was questionable from
the start"
"That was even before it was known that the project might involve the
destruction of many of the majestic trees which line the foreshore"
"The council will now consider realigning the road to save some of the
threatened trees. But that would take it closer to the river and encroach
even further on recreational activity"
"The council's determination to press ahead still goes against the advice
of its own city planner and flies in the face of public submissions to the
Central Perth Foreshore Study"
"Widening Riverside Drive may not even fix the bottleneck problem it is
intended to solve: It may simply attract more traffic"
"In any event, there is more at stake here than the convenience of motorists"
The tree-lined riverfront is essential to the city's character
"If the council had a proper regard for public opinion it would take its
whole road-widening scheme back to the drawing board"
"There must surely be a more environmentally acceptable option, such as
that proposed by Perth architect John Oldham to re-direct Riverside Drive
along the present route of Terrace Road. Why did the council reject Mr Oldham's
idea?
  It is not just a matter of keeping up appearances for the America's Cup,
important though it is to make Perth as attractive as possible for tourists"
"The City's river environment must be preserved in perpetuity for West
Australians themselves"
""
"Double standards 

SIR: I can longer support a government which finds it acceptable for me
to be required to carry an identification number in case I may be a tax
cheat, yet which also can find it acceptable that our Treasurer can be allowed
to claim more per year in living-away-from-home expenses than I bring home
each year in after-tax salary"
"Graham Howard,
Princes Street,
Boronia Park.  
September 21



 Policy fallout 

SIR: By breaking the ban on uranium sales to France, Australia virtually
gives tacit approval to the continuation of French testing in the Pacific
- the very reason the bans were imposed. The argument that France is obtaining
uranium elsewhere has no bearing on this"
"By flouting party platform and conference resolution, and so abandoning
traditional, ethically-based Labor policy, the Government is depriving the
public of a real choice between main parties at the next election"
"There is little point in having democratic elections if a party dishonours
its commitments to the electorate when it attains government and thereafter"
"People don't elect politicians to use their discretion on major policy
matters as Bob Hawke has done, but to carry out those policies. 
Alan Catford,

 Kingsford Avenue, 
Turramurra. 
September 18



 Amazing grants 

Sir: The Australia Council's grants to foreign countries to exhibit art
(Herald, September 13) is typical of its lack of sensitivity to Australians
with the same ambitions. My company is going bankrupt and the Australia
Council is giving money to outsiders with indirect terrorist connections"
"Amazing. 

 M.P Gardiner,
Director,
Parramatta Theatre Company, 
Parramatta. 
September 18



 Packaged Pope 

SIR: I was appalled at the seeming crass commercialisation (Herald, September
15) that appears to be associated with the organisation of the tour of
His Holiness, Pope John Paul II. Is there such a lack of faith in the relevance
of the gospel message which the Pope ought to be representing that it needs
to be packaged and sold like a pop festival?
  What is expected to be the outcome and achievement of the papal tour of
Australia?
  One can only hope that the medium is not the message"
"Mary Hidden,
Thomas Avenue,
Roseville. 
September 18



 Judging judges 

SIR: With all the brouhaha about the judges, one significant matter has
been overlooked. It all started with rumours about sentencing anomalies
and all of those matters were criminal matters under the ""control"" of the
Crown"
"The Crown did not appear to have felt that something was ""amiss"" or to
have sought to appeal against lack of severity of sentencing. Surely it
is more appropriate that a panel of judges look into the conduct of the
Government than the reverse"
"J.E.McDermott,
Hollowforth Avenue,
Neutral Bay.  
September 19      



 Single parents 

SIR: K.Silard (Letters, September 11) must surely realise that there is
a price to be paid for receiving single-parent benefits. Increased surveillance
is to prevent abuse of the welfare system. If there was no abuse, there
would be no surveillance"
"I disagree that ""attacks on privacy will tend to diminish self-esteem
and increase dependence in the social security system"". If anything, visits
by social security officers have the effect of encouraging welfare recipients
to assess their situation and weigh up the consequences of having their
lifestyle monitored in this fashion. (It is often an incentive to go and
get a job, especially when the children reach school age.)
  I haven't seen many single parents ""reeling from the emotional trauma
of child birth or a marital breakdown"". The single parent tends to be better
balanced emotionally than the unfortunate parents who battle to save a
failing marriage"
"I applaud the Hawke Government's plans to make single fathers contribute
to the financial upkeep of their offspring. I don't agree that the government
is creating a second-class citizen out of the sole parent. 
  We have a choice in this modern age. We can choose to be parents or to
remain childless. We can choose to be married or single. All our choices
have consequences. What does the Government have to do with it?

 Georgia Cummings,
Westminster Boulevarde,
Elanora (Qld). 
 
September 18




 Beach traffic 

SIR: John Wyndham's scenario (Letters, September 17) of illegal
four-wheel-drives sharing his seclusion at Hawks Nest is taken one step
further on the coast at Harrington and Crowdy Head"
"On those picturesque beaches, access has been constructed to facilitate the
intrusion of four-wheeled monsters in order that their occupants may enjoy
the sights or do a spot of fishing without actually using their legs"
"Despite our desire to enjoy a weekend at the beach, we would have been
foolhardy to dare to lie down to sunbake and let the children loose at the
water's edge. The risk of not being seen and hence run over is enormous"
"The only solution appeared to be to take a vehicle along with us as protection
or erect a large warning flag"
"Are our lovely stretches of coastline destined to become mere car parks
for the lazy, encouraged by compliant local councils. In the words of the
song ""The day Paradise put up a parking lot"" is indeed here"
What a lot of Norms we Australians are
"Carey Buls
Gundy Road,
Scone. 
September 19




 Out of his field 

SIR: I found Lynden Barber's review of Ronnie James Dio's concert to be
one of the most aggressively acidic reports I have read in your paper (Arts
and Entertainment, September 6). His criticism of one of the most respected
musicians in the ""hard rock"" industry of the past decade was unjustified"
"Barber was obviously too preoccupied with the excessive number of
""dictionary-discovered"" 10-letter words of such explicit grandeur and vivid
splendour for his review to appreciate Dio's exciting and captivating
performance. 
  Dio's whole stage act centres on the realms of fantasy. ""My music is very
steeped in fantasy,"" says Dio in one interview, ""I think it's sometimes better
not to remind people how awful life can be."" Had Barber been aware of what Dio
was trying to express on stage, he might have used more scope, and less bias,
in his review. 
  Comments like ""side-splitting"" and ""self-parody performed without a hint
of self-knowledge"" emphasise that L.Barber is more accustomed to going to
the opera, and listening to his Bach records over and over again, than
appreciating a variation on an otherwise unrelentlessly boring rock scene"
"I certainly hope that L. Barber will stick to opera reviews (or take them
up) and leave reviews beyond his field to more knowledgeable sources"
"M. Ivanovic,
John Oxley Avenue,
Werrington. 
September 17



 Members ignored 

SIR: As active members of the ALP for the past 14 and seven years respectively,
we write to protest at the current  attitude of the leadership of the Federal
Parliamentary Labor Party"
"It is clear that the Parliamentary Labor Party does not consider itself
accountable to the membership. The federal leaders have treated with contempt
policies formulated by the party, policies endorsed by Australians at the
past two federal elections"
"The most recent examples of such a contemptuous attitude are the decision
to expose our small economy to the fluctuations of international finance
and the decision to sell uranium to France. Members of the party and others
who voted the Government into power are effectively disenfranchised by this
attitude. 
  The time has come for members of the party and concerned members of the
community to let the Parliamentary Labor Party know that we are withdrawing
our support for a Government which refuses to acknowledge the policies
it was elected to implement"
"Robert Cavanagh and 
Peter McDowell,
Macquarie Street,
Sydney. 
September 18



 City is an architectural mishmash 

SIR: The suggestion by the Sydney City Council that the present slate roof
of the Town Hall be replaced with a tin one, highlights the deplorable level
of this city's aesthetic standards"
"In the almost 200 years of white settlement of this splendid landscape,
we have managed to produce, in the Central Business District, but one
significant building structure, the shells of the Opera House (the interior
is a disaster), a few colonial buildings of note (of note only because
they were built by a very, very young country which still fortunately clung
close to its parent's aesthetics) and a vast mass of what must be the worst
buildings anywhere in the world"
"Were it not for the harbour, our blue skies and our sunlight, Sydney would
be recognised for what it is, a mishmash of crude, poorly designed, oversized
structures, mostly ill-shaped, poorly proportioned, faced with nasty materials
and producing, for the city's users, a deplorable urban environment. Having
recently returned from Italy and the US where I studied their urban fabric,
Sydney's horrors are all the more clearly evident"
"To visit Pier One or wander about The Rocks or in Martin Place is to see
the ""tin roof"" syndrome of this city's creators in evidence everywhere"
"In what self-respecting city would its principal pedestrian space be paved
with a disease like Martin Place's pebbles or furnished with red plastic
seats and gypsy caravans? More like a poor suburban shopping centre"
"Let's start to do everything with quality and with style so that we, as
citizens, can enjoy a beautiful city and leave things of significance for
those who are to come"
"Neville Gruzman,
Queen Street,
Woollahra.  
September 20

  

 Ethnicity not evil 

SIR: While your editorial, August 17, recognises the dilemma of the Indo-Chinese
and Lebanese youth and the shortcomings of the Ethnic Affairs Commission
report, it fails to sufficiently stress the need for urgent action"
"The reply of the commission's chairman, Dr Totaro (Letters, August 12),
tends to distract us from the real issues. Frankly, I don't care who is
causing the trouble out west; the fact is it's being caused, and it must
be stopped. The pecularities of the groups causing the problems must be
identified so that solutions to accommodate those pecularities can be found"
"In this case, ethnicity is highly relevant. 
  Ethnicity is not evil. No-one in Australia is expected to have cultural
amnesia. Differences in affectations, imaginations and historical experiences
are mutually appreciated and all people are asked to do in Australia is
simply to be themselves within the framework of Australian law. The Ethnic
Affairs Commission was created in this environment"
"Through a process of selection based on humanitarian and other grounds,
Australia has brought in workers for her industries. However, during periods
of economic decline, the burden of unemployment will be carried by the most
disadvantaged. Now those are the Indo-Chinese and Lebanese youth whose families
have come here in the last decade or so and who are now competing for jobs,
recognition and low-cost housing. In Britain and in other West European
countries that burden is carried by second and third generations of immigrants
of the 1960s"
"There is no use in dodging this dilemma, and ad hoc measures will not suffice"
"Any measures taken (such as providing centres with youth-oriented activities,
counselling, and educational - particularly language - courses) must be
part of an overall pattern designed by today's governments. That plan must
attempt to exhaust the complexity of the interests and needs of these youth"
And implementation must begin now
"Richard  Mitry,
President,
Sydney Lebanese Lions Club,
Castlereagh Street,
Sydney. 
August 15



 Wattle Threat 

SIR: I was perturbed at Shirley Stackhouse's recommendation for the general
planting of Acacia saligna (golden wreath wattle) (Style, August 14)"
"Acacia saligna, among other species, is a great threat to the local
vegetation of the Sydney region. As Mrs Stackhouse points out, this wattle
has already become ""naturalised"" in a lot of areas around Sydney, thereby
endangering local species"
"The fact that the DMR has been planting A. saligna on roadside verges
is to be deplored and is a further reason to discourage the introduction
of yet more plants of this species. The DMR must itself now devise a plan
for more appropriate management of its plantings, the main thrust of which
should be suitable plantings of locally indigenous species of trees, shrubs
and ground covers wherever possible"
"In the meantime, it is very disappointing to read that the Herald's garden
columnist is encouraging the disintegration of Sydney's very special floral 
identity"
""
"BARKER RETURNS - Glenn Robbins  

CONTROVERSIAL jockey Noel Barker resumes riding at Rosehill on Saturday
after his two months Riverdale suspension"
"Barker, the regular rider of Riverdale, was outed after the gelding finished
eighth at Randwick in the Tramway Handicap"
"Barker has been riding work at Randwick for the past two weeks 
to gain fitness for his comeback"
"He has one early booking for Rosehill - Hasty Miss in the Pacific Welter
(1500m)"
""
"Everything you never wanted to know about the left hand Television By RONNIE GIBSON  

A PROGRAM titled Mysteries of the Left Hand, on Channel 7 tonight at 8.30,
sounded amusing enough"
"Would mollydookers finally get a fair go?
  Would there be jokes about buying left-handed shovels?
  No such luck"
"This BBC first-release documentary is most informative, but probably
the driest hour of television you'll see for a long time"
"It is more about genetics, research into dyslexia, the connection between
left-handed people and that reading disease, inherited allergies and speech
impediments"
"Neurologist Norman Geshwin, of Harvard University, is interviewed at great
length about his investigations and discoveries about left-handedness"
"He does have some extraordinary pieces of information to offer but
unfortunately the program is presented in a rather flat manner"
"Did you know for example that someone with a trained eye could have spotted
that Leonardo da Vinci was left-handed? Apparently you could pick it from
the way he shaded his works with a paintbrush"
"According to Dr Geshwin, Thomas Edison had awful trouble learning to
read and Albert Einstein was very slow learning to speak"
"Woodrow Wilson, who became President of the United States during World
War I, didn't learn to read until he was nine"
"Rodin's bronze sculptures apparently inspired research into the artist's
physical make-up. He was dyslexic, which resulted in his endowing his nudes
with abnormal testicle arrangements. If this confuses you, you will have
to watch the show. All is explained by genetics and testosterone. 
 Other pieces of trivia to come to light are that King George VI, naturally
left-handed and a stutterer, was prevented from writing with his left hand
but allowed to wield a tennis racquet with it"
"And on the matter of tennis, Geshwin points to champions McEnroe,
Navratilova, Borg and Connors - all left-handers"
"Apparently, mollydookers have more spacial skills and understanding of
the three dimensions"
"Statistically, there are more than average lefthanders among architects
and mathematicians"
"There are more stutterers in West Africa than anywhere in the world, a
genetic factor that has to do with twinning. Twins, left-handedness and
stuttering are inter-connected"
"In Japan, however, twins are a rarity"
"More males than females are left-handed. Most of us have met an adult
man who stutters badly but few of us know a woman with the same impediment,
Geshwin says"
"Mysteries of the Left Hand is enlightening TV but should you miss it,
don't lose any sleep. Only an Einstein could remember the multitude of facts
and figures that roll off Geshwin's tongue"
"And anyway, a lot of it is useless information - unless you happen to
be a genetic engineer"
""
"Help is at hand  

A NUMBER of government services are available to help elderly people who
need extra care, but who wish to retain independence in their own homes"
"Home nursing assistance is available to people who are chronically ill
or convalescing after hospitalisation"
These services are run by several different organisations
"Some are run by the local council, others by community health centres and
some by church groups"
"For advice about these services, you could ask your doctor or you could
phone your local council or the Department of Health"
"Respite care is designed to give the usual carer a break, maybe once a
week, or maybe longer for a holiday"
"It is possible to claim a ""domiciliary nursing care benefit"" if a chronically
ill or old person is being cared for at home"
A doctor's certificate is necessary
"For information and/or application forms, ask your doctor, home nursing
organisations or the Commonwealth Department of Community Services"
"Many local councils and community groups run a meals on wheels service
whereby cheap, nutritious meals are regularly delivered to people unable
to prepare their own meals.  
  The nursing care can be given by any registered nurse"
"A certificate from a doctor or nurse is often needed to qualify for this
service"
"Assistance may be available where necessary for home modification, for
example, in cases where ramps are need for wheelchair usage. Ask the Health
Department for advice. 
  Various aids and appliances are available for ill elderly people through
the Health Department"
""
"A running pilgrimage by Frank McCaffrey    

  In 1941 our editor-at-large was taken prisoner of war in the Battle of
Crete. He was held in POW camps in and around Berlin for 2 1/2 years; the
remainder of the war years he spent in other camps in Germany"
"In September 1986 Frank returned to Crete and the scene of his capture
by German parachutists. Later, after travelling to London and northern Europe,
he returned to West Berlin to visit old sites and run the Berlin Marathon
on September 28"
"After a long and tedious flight from Sydney to Athens in a lumbering,
overcrowded Olympic Airways jumbo, I transferred to an airbus that took
off like a rocket over the sparkling Aegean Sea. Forty minutes later we
touched down at Heraklion"
"Back in Crete after 45 years! I caught a rattling bus to the town centre
and checked in at the hotel. Heraklion is a crowded, chaotic, dusty town"
"Most road vehicles looked like they'd just crossed a desert. Mopeds were
everywhere, weaving in and out of traffic and people. There are open air
markets, sidewalk cafes and bazaars in every noisy street. A lot of people
sit outside their homes. Nobody seems to be working, except the restaurant
people who try to get you to take a seat and check out the menu"
Maybe I should give you a bit of background to my `pilgrimage'
"In Janyary 1941 a Cretan division of the Greek army had been wiped out
in Greece by advancing German troops. A few months later the Germans had
penetrated as far as Crete and their parachutists were landing in the streets
of Maleme, where the NZ HQ Company of the 22nd battalion, a handful of
Aussies and British troops, and us the remnants of an RN air squadron had
been joined by Cretans, mothers and widows, fathers and children of the
dead"
"May 20 at Maleme was hell for us with the aerial bombing and strafing we
got. The whole earth seemed to shake; the air was full of dust and stank
of explosives. We couldn't believe the Germans were giving us so much
attention. We considered ourselves a completely inadequate force of
disorganised survivors from Greece. But the Germans thought differently"
"Next morning before dawn they were back again, giving us hell. No breakfast
for us this morning, just a dash for cover to bomb-craters and hastily dug
trenches"
"At 6.20 am one of our guys screamed out, `Holy Jesus, look at this!' and
pointed to the sea. The sky was black with troop-carriers, bombers and
fighters; the first airborne invasion of the war was on the way, and the
battle for the island of Crete was about to begin. Later that day I was
taken POW. A German corporal said to me, `For you the war is over, ja?'
 September 12, 1986, about 2 pm, McCaffrey stands on a hill overlooking
that same site (almost to the metre, believe me). Hundreds of German soldiers
had died on this spot, and their graves are only 200 metres from me"
"This time I am alone. I'm wearing running gear and carrying a camera. There
is a hot wind blowing up from the sea just 800 metres below. The sky is
blue, not a cloud in sight. There is absolute silence - except for the wind"
"`In this very spot,' I keep thinking, `it happened.' But I survived. Hundreds
didn't. I am here, back again, recalling the days of my youth and the world
engulfed in war. It's the kind of flashback one sees on the movies - but this
is for real"
"I started my jog down that hill away from the spot where I thought I was
going to die. It was from here that we POW's were marched some 20 miles
(32km) to a transit camp at Galatos. I ran some of the route with the hot
sun on my back thinking of our days of utter despair, defeat, the fear,
the pain, the hunger and the sheer exhaustion. Here I was running along
that very road again - 45 years on"
"After a quick trek via London and on through France, Belgium, Holland,
Denmark and Sweden, September 22 found me speeding towards Berlin, and
I was seeing East Germany firsthand. Most buildings seemed in a state of
disrepair, and it was quite a drab scene in spite of the activity. Dull
weather didn't improve the scenery either"
"On arrival in Berlin we were greeted by guards, inspectors with sniffer
dogs, and passport checks. It was such a depressing sight, especially in
peacetime"
"Half an hour later we rolled into West Berlin. It was like another world - 
city lights, crowds in the streets, McDonald's neon signs flashing. No checks,
just get off the train"
"I headed for my hotel and although tired, took off on a walk looking for
somewhere to have a snack"
"I know - or should I say knew - Berlin. I was last here in 1944 when it was
all but shattered by allied bombs and the Russians were advancing rapidly
from the east. I looked at the thousands of Berliners and overseas visitors
as they milled around, and wondered how many of them had known Berlin  before
its devastation in the later years of the war or how many of them had known war
at all"
Running in Berlin before the marathon was a great way of seeing the sights
"The first day I took in the Brandenburg Gate and the wall (two miles of
it) and later Checkpoint Charlie. I didn't miss a thing, and talked with
people several times. Running on a little asphalt track close to the wall
I saw three places in the bitumen where hand grenades had exploded and
crosses had been erected where some poor soul had died in an escape attempt"
"Marathon day dawned a little foggy and cool. We assembled in front of the
Reichstag and were sent on our way right on 9 am with a hint of some sun"
"My feet hurt from all the walking on tour and I thought, `I wonder how far
I'll get.'
 This was a spectacular run right from the start. It was very much like
New York at times, especially when we got into built-up areas except that
people yelled `Bravo! Wunderbar! Prima!' and `Come on!' The spectators were
wonderful. Feeding stations bobbed up regularly, offering water, and
electrolyte drink, bananas (already peeled and cut up) and sponges. Bands
played, and a lot of people blew horns and beat drums"
"The stretch from 24k to about 31k was one of the most beautiful sections I've
seen on a marathon course. Golden and red autumn leaves, swept from the
trees by the slight wind, caressed us like confetti and even at this late
stage, when one is starting to have a bad time, one just couldn't ignore
the beauty of the scene and the smiling people encouraging us to keep going"
"And we kept going, most of us"
"Finally Hohenvollerndam at 38k and the sight of the Kaiser Wilhelm church
in the distance, with the big sign `Ziel' (finish) not far off as we headed
down Kurfurstendam. Huge crowds clapped and yelled as one tottered thankfully
over the line to have a medal placed around one's neck and a kiss from one
of a group of German girls (I didn't envy them their job all those sweaty
runners!). Refreshments everywhere, those bananas again and also oranges,
malt beer, vegetable soup, you name it."
"The great woodchip swindle By Greg Buckman  

The ALP has sold out to Tasmania's woodchip industry. On December 16 last
year, the federal minister for primary industry, John Kerin, announced the
decision on the renewal of Tasmania's woodchip licences after 1988. It gave
the woodchip companies almost everything they wanted. The government decided
to renew the licences for 15 years after 1988 with five-yearly reviews"
"The decision was one of the most important ever to be made about the
environment in Australia. It will affect a massive area of forest both in
Tasmania and on the mainland, it involved the biggest opposition the
environment has ever had to tackle in Australia, and it was a vital test
of political attitudes in Canberra"
"Nearly all the contentious national-estate forests will have logging-plans
drawn up for them as each area comes on line for the companies. These plans
will have to be sent to Canberra, and they will probably be rubber-stamped"
An export volume of 2.889 million tonnes of woodchips per annum was approved
"Although the woodchipping of crown rainforest and of a few other very
insignificant forests elsewhere in the national estate was banned, less
than one percent of the forests which the companies were asking for were
actually excluded. The premier of Tasmania Robin Gray, and the company
executives, were very pleased with the decision. New forestry operations
south of Farmhouse Creek and in the Lemonthyme Valley started last summer"
The decision does not materially affect domestic pulpwood or sawlog logging
"Many people fought hard to save some of Tasmania's wilderness forests. We
were up against very mighty opposition, much stronger than any opposition  
that conservationists had previously taken on in Australia. From the very 
start it was a David-and-Goliath battle. The battles that the environment 
movement have fought in the past, such as Fraser Island, the NSW rainforests, 
Daintree, the Gordon-below-Franklin dam and the end of commercial whaling, 
all involved a hostile state government and/or industry which was fairly 
localised or which simply proposed a new development in an area where they 
did not have any existing investment or dependence"
"As well as taking on a hostile state government and opposition in the woodchip
issue we also took on two of Australia's largest conglomerate companies,
Petersville-Sleigh and North Broken Hill (one of the Ranger uranium partners)"
"Their Tasmanian woodchip operations have been going for 15 years, they earn
over $120m each year, they represent a massive investment in mills and
machinery and they directly employ more than 1300 people. We were a threat
to these companies' big profits and their very substantial corporate power"
"Another significant source of opposition to conserving our forests existed
among bureaucrats in Canberra. Most of the staff in the Department of Primary
Industry and in the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Environment were
right behind the woodchippers. Ironically one of the strongest supporters
of the industry among the Canberra bureaucracy was one Robin Bryant whose
father, in the Whitlam government, had been minister for Aboriginal
affairs and then minister for ACT. Canberra bureaucrats can present an
influential lobbying force which is never forced to hear the opinion of
the electorate"
"The campaign against woodchipping was always a hard one to fight. We had
only about a year to fight it, in contrast to the six years that went into
the Franklin campaign. It was also a complex issue. We were confronted by
the challenge of having to learn a lot about a complicated industry in a
short time. We also had to go through the demobilising motions of making
a authoritative submission to the environmental-impact study on woodchipping"
"The EIS itself, and the complex nature of the issue, often made it
difficult to mobilise public support through a clear and simple message"
"Although we managed to encourage hundreds of people to make angry submissions
to the EIS, the EIS process was something the public could never totally
identify with and it made it hard for us to switch from presenting a complex
and well argued case in the EIS to making a concise and forceful message
that could be understood by the media and the public. To some extent one
could also question whether it was worth our while getting involved in the
EIS process at all. The EIS process is a farce, because it was always going
to be a whitewash. We may have been better advised to release our own
alternative EIS and to have completely boycotted the companies' EIS"
"One of the most positive aspects of the campaign was the level of public
opinion we enjoyed. An opinion poll commissioned in Brisbane, Sydney and
Melbourne in October 1985 revealed that more than 80 percent of Australians
were opposed to the logging of Australia's native forests for export as
woodchips to Japan. Surprisingly, public opinion against woodchipping was
also very strong in Tasmania. In December another opinion poll revealed
that 83 perent of Tasmanian's wanted 10 percent or more of the forests sought
by the woodchip industry protected for its wilderness and recreational values"
"We never enjoyed public opinion as strong as this in the Franklin campaign
- many people who wanted the dam built were hostile to woodchipping"
Woodchipping is an issue which directly affects nearly every Tasmanian
"The challenge for us now is to convert this overwhelming public opinion
into public feeling. We need to mobilise this opinion. Unfortunately we
need to reduce this public opinion to the one equation that politicians
can understand: clearfell our forests and you clearfell your votes"
"The most cynical aspect of the whole woodchip decision is that it was
undemocratic. The ALP gave into the voice of an elite group of boardroom
executives who didn't even live in Tasmania and who convinced many people
that many forest workers would lose their jobs if the greenies got their
way. The reality is that ANM and Forest Resources have retrenchment plans
for hundreds of their employees despite being almost totally unaffected
by the licence decision. Decisions like these reveal how deficient the process
of democracy can be in this nation"
If democracy isn't working properly then it's mostly the fault of politicians
"The woodchip decision revealed some harsh realities about political opinion
in Canberra and in Hobart. It revealed a political apathy about wilderness
that may well be with us for a long time"
"The two groups of Canberra politicians who traditionally have been very
supportive of wilderness are the Democrats and the left wing of the Labor
Party. Many other politicians have also been very supportive but the Democrats
and the left of the Labor Party have provided the greatest support"
"Many Democrats took a keen interest in the woodchip issue. Early in the
campaign Senator Don Chipp went on a flight over woodchipping forests in
Tasmania; and Senator Norm Sanders maintained an uncompromising anti-woodchip
voice"
"As the issue developed, the Democrats considered doing some horse-trading
over an oil-drilling bill that Gareth Evans was keen on, and which the
Democrats had previously blocked in the Senate but didn't feel strongly
about. The Democrats initially sought support for the bill in return for
a good decision on woodchips. When the negotiating became public and the
bill came before the House of Representatives well before the woodchip decision
the Democrats became worried about the propriety of horse-trading and decided
to support the bill. In the process the Democrats gave away their bargaining
power. The Democrats weren't prepared to stick their necks out to save our
forests. Similarly, when the members of the Wilderness Society went to see
the Democrats' deputy leader and heir apparent, Senator Janine Haines, she
said she had no particular feeling about woodchipping but went along with
the party line. This was a disappointing response from a possible future
leader of a party that tries to solicit green votes"
"The left wing of the Labor Party, who had been instrumental in getting their
party's support for stopping the Gordon-below-Franklin Dam, was very interested
in the issue but was not prepared to stand up to the pro-woodchip forces
in the party. They relied a lot on the supposedly pro-conservation reputation
of Mr. Kerin but in the process were sold out by him. It's hard to avoid
the conclusion that both the Democrats and the left of the Labor Party,
while still having a lot of feeling for wilderness, are nowadays not prepared
to take courageous steps to preserve it. More than ever before a bold and
colourful new force is needed in Australian politics to defend the security
of our beautiful land"
"When Mr. Kerin's final recommendation went to cabinet on 15 December, the
two leftwing members of cabinet, Brian Howe and Stewart West, put up a weary
fight as did Senator Gareth Evans. Environment minister Barry Cohen put
up some argument in favour of keeping the conservation vote, and Tasmania's
only cabinet member, Senator Don Grimes, went right along with Mr. Kerin"
"During the debate we did receive some surprising support from parts of the
right wing of the NSW branch of the Labor Party, a right wing that's hostile
to woodchipping in NSW"
"In Hobart nearly all the state branch of the Labor Party endorsed the wholesale
destruction of our forests: their policy was almost identical to the Liberals'"
"Only Peter Patmore, and to a lesser extent Bob Graham and Andrew Lohrey,
gave significant support to preserving our national-estate forests"
"Mr. Kerin in the end put a lot of faith in the Forestry Commission, which
is little more than a puppet of Mr. Gray and the woodchip industry. The
Forestry Commission never even tried to preserve an independent image"
"The most important political aspect of this decision is that it showed that
the Labor Party and the Liberal Party have closed ranks. They might as well
write the same environment policy. When it comes to putting runs on the
board, the Liberals under Malcolm Fraseer did just as much for the environment
as Bob Hawke's Labor Party has done. The Liberals stopped the export of
sand from Fraser Island, they stopped commercial whaling in Australia, and
they established the first stages of the Barrier Reef and Kakadu national
parks and put them on the World Heritage list. Mr. Fraser also refused Mr"
"Gray's request to withdraw the nomination of western Tasmania for World
Heritage listing. The Hawke government by comparison stopped the
Gordon-below-Franklin dam and proclaimed stage two of the Kakadu and Great
Barrier Reef national parks which were all 1983 election promises. The Franklin
in hindsight was a neat piece of political expediency by the Labor Party"
"Both Mr. Hawke and Ken Wriedt (the leader of the opposition in Tasmania)
still put part of the blame for the Labor Party's poor performance in the
8 February state election onto the Gordon-below-Franklin dam"
"Neither the Liberal Party nor the Labor Party will take a responsible stand
on Australia's wilderness. The decisions on Daintree and woodchipping have
shown that the Labor Party, like the Liberal Party, will not stand up to
hostile state governments or big business. Very very few politicians in
Canberra care about wilderness. The great weapon we have against this apathy
is public opinion. We shall have to work hard to develop that opinion"
We never appreciated how strong the pro-woodchip feeling was in Canberra
"We dropped our call for a public inquiry into the woodchip industry, believing
an inquiry would not necessarily gain us any ground. With hindsight we can
see that it would probably have unsettled the confidence of the woodchip
industry and would have given us more time to build the campaign"
"We also never completely resolved the question of whether we should go for
a strident anti-woodchipping line or for a more moderate policy of no logging
in the national estate. Those who supported the moderate line, which we
eventually adopted, argued that it was more saleable than a strong line
and that a strong line was socially irresponsible and anyway wouldn't preserve
much more really natural forest in Tasmania"
""
"Reinventing the Real: Politics and Photography Jocelyn Clarke  

Many art theorists would argue that the problems of photography
are its own and bear no relation to those of the State and the
economy. Many political scientists would agree. I shall argue that
political scientists and art theorists are facing some of the same
theoretical issues. Nevertheless there is very little dialogue
between them. On the whole semiotics have passed political science
by, and the new developments in political science, which are
perhaps less momentous, have passed art theorists by. As a
political scientist I too suffer from the ignorance and one-
sidedness I am complaining of, and no doubt this will soon become
obvious"
"Most of us, even political scientists, have moved beyond the
naivete which characterised the Family of Man school of photography
and the early socialist photographers and critics who believed
(without much theoretical foundation in Marxism for their view)
that photographs of starving workers' children and bloated
capitalists would raise the consciousness and stir the anger of the
masses. The most cursory examination of the advertising industry
indicates that the techniques of persuasion are not easy or direct
and need to be grounded in an understanding of the whole culture
and its codes. But the advertising professional accepts and reinforces the 
culture as it is, wishing only to alter the customer's
behaviour in one small particular, shifting the customer's
preference from one brand or one product to another. The socially
critical artist has the much more difficult task of somehow
contesting or undermining the culture and the code. The artist may
not wish to do anything so difficult but simply to present some
small vision or insight which is not part of the mainstream; but,
because the culture hangs together, to contest some detail is
either to contest the whole or simply to fail to communicate one's
vision"
"My lack of skill as a typist sometimes produces a form of automatic
writing, like that practised by the Surrealists. In an early draft
of this essay, I used the cliche `reinventing the wheel' which was
transmuted into `reinventing the real'. When political art (that
is, art which challenges the status quo in some way - all art is
in some sense political) succeeds it is most often by reinventing
the real, and the photographic image with its spurious air of
realism is particularly suited to doing this. Reinventing reality
means not only giving reality to an invention, but also redefining
reality and calling other realities into question"
"For many people politics means politicians and party conflict,
something like football, our team against theirs. A 1983 survey by
the Commonwealth Electoral Office found that these definitions were
irrelevant to more than 500,000 Australians who were not enrolled
to vote, despite the laws compelling them to do so. Politics are
about conflict, inequality, and the struggle for resources but are
also about consensus, legal and administrative systems, rules of
the game and fixed policies. Perhaps it is something like football"
"After all, the rules of the game provide the framework for
conflict, and the game has an outcome and winners who, in the case
of politics, can determine policy or even change the rules. Another
way of thinking of politics is as a series of picture frames of
different sizes, one inside the other: the larger frames at the
outer edge of the nest of the frames represent the broader and more
basic areas of conflict and consensus; the smaller frames near the
centre of the nest represent the day to day conflicts and consensus
involved in elections and policymaking, where the scope of the
conflict is more narrowly defined"
"The State, says Max Weber, has the monopoly of legitimate violence
within the bounds of a given territory, and he points out that this
blending of legitimacy and violence in the State gives rise to the
characteristic moral dilemmas of politics. Legitimacy for Weber
is the lawfulness of government behaviour in the opinion of the
subjects of that government. It is not lawfulness according to any
particular law or even the constitution but according to the
people's standards of what is right, based upon the particular
mixture of legality, tradition and charisma that they favour. Thus
we could say that President Nixon was regarded by Americans as a
legitimate ruler until the later stages of The Watergate scandal
when he lost legitimacy. In this essay I have used legitimacy and
illegitimacy in a broader sense than Weber does, so as to include
the Judgements of individuals as well as of people in the aggregate
about what is politically acceptable to them"
"Most students of politics, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau who
wrote two centuries before Weber, agree that a government requires
both means of force or violence and legitimacy in order to rule"
"The strongest is never strong enough to be always master, unless
he transforms strength into right, and obedience into duty"
"Bertrand Russell, writing in the 1930s, was a bit more pessimistic,
saying that in the past no government had ever ruled for long by
force alone, but in the future technology would make it possible"
"Just as nations and individuals have different ideas of what are
and are not legitimate governments for them (most Iranians seem to
regard the Ayatollah Khomeiny's rule as legitimate, most other
nations would reject his style of charismatic theocracy); ideas of
reality are also relative. Differences between nations and social
groups on the question of what is `real' form part of the subject
matter of sociology and anthropology. Societies vary in the degree
of political disagreement they will tolerate, but few will tolerate
much questioning of their notions of reality. In most modern
societies the individual with unorthodox notions about reality is
usually sent to a psychiatrist. Perhaps artists are allowed a
little more licence. For most people the political system under
which they live is legitimate and taken for granted, and the
reality system even more so"
"Political theorists and activists have recently begun to stretch
and extend our definitions of politics to include the reality
system and all the things which seem most basic and unquestionable
in our society, for example, capitalism, democracy, motherhood,
masculinity/femininity. These ideas, some more than others, also
work at the level of visual images. Hence John Berger has been able
to analyse the hitherto unquestioned place of the female nude in
Western art and what it means in terms of power relationships"
"A central category in political science is the distinction between
public and private. Perhaps the simplest way to explain this
distinction is to imagine the agora, the market and assembly place
for male Athenian citizens in classical times, as representing the
public sphere. In Athens the civic and business concerns of men
belonged to the public sphere, their familial concerns and the
lives of women, children, slaves and foreigners belonged to the
private, although the activities of these non-citizens might be
regulated by the legislators in the agora. Generally the public
equalled the political, the private sphere was non-political"
"Through history the boundaries of public and private have shifted
with the growth of the welfare (or intrusive) State and the
admission of women into political life. On the other hand,
capitalist ideology stresses the private nature of businessmen's
economic decisions, thus contracting the public realm. In the
twentieth century art is regarded in the communist world as
belonging to the public political realm; but in the West art is
seen as essentially private, although it is marketed as a
commodity. The artist presents his or her personal vision and
members of the public respond in terms of their own personal
visions. The distinction between public and private persists. It
was first seriously challenged by the civil rights movement, the
women's movement and student groups in the early 1960s. Since then
political scientists, influenced by these groups, have been pushing
and stretching the boundaries of `politics'"
"... there is a political dimension to all significant human
transactions ... Of all the institutions that mediate values and
here need be considered as having a political dimension the most
neglected by modern political science and equally most adopted
by contemporary liberation movements is the family ... The real
political disputes are in fact those over the scope of the
political ... 

Current definitions of politics often stress inequality and the
struggle for resources as defining features of politics, hence well
entrenched inequalities like the inequality of women and men, are
now seen as part of politics. Until recently Marxism has been like
`bourgeois' political science in setting narrow limits for the
political, confining politics to the public sphere and largely
identifying politics with the State. The efforts of Marxists to
extend their definition of politics and tackle the thorny problem
of the relationship in Marxist theory between the economic base and
the superstructure (which includes art and politics) have led to
greater stress on the role of ideology rather than on coercion in
maintaining capitalist domination. This concern with ideology is
taken to its logical extreme in Althusser's notion of ideological
state apparatuses"
"This is not to say that all the battles have been won. People who
study the politics of the family or women and politics, as I have
done, are often made to feel pretty marginal by our colleagues, the
`real' political scientists. And here I am on another
margin - politics and photography. Perhaps professional caution is
understandable; there are problems for the working political
scientist with expanded definitions of politics. The subject of
politics gets too big to handle. Although we may subscribe to the
broader definitions in theory, we find that in practice we have to
set our own limits for each piece of work"
"There are occasions on which it is useful to concentrate on
politics in the narrow sense, on the State and policy. Vicki
Randall suggests a useful compromise, that we adopt not one
definition of politics but two and use them both according to the
needs of the issue. She says that the more traditional view 

... see politics as an activity. It is conscious, deliberate
participation in the process by which resources are allocated
amongst people. The alternative view, which has become more
influential recently, tends to equate politics with the
articulation, or working out of relationships within an already
given `power structure'. 

Each view of politics is appropriate in some contexts. In the 
remainder of this essay I shall mainly follow the second 
view of politics but I shall also make use of the classical
Weberian concepts of legitimacy, boundaries and violence, treating
them in a very broad and sometimes metaphorical way"
"The artist, like the political ruler, operates within a given
territory. The photographer's territory includes the physical limits
of the photograph or series of photographs and the system of
meanings in a culture. Indeed the political ruler impinges on the
cultural territory of the artist and seeks to define it"
"When you are looking through the viewfinder of a camera you are
inevitably faced with the problem of framing and boundaries; it is
part of your critical distance, an arbitrary piece of surgery that
no-one books in for. 

Much of the work in this book explores the meanings of boundaries
in our lives"
"Some of the unintentional humour of amateur photography comes from
the fact that the photographer is not in control of the boundaries"
"We feel sure that the amateur photographer did not intend to
present Aunt Ethel without a head, to include a strange child with
our children or cut out half of Uncle Fred. But photographers who
are in control of the boundaries of their pictures differ in their
attitudes to them. Boundaries may be taken for granted and, in a
sense, avoided by the use of symmetrical composition and the
gathering of all the important things into the middle of the
photograph, or boundaries may be problematical, broken, shifting"
"When some of Jillian Gibb's work was exhibited at the National
Gallery of Victoria in 1983, it was hung in the Photography Gallery
on the floor above the exhibition of the European Collection,
mainly paintings ranging from the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries."
"Pope's tour is lacking in soul  

I COMMEND you for your timely and pertinent editorial (Oct. 15) regarding
the marketing of the Pope's visit to Australia. Letters to the press indicate
a ground-swell of rejection of this display, by catholic and non-catholic
members of church communities"
"Monsignor Walsh has manipulated the Press of this country to promote the
Pope as some kind of supernatural Santa Claus who likes everybody"
"The truth is the Pope is a highly political person who is at loggerheads
with many christians who espoused the spirit of Vatican 11"
"Michael A. Crilly, Glen Iris"
"42 INJURED ON FUN PARK RIDE  

FORTY-two people were injured when a roller coaster train crashed into
the rear of another which had stopped too soon at an amusement park in western
Japan"
"Two people were injured seriously while the others suffered mild shock
and nosebleeds after bumping into the seats in front of them, said Hirokichi
Ueda, an official at the Nagashima Spaland amusement park, 300kms west of
Tokyo"
"Ueda said one 28-seat train was just finishing its run yesterday when
it crashed into another which had accidentally stopped 13m short of the boarding
station.                                                               
  The incoming train was travelling at 5-6km/h and both trains were filled
to capacity, he said."
"Dazzling writing By Helen Garner  

Eleanor Dark's last novel, Lantana Lane, is republished this month by Virago"
Helen Garner introduces Eleanor Dark's work
"ELEANOR DARK WAS BORN IN Sydney in 1901, to a bookish and political family"
"Her father was the poet and man of letters Dowell O'Reilly, who worked as
a schoolmaster and in the Commonwealth Public Service and who was briefly a
Labor MP. About her mother I have no information. The young Eleanor, according
to information provided by A K Thomson in Understanding the Novel: The Timeless
Land, one of those mysterious and useful little cribs one unearths in public
libraries, flourished intellectually from the start: she read at three,
and by seven was writing verse and stories. She was educated at a private
school and went to business college to become a stenographer. She appears
to have taken it for granted that she would become a writer; she published
her first verses at nineteen, and at twenty married Dr Eric Dark, a man
who seems always to have supported her strongly in her work and her ambitions"
"Dark is described, in Thomson's little book, as `an intensely practical
and hard-working woman', a keen gardener, a hiker and bushwalker, who designed
the family's house at Katoomba in the Blue Mountains west of Sydney, and
who with her husband made a second summer home in a cave. `A rock in the
floor was blasted away,' writes Thomson, `and the floor made of white ants'
nests. Fireplaces were made and rough furniture, and the table was a slab
of rock.'
  Dark's love for the land and her knowledge of it came from a great deal
of serious hiking and mapping of the area, activities which provided the
solid research basis of The Timeless Land and also the wonder and respect
for the ancientness of the country seen, for example, in Return To Coolami:

  ...in the gullies, through a dim green light and on soft earth that gave
  out a damp, rich smell, you might walk under tree ferns whose ancestors
  had been tree ferns before you grew legs and came to live on dry land"
"The few photographs of Eleanor Dark that I have seen, all head-and-shoulders
portraits, show her as broad-faced, with thick dark wavy hair cut shortish,
a wide but rather thin mouth in a most determined set, and very striking,
very large dark eyes which are always turned away from the camera. Her
expression is serious and private"
"LANTANA LANE IS ELEANOR DARK'S last novel. It appeared in 1959. Until
I was asked to write this introduction I had never heard of it. To most
Australians who were at high school in the 1950s, Dark was known as the author
of the fattish historical novel The Timeless Land (1941; part of a trilogy)
which we studied in fifth or sixth form. The strongest memory I had of this
book is an early scene in which an Aborigine stands on the cliffs of Sydney
Harbour (which bore for him, of course, a different name) and watches the
approach of the sailing ships carrying the first European settlers to his
land. It is a scene that the subsequent near-destruction of the Aboriginal
race makes into an image of piercing irony"
"Eleanor Dark's name returned briefly to public notice several years ago
when a television series was made of The Timeless Land. Writers are accustomed
to being passed over in the hooha that launches TV events, and Dark was
no exception; but it is hard to imagine this old woman, living in the Blue
Mountains, being much interested more than forty years after its publication
in yet another interpretation of her most popular novel as little more than
a colonial costume drama"
"The TV series, using alcohol as the metaphor for racial destruction, touched
lightly on the fatal impact of white settlement on the Aborigines, but paid
little or no attention to the damage which, as Dark points out in her novel,
greed and plunder did to the ancient land with which the Aborigines had
lived in harmony. She uses the image of rape - but rape, it seems to me,
within an already established relationship - when she says of her character
based on Governor Philip:

  He heard them crying out to her insatiably, `Give! Give!' and was aware
  of her silent inviolability which would never give until they had ceased
  to rob"
"If this strikes us as modern, we may be equally struck by this account,
also from The Timeless Land, of Carangarang, elder sister of the main
Aboriginal character Bennilong and a maker of songs: she sings,

  ...but the words faded as swiftly as they had been born; smitten with
  fear of her own temerity, she glanced round apprehensively upon a ring
  of startled, hostile faces. They said nothing, but she understood their
  condemnation"
"Her younger sister, too, made songs that `were not such as men might make... 
To the men she was like a faintly pricking thorn in the foot which they could
not discover.'
  The women novelists of Australia between the 1920s and the end of the
Second World War were no `faintly pricking thorns'. They dominated the
country's fiction output: Dark, Katharine Susannah Prichard, Barnard and
Eldershaw, Dymphna Cusack, Kylie Tennant, and the two most brilliant, Christina
Stead and Henry Handel Richardson, both of whom fled the place and worked
abroad for virtually their entire careers. It is the mark of the ability
of Australians to distort our own cultural history that a novelist like
Eleanor Dark, a critical and popular success for twenty years and twice
a winner of the Australian Literary Society's Gold Medal, should now be
someone whose name produces blank looks, whose books have almost all been
out of print for years, and who is omitted from the Oxford Anthology of
Australian Literature (published 1985 and by any standards a conservative
selection)"
"Drusilla Modjeska's important book Exiles at Home (Angus and Robertson,1981)
has brought fresh attention to the women writers, solidly on the left and
subsequently all but forgotten, who dominated the Australian novel of their
time. Dark is one of these writers, but even in Modjeska's book she remains
a shadowy figure"
"In her early novels (Prelude to Christopher, 1934; Return to Coolami,
1936; Sun Across the Sky, 1937; Waterway, 1938) Dark was stylistically some
way in advance of her resident female contemporaries. In my fossicking among
the rare personal reports about Dark, I have picked up an impression that
her early technical adventurousness (time compression, flashback, etc) and
in particular her interest in psychology did not endear her to certain
influential supporters of social realism who were devoted to the establishment
and consolidation of a nationalistic Australian literary culture"
"She may not have found congenial the heavy stress laid on social realism
by Nettie and Vance Palmer and their network of commentators and writers,
but her novels make it abundantly clear that her political sympathies lay
with the left. In The Little Company (1945), the most explicitly political
of her novels, written during the Second World War and reissued now by Virago
with a rich and knowledgeable introduction by Drusilla Modjeska, Dark tackled
crucial questions about the meaning of war and the role of the radical and
the writer in a world whose social and political fabric was being torn apart"
"She was never an activist, however, and rarely went to literary or political
functions; it was her husband's name that appeared on the Council for Civil
Liberties masthead"
"A Melbourne historian who interviewed Eleanor Dark ten years ago in his
research for a biography of one of her contemporaries on the left remarked
to me that she was `reflective, and not opinionated, unlike most of the
people I interviewed from the old left whose responses tended to the automatic"
"She was easily the most impressive person I interviewed. She was a person
who was still thinking, and who was prepared, if she had no grounds for
opinion, to say nothing at all.' He described her, in her middle seventies
at that time, as `well preserved, fine-boned, without make-up, very attractive,
sitting up there in her beautiful house on the edge of the escarpment,
chain-smoking and looking out the window and thinking before she spoke'"
"But Dark and her husband were branded fellow travellers in a period when
any criticism of Australian society could bring accusations of communism"
"They were so harassed for their politics in the fifties that Dr Dark's medical
practice suffered, and they were obliged to leave Katoomba where they had
long lived and worked, and move for a time to a small farming community
in Queensland"
"Then, for most of that decade, Dark's silence"
"Then, in 1959, Lantana Lane, a novel so strikingly different from her
other works as to `make one gasp and stretch one's eyes'"
"IT IS PROBABLY IMPERTINENT TO make ignorant guesses about an artist's
state of mind, but Lantana Lane strikes me as a novel written by a happy
woman. Its tone is light, lively and benevolent. Its humour is benign. Its
observations of human behaviour, while razor sharp, are affectionately knowing,
and informed with an attractive, amused tolerance. Its wit is without malice,
blackness or strain. Its feminism is no more vitriolic than a firm but gentle
chiacking of men in their self-importance and laconicism. It is not a novel
of conflict, of character development, of strain and resolution. It is a
contemplation of a particular microcosmic isolated little farming community
`round the corner from the world'. It is a book written with pleasure by
a mature artist in calm command of her craft"
"The Timeless Land, Dark has said, `necessitated a fearful lot of study
and research and, not being a scholar, I was very tired of that'. Lantana
Lane, on the other hand, clearly springs from personal experience. The only
evidence of scholarliness here, apart from Dark's superb handling of syntax,
is the easy familiarity the unnamed narrator (who employs a god-like and
gender-hiding `we') demonstrates with certain Great Works of our culture:
The Old and New Testaments, the Arthurian legends, Dr Johnson, Tennyson,
Freud and the works of Richard Wagner. These learned references are bandied
about with a breathtakingly light-handed cool, and give rise to some of
the book's most hilarious sequences"
"It's a `slow read', as they say, a wonderfully leisurely piece of writing,
as if the easeful sub-tropical climate in which the farming community lives
had affected the prose and structure of the book itself. Into her language
of syntactic formality and wide vocabulary Dark slings sudden coloquialisms
which blast the seriousness sky-high. The loveliest example of this is
the chapter called SOME REMARKS UPON THE NATURE OF CONTRAST with Special
Reference to the Habits and Characteristics of Ananas comosus and Lantana
camara and an Examination of their Economic and Psychological Effect upon
Homo Sapiens. This marvellous dissertation on the uncontrollable tropical
weed, the bushy and massive lantana, in which the scientist's calm detachment
keeps giving way to outbursts of cursing by the tormented farmer, is perhaps
the showpiece of the book, not only for its sparkling language (`the feckless
and slovenly lantana', `the stiff, tough, soldierly pineapples' - this woman
is a mistress of anthropomorphism) but because it is also a dissertation
on the epic struggle of humankind against nature, and because of the tremendous
possibilities of lantana as an image for the human unconscious"
"This last I find specially satisfying and entertaining because of Dark's
early difficulties with the Australian social realist school who turned
their backs on what it no doubt saw as the side alley of Freudianism"
"The beauty of this symbol did not strike me until a friend remarked to
me, while I was reading the book, that her husband had dismissed his own
unconscious by describing it as `a deep dark hole where I throw things
I don't want to think about, and I never see them again'. Dark's phrase
`Throw it Down in the Lantana' sprang to my mind"
""
"Australia - this sporting life By Jon Stratton  

This chapter is a discussion of sport in the Australian context, that is to
say, it is concerned with the position that sport holds in what might be
called the Australian world-view. It is often argued by Marxist theoreticians
that there is no such thing as a socially based world-view. Such arguments
emphasise the importance of class-based ideologies as the loci for analysis"
"Althusser, on whose ideas much recent Marxist cultural analysis has been
based, summed up his position like this:
  As a first formulation I shall say: all ideology hails or interpellates
  concrete individuals as concrete subjects, by the functioning of the category
  of the subject"
"By this he meant that the individual is always already in ideology. S/he
can only think in and through ideology. At another point in the same essay
Althusser sums up his delineation of ideology by writing:
  It therefore appears that the subject acts insofar as he is acted by the
  following system (set out in the order of its real determination):
  ideology existing in a material ideological apparatus, prescribing material
  practices governed by a material ritual, which practices exist in the
  material actions of a subject acting in all conscience according to his
  belief"
"Althusser is arguing, as he puts it, that ideology has a material existence"
"Ideology, in other words, exists in practice, indeed practice is ideology"
"In modern Marxist theory this formulation is opposed by the `cultural studies'
approach of writers such as Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams and E.P"
"Thompson. In his outline of the debate between these two positions Richard
Johnson has described the group of cultural studies writers' definition
of culture like this:
  Cultural studies inherits [the ways-of-life conception of culture] and
  expands it further so that it contains matters as heterogeneous as
  language-in-general, the specific output of the mass media, the literary
  text, the values implicit in forms of working class collective action, the 
  styles of sub-groups and the general political discourse"
"As Johnson goes on to indicate there is a tendency on the one hand for the
Althusserian formulation of ideology to overgeneralise, taking in all actual
behaviour, whilst there is an equivalent tendency on the other hand for
the `cultural studies' formulation of `way of life' to assimilate the category
of ideology. Both these theoretical positions tend towards an elision of
the awareness of the specificity of cultural patterns. Idological themes,
even if manifested in material practices, may be manifested in different
practices in different socio-cultural orders. Reformulated from the `cultural
studies' position it can be suggested that a way of life may embody a variety
of values and beliefs but the `way of life' itself consists of certain 
behaviours and not others"
"A distinction needs to be drawn between the ideological theme and the
cultural materialisation of that theme. We need to recognise that there
are, here, two levels of analysis. First, there needs to be discussion
of the specific organisation of the cultural order. Second, there is the
more `micro' analysis (which the tools of semiotics can help us with) of
the ideological themes implicit in the meaning of cultural manifestations"
"We may well be able to discuss `middle-class ideology' as an aspect of
the production and reproduction of capitalism, but the specific, lived
formulation of that ideology is mediated through cultural concerns which
are specific to particular socio-cultural orders and sometimes to specific
groups within a socio-cultural order. Thus the articulation of ideological
themes such as egalitarianism or individualism occurs in the context of,
and is inflected by, broader cultural preoccupations which structure the
uniqueness of a particular socio-cultural entity. John Hargreaves has expressed
this well. He has written:
  ... culture is both constituted by people consciously making choices and
  evaluations of their experience AND simultaneously, because culture
  is also inherited from the choices and evaluations people have made in
  the past as tradition, it is also constitutive of choice and action, and
  therefore culture can also, though it never does entirely, act as a powerful
  constraint on understanding social life in appropriate terms and on taking
  appropriate forms of action"
Hargreaves' argument implies a randomness to the production of culture
"But the constitution of particular society's cultural order, the structure
of meaning which, from the point of view of the individual who lives it
we might term a world-view, is based on the negotiation of material conditions
and social formations which come together in specific historical conjunctures"
"Culture, like ideology, is an holistic concept. The difficulty which it
poses for Althusserian-influenced Marxism lies in its relation to the idea
of practice. Ideology may be conceived as being structurally articulated but
this is because ideology is conceptualised as thematic. Culture may be
understood as the material practice through which ideology is mediated and
manifested. As a consequence, the category of culture tends towards the
reintroduction of the human subject through the necessity of accounting
for the `random' signs which go to make up a society's cultural order. For
the lived subject culture is not organised randomly. It is the product of
ongoing historical, ideological and material determinations. It is also,
in a specific sense, a product of invention. For example, whilst cricket
at a specific historical moment might manifest a particular ideological
theme or themes, we need to recognise that criket itself was not inevitable
in other socio-cultural orders, while other games may manifest the same
ideological themes"
"This rather arid discussion needs to be taken further - but not here. It
would be possible to take sport in general, or indeed one particular sport
such as cricket, and explain the material and ideological conditions
surrounding its production in a specific socio-cultural order such as that
constituted by Australia. Equally, it would be possible to examine some
of the cultural myths surrounding sport, or particular sports, in, let
us say, Australian culture. In this Chapter I will do a little of each"
"However, my main purpose is to bring both these analytical positions together
in order to discuss the circumstances which produced an image of sport as
an important aspect of Australia's structure of culture. The structure
of culture refers to those ideas which form an essential part of the matrix
(or framework) of the Australian socio-cultural order. What I want to argue
is that the last part of the nineteenth century was the crucial period in
the production of the Australian image of sport and its positioning in the
structure of culture. Throughout this article there will be an interweaving
of these two concerns"
"In the context of the deployment of an Australian structure of culture
one of the most important factors was the historical conjuncture which produced
a conception of the un-naturalness of the Australian environment. Bill Mandle
has already had something to say about this in the context of developing
attitudes towards sport in Australia. It is worth elaborating on his argument"
"In his article Mandle notes how, in the latter half of the nineteenth century,
an anxiety about the quality of the Australian race developed from two sources"
"The first, which is not of concern here, was the question of the extent
to which the convict origins of many Australians might provide the basis
for the development of a degenerate people. The second source lay in a
perception of the degenerating qualities of the Australian environment,
including its climate. Mandle notes that, as Australian cricket teams started
beating English teams during the 1870s:
  Almost overnight the mood changed from one of doubt and relief to one
  of confidence, and the part that cricket played in generating that confidence
  cannot be underestimated"
"What we need to investigate here are, first, the changes which went on to
produce cricket as what late nineteenth-century society understood as a
sport (something I will return to later) and second, how cricket was being
used within the Australian structure of culture (specifically how and to
what extent it contributed to `national confidence'). In order to do this
we need to understand how sport was coming to be structured into the English
midlle-class's view of the world. Below I want to say more about the qualities,
such as manliness, attributed to sport. Here we need to consider briefly
how physical exercise came to provide the basis on which these qualities were
articulated"
"Bodies and bourgeois values  
The late eighteenth century in England saw the rise of what is usually called
the Romantic movement. One aspect of this was a celebration of the environment,
of the natural world as being natural and, indeed, for being natural. In
more general, cultural terms the English nineteenth-century intellectual
middle-class had a certain revulsion against the growing industrialised
urbanism and found in nature a nostalgia for a lost pastoral past. The human
(male) body, an articulation of the natural, but carrying within it the mind -
the basis of civilisation - lay at the intersection of the urbanised (and
civilised) world. The deployment of the category of sport originated from
within the English public schools, most obviously as a part of Thomas Arnold's
reorganisation of Rugby which Simon has summed up like this:
  ... [Arnold] provided a form of education designed to fuse aristrocracy
  and bourgeoisie, to make the aristocracy more useful and the bourgeoisie
  more polished - one which corresponded exactly with, and in turn helped
  to form, the aspiration of the Victorian upper-middle class"
"The practice of sport, in the form of institutionalised and delimited physical
activity, provided a training for the `natural' body and a discipline which
was a part of `civilising' the mind. The body became the site of a complex
resolution. On the one hand there was the attempt to eradicate nature in
the form of the `natural' child through the inculcation and internalisation
of bourgeois values. On the other hand, however, nature as a general concept
was valorised over the `unnatural' depredations of city life. In practice,
in the context of the child, this was represented in the celebration of exercise
as the way to health. These contradictory positions were reconciled through
the argument of `mens sana in corpore sano.' A new, natural bourgeois man
would be developed as the mind, full of bourgeois values, was harmonised
with the physical body of nature"
"The nineteenth-century arguments about such things as the violence of
football were carried out in precisely these terms. Dunning and Sheard note,
for example, in relation to the debate over the acceptability, or not, of
hacking - a debate which played a large part in the formation of the Rugby
Football Union - that:
  ... Rugby supporters were the most persistent advocates of a rougher and,
  as they saw it, more `manly' game. However, a growing body of opinion, inside
  as well as outside Rugby circles, regarded practices such as `hacking' as
  barbaric"
"The young middle-class male's body became the site for a set of arguments
which amounted to a debate about what the synthesis between nature and
bourgeois values was to be and how it was to be articulated in practice"
"With this background we can now appreciate how much importance the
Anglo-Australian middle class would have placed on sport. In England sport
mediated and reconciled the natural and the civilised. The natural, however,
was implicitly associated with the British (and European) environment. As
Richard White notes:
  Such attitudes raised intriguing questions about the development of new
  types from British stock. When transplanted to other parts of the world,
  did the Anglo-Saxon racial type continue to progress, or did it degenerate?
In Australia this question was asked against a backdrop of the perceived
`enervating nature of our climate' and the experienced alienness of the
environment in which, for example, Flinders abandoned his attempt to use the
Linnean system of classification, whilst the Reverend Sydney Smith simply
thought that here nature `seems determined to have a bit of play'. In Australia,
then, sport did not mediate and reconcile the lived-in nature with civilisation
but rather provided a bulwark, a protection against this new, un-natural
environment."
"State Round
with Tony Robertson This could be the start of something big  

  LAST week Brian Burke handed Peter Dowding a double-edged sword"
"The Premier wants his Industrial Relations Minister to hack his way through
the State bureaucracy"
"Mr Dowding was given the task of implementing the Government's reform
of the Public Service and its workforce of about 95,000"
"His official title is Minister assisting the Premier on Public Service
Management. Forgetting the jargon, that means acting as troubleshooter in
a priority area for the Burke Government"
"For Peter Dowding, the appointment could be the most significant in his
political career"
"In a tough job, Mr Dowding will have the chance to show what he's made
of"
"And with Mr Burke making no secret of his desire to get out of politics
in the next few years, all eyes will be on the man acknowledged as a leading
contender for the crown."
"M Sniffin, P Sayers, J Beckett 2.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES  

The aim of this volume is to provide the following information:

‚2 To present the coal resources and reserves for New South Wales
  on a coalfield basis in a useable and concise format"
"‚2 To present a general picture of each coalfield and to discuss:
  geology, mining methods, coal seam geology, seam quality, and coal
  utilization in each area"
"‚2 To delineate areas of both sterilized or uncategorized coal and
  to discuss the factors which determine this"
"The coal resources of the Sydney - Gunnedah Basin were designated
as the primary focus of this study. The smaller coal bearing
provinces of the Oaklands, Gloucester and Ashford Basins have also
been assessed. The Cranky Corner Basin has been included with the
Newcastle Coalfield of the Sydney Basin. Minor coal deposits in the
Clarence-Moreton Basin and the Clyde Coal Measures of the Sydney
Basin have been excluded because of their negligible economic
importance"
"2.2 DEFINITION OF COAL RESOURCE AND RESERVE CATEGORIES  

The coal resources and reserves contained in each authorisation, 
colliery holding, and other areas not held by title were determined 
by applying the Fifth Edition of the Standing Committee on Coalfield 
Geology of N.S.W. ""Code for Calculating Resources and Reserves"", 
(N.S.W. Geological Survey Records 22(1), 1984), which is included 
as Appendix 1"
"A national code for reporting coal resources and reserves was
ratified in April 1986 by the Government Geologists Conference and
was adopted in June 1986 by the Standing Committee on Coalfield
Geology of N.S.W. This code, referred to as the ""Australian Code
for Reporting Identified Coal Resources and Reserves"" makes
provision for two classes of Inferred Resources; Class 1 which is
equivalent to the Assumed category of the Code presented herein,
and Class 2 Inferred Resources. The Class 2 category is broadly
equivalent to the previous category of Inferred Resources. The
majority of the coal resource data was supplied prior to
ratification of the 1986 national code and consequently resources
within this document are reported according to the 1984 ""Code for
Calculating Coal Resources and Reserves"""
"Coal resources for each coalfield in New South Wales have been
categorized according to the level of confidence to which they have
been assessed. This confidence level is dependent upon the density
of exploration data available and the extrapolation of information
from these points of observation (Figure 2.1). Definitions for each
category (i.e. Measured, Indicated, Assumed and Inferred) are given
in Appendix 1"
"Coal reserves in this publication are reported in categories of
Recoverable and Marketable Reserves. These estimates are obtained
only from the calculated Measured and Indicated Resources and then
only when a mine plan exists for the extraction of the coal"
"Consequently, the Recoverable and Marketable (saleable) Reserves
often represent only a small proportion of the reported coal
resources"
"Application of this code allows the various categories of Measured
to Inferred Resources and Recoverable to Marketable Reserves in
each coalfield to be grouped on a mining method and depth of cover
basis. Additional criteria for seam thickness and coal quality are
incorporated into this assessment as shown in Table 2.1"
"In this report, potential open cut coal resources are defined
as coal which occurs at depths of less than 300 metres and with
a linear overburden to coal thickness ratio (stripping ratio)
of less than 10:1. Although mine plans exist for deep open cut
deposits, coal is presently being mined to a limit of
approximately 150 metres when the stripping ratio is 6:1 or
less. Most current open cut mines in New South Wales range from
60 to 80 metres deep with stripping ratios ranging from 5:1 to
7:1"
"The majority of underground mines in the State are operating
at depths of less than 300 metres where linear overburden to
coal thickness ratios exceed 10:1. The minimum mineable working
thickness is usually 1.5 metres which allows miners and
machinery to operate comfortably. Most underground mining in
New South Wales is by bord and pillar methods using continuous
miners to extract the coal, but an increasing number of
longwall units are being installed in the Southern, Western and
Newcastle Coalfields. In 1984/85 twelve longwall units were in
operation with an additional two installed in the latter part
of the year. The average output per unit/shift totalled 1,547
tonnes compared with 337 tonnes for the 238 continuous miners
in use"
"Increasing amounts of underground recoverable coal are being
explored for and mined in the 300 to 600 metres depth category"
"This is especially true in the Southern Coalfield which
contains the only source of premium hard coking coal in New
South Wales and therefore mining at great depths is
economically feasible. However, it is considered that the 600
metres ""economic"" depth limit which is presently applied to the
reporting of resources will be increased in the future"
"Large areas within most of the major coalfields are poorly
explored and data are insufficient to allow resources to be
reported according to any of the categories defined in Appendix
1. Coal resources in these areas have been grouped as either
""uncategorized"" with an estimate given of the total in situ
resources or as ""sterilized"" with reasons given for this
description"
"The reporting of coal resources and reserves in this report is
limited to the criteria which are outlined in Table 2.1. In
addition to this, resources and reserves for each coalfield are
divided into authorisation areas and colliery holdings. Where
possible, individual coal seam names are identified, otherwise
resources and reserves are quoted by formation or subgroup
categories"
"This study represents the collation of all available coal
resource data from current coal exploration authorisations,
exploration permits, unallocated areas, and colliery holdings
in New South Wales"
"2.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  

The Joint Coal Board collected and assessed resource and
reserve data from the colliery holdings. All other information
referred to above was assessed by the Coal Geology Branch of
the Department of Mineral Resources. Statistics used in the
diagrams were compiled from preliminary tables of the Joint
Coal Board statistical yearbook ""Black Coal in Australia 1985-
86"". The overall assimilation of data, writing of text,
preparation for publication, and editorial responsibility was
conducted by the authors. Acknowledgement to the following
persons is made for their time and effort in compiling the
enormous amount of material which went into preparing this
report: C. Barto was responsible for contacting companies and
assembling the coal resource and reserve data; M. Ives, B"
"Kirby and C. Shekhar, geologists with the Joint Coal Board,
supplied the colliery holding data; N. Clarke and P. West
contributed information for same of the chapters. Overall
editorial comment and advice was the responsibility of A"
"Galligan. D. Fitzmaurice, K. McDonald, G. Stewart, and A. Valja
drafted the figures for the text, while photographs were
supplied by D. Barnes and M. Sniffin. The manuscript was typed
by A. Pagano"
"3.1 INTRODUCTION  

Eight important coal rich areas are discussed in this report"
"They are the Western, Hunter, Newcastle, and Southern
Coalfields of the Sydney Basin; the Gunnedah Coalfield of the
Gunnedah Basin, and the Gloucester, Oaklands, and Ashford
Basins. The Cranky Corner Basin is included as part of the
Newcastle Coalfield"
The locations of these coalfields are shown in Figure 3.1
"Minor coal bearing sequences in the Clarence-Moreton Basin and
the Clyde Coal Measures of the Sydney Basin are excluded from
this report"
"The boundaries used for the coalfields of the Sydney-Gunnedah
Basin are those adopted by the Standing Committee on Coalfield
Geology of N.S.W., (N.S.W. Geological Survey Records 22(1),
1985)"
"Table 3.1 is presented here to show a broad stratigraphic
correlation of the major coalfields and coal-bearing basins
in New South Wales. As exploration continues and more data are
analyzed, the accuracy of correlation and definition of
stratigraphic boundaries will continue to improve"
"The Sydney-Gunnedah Basin contains the majority of coal
resources in New South Wales. It extends for up to 500
kilometres in a northwesterly direction from Ulladulla in the
south to beyond Narrabri in the north"
"The coal bearing rocks of the Sydney-Gunnedah Basin are Permian
in age. Overlying rocks of Triassic age or younger generally
form prominent scarps, particularly in the Western and Southern
Coalfields. Mining methods, either open cut or underground, are
often dictated by the presence of this younger cover"
"The coalfields of the Sydney - Gunnedah Basin offer a broad
variety of coal types and these are outlined in Table 3.2"
"Quality ranges from low volatile matter, hard coking coal, to
high quality, low ash thermal coals. Most of the coal produced
in New South Wales is beneficiated by washing. Depending upon
market requirements, different coal types may be recovered from
the one coal seam. In addition, many coal types are produced
by blending different coals at the port where stackers and
reclaimers can achieve a specified product"
"Relevant information about geology, inherent quality, mining
methods, and production from each coalfield is presented in the
following discussion. A more detailed assessment, including the
coal resources and reserves, is given in the individual
coalfield chapters"
"3.2 WESTERN COALFIELD  

The Western Coalfield (Figure 3.1) is bounded to the west by
the western limits of Permian Coal Measures subcrop. It adjoins
the Gunnedah, Hunter and Southern Coalfields to the north, east
and south respectively"
"The main coal bearing strata are contained in the Illawarra
Coal Measures. The major seams in the southern and northern
areas of the Western Coalfield are:

            

The Illawarra Coal Measures are overlain by thick Triassic
sandstone (Narrabeen Group) over most of the southern area"
Coal is mined primarily using underground mining methods
"Currently 13 underground mines and two open cut mines are in
operation"
"The Western Coalfield contains substantial resources of high
specific energy thermal coal. Both domestic and export power
generation and cement industry markets are supplied. Quality
characteristics of the major seams as mined (Lithgow, Katoomba,
Ulan) typically yield coals with medium to high ash, low to
moderate sulphur, and medium to high volatile matter content"
"Production in 1985/86 from the 14 collieries in the Western
Coalfied totalled 13.8 million tonnes raw coal (Joint Coal
Board figures). A large part of this production came from the
Ulan open cut operation (6 million tonnes) and the Clarence
Mine (1.6 million tonnes)"
"3.3 HUNTER COALFIELD  

The Hunter Coalfield is bounded to the northeast by the Hunter
Thrust System. It adjoins the Newcastle, Southern,
Western and Gunnedah Coalfields to the east, south, west, and
north respectively (Figure 3.1)"
"The coal resources of the Hunter Coalfield are contained
primarily in the Wittingham and Greta Coal Measures. Up to 60
coal seams occur in the region, the most important of which are
listed below:

          

In terms of both coal resources and current production, the
Hunter Coalfield is the largest of the State's coalfields. Most
of the coal occurs at comparatively shallow depths and
consequently production is primarily from large scale multi-
seam open cut mines"
"Currently 13 open cut mines and 7 underground mines are in
operation in the Hunter Coalfield. Five coal lease application
areas are also pending, and exploration in 34 coal
authorisation areas is actively assessing the resource
potential of the coalfield"
"Both export and domestic markets are supplied from the Hunter
Coalfield. Several different coal types are produced which
include:

‚2 Low ash, medium volatile matter content, soft coking coal for
  export"
"‚2 Low to medium ash, medium to high volatile matter content,
  low sulphur thermal coal for export"
"‚2 Medium to high ash, medium volatile matter content, low sulphur
  coal for domestic power generation"
"Most of the export coal is washed and much of it is blended into 
commercial blends of high and consistent quality"
"Raw coal production from the Hunter Coalfield during 1985/86 totalled
28.8 million tonnes. Underground production totalled 4.9 million tonnes
while open cut production was 23.9 million tonnes. This represents 37
per cent of the total coal production in the state of New South Wales"
"3.4   NEWCASTLE COALFIELD  

The Newcastle Coalfield extends along the coast of New South Wales from
the Hawkesbury River in the south to the edge of the Hunter Thrust fault
system in the north"
""
"U.S.POLL BLOW TO AUSTRALIA 

THE success of the Democrats in the US congressional elections is almost
as much a blow to Australia - and particularly to Australia's farmers -
as it is to President Ronald Reagan"
"The Democrats gained a majority in the Senate and consolidated their control
in the House of Representatives, making sure the last two years of the
President's term will be that much more difficult"
"Although the election was fought largely on local issues, it will be harder
for President Reagan to get congressional endorsement on matters like foreign
policy, and represents a significant increase in the power of his opponents"
"The bad news for Australia, however, is that the new Democrat majorities
will have a major influence on U.S. domestic matters, particularly the economy"
"Protectionist policies
  Historically the Democrats - like Robert Daschle, the Congressman (now
Senator) who pressed for bigger farm subsidies earlier this year - favor
more protectionist policies in support of US manufacturers and primary
producers. This will undoubtedly have an adverse effect on exports from
Australia as well as on other nations competing with the US"
"A Democratic Congress, for instance, will undoubtedly be much more inclined
to block agricultural imports and subsidise grain sales, and it is significant
that the Republican losses were particularly heavy in the American farm
belt"
"Indeed the new Senate leader, Senator Robert Byrd, has already signalled
a bill to help American farmers. ""It is important for us to compete again
and to protect American jobs, to sell agricultural products abroad,"" he
said"
"`Mugged in the market'
  Nor will the Democrats restrict their protectionist moves to agriculture"
"Senator Byrd included steel and textile workers in his remarks, adding:
""We're getting mugged in the international marketplace. We've got to put
a stop to it.""
  For Australia this means it is even more imperative that we establish
competitive export industries and get our economic house in order by increasing
investment and achieving a realistic wages policy"
"The Democrat victory has shortened the road to Treasurer Paul Keating's
banana economy. If we don't act we'll be there before we realise it."
"Wran to head CSIRO SYDNEY  

 - Former NSW Premier Mr Neville Wran will head Australia's largest
scientific organisation, the CSIRO"
"And the news has stunned the science community.  Reactions at the weekend
ranged from dismay to delight"
"Federal Cabinet has broken a 60-year tradition to approve the appointment
of a non-scientist to the post"
"Mr Wran is understood not to have been the first choice for the post, but
no other contender could find the time. 
  Among the candidates were the doyen of Australian science, Sir Gustav Nossal,
and from the business world, Sir Roderick Carnegie.  But both these men
will be on the new CSIRO board"
"Under new CSIRO legislation which passed through Parliament on Friday,
Mr Wran will hold a part-time position"
"The present chairman, Dr Keith Boardman, is expected to be appointed
full-time chief executive by the new board, which includes a mix of scientific
and business acumen"
"Mr Wran and the rest of his revamped board will take up their posts from
January 1"
"The other new board members are Mr Bill Mansfield, an assistant secretary
of the ACTU; Mr David Hoare, the chairman of Bankers Trust Australia, and
Mr Tony Gregson, a businessman and farmer from Victoria's Western District"
"The surviving members from the old board are Professor Adrienne Clarke,
Mr Graham Spurling and Dr Kevin Foley"
""
"G and S at HM  

  THE Gilbert and Sullivan Society of WA has chosen Iolanthe as its
presentation this year"
"The brilliant satire of Gilbert's libretto and Sullivan's lively and tuneful
music, will open at His Majesty's Theatre on Thursday, August 21. It should
provide a bright entertainment"
"It was the first of the pair's operas to be presented at the Savoy Theatre,
built especially by Richard D'Oyly Carte to stage their works when they
were growing in popularity"
"Pamela Turner will be in the title role. The Lord Chancellor will be Ross
Bryant; the Earl of Ararat, John Harrison; Earl Tolloller, Frank Lazzari;
Constable Willis, Owen McClements; Strethon the shepherd, John Kessey; Queen
of the Fairies, Lorraine Kirwan-Doesburg; and Phyllis the shepherdess, Allison
Fyfe"
""
"Managing manganese deficiency  

Manganese deficiencies in cereal crops are becoming more common. Recent
research has determined how much manganese a crop needs and produced ways
of determining whether that need has been met. More information on the best
cultivars for manganese-deficient areas and on the general management of
manganese deficiency is now available"
"Manganese, an essential micronutrient involved in the early light-harvesting
steps of photosynthesis as well as many other enzyme-mediated reactions
within plants, has an equally complex role within the soil microbial
population. Acting on the soil manganese pool, reducing microbes create
more soluble forms, which then become available for plant growth. Competing
with these groups are oxidizing microbes that synthesize insoluble manganese
compounds and, if conditions are right, their activities can lead to manganese
deficiency in crops grown on those soils"
Defining the precise conditions leading to manganese deficiency is difficult
"However, the more alkaline soils - such as the calcareous ones dominated
by limestone - favour the oxidized forms of manganese and have a low natural
availability of the element"
"The seasonal wetting and drying cycle that the soil experiences also
influences availability: saturation of the soil leads to low oxygen levels
that favour the activity of the reducing microbes; conversely, as the soil
drains, the oxidizing microbes are favoured and manganese levels decline"
"As the soil approaches an air-dry state the oxidizing microbes cannot continue
operating, but chemical reactions in the soil slowly release manganese,
which is then available to the plants when the soil is re-wetted"
"Manganese deficiency also occurs in the seedling phase of cereals grown
in southern Australia. This is most pronounced when the start of the growing
season is cold and unusually wet. Under these conditions root activity and
elongation are slow and the volume of soil that is exploited is relatively
small"
""
"The ladies who lunch By Robyn Archer, Diana Manson, Deborah Parry, Robyn Stacey  

   FIRST, let us look at that other women's movement, which has
been growing in direct opposition to feminism. These are the
Women Who Want To Be Women, the anti-feminist activists
(sometimes frivolously dubbed as the Women Who Want To Be
Doormats); they have the active support of fundamentalist
Christian organisations, and the intellectual support of right-
wing political organisations. In Australia and the United
States, in particular, the movement is made up of extremely
competent, articulate and sophisticated women, as well as
seemingly unsophisticated, naive and artless churchwomen of
indeterminate middle age. They are internationalist in their
perspectives and political organisation, sending emissaries
from one country to another to help fight the good fight
against liberal abortion laws, pornography, liberal educational
philosophies, relaxed prohibitions on male homosexuality, and,
in their latest campaign, reproductive technologies and genetic
experimentation (for example, test-tube babies and other
techniques which involve creation of human embryos)"
"They are fighting on the terrain marked out by feminism, and
in some cases using the language of women's liberation, but
their basic assumptions about women, men, sexuality and society
are the complete reverse of those of feminists. 
   At this point it's good to pause and take stock of the opposition, 
and look at the reasons why many women feel compelled to say, before
making some brave statement about how they have faced and
overcome pressures from men, `I'm no women's libber, far from
it, but ... I believe in equality, a fair go.'

   Why does feminism seem so threatening, and sometimes such an
impenetrable system of ideas, styles, ways of living that it
puts women off? And how, at the same time, does it appear to
the Women Who Want To Be Women to be part of a great government
supported conspiracy against decent living and the future of
the Christian family? What is it about feminism, or the
condition of women's lives, that makes this movement for
women's liberation seem to embody so many people's worst fears?
   The right-wing women, the Women Who Want To Be Women, share
many of the insights of feminists into women's condition, but
draw completely opposite conclusions about what is to be done"
"So, for example, they will agree with radical feminists that
the root cause of women's inferior position is male sexuality
and violence, that the world is a dangerous place for a woman"
"But their solution is to insist on upholding the rules of the
traditional marriage and family structure. In the traditional
respect paid to motherhood, they see women's hope for safety"
"Conventional roles for women and men offer certainty for
everybody, reduce the pressure on men who feel their manhood
threatened by newly strident women, and thereby lower the
potential for sexual violence. Conventional women's roles are
important to society and civilisation, because women are the
tamers of violent men, the instillers of respect for women and
authority in their children, and the pivot of the family, that
`haven in a heartless world'. So in a very real sense they see
any analysis of the stunting effects of traditional female
roles as an attack on women's security. Theirs is a
fundamentally pessimistic view of human nature, which has us
hovering on the brink of barbarism, any change in the balance
of forces likely to precipitate us over the edge. Men's
potential for violence needs to be restrained by the virtue of
good women. `Bad' women, such as prostitutes and sexually
promiscuous girls, are thrown to the wolves as a sort of
hostage to fortune - these right-wing women often promote the
theory that although it is regrettable, prostitution is
necessary for the overall health of society because it provides
`outlets' for sexually deprived or perverted men, who would
otherwise prey on `innocent' girls and women"
"Notions of innocence which should be rewarded figure prominently 
in the social analysis of these women, and surfaced particularly 
strongly in the panic over AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). 
One of the most consistent themes in public discussion of AIDS has 
been the concern that the disease will spread into `the general 
population' - i.e. instead of killing mainly homosexual men it will 
spread to `innocent', although sexually promiscuous, heterosexuals. 
Human society is seen as comprising only the basically good and 
decent people; others are quite literaly outside society from the 
point of view of fundamentalist moralists. And therefore quite 
properly beyond the concern of the good and decent, whose own 
security is put at risk by having any dealings with them, their 
poisonous and contagious views, their life-denying lifestyles"
"It's a view of human society which has many superficial
resemblances to ecological theories about how living organisms
coexist in nature, using ideas of fine balance, the fragility
of that balance, the irreversibility of any damage done"
"Perhaps that is one of the reasons why this type of reaction to
feminism has such a wide appeal, even to people not
particularly religiously oriented - the feeling of living on the
brink, of only just keeping at bay an overwhelming pessimism,
is characteristic of these times of high unemployment, nuclear
arms escalation, and worldwide social and political upheaval"
"The link with religious feelings is easy to explain. As
Andrea Dworkin says, `religion shrouds women in real as well as
magical grace', honouring motherhood, honouring submission to
the will of God, honouring obedience to clearly laid-down rules
of sexual and moral conduct. With the proviso that it only
applies to good women, religion does say that `women are
wonderful'. Women are the creators and nurturers of life - and
that, say the Women Who Want To Be Women, ought to be enough
for any womanly woman"
"And the Women Who Want To Be Women can be very astute. They
rely on ideas about female solidarity, all women sticking
together, and throw these up against the supposed selfishness
of feminists. With absolute accuracy they point out that
working conditions and wages for women are on the whole
appalling, that women in the workforce will face the double day
of paid work and housework, that they will be undervalued by
the men they work with or for, that they will be burdened by
the guilt of leaving their children with strangers, that most
areas of `women's work' in the paid workforce are deadend
jobs without much personal satisfaction. And
this is the bargain that the feminists want you to make, they
say, to give up the pleasures of a true woman's life in the
family for a life of drudgery outside"
"And on another tack, one which throws you completely off
guard if you think of these women only as puritanical
moralists, the Women Who Want To Be Women have also scored
against feminism by alleging that feminism promotes joyless,
loveless sex, or turns women against sex and men altogether"
"They argue that feminism is earnest and moralistic, and in
books like The Total Woman extol feminine sexual playfulness
(within marriage, of course) as the foundation of a happy
marriage and a satisfied man"
"The key to all their perceptions of the good, and campaigns
against the bad, lies in whatever promotes traditional family
values, respect and reverence for women, and restraint of
aggressive men"
"As Andrea Dworkin put it, in her book Right Wing Women, the
movement offers women `safety, shelter, rules, form and love' in
exchange for submission and obedience to their essential
feminine natures. The movement has `succeeded in getting women
as women (women who claim to be acting in the interests of
women as a group) to act effectively in behalf of male
authority over women, in behalf of a hierarchy in which women
are subservient to men, in behalf of women as the rightful
property of men, in behalf of religion as an expression of
transcendental male supremacy. It has succeeded in getting
women to act effectively against their own democratic inclusion
in the political process, against their own civil equality,
against any egalitarian conception of their own worth.'
   So, in the United States, the campaign by right-wing women's
groups against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) succeeded on
two main grounds. First, they argue that ERA would mean that
women would be forced into conscription into the armed forces
on the same basis as men. Second, they argued that ERA would
force women to have abortions. How did they manage to convince
a majority of voters that an amendment to the Constitution
which would have enshrined women's rights in the law of the
land would have had the reverse effect, of taking away
fundamental freedoms from women?
   Basically, they were successful by arguing that the only
guarantee of women's rights is a strong family-based society"
"They argued that the state intrudes on people's freedoms, and
therefore any state-supported campaign for women's equality is
just another way for the state to take control away from
families. If some selfish women campaigning for abortion rights
succeed in repealing the laws against abortion, and having
their right to abortion written into the law, it's just a short
step further to total control of women's reproductive lives; a
right to abortion will turn into compulsory abortion"
"It is fascinating, but chilling too, to see how in the
political thinking of the Women Who Want To Be Women,
feminists - who think of themselves as being in opposition to
state control of women's lives, male control of women's lives,
church or medical control of women's lives - loom up as the
causes of the oppression of women, the allies and agents of the
state. And how the very act of analysing a problem somehow
creates that problem: if feminists point out how marriage is
often a state of unhappiness for women, they are blamed for
that state of affairs. If feminists campaign for better
treatment and childcare facilities for single mothers and their
children, they are accused of forcing women into dependence on
the state. In the thinking of the right-wing movement,
feminists create the problems by suggesting that there are
alternative ways of organising society, which do not require
men and women to conform to the roles laid down for them in the
traditional family structure"
"Far removed from the traditional values of the Women Who
Want To Be Women are the Ladies Who Lunch, the women of leisure
who are the apostles of an exaggerated ideal of femininity,
dedicated to fashion, style and narcissism. They are impatient
with the `stridency' of feminism, bored with the effort of hard
thinking about the position of women; cynical about the motives
of women who campaign for the rights of other women; and above
all, determined to preserve an ideal of femininity which is all
about being clever, sexy, and manipulative. They deplore the
ugliness of what they think is a `feminist look' - like not
shaving your legs, or not wearing makeup. Although they are not
in any sense an organised movement, their influence is great,
because in a confused sort of way most women's magazines are
speaking their language, while at the same time putting out a
modified version of self-determination inspired by feminism"
"A note on language: feminism has been fighting on the
linguistic front since the beginning. One of the earliest
distinctions made was between `lady' and `woman' . `Lady' is
typically used to describe a woman who conforms to the model of
femininity current at the time - and hence, in feminist analysis,
is an honorific which disguises a lack of a real respect for
the woman underneath. Sometimes, too, `lady' carries definite
overtones of contempt, probably carried over from its
association with the idle rich. `Woman', on the other hand,
positively resonates with strength and warm feelings, and
sisterhood - even though it has a multitude of contemptuous uses
too, such as `get into the kitchen, woman!' or `I'll get my
woman to make you some dinner.' So using `lady' in a feminist
context means a deliberate irony is intended"
"The privileges of femininity include a high permissible
level of self-indulgence, in clothes, ornamentation, attention
to one's body, cooking and food; as well as permission - to
gossip, to care intensely about relationships, to be emotional,
frivolous at times; to leave hard decisions to other people; to
be evacuated first (with the children) from burning buildings
or hi-jacked planes; to leave sexual initiatives to the man; to
have an honourable excuse for failing to have a satisfying
career."
"INTRODUCTION TO LEVITICUS  

`Leviticus?' That's one book of the Bible I can do without! All rules and
regulations, sacrifices and seriousness. What do we want to read that for?'
Is that your reaction to this book? Then here's another question for you:
Why would we not want to learn more about the meaning underlying Jesus'
death for us?
The Israelites of the Old Testament were God's chosen people, just as the
Church is today (1 Peter 2:9) - and they were chosen for the same purpose:
to show and make known the wonderful works of God. Further, just as the
Church has the Lord Jesus Christ in her midst (is, in fact, the body of
Christ), so the Israelites had Almighty God, signified by the Tabernacle,
in their midst. But God is holy. Since holiness cannot co-exist with
uncleanness, how can God remain in the centre of a sinful and profane people
without destroying them?
This question is equally important for long-ago Israelites and for Christians
today. A study of Leviticus will help our understanding of the answer"
"Throughout the book you will recognise parallels and contrasts with various
aspects of our Lord's ministry and death. Why not keep a record of all you
find? It will be very helpful when we go on to study Hebrews and the later
chapters of Luke's gospel"
"And now, open your Bible and join us in our quest for understanding of these
strange practices"
""
"Australian pub signs By Linde McPherson  

Have you ever been curious about the old beer and stout advertisements
featuring sporting heroes that recently adorned the outer walls of most
Sydney pubs? The few surviving today are quaint reminders of a lost art"
"The tradition of displaying pictorial signs on the exterior of hotels has
a long history and it is to the old English pub that one looks to find direct
antecedents for our pub sign"
"In 18th and 19th century, the British developed the association of sport
with alcoholic beverages. Inn keepers often organised boxing and snooker
competitions on the premises; steeplechase meetings in the fields attached
to their public houses. Archery was often practised in inn gardens"
"In Sydney, Tooth and Co. adapted the British tavern pictorial signs to local
socio-economic conditions. The Tooth pub signs you see featured here reveal
an innovative and creative approach to brewery advertising of the 1930s
and represent a highly successful advertising formula which continued until
well into the 1960s"
"Despite their initial similarities, Tooth pub signs developed a character
quite different to their English predecessors. This was partly due to the
fact that they served another function. That is, they advertised brands of
beer, not the existence of a specific hotel. The signs also looked different
due to the 'transfer process' technique used in their production"
"This technique is similar to the manner used to apply registration labels
to car windows. The layout is first marked out in pencil on litho paper"
"The design is then traced onto medium weight porous transfer paper, coated
with glue and undercoated in readiness for the design's completion in oil-based
paint"
Once the painting is finished it is coated lightly with a pale varnish
"When dry a second coat is applied and left tacky. The paper is then submerged
into a tray of water to loosen the glue size, lifted out, and positioned
paint surface forward onto the sheet of plate glass. A roller is then used
to remove all air bubbles and the transfer paper soaked off gently with
a sponge. The glue is washed away and excess water removed. The glass pictorial
is allowed to dry for twenty-four hours before the entire design is coated
with a heavy bodied paint to seal and protect it"
"When completed the signs were distributed to hotels in the Sydney metropolitan
area as well as NSW country towns. Subjects usually related to the area"
"For instance, coastal hotels featured beach scenes with lifesavers, bathers
and divers. Football pictorials showed players dressed in the local team's
colours"
"Between 1930-1939, relentless pressure was directed towards the liquor industry
by the Prohibitionists. Tooth and Co. was concerned to enhance its public
image, deflate the 'wowsers' and gain publicity. Therefore, the choice of
subject matter was fundamental"
"Subjects were highly idealized. The sportsmen always looked well-groomed
despite the characteristic vigour of the activity. Looking at the impeccably
turned-out footballers in the Tooth's Ale ad one is struck by the message
that football is a 'good, clean sport' which is enhanced by a beer for a
'real man', an upright citizen, neither a loafer nor a misfit"
"In the 1930s women were not admitted into saloon bars: it was not considered
ladylike. The exclusion of women from hotels is reflected in the substantially
male-dominated imagery of the signs"
"Women are, however, found in some of the pub signs although they are never
seen competing in any sense. They ride or sit beside their man as equals
in the cause of promoting the health-giving properties of barley and hops"
"They are seen diving, swimming and riding thus giving their tacit approval to 
the product. They help to counter arguments put forward by the 'wowsers' 
relating to the harmful effects of alcohol"
"With the passing of time, Tooth's pub signs became 'old fashioned' and no
longer economically viable. A more sophisticated approach to advertising
adopted by Tooths in the late 1960s meant that the pictorials became redundant"
"Today, a growing interest in popular culture means that such advertising
signs now have another function and potential value as 'social documents'"
"In recognition of their importance the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences
(The Power House Museum) in Sydney obtained the entire collection of Tooth
pub signs as well as historical material relating to the company's brewing
interests"
"The pub signs form an important link with social history, with advertising
techniques before the age of television and the present calculated
psychological advertising warfare. There is much to be gleaned from the
collection"
"Linde McPherson has a B.A. from Sydney University majoring in the history
of art. She has researched pub signs extensively"
""
"$53m. prison `a waste' CASUARINA SITE A MISTAKE, SAYS LIB.  

OPPOSITION front-bencher George Cash has derided the State Government's
decision to build a new $53 million maximum-security prison at Casuarina"
"The decision would waste taxpayer's money and create a security risk,
he said"
"He called a press conference yesterday after spending the morning at
the Canning Vale Prison complex - a site that he favours for the new prison"
"Mr Cash, the Opposition spokesman on prisons, asserted that the
Government's decision to build the gaol about 5km east of Medina and 4km
from Parmelia was ""shrouded in secrecy and deception.""
  He said that questions raised by the Opposition in State Parliament had
gone unanswered by the Minister for Prisons, Mr Berinson"
Questions asked by anxious nearby residents had also gone unanswered
"Mr Cash said he believed that there was no sound basis for building the
gaol at Casuarina when Canning Vale was designed for a maximum-security
unit"
"He said that when the Canning Vale complex was developed by the Tonkin
Labor Government it was intended that a maximum-security prison would 
eventually be built on the land available on the site"
"It was always intended that the Canning Vale site would replace the Fremantle
Prison"
"Instead, the Government had chosen to build the gaol about 15km south"
"""The fact that facilities will be duplicated indicates that taxpayers
will be paying more than is necessary,"" Mr Cash said"
Mr Berinson said last night that there would be no duplication of facilities
"He said that in retrospect the shared facilities at Canning Vale showed
unfortunate planning"
"""I cannot imagine that Mr Cash should suggest shared facilities at a
maximum-security prison,"" he said"
"""It would be a security nightmare.""
  Mr Cash said that spending on a new prison site was absurd when ""only
two weeks ago the Premier told us to tighten our belts.""
  ""And the fact that prisoners will have to be escorted that distance between
the two gaols represents an unnecessary security risk,"" Mr Cash said"
"There would be only a marginal saving in building the gaol at Canning
Vale instead of Casuarina, he said"
"However, the service facilities at Canning Vale - equipment and maintenance
- would need to be duplicated at a new gaol"
"Mr Cash said that the Environmental Protection Authority's 1981 System
Six study report recommended that the site at Casuarina be vested in the
WA Wildlife Authority because of its significant flora, fauna and water.       
  The Government appeared to be rejecting this recommendation for no apparent
reason"
"Mr Berinson said that it was a System Six area but the prison would occupy
only 30 hectares out of the 180 hectares"
""
"Photography - a stormy tale of two cities with different views   

The art of photography in Australia is suffering because of rifts between
its leading exponents in Melbourne and Sydney. Some people, reports JOHN
BAXTER, can't even agree on what the word ""photograph"" means"
"IF A SINGLE event encapsulated the divisions in Australian photography,
it was a lecture given recently at Sydney's Australian Centre for Photography,
when Oxford's Michael Weaver, one of the busiest international experts,
spoke on New Yorker Robert Mapplethorpe, a show of whose work curated by
John Buckley was shortly to reach the centre"
"Weaver detailed Mapplethorpe's preoccupations: New York's homosexual
underworld; blacks, bikers and bi-sexuals and the androgynous charms of
muscle-pumper and performance artist Lisa Lyon. Two other recent interests
of Mapplethorpe's, portraits of New York celebrities and some unaccountable
images of flowers, Weaver dismissed as passing phases, of little interest"
Those in his audience who had already seen the show exchanged amused glances
"Buckley's choice was very thin indeed on gay erotica, heavy on portraits
and flowers. But then, it had been curated in Melbourne, and that - to
the Sydney audience - said a great deal"
"Rifts between New South Wales and Victoria, between individuals, factions
and galleries, between rival schools of curating and scholarship, even
between definitions of the word ""photography"" characterise the Australian
photographic establishment. ""Australian photography grew through a
proliferation of factions,"" one Sydney curator told me. ""Rather than reading
and looking at other people's work and developing as artists, new
photographers budded. There are some people who haven't changed their ideas
about photography in 15 years.""
  For almost that long, the Australian Centre for Photography has been
in the centre of the battle, sometimes part of the debate, sometimes the
cause of it. Favoritism, incompetence and confusion are just some of the
charges levelled both from outside the organisation and within its own
ranks"
"The Australian Institute for Photography, as it was then called, accepted
an extensive brief when it was founded in 1974. It promised not only an
exhibition space and an archive of distinguished local artists, but also
- in a nod to then fashionable conceptions of access - classes for a public
which the new accessibility of cameras had turned on to photography"
"Hopes that the centre would flourish when it moved in 1981 to a building
in Sydney's Oxford Street suavely refurbished by Don Gazzard (whose offices
discreetly occupy a space behind it) weren't realised. Dobell House was
neither large enough to fulfil the centre's grandiose aims nor small enough
to escape notice and criticism"
"The photographic classes paid their way but from the start centre exhibition
policy was erratic, salaries low and division within the ruling executive
bitter. New director Christine Godden was less than popular, and after her
stormy ousting in 1982, subsequent weak administrations culminating in
a directorless 10 months did nothing to revive confidence on the part of
the staff, the public or the office of the Minister for the Arts and the
Visual Arts Board whose contributions keep the centre afloat"
"Nor were Sydneysiders happy to hear news of a second Australian Centre
for Photography being planned in Melbourne. Decades of bitter interstate
rivalvy bubbled to a boil"
"There was plenty to be bitter about. Sydney had been the national capital
of photography until the war. In the 60s, as photography first burgeoned
as an art and trendies took down the Drysdale prints to replace them with
images by Max Dupain and David Moore, it was still Sydney that made the
running. When the Bilsons hung Grant Mudford architectural prints on the
walls of Berowra Waters Inn, photography's star was seen as patently in
the ascendant"
"But if Sydney had the tradition of photography, Melbourne had the movers
and shakers. Victoria's National Gallery set up our first major photographic
collection in 1968. It has flourished under curator Jennie Boddington. Some
criticise her perchant for collecting photo-journalism and quantities of
re-printed images, useful as educational reference but anathema to those
who prefer to see photography as one of the ""fine"" arts. But Boddington
is unrepentant, popular - and influential"
"Melbourne also nurtured the major photographers of the 70s, including
Bill Henson, whose austere nudes and shadowed interiors have made him, with
expatriate Mudford, our most famous photo artist abroad. It also produced
Paul Cox, later to switch to film-making, and Warren Breninger, whose
portraits, ""manipulated"" with colored ink, crayon and pencil, presaged
the style that would smuggle photography into the fine art galleries"
"Melbourne could also boast the greatest of the radicals, Carol Jerrems,
whose outrageous reportage of sexual liberation from the inside set her
stamp on the 70s. Even before her death at 31 in 1981, images like the 1972
Vale Street, with its bare-breasted girl flanked by two truculent male
companions after what was presumably a night of sexual excess, had become,
as an Australian National Gallery catalogue acknowledged recently, ""an
icon"""
"But Jerrems' liberalism died with her. Breninger and Henson dominated
the end of the decade, along with fellow manipulators like Micky Allen"
"With them at the helm, photography sailed into a twilight zone where images
mated with art and propaganda. Photographs were collaged, or accompanied
by hectoring texts taking up more space than the pictures. Feminist
rhetoriticians like Helen Grace found photography a useful pulpit for their
ideas. An image by Christine Godden, in a 1982 Lady Fairfax show at the
NSW Art Gallery combined stills and Godden's naked and bruised torso with
a shakily handwritten text detailing the assault in which she sustained
the injuries. It was the dernier cri of the style which has since languished
in favor of a new interest in figurative work and landscape"
"Sydney today lags behind both Victoria and Canberra. The Australian National
Gallery has the most space and money for photography, ranking sixth among
the world's galleries in its purchasing budget. An annual $250,000 is earmarked
for overseas work while local images are acquired, mainly under grants,
of around $12,000 from Kodak and Philip Morris. Major shows are not relegated
to some ghetto in a garret, but hung on the ground floor adjacent to the
Pollocks and Rothkos"
"By contrast the Art Gallery of NSW has only $24,000 a year for local and
foreign acquisitions. Photography occupies a basement between ethnography
and education. Rebuilding will shortly re-site the gallery in a larger corner
of the lower ground floor but any improvement in photography's marginal
status seems unlikely"
"The gallery has yet to recover the credibility lost in a 1983 scandal
when respected local photographer Max Pam offered to sell a collection of
images of Asia. The price was a philanthropic $700, about $36 a print, but
though director Edmund Capon endorsed the purchase, the governing body
vetoed it on doctrinal grounds. Why, they queried, when a painter was
represented by only two or three pictures, should a photographer have hundreds?
Curator Gael Newton was forced to decline Pam's offer. ""I could never look
him in the face again,"" Newton says. ""No other collection was ever offered
to the gallery after that.""
  The Pam pictures went to a delighted Art Gallery of South Australia and
following further debacles, Newton departed for Canberra to curate the
ANG's mammoth Bicentennial survey of Australian photography"
"In Sydney today, exhibition of photography outside the Art Gallery of
NSW is patchy and occasional. Since the collapse of Sydney's Images Gallery
only a few fine art dealers handle photographic work. Curatorship in such
shows is erratic, where it exists at all. The Print Room did Robert McGarlane
proud in a 1985 retrospective with a celebrity-studded launch and glossy
brochure. But a recent show of period glamor portraits by William Buckle
at Josef Lebovic offered the dismal sight of a wall of prints hung
edge-to-edge under the catchpenny title Buckle's Beauties. In the same week
an important group of historical photographs was hung in the lobby of a
Sydney hotel, while some murky snapshots taken by the touring Footsbarn
Theatre Company sullied the lobby of the Sydney Theatre Company's Wharf
Theatre. All were announced in the press and reviewed as ""exhibitions"""
"Though organisations like the Mitchell Library have huge uncatalogued
collections of photographs, there are neither the funds nor the expertise
to assess them"
"The appointment of ex-Australian National Gallery curator Martyn Jolly
to the Australian Centre of Photography is a hopeful sign of a new deal
for Sydney photography. The other is the controversial choice of Denise
Robinson, late of Melbourne University Union's George Paton Gallery, as
director. Robinson acknowledges that her background is not in photography
but in fine arts. And being from Melbourne is, she agrees, no help in this
chauvinistic field. She is diplomatic about NSW arts funding practices,
but what she has to say about Victoria offers a clue"
"""The Victorian Ministry for the Arts has a lot to answer for,"" she charges,
""in terms of the way it has centralised cultural production in Melbourne"
It instigates projects: it doesn't look for them to come from outside
"There's not enough debate within it: there's not enough input from the
community and interested groups.""
  Beyond the problems of winning government support for the embattled centre,
Robinson hopes for sponsorship, a dialogue with other visual arts, even
an assault on foreign audiences - though most still tend, she finds, to
view Australia either as an exotic Nirvana or a primitive outpost of Empire"
"The French are preoccupied with a romantic view of Aboriginal life, while
audiences at a forum on an Australian show she curated at the 1984 Edinburgh
festival quizzed the artists seriously on whether they had studios. Before
Australian photography is accepted overseas, she suggests, local artists
will need a strategy to bypass such intellectual tank traps"
"With this problem added to those of a duplication of resources, a want
of central planning and a bewildering lack of standards, it's no wonder
many of our photographers view the future as through a glass, darkly"
""
"Cold hands and a hot hearth COLQUHOUN 

  Well, at least we'll have the telly to keep us warm"
"It might be all we have soon, what with rising costs of electricity,
gas and oil - and now a Big Brotherly interest in the returning popularity
of wood fires"
"I'm told that, in the US, one can buy videos of cosy fires. You pop the
cassette in and, presumably, stretch your chilblained tootsies towards
the TV and hold out your palms to absorb the imagined warmth"
"Nothing much wrong with that, I suppose. Wood fires are notoriously
inefficient and much of their warmth comes from the imagination, anyway. A
lovely log fire is as much in a man's heart as in his hearth"
"It's always been so. A fire is as atavistic as suckling and its discovery
as fundamental in the gentling of the human beast as the invention of the
wheel"
"Who still does not enjoy the primitive mysticism of huddling over a camp
fire while the billy boils - a friendly cauldron brewing spells to ward
off the black sorcery of the night while stardusting us with the eternity
of the heavens above?
  Even in the urban blandness of our cream-brick castles we can gaze into
our little manicured fires and pretend we are strutting squires or lonely
adventurers or Joan of Arc at the stake. God, what would Scott of the
Antarctic have given for one blazing log to die by?
  Those flames are the stuff that dreams are made of. And as they die we
can snooze off, snug in a momentary immortality"
"But such are the petty temporal concerns of our fusspot neighbors, not
everyone sees it that way"
"Hard to sleep

  According to a report in The Advertiser yesterday, the SA Department of
Environment and Planning has received about 80 complaints a year recently
about soot from wood fires falling on neighbors' washing, smoke enveloping
their houses and smells making it hard to sleep"
"Smells! Hell, wood smoke must be the most romantic fragrance outside a
boudoir"
"Still one sympathises. And only a cad would let his ash fall on a neighbor's
washing or burn wet wood or chemically treated timber which gives off toxic
fumes"
"The department has issued guides on how to use wood heaters correctly
and efficiently. It has also discussed the education of us domestic
pyromaniacs with the people who sell ""solid fuels"""
"With the use of such fuels still growing spectacularly, it is proper
that our authorities should be concerned about pollution and citizens' rights"
"But it is nonetheless morbid to think that we have so civilised ourselves
that we have to be taught how to make something as instinctive as a good
fire"
Before long we'll have to pay for a license to light one in our own hearths
- Des Colquhoun
"The red back spider By Peter Skrzynecki 1 
WHILE my father lived and worked in Sydney for the Water Board during our
first two years in Australia, my mother found occasional domestic employment
in town and on the farms around the migrant hostel where we lived in the
Central West of New South Wales"
"Of the jobs she held, one was what might be called ""regular"" - as a
washer-woman and ironing-and-cleaning lady on a sheep and wheat property,
five or six mile from the hostel. Occasionally, however, requests for an
extra day's, a week's or a month's work would reach my mother from the head
of the household, Mrs Hunter - a small, grey-haired widow who ran the property
with two sons and a daughter"
"In this case, a referral was made to a Mrs Burnett for gardening work
to be done in the township. The pay was a dollar - or, ten shillings, as
it was called then - a day"
"2 
The house in Carp Street was a fibro cottage built on a sloping block
of land - the foundations at the back being high enough for a child to stand
under and an adult to crouch or sit down"
"Except for its weeds, the yard was almost bare, empty of bushes or trees"
"A few geraniums straggled out of the caked earth down one side of the house,
under a window. The weeds were dried by the hot summer sun - yellow, brown,
white; they grew densely at the back and more sparsely towards the front
and down the sides of the house; patches of reddish-orange clay blended
in with them. This was the ""gardening"" my mother had been employed for -
her task being to clear the yard of weeds and stack them. Later, they all
had to be burnt"
"The lady of the house, Mrs Burnett, was also a widow - a bony woman whose
brown-as-leather skin hung over her frame like a synthetic material and
gave her an appearance of being fleshless. She spoke shrilly, bird-like,
peering over her glasses as if my mother and I were hard of hearing. Despite
her appearance, she did not seem to be very old. As she spoke, she pointed
with a crooked finger"
"""The gardening implements are under the house. You may stack the weeds
over there, in the left corner. They must be burnt when they are dried out"
"I shall pay you at the end of the day ... Thank you. Oh yes? The child may
stay with you providing he does not become a hindrance.""
  With that she hurried away, but at the top of the steps she closed the
door slowly, deliberately, with a metallic ""click"": as if to establish the
necessary barrier that must exist between mistress and servant"
"According to my mother the work would take two or three days, and these
she would slot in between the days she worked for Mrs Hunter. As it was
the period before Christmas, school at the hostel was finished and I was
allowed to accompany her. We would catch the bus from the camp to the centre
of town, then walk among the shops and houses with tidy rural gardens, past
the post office, police station and courthouse: skirt the hospital grounds
and walk around the hill with a War Memorial on top - its pale blue light
burning all night and into the early hours of morning. Carp Street lay at
the end of this circuit"
"On the first day, while my mother worked, I played in the dirt and among
the weeds - with two small rectangular blocks of wood that were imaginary
cars: making roads, bridges, tracks and roads. When the sun became too hot
I would go under the house, continuing my game there. My mother wore a
broad-rimmed straw hat and made me a cap by tying knots into the four ends
of a handkerchief. We drank water from a tap by the back steps and next
to an outside toilet. We had sandwiches for lunch under the house together
- in the cool, where we could hear Mrs Burnett walking around and the muffled
sound of conversation, as though she were speaking to someone"
"There were boxes and cases under the house, some nailed and some shut:
and when my mother returned to work after lunch, I found an open one. Inside,
to my surprise, were lead toys - animals of all kinds: sheep, cows, horses,
pigs. There were soldiers, too - standing at attention, firing rifles,
attacking, charging with bayonets. Magically, as if in a dream, they became
part of another dimension - a contrast to the world outside in the dirt
and weeds. At last I had some real toys!
  In the shade, under the floorboards, a new world of experience opened
up to me that afternoon: as I made an imaginary farm and invented a war
that my soldiers fought to the death to win. Talking to myself, giving orders
and calling to animals, I became totally immersed in my games. Then, at
one point, as I galloped a brown horse through a scattering of weeds, there
was a cry from my mother and I rushed over to the side fence where she was
kneeling"
"""Zarazliwy!"" she cried"
"The word meant ""poisonous"" and I recoiled instantly. 
  Under a beam of the paling fence where the hoe could not reach, between
a small rusty tin and the ground, was a spider's web. Hung in its centre,
like a black pearl, was a red-back spider: glistening in the sun, the red
stripe on its back even more brilliant than the glossy-black some. Its front
legs were raised, slender and fine, like a dancer's"
"My mother held up a hand in caution. ""Uwazaj"", she warned. ""Be careful.""
  With a stick she started to extract the spider from its web - awkwardly,
because the web was sticky; but in the blink of an eye it scurried into
the tin, its slim legs becoming a blur of movement"
"Turning over the tin, my mother indicated the egg-sacs, four or five,
of yellow-brown silk. ""Inside are its eggs,"" she said. ""Hundreds of them.""
  Peering over her shoulder I wondered why the spider had to hide its eggs
like that: in a rusty tin, under the fence among the weeds? What was wrong
with laying them out in the sunlight - where they could warm more easily?
Birds made their nests out in the open, in the trees; a butterfly spun its
chrysalis and left it on a branch. Was it because it was poisonous, or was
there something evil in its nature, that it had to hide?
  Without speaking, my mother prodded the inside of the tin with a stick"
"""Did you kill it?"" I asked"
"""I don't know; but we must make sure. It is a poisonous kind.""
  She dropped dry weeds into the tin and pushed them in with a stick. Taking
a box of matches from the pocket of her apron she dropped a lit match into
the tin"
"A tongue of fire rose up; smoke curled in its wake - wispy, slowly becoming
thicker. Then all the grass in the tin seemed to catch on fire at once"
Smoke poured out
Where was the spider? I thought. Why doesn't it come running out
"""What is the matter?""
  It was Mrs Burnett; she stood behind us, hands held out pontifically,
her myopic eyes straining in the sunlight, peering at us as if we had green
skin"
"""Spider,"" my mother replied. ""Black - with red on back.""
  ""Oh, I see ... Very well, you may continue.""
  Turning around, I stepped back to look at her"
"""What is that you have, boy - in your shirt pocket?""
  It was the galloping brown horse I was playing with when my mother called
out. I must have put it into my pocket"
"My mother stood up, wiping the sweat from her eyes"
"""He not take the horse ... He only put it in pocket.""
  She took the horse and handed it to Mrs Burnett"
"""You found the suitcase, I see. Please return all the toys and do not
play with them.""
  She took the horse and clasped it in her hand like it was a precious stone;
then she returned to the house, up the unpainted steps and clicked the door
behind her like she did that morning"
"In the last few moments I had forgotten the spider; suddenly, I remembered"
"""The spider! The spider!""
  At our feet the fire had gone out; smoke rose from the tin and its contents
were a small heap of ashed, barely distinguishable from the blackened interior"
We both knelt down on the hot earth
"""There is no more spider,"" my mother said tersely. She tipped over the
tin and scattered its contents with her foot. Then she picked up the tin
on the end of the stick and carried it over to the garbage next to the toilet"
"It fell in with a ""clunk"" and she dropped the lid with a clatter, as if
she did not care whether it made a noise or not"
"She began to talk about something different - something that had nothing
to do at all with the events of a few minutes earlier. But I could tell she
was upset, that she was only pretending - distracting herself so as not
to become upset. She was sad. I could tell that by the tone of her voice;
and although I could not bring myself to ask why, I knew it had nothing
to do with the spider"
"That night, as I lay in bed, I wondered about Mrs Burnett and her house"
"There was something mysterious about them, a secret - the sort of puzzle
that one receives intimations about but nothing definite can be pinpointed,
nothing tangible. But the feeling remains. And nags"
"I had returned the toys; my mother was paid her ten shillings and we returned
to the hostel an hour before dinner was served in the mess hall. Nothing
more had been mentioned about the spider or the galloping horse. What was
it, then, that was bothering me? I tossed and tossed for a long time, unable
to sleep. Fretting. However, I could not dismiss the house or its owner
from my mind. It was as if another mind was sending me messages - trying
to make contact: calling out for help"
"3 
The second day passed without incident; the toys had been removed from
under the house, presumably by Mrs Burnett, and I played with my own blocks
of wood - back among the tracks and roads, tunnels, bridges and weeds. I
half expected my mother to find another red-back spider and we would burn
it also; but no, nothing of the sort happened. Luckily, the weeding was
finished by the end of the day and all that remained was for the grass to
be raked into heaps, waiting until it was ready for burning"
"Mrs Burnett and my mother arranged for one more day's work, this to be
completed between Boxing Day and the New Year; any extra weeding that needed
doing could be done then and the present lot burned off. With the weather
being as hot as it was, the weeds should dry out quickly enough"
"And that night, again, the house and its owner began to trouble me - like
they were trying to draw me back: to seep into my brain and leave an
indecipherable message"
"This time I told my mother the house and its owner frightened me. She
was quiet, as if she had trouble finding the right words to answer me"
"""It is because of the horse,"" she said. ""Try not to think about it. Do
other things - occupy yourself and it will go away ... When I return for
the last time, you need not come. If you want to stay behind, I will find
someone to mind you."""
"dave pincombe ... on TV, radio and showbiz
There was movement at the stations .."
"Aiton, Scanlan to return?  

  THE  big names are flying in the wake of last week's dramatic ratings
results - and two former 3DB stars are top of the list"
"Morning talkster Doug Aiton is the hottest of HOT favorites to take over
from Alan Stokes in the 10 o'clock to noon slot on 3LO next year"
"And acid-tongued sometime-breakfast man Denis Scanlan is tipped to return
to the Melbourne Airwaves, too"
"Aiton, who has been doing weekends on 3AW since his displacement when
Bert Newton took over DB in May, will fill Derryn Hinch's shoes over the
next six weeks while the Mouth That Roars gives his vocal chords a rest"
"But come 1987, the betting is odds-on that the amiable Douglas will get
the nod from Broadcast House"
"Aiton's easy-flowing, non-controversial style would suit Aunty's needs
very nicely for the late morning program"
"Scanlon, too, could be on the way back. For the past four years he has
been program manager at 3GL Geelong, but he still has a large metropolitan
following"
I believe he's been sounded out by at least one station
"Scanlan left 3DB in anger early in 1982 after the management dropped his
morning program to make way for Keith McGowan"
"Despite the offer of an evening program, the controversial Scanlan severed
his long association with DB ... and some bitterness remains"
"Properly produced, he would be a real force in Melbourne talk radio, God
knows, there are some stations that need a few winners. He told me: ""There
have been fairly regular approaches by Melbourne stations"
"""But I've been very happy and it would have to be an extremely appealing
proposition. The lifestyle down here is hard to beat.""
  Meanwhile, back at 3LO, I also believe there'll be movement at the station
in the breakfast show, where those in the know say Rod McNeil, the man who
took over from the late Peter Evans, will not be back to accompany our Corn
Flakes, coffee and early morning indigestion next year"
"My spy deep within the fusty portals of LO tells me the honeyed tones
of Mary Adams are favored to greet us as we somnambulate around the kitchen
and bathroom and headache our way through peak-hour traffic next year"
"CHANNEL Two 7.30 Report host John Jost is now odds-on to stay with the
program next year"
"I believe Jost has decided to turn his back on a tempting offer to replace
Mark Day as compere of Channel Seven's Day By Day"
"It's now odds-on that he will re-sign with Two .. and the never-ending
saga of the search for a Day By Day compere continues. 
  Since Mark Day announced his decision to quit, the industry has played
a busy game of ""pick the compere"""
"But unfortunately for Channel Seven all logical contenders seem to have
pulled out of the race"
"The program finishes for the Christmas break on December 19 and resumes
on January 5"
"Producer Mike Daly left Day By Day a week ago and Norm Beaman and Marianne
Latham are producing the show until Christmas"
"Paul Barber will take over the reins in January, but he might be faced
with an embarrassing problem"
"Like who will be up front as Day By Day anchorman?
  So far, industry scuttlebutt has had everybody from Mickie de Stoop and
Geraldine Doogue to Lois Lane as a potential compere"
"One thing IS certain. Day By Day would need a host with the powers of
Superman to lift it above Sale Of The Century and Neighbors in the ratings"
""
"The getting of greatness By Axel Clark  

  WHATEVER happened to the international reputation of Henry Handel-Richardson?
  When the last volume in her trilogy The Fortunes of Richard Mahony appeared
in 1929, it was greeted with tremendous acclaim in the press, and became
a bestseller in England and America"
"Her first two novels, Maurice Guest and The Getting Of Wisdom, although
not great commercial successes, also received very appreciative reviews
in the English-speaking world and in Europe"
"Prominent critics said she was one of the greatest novelists of the 20th
century, and at different times she was highly praised by famous literary
figures such as John Masefield, H.G. Wells, Thomas Hardy, George Moore,
Hugh Walpole, Somerset Maugham, Dorothy Richardson and Sinclair Lewis"
"But from the 1940s onwards, English, European and American interest in
her work fell away, and now in the countries where she was famous, in the
towns and cities such as Leipzig, Strasbourg, London and Lyme-Regis, in
which she lived for many years, and some of which she used as settings for
her fiction, her name is little known, if not quite forgotten"
"Outside the few universities and other academies offering courses in
Australian literature, her work is given scant serious attention, and the
suggestion that she is a major novelist commonly meets with puzzlement
or disbelief. Only in Australia are her works widely read and subjected
to continuing serious critical discussion"
"Now Cambridge University Press has issued the first full-length study
of Richardson by a non-Australian, Karen McLeod, who teaches at Oxford
University and has written her book primarily with non-Australian readers in mind"
"She writes as a polemicist, arguing the case for an author whose work
will be unfamiliar to most of that audience. Consequently, in chapters devoted
to the discussion of individual novels she goes over ground which will
already be familiar to many Australian readers"
"Her argument in these chapters is generally cogent and her views are often
original, notably in the chapter analysing the Fortunes of Richard Mahony
as the account of a marriage, and in her continual advocacy of the view
that Richardson was essentially a European writer, not only in her first
two novels, as most critics allow, but also in her trilogy"
"But Australian readers may be more interested in the later chapters where
McLeod attempts to place Richardson on the ""map of English fiction"" in the
first 30 years of this century, and to explain the evaporation of interest
in Richardson's novels outside Australia"
"Even at the height of her fame Richardson did not conform to certain English
notions of what an important novelist should be and do"
"She lived and worked more or less as a recluse in England, never seeking
to cut a figure on the literary scene by moving in literary circles,
entertaining and visiting, or contributing to periodicals and literary pages"
"She did not share the predominantly upper-middle-class attitudes and tastes
of the literary set after World War I. In that period, the heyday of modernism,
she was described as ""sturdily unmodern""; her novels were easy to read,
whereas Joyce, Pound and Eliot were difficult and obscure"
"In 1929 she was middlebrow: Bloomsbury, Oxford and Cambridge paid little
attention to her work"
"One reason for this neglect may have been that when she became famous
in England she was swiftly elevated to the rank of the Great Australian
Novelist by people out here who had been eagerly awaiting the coming of the
Great Australian Novel, though up until that time her work had been given
little attention in the country of her birth"
"Karen McLeod thinks that once Richardson became known as an Australian
writer, she became a peripheral figure in English literature, and serious
interest in her outside Australia faded as a result"
"McLeod also considers the obvious possibility that interest in Richardson's
novels declined mainly because they weren't particularly good"
"But she is very definite on this point: Richardson ""cannot possibly be
dismissed as second-rate""; she was ""a writer of classical stature - that
is to say, a writer whose work should be included as a matter of course
in any discussion of the fiction of the period.""
  She does not stand out on the literary maps of the period as Conrad, Lawrence
and Joyce - the three ""volcanic"" novelists - stand out. But she ""sits
comfortably"" among the ""classic writers""; her ""best work"" is ""better"" than
the best work of Arnold Bennett and Virginia Woolf, though not E.M. Forster's"
"She has the novelist's old virtues: the capacity to create characters,
and a range that ""stretches from wry humour to obsessive passion, and from
broad social observation to a tragic knowledge of the individual's inescapable
need to be himself."" For too long she has been paid too little attention
outside Australia, and now ""she deserves to be read"""
"It will be interesting to see whether the strong arguments put by
Karen McLeod in this book, together with the recent republication in England
of Richardson's first two novels, attract the attention of many new
non-Australian readers, and if so, whether she will become the subject
of serious critical debate outside Australia as she has been for several
decades inside Australia, and be given the place on the literary map which
McLeod belives she deserves"
"Some of these new readers may find the experience of reading Richardson's
work very rewarding; some may complain of prolixity and tedium, as critics
have complained ever since the publication of Maurice Guest in 1908"
"But I am prepared to bet that most of them will find the novels very
disturbing"
""
"Warm glow 

  ADMISSION to the goodly fellowship of the Briefs (23/10) has provided
me with a warm glow of satisfactory intensity and suggests that I should
not now further consider doing meself in (as currently fashionable for
us old parties) while there is hope of further bursting into print - with
other honourable mentions in despatches"
"As for dignity, in making one's exit from this vale of tears - perhaps
one could say that those of us oldies who have not had much of it while
they were here would perhaps not miss it so much in the outward passage"
"TOM FREEMAN
Croydon, Vic.Try `tax payers' 

  THE economic debate in this country would be a lot more meaningful if,
instead of using the word ""government"" when talking about spending, everyone
used the words ""tax payers"""
"In a democracy, governments derive their power and their funds from the
people and, like God, what the people give the people can take away - 
but the people had better do it soon, while there is time, since both 
our freedoms and our funds are being rapidly dissipated"
"G.R.RYAN
Taxpayers United
Mt Pleasant, WAID astonishment 

  The other day when applying for a new passport I submitted the required
authenticated new passport photos and statement regarding my identity, my
still valid passport, my original birth certificate and my certificate
of naturalisation
  To my astonishment this was not sufficient proof and I was asked to 
submit my credit cards!
  If credit cards are the definite proof of one's identity, then why issue
passports and other legal documents? In fact, why not save millions of 
dollars on ID cards and use Medicare and credit cards"
"P.R.ZEEMAN
Launceston, TasThe ABC way 

  I CAN'T agree with Greg Sheridan (25/10) that the ABC ignores conservative
points of view. I often hear far Left academics on Radio National expounding
at length on what (they think) conservatives such as the New Right are saying"
"Followed by expounding at even greater length on why listeners should
resist this growing evil and fight for truth, justice and the ABC way"
"PETER BONAR
Findon, SARort 1 

  S.C.HICKFORD (Letters, 27/10) may find the answer to his query on the
meaning of the word ""rort"" if he tries Chambers's Twentieth Century  
Dictionary"
"The meaning is certainly given in the New Mid-century Version, 1954 reprint,
under the entry ""rorty"""
"The entry, in full, is: rorty, ror'ti. adj. (slang) gay. -ns. rort (Austr.),
a racket; ror'ter (Austr.), a spiv.(Ety, dub.)
  The reason for the current popularity of the word is, of course, that
so many Australians have one going"
"IAN HOPE
Kelso, NSWRort 2 

  In answer to S.C.Hickford's query (Letters, 27/10) concerning the word
""rort""; this is Australian cant, circa 1910. Reference; Dictionary of Slang,
by Eric Partridge, 1969"
"The meaning - ""A dodge, trick, scheme, racket"". Hence ""rorting, confidence
trickery"""
"Sidney J. Baker (Australian Slang 1942) mentions rort as ""a wild party;
ca 1930"""
I assume Mr Hickford is querying this word being used in a political sense
"In this case it would typify the tactics of all parties, especially those
of Labor"
"(Dr) NICK NICHOLS
Buderim, QldEntry note 

  YES, PM Gandhi, the last time I went to Britain I was made most unwelcome
at Heathrow Airport by a bearded Pakistani all dressed up in racist attire
and garlic who could not decipher my French ID card"
"So most obligingly I told him to take me to his Big White Master. Well
this Spike Milligan became very irate, but he did take me to what sounded like
the Under Secretary for Transportation and Deportation, who turned out
to be a big Irishman"
"Paddy was cross, too, but as he could read, he let me into Britain, which
was what I wanted in the first place as Spike was prepared to have me flown
back to Paris or Wagga Wagga"
"Next time, I shall land in Hastings, which is a safer place, especially
if one comes from Normandy"
"MARC de CHADBANNES
Beaudesert, QldSuch abuse 

  My wife regularly listens to parliamentary broadcasts and has attempted
to develop my interests in this area. 
  Having listened recently to the dual-sided hypocrisy following the death
of Mr Justice Murphy and the common language fight over the Queensland 
""cronyism"" issue I wonder why my taxes support the salaries of such people
and why the ABC waste their efforts bringing such abuse of decency to air"
"R.F.HARRISON
Kambah, ACTThe lesson from 1975 

  SO Mr Whitlam has still not  learnt from the Day of Remembrance, 1975
(article by Errol Simper, 25/10) that the will of the people is paramount"
"The two protagonists, Messrs Whitlam and Fraser, had brought our country
to a state of non-government; according to our rules (Constitution), the
umpire blew the whistle to let us, the people, decide the matter. 
  Mr Whitlam considers that situation could not have developed in Britain
or in NSW. Whatever the situation in Britain would or would not be is quite
irrelevant - the UK has no constitution but many unwritten rules which require
honesty, integrity and responsiblity from politicians to make them work
- as I said, quite irrelevant; to hold up NSW as an example of political
jurisprudence .."
"Our Constitution was drawn up by apolitical wise men and has withstood
the test of time and the ravages of politicians. Its basic principle is
the very foundation of democracy - let the people decide. I hope one day
Mr Whitlam will realise, as constitutional historians will realise, that
that principle was applied on Remembrance Day, 1975"
"I.P.YOULES
Middleton, SAWelsh answer 

  MY sympathies to those who failed to win Indulgence Competition No. 60"
"Word has it that Len had a Welsh friend staying with him at the time. ""Is
there anything I can help you with, Boyo?"" ""Why, yes, you can judge this
competition if you like.""
  And so he did, but he disqualified all those entries containing a `q'
as this letter doesn't appear in the Welsh alphabet"
"TERENCE V. DAVIES
Pymble, NSW"
"Gala Opening for extension to Qld Govt's DP centre  

  THE Premier of Queensland, Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen, didn't disappoint the 
crowd at the opening of the $20 million extension to the State Government 
Computer Centre in Brisbane last week"
"The Premier, who is facing a State election on November 1, was 
presented  with a tie-pin decorated with a microchip  containing 
more memory than the first computer the centre bought in 1965.  
  Never one to let an opportune moment slip by, Sir Joh reminded guests of 
the awesome power of high technology"
"""Now you know why I'm so afraid of the ID card that our beloved brethren in 
Canberra are so fond of,"" he said"
"Stages one and two of the State Government Computer Centre are worth $50 
million.  The stage two building cost $20 million and $30 million of computer 
equipment is installed in both sections. 
  The importance of the centre was demonstrated by the calibre of guests at 
the opening ceremony"
"Sir Joh, who officiated, was backed up by the Deputy Premier, Mr Bill Gunn, 
the Minister for Works and Housing, Mr Claude Wharton, the Minister for 
Industry, Small Business and Technology, Mr Mike Ahern, and the Under-
Treasurer, Mr Leo Hielscher"
"With four floors below ground level and two above, the centre is highly 
secure and only certain staff are permitted into ""dark areas"" where central 
processors are situated"
"Indeed, staff on one level underground have a large television screen 
relaying pictures from a camera focussed on street level to relieve the 
bunker-like atmosphere and let them know just what sort of a 
day it is outside"
"Alternative power systems have been built-in.  The centre has its own 
electricity sub-station and a diesel system for back-up"
A computer maintenance system ensures 24-hour operation
"The director of the State Government Computer Centre, Mr Mal Grierson, said 
the centre now has more than 200 times the processing capacity it had in 1965"
"""As well as supporting individual departmental applications, the centre's 
major responsibilities are the service-wide applications, for example, land 
information systems, government accounting, computer aided drafting, office 
automation and videotex,"" he said"
"""Research and strategic planning activities play a vital role in the 
centre's activities"
"""Technical developments within the industry are continually monitored and 
researched so as to assist departments to take advantage of current 
innovations"
"""Areas under investigation include resource planning, communications, new 
services such as graphics, electronic mail and videotex, data analysis and 
design support tools.""
  According to Mr Gunn, Queensland's computer centre has set a lead for other 
States to follow"
"He had visited other States to assess their facilities and found none to 
match the Queensland venture, he said"
""
"France to snub UN vote  

FRANCE would not comply with a UN resolution on New Caledonia, the French
Ambassador, Mr Claude de Kemoularia, told the United Nations yesterday"
""
"LEGEND MAKES A COMEBACK IN THE TRUE NELLIE MELBA TRADITION By GEORGE WILSON  

SHE was Australia's greatest superstar. In the public imagination she
ranks with Ned Kelly, Don Bradman and Phar Lap"
"And as the bi-centenary  nears, the story of Dame Nellie Melba, who died
55 years ago, will be told more times than she had farewells"
"The Seven television network is making a multi-million dollar mini series
on her life; a highway near Melbourne has been named after her, and a new
book about the opera singer refers to her as the most famous woman Australia
has yet produced"
"Dame Nellie Melba, who began her international singing career in Brussels,
Belgium, 100 years ago, flaunted her Australianism before the crowned heads
of Europe when a majority of people did not know where Australia was"
"Yet Melba's latest biographer, Dr Therese Radic, records on the first
page of her book ""Melba was variously called a vexatious daughter, a runaway
wife, a bad mother and a loose woman; she was a divorcee and mistress of
the pretender to the French throne"
"""She was a fat soprano, vain, vulgar, imperious and a snob. She had a
taste for second-class music and she swore, but she was not a drunkard as
rumor had it"
"""She was racist and, men said, sexist. She was also a shrewd, self-made
woman whose miraculous voice helped her amass a fortune and win her
international acclaim; Australians worshipped at the shrine of her success.""
  Melba was born Helen Porter Mitchell in 1861, the daughter of a builder
who became a millionaire in ""marvellous Melbourne"", as it was known in
the 1880s, she lived on the outskirts of the city, at Lilydale, where her
former home is now a tourist attraction and where the newly named, 62 km
long Melba highway runs from Coldstream to Yea at the foot of Victoria's
snowfields"
"Melba had learned to sing Comin' Through the Rye when she was aged only
six, she played Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata on the piano by the time she
was eight and learned the organ when she was 12"
"Dr Radic's book claims that false legends were wildly attributed to the
famous Melba"
"One of her early music teachers, Otto Vogt, started a story that after
her organ lessons, Nellie would gallop down to the Yarra River, strip off
and swim nude with local boys"
"Others said she used language unsuitable for ladies, she threw milk,
her breakfast, even scissors at people who offended her and at one stage
she supposedly attempted to seduce the local clergyman"
"Nellie took the name Melba at the start of her career from her love for
her home city"
"Her only marriage (in Mackay, Queensland) to Charles Armstrong, a seaman,
horse trader and son of a baronet, failed, but their son, George, after
long separations from his mother, was reunited with her late in her life"
"Despite her musical background, Melba did not sing professionally until
she was 23. International recognition came only after her father took up
a diplomatic appointment in London in the mid-1880s and after coaching
by Paris teacher Madame Matilda Marchesi"
"AFTER Nellie Melba's debut in October 1887, critics wrote of her: ""She
is the sensation of the day"", ""her voice is a revelation"", and called her
""the young Antipodean with the profile of an empress"""
"The range of Dame Nellie's voice was described by one authority as from
B flat below middle C to the F sharp above high C. Critics called it a unique,
silvery voice, pure and seamless with the power to sweep the listener to
emotional heights and near religious ecstasy"
"For almost 40 years, Dame Nellie Melba sang at every major European and
American opera house and, on return visits to Australia, in the small bush
halls which she always made part of her tours. 
  Gossip about an affair with Louis Philippe, Duc d'Orleans, the great
grandson of the last French king, pretender to the throne of France and
nine years her junior, almost wrecked Dame Nellie's career after they met
when she was 29"
"On her early homecomings to Australia in 1902, 1907 and 1909, Dame Nellie
suffered from allegations of drunkenness from a Sydney newspaper editor,
John Norton, but, as Dr Radic writes:
  ""It was useless to protest that no singer who was drunk could perform
to schedule as Melba did. Even now, when the idiocy of such an accusation
has long since been established, the rest of the mud splashed by Norton
is still visible on Nellie's tarnished career.'
  A phrase that entered the English language, ""more farewells than Nellie
Melba"", is defended by Radic"
"The author says that tradition in the early 20th century permitted great
performers to declare final farewells in the places where their reputations
were made"
"Dr Radic, a playwright and associate of the faculty of music at the
University of Melbourne, says that Melba was the fulfilment and the symbol
of the Australian dream, she showed how Australians could be proud of their
cultural origins and that they need no longer cringe to the English"
"It is ironic that Dr Radic should liken Melba to Ned Kelly, Bradman
and Phar Lap in the public imagination and raise the mystery of her death"
"Like Phar Lap, there are still theories that Melba was suffering from
a mystery disease when she died in Sydney, in 1931"
"Dr Radic writes that Melba had surgery for a facelift in Europe and suffered
an infection on the sea voyage to Australia. 
  Dame Nellie had requested that after her death she was to be embalmed
and that a beautician should make up her face before anyone was permitted
to see her"
"* Melba, the Voice of Australia, by Theresa Radic (Macmillan, $29.95)."
"Missing: one millionaire  

One of Perth's newest millionaires is missing"
"An anonymous man has won $1.5 million in Six-38 Pools but no 
one can find him to give him the good news"
"Pools spokeswoman Ms Bronwyn Badger said the house at the 
address on the pools coupon was for sale and the phone number was 
wrong"
"""We know who he is, but we haven't been able to reach him,"" Ms 
Badger said.  ""We are trying our hardest."""
"Dollar's crash has claimed another victim By Susan Hely  

BUYING a cheap, good used car is becoming a thing of the past.  Over the
past 12 months cars have done an incredible shrinking act"
"Twelve months ago, $5,000 would have bought a four-year-old car such as
a Laser or Colt or perhaps a six-year-old Mazda 626.  Since then the price
has jumped at least $1,000 and still rising"
"Used car salespeople say this is partly the result of owners keeping their
vehicles, rather than buying a new one, because of the huge rises in new car
prices, triggered by the recent drop in the Australian dollar"
"The outlook for new motor vehicles is poor.  Total sales this year are
tipped to fall 24 per cent, from last year's record 695,000 to 525,000"
"Car owners who are selling are acutely aware they can get quite a bit
more than they could have, say, 12 months ago.  They will need it if they are
thinking of replacing the old car with a new one"
"Some used cars are selling for more than the owners originally paid for
them.  This is the case for the Honda City.  The 1984 models, with 30,000
kilometres on the odometer, are selling in a range of $8,000 to $8,900, according
to last week's Sun-Herald classifieds. They cost $7,500 new.     
  The owners of these cars are aware that the replacement price has risen
sharply and a new Honda City is selling for a little more than $10,000 (plus
the on-road costs)"
"The argument for buying a new car now is that they will hold their resale
value and will keep rising given the outlook for the Australian dollar"
"The car salespeople claim there is something to be said for scratching
funds together to buy a new car"
And it is tempting to consider the possibility - until you do the sums
"If a 1980 automatic Mazda 323 costs $6,000 at present, what is the cheapest
possible new car going to cost?  Well, one which is comparable is a Mitsubishi
Colt, but on the road a new one will cost around $11,000"
"So perhaps there's nothing for it but to scour the motor market pages or
maybe consider the possibility of leasing a car occasionally"
"This is a particularly good idea for someone who lives close to public
transport or in the inner city"
"For example, it can be cheaper (but not as convenient, of course) to lease
a car from time to time and make do with a mix of public transport and taxis
for the rest of the time"
"The NRMA claims a modest late-model car costs around $100 a week to run
- excluding petrol.  A luxury imported car is twice that"
"By comparison, renting a modest car for one day a week will cost $39"
"The NRMA's survey shows that it costs $5,153 a year, excluding petrol,
to run a family car like a 1986 Toyota Corona automatic sedan if you drive
15,000 kilometres a year.  That's about $99 a week"
"But if you decided to rent the same Corona every second week between 4
pm Friday and 10 am Monday, you could do it for $2,492 a year or $48 a week"
In both cases petrol is extra
""
"Sleuth lives on while actresses fade away  

  THE Super Sleuth, Jane Marple, never seems to fail to find her villain,
and an audience as well. Agatha Christie's classic creation weathers the
years with a style most of us envy"
"True, she has had many personae over the decades, but the character remains
fairly true to the one Agatha Christie, the writer who never went to school,
dreamed up"
"Christie began writing at the end of the Great War, with the little Belgian, 
Hercule Poirot, her main character. Miss Marple appeared later, in 1930.  
  Tonight Channel Seven has ""Agatha Christie's A Murder is Announced"" with Joan 
Hickson in the role of Miss Marple"
"She took the part for a series of four Agatha Christie telemovies, some
of which have been seen here. Remember the one with Bette Davis as the
potential victim?
  This one includes the very British talent of Ursula Howells, John Castle,
Andrew Cruickshank, Sylvia Syms and Michael Culver"
Agatha Christie dreamt up some ingenious ways of doing away with the victims
Part of the fascination for many readers are the settings for these crimes
"With some exceptions, they take place in quaint English villages and seaside
towns. The very unlikelihood of such places being centres of criminal passion
adds even more drama to the stories"
"Such settings also provide her with innumerable opportunities for her famous
red herring"
"Tonight, the residents of Chipping Cleghorn are fascinated to read an
advertisement for a murder in their local newspaper"
"The advertisement reads: ""A murder is announced and will take place on
Friday, October 5 at Little Paddock, at 7pm. Friends please accept this,
the only invitation.""
  The residents are, quite understandably, most fascinated by this and many
make it their business to be at Little Paddock at the appointed time"
"The residents of Little Paddock are just as mystified but with typical
British calm, Letitia Blacklock and her companion Dora Panner, and
sophisticated nephew and niece Patrick and Julia, have refreshments at hand"
"By this time, of course, several suspicious characters have been established
and when, at the appointed time, the murder does take place, the stage is set
for some top-class sleuthing. But did the murderer get the right victim? 
  Miss Marple just happens to be staying at the village's Spa Hotel and
it is from there that the victim has come. Primed and ready for action, she
sallies forth"
Then there is another murder ..
""
"Bubbly adds sparkle to a vintage event  

ONE of the glamor events of the Queensland bridge calendar, the Dunhill
October Congress, will be held by the Duplicate Bridge Club in Brisbane
this weekend"
"The Dunhill accommodates all those basic elements which give a congress
polish and sparkle - an excellent venue at Doomben Racecourse, immaculate
organisation and impeccable direction.  More, there is generous sponsorship
and a champagne lunch"
"If you had any bridge doubts about the coming weekend, resolve them and
play in the Dunhill - congress inquiries: 262 6189"
"The Dunhill seems to be one of those congresses where I consistently do
the wrong thing and my best effort in four attempts has been a somewhat
jaded fourth"
"In keeping with my do-the-wrong-thing warm-up I have been helping opponents
to some rewarding contracts in recent congresses"
Dealer South.  All vul
"Ross Dick opened the West hand with a strong no trump, and the bidding
quickly established a five-three spade fit.  Keith McDonald, in the East
seat, pushed the slam boat out with a bid of four no trumps and I
enthusiastically doubled with a five heart two ace reply.  If there had
been any doubts about the likely slam these were now quickly resolved for
it was unlikely that West would have any wasted values for the spade slam"
"Keith bid a confident six spades.  The heart lead was ruffed, three rounds
of trumps drawn and the only loser was a club to South's jack.  Indeed after
two top trumps had revealed the friendly three-two break in trumps, declarer
could have made all 13 tricks by playing on clubs and ruffing the fourth
round as the South hand holds four clubs and the outstanding trump"
""
"The Chinaman's Snake  

  In the hut, beside a huge vegie garden, lived a young Chinese couple. In
the back of the hut was an old stove, still in use, in which wood was used
for fuel. At this particular time the stove was quite cold as there wasn't
any fire alight"
Jimmy the Chinaman spotted a brown snake rearing up from behind the stove
"He gave a shriek, told his wife to watch the snake, while he raced up to
the local pub to get help"
"He finally got the message across that there was a snake in the hut. Amidst
the yells, some wit mentioned something about a snake calling in for a Chinese
meal. As Bluey lived between the Pub and Jimmy's place he volunteered to
""Soon fix that snake, Jimmy my boy!"" Bluey called at his own house, picked
up his double barrelled shotgun and shortly afterwards entered the hut"
"Bluey had a look about; the Chinese lady kept pointing to the back of the
stove, so finally Bluey understood where the snake was last seen"
"""We'll light a fire in the stove,"" quoted Bluey, ""That'll fetch the villain
out.""

  Next came a screech from Jimmy, who was standing about 20 yards away from
the front of the hut. ""Light a fire, Mrs.""

  So Jimmy's wife lit a fire. Meanwhile, Bluey, who had consumed a few too
many beers, was standing near the stove, with the shotgun hanging slackly
in his arm, peering over the top of the stove"
"The stove warmed up; the snake came out fast. Jimmy's wife screeched and
pointed. Both barrels exploded and blew the old stove to pieces. A great
cloud of ash and dust filled half the room. The snake slithered out the front
door, around the side of the hut and disappeared into long grass"
"Bluey and Jimmy then went back to the local for a `nerve steadier', while
Jimmy's wife was once again left to guard the camp"
""
"Growth hormone By Stephen P. Haynes ABSTRACT  
Haynes, S.P. (1986) Review: Growth Hormone Australian Journal of Science
and Medicine in Sport 18(1): 3.15"
"Human growth hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, is the major hormone
responsible for post-natal somatic growth. It acts on a variety of tissues
including bone, cartilage and muscle, mediating anabolic, diabetogenic and
lipolytic processes. The secretion of growth hormone is modulated principally
by two hypothalamic hormones - somatostatin and growth hormone releasing
hormone and stimulated by a number of factors including exercise, deep sleep,
hypoglycaemia and the infusion of amino acids. Growth hormone is used in
the treatment of growth hormone deficient children. It is prepared by
extraction from cadaver pituitaries and it is currently in extremely short
supply. Growth hormone is now used in sport in an attempt to enhance athletic
performance, a situation that may be aggravated by the availability of
synthetic growth hormone produced by recombinant DNA techniques"
"The use of hormones in the treatment of a variety of endocrine deficiency
states is well-known, and includes the use of insulin in diabetes mellitus,
thyroxine and cretinism, androgens in primary hypogonadism and human growth
hormone in idiopathic and organic growth hormone deficiency. The use of
hormonal agents by athletes in an attempt to enhance performance became
evident several decades ago. Initially anabolic steroids, synthetic derivations
of testosterone, were used, but as drug control procedures were instigated
their use was supplemented by endogenous androgens, particularly testosterone,
or hormones that stimulate androgen production, primarily human chorionic
gonadotrophin. More recently human growth hormone has been added to the
arsenal of doping agents used in sport principally because of its reported
effects on anabolic processes in a variety of tissues including muscle"
"This review provides topical information on growth hormone, including
biochemical and physiological aspects, the use and abuse of growth hormone
and the clinical manifestation of excess and deficiency states. It will
provide fundamental knowledge for all health care professionals, particularly
those concerned with discouraging the use of doping agents in sport"
"BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM OF GROWTH HORMONE  
Human growth hormone (hGH) is not homogenous but is a mixture of a number
of peptides, the major one being a single chain of 191 amino acids containing
two disulphide bridges, with a molecular weight of approximately 22,000 (Niall
1971)"
"Growth hormone is synthesised and stored in the somatotrophes of the anterior
lobe of the pituitary gland. These cells comprise over a third of the gland 
and contain 5 to 10 milligrams of growth hormone, making it the most abundant
hormone in the pituitary. The genes responsible for hGH biosynthesis are 
located on the long arm of chromosome17. The daily production rate of hGH 
approximates 0.5 mgs/24 hours/m2 in normal females (Thompsons et al 1972) and 
0.4 mgs/24hrs/m2 in adult males (Alford et al 1973). The secretion rate
in adolescence is about 0.7 mgs/24hrs compared to 0.1 mgs/24hrs in the
pre-pubertal state (Finkelstein et al 1972). Although the metabolic clearance
rate (MCR) is usually constant in individuals there is much variation between
individuals (Thompson et al 1972). In addition upright posture decreases
the MCR by 24% (Alford et al 1973). A MCR of 170 litres/24hrs/m2
approximates most reported estimates (Franchimont and Burger 1975). The
disappearance rate of hGH from plasma is multiexponential (Cameron et al
1969) and therefore the significance of half life estimates of 20 to 30
minutes is difficult to state. There are marked fluctuations in blood levels
of hGH throughout a twenty-four hour period, peak levels occurring within
the first two hours of sleep. Twenty-four hour integrated concentrations
are about 3 mgs/L in adult males and females. However, mean levels in puberty
(Tanner, stage 5) of 7.7 mgs/L are higher than mean levels of 5.7 mg/L (in
puberty Tanner State 2.4) or prepubertals. Levels decline significantly
in the second decade of life (Zadik et al 1985)"
"ACTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE  
Growth hormone is the major hormone responsible for post-natal somatic growth
and acts on a variety of tissues. The growth promoting actions of hGH on
muscle and skeletal tissues are insulinlike whereas the diabetogenic effects
on carbohydrate metabolism and the lipolytic effects on fat oppose those
of insulin. Similarly the actions of cortisol on muscle and cartilage are
catabolic inhibiting the actions of hGH whereas cortisol and hGH are
synergistic in promoting diabetogenic and lipolytic effects. Simplistically,
growth hormone directly affects carbohydrate and lipid metbolism whereas
the anabolic actions are mediated through somatomedin-like peptides"
"Growth can occur by cellular proliferation (hyperplasia) or by hypertrophy
with concomitant synthesis of differentiated cell products. Somatomedins
can stimulate cell proliferation in some tissues, differentiation without
proliferation in others, and in all responding target tissues, the production
of characteristic cell products. In muscle, for example, somatomedins stimulate
both the proliferation of myoblasts and their differentiation into myotubes
(Ewton and Florin 1980). In cultured chondrocytes DNA synthesis is stimulated
during the log growth phase until growth to high density has occurred when
the components of cartilage matrix, particularly proteoglycan, are stimulated
(Hill 1979). Somatomedins mimic some of the effects of insulin. The
insulin-like actions include increased intracellular transport of glucose
(Hall and Uthne 1971) and its incorporation into glycogen and total fat
in the epididymal fat pad (Stern et al 1969), oxidation of glucose to carbon
dioxide (Hall 1972) and inhibition of glycerol release in adipose tissue
(Underwood et al 1972). Furthermore insulin has been shown to mimic some
effects of somatomedin in cartilage including the stimulation of collagen
and chondroitin sulphate synthesis (Salmon et al 1967) and the uptake of
nucleic acids into RNA and DNA (Salmon et al 1968). These similar actions
relate to the fact that insulin will bind to IGF I receptors and IGF I will
bind to insulin receptors. Two receptors in fact, mediate the actions of
somatomedins, one preferentially binding IGF I and the other IGF II"
"Exogenously administered somatomedin can stimulate growth in the intact
animal (van Buull-Offers et al 1979). Both insulin-like growth factor I
and II stimulate growth when administered by implanted osmotic pump over
a six-day period (Schoenle et al 1982)"
"A number of direct actions of growth hormone on isolated tissues has been
observed including RNA synthesis, plasma protein synthesis and somatomedin
release in the liver (Jefferson and Korner 1967; Griffin and Miller 1974;
McConaghey and Sledge 1970), amino acid transport and incorporation in muscle
(Kostyo et al 1959), lipolysis in rat adipocytes (Fain et al 1965), DNA
synthesis and sulphate incorporation in chondrocytes (Madsen et al 1983),
somatostatin secretion from hypothalamii (Berelowitz et al 1981) and 
replication of hepatocytes in culture (Moon et al 1962). In growth hormone
deficient rats GH administration initiates an increase in glucose uptake
in muscle or adipose tissues accompanied by an increased uptake of amino
acids and fatty acids and inhibition of lipolysis. This is followed by
increased hepatic glucose output, decreased glucose uptake, stimulation
of lipolysis and increased peripheral utilisation of fatty acids and 
stimulation of protein synthesis, the overall effect being protein anabolism,
glucose sparing and fatty acid metabolism (Goodman 1968)"
"Specific receptors for human growth hormone are present on liver membranes,
adipocytes, fibroblasts and lymphocytes. However, the early events following
activation of the growth hormone receptor remain unclear (Hughes and Friesen
1985). The administration of hGH to hypopituitary patients has an immediate 
insulin-like action that results in transient hypoglycaemia. The continued 
administration of hGH antagonises the peripheral action of insulin. This 
results in increased insulin secretion after glucose ingestion. Growth 
hormone may also have a direct action on pancreatic islets to increase B-cell 
secretory capacity and in certain circumstances to promote B-cell 
hyperplasia. Prolonged elevation of hGH levels as occurs in acromegaly, 
can lead to diabetes in susceptible patients because insulin secretory 
capacity is not sufficient to overcome the growth hormone induced insulin 
resistance"
"After hGH administration, the oxidative energy lost through diversion
of amino acids from oxidative to anabolic pathways and promotion of hepatic
and muscular glycogenesis is balanced by increased lipolysis and fatty acid
oxidation. This lowers the respiratory quotient and promotes ketogenesis"
"Clinically the lipolytic effect of hGH is evident in hypopituitary dwarfs
as a loss of subcutaneous fat during the early months of hGH treatment"
Growth hormone deficient children have a decreased number of muscle cells
"This is normalised following hGH administration, indicating a stimulating
effect of the hormone on cell division (Brasel and Cheek 1968; Check et
al 1970; Cheek and Hill 1970)"
"REGULATION OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION  
The regulation of growth hormone secretion is shown in Figure 1 and includes
adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms, two hypothalamic hormones -
somatostatin and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) - and substances
emanating principally from the liver termed somatomedins. The secretion
of the hypothalamic hormones somatostatin and GHRH which regulates hGH
secretion is modulated by a complex network of neurotransmitters (Muller
1979). Cholinergic mediation is probably the most important since growth
hormone secretion in response to arginine, clonidine, and physical exercise
can be blocked by atropine, a muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker
(Casanueva 1984). Whether acetylcholine mediates hGH secretion by stimulation
of GHRH or inhibition of somatostatin remains unclear"
"Somatostatin or growth hormone release inhibiting factor was first isolated
by Krulich et al (1968) and later sequenced as a cyclic peptide containing
fourteen amino acids - S14 (Brazeau 1973). Somatostatin (S14) is in fact
a member of a family of peptides that inhibit not only the pituitary secretion
of growth hormone and thyrotrophin (TSH) but also a number of gastrointestinal
and pancreatic hormones. Somatostatin is secreted into the portohypophyseal
circulation and binds to pituitary somatotrophic cell plasma membranes to
affect growth hormone secretion"
"The existence of growth hormone releasing hormone, recently termed
somatocrinin (Guillemin 1983), was first demonstrated in 1964 (Deuben and
Meites 1964) and more recently a number of active peptides have been
characterised from human pancreatic tumors (Rivier et al 1982; Guillemin
1982) including a 44 amino amide (GRF 44, GHRH 1-44NH2) and the free
acids of the first 37 and 40 amino acids (GRH 37, GHRH 1-37, GRF 40, GHRH
1.40 OH). The molecular weights of these peptides approximates 13.000"
"Intravenous bolus injection of GHRH will elicit a prompt and significant
rise of hGH (Gelato et al 1983). However, as with luteinising hormone releasing
hormone (Haynes et al 1985), for physiological effect GHRH may depend on
pulsatile secretion since sustained infusions of GHRH over several hours
produce a decrease in hGH levels (Goldman et al 1984)"
"Some effects of growth hormone are meditated by inducing the secretion
of a group of substances, principally from the liver and kidney, termed
somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors (IGF) (Clemmons and Van Wyk
1981; Daughaday 1981). Of particular interest are somatomedin C or insulin
like growth factor I (IGF I) and insulinlike growth factor II (IGF II)"
"IGF I is a straight chain basic 70 amino acid peptide (Rinderknecht and
Humbel 1978) whereas IGF II is a neutral peptide being less dependent on
growth hormone secretion than IGF I. In addition to the actions first observed
on cartilage (Salmon and Daughaday 1957) somatomedins may also play an
important role in growth hormone feedback mechanisms by stimulating
somatostatin production (Berelowitz et al 1981) and inhibiting growth hormone
synthesis in response to GHRH (Brazeau et al 1982)"
"STIMULI TO GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION  
There are a number of neuronal hormonal and metabolic stimuli to growth
hormone secretion as summarised in Table 1. Hypoglycaemia is a significant
stimulus (Roth et al 1963, Greenwood et al 1966) (Figure 2), a reduction
of blood glucose by only 25% being sufficient to stimulate hGH release even
though there may be no subjective signs of hypoglycaemia. The release of
growth hormone is of short duration and is normalised as blood glucose returns
to control levels. In contrast oral glucose administration leads to a reduction
in growth hormone levels within two hours (Roth et al 1963). Hyperglycaemia
attenuates the response of hGH to GHRH (Masuda et al 1985). These effects are
probably mediated by glucoreceptors in the ventromedial nucleus of the
hypothalamus. Cholinergic mechanisms are unlikely since growth hormone
release induced by hypoglycaemia is not diminished by cholinergic blockade
(Mendelson et al 1978; Blackard and Waddell 1969)"
""
"Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986 No. 27 of 1986 An Act to provide for the payment of pensions and other benefits to, and
to provide medical and other treatment for, veterans and certain other persons,
and for other purposes  
BE IT ENACTED by the Queen, and the Senate and the House of Representatives
of the Commonwealth of Australia, as follows:

         PART 1 - PRELIMINARY SECTION 1   SHORT TITLE  

1  This Act may be cited as the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986"
"SECTION 2   COMMENCEMENT  

2  This Act shall come into operation on a date to be fixed by Proclamation"
"[CCH Note: Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986 proclaimed to commence on 22
May 1986 - Commonwealth Gazette No. S225, 20 May 1986.]

SECTION 3   REPEAL

3(1)  [Acts repealed]  The Acts specified in Parts I, II, III, IV and V
of Schedule 1 are repealed"
"3(2)  [Acts amended]  The Acts specified in column 1 of Part VI of Schedule
1 are amended as set out in columns 2 and 3 of that Schedule"
"SECTION 4   EXTENSION OF ACT TO EXTERNAL TERRITORIES   

4  This Act extends to the external Territories"
"SECTION 5   INTERPRETATION  

5(1)  [Definitions]  In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears-
      
      ""acting commissioner"" means a person who is acting as a commissioner
      in pursuance of an appointment under section 191;

      ""Acting Deputy President"" means a commissioner or acting commissioner
      who is acting as Deputy President in pursuance of an appointment under
      section 192;

      ""Acting President"" means a commissioner or acting commissioner who
      is acting as President in pursuance of an appointment under section
      192 or 193;

      ""allied country"" means any country (not being Australia or a Commonwealth
      country) - 
      
      (a)  that was, at the relevant time, at war with the enemy; or

      (b)  the forces or which were, at the relevant time, engaged in an
           operational area against forces against which the forces of the
           Commonwealth were engaged in that area,

      and includes -

      (c)  a state, province or other territory that is one of 2 or more
           territories that together form, or formed at the relevant time,
           a discrete part of such a country; and

      (d)  a place that is, or was at the relevant time, a territory,
           dependency or colony (however described) of such a country;

      ""approved Guide to the Assessment of Rates of Veterans' Pensions""
      means -

      (a)  the document, prepared by the Commission in accordance with section
           29 under the title ""Guide to the Assessment of Rates of Veterans'
           Pensions"", that has been approved by the Minister and is for
           the time being in force; or

      (b)  if an instrument varying that document has been approved by the
           Minister, that document as so varied;

      ""approved Treatment Principles"" means -

      (a)  the document, prepared by the Commission in accordance with section
           90 under the title ""Treatment Principles"", that has been approved
           by the Minister and is for the time being in force; or

      (b)  if an instrument varying that document has been approved by the
           Minister, that document as so varied;

      ""Board"" means the Veterans' Review Board continued in existence by
      section 134 of this Act;

      ""child"" means -

      (a)  a person who has not attained the age of 16 years; or

      (b)  a person who -

          (i) has attained the age of 16 years but has not attained the
              age of 25 years;

         (ii) is undertaking full-time education at a school, college or
              university; and

        (iii) is not in receipt of a pension under Part III or IV, a benefit
              under Part IVAAA or VII or a rehabilitation allowance under
              Part VIII of the Social Security Act 1947 or an allowance
              under section 9 of the Tuberculosis Act 1948;

      ""Commission"" means the Repatriation Commission continued in existence
      by section 179 of this Act;

      ""commissioner"" means a person holding an office of commissioner in
      pursuance of an appointment under section 182;

      ""Commonwealth country"" means a country (other than Australia) that
      is, or was at the relevant time, a part of the Dominions of the Crown,
      and includes -
      
       (a) a state, province or other territory that is one of 2 or more
           territories that together form, or formed at the relevant time,
           a discrete part of such a country; and

       (b) a place that is, or was at the relevant time, a territory,
           dependency or colony (however described) of a part of such a
           country;

      ""continuous full-time service"" means - 

       (a) in relation to a member of the Defence Force -

          (i) service in the Naval Forces of the Commonwealth of the kind
              known as continuous full-time naval service;

         (ii) service in the Military Forces of the Commonwealth of the
              kind known as continuous full-time military service; or
        
        (iii) service in the Air Force of the Commonwealth of the kind known
              as continuous full-time air force service; or

       (b) in relation to a member of the naval, military or air forces
           of a Commonwealth country or an allied country - service in those
           forces of a kind similar to a kind or service referred to in
           sub-paragraph (a)(i), (ii) or (iii);

      ""decision"" includes a determination and an assessment;

      ""Deputy President"" means the Deputy President of the Commission;

      ""disease"" includes any physical or mental ailment, disorder, defect
      or morbid condition, whether of sudden onset or gradual development,
      and the recurrence of such an ailment, disorder, defect or morbid
      condition, but does not include the aggravation of such an ailment,
      disorder, defect or morbid condition;

      ""enemy"" means -

       (a) in relation to World War 1 or World War 2 - the naval, military
           or air forces, or any part of the naval, military or air forces,
           of a State at war with the Crown during that war; and

       (b) in relation to service in, or a period of hostilities in respect
           of, an operational area - the naval, military or air forces against
           which the Naval, Military or Air Forces of the Commonwealth were
           engaged in that operational area,

      and includes persons assisting any of those forces;

      ""injury"" means any physical or mental injury, and includes the recurrence
      of any physical or mental injury, but does not include a disease or
      the aggravation of a physical or mental injury;

      ""member of the Defence Force"" includes a person appointed for continuous
      full-time service with a unit of the Defence Force;

      ""member of the Interim Forces"" means a person who, on or after 1 July
      1947 and before 1 July 1949 - 

       (a) enlisted or re-engaged in, or was appointed or re-appointed to,
           the Defence Force for continuous full-time service for a term
           not exceeding 2 years; or

       (b) was appointed for continuous full-time service with a unit of
           the Defence Force for a term not exceeding 2 years;

      ""operational area"" means an area described in column 1 of Schedule
      2;

      ""organization representing veterans"" means -

       (a) an organization -

          (i) the members of which include veterans throughout the
              Commonwealth; and

         (ii) the objects of which include the object of representing veterans
              throughout the Commonwealth; or

       (b) an organization -

          (i) the members of which include persons throughout the Commonwealth
              who are in receipt of, or are eligible to receive, pensions
              under Part II as dependants of veterans; and

         (ii) the objects of which include the object of representing persons
              referred to in sub-paragraph (i) throughout the Commonwealth;

      ""port"" includes airport;

      ""President"" means the President of the Commission;

      ""remunerative work"" includes any remunerative activity;

      ""Secretary"" means the Secretary to the Department;

      ""special mission"" means a mission that, in the opinion of the Commission,
      was of assistance to the Commonwealth in the prosecution of a war
      to which this Act applies;

      ""unit of the Defence Force"" means a body, contingent or detachment
      of the Defence Force;

      ""veteran"" means -

       (a) a person (including a deceased person) who is, by virtue of section
           7, to be taken to have rendered eligible war service; or

       (b) a person (including a deceased person) in respect of whom a pension
           is, or pensions are, payable in pursuance of sub-section 13(6);

      ""war to which this Act applies"" means World War 1 or World War 2;

      ""World War 1"" means the war that commenced on 4 August 1914, and includes
      any other war in which the Crown became engaged after that date and
      before 11 November 1918;

      ""World War 2"" means the war that commenced on 3 September 1939, and
      includes any other war in which the Crown became engaged after that
      date and before 3 September 1945"
"5(2)  [Person deemed to be undertaking full-time education]  Where a person
who has attained the age of 16 years would, if the person lodged a claim
for, and were qualified to receive, an unemployment benefit under Part VII
of the Social Security Act 1947, be prevented, by reason of section 120A
of that Act, from being paid that benefit for a period immediately following
his or her ceasing to undertake full-time education at a school, college
or university, the person shall be taken, for the purpose of paragraph (b)
of the definition of ""child"" in sub-section (1), to continue, during that
period, to undertake full-time education at a school, college or university"
"5(3)  [Time when various wars ended]  For the purposes of this Act - 

  (a) World War 1 shall be deemed to have ended on 1 September 1921, being
      the date fixed by Proclamation under section 2 of the Termination
      of the Present War (Definition) Act 1919;

  (b) World War 2 shall be deemed to have ended on 28 April 1952, being
      the date on which the Treaty of Peace with Japan came into force;
      and

  (c) an operational area described in column 1 of Schedule 2 shall be deemed
      to have been an operational area during the period specified in column
      2 of that Schedule opposite to the description of the area in column
      1"
"5(4)  [Reference to member of unit of Defence Force]  In this Act, unless
the contrary intention appears, a reference to a member of a unit of the
Defence Force shall be read as a reference to a member of the Defence Force
or other person who is a member of the unit, attached to the unit or appointed
for continuous full-time service with the unit"
"5(5)  [Resident of Papua New Guinea deemed resident of Australia]  For the
purposes of this Act, a person (not being a person who was an indigenous
inhabitant of the Territory of Papua or the Territory of New Guinea) who
was residing in Papua New Guinea immediately before it became an independent
sovereign State, shall, until the person ceased or ceases so to reside,
be deemed to be a resident of Australia"
"5(6)  [Reference to eligible civilian]  In this Act, unless the contrary
intention appears, a reference to an elegible civilian who was killed, or
was detained by the enemy, during World War 2, shall be read as a reference
to a person who, at the time the person was killed, or commenced to be so
detained, as the case may be, was -

 (a) a British subject; and

 (b) a resident, but not an indigenous inhabitant, of the Territory of Papua
     or the Territory of New Guinea,

other than such a person who was, at that time -

 (c) rendering service as a member of the Defence Force; or

 (d) employed by the Commonwealth on a special mission outside Australia"
"5(7)  [Temporary absence of de facto spouse]  Where a man and a woman have
been living together as husband and wife on a bona fide domestic basis although
not legally married to each other, they shall be treated for the purposes
of this Act, as so living together during any temporary absence of one of
those persons or during an absence of one of those persons resulting from
illness or infirmity, if the Commission is of the opinion that they would,
but for the absence, have been so living together during the period of that
absence"
"5(8) [Member of Army Medical Corps Nursing Service] For the purposes of this Act, a member of the Army Medical Corps Nursing Service who rendered service, either within or outside Australia during World War I, as such a member in accordance with an acceptance or appointment by the Director-General of Medical Services for service outside Australia shall be deemed, while the member rendered that service, to have been serving as a member of the Defence Force."
"Country and Western's Big Show Today  

  What is billed as SA's biggest indoor country and western concert is on
today at the Bridegway Hotel"
"The eight-hour hoedown from 2pm is expected to attract hundreds of 
country and western music fans"
"Artists to sing in the show are Lee Conway, the former truck driver who
now has a show on U.S. cable television, and one of Australia's most acclaimed
pop singers, Allison Durbin"
"The show entitled The Good, The Bad And The Ugly, also features local
country and western singers including the Big Jim Hermal band"
""
"The visitors on the beach By Geoffrey Bewley  

SHANE felt the movement and turned over on the bed. Daylight was showing
around the shutters, under the palm-thatch roof. Wee Khoon was lying on
her side, watching him"
"""Hi there,"" he said, He touched her bare arm"
"""Hi,"" she said"
"Shane knew the still look on her face. He'd learned to tell it in the
last few months. He smiled at her"
"""Smile,"" he said. ""Come on, smile, eh?""
  He widened his smile. She smiled back slightly"
"""What a smile,"" he said. ""What a fantastic looking girl.""
  He touched the bridge of her nose, and the freckles she was shy about"
"Her mouth pulled down. ""They're ugly,"" she said. 
  ""No, they're cute,"" he said. This was a favourite old argument. 
  He held her to kiss her. Her smooth skin touched him without any sign
of excitement. He didn't like to urge her to react and after a long kiss
he let go"
"""You want to talk?"" he said"
Wee Khoon didn't move
"""Talk about Australia?""
  ""If you want to,"" she said"
"""Talk about it later,"" he said. ""Talk about it when I get back.""
  He opened the plank shutters. The sun wasn't up over the sea yet, but
the daylight made him blink. He pulled on his shorts and sandshoes and kissed
Wee Khoon again, and went down the rattly side stairs. Their room was above
the hut where tools, diving gear and motorcycles for hire were kept, standing
between the Lotus Bungalow cafe and the double row of A-frame palm-thatch
guest huts. He waved to the little Thai girls in the cafe setting the tables,
and he jogged down to the beach for his run"
"Every morning he jogged nearly a mile to the far rocks and back. This
morning his feet crunched on tiny white heart-urchin shells among the rubbish
on the tideline. He passed the other half dozen bungalow places on that
part of the island shore. Three stubby, high-bowed Thai trawlers were chugging
past in line like fighting ships, out to sea"
"He jogged past visitors from the other bungalows. One was doing yoga
exercises. A couple in sarongs were walking by the water, looking at the
dead urchins, looking for shells. He hadn't seen them before. It struck
him that now there were no visitors left who'd been there when he and Wee
Khoon had arrived, two months ago"
"Now Wee Khoon wanted to go too, but he still liked it there. They had
free food and lodging and now Mr Prem was paying them a hundred baht a day
for what they did, hiring out cycles and gear, helping tidy, looking after
the generator and interpreting for the visitors. He did the hiring and Wee
Khoon spoke Chinese, English and Thai. It was a good life for a while. They'd
have to leave in the end but it was good enough for a while yet"
"He kicked one of the rocks and started jogging back. The red sun was showing
now. More visitors were wading in the calm sea. He heard a motor on the
road beside the bungalows. An island taxi was dropping off more visitors
from the night boat. 
  Back at Lotus he showered and dressed. Two French couples had stopped
and Wee Khoon was showing them the cabins. She could understand their English
well enough. She joined him at breakfast after"
"""Do you need locks?"" Shane said"
"""No, they had locks,"" she said. ""No problem.""
  Shane issued the padlocks for the cabin doors. Visitors had heard of thefts
at beaches and some brought their own locks. Visitors needing locks were
often happier taking them from a white than a Thai. That was part of his
value to Mr Prem"
"""What will you be doing today, anyway?"" he said"
"""I've got to get food. I've got to go and buy things.""
  ""How about going up to the waterfall later on?""
  ""Okay, sure. If nothing else happens.""
  They were finishing their coffee when they heard another taxi on the track,
and when it stopped Mr Prem came in. He looked plump and clean and happy
in a yellow cotton shirt. Two young Thais in faded denims followed him"
"He smiled at the kitchen girls and the people eating, and he smiled more
widely when he caught Shane's eye"
"He spoke cheerfully to Wee Khoon in Thai. ""Mr Shane,"" he said. ""How are
you today? I have something for you.""
  Shane followed Mr Prem out to the taxi. A motorcycle lay on its side in
the back, between the seats. It was a new-looking Yamaha 125, with the front
wheel and forks bent, and gravel scrapes down one side"
"""See, I buy very cheap,"" Mr Prem said. ""Because it is accident. But I
think, you can fix, okay?""
  ""Well, probably if I can get the parts.""
  ""Ah, can get, can get. Okay, kay, kay.""
  Mr Prem liked to see him working. He didn't mind much. He was happy to
tinker with things. Mr Prem sometimes spoke to Wee Khoon in Thai, suggesting
things for her to do. Shane didn't like to see Wee Khoon working harder
than he was"
"He started dismantling the Yamaha alongside the hut. He levered the bent
frame to loosen the nuts, and got the wheel out and the frame uncoupled"
"The wheel and forks would have to be replaced. That took till late in the
morning. He stopped for a fruit drink with Wee Khoon in the cafe"
"She had a thick book with the cover missing. ""What's that one about?""
he said"
"""It's called Thorn Birds. It's about Australia. Have you read it?""
  ""No. I've heard about it. Where did you get it?""
  ""I think one of the American girls left it. Is it a good book?""
  ""I don't know. It's probably better than that last thing you were reading.""
  An Australian girl leaving had given her a book called The Women's Room"
"Shane had looked at it. It was the sort of thing he expected to find Australian
girls reading. He'd had enough of Australian girls. Thai girls now weren't
much either. The Thais weren't much, generally. Their national sport was
kicking each other in the face, and that told you everything you needed
to know"
"Now he knew the Chinese were the best people in Thailand. Wee Khoon's
family had a chemist's shop in Bangkok, and they'd sent her to study at
the Women's University in Manila. She was a terrific girl. He knew all about
Asian girls looking for white husbands. But he was happy with Wee Khoon
and if she wanted him, that suited him"
"Wee Khoon wrinkled her nose. ""That book was crazy stuff,"" she said. ""I
think this one is more true to life.""
  ""I'll read it and see, then.""
  ""And I was talking to the French people,"" Wee Khoon said. ""I told them
what we were doing here. They thought it was good. Maybe they would like
to work for Mr Prem.""
  ""No, they don't speak good enough English,"" he said. ""But what, you really
want to give up on this?""
  She didn't answer at once. ""This is nice with the beach,"" she said. ""But
I think it would be nice in other places we could go.""
  ""Nice in Australia?""
  ""I think Australia would be nice. But there are other places as well where
we could go.""
  Shane sucked his fruit juice and smiled at her"
"""Because I know you don't want to go to Australia yet,"" she said"
"""But anyway,"" he said, ""what don't you like about it here?""
  ""It's not too bad here. Only I think we've been here so long.""
  ""You don't like it with Mr Prem?""
  ""No, he's no problem for me.""
  ""I mean, there isn't anything I don't know about, is there?""
  She glanced at the Thai girls behind. ""No, he's just an ordinary Thai
man,"" she said. ""There's nothing to worry about, I think.""
  ""Well, you know it's partly a matter of money, anyway.""
  ""But we do have enough to get to Australia, if we want to go,"" she said"
She was looking at him without any expression
"""Okay, how about we put a limit on it?"" he said. ""How about we leave it
till my visa runs out, and then go down to Penang and just don't come back?
Then we could go over to Lake Toba and back, and then down the east coast
to Singapore, and then fly home from there.""
  ""If it's what you want,"" she said"
"""Well, it's an idea, anyway.""
  Then Wee Khoon was looking round. There were quacking, laughing Thai voices
outside, and Mr Prem came in again. A middle-aged, square-faced Thai in
a smart tan safari suit came in behind him"
"""Hello, hello, hello,"" Mr Prem said, and he spoke to Wee Khoon in Thai"
She bent her head respectfully and said a few words
"""He says people are coming,"" she said to Shane. ""These are Thai people
he knows. So, I can't go out today. I have to be in the kitchen.""
  ""Oh. Well, we can go up there tomorrow, right?""
  ""Tomorrow,"" Mr Prem said. ""Tomorrow, okay.""
  Shane told him about the cycle in pieces. ""So, if we could get the parts,
we could probably get it going,"" he said"
"""So, you can fix,"" Mr Prem said, smiling. ""Not worry. Okay, kay, kay.""
  But he couldn't do any more with the cycle just then. He took flippers
and a mask and a handspear from the store under the hut, and walked down
the beach past the swimmers and sunbathers to the rock spit. The sand under
the warm water there dropped sharply just offshore, and then shelved very
gradually to about twenty feet a couple of hundred yards out"
"Out there he swam over a cluster of live heart urchins, thin-cased lumps
coated with short furry spines, using the few long whiskery spines on each
side like oars, dragging themselves across the bottom, leaving winding tracks
in the grey sand. He kicked in slowly toward the beach and the rocks, diving
every now and then just for the exercise. The only fish about were too tiny
to bother with"
"He dived closer to the rocks, and then he saw a shivering movement, the
fins of a bigger fish hovering over the sand near the limit of his vision"
"He surfaced for a full breath, dived again and kicked toward it along the
bottom. It was a fat green wrasse, a good big one, a pound and a half, two
pounds, it had started swimming slowly toward the rocks, and he was closing
on it from the side. He could see its beaky mouth working. The rubber was
tight over his right hand, and he reached forward, aimed over the barbs
and let go, and the fat shiny fish jerked on the barbs and sank under the
shaft's weight"
"Shane kicked in to the shore and worked the fish off the barbs, and walked
back up the beach carrying it on a wire through its gills. It was about
a two-pounder. People on the sand, a couple of French girls in string bikini
bottoms, stopped him to look at it, and he was pleased to show them. It was
good to dive and kill something you could take back to eat. It was one of
the best things about the island beach"
"Back at Lotus most of the visitors had finished lunch, and were on the
sand again or resting at their cabins. But another taxi was parked outside,
and he saw people crowded around a table in the shade inside. Mr Prem was
there and he looked up and waved"
"""You, you, friend,"" he called. ""My friend, Mr Shane.""
  Shane waved. He was looking for Wee Khoon in the kitchen"
"""Come, you come, Mr Shane, come.""
  Shane looked round properly. There were six Thais beside Mr Prem. One
was the man in the safari suit he'd seen earlier."
"By Carolyn van Langenberg The Girl in the Pink Swimsuit I  

    Above the dunes rose Sibyl, head bent, listening, to the squeak her
feet made as her toes poked into and her heels pressed heavily on sand"
"She tossed and leaped at the sky, curled over, inspecting vines and flowers
and silver green tussocks.  A crab scuttled over her feet and she pounced
on it, smiling as she turned it loose"
"Suddenly she stood still, her straight sharp body alone on the most
prominent and high jutt of the dunes.  The beach behind her grandfather's
house glittered, the royal blue sea meeting the sky to mark the horizon,
an outcrop of rock at its centre, black and familiar.  A cloudless sky rolled
blue to blue, blueness breaking at the shoreline, the waves rushing greenly
over the white sand, sea washing in, drawing itself away, leaving behind
a trailing of pippies and periwinkles"
"Sibyl bounced on the dune, crashed to the beach in a pile of soft sand,
shrieking and laughing with the pleasure of breaking something.  Repeatedly
she ran up the sandy incline, stumbling, then leaped to the beach below,
repeatedly laughing as her body jerked and thrust into the giving sand"
"Her hair, black and short, flicked with sand into her mouth.  Sand coloured
limbs no longer pointed awkward to the sky.  She sprang to her feet and
strode, caught at tussocks and straying roots, fell back and, breathless,
deftly forced footholds.  Without pausing, she jumped, rolled and laughed,
cascaded with loose sand to her cushion of sand, onto the beach again"
"Over the dunes, following a well-trodden track through straggled banksia,
sharp edged grasses and broken bottles, the rest of the family padded -
mother, father and three small children.  They emerged complacently from
a valley onto the flat beach, and settled where the sand was soft and white,
not nearer the tide-mark where it was harder and closer to beige"
"The girl ran to join them, leaving her broken down sand dune for the
habit of their company"
"Sibyl turned ten that day, and her family gave her a swimsuit, her mother
exercising the authority to select for the girl a pink costume which puffed
over her slender hips and gathered into a rush between the expected breasts
down the centre bone to her waist.  Pink and red buds spread from the
gathering.  The puffed out pants section was plain pastel pink"
"Sibyl loved the costume.  Her mother always said pink suited her so
well, blending with her pale skin and setting off her dark hair.  She glowed
with the compliments, stretched and peered into mirrors to reassure herself
of her image.  Her grandfather laughed at her coyness and said, `Quite nice,
eh?'  Sibyl knew they had little faith in her pale skin, her thin body"
"But today her swimsuit was new and she wore it with pride.  Her father
smiled encouragingly, loving the beauty of his young daughter.  He tousled
her hair playfully, joking at her prettiness.  She scowled and chased him
into the sea, laughing at the cold spray salting her mouth, flirting with
her body as he splashed her until she feigned a collapse into the foam,
shrieking, helpless in the water which pushed and sucked her to his legs"
"The sea squirted up around his calves, shallower, shallower, fountaining
low at his ankles, his feet buried in sand"
"He played, teased her to follow him further into the sea, `See who can
swim the furthest!'
    `Oh, no!  That's too far out!'  Moaning at her poor abilities.  `I wish
I could but, gee, Dad, I just can't!'
    She ran in and out of the sea, watching pink legs turn green then white
under water, the pants of her swimsuit balloon, diving under waves, struggling
under swells, coming up, gulping, air, succeeding to withstand the surge
outwards"
"She ran up the beach, impatient with the sand sticking to her legs"
"Her mother cursed the way she flicked water and shook her towel free of
sand, `Too close to the baby!  Sand in his eyes!'  Sibyl sat still for a
few moments, lolled luxuriously, sunbaked, because she was learning her
pink whiteness was not conventional beauty, despite her mother's suggestions"
"She stretched in her wet clinging swimsuit.  She loved the way it moulded
like a second skin.  She loved the salt stickiness of her body, the salt
grains on her lips.  She loved the sun, warm on her shoulders, drying her
back"
"A cool breeze stirred, the blueness enveloped them and shadows reached
across the beach to the sea.  `C'mon!' barked the mother, `Time t'go...!
Gettin' cold!'  There was a crease between her two well shaped eyebrows"
"They were black, but her hair, long and wound into a bun at the nape of
her neck, was a coarse hard grey"
"She snorted contempt, groused at Sibyl who tried to pull a shirt on
one of the small children.  Sibyl folded towels to pack in the bag.  Her
mother unravelled them, critical of the sand embedded in the compacted cotton,
and of the assumption that the towels should be put in the bag she would
carry"
"`Spect me to do it all! ... Ungrateful! ... That's what! ... You all
are!'
    The baby cried, sand in his eyes"
And another child yelled.  A soldier crab had scurried over his toes
"Sibyl glanced at the sea, and sighed.  Pushed sandals into her mother's
bag"
"Her father slowly wiped himself dry.  He pulled a shirt over his shoulders,
knotting the loose arms under his chin, watching the rocky outcrop on the
horizon, ignoring the small bustling around his feet"
"At a given signal, a jolt of an adult head or a throaty admission, the
family trouped towards the dunes where they disappeared and reappeared,
wending their way through valleys, up and down sandy slopes.  They walked
laboriously, led by the father and the girl in the pink swimsuit.  They
both carried towels over their shoulders.  Two small children, heads bowed,
tripped over tangling vines.  One fell, the sand pulling at her ankles"
The other bellowed fearfully and stopped.  An ant had run across his path
"The mother, coming behind him and struggling through the sand under the
weight of a bag and the burden of the baby, slapped him, ordering curtly
to get moving!
    The pound and the rush, and the pause of the sea"
"Sibyl could hear the waves break when she unlatched the gate to her
grandfather's garden.  She imagined the sea pulling, dragging over the sand
over the beach over the periwinkles, over the shells and the pebbles, pulling
back to a swell, and pounding the beach uproariously.  Again, and again,
and again.  The same rushing and scuttling backwards and breaking forwards,
she thought, I love it"
"She peeled off her swimsuit.  The crutch bagged with wet sand, grating
roughly the skin under the leg elastic"
"II  

  Everyone was consciously free out of school uniform.  The science teacher
allowed himself covert pleasure in chaperoning to a beach picnic at Byron
Bay so many indiscreetly clad thirteen and fourteen year old girls.  They
rolled their eyes indifferently, sportively, fetchingly, and sat in giggling
huddles at the front of the bus.  The boys guffawed and gestured meaningfully"
They crammed into the back of the bus.  They shouted and sang to each other
"Satisfied the sexes were not too close to each other, the teacher drove
away in his car, alone"
"The bus accelerated, sped through the countryside.  Wind whipped hair
at the windows, whipped away snatches of pop songs they shouted for communal
approval.  The semi-tropical lushness, spilling over the roadway, blocking
vision at sharp bends, remained incidental, a beauty they took for granted"
"They hallooed and booed, screamed at the speed with which a sharp s-bend
was taken and, further exhilarated by the smell of salt, they hurrahed their
way into the sleepy beach town.  People raised weary heads to scrutinise
yet another crowd of young ratbags shouting their way to the beach.  Yelling,
`Yah!' at the teacher.  `Beat yer!  Lose a tyre!?  Jeez, y`slow!'
  They parked at the main beach where new gaudy dwellings were under
construction.  An old brick kiosk at the centre of a bitumen turnabout had
its iron shutters closed.  Picnic sheds spread sedately under Norfolk pine
trees.  The sheds were cool, open on all sides to the breezes"
"Awkwardly, they waited for a signal from someone to tell them to bound
over the hot bitumen down the rocks to the sand, school obedience and group
control their familiar.  Pausing, huffing, pacing, biting lips, they queried
each other's intention"
Something broke free
"With one leap, they ran at the beach, squealing, flinging towels and
possessions in disordered heaps, falling over friends and gasping with
laughter, mouths full of sand, and some plunged into the surf"
One red-haired boy hung back.  He quietly picked his way down the rocks
"He kept his shirt on.  He sat with the girls and began to cover his legs
thickly with cream.  Hesitantly, he looked back to the stuffy bus, the picnic
sheds, a place away from the sun"
"`I burn badly,' he muttered to Sibyl"
"She watched him screw up his face, his freckles moving funnily across
his nose. 
  `I went to hospital once.  With blisters. I was there for days!'
  Bluntly she suggested he should swim with his shirt on"
"`They'll laugh!' he moaned, indicating the other boys with a nod of his
head.  She shrugged"
"`Better than stewing on your own!'
  He agreed, staring at the bus buckling crazily within dancing waves of
reflected heat.  Stared over the inflamed rocks where dunes once rose
gracefully.  The rocks prevented the sand eroding from under the kiosk and
a few weatherboard cottages perched precariously along dunes ravaged by
tidal waves.  The newer shimmering holiday flats were apparently considered
safe behind the Norfolk pines"
"Sibyl spread her towel, adjusted her hat and sunglasses and commented,
`That house ... that one ... used to be further in!'  Her friend, Josephine,
sprawled on her towel, moved her lips, acknowledging someone had spoken"
"Sibyl rubbed suncream on her shoulders and lay beside her, pushing the straw
hat down over her nose"
"`Are you girls swimming or not!' The teacher called in ringing classroom
tones"
"They giggled and protested, `We're baking!'
  Sibyl saw him, wet from swimming, through the slats of her straw hat"
"He stopped at her feet.  His eyes followed the contours of her body, her
thin criticised body which she decided was svelte and fashionable.  She
watched his eyes undress her.  She responded by slightly raising her knee"
"His eyes rested on pink clad hips.  She took off her hat.  In a voice she
thought engaging and mature, she asked if the water were cold.  He looked
at the face, at the eyes behind sunglasses.  He grinned at the face, at
the voice, at the pink swimsuit.  `Try it!,' he laughed, and looked up the
beach towards another group of his school kids teasing and pouring sand
over langourous girls, chasing them, squealing, into the sea"
"Sibyl stood and took off her sunglasses.  The sea was as always blue and
green, the sun yellow and sparkling on the restless water, white foaming
waves breaking, spreading, thinning thinning thinning in a race up the sand,
rushing rushing rushing back into another curling wave.  Forever moving,
ebbing, crashing, nervously under the sun, glittering, receding to the horizon,
black rocks at the centre.  She pushed a forefinger under the thick brinylon
elastic cloth of her costume, snapped the material down over her backside,
and walked demurely down to the tidemark"
"In the sea other classmates leapt and crouched, performing corroborees
with the mad roar and turbulence.  The teacher leapt at and chased one of
the girls who had a Saturday night boyfriend.  He picked her up and dropped
her, splashing dramatically.  She screamed and pleaded and gurgled, her
mouth full of salty water.  Spluttering and giggling, she tried to knock
him over, but he turned and pulled her legs over his shoulders, hoisting
her up, and piggy backed her up the beach where he threw her on soft sand"
""
"INTRODUCTION A.  How to use this book

                B.  Who will want to use this book?

                C.  Major findings of this study

                D.  Some implications of the findings

                E.  Background

                F.  List of tables A.  HOW TO USE THIS BOOK  

        Have you ever wondered how many Australians pray and how often?
Have you wondered if church attendance makes any difference in the
attitudes Australians hold about various matters? What percentage of
Australians do you think consider themselves religious people? Does this
make any difference in other parts of their lives? Are ""religious"" people
different from ""non-religious"" people? Do Catholics have different attitudes
from Anglicans, or are the religious groups pretty much the same?

        How often have you had a discussion around questions like these
and wanted ""the facts""? There is a lot of opinion about the role of religion
in Australian life. Bruce Wilson (1983) and David Millikan (1981) argue
that Australia is a secular society with a dwindling minority of religious
people. Is this correct? For a quick answer look at the major findings
(starting on the next page)"
This book makes data relevant to such questions as these available
"It is a source book of research findings about the role of religion in
Australian life. The purpose is to make the results of the Australian Values
Systems Study handy for use. With these data in hand, the reader can ask
and answer his or her own questions. For example, ""Does church attendance
make a difference in family life?"" Yes (see Chapter VII for details on how)"
"This book will not stop the debate about the role of religion in
Australian society. It should lift the debate by increasing the information
on the subject. As a result there is a great deal of data presented, too
much to digest in one sitting. That is not the point. Start by looking up
a topic that interests you"
This book does not draw out all of the implications of the findings
"Rather it is the beginning of a process which will involve many people who,
in examining these data from their own vantage points will raise different
questions and draw different conclusions. You are invited to be part of
the process of interpretation and application of these data"
"B.  WHO WILL WANT TO USE THIS BOOK?  

        Who will want to use this book? Policy makers, both religious and
secular may find these data useful in forming a correct picture of the role
of religion and the future of the church. Church leaders, including both
clergy and laity may find information related to their ministry, evangelism
or church policy questions. Students of religion and society may want to
use these data in their analyses. Anyone interested in the role religion
plays in the way Australians think will find this book interesting and thought
provoking"
"C.  MAJOR FINDINGS  

        There is a large amount of detail in this book. The following list
of major findings is a sensitizing guide to the data. Following each ""finding""
will be an indication of the location of the evidence supporting the ""finding"""
This list also acts as a highlighted summary of the study
"a.  Australia is More Religious Than Many Think  

        It cannot be said that Australia is essentially secular and irreligious
when:

1.      57.9% of Australians claim to be religious persons and only 4.5%
        claim to be atheists (Table I.V.3.a)"
"2.      57.4% of Australians rate the importance of God in their lives as
        6 or more on a scale of 1-10. Only 13.7% rated God as 1 (not at
        all important)"
3.      85.6% of Australians identify with some religious group
"4.      Two-thirds of Australians pray, meditate or contemplate occasionally
        or more frequently (Table I.B.2.a)"
"5.      27.1% of Australians claim to go to church once per month or more
        frequently. 20.6% claim to go weekly (Table I.B.1.b)"
"6.      Nearly half of those who claim to have no religion, pray, meditate
        or contemplate occasionally or more frequently (Table I.B.2.b)"
"b.  Denominational Identification Makes a Difference in Australian Society  

        The five groups of religious identification - Catholic, Anglican,
PMU (Presbyterian, Methodist and Uniting), RWP (theologically Right Wing
Protestant groups) and ""Nones"" (those who identify with no religious group)
- are found to differ from each other both in terms of religiosity and
non-religious attitudes. Denominational identification makes a difference
in Australian society"
"1.      The RWP group is the most religious followed in order by the Catholics,
        the PMU group, Anglicans and the ""Nones"" (Chapter 1)"
"2.      Those who claim to have no religion are the most likely to object to a
        list of groups of people as neighbours. They are the least tolerant"
"The RWP group (conservative protestant) are the least likely to
        object. They are the most tolerant of these groups (Table V.A.1.a)"
"It cannot be said that those who are religious are less tolerant
        of sub-groups in Australian society. In fact the opposite is the
        case"
"3.      Conservative religious groups are not necessarily conservative
        politically (Table IV.C.1.b)"
"4.      Anglicans are the most willing to sacrifice for Australia and most
        committed to the monarchy. The PMU group are the proudest to be
        Australian (Table VI.B.1.b)"
"5.      In eight out of ten social issues measured denominational
        identification makes an appreciable difference (Chapter VI)"
"6.      Denominational identification is related to pronounced differences
        in attitudes toward family. Catholics and the RWP group were the
        most pro-family, least likely to approve of abortion or divorce"
"The ""Nones"" were the least supportive of family and least likely
        to object to divorce or abortion (Chapter VII)"
"7.      The ""Nones"" tend to be more hedonistic than those identifying with
        some religious group. But there are differences among the religious
        groups as well. The RWP group tends to be the most strict on moral
        issues (see Chapter VIII for specific differences)"
"c.  Degree of Religiosity Makes a Difference in Australian Society  

1.      Those who think of God in ""personal"" terms pray much more frequently
        than do those who think of God as a ""life force/spirit"" (Table
        II.B.1.a)"
"2.      Those who are more religious have a slight tendency to favour more
        conservative political parties (Table III.A.2.a)"
"3.      Those who are more religious are more pro-Australian and pro-monarchy
        than are the less religious (Table IV.B.1.c). See Chapter IV for
        more detailed analyses"
"4.      Those who are more religious are more open to the idea of having
        persons of a different race as neighbours (Table V.B.2.b). See Chapter
        V for more detailed analyses"
"5.      Degree of religiosity makes an appreciable difference in 7 of the
        10 social issues analysed. The more religious are more likely to
        consider the pace of change too fast (VI.A.2.a), are more inclined
        toward international altruism (VI.B.2.a), are more likely to think
        too much is spent on the environment (VI.B.2.a), are more opposed
        to the use and legalization of drugs (VI.C.2.c) and less likely
        to report that they drank alcohol (VI.C.3.b). See Chapter VI for
        more detailed analyses"
"6.      The data show an interesting relationship between religiosity and
        family. The more religious are more likely to be married (once)
        and least likely to have lived in a de facto relationship (VII.A.2.c),
        less likely to consider marriage to be outdated (VII.A.1.c), more
        likely to have children (VII.A.3.b), slightly more likely to think
        ""a woman's place is in the home"" (VII.B.1.c), less likely to approve
        of abortion (VII.C.1.c), less likely to approve of free sex, single
        mothers and in vitro fertilization procedures (VII.D.2.a and
        VII.D.2.b), and less likely to approve of divorce (VII.E.2.a). See
        Chapter VII for further detailed analyses"
"7.      Finally, the data show an interesting relationship between religiosity
        and moral issues. The more religious are more likely to take a
        traditional, conservative, pro-family stance on moral issues. See
        Chapter VIII for detailed analyses"
"Australia is not a secular society with just a few religious people
on the fringes. Further, denomination and degree of religiosity do make
a difference in the attitudes and values of Australians. These facts contradict
commonly held ideas that religion is irrelevant and of little importance
to public policy and public life in Australia. The next section addresses
some of these implications"
"D.  SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THESE FINDINGS  

        Four people were asked to write a brief reaction to the data in
this book. These reactions will sensitize readers to possible implications
of this study for several aspects of Christian ministry and witness in
Australia"
"Implications for the Purpose and Strategy of Churches  

        The study suggests some fundamental issues about the purpose of
        churches and the strategies they adopt to achieve those purposes"
"1.   Some of the data are so contrary to conventional Australian
             platitudes that further exploration of the issues is essential"
"For example, those who for decades have complained of, or exulted
             in, our ""secular"" society where ""religious"" understanding is
             unimportant and/or declining apparently now have cause for
             reflection. That particular battle largely has been misplaced"
"Ways of discussing and measuring ""religiosity"" that are grounded
             within our society need to be developed rather than using terms
             and measures that do not fully ""connect"", or may mean different
             things to different people"
"2.   45% of people who understand themselves as ""religious"" do not
             or only rarely attend church. 15% of people who do not see
             themselves as ""religious"" attend church occasionally or regularly"
"Looking backwards, have basic goals for some churches been
             displaced to the extent that such churches have become only
             incidentally ""religious""? Possibly other objectives such as
             the search for institutional strength and extension have become
             primary in such cases"
"Looking forwards, there may be scope for numerous entrepreneurial
             options in seeking to express more vigorously and clearly
             Christian approaches that relate more closely to underlying
             life concerns and experiences"
"3.   ""Religious"" people are found to be more tolerant of the
             disadvantaged and less tolerant of the deviant than
             ""non-religious"" people, although there are complexities in
             the detailed data"
"Churches that seek to follow a person described as a friend
             of outcasts and sinners have an opportunity to exercise a far
             stronger accepting, reconciling and healing role in our society"
"Jim Stebbins, Baptist pastor also working in Public Service"
"Implications for Educational Programmes   

                This book presents several challenges to those in the church
        involved in Christian leadership training, preaching, religious
        instruction, theological education or any form of Christian marketing:
        
        1.  There is something seriously wrong with existing programmes
            if 27% of the sample are regular church-goers yet 58% regard
            themselves as religious (alienating language, rituals and
            structures?)"
"2.  The fact that 58% of the ""Nones"" (no religion) said they believed
            in a personal God/spirit or life force, suggests that there
            is a ready market for the Christian religion, if only its advocates
            and leaders learned fundamental skills of communication"
"3.  If the gospel of the Kingdom has impact on social life, then
            it is disturbing that ""the most interest in politics was expressed
            by the least religious and the atheists"" (p. 37). If the
            socio-political implications of the gospel are not addressed
            in pulpits, seminaries, Sunday Schools, small groups and RI
            classes, how are Christians to be equipped as agents of social
            transformation? Forms of Christian education that produce
            socio-political quietism need to be abandoned and replaced by
            those that promote critical reflection and transforming action
            in an unjust world. It is embarrassing that the greatest level
            of dissatisfaction about the way Aborigines have been treated
            occurs in the ""Nones"" group (36% cf. PMU - 17%) )p. 47f)"
"4.  If security and family life are the ""most highly ranked life
            goals"" for Australians (p. 152), one can only deduce that 73%
            of Australians identify most of what goes on inside church as
            marginal to their interests. Yet clearly these two themes are
            central to the Christian religion. Perhaps the ""market"" could
            be recaptured if evangelism and instruction were set much more
            in the context of the home and local community, informal
            relationships, dialogue, inquiry and intelligible language"
Neville Carr. Chairman. Christian Research Association
"Implications for Pastoral Care  

        There is a host of pastorally-relevant information within this study. I would like here simply to point to two or three issues which I believe have major implicaitons for pastoral strategy"
""
"Staff news FAREWELL John Smartt - Western Ribbon  

We said goodbye to John in May as he moved on to take up a position with
Mayne Nickless. John has done a great job for Scripture Union, firstly in
Darwin and then in the Western Ribbon working from an office in Penrith"
"`Thank you John and Tracy for all the hard work you put into your time with
Scripture Union. We wish you God's richest blessing for the future.'
John hopes to continue to help us in various ways"
"Peter Walker - Communications Co-ordinator  

After nearly six years on the SU staff, Peter left at the end of May to
take the position of Communication Co-Ordinator with the Energy Commission"
"Peter will be a great loss to us in Chalmers Street as of course he was
responsible for many of the publications that come to you from SU House"
"(If you think this issue of SU News doesn't flow as well as usual, you now
know why!) Many of you will have met Peter at SU events and seen the result
of his photography sometimes to your surprise. Peter will continue to help
us particularly as Mission adviser for SUFM's in January"
"PLEASE PRAY  

Please pray for Marion Thorn, secretary for the Communications Department
as she has been very unwell for the last three months and after a major
operation is continuing under treatment from home. Pray for Marion and her
husband, Bob, and their two children"
"CONGRATULATIONS  

To Ralph and Diana Fairbairn on the birth of a second daughter, Heidi. Ralph
is the Gift Department Co-ordinator for SU"
"To Joanne and Gary Akehurst on their marriage, May 31st. Joanne is the
receptionist at SU House"
"WELCOME  

GUILIO LESCHI, MANLY WARRINGAH LOCAL SCHOOLS WORKER"
"Guilio joined the staff in April to work 2 days a week in the Manly Warringah
area. Guilio will work closely with the Manly Warringah area development
group and their chairman, Max Lindsay. The area are working hard at raising
the entire team support needed for Guilio and are excited at the potential
in their appointment."
"RAIN, HAIL, BUT VERY LITTLE SUNSHINE  

     Following a tradition of four years, the Red Cross Calling
launch took place under rain laden clouds, but this year no one
minded as many of the crowd were already wet"
"The 1986 Red Cross Calling Appeal was launched at South
Maroubra Beach as part of the 1986 State Surf Life Saving
Championships. Mr Michael Cleary, Minister for Sport and
Recreation, and a member of the Surf Life Saving fraternity,
officially launched the appeal"
"Mr Cleary took the opportunity to thank Red Cross for its
work throughout the community, and to present the Chairman of
the Division, Dr David Storey, with a cheque on behalf of the
New South Wales Government, for $27,500"
"Organisers of the appeal chose to launch the Calling at
the beach to emphasise Red Cross' close association with Surf
Life Saving and first aid generally"
"For the past nine years, the Sydney Mobile Voluntary Aid
Detachment has provided first aid at the State championships"
"""We also supervise the first aid certification of members
of the Surf Life Saving Rescue Helicopter,"" said Mr John Smith,
Executive Director"
"""We are proud of the work Red Cross does in sporting
events, and wanted to recognise Sydney Mobile for their
continuous work in the community in the name of Red Cross.""
     Although final figures will not be available until June,
the 1986 Red Cross Calling Appeal looks to reach its target of
1 1/2 million"
"For many areas throughout New South Wales, this was the
first year that the Red Cross Calling took place. Tumut was one
such town which expects to rule off its books with a total of
$3,800"
"""This is a superb effort from such a small town,
especially when you consider it was its first year,"" said Mr
Graham Karp, Supervisor of Red Cross Calling"
"""The Calling was arranged by the Tumut Red Cross branch,
and the organisers are as thrilled as we are"
"""Two other towns which deserve a special mention are Yass,
which raised $1,300, and the tiny town of Bookham which raised
$500.""
     Once again, the Calling was organised by the Red Cross
branch in each town, and it was the first time the Calling had
been held"
"At the 1985 Annual Conference, mention was made of the
""family to a street"" approach, which had been operating then
for two years in Hunters Hill, in Sydney"
"""Sue Hoopman, the originator of the approach, used it
again this year in her area, and is expected to break the
current record of $10,000 by $1,000"
"Mrs Lambell, from the Gulargambone branch, and zone
representative, used this approach in Dubbo this year. Dubbo
did not hold a Calling last year and in previous year's had
raised in the vicinity of $2,000-$3,000"
"This year the area raised $5,500 by using the family to
a street approach. Families were organised to collect in their
own street, and reports are that all who took part had a most
enjoyable time"
"""Figures have shown that those areas which have used this
approach raised more money than in previous years.""
     But perhaps the most outstanding success story is of three
young high school boys, two from Fairfield and one from
Strathfield. Each boy raised $1,000 on their own for the
Calling Appeal"
"""I feel confident that this has never occurred, Mr Karp said. ""It has restored my faith in human kind,
that three young people were willing to give up their time, and
work so hard.""
     The Red Cross Calling Department is currently looking for
a special award to present to each of the boys for their
outstanding effort"
""
"Skiers face an uphill cost battle  

AS snow begins to fall, Victorians need to look at their bank accounts closely
before considering weekends at the ski resorts"
This year will not be cheap for ski enthusiasts
"A day ticket at Mt Buller costs $28 for adults, a rise of $2 from last
season, and $14 for children"
"Mt Hotham is charging $27 for adults and $11 for children, while Falls
Creek day tickets cost $28 and $14 and those at Mt Buffalo are $13.50 and
$7"
"A day's skiing at Mr Buller will cost about $90 - that is based on the
approximate expense of a ski ticket, an $8 parking fee, about $15 for petrol,
$7 for lunch, an average of $12 to hire skis, boots and poles and $20 deposit
on the hire gear"
"It is possible to minimise expenses by sharing petrol and parking costs
and taking your own lunch"
"If you are thinking of a weekend at a resort, consider the cost of
accommodation, eating out, as a lot of lodges do not provide food, and two
days' skiing  and ski hire"
"The Alpine Resorts Commission has set up a permanent booking office at
Mt Buller"
"The commission's agent on the mountain, Ms Merryn Wildschut, said bookings
were taken for all commercial lodges and flats and for about eight smaller,
private lodges"
"""The top price on our books for a bed for one night is $80 to $85, without
breakfast,"" she said"
"""The price is a little less during the week, at $81, and for bed and
breakfast accommodation the cost is $189 a weekend"
"""The private lodges range from $22 to $24 a night for bed only, to $102
for dinner, bed and breakfast.""
  It is advisable to book early in the week, rather than arriving on the
mountain and trying to get a bed"
"Travelling to the mountain by bus, which saves a lot of hassles, costs
$47 return from Melbourne with Mansfield-Mt Buller Bus Lines"
The cost of ski gear has risen about 15 to 20 per cent on last year
"This is largely due to the fall of Australian dollar, according to Auski's
clothing manageress, Ms Vicki Furniss"
"""Normally, you could expect a rise of between 5 and 10 per cent,"" she
said"
"Skis will cost from $195 to $499 without bindings, depending on the quality
and brand.  Bindings are priced between $120 and $240 for racing, while
boots range from $150 to $370"
"If you are looking to buy ski clothing, expect to pay about $165 for
a shower and snow proof ski suit, or $135 to $300 for stretch pants or
coveralls"
"A parka costs $200 to $420 for the fully waterproofed variety, while gloves
are priced from $30 to $50 in leather and $50 to $100 for Gore-tex"
"If buying is too expensive, skiers should consider hiring equipment"
"The average daily hire cost for skis, boots, poles and clothing is about
$25 to $30, compared with about $450 to buy for a beginner skier"
Ms Furniss said enthusiasts wanting to hire skis could do so in Melbourne
"""You order your skis here and pick them up on the mountain.  It saves
the hassle of carrying them up the mountain and trying to rent skis on a
busy weekend"
""
"Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Limnodynastes (anura:myobatrachidae): 
a molecular perspective J.D. Roberts and Linda R. Maxson Abstract  

Phylogenetic relationships among 10 of the 12 currently recognised species
of Limnodynastes were investigated by the quantitative immunological
technique of micro-complement fixation (MC'F).  Analyses of albumin
differentiation in Limnodynastes suggest that L. ornatus and L. spenceri
are representatives of an independent lineage that emerged in the early
Tertiary.  We identify four additional lineages appearing in the early
Oligocene (L. terraereginae, L. dumerili, L. dorsalis and probably
L. interioris; L. tasmaniensis, L. fletcheri and L. peroni; L. salmini;
and L. convexiusculus).  Our data do not support the recognition of
Platyplectron (Heyer & Liem, 1976) as a separate genus. Members of 
Platyplectron are more closely related to various groupings within 
Limnodynastes than they are to other burrowing genera (Heleioporus, 
Notaden and Neobatrachus)"
"Analyses of geographically widespread populations of L. ornatus,
L. tasmaniensis, L. peroni and of the subspecies of L. dumerili indicate
degrees of genetic differentiation which are correlated with distance"
"Introduction  

  Frogs of the genus Limnodynastes are widespread over the Australian
continent with one species also found in southern New Guinea (Tyler et
al. 1981).  All species in the genus construct floating foam nests for
egg deposition and these are often a conspicuous feature of amphibian breeding
sites in Australia (e.g. illustrated in Moore 1961).  There are both
non-burrowing and burrowing forms of Limnodynastes, with two of the latter
occurring in the central deserts (L. ornatus and L. spenceri: Tyler et
al. 1981)"
"Martin (1972), Littlejohn and Roberts (1975), Heyer and Liem (1976), Tyler
(1976), Tyler et al. (1979), Farris et al. (1982) and Watson and
Littlejohn (1985) have all recently dealt with systematic, evolutionary,
or biogeographic questions within this genus.  However, the conclusions
drawn in these papers need to be treated cautiously for two reasons"
"First, recent biochemical work on Australian anurans (summarised in Roberts
and Maxson 1985b) has questioned relationships and speciation patterns amongst
Australian frogs which have been inferred from similarities in external
morphology, call structure, and the results of artificial hybridisation
tests.  These latter types of data were used by Martin (1972), Littlejohn
and Roberts (1975) and Watson and Littlejohn (1985) to infer speciation
patterns amongst members of the L. dorsalis group and the L. tasmaniensis
complex.  Evaluation by an independent molecular technique seems desirable"
"Second, detailed analyses of the same morphological and ecological data
from Australian myobatrachid frogs (including species of Limnodynastes)
by Heyer and Liem (1976) and Farris et al. (1982) have reached differing
conclusions.  Farris et al. noted that the data they used have given
equivocal information on relationships.  Thus, it appeared that an independent,
molecular data set could be helpful in addressing questions of phylogeny
in these taxa"
"This paper probes phylogenetic relationships among species of
Limnodynastes, using micro-complement fixation (MC'F) studies of albumin
evolution.  MC'F and the resultant immunological distance (ID) data have
been widely used in phylogenetic analysis (e.g. amphibians, Maxson 1984;
reptiles, Gorman et al. 1971; mammals, Collier and O'Brien 1985; birds,
Prager and Wilson 1980; insects, Beverley and Wilson 1982; and bacteria,
Champion et al. 1980).  Moreover, because albumin evolves at a relatively
constant rate (e.g. Maxson and Wilson 1975; Wilson et al. 1977; Thorpe
1982), studies of albumin evolution can also provide a temporal perspective
on the evolutionary process"
"We address four interrelated questions on systematic relationships and
speciation in Limnodynastes arising from the recent literature cited above"
"(1) Is any generic division of Limnodynastes supported by immunological
data?  This question stems from Heyer and Liem's (1976) use of the name
Platyplectron to accommodate members of the L. dorsalis group (L. dorsalis,
L. dumerili, L. interioris and L. terraereginae: Martin 1972) and the
L. ornatus group (L. ornatus and L. spenceri: Tyler et al. 1979),
and from the suggestion by Tyler et al. (1979) that each of the three
distinct morphological groups they recognised within Limnodynastes (sensu
lato), the `dorsalis' group, the `ornatus' group and the `tasmaniensis'
group (L. tasmaniensis, L. peroni, L. fletcheri, L. salmini and
L. convexiusculus), might warrant elevation to generic status"
"(2) If a division of Limnodynastes is justified, where do the affinities
of the resulting groups lie?  Heyer and Liem (1976) described Limnodynastes
and Platyplectron as sister groups but in a re-analysis of the same data set,
Farris et. al. (1982) showed Platyplectron to be more closely associated with 
other burrowing genera of the subfamily Limnodynastinae such as Heleioporus,
Neobatrachus and Notaden"
"(3) Do the immunological data suggest that descriptions of new species
or erection of any new synonymies are warranted?  These actions might be
justified in taxa that have dubious status as separate species,
e.g. L. spenceri, or in the subspecific taxa recognized in `L. dorsalis
(Martin 1972) or in the call races of the L. tasmaniensis complex (Littlejohn
and Roberts 1975; Roberts 1976).  For example, L. spenceri was described
by Parker (1940), but Moore (1961) and Barker and Grigg (1977) have questioned
whether this species is distinct from L. ornatus"
"(4)  Are the call races of the L. tasmaniensis complex and the subspecies
of L. dorsalis of Pleistocene age or, are they older?  These subspecies
and call races have been viewed as evolving in the Pleistocene (Littlejohn
and Roberts 1975; Roberts 1976; Martin 1972).  However, recent papers by
Barendse (1984), Maxson and Roberts (1984) and Roberts and Maxson (1985a, 1985b)
have questioned Pleistocene scenarios for speciation events in other components
of the southern and south-western Australian anuran fauna"
"By means of MC'F studies of albumin evolution we have been able to provide
answers to all four questions that we have posed"
"Materials and Methods  

  Albumins from 14 species of Australian frogs were studied: Limnodynastes
convexiusculus L. dorsalis, L. dumerili (six populations), L. fletcheri,
L. ornatus (five populations), L. peroni (four populations), L. salmini,
L. spenceri (two populations), L. tasmaniensis (11 populations),
L. terraereginae, Heleioporus barycragus, H. australiacus, Notaden
nichollsi and Neobatrachus pictus.  Unless otherwise indicated, single
specimens were used as representatives of each population or species.  Earlier
work has shown intrapopulation variation for a valid species is within the
sensitivity of the MC'F assay, ?2 immunological distance units (Maxson
and Maxson 1979)"
"Serum albumin was purified from plasma by single-step polyacrylamide-gel
electrophoresis (Maxson et al. 1979).  A single frog of each species
provided plasma for L. dorsalis, L. dumerili, L. ornatus, L. salmini,
H. barycragus, H. australiacus and No. nichollsi.  Plasma was pooled
from three L. peroni and from seven L. tasmaniensis.  Purified albumins
were used for production of antisera in rabbits.  Antisera were tested for
purity as described by Maxson et al. (1982).  MC'F experiments were
performed with antisera to the albumins of six species of Limnodynastes,
the two species of Heleioporus, and No. nichollsi following procedures
outlined in Champion et al. (1974).  The six Limodynastes species
were selected as representative of the described species-groups.  Sufficient
material was not available to prepare a complete set of antisera"
"Data are reported as immunological distance (ID) where one ID unit is
roughly equivalent to one amino acid difference between the albumins compared
(Maxson and Wilson 1974).  The phylogenetic tree was constructed from the
averages of reciprocal comparisons by a simple algorithm (Maxson et al"
1979) which is a modification of Farris' Wagner tree method (Farris 1972)
"This method is appropriate for albumin MC'F data where the large number
of amino acid positions in albumin permits one to assume there are very
few parallel- and back-mutation contaminations.  For species where only
one-way comparisons were available, species were added to the tree by the
method outlined in Beverley and Wilson (1982).  Estimates of divergence
dates are based on the relationship between ID and time, described by Maxson
and Wilson (1975), where 100 units of ID accumulate between two independent
lineages every 55-60 million years"
"Voucher specimens were deposited in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide
(SAM) and Western Australian Museum, Perth (WAM).  The individual frogs
are indicated by LRM collection number in parentheses and collection locality"
"Standard abbreviations are used for Australian States and Territories, and
points of the compass"
"Specimens used to prepare antisera are indicated by an asterisk.  Multiple
museum registration numbers indicate plasma was pooled from several frogs"
"Otherwise, samples are from a single frog except where indicated for species
with no museum registration number"
"Results  

  The average titre and slope of the nine antisera used in this study were
5100 and 375 respectively, values typical of earlier studies of albumin
evolution in anurans (Maxson 1981).  Table 1 presents the data from reciprocal
comparisons among the six species of Limnodynastes

                             

for which we have antisera, as well as the data from one-way comparisons
with each of the antisera for four additional species.  Reciprocal tests
indicate how well the albumin sequence differences between species are
estimated.  Our reciprocal data demonstrate a significant non-randomness
which was corrected by methods outlined by Sarich and Cronin (1976).  The
standard deviation (Maxson and Wilson 1975) of the raw data is 17.6% and
for the `corrected' reciprocal matrix (Table 2) is 12.4%.  In general, standard
deviations for comparable matrices vary from 10 to 20% (Maxson et al. 1982)"
"The averages for the `corrected' reciprocal measurements (Table 2) were
used to construct a phylogeny for Limnodynastes (Fig.1).  In order to
estimate how well the tree of the six species (Table 2) describes the input
data, we calculated the percentage standard deviation between the data input
and the tree output (Fitch and Margoliash 1967).  This value, 9.4%, is
comparable to values from other studies (Maxson et al. 1982).  The
percentage error (Prager and Wilson 1976) is 6.7%"
"Four species of Limnodynastes to which we did not have antisera have
been added to the tree in Fig.1.  The locations of these species were
determined from their respective reactions to each of the antisera (Table
1).  Table 3 contains data on albumin variation in different populations
of four species of Limnodynastes.  These are all one-way comparisons with
the available, relevant antiserum.  Table 4 contains data comparing
representative major Limnodynastes lineages defined by this study with
other, possibly related, genera (Farris et al. 1982).  All data, except
those involving Ne. pictus, are reciprocal comparisons.  The standard
deviation of the reciprocal matrix in Table 4 is 11.9%.  If the single pair
L. ornatus-L. dumerili is omitted, the standard deviation from reciprocity
drops by almost half to 6.5%.  Such deviation from reciprocity, as is exhibited
by this single comparison, is not typical, but illustrates why we use averages
of reciprocal measurements to estimate phylogenies.  Without absolute albumin
sequences, or data from a second molecule, we have no way of determining
which value, 57 or 130, is the more accurate estimate of the `true' albumin
sequence difference between these species.  However, in this instance our
phylogenetic conclusions are unaffected because all other reciprocal
comparisons with L. ornatus determine the phylogenetic position of this
lineage as most distant from all other Limnodynastes, except L. spenceri"
"The averages of reciprocal comparisons in Table 4 were used to add
Heleioporus and Notaden to the phylogeny in Fig.1.  When input and output
data for L. ornatus, L. salmini, L.dumerili, H. australiacus, H. barycragus and
No. nichollsi (Table 4) are compared, the standard deviation is 5.9%. 
The percentage error is 5.4%.  These parameters suggest the tree is a good
representation of the branching relationships among the taxa studied"
"Ne. pictus was not included in Fig. 1 because its relationships appear to
be to Heleioporus (Table 4), not to Limnodynastes, and an antiserum
will be needed to definitely associate Neobatrachus with other limnodynastine
genera"
"Discussion Age of Limnodynastes  

  There are clearly some old divisions within this genus.  By means of the
molecular clock properties of albumin evolution (Maxson and Wilson 1975;
Wilson et al. 1977; Carlson et al. 1978), we estimate that the lineages
leading to the modern-day genera of Limnodynastes, Heleioporus and
Notaden separated from one another in the late Cretaceous-early Palaeocene
(Fig.1).  The lineage leading to the modern species, L. ornatus and
L. spenceri, emerged about the same time in the Palaeocene and has had
a history independent of the remainder of Limnodynastes for the past 57-62
million years."
"By John Ritchie New Servitude  

I desired liberty; for liberty I gasped; for liberty I uttered
a prayer; it seemed scattered on the wind then faintly blowing"
"I abandoned it and framed a humbler supplication; for change,
stimulus: that petition, too, seemed swept off into vague
space: `Then', I cried, half desperate, `grant me at least a
new servitude!'

 Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre  

The City of London sailed expeditiously to India in 3 months
and 16 days. Of the thirty passengers who messed in her cuddy
one remained at times distant and preoccupied. In shaky health
and out of sorts, Macquarie harboured grudge and grievance:
that he may have damaged his standing in the eyes of the
Commander-in-Chief harped on his mind, as did his unexpected
and peremptory assignment to the East; he was going back in
obedience to the Duke's orders, not by choice; he prickled at
the injustice of being returned after three attacks of the
liver on His Majesty's service had rendered him incapable of
bearing the heat of a vertical sun; he bridled at the ongoing
prospect of inferiors winning promotion over him. He was
unwilling to fathom why he had been spurned and unable to
comprehend why the world seemed determined to heap burdens upon
him. Apart from one battle scare on 27 April, his voyage proved
singularly uneventful, except for the calm morning of 21 June
when he sailed the ship's cutter alongside accompanying vessels
in the fleet and spoke with friends, among them Lieutenant-
Colonel Ralph Darling on board the Dorsetshire whose unforeseen
career in some ways was to parallel his own"
"At 7 p.m. on Sunday 11 August 1805 the City of London
anchored safely in Bombay Harbour. Landfall evoked Macquarie's
melancholy. In no hurry to mix with friends, he went to Jane's
tomb and vented his sorrow. His shriving laid bare his
relationship with Elizabeth: that he wanted their engagement a
secret had nothing to do with desire on his part for metal more
attractive; rather, it indicated that his memory of Jane - the
most beloved and the best of wives - had so enmeshed him as to
paralyse his resolve to start anew. A pale cast of thought had
enveloped his enterprise and action. In perfunctory fashion he
visited Bombay acquaintances, drank more than was good for him
and bought lottery tickets without afterwards bothering to
inquire whether he had drawn a prize or a blank. From Jonathan
Duncan he received a warm welcome, one of the best rooms in
government house and the restoration of his former military
secretaryship. In a long and intimate conversation Macquarie
told him about his erstwhile housekeeper and their son, while
Duncan told him of his plan to return to England in 1808 by the
overland route. Cheerfully and almost too readily Macquarie
acquiesced in the governor's wishes: he felt honour bound to
accompany him home and would recommence duties in his old post
as one of Duncan's family upon the cessation of the Mahratta
war"
"On 25 October Macquarie read with gratifying surprise in
a Madras newspaper that he had been promoted on 30 May to a
lieutenant-colonelcy in the 73rd, a regiment that, after
twenty-four years' continuous service in the East, had sailed
on 8 September from Calcutta for England under the command of
Michael Monypenny. He was therefore able to join his new corps
immediately and to be reunited with Elizabeth. Instead, he
procrastinated and clutched at straws: he had given Duncan his
word that he would return with him in 1808; he had spent £650
on field equipment which would be wasted if he now left the
country; the war against the Mahrattas, which would involve the
86th, was about to resume once the rains ended; besides, the
news of his promotion was only unofficial. Despite receiving
further intimation of his elevation to the 73rd on 4 November
and despite the arrival in Bombay on the same day of Hastings
Fraser, another colonel for the 86th, Macquarie chose to stay
in India"
"Taking ship on 7 November, he sailed 180 miles north on
the Company's armed schooner, the Vigilant, to Broach on the
Gulf of Cambay whence he rode on horseback 50 miles north-east
to arrive at the fortress of Baroda on the 18th. Six days later
he left in a bullock-drawn hackery, following his detachments
92 miles inland to the frontier station of Dohad. There, from
1 December 1805 to 18 January 1806, he took command of 1300
fighting men, Indian and European, to prepare them for
operations in the Gujarat against Holkar, a Mahrattan warlord
who had the temerity to rebel against British suzerainty. In
donning the habit of authority, Macquarie became energetic,
systematic and masterful. He saw to the fortification of the
camp, had a parade ground cleared of brushwood and forbade the
soldiers from entering the near-by township; he granted
audiences to local killadars, regulated the regimental bazaars
and effected savings in the gram fed to stock; he sought
regular disbursements for paying the troops, checked their
clothing and footwear and reported absentees; he dined with the
officers and yarned with the other ranks, introduced tougher
discipline and drilled his division for two hours twice daily"
"Inspection followed inspection until the men were licked into
shape. By the time Major-General Jones arrived to supersede
him, the soldiers had been transformed. Then, on 21 January
1806, intelligence came of peace with Holkar. Macquarie's
campaign thus ceased. On the following day he departed, pursued
by auditors' accusations that he had broken regulations in
having exceeded his batta and table allowances. In explanation
he declared that the £195 he had drawn for food and liquor in
the seven weeks of his command, if not in conformity with the
strict letter of the established rules, accorded with their
spirit. 
     On 21 February he resumed a serene routine in Bombay. Days
accumulated into unruffled months. He barely found sufficient
of interest to fill seventeen pages in his journal for the
remainder of the year. Even state occasions elicited only his
pejorative asides on their monotonous pomp. His health
fluctuated: in March he complained of his liver, in May of a
fever, in between he was well; he waxed in June and waned in
July. He continued indecisive as to his future. By remaining,
he hoped to be £3000 richer in three years; he thought of
transferring from the 73rd to a regiment in India; he requested
permission from the Duke of York to continue on Duncan's staff
and persuaded the governor to solicit Castlereagh's influence
on his behalf. While plying in this direction, he tested other
currents. He applied for and received from Fort William the sum
of £250 for his passage home and curried favour with Charles
Greenwood, the army agent and bosom friend of the Commander-in-
Chief, in the hope of exchanging into the Guards. Dreading that
the 73rd, after serving in the East, would be posted to the
West Indies, he was prepared to buy his way out of that
eventuality at almost any price"
"To kill time, Macquarie furled his past and corresponded
with a range of individuals, some of them the darlings of the
gods, others the playthings of their sport. For Harrington in
London, he obsequiously offered to purchase any gift that might
appeal to his lordship's fancy; to Mr Fretz, the quondam Dutch
governor of Point de Galle, he conveyed friendship; to Dr
McGrigor in Yorkshire, he sent regards and the promise to meet
again. He wrote, as well, to his extended family: to Captain
George Jarvis of the 36th on a familiar note without saying
anything of his engagement to Miss Campbell; to Mrs Jane
Maclaine on Mull about her daughters' education; and to his
brother Charles, across the oceans wide and wild, wishing that
he would marry a good Irish heiress. He thought, too, of his
estate and determined to build on Gruline some time after 1808"
"Finally, at every opportunity, he endeavoured to advance the
military careers of his family, friends and countrymen by
supporting their claims for promotion and, in the fifteen
months from August 1805 to November 1806, he succeeded in
gaining ensigncies without purchase for eight more proteges
and had hopes of a further four. He had not forgotten his
cousin John and nephew Hector, but thought it prudent to wait
until they approached the age of fifteen before forwarding
their interests"
"Above all else the calm of Macquarie's forty-fifth year
enabled two men - who differed from him and from one another
in position, temperament and style - to affect him
profoundly. Seldom diffident in his own resources, inwardly
diffident about his abilities, Macquarie looked for guidance
from Jonathan Duncan and Charles Forbes, for whom he developed
abiding affection"
"Born in 1756 to tenant farmers of Blairno in Forfarshire,
Duncan was five years older than Macquarie. He shared with him
a similar Scottish background and, like Macquarie, began his
career at the age of fifteen. Sent to Bengal as a clerk in the
East India Company, he served in minor jobs from 1772, learned
Bengali, Dutch and Persian and remitted money annually to aid
his father. His ability and the support of his uncle - John
Michie, a director and chairman of the Company - led to his
appointment in 1788 as Resident of Benares. There his
strictness in curtailing graft and peculation earned him
unpopularity among his personnel, while his efforts to abolish
the practices of geronticide and female infanticide by
transporting offenders to Penang incurred the enmity of some of
his native subjects. With the backing of Marquis Cornwallis, in
1794 Duncan received the gubernatorial post at Bombay. Taking
office the following year, he succeeded George Dick who had
openly flaunted his Mahratta mistress and whose incompetence
rivalled his meretriciousness. Duncan's sixteen-year term as
governor was conspicuous in many ways. Unlike Madras and
Calcutta where the British usually recognized only the most
powerful chieftains, Duncan acknowledged the status of hundreds
of princelets in his presidency, provided they allowed him to
oversee their governments. Those who rebelled, he crushed; to
those who conformed, he brought his brand of order, regularity
and uniformity to their taxes, to their ownership of land, to
their laws. Wishing to be seen as the Indians' protector, he
founded new settlements for them, introduced improved methods
of trade and cultivation to them, and raised the status and the
pay of the officials who came from them"
"In Bombay itself this reformer ferreted out extortionists,
embezzlers and those guilty of other corruption. Bringing zeal
to arduous tasks, he stabilized revenues and systematized
customs duties, built granaries, roads and bridges, and had the
streets swept and the sewers cleaned. Little eluded his
observation or escaped his report, his minute or his
signature.Though assisted by a huge staff of secretaries,
clerks and helots, among whom the highest paid did the least
work, Duncan showed phenomenal energy and industry, but his
penchant for minutiae inflated his dispatches to ten times the
length of those written in Bengal. By day and by evening he
appeared in a perpetual state of nervous anxiety; by night,
when he slept, no one dared disturb him. Over his basic good
nature and natural timidity he threw a shield. While gracious
and conciliatory towards his subordinates, with his directors'
approbation he held the reins. To him, a disagreement amounted
to disaffection: criticism of his conduct constituted an
attack on his authority; the one ruffled his temper, the other
left him mortified. Sir John Shore, who knew him well,
discerned another defect in his clay: Duncan was a poor judge
of character and his partiality to his friends blinded him to
their shortcomings, allowing them to continue their roguery"
"In 1791 Duncan married Anne Mercer, but they had separated and
in Bombay he lived as a single man. In private he found solace
in the arms of his housekeeper, Mrs Jane Allen, who bore his
son in 1799 and took the child to England two years later"
""
"Exciting titles lead the charge VIDEO with David Sly  

  AFTER a lean month in July, video distribution companies are set to release
a big contingent of exciting new titles this month. Australian company
Roadshow has taken the initiative to lead the charge with a movie which
has not yet been released for a cinema version - The Clan Of The Cave Bear"
"Derived from the book Earth's Children by Jean M. Auel, the story looks
at the conflict between the primitive Neanderthal man and the emerging
Cro-Magnon human species at the dawn of modern man, about 35,000 years ago"
"Daryl Hannah (star of Splash) features in the lead as a young girl lost and
isolated from her tribe, one of the first groups of Cro-Magnon She is discovered by a nomadic Neanderthal tribe which reluctantly
decides to take in the peculiar stranger and raise her. 
  The clash between the two human species is emphasised by the struggles
she has trying to be accepted into the primitive tribe and conforming with
their customs"
"Although it is a very stark and testing movie - much of the dialogue is
a series of grunts, making every gesture and movement important to the story
- it is an intriguing and absorbing tale which should attract considerable
interest from people who appreciate pensive drama"
"Roadshow will also release its first major package of sell-through videos
to the public this month, having tested the water recently with the successful
sale of the sex education video Where Did I Come From?
  The new package consists of 13 titles which have been released previously
for rental on the Roadshow, Premiere and Disney video labels and will be
segregated into three price category  Recent blockbuster titles Rambo: First Blood Part II, The Woman In Red
and The Terminator will cost $24.95. The older collection of popular movies
including An American Werewolf In London, Gallipoli, First Blood, Country,
Lone Wolf McQuade, Class and Mad Max will be $19.95 each, and the Disney
titles Swiss Family Robinson, 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea and Dumbo will
be available for $29.95 each"
"The videos will be in local stores this month and will be promoted by an
extensive radio and television advertising campaign"
"A notable new release which is sure to generate great controversy in the
video marketplace is Hail Mary!, the bizarre modern interpretation of the
birth of Christ by Jean-Luc Godard which has drawn a savage reaction from
Christian groups"
"In a significant coup, the movie was secured for video release for the
Video Excellence company by Walter Lehne (previously with Video Classics)
before screening in cinemas around Australia"
"The R-rated title has been available to video stores for ordering during
the past two weeks and should be appearing in some rental outlets soon"
"Because of the media storm which has surrounded this movie - attracting
such labels as ""blasphemous"", ""obscene"" and ""indecent"" - it is certain this
title will be in big demand"
"To coincide with the announcement of his third World Safari adventure
and the release of his book, SA explorer and film-maker Alby Mangels has
released his World Safari II movie on video through Vestron Video"
"The exciting movie, which contains footage Mangels shot around the world
over six years, includes the trail of a massive Australian Outback cattle
muster, trekking through the highlands of Papua New Guinea and travels through
the jungles of South America"
"Accompanying Mangels on part of his journey to complete World Safari II
was Melbourne model Judy Green, who was seriously injured with Mangels in
a road accident in South America. Although the tone of the expedition was
soured by the accident, the movie was completed and classified a success
by film patrons. It attracted large audiences when Mangels toured around
the country two years ago, screening the movie in unorthodox venues including
church and community halls"
"With a reputation for producing basic but exciting adventure films, Mangels
should see World Safari II win wide acceptance on the video market"
"Video Views  

Toy Soldiers (Palace): This film is the grouping of current B-grade movie
cliches - vigilante forces, partying US college kids and Central American
terrorist groups - into a story which at least tries to present everything
in a slightly different light"
"The tale involves a rich group of rather mature US college students who
borrow a luxury yacht from one girl's father to cruise the Central American
coastal waters under the watchful eye of an ex-Marine minder"
"After pulling a stunt which leaves the minder stranded in a dinghy, the
kids enjoy a lengthy party until one falls on deck and hits his head. They
anchor in an unfamiliar port and travel to a small village for medical help
but are set upon a ruthless group of guerilla warriors and held for ransom"
"One girl escapes back to America, forms a vigilante force and plots to
free her companions from the rebel camp when government negotiations over
the ransom become bogged down"
"As with a lot of small-budget movies released on video, the clever packaging
and promotion of the title is much more attractive than the movie itself"
Moderately entertaining but likely to disappoint some viewers
""
"Archbishop defends opposition to Murphy service By Graham Downie  

  The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canberra and Goulburn, the Most Reverend
Francis Carroll, admitted yesterday to being a ""very unpopular gentleman""
because of his refusal to allow St Christopher's Cathedral to be used for
a public service for Justice Lionel Murphy"
"Archbishop Carroll said he had no objection to yesterday's thanksgiving
service for Justice Murphy at St Bede's Red Hill, but had strongly opposed
the use of St Christopher's"
"It would be almost an imposition on Lionel Murphy to inflict upon him
something that he never asked for in life,"" the Archbishop said"
"He had had no objection to a private request for a service of prayers
for Justice Murphy and his family, but had objected to a highly organised
service in which he had been expected to take part but had not been told
about.  He had also objected to any public advertisement of yesterday's
service"
"The church had previously been accused of body-snatching.  ""I really felt
that he had the opportunity to ask for the church's ministry while alive,""
he said.  ""Therefore it should not be either foisted on him or even given
to him when he is dead.""
  Any person (even if baptised a Catholic, as Justice Murphy had been) who
had publicly repudiated a faith, could not ""in conscience"" be given a Christian
burial.  Not only would this be bad theology, it would have a certain         
impertinence about it.  
  Archbishop Carroll was asked if he had been unpopular with Justice Murphy's
family.  ""Oh no, that was one of my problems,"" he replied.  ""I wasn't dealing
with family... A fairly politically-minded person made the approach.""
  Had a service at St Christopher's been advertised, the cathedral would
almost certainly have been filled, but he had not wanted the church to
be used for other purposes"
"He had not wanted a faith celebration for a man who had clearly repudiated
that faith, but was also concerned that the service would have been manipulated
and used for unworthy and political reasons."
"Parson trial stalls LONDON (AAP):  

  A worldwide hunt for a missing witness brought an abrupt
halt to the trial of a self-styled international evangelist accused of drugging
and raping devout young Christian virgins in his flock"
"Discharging an Old Bailey jury of nine men and three women who have spent
the last two weeks hearing the alleged victims give evidence against the
57-year old South African-born preacher, Judge Nina Lowry said: ""It's no-one's
fault.""
  She explained that despite ""intensive inquiries"" a witness wanted by the
defence had not been found.  But there were hopes she could be located within
the next few weeks"
"She told the jury: ""I can't keep you waiting here for a few weeks.  The
defence have applied for more time for justice to be done, they shall have
that opportunity.""
  ""Time and money have been spent which is regrettable, and will have to
be again.  It's no-one's fault, but I can't risk the defence being
disadvantaged.  I reluctantly have to discharge you from giving verdicts
in this case.""
  The aborted trial is thought to have cost more than $115,400 including
the expenses of two witnesses flown from Australia.  A new trial is expected
to start in January"
"Prosecution have alleged that while on an evangelical crusade in Queensland,
the preacher drugged a 14-year old schoolgirl and, while pretending to
pray at her bedside, put his hands under the blankets and indecently assaulted
her.  Also that he raped her at her outback home while her parents slept"
""
"ed. C D Kimpton Corrosion Protection by Coatings by Dr P.N. Richards, General Manager, Research and Technology Centre, BHP
Coated Products Division presented by Mr L.G. Gore, General Manager, Development and Planning, BHP
Coated Products Division  

The art and science of preserving the aesthetic and monetary value of articles
by surface coatings to prevent corrosion has paralleled the history of
metallurgy with earliest examples dating from around 3000 BC"
"Gilding by burnishing gold leaf to a heated base appears to have been
the earliest practice but towards Roman times, amalgam gilding became the
art form. This required the base metal to be thoroughly cleaned; recommended
was a "" ... dip article into an acid solution prepared from dried unripe
apricots ..."""
"The article was then rubbed with mercury to produce a surface amalgam
to which the gold leaf was applied and the mercury was finally distilled
off by heating leaving the gilded article"
"Tin coatings were used for decorative purposes from at least Roman times
but tinning of iron appears much later - about the 12th century AD when
it was widely practised in Europe. The art was not established in Britain
till around 1740 at Pontypool in Wales; this was about 100 years before
the development of zinc galvanizing, again in Wales around 1837. The latter
process was initially known popularly as zinc tinning from which was derived
the concept of the ""old tin shed"""
"Two important aspects follow which were established in the early
developments:
  ‚2surfaces to be coated have to be very clean to obtain a bond;
  ‚2for coating with molten metal, some alloying between base and coating
    is necessary to obtain satisfactory surface coating"
"Quite extensive alloy growth at the coating/base interface can occur and
this is often detrimental to mechanical properties. However, in many cases
its thickness can be controlled by the addition of a third element. For
example, in the production of aluminized steel sheets for various heat
applications, 3 per cent Si is added to the Al to control the thickness
of the Fe/Al interface"
"Similarly when steel is dipped into molten zinc at 450°C, a series of
brittle intermetallic layers may form at the interface which may lead to
coating detachment on bending. As practised now on all modern galvanizing
lines, these alloy layers are controlled by the addition of a small amount
of Al (0.2%) to the zinc bath, converting the thick Zn-Fe alloys at the
interface to a thin Zn-Fe-Al layer"
"Because of the great commercial importance of steel based products, it
is intended to concentrate today on mainly metallic protective coatings
on steel. There are few manufacturing industries in which Australia is one
of the biggest and best - this is one - our 1.5 million tonnes a year sheet
coating capacity is exceeded by few countries"
"In Australia today, 70 per cent of all sheet steel products are coated
for protection, with every indication that this will increase as more proteted
panels are used in automobiles. We use about 70Kg per capita per year in
Australia, which is amongst the highest in the world"
"Metallic coatings are classifiable into three types: barrier, cathodic
or anodic:

    

 Vitreous enamelling  
Enamelling is the science of using fused frits to cover the article with
a clear or coloured glass-like coating which protects the base only so long
as it covers it completely. It has been used extensively for domestic
appliances such as baths and stove fronts. In certain applications (e.g"
"stove tops, ovens), enamelling has no rival process. Costs have been reduced
by new techniques such as pickle-free enamels, electrostatic dry power
application of the frits, and two-coat/one-fire systems. However, enamelling
still remains a fairly expensive coating method compared to metallic or
organic coatings"
"Metallic coatings  
A cathodic coating is essentially a protective barrier in which case the
base steel should be completely covered, as for example, for tin cans exposed
to the atmosphere. Any small pinholes in the cathodic metal coating can
lead to pitting of the steel substrate and this is normally avoided by using
thicker coatings"
"Anodic coatings protect the steel base by electrochemical action, the
anodic coating corroding slowly and protecting the cathodic steel (sacrificial
protection). Unlike cathodic metal coatings, any pinholes in an anodic metal
coating will not lead to pitting of the steel substrate due to the sacrificial
action of the anodic metal coating"
"Most anodic metal coatings on steel are based on zinc because it is more
electronegative than iron and with the two in contact, the zinc will corrode
sacrificially and protect the steel from rusting"
"Where zinc is exposed without concurrent exposure of steel, such as the
broad areas of galvanized steel roofing, the zinc forms a protective film
of zinc hydroxide through an anodic reaction with moisture. The hydroxide
inhibits the electron flow and stifles the cathodic reaction and thus the
extent of corrosion or loss of zinc"
"The addition to zinc of small quantities of elements such as Al, Ni, Co,
Cu and Mg promotes a more stable hydroxide and thus reduces the corrosion
rate of zinc"
"Galvanising  
Zinc coating of steel to protect against corrosion is the most widely used
corrosion protection. The well known corrugated iron was first produced
using steam power in 1854 and the product was soon in great demand as roofing
and cladding due to the combination of a strong, ductile base and a bright
corrosion resistant coating"
"Modern galvanized sheet products are produced on continuous process lines
at speeds of up to 200 m/min. or more giving annual production in excess
of 250,000 tonnes per line"
"Cold reduced steel strip is softened by annealing in line with the coating
pot where the coating mass of zinc on the strip is controlled by a locally
developed automatic system involving air jets or knives placed each side
of the strip. BHP's five lines have vertical heating and precleaning furnaces
unlike many overseas lines which tend to be essentially horizontal furnaces"
"The exposure life of galvanized steel is directly proportional to the
thickness of the zinc coating and a range of coating thicknesses from 100
to 500 g/m2 is produced to cover the commercial variety of end use. For
example, 100 g/m2 coatings are used for mild structural steel applications
(purlins, girts), 275 g/m2 coatings for prepainted roofing and walling
applications, 450 g/m2 coatings for roofing applications; and 600 g/m2 
coatings for water tanks and culverts"
"Exposure life is also related to environmental conditions, severe marine
exposure resulting in the most rapid corrosion rate"
"Modern continuous galvanizing lines such as BHP's with their high capacity,
high capital cost and technology intensity are beyond the means of many
developing nations, so we invented and developed the unique Lysaght
Mini-Galvanizing Process to produce top quality continuously galvanized
coil for annual production of less than about 80,000 tonnes. The process
is patented in 44 countries and is operating very successfully in Malaysia
(2), Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines and will soon be operating
in India"
"ZINCALUME  
The most important coating development in three decades was inspired by
pioneering work by Bethlehem Steel who showed the superior corrosion resistance
of a 55% Al, 43.5% Zn plus Si alloy compared with zinc, particularly in
marine atmospheres, an environment that has traditionally been very severe
on galvanized steel. John Lysaght (Australia) Limited, became the first
licensee of this process and further successful patented processing and
marketing developments by Lysaght led to an arrangement whereby the process
is now jointly promoted and marketed by Bethlehem International Engineering
Corp. and Lysaght"
"Although production costs of galvanized and ZINCALUME are similar, the
life expectancy of ZINCALUME is greater, with a slower corrosion than
galvanized, while still sacrificially protecting steel. 50 g/m2 coating
is used for dry interior applications, general manufacturing and appliances;
150 g/m2 coating is used for prepainted roofing and walling; 200 g/m2 coating
is used for roofing and walling where added corrosion resistance is required,
and for ZINCALUME rainwater tanks"
"Since 1976, BHP has produced over 2.7 million tonnes, about equal to the
rest of the world put together by the now 18 licensees world wide"
"The corrosion rate of ZINCALUME is much lower than zinc in most exposure
conditions"
"This unique coating contains 2 phases - an Al-rich continuous phase
comprising about 80 per cent of the coating volume, together with a zinc-rich
phase and a very thin quaternary Fe-Al-Zn-Si compound at the coating-steel
interface"
"ZINCALUME is predominantly used in the building industry where its excellent
corrosion properties under conditions of atmospheric exposure are an obvious
advantage. ZINCALUME also performs well in rainwater goods. It is expanding
in its applications including heat reflective applications and heat cum
corrosion resistance"
"Protection of automotive panels
In the last decade, largely in America, the automotive industry has been
concerned with providing body panels that will not show rust within a
reasonable time, particularly in conditions where salt is used to disperse
snow on roads"
"Corrosion in cars is mainly of three types:

  ‚2cosmetic, on outer surfaces where paint has been chipped
  ‚2Inside-out where it begins on the inside of panels due to an accumulation
    of dust and moisture and where it remains damp for long periods, typically
    rocker panels and door outers"
‚2dissimilar metal corrosion
"Coatings for body panels are generally either:

  ‚2electroplated zinc or zinc alloy coating, or

  ‚2a zinc-rich paint system known as Zincrometal, which is a two-layered
    composite of epoxy resin/inhibitor and metallic zinc powder, the latter
    added to provide sacrificial protection of the steel. Zincrometal is
    a product from continuous paint lines and improved versions of the original
    product are now available"
"Zincrometal is used for 35 per cent of protected panels in the United States
but will be displaced by electrogalvanised"
"Of our domestic steel shipments to local car manufacturers, 18 per cent
is Zincrometal with a total of 21 per cent being coated product"
"For electroplating sheets, horizontal cells, vertical cells or radial
cells are utilized with either sulphate or chloride solutions and consumable
(zinc) anodes or non-consumable anodes. They can be arranged for plating
one or both surfaces of the strip"
"The consumer demand for more corrosion resistant vehicles has resulted
in Canadian legislation for vehicles built after 1981 of no outer panel
corrosion after 1.5 years or 60,000 Km, and no outer panel perforation after
five years or 200,000 Km. Other countries are likely to follow this pattern"
Cars will last longer and have better resale value
"While straight zinc appears to be the most favoured electroplate for autobody
sheet in the USA, various alloy coatings such as Zn-Fe or Zn-Ni are being
promoted vigorously, particularly in Japan. Among the new coatings being
developed overseas are two layer coatings having a thin high Fe-Zn surface
layer to promote better paintability"
"Tinplate and tin-free steel  
Tinning of iron and steel is probably the oldest example of commercial corrosion
protection and is now used most widely in food containers. The coating on
tinplate is made up of four distinct components:
    

  The three innermost layers define the corrosion behaviour of the composite
under the many varied conditions found particularly in food packaging. Under
normal atmospheric aerobic conditions the tin coating acts as a cathodic
barrier type coating, enhanced by the chromium oxide passivating layer"
"Under anaerobic and mildly acid conditions tin acts as a mildly anodic,
i.e., sacrificial, coating as in wet food packs and provides protection
for any exposed base steel. With some very aggressive foodstuffs, tinplate
does not offer sufficient protection and must be supplemented by lacquer
coatings. In other cases, lacquer cannot be used because the presence of
tin in very small amounts is required for taste and appearance"
"Early production of tinplate was by the hot dip process, but electrolytic
tinning is today's process which allows a wide range of tin coating mass
to be applied"
"Heavy coatings up to 15 g/m2 are typical for canning certain aggressive
products, where lacquer coatings are not applicable and these heavy coatings
are used also on utensils in constant repetitive use such as bread baking
dishes."
"Demons of the New Right  The fearsome pupdawk By Hal Colebatch  

THE NEO-CONSERVATIVES, the dries, the New Right, call them what you will
(though in fact the three terms mean quite different things to those who
care about correct usage), have been making themselves unpopular with a
couple of our leaders lately. They were attacked firstly by Liberal Senator
Chris Puplick in an address to the 18th Young Liberal National Convention
on 9th January this year, and by the Leftist Labor Minister John Dawkins,
in a speech at the presentation of awards to the doubtless very meaningful
International Youth Year's probably equally meaningful ""Australian Young
Writers' project"" on January 26 (Australia Day, as it happens)"
"As anyone acquainted with the styles and mental attitudes of the two
statesmen would guess, Senator Puplick's contribution was more generally
palatable than that of Mr Dawkins (not necessarily, I fear, very extravagant
praise). Senator Publick's sallies issued forth from the great, wet, throbbing
heart of neo-Gladstonian liberalism, while Mr Dawkins' more strident
pronouncements had a decidedly twentieth-century ring about them, with echoes
of gramophones not too far in the distance. As appropriate for one who is
reported to have described his recreation as ""hating Liberals"", Mr Dawkins'
speech dripped with self-righteous hatred. Senator Puplick's, on the other
hand, merely dripped"
"The two speeches were, however, similar enough in content for remark"
"Bernard Shaw once identified the Chesterbelloc. Have we here found some
antipodean, bunyipish, creature called a Pupdawk? (I imagine it as hybrid:
a kind of fat, damp puppy, incongruously joined to a scrawny, vulture-like
neck, topped by a beak squawking for food - what food, we can guess - and
gawking with small, beady eyes at real and imagined enemies. Its nest, or
burrow, is, of course, the State)"
"Well, not really. There are differences. But a set of common preoccupations
can be identified. Senator Puplick's speech contains a lot one cannot disagree
with. ""As a party we (Liberals) enter 1986 apparently buffetted on many
sides. Our electoral fortunes have not been high recently; the political
initiative does not appear to be with us,"" he begins, presumably for the
benefit of any Young Liberal who hadn't noticed. Certainly no-one could
have disagreed with that at the time. He continues:
   Daily, the so-called gurus of the New Right, the Hugh Morgans and his
   female Doppelganger, failed Liberal Advisor Katherine (sic) West, berate
   us for failing to adhere to their visions of Australia's future, developed
   behind the protected walls of subsidised industry and cloistered academic
   tenure"
"This is a little odder. Hugh Morgan and Katherine West are not
interchangeable in argument or point of view. Hugh Morgan's industry was
not particularly protected, and though I am open to correction here, I
understand Katharine West is not tenured"
"After, as far as one can gather, attributing victory in the First World
War to the ANZACS:
   The set-back at Gallipoli marked not the end of an engagement but the
   birth through fire of a new, bolder, more confident spirit, one which
   was to lead to eventual victory in that conflict and to victories in
   many subsequent battles .."
"I would have thought the entry of the Americans into the war, the British
and French efforts, and the losses sustained in Ludendorf's final offensive
had something to do with it, but perhaps I should be wary of disagreeing
on such matters with one who, in the same speech describes himself as ""an
historian by training""), Senator Puplick continues that ""Certainty and unity
of purpose must be our touchstones"""
"Even, one wonders, at the risk of being wrong? ""What I want,"" Senator
Puplick continues,
   is to get back to ... genuinely liberal basics and cut out a lot of the
   dry rot with which we have become infected of late. Above all, I wan   to restate and revitalise in contemporary terms the essentials of Menzian
   liberalism"
"If Senator Puplick is going to use naughty phrases like ""dry-rot"", as a
sally, however silly, against the so-called ""dries"", he should be made aware
of what he is doing. He is, in fact, playing what might be a very harmful
game. To bracket the ""dries"", that is, broadly speaking, a group of economists,
political commentators and politicians who believe that it is important
to make politically unpopular economic decisions for the long-term benefit
(or rescuing) of the Australian community, with the ""New Right"" is simply
wrong. 
  Furthermore, and as it should not be necessary to tell a politician of
Senator Puplick's experience, to toss around terms like ""New Right"" really
benefits no-one but the Left, as the Left is very well aware. There is no
doubt that today the members of the political and cultural Left, with the
very considerable resources at their disposal, are embarking on a deliberate
and strategic campaign to categorise, and thereby damn, all opposition as
the ""New Right"", or some such closely-related term, dragging in spurious
fascist and other undemocratic associations. I have a draft paper by a leading
Left-wing academic which goes into some details of the strategy for bringing
this about"
"Senator Puplick really should realise what is going on in Australia at
the moment. It is becoming a new, and in many ways a nasty place, and it
is probably time that Liberals stopped their squabbling and pointless claims
about who are the true heirs of Menzies - who retired from politics before
many of the present generation of Young Liberals were born"
"However, he quotes, as an essential of Menzian liberalism, a speech from
the great man to the 1964 Federal Council (other factions can - and do -
claim other fragments from The Works as supporting their position. In a
party not notable for its religiosity, it all has an amusingly hagiological
air): ""We have no doctrinaire political philosophy."" (Indeed, indeed. By
about 1982 the Liberal Party's worst enemy could hardly have accused it
of having a doctrinaire political philosophy, or perhaps of having a political
philosophy at all.) ""Where government action or control has seemed to us
to be the best answer to a practical problem, we have adopted that answer"""
"(Indeed this is also true. The Telecom monopoly, the postal monopoly,
loss-making government shipping and railways, the two-airline monopoly,
statutory marketing boards, tariffs, tens of thousands of regulations and
an ossified, legislation-guarded and now utterly inappropriate and destructive
wage-fixing system, all owe either their origins or their
all-too-long-continued survival to various Liberal governments' action or
inaction.)
  Senator Puplick describes in Standard Austrobabble various things which
must not be privatised as serving ""vital social functions in maintaining
the unity and integrity of Australia as one nation where services ought
to be available, even if they have to be subsidised..."", meaning, apparently,
""transport, communications and banking"""
"In this quasi-mystical evocation of Australian unity, the Puplick approach
is not too dissimilar from the Dawkins one. Dawkins, however, is more deeply
and stridently in the traditions of Nationalist and Socialist mysticism"
"""Roads, railways, airlines, telephones, mail, electricity, water supply,
hospitals,"" he declaims, ""without them there would not be a nation, and
they have been provided and maintained by the collective will of the people!""
(Emphasis added.) Dawkins continues, as evidence of the evil of privatisation,
that
   Australia Post has been turned around from a loss of $65 million in 73/74
   to an operating surplus of $32 million last year. In 9 of the past 10
   years it has met all its operating costs and internally generated funds
   for half its capital expenditure"
"He does not elaborate that Australia Post has achieved this remarkable feat
by the simple monopolist method of increasing prices at about twice the
rate of inflation and cutting services: in ten years the cost of an ordinary
letter went from 7 cents to 33 cents (soon to be increased to 36 cents),
while mail deliveries have gone from 11 per week to 5. Similarly he describes
Telecom as ""self-financing"""
"Since Telecom's government-enforced monopoly enables it to make a profit
of about $1 billion a year on trunk-calls alone, it is self-financing indeed"
"Neither Mr Dawkins nor Senator Puplick seems aware that Canada's
privately-owned telephone system provides a similarly dispersed population
with a service that was about 20 per cent cheaper than Telecom's in 1983"
But we shall return to Mr Dawkins later
"Senator Puplick defends the Telecom monopoly not with assertions about
the economics of the issues (which despite copious literature available
and the services of their own research staff and the Parliamentary Library
neither seems much acquainted with), but rather emits a cloud of gentle
Austrobabble about their unity and integrity and
   ... Our fellow Australians who live in remote parts of this continent
   where they provide the backbone of our economy, produce the bulk of our
   exports and contribute to the standard of living of we comfortable city
   folk are entitled to our support and are entitled to access to decent
   facilities .."
"(But why not give this support through, for example, tax-relief rather than
hidden cross-subsidies?)
  Senator Puplick then moves on to attack ""another modern shibboleth, the
`small government' fetish"". There needs to be, he says, ""more law, not less"""
"He wants law to protect the workers at Mudginberri and Dollar Sweets, to
protect small businesses from monopolies (but not, presumably, government
communications and transport monopolies, which maintain the unity and integrity
of Australia), laws to protect battered and abused ""kids"" (a matter for
prosecutions brought by the RSPCA, one would have imagined and
laws to keep drunks off the roads and drug pedlars off the streets. (It
is, however, arguable that in all these areas laws already exist but are
not always properly applied.)
  He also wants laws to prevent the uncontrolled seizure of private property
by the State (which could be better done by removing legislation which gives
the State such rights) and, most oddly: ""If we want to protect our privacy
from ID cards and the like we will need more laws not less."" (Why not protect
our privacy from ID cards simply by not having them - or anything like them?
I understand Senator Puplick, very commendably, voted against compulsory
Identification Cards on the Parliamentary Committee investigating the matter,
and one hopes that he will not be advocating a consolation prize for Big
Brother such as that which has been suggested of computerising with a common
data base, all State birth, death and marriage records.) ""And do you say
then,"" he continues, ""that smaller government is the answer to all our ills?""
(Apart from the fact that he seems to have confused small government with
ineffective or undirected government, as many Liberals have before him,
I would say that it is probably the answer to a great many of them.)
  Like Mr Dawkins, he takes the case he sees against the dries and/or the
New Right to absurdly reductivist terms: those who want smaller government
lack compassion; unlike Menzies they do not wish to protect the poor and
weak. He is sure that in today's climate some of his parliamentary colleagues
would have abused the Good Samaritan in the Gospel of Luke as a ""Tory
interventionist"". 
  Actually a desire to reduce the role of government in the economy and
human affairs does not always equate with a desire to see people die in
gutters. It may be argued that such an outcome is likely to be a result
of more government intervention, more economic rigidity and more Etatism
rather than less.(Such has been the case in New York, where government
intervention in rent-fixing has ended the building of cheap rental
accommodation, causing a population explosion of homeless people who really,
literally, do die in gutters, and in Africa where government price-fixing
has destroyed agriculture, etc., etc.) And who seriously believes that any
future Australian governing party would really abolish social welfare?
  It would be tedious, as well as distasteful, to go through the whole of
Mr Dawkins' speech, with its gamut of shrill and predictable demonologising
and hatreds. Here is a small but adequate sample of the full, rich (or rather,
poor) nutty flavour from near the bottom of page 3:"
"The Brontes: self devouring By Robin Grove  

   Scene: the author's study. He writes. Out of his head come incidents,
   speeches, characters, until the possibilities of the plot are fulfilled"
"Creative work complete, he now awaits the verdict of his readers"
"I think it would be right to say that every part of that scenario is in
question nowadays. From the pronouns on, each point of definition has become,
in recent critical thinking, a point of mobilization and dislodgement. Author;
audience; ""self"" itself: none is understood as a closed sufficiency, or
even a closeable one, and discourse about literature is correspondingly
decentred and thrown open. We like to contrast this active state of affairs
with the false certainties, the solid, stolid humanism, of earlier accounts
of literary production; but it's not so simple perhaps. At least one famous
nineteenth-century essay unsettles any such comparison. Here are some sentences
from near the end of Charlotte Bronte's Preface to the new (1850) edition
of Wuthering Heights:

  

So what is literary work the work of? Not always the author, this author
claims - and in that paradox is represented the unstable dynamism which
drives the paragraph forward. Highly personal though the gestures of rhetoric
are, ""Not I"" is the message they aim to convey; when we write from our deepest
creativity, it is Fate or Inspiration which controls. But this romantically
coloured doctrine is only the topmost of Bronte's self-displacements, for
in writing about ""the writer"" her Preface erases precisely those writers
closest to hand, herself and her sisters that is. Their (female) presence
has been edited out of the sentences - emasculated, so to speak, by truncating
each ""she"" to a ""he"", so that female Author, a doubly demanding term on
the terms provided here, is doubly cancelled out. If anyone performs the
act of genius, it's not her"
"Removing the sign of one's gender looks like admitting that one is inferior,
really - a negative strategy for writers to adopt, who after all by virtue
of our reading them can feel that for now at least they hold the stage/page
of our attention. It is characteristic of this writer, though, that negatives
themselves should be negated, to say ""Not Not-I either""; for the moment
at which female authoring disappears becomes the moment that male authority
is likewise made unable to take its place. ""The writer who possesses the
creative gift owns something"", we are told, ""of which he is not always master"""
"It's an odd proprietorship, if to own is not to have as one's own, and the
owner does not have what has been given to him at his own disposal. Employer?
or servant in fact? Authorship is the site for a struggle for power. So
sexual dislodgements extend themselves into class dislodgements, it appears"
"Yet whichever way we put it, that which was cast out in one form returns
victorious in another. Like the governesses and millhands of Charlotte Bronte's
fiction, like Heathcliff and Nelly Dean for that matter, what seemed mastered,
isn't; it wills and works for itself, and won't consent to being non-being
any longer. Inspiration therefore (the dispossessed) may finally triumph
over the law-giver who lays down rules and devises principles - except that
that unpredictable triumph itself turns out to be a rule, a principle,
pre-ordained: as the Preface gives us to understand by appropriating the
visions of the Book of Job. ""Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in
the furrow?"" The lawlessness of the unicorn and the wild ass's breaking
loose are nothing less than god-given, God implies. Men may seek to tame
them, but the supreme law-giver Himself decrees revolt, it being in the
nature of His creation to rise up against the hes who re/present Him. (Divine
authority: always a dangerous thing to evoke - even for God, one suddenly
sees.) It may not be making ropes out of sea-sand, but the result of all
this - these sayings gain-saying the position they claim - is to put the
Preface to Wuthering Heights in unresolvable rebellion against itself. ""I
do not know; I scarcely think ... But this I know"", its sentences declare,
firmly enthroning the very ""I"" which is in the process of abdicating mastery"
"The knot tied over and over slips through itself in a striking instance
of authorial self-undoing, and the Preface exhibits exactly the phenomenon
(""something that at times strangely wills and works for itself"") which it
insists it has no power to insist upon, direct, exhibit or call up"
"The old word for some of this was ""contradiction"". As such, it usen't
to be well thought of, and a writer who dealt in contradictories, maintaining
both X and not-X, one point of view and its opposite as well, had most likely
got into a muddle. Intelligent novels didn't. When probed more sharply,
however, contra/diction could be half-excused as the symptom of a need:
a regrettable need, no doubt - to obscure ""real"" feelings, for instance,
or cover one's tracks, or utter forbidden things and thus be obliged to
speak with a double tongue. The thesis behind such explanation is that unitary
consciousness is the natural state of the healthy soul, as of the good society,
and that those who are right with the world have nothing they need to conceal"
"In contrast, what we are likely to see in the Brontes nowadays is that
concealment and contradiction are essential to them, and that their texts
are irreducibly multiple, contradictory, warped, putting together a scriptural
world in which the state of the soul is not unitary at all, but powerfully
diverse. Even in ""fulfilment"", it remains un-united; even identity's most
extraordinary assertion of all (""Nelly, I am Heathcliff"") becomes the moment
of partition (in the midst of Catherine's saying so, Heathcliff simply leaves)"
"Elsewhere, identity is shown as a hungry preying upon its own elements,
the selves which constitute itself - or constitute rather that strange amalgam
of ""I-Not-I"", it/self, a composite internally split"
"As in Jane Eyre. ""I was a discord at Gateshead Hall"", the heroine's voice
declares; and the Reeds and their servants would agree. The discord however
is not just between the little girl and her surroundings, me and them. Rather,
as we come to realize, Jane is a discordancy too, at variance with and
different from herself. Like other Bronte heroines, she is haunted by glimpses
of her selves; she is there and not-there in that looking glass which repeats
the ""vacant majesty"" of the Red Room. From inside its visionary hollow,
a strange little figure gazes at her, with white face and arms ""specking""
the gloom - at once famished and threatening in its insubstantiality. Each
sees the other with glittering eyes of fear; and the pattern of being there/not
there is continued through the book - in dreams and memories of the orphan
child Jane comes to realize is her own (so where is she?), in the dismay
with which she identifies the wedding-garments in her wardrobe ... and so
on. Different, not just from others, but from herself: within the confines
of nineteenth-century realism (Jane Eyre: An Autobiography), this has
subversive results. And the famous coincidences and extravagances of the
plot, while showing how much the book is willing to abandon in order to
get where it wants, contain an ideology of their own, a reading of what
is ""true"" to women: in this case, the experience of being co-incident, divided,
implausible - wandering (literally vagrant, Jane finds) outside the limits
of what is proper or ""realistic"" to report"
"""Who is this? Who is this?"", the blinded Rochester asks. ""It is you -
isn't it, Jane?"" His question, perhaps, ought to be the reader's more often
than it is. The book makes one wonder if its heroine can be identified by
securing her in a grasp. ""Identity"" itself turns into a division - between
self in its selfhood (that which it uniquely is), and co-presence identity
with another. Each meaning of the word, though contradictory, remembers
its opposite. So ""identifying"" is not a matter of singling out the one true
note of character, but of listening to all that sounds together in the discords
the novel strikes: the score it never settles"
"One feels sure that that awfully sudden story, produced as true, is a pack
of convenient lies. But for a novel to produce a book inside itself, words
describing more fictional words, and to put the tract into the non-existent
hands of a purely verbal figure, is to raise quite sharply the question
whether it is practising falsehoods, deceits, convenient lies of its own"
"No one, I think, has ever been in much doubt that Charlotte Bronte has an
axe to grind. The book evokes, vividly, the injustice, exploitation, cruel
indifference suffered by the victims of a self-righteous property-class;
it speaks on behalf of those who have not the means to alter their fate,
and can look ahead to nothing but poverty, loneliness, neglect. But then
doesn't the story suddenly swerve away? At the start, the small weak
unbrilliant child is less than a servant (as she's reminded by those who
earn their keep), bewildered, frightened, self-doubting; yet she confronts
her oppressors with un-quailing independence and a retort or two capable
of peircing their cant. By the close of the book, the independence might
be said to be all on the other foot, for Fate is altered - alters itself
- in Jane's lucky case"
"What has happened to Bronte's protest now? Her heroine, gifted with wealth
of her own, and a husband, is installed in the privileges of just such a
system, qua system, as the one she rebelled against. From powerlessness,
she comes to power; from seeing class-operations for what they are, she
graduates to a respectable blindness which can overlook, or (worse) approvingly
over-see arrangements of the kind. That is what is expected, after all,
of the mistress of the house. On learning then that this is what Jane has
become, John, the housekeeper's husband, politely tugs his forelock, and
has five pounds slipped into his faithful hand. Inferiors know their place
at Ferndean, Rochester's damp green corner of nineteenth-century estate,
and John and Mary both, so Jane observes, are ""of that decent, phlegmatic
order of people"" (sc., employees) who don't have too much to say. She has
forgotten that to be a dependent is to be shut up already, where property
not only claims its rights of obedience, gratitude, docility, but occupies
the conversational space as well. (""Be seated somewhere"", says Mrs Reed,
""and until you can speak pleasantly, remain silent."") Jane's elevation,
therefore, from governess-subordinant to wife, is spoken-for in her wonderful
increase of vocal spending-power; while others work, the lady of the house
is busy talking with Mr Rochester (""I believe all day long""); and since
the prattle of her former pupil would make a foreign intrusion here, Adele
is packed off to be schooled elsewhere, till a soundly English education
has corrected her French defects and produced a most satisfying change in
the little girl. ""By her grateful attention to me and mine"", the new Jane sums
it up, ""she has long since well repaid any little kindness I ever had it in my
power to offer her."" Money-relations indeed. Well-tempered, quiet and a good
investment, Adele is a shining example of what proper training can do. If only
Jane herself had been so ""obliging"" a companion to the aunt who provided for
her, we wouldn't have needed to have the book of her life at all"
"So where has the bad animal locked in the Red Room, the answererback to
Brocklehurst, the defiant fiancee or governess yearning for freedom across the
""battlements"" of Thornfield ... where has this other, possible, wilder woman
gone? Back into the text where ""she"" always was, is the answer I suppose, for
it's that which maintains all the Jane Eyre in Jane Eyre - maintains it
precisely through being fractured, dispersed. The girl in her rage of
indignation; the wife who enjoys a ""perfect concord"" with her Master: I don't
know how we are to reconcile the two"
""
"Parents can teach too  

Dear Sir

  Pearl Wickenden complains that the Government is failing to educate children
about the dangers of AIDS"
"I am sick to death of reading such letters. Why is it always the Government
which has to take on all the teaching of our children? Teach your children
yourself, instead of taking the easy way out. 

 Jeanette Smith, Sandycamp
Road, Wynnum. SMOKE MENACE  

  In asserting that by smoking he harms only himself P.U.J.Parsons, betrays
a lack of knowledge about the scientific findings of passive smoking"
"Smokers should be aware that the smoke drifting from their cigarettes
contains greater concentrations of cancer-causing chemicals than the smoke
they inhale. Fortunately, this sidestream  smoke is diluted appreciably
with air before it reaches bystanders' lungs"
"However, they do not have the protection of cigarette filters, which prevent
a good deal of this pollution from entering smokers' lungs, yet cannot save
many from developing smoking-related diseases. 

 Elaine Henry, executive
director, NSW Cancer Council, Sydney. ANIMAL? NO, HUMAN!  

  I must protest at your use of the word ""animal"" on your front page  headline
(24.9.86) to describe the killer of two Beenleigh women. How dare you insult
animals in this way. You should have used the word ""human"". 

 Maureen Gee,
Bray Road, Lawnton."
"URANIUM ROW FLARES AGAIN  ONLOOKER
Randall Ashbourne  

  The uranium debate is about to explode again within the Labor Party
following the leaking of internal BP briefing notes on the backroom political
manouevres relating to Roxby Downs"
"The papers reveal: which Hawke Government Ministers want to over-ride
Labor's already watered-down uranium policies; how pressure might be applied
to bring about a satisfactory result; and the backstabbing of at least one
Bannon Government Minister by another Minister's assistant"
"Explosive

  In short, the papers are as potentially explosive as uranium itself"
The documents were leaked last week to anti-nuclear groups in Melbourne
"They are confidential briefing notes prepared for the Roxby Downs joint
ventures, Western Mining and BP, and have been confirmed as authentic"
"And they're explosive enough to tear apart the Federal Cabinet, State
Cabinet and the A.L.P generally"
"For example, several of the documents reveal the battle between State Health
Minister, John Cornwall, and Mines Minister, Ron Payne, over doubts about
health and safety at Roxby"
"Dr Cornwall has been trying since early 1985 to tighten radiation control
measures at the mine - a move first revealed in The Sunday Mail a month
ago"
"The papers reveal J. Austin and R. Ritchie (of BP), G. Whitlam and Hugh
Morgan (Western Mining) discussed the proposed changes with Premier John
Bannon and his then chief assistant, Geoff Anderson, in Adelaide, on September
18"
"The documents state:
  ""Bannon said he did not wish to negotiate the issue in this meeting, because
the Minister of Mines and Energy and the Minister of Health would have
to be present to do this"
"""He expressed his desire to settle the matter soon, but said there were
yet further changes to be made to the proposed amendments"
"""After the meeting we moved to Parliament House to visit Hon. Ron Payne,
Minister of Mines and Energy"
"Radiation

  ""Payne left little doubt in his comments that he accepts our view that
the policing of radiation regulations at Olympic Dam should be in the hands
of the Mines Department"
"""Payne said that Cornwall takes the view that he doesn't want on his
shoulders the 40 extra cancer deaths'.""
  A later ""strictly confidential file note"" reports that it will be ""important
for BP to be active in community sponsorships etc, in and around Adelaide,
in order to ensure community acceptance of BP if the uranium debate heats
up in that State.""
  The note also reports these details of a visit to Adelaide on October
6 and 7:
  ""Discussions were held with Des Petherick, secretary to the Minister
of Mines and Energy, and Paul Woodland, assistant to the Minister"
"""Des is the public servant and has held the position for 8 years. Paul
is a recent appointment and is the political adviser with a very good
awareness of the political scene and the consequences of any decisions
that may affect Roxby Downs. He came to the Minister's office from the
Office of the Opposition Leader in the Northern Territory"
"""The radiation problem is currently with Paul and has assured me that
it will be solved and will phone me with the result perhaps next week"
"""It was confirmed to me that the Minister of Health has taken the uranium
debate very seriously mainly because he is up for preselection and, as
he has made a number of blunders lately, he may well be pandering to the
Left to secure preselection"
"""There appears little likelihood that the Bill will get anywhere near
the Parliament in its current form"
"""The Minister's office did raise one concern with me and that was the
habit of Roxby Management Services and Hugh Morgan to continually run to
the top every time a problem with the project comes to light"
"Offside

  ""They said the result was that the public service was being put offside
and that we shortly will be labelled like `the boy who cried wolf.""
  The note goes on to say Dr Cornwall's stand on tighter radiation controls
for Roxby workers is being backed strongly by the Health Commission,
particularly the Director of Public Health, Dr Chris Baker"
And it recommends keeping an eye on the Minister
"It states:
  ""The Minister will continue his current line, but I have been assured
rational decisions will be taken by the Premier and Minister for Mines and
Energy. In view of the Minister's need to gain preselection and with his
recent defeats, namely marijuana and redistribution of wealth, I suggest
RMS (Roxby Management Services) be asked to monitor closely any new schemes
he may come up with.""
  There are several points in the notes with which Labor's anti-nuclear
supporters are going to have a field day at tomorrow's Cabinet meeting
and the next A.L.P. State Council meeting"
"The first is that Ron Payne apparently acknowledges there will be ""forty
EXTRA cancer deaths"" at the mine"
"Other points are: the news that BP plans to boost its public relations
spending to ""ensure community acceptance""; that a Ministerial assistant
has been discussing a Minister's preselection in unfavorable terms; that
WMC chief, Hugh Morgan, goes running to the top every time a problem occurs;
and that BP wants to closely monitor the activities of a Minister"
"The notes also are certain to create a new split in the Hawke Government,
still reeling from the party's reaction to the renewal of uranium sales
to France and the issue of mining at Kakadu. They reveal that Roxby wants
to sell uranium to Taiwan, even though the proposal is against Australia's
nuclear safeguards policy and the Foreign Affairs Department believes it
could upset relations with China"
"They also discuss informal agreements with the Trade Minister, John Dawkins,
for ""special consideration"" to be given to get around the floor price for
uranium sales on some contracts"
"""Revisions""

  One document, dated October 8, states: ""During our earlier discussions
with him concerning revisions to the (floor price) formula, Dawkins made
it clear that his preferred situation would be to do away with the floor
price controls"
"""The political costs of such a move would be unacceptably high, however,
and we can expect that the reversed formula will be with us for a while.""
  One Federal Labor backbencher said last night the revelations meant ""Dawkins
is gone."""
"HIT THE SLOPES  

Fun in the snow is a winter treat that all the family will enjoy. Tim Powditch
tells where to go, what to take, and surprise, how cheap it can be"
"WHEN you and your family return from your first ski trip this winter you'll
say to yourselves - ""why on earth haven't we done this before?""
  Why not? Probably because you thought skiing was an expensive pastime
for rich thrillseekers in glamorous, far-away places like Switzerland and
Austria"
"The fact is that skiing is an affordable, exciting holiday which can
be enjoyed by all members of the family, regardless of their age or their
physical prowess. What's more, Australia has some of the best ski fields
in the world"
"The major resorts are in NSW and Victoria. They are modern, continually
updated and well and truly on the beaten track. NSW has Perisher Valley,
Thredbo, Smiggin Holes, Guthega, Charlotte Pass and Mt Selwyn. Victoria has
Mt Hotham, Falls Creek, Mt Buller, Mt Buffalo and Mt Baw Baw"
"Smiggins, Guthega, Mt Selwyn, Mt Buffalo and Mt Baw Baw are ideal for
first time families. Smiggins is a learners' resort. All of its slopes
are rated ""easiest"" and skiers there have access to the extensive ski school
of its much larger affiliate, Perisher. Also available is the ""Ski Kids
Program"" and childminding service. Parents can learn how to ski in peace
while the children are being minded (two to four years old) or taught to
ski (five to 13 years) for up to seven hours a day"
"Beginner and family ski packages are a major attraction at Guthega where
30 per cent of the uncrowded slopes suit novices. A family of four can stay
in an off-snow motel for five days with all meals (except lunch), lift tickets,
lessons, ski hire, and bus travel to the snow for as little as $59 per person
per day"
"Mt Selwyn is almost exclusively for families and beginners. Instructors
are especially geared to cater for the learner and accommodation is below
the snow line"
"Mt Buffalo slopes are groomed for newer skiers and 45 per cent of them
are in the novice class. It also boasts the cheapest daily entry fee
- $3 - and lift tickets - around $12.60 adult, $6.40 child."
"This Brady beats the bunch RECORDS Clark Forbes  

  PAUL Brady is an Irishman and according to Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, Bono
(U2), and Mark (turbo) Knoffler the finest thing since Fenders"
"I came across Brady after a periodic cleanout of the review pile. There
was an enigmatically jacketed album titled Back To The Centre. And after
a close listen Back To The Centre (Polygram: LP: 826809-1. C: 826809-4,
CD: 826809-2), would have to be shortlisted as one of the year's top 10 albums"
"Brady's been around for a decade or so and in that time his songs have
been covered by Tina Turner and Santana and he's toured as support to Clapton
and Dire Straits"
"The artist as young man launched himself on the Irish R & B scene (yes,
Maureen, there was such a beast), and later joined the Johnstone's, known
only for their cover of Joni Mitchell's Both Sides Now"
"Brady's first album though would not have shamed the bog Irish Clancy
Brothers"
"In the early 80s he turned to rock but failed to convince the Americans
he was capable of doing anything but break them"
"His song Steel Claw was picked up by Tina Turner and included on Private
Dancer and tours with Clapton and Straits followed"
"Now we have Back To The Centre. Praise be to Polygram for adding this LP
to their catalogues in the knowledge that airplay on EON or Fox would be
as likely as peace in our time in Ulster"
"Brady's an interesting mix: there's a bit of Chris Rea, Australia's own
Kevin Johnstone, a dash of Dylan and a little bit of Ireland's own Christy
Moore"
"Which means the Brady boy has a voice which can be clearly heard over
the electric and acoustic guitars, piano, keyboards, and tin whistle he
plays. Versatile fellow"
"And on this LP he's helped by Eric Clapton doing what comes naturally
on electric guitar"
"The result is a touch of rock magic. Brady swings from electric top 40
(well, top 80, anyway), on Wheel of Heartbreak to acoustic ballads such
as Follow On and the moving Homes of Donegal"
"Even some quiet and puzzled protest on The Island:
  ""And I guess the young boys dying in the ditches,
  is just what being free is all about.""
  Brady's rock lyricism is as Irish as falling in love"
"A COUPLE of weeks back I wondered whether Paul McCartney wasn't losing
his grip, over the hill, just plain wrinkly"
This week I wonder the same about John Fogarty
"Long live Creedance Clearwater Revival, but hasn't the time come to bury
Fogarty?
  Eye of the Zombie (WEA 25449-1), contributes nothing but a pain in the
rump to a burgeoning collection of rock that seems to have no purpose other
than self-indulgence"
"Same old wailing voice over equally pained lyrics. Talk of bazookas, M16s,
doom gloom and general psyche-shriek"
Give it away John and let's remember you the way you were
"SUZZANE Vega Live In London 1986 (L20054, C20054), is a bit of a puzzle,
following so close to her last LP"
"It's an AM cheapie at $9.99 and for that you get six tracks of post-punk
Suzzane singing in London. Not bad value for a looser version of the
distinctive Vega style"
""
"Horses are not cheap  

AN article by Jane Sandilands (Oct.10), could be misleading. It suggests
that the approximate cost of a reasonable horse would be $400-$500 including
saddle and bridle"
"I would agree that it is possible to purchase a horse for $400-$500, but
the saddle and bridle would be an additional cost. A reasonable second-hand
saddle could range from $100 up, depending on quality and condition, and
a bridle with bit would cost around $25 up. In addition to this, your horse
would probably need a rug ($35) and perhaps a set of brushes ($30)"
"It is suggested that the approximate monthly cost of keeping a horse
is approximately $90"
"Agistment fees vary from say $6 per week at the lowest, usually in a paddock
with little feed and many horses, but is becoming increasingly difficult
to find at this low rate"
"In addition to this, you will need to feed your horse, the amount of feed
needed depending on the amount of good green feed available, the time of year,
and the number of other stock in the paddock"
"A conservative estimate for feed (excluding agistment) would be around
$10 per week"
"With regard to shoeing it is suggested that a horse only needs shoes
once a year. In actual fact, farriers recommend that a horse is re-shod
every six to eight weeks at a cost of approximately $30 per time"
"Veterinary costs can cost anything, depending on the ailment, but vets
are certainly not cheap"
"The cost of buying and maintaining a horse is far in excess of the figure
quoted in the article"
"Yvonne Jacques, Willowmavin."
"Industrials rise buoys market - with DONALD GRAHAM  

  QUALITY industrial shares yesterday shrugged off the worsening economic
outlook and saved the share market from a sharp fall as they again moved
to record highs"
"The industrial share price index jumped another 10.8 points to reach
a record 2096.7 points, despite the announcement on Tuesday of another
disastrous balance of payments deficit of $1450 million for September
and forecast of a $2 billion deficit for October"
"Comforted by a lack of overseas reaction to the continuing trade deficits,
a phenomenon was evidenced when the Australian dollar rose during the
day to close at US64.4c and just under 45p against sterling"
"The recent boom in Australian share markets has been attributed to 
overseas interest in Australian resource shares as a replacement for the South
African investments now restricted by worldwide sanctions"
"But it is emerging that local investors are propping up the quality
industrial market with continued buying of the leading stocks"
"Analysts are suggesting that Australian investors are starved of alternative
avenues for placing funds because of the uncertainties in the property
markets and by the tax implications of investing in fixed-interest
securities, with interest payments subject to tax rates up to the impending
universal 50c in the dollar"
Share dividends appear likely to be tax-free after July 1 next year
"So, the industrials index has now risen fairly steadily since 
September 19, 1985, when it was at 1383, just as Treasurer Paul 
Keating announced his tax ""imputation"" system that laid the basis for 
tax-free dividends for Australian residents"
"After a trough caused by the initial ""banana republic"" description of
the economy's future, when the industrial index bottomed at 1742 on July 28,
it has risen 344 points, or just under 20 per cent"
"The strength during the day was aided by special situations and reaction
to various news releases"
"Sharp gains were once more made by:
  - Brambles Industries, which added another 20c to reach a record $7.50,
compared with only $6.30 at the start of October and $4.30 earlier in the
year"
"Brambles has attracted attention because of its surge in overseas operations,
including the skilfully-arranged acquisition of the major railway freight
business in European, CAIB, earlier this year"
"Only 39,000 Brambles shares were traded, indicating an emerging scrip
shortage"
"- Pacific Dunlop also continued to advance, this time with a 10c gain to
$3.80 and a trade in Melbourne of $3.81 during the day"
"- Burns Philp rose only 10c but reached $8 for the first time ever and
looking likely to move up further"
"Only 19,000 Burns Philp shares changed hands during the day and the stock
has moved from $7 to $8 during October with only 581,000 shares involved"
"- Peterville Sleigh completed its recovery after a recent dip caused
by a disappointing profit result by adding 5c to $2.20 after trading as
low as $1.75 last month"
"Only 56,000 Peterville shares were traded"
"- The special situation stocks remained quiet, although Woolworths advanced
another 3c to $3.58 and traded as high as $3.65 in Melbourne during the
day"
"Only 37,800 shares were involved on the six exchanges, compared with the
multi-million turnovers earlier in the month when Ron Brierley's Industrial
Equity was establishing an 18 per cent shareholding and raising thoughts
of a raid on the retailer"
"Meanwhile, Coles Myer advanced 10c to $5.50, the best since the speculative
trading earlier in the year caused a freak $6.50 all-time high"
"Only 165,000 shares changed hands with Coles Myer returning a dividend
yield of only 3.8 per cent at the new price"
"Herald and Weekly Times calmed down after a similar move by Industrial
Equity in establishing a 14 per cent shareholding at $6.50 caused the
shares to jump to $7.70 late last week"
"Only 45,000 shares were traded, all at $7.66, just 4c below the all-time
record"
But it was News Corp that once more led the media section higher
"News shares rose 70c to 33.20 and traded during the day at a remarkable
all-time high of $33.50 when overseas orders bolstered the market"
"News Corp has now risen from $28.50 at the start of October, from $23
at the start of September and from a low of $9 earlier in the year"
"It trades carrying a 1-for-1 bonus issue.  The 129,000 shares traded
yesterday cost investors, largely overseas, a total of $4.3 million"
"So far this year, 36.78 million News Corp shares have been traded on
Australian share markets at a cost of $674.6 million, whereas last year
only 23.8 million News shares were traded at a cost of only $205 million"
"Bank shares were treated with caution as the US dollar reflected
uncertainty about Third World debts and the effect of any failure on the
US banking structure"
"National rose 4c but was countered with 4c falls by both the ANZ and
Westpac."
"Piggott pays to prevent charges LONDON:  

  Former champion jockey Lester Piggott will pay the Customs and
Excise Department a six-figure sum to prevent possible criminal charges,
according to a London newspaper"
"The Daily Express said Piggott, who retired from race riding last year,
would pay as much as $977,480 in value added tax in a deal arranged as a
result of an 18-month investigation"
"And the man renowned as the meanest - as well as the greatest - jockey
of his time could face another mammoth Government bill"
""
"Ceremony marks message  

THE world needed people prepared to sacrifice themselves for others, rather
than sacrifice others for a cause, His Holiness Pope John Paul II told the
nation's leaders last night before lighting a candle for peace"
"In the strongest and most topical of his three speeches since arriving
in Australia, the Pope stressed the theme of his visit - peace in the world
- and asserted the dignity and rights of individuals"
"He commended Australia for being a tolerant and pluralistic society but
warned:  ""Justified pluralism is not to be confused with neutrality on human
values"
"In a heavily political speech, he called for ""appropriate disarmament"",
made a strong reference to the value of a separate Catholic education system
and delivered a broad hint on abortion"
"Speaking in Kings Hall at Parliament House for a special peace ceremony,
Pope John Paul II called on politicians to guard the right to religious freedom
and the dignity of the human person"
"""As you know, the principle of the inviolable dignity of all human beings
is an even higher principle in a democratic State than majority opinion"
"""Indeed, all democracies will eventually succeed or fail to the extent
that they truly guard and promote the human rights of all, including
minorities.""  
  The Pope said the number of Catholics in Australia and their presence
in almost all areas of Australian life were an example of how religious
freedom, fundamental among freedoms, was respected here"
"""I pray that you will always ... be ever vigilant in defending the very
foundation of this right and every human right which is and will for ever
be the dignity of the human  person,"" he said"
"The challenge was immense, His Holiness said, to promote a just society
to defend the weak and vulnerable, to eliminate racism and other
discrimination, to protect and assist the family, to find work for the
unemployed and to help all those in need"
"Australia had in the past been generous to the less fortunate of the world,
had taken a great influx of immigrants and accepted refugees, he said"
"The Pope touched briefly on one of the most contentious issues facing
Australian society, and Catholicism in particular - fertility control -
saying the only strong bases for civilisation were reverence for human life
from the moment of conception and through every stage of life"
"He said he hoped all Catholics and all other citizens would ensure that
nothing would be done by the legislature that would undermine those rights
and values"
"At the very foundation of peace were the two areas of defence of human
rights and efforts for the development of peoples"
"""As long as these elements are missing at any level, peace is imperfect
and world peace is imperilled,"" the Pope said"
"His Holiness then lit a two metre-high Candle of Peace in Kings Hall and
offered a prayer for peace"
"The Parliament House reception was the final event in a hectic day in
which the Pope had flown from New Zealand, celebrated Mass for more than
100,000 people at the National Exhibition Centre in Canberra and met
Governor-General Sir Ninian Stephen and Lady Stephen at Government House"
""
"Aquino readies for war with rebels By MARK FINEMAN of the `Los Angeles Times' Manila, 17 Nov. -  

The President of the Philippines, Corazon Aquino, declared yesterday that
she was ""ready to lead the war"" against the communist insurgency, as her
Government prepared to abandon efforts to negotiate a nationwide ceasefire
with leaders of the 17-year rebellion"
"A cabinet source said that the Government's two chief negotiators told
the President that their four months of peace talks with the rebels were
at a hopeless impasse, and they recommended that the time had come for
Mrs Aquino to pick up what she has called ""the sword of war"""
"At the same time, several military commanders said that the Philippines
armed forces had launched several regional offensives in the past week
aimed at strengthening the Government's position against the 23,000 armed
insurgents - either as a prelude to a ceasefire or as a contingency in
case the peace talks fail"
"Speaking at a world peace rally yesterday morning, Mrs Aquino said that
she still hoped that her negotiators could find a political solution to
the conflict, but her readiness to go to war came as the negotiators began
urging her to give up her national peace effort"
"They recommended that instead she pursue regional ceasefires with the
communists, while simultaneously turning loose her 200,000-strong military
forces in selected provinces where the insurgency has made its greatest
gains"
"The recommendation came after the rebels' political front group cancelled
a scheduled negotiating session with the Government on Friday"
"The National Democratic Front said the cancellation was triggered by
last week's ganglandstyle killing of a labor leader, Rolando Olalia, whose
union has been labelled a communist front by military leaders"
"Tension in Manila deepened at the weekend after the regional director
of Japan's third-largest corporation was kidnapped by five armed men while
driving home from a round of golf at a suburban country club"
"The Government released no details on the kidnapping, which was widely
viewed as a personal embarrassment for Mrs Aquino, who returned from a four-day
state visit to Japan 48 hours earlier.  She had guaranteed the Japanese
that her Government was stable and urged them to provide foreign aid and
investment to help the Philippines out of its worst economic crisis since
World War II"
"The murder, the kidnapping and the ensuing insecurity in the capital has
polarised the political forces of the left and right in Mrs Aquino's coalition
Government and presented her with what analysts call potentially the most
explosive crisis she has faced since assuming office last February"
"At Mr Olalia's wake on Friday night, a rebel negotiator, Satur Ocampo,
told reporters that the communist leadership was still willing to continue
the national ceasefire negotiations, and he cautioned Mrs Aquino ""not to
fall into the trap"" of right-wing elements in her Government who are trying
to ""scuttle the ceasefire talks"""
"The Defence Minister, Juan Ponce Enrile, has been openly critical of Mrs
Aquino's ""path of peace"" approach to solving the insurgency, a policy she
has said is needed to give her ""the moral basis"" to continue the war. 
The Defence Minister has called the peace talks ""negotiations for war"""
"The Government negotiators - both past advocates of peace -  are said
to be exhausted and frustrated by the negotiating sessions, which they
must attend without personal security and at secret locations chosen by
the rebels"
"The negotiators are now convinced that the rebels are merely trying
to manipulate the Government through the talks, sources said"
""
"Vamp Grace plays for laughs -Vamp (M)
Academy and Glenelg Cinema City from tomorrow. Preview by Megan Campbell.  

  In her latest film, earthy-voiced singer Grace Jones plays out part of her
real-life career"
"The raunchy ""wild woman of rock"" has been cast as a band leader in Vamp,
which opens in Adelaide tomorrow"
But the slinky Grace is not all she appears to be
"In Vamp - a ""horror comedy of sex and the supernatural"" - she is not only
Katrina the band leader but (as the title suggests) a vampire and a stripper
too!
  Working from the murky depths of the After Dark Club, Katrina and a bevy
of bloodsuckers treat their nocturnal visitors to some amazing performances"
"One night a trio of ignorant college students (played by Chris Makepeace,
Gedde Wattanabe and Robert Rusler) descend on the After Dark Club in search
of a stripper to entertain at a fraternity party"
""
"Affordable luxury in Bali ...  

FOR the Bali visitor who likes to stay in comfort, the Sanur Village Club
has all of the modern amenities, and for the next few months is also very
affordable"
"Through Phoenix Holidays, a special offer gives the tourist two weeks
of air-conditioned accommodation at the Sanur Village Club and return economy
airfares on Garuda Indonesia or Qantas Airways for $557"
"Up to two children under the age of 16 can be included in the package
for only $190 extra each"
"The Sanur Village Club is a resort built in the Balinese style, but inside
its rustic exterior are comfortable rooms with hot and cold water, baths
and showers, telephones, baby-sitting, a pool, and a medical clinic"
"The special offer is in effect until the end of next month and will be
repeated from September through November and February/March 1987"
"To book; contact Phoenix Holidays, 321 4258"
""
"Thoughts of a landscape artist By Marjory Penglase  

This painter uses a variety of mediums and careful study over long periods
for success"
"Painting is a totally personal activity - you and the subject, your reaction
to form, colour, light effects and the infinite combinations thereof. The
translation of that reaction into your chosen medium"
"Everyone, in time, works out their own approach, based on experience;
one's own and shared experience with other painters. Always there is something
new to learn, even if it's a simpler way of carrying your gear"
"I work in both oils and watercolours, mostly landscape; with the subject
dictating the medium for the finished painting. However, when travelling
I find watercolour, either alone or in combination with oil pastel and
assorted pens and pencils to be the most convenient"
"If there is time, one can settle down to some thoughtful painting, if
not, then the materials are equally suitable for quick impressions, perhaps
supported by photographs. Whatever the conditions, I think it is important
to spend as much time as possible contemplating the subject. Perhaps make
a thumbnail sketch or two, simplify shapes and tone patterns"
"Once you begin painting, the details will come sneaking in thick and fast,
clutter up your composition and confuse and obscure the very elements
which attracted you in the first place. So you need to keep a clear pattern
in your mind. This is even more essential if you are making sketches for
a large work to be painted in the studio. I usually make a number of colour
notes with watercolours and or oil pastels. (Perhaps I should explain that
the oil pastels are used for their `resist' quality  e.g. in a low toned
area I can fill in detail with the oilpastel and then wash over it as
necessary.) I also make as many detailed drawings of trees, rocks, foliage
etc. as time permits. Sometimes one of these will ""come off"" well enough
to find its way onto an exhibition wall. The majority go into the reference
""pool"", enabling me, when back home to analyse and study the accumulated work
and select for the planned painting"
"For this, my first step is to make a pencil or charcoal drawing in which
all the shapes are reduced to simple geometric forms, to tighten the
composition and build an effective balance of tones. I spend a good deal
of time on these preliminaries, a project will often stay on ""simmer"" for
months until the ideas seem fully developed"
"Then, with the decks cleared, I put the studies to one side, handy when
needed but not too obvious, so as to try and avoid the inhibitions inherent
in working from notes, the great hazard being that the picture tends to
become tight and stilted, losing the spontaneity and excitement of the original
sketch"
"Having built up a strong mental image I do very little drawing on the
board, just charge in with big washes to establish the dominant tones and
colours, mostly sticking to the old principle of starting with sky and
background and working forward. Always trying to keep uppermost in my mind
my first reaction to the subject, with all the subsequent studies and diagrams
being a means to an end"
"It is necessary to endeavour to remain flexible enough to use or adapt
""happy accidents"" - particularly important with that wayward and unforgiving
medium, water colour"
"As for ""unhappy"" accidents, know yee that everyone has them and they
far outnumber the happy ones! With most paintings, there comes a stage where
the best laid plans go wrong and all the helpful theories are of no help"
"Unless you feel very confident about getting back on course, it is generally
wise to put the painting aside for a while, looking and pondering until
another solution presents itself"
"Another situation, where it often pays to take a tea break is when you
think a picture is finished but just can't restrain the urge to keep on fiddling
round trying to ""improve"" this and that. In no time at all, something that
may have been alright is muddied beyond redemption. It is much safer to come 
back with the mind and eye rested and review the whole thing"
"This is especially important with water colour where all the luminosity
can be lost in the course of a few minutes lack of concentration"
"With oils, it is easier to bury the mistakes under a layer of paint, but
even so, I've found that their ghosts tend to hang around and haunt you"
"It is always worthwhile experimenting with different materials and
combinations and with variety and challenge in your subjects a daisy can
present as many difficulties as a mountain top. So never, never sink into
a comfortable rut - try something different now and again. Oil pastels,
used alone or in combination with watercolour or pencils can be guaranteed
to jolt anyone out of a rut. Effective on paper, they can also be used
on canvas and blended with turps"
"There are all sorts of interesting coloured pencils, pens, chalks etc"
"available. It is not necessary to buy large, expensive boxes. Most art
stores sell single sticks and a few basic colours are all that are needed"
"I prefer a fairly limited palette no matter what medium I am using. I
vary it according to the subject, but try to keep to about four colours,
two warm, two cool, plus white if I am using oils. I do not as a rule, have
black. I prefer to mix my own darks. This is just a personal thing. Painters
have argued the pros and cons of black for years. Once, there were sound,
technical reasons for regarding some blacks with suspicion, this, of course,
is no longer the case. So it all comes back to what works best for you"
"Generally speaking, painters are in two broad groups - ""line"" people
and ""mass"" people. The former, tend to see things in outline, draw reasonably
well and have problems with colour and the organization of shapes i.e"
"compostion. The latter, have good colour sense and feeling for the solid
forms and ""masses"" in a subject, but are a little shaky on draughtsmanship"
"Whatever ones strengths or weaknesses, draw at every opportunity"
"Little sketch pads and pencils left around the house in stragetic 
places mean that with something right to hand, you really do a drawing of that
milk bottle, a light effect, or an idea you have just had, instead of merely
thinking of it. It helps sharpen your observation, helps your painting and
is a source of pleasure and stimulation"
""
"Our wealth is our people By Phil Noyce  

""OUR wealth is our people"", proclaimed the tourist poster from Cyprus. ""Imagine
selling Australia with a line like that"", I mused. My cynicism took a more
positive turn with the thought, ""what a lucky country to be able to talk
about its people as a unified group."" And as for the notion of people being
the source of wealth, it seemed quaint and folksy - good for tourist images
of a poor peasant economy, clever propaganda for a country invaded by a
foreign power - all up, quite inapplicable to a country like Australia"
"Comparisons with Australia did however, begin to provoke some important
questions, such as: who are our people? With migration upon migration, can
we ever become a unified group - Australians? Then there's the wealth side
of the equation: our wealth is our natural resources. Our people are our
consumers. Agriculture and mining have kept us living in the manner we've
become accustomed to. They've provided us with all that goes with being
a developed country - high levels of expenditure on education, health and
welfare, public transport, social security and so on. Food in our bellies,
money in our pockets and a roof over our heads are things we have taken
for granted"
"1986 has seen that comfortable view take quite a jolt, with the plummeting
of the Australian dollar on the world stage. Suddenly, it seems, we're out
in the cold; our friends have found others to play with and nobody seems
to want what we've got like they used to. It's time to do some very serious
stocktaking. What are our assets? How have we got into this mess? What's
happening to us and what can we do about it?
  The history of Australia's sources of wealth seems to go something like
this:
1. We have ridden on the sheep's back. We have relied on minerals and natural
resources for our source of wealth. We do rely on non-human resources"
"2. Because we had the money, we've been able to prop up manufacturing industry
via tariffs and other forms of protection whenever it couldn't stand on its
own two feet"
"3. Services such as education, health and welfare consume huge amounts of
the wealth generated from elsewhere. Our people are anything but the source
of our wealth"
"While that may be an oversimplification of our past, it's a recipe for
disaster if applied to our future. To underscore my case, let me add a fourth
point to this primary/secondary/tertiary sector analysis: `established'
Australians - those from between two and eight generations of occupancy
of this country - have been subsidised to date by schemes that no longer
produce wealth in an internationally competitive way. That is, economic
strategies that worked for us forty and more years ago have produced a new
Australia, with new problems, new resources, new possibilities but are
nonetheless redundant, wornout strategies now"
"For example, immigration, largely from Southern Europe, provided the
immediate workforce for post-war industrial expansion. Migrants came,
fundamentally, for better life opportunities for their children. With minor
concessions to the influence on cuisine, fashion, design, film and the arts,
the chief economic contributions to Australia that have been accorded
recognition by Anglo-Australia are muscle power and menial work. Now that
the need for this type of work is drying up (and their children growing
or grown up) we're faced with new challenges
  Riding on the sheep's back, living off mineral wealth and leaving the
dirty work to others has developed some rather insular, non-productive and
ingrained habits in the most urbanised country in the world. Australia's
mainstream cultural institutions - the ABC, the VFL, the universities and
school systems, to mention a few - reflect prevailing attitudes in Anglocentric
Australia that barely recognise the multicultural reality of this country"
"We're now faced with critical choices between continuing along the old ""she'll
be right"" path or beginning to have a long and careful look at just who
Australians really are, if we're to make the best of what we've got"
"Education in an Industrial economy  

As Industrial tecnology operates on a hierarchy of management/design/assembly-line 
for production of goods, there has to be a system of sorting out who does what. 
Given the choice, most of us would prefer to be the supervising engineer rather 
than the labourer, the chief executive rather than the stenographer, the farmer 
rather than the farm-hand"
"For its part, the education system has helped Australia's industrial cogs
run smoothly by providing both training in the professions and trades and the
selection mechanisms to help sort out who does what. But getting the right
balance between the twin, often conflicting functions of selection and skilling
is fundamentally an economic, not an educational question. Or, to put it
another way, the social and economic requirements for selection are imposed
on education, which takes its task as that of minimising the anti-educational
impact created by the need to sort, stream and classify students for the
world outside. Education, after all, is about extending, developing, empowering
individuals and inducting them into the culture"
"Whereas credentialling plays a vital role in deciding and legitimising
who gets to do what in the world of work, education is also meant to provide
the chance for a better life for individuals and to contribute to the national
bank of skills, understanding and knowledge. Proponents of strengthening
this latter function of schooling have largely been regarded as on the `soft'
side of the education debate, the former being regarded as the economic
imperative. Education has a number of instruments to assist in the labour
sorting process, including the following:
System structures, which confine particular cohorts of students by the way
the institutions are set up - technical schools, girls schools, private
schools, public schools, TAFE Colleges, the universities and so on"
"Credentialling structures, which define the currency ratings by which a
qualification can be valued and compared with other qualifications"
"Institutional practices, which refine selection between individuals at the
classroom level, using methods such as streaming, ranking and grading"
"Enter the Information Revolution  

  If robots start replacing assembly-line workers, computers do all the
routine calculations and word processors replace typewriters, we find ourselves
either with a lot less jobs or a lot of different ones in need of creation"
"Given that, our only chance to remain internationally competitive and with
full employment is to look to the creation of new jobs. What might they
look like, what skills will they require, are the central questions"
"Whereas industrial technology required the strict and narrow separation of
job functions, of clear divisions of labour, information technology requires
a convergence of abilities, a fusion of skills and a broader understanding
of the purpose of the task"
"It is the advent of information technology into industry, farms, schools,
home and office that has upset the balance not only in education but in
all of our institutions. If there's no great call for bank-tellers who are
a whizz at add-ups, what does that mean for maths at school? What does it
mean for bank-tellers? If I'm working on a machine that performs functions
spanning seven industrial areas, what does that mean about my union coverage?
  Take for example, the way I'm writing this article: a few years ago, it
would be written out longhand, edited, re-written, given to a typist, marked
up and sent out for typesetting, brought back for proofreading, corrected,
given to a designer and then to a compositor for page makeup. What I'll
do when I finish typing now on a personal computer is have a look at it
on the screen, make some editorial, typographical and layout decisions and
click the printout button"
"Between the current revolution in desktop publishing and everything in
printing since the invention of the linotype machine, clearly then, a lot
is happening. For example, WYSIWYG -""What You See Is What You Get"", is
a name given to computer programs that show you on the screen what your
page will look like when it's printed. It means that the author is in control
of the product. It means that the divisions of labour created by the technology
of the Industrial Age - writer, typist, subeditor, typesetter, proofreader,
designer, compositor, printer - can now be merged (once again) into the
labour of one person"
"At its most profound, the advent of information technology heralds and
enables a return to Renaissance values and the indivisibility of thought,
creativity, action and work. At its most sinister, (and I would argue,
economically foolish) it could simply be used to wipe out jobs"
"In short, information technology has dramatic implications for work
management, for the structure of the union movement, for the role of education
and the content of schooling - everything"
"The critical thing to understand about the Information Revolution is the
concept and practice of technological convergence: the combining of computers,
telecommunications and information systems to form new tools. To use them
well (both in application and in the development of new tools), we need
to have general and broad, rather than particular and specialised skills"
"An international comparison - the Japanese ascendancy  

  The Japanese are in a position of technological and economic ascendancy
precisely because they understand this idea of technological convergence best
and build their work organisation, union movement, education system and
so on around it. People are described as `underskilled', never `unskilled'
and it's everybody's responsibility to raise the general skill and competency
level"
"This leads to what seem to Australian eyes as novel approaches to work
management and practice. For example, the use of `quality circles' (discussion
sessions that include all staff, from apprentices to management),
industry-based, rather than craft-based union organisation and their traditions
of company loyalty are only three of a whole complex of factors that make
the Japanese particularly adept in exploiting the emerging cross-disciplinary
technologies, such as `mechatronics': the fusion of mechanics, electronics
and robotics, or `optoelectronics': the fusion of optics and electronics"
"These industries are now providing a wide range of employment in areas such
as manufacturing, information processing and alternative energy development"
"The fact that they have a monocultural society with values that, to a
multiculturalist, would only be described as racist, is a cultural reality
which has been put to great economic advantage via their work organisation"
"When Mr Nakasone makes public statements to the effect that the Japanese
are more knowledgeable and perhaps more intelligent than Americans because
the US has allowed blacks, Puerto Ricans and Mexicans to settle in America,
he is apparently echoing widely held sentiments in Japan. Whether his
explanations are correct or appropriate is not important for the point I
want to make, which is this: a clear sense of cultural identity is the
foundation of a nation's activity and productivity, and in that respect,
we have much to learn from others"
"What does all this mean for Australia?  

  What does all this mean for Australia, a polyglot, multi-lingual nation
without a clear sense of its own traditions and a brief history of being
wealthy because we were naturally well-endowed. Clearly, it cannot mean
that we try to mimic the practices of cultures totally different from our
own. Equally clearly, we do need to understand better what makes economically
successful countries tick, (particularly where we import holus-bolus the
technologies they produce, if only to use them effectively and with
understanding). Most important of all, we need to reassess what our people
assets are and how we might best develop and exploit those riches -
international ties with the non-English speaking world, the language assets
of over a hundred ethnic minorities, the cultural links of almost one-third
of the population of this country who come from non-English speaking
backgrounds, the potential for tourism created by the devaluation of the
dollar, to mention a few peculiarly Australian assets, each with massive
potentialities for use in conjunction with existing information technologies"
"We do, in short, have much more to sell the world than Hoges and Fosters"
""
"Ngorongoro By John Laird  

The Ngorongoro Crater of East Africa is a national park and a spectacular
sanctuary for wild animals, including endangered species like the black
rhinoceros, that attracts camera-toting `hunters' from all over the world"
"Twenty to thirty million years ago, the eastern third of Africa was shaken by
tremendous geological upheavals. The surface of the continent convulsed,
opening up deep faults and fissures that allowed molten rock to surge up from
within the earth's core. For millions of years volcanic activity continued,
creating whole mountain ranges and the majestic snow-capped peaks of Mt
Kilimanjaro and Mt Kenya. The Great Rift Valley was formed. Stretching from
southern Mozambique, this 3200-kilometre-long wonder now cuts its way through
Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia, after which it becomes the Red
Sea. Among the rifts lie the great lakes of East Africa and between the rifts
and the mountains lies the Serengeti Plain, home to huge migratory herds of
wildebeest, zebras and gazelles"
The massive scale of these natural phenomena cannot help but inspire awe
"But the force and violence that helped to shape them also gave birth to
another jewel to delight the traveller - nothing is quite so moving as a first
experience of Ngorongoro"
"A great volcanic explosion, perhaps audible across the width of Africa;
millions of tonnes of rock and molten lava flying into the sky - that was the
likely, fiery birth of this huge caldera depicted by geologists as occurring
1.75 million years ago"
"Now, all these years later, Ngorongoro Crater is a national park and a
spectacular sanctuary for some 27,000 wild animals, including rare species
like the endangered black rhino, and, of course, that popular King of Beasts"
"Camera-toting big game `hunters' and conservationists alike agree that there
is no other reserve or game park in the region - and there are some 50 in East
Africa - where wildlife can be found so naturally ` at home' and instantly
accessible to visitors"
"Mists swirling around the 55-kilometre circumference of the crater heighten
the anticipation of a first approach. Spear-toting Masai herdsmen and their
cattle can be seen along the roadside, against a backdrop of emerald green
hills. Then, a sharp branching to the right off the main road to Serengeti .."
"over a small hill ... suddenly, there it is, laid out in full view. The first
glimpse is more than a spectacle. It is an emotional experience"
"Ngorongoro Crater covers an area of 260 square kilometres. Its diameter
varies between 16 and 19 kilometres and its steep walls rise some 650 metres
from the crater floor. It contains not only a self-sustaining ecosystem, with
a lake fed by natural springs, a small forest and rangelands, but it also has
something of a unique climate. While mists often shroud land above the crater,
spilling like ether over the crater rim, the sun shines through into the
crater's centre creating a giant doughnut effect"
"Ngorongoro is the world's largest intact and unflooded caldera (not actually
a crater, in strict geological terms) and it is a paradise for plains animals,
with more than two-thirds of its floor containing short grass. It is a delight
to the visitor, with its unobstructed view and network of dirt roads. Park
officials insist that trips into the crater be made by four-wheel-drive
vehicles only - a necessity that becomes obvious when you encounter the very
steep and rocky road which descends into it"
"There is perhaps no other place on earth where so many species of animals
exist side by side in such a small-scale natural habitat. You might spot a
group of wildebeest, zebras or gazelles and only a hundred metres further on a
pride of lions lolling in the sun. But contrary to what you might expect,
lions do not account for the most kills in the crater. It is the hyena that
plays the chief role of predator: the short grass and open nature of the
crater floor do not lend themselves to the lion's hunting technique of
stealth. But the lions thrive by helping themselves to the greater share of
the spoils"
"Chief conservation warden Joseph ole Kuwei said there were 120 lions in the
crater last year - they are on the increase. Six cheetahs had taken up
residence at last count. The endangered black rhino is down from 100 in the
mid-1970s to less than 10 at present, he added. Poaching of rhinos for their
horns was a big problem from 1979-82, and other problems continue. One rhino
was speared by a Masai herdsman defending his grazing cattle in 1982; one died
in a rhino fight and another died giving birth in 1984"
"Also to be found in the crater are elephants, hippos, buffaloes, impalas,
elands, reedbucks, Grant's gazelles, Thomson's gazelles, hartebeest and a
variety of bird life including flamingoes, crested cranes and ostriches. Many
animals come and go from the crater - with the exception of giraffes - but
there is always a large animal population present"
"A circuit around the crater can occupy a whole day, and the visitor is
`guaranteed' to encounter lions, rhinos and a number of other animals. Most
animals seem to stick to one preferred location for long periods, and rhinos
can always be seen between the lake and the woods. But animals' differing
temperaments dictate how close you can get. There is no problem driving right
up beside the nonchalent lions and cheetahs (never get out of your vehicle!)
but the rhinos get quite nervous and may even make motions to charge
intruders. Temperamental buffaloes, similarly, are quite capable of
over-turning a Landrover. Shy elands keep a distance of a couple of hundred
metres, but silver jackals may peer at you from close up before trotting away"
"Nature seems to have reached a perfect balance in the crater; all species seem
to be on the increase"
"The Ngorongoro Crater is part of a large reserve known as the Ngorongoro
Conservation Area, which also includes a stretch of the Serengeti Plain and
the Olduvai Gorge, home of early man, Zinjanthropus, whose remains in the
area were discovered by Dr Mary Leakey in 1959 and have been dated between
one-half to one million years old. There are also some smaller craters and
some volcanic peaks in the conservation area: Loolmalasion (3649 m), Oldeani
(3189 m) and Lemagurut (3133 m). The rim of Ngorongoro is about 2440 m above
sea level, but in its original shape may have reached an elevation of 4600 m"
"Nowadays, some 18,000 Masai - formerly East Africa's most feared warrior
tribe - inhabit the reserve. They are allowed to take their herds into the
crater but not to live there. The Masai are a proud race, tall, slim and with
strikingly handsome features, and are common to both Tanzania and Kenya. The
men dress in an orange-red dyed cloth, with their hair traditionally pulled
into a long sheath that hangs down the back of the neck. The women wear bright
coloured beads strung on brass wire. Their distinctive appearance makes fine
tourist snapshots, but invariably a fee is demanded. One traveller in
southern Kenya who tried to forgo the fee and snapped away regardless,
suddenly, to his shock, found a Masai spear embedded in the side of his car"
"More than most other tribes in East Africa, the Masai have retained their
traditional ways and generally shunned modern and commercial practices"
"However, they have developed a monetary need which they never had before,
according to ole Kuwai, to buy rice, maize flour and clothes. Masai numbers
are growing and their herds are increasing, and thus the potential for
conflict with wildlife in the conservation area"
"What to do about the Masai was a big problem in instituting conservation of
the Serengeti and Ngorongoro ecosystems. The tribe formerly inhabited the
whole of the Serengeti. But in 1959 a committee of inquiry was invited from
Britain to settle the conflict between conservation and Masai grazing: the
Ngorongoro Conservation Area was set up where the Masai would have residential
and grazing rights, but they would vacate the major part of the Serengeti
itself, leaving it as a national park. But no permanent dwellings or any
cultivation are allowed in the conservation area"
"Conservation officials have also turned their attention to serious
environmental problems in surrounding areas, problems of deforestation and
soil erosion. They are trying to persuade Masai to relocate away from the
crater area, to switch to better breeds of cattle to help limit overgrazing of
land, and to adopt environment-enhancing practices, such as tree planting"
"Wildlife in Ngorongoro exists much the same way today as it must have done
for thousands of years. At least, we have a parallel account by the first
European explorer to visit and record his observations of the crater. He was Dr
Oscar Baumann of Germany who led an expedition to the rugged highlands in 1882"
"On 18 March of that year, he wrote in his diary: `Starting at 9 a.m. we passed
through open grassland with marshy rills and with charming scattered groves"
"At noon we suddenly found ourselves on the rim of a sheer cliff and looked down
into the oblong bowl of Ngorongoro, the remains of an old crater. Its bottom
was grassland, alive with a great number of game; the western part was occupied
by a small lake. We went down the steep slope and started to pitch our tents at
the foot of the precipice ... At nightfall several Masai warriors were seen
prowling around the camp, probably with the intention of stealing cattle. The
number of sentries was accordingly doubled and the rest of the night was
quiet.'
  Baumann was impressed with the abundance of game in the crater and recorded
how he shot one wildebeest and three rhinos. He left them for the Masai who
were living in the crater. Those Masai appeared to be fairly well fed on game,
but Baumann had recently encountered Masai in surrounding parts suffering from
terrible famine and disease. Rinderpest and smallpox were rampant at that time"
"Accounts of other expeditions of that era attest to the wanton destruction of
wildlife that can only appal us today. Further to the east, Count Teleki's
expedition, travelling from Kilimanjaro to Lake Rudolph in 1886, disposed of
99 rhino, while a group of Indian Army officers and a Captain Willoughby,
hunting around the eastern slopes of Kilimanjaro, killed 66 rhino in four
months"
"Later, in the early 1900s, two German settlers set up a cattle ranch inside
Ngorongoro Crater, but were evicted when Germany lost its East African colony
to Britain at the end of World War I. However, the ruins of Adolph's farm, so
named for Adolph Seitendopf, still remain near the northeast wall of the
crater. There is evidence, too, of much earlier human habitation: pieces of
pottery from unknown former occupants have been found near the Seneto Springs
west of the lake"
"Today, the whole of Ngorongoro Conservation Area is carefully managed and is
a tourist attraction with two lodges right on the rim of the crater, a camping
ground and some smaller lodges further from the crater area. There is also a
conservation headquarters, a tourist office with transport for hire and a
small staff village. Following a period from 1977-84, when the border between
Tanzania and Kenya was closed over a tiff in the wake of the collapse of the
East African Community, access to Ngorongoro is now possible by a long day's
drive from Nairobi"
""
"By Garry Kinnane C H A P T E R  XII Release There was a story Meredith liked of a voyager who, deciding to
     quit the sea, shouldered an oar and set off inland from the
     coast, walking and walking until he encountered a man who asked
     him, 'What is that thing you're carrying?'. He knew that was
     where he had to throw away his oar and stop. (CofC 65-6)  

His 'shark bite', as Johnston called it, was not an unqualified
success. It left him weak and depressed for a year afterwards,
short of strength and short of breath, and still underweight"
"He was discharged on 21 April 1966, after a stretch of eight
months in the thoracic ward, with restricted movement in his
fingers and an inability to climb stairs"
"Strange, therefore, that soon after Johnston was
discharged, they bought an Edwardian villa that was two-
storeyed, situated in Raglan Street, Mosman, and which cost
around $12,000. The three upstairs rooms were to be occupied by
the children. Johnston was to use the front lounge room as his
bedroom and study, and this adjoined a sitting-room. Clift had
a small bedroom-study towards the rear of the house. It was
nothing like as spacious or beautiful as their Hydra house, but
it was adequate and convenient"
"Johnston continued to see a great deal of Tassie Drysdale,
mostly up at Bouddie Farm. There was more than just jokey talk
between them - Drysdale had had his personal tragedies, too,
after the deaths of his son and first wife - and the experience
of suffering was part of their bond. Bouddie had a constant
stream of colourful visitors - artists, writers, politicians -
and one time when Jack and Pat were visiting him in Sydney,
Johnston decided to take them along to Bouddie to meet the
Drysdales. It proved not to be a good idea. Under the influence
of alcohol, Johnston behaved obnoxiously to his brother,
discussing him with Thomas Keneally and others as an example of
Australian working-class culture, listing his virtues and his
'ocker' weaknesses as if Jack was not even in the room. '.."
"they drove me mad, analysing people,' recalled Jack. 'You'd
think they were the only brains, the only decent people, the
only good people themselves, you know ... I felt dirty
amongst 'em. I was glad to get away ...' Jack was insistent
that Drysdale himself was not a party to the discussion, and
seemed to him 'a decent sort of bloke'. But it cut him that
George led others in the assault"
"Johnston's strength returned sufficiently for him to take
on a commission from ABC Television to write the script for a
profile of Drysdale, which he began during the last months of
1966. It was filmed at Bouddie early in 1967, woven around
Drysdale painting a portrait of Johnston, and in some respects
it conveys as much about Johnston as about the painter. While
Drysdale paints, Johnston's voice-over speaks the narrative in
his husky, light tenor, or talks with Drysdale or Hal
Missingham, who is also in the film. Johnston moves about on
camera, angular, emaciated, graceful, as if his body is
weightless. At one point he discusses the sequel to My Brother
Jack, saying that the 120 pages are all wrong and have to be
done again"
"That 120 pages of draft did in fact bring Johnston
significantly closer to the finished version of Clean Straw
for Nothing. The forty-one pages that survive show that he was
at this stage trying to pick up from where My Brother Jack left
off, and create in chronological order the events of Meredith
leaving Helen and taking up with Cressida Morley in a serious
way. It gives an account of their meeting very like the one
Clift was to write in her unfinished novel 'Greener Grows the
Grass', discussed in Chapter IV"
"This draft of Clean Straw for Nothing has a more detailed
account of the first meeting between Meredith, Cressida and
Archie Calverton than in the published version. Calverton,
prior to becoming a dedicated actor, is working in tandem with
a character called Beazley as gag-writers for a radio comedian,
and they generously give up their room at Riordan's Hotel, next
to the 'old tin shed' by the Post Office in Melbourne, so that
the young lovers may spend their first night together. Since in
other parts of the novel Calverton appears to be loosely based
on Peter Finch, it has been suggested that Johnston and Clift
met Finch in this way. It is remotely possible: Finch did
travel about a good deal in the mid-1940s, and did mix with
comedy writers such as Fred Parsons and Lenny Lower, who wrote
radio shows. It is more likely, however, that Johnston and
Finch met in Sydney in 1946 or 1947, perhaps in the
Journalists' Club, where Finch often went"
"Once again, in this draft of Clean of Straw for Nothing,
he returned to the memory of those hundreds of thousands of
Chinese refugees returning to their Eastern provincial towns at
the end of the war, some of them after nine years of exile. As
with the memory of the refugees from Kweilin earlier in the
war, the staggering sight exerted a peculiar power over
Johnston. Now, in his present state of illness, and feeling
himself in his worst moments to be an 'exile' from humankind, he
began to look for an affinity, to connect himself to suffering
that occurred on a massive scale, and to seek in that journey
a reflection, and perhaps a meaning, for his own:
     He had convinced himself that everything fitted into a
     persisting continuity in which nothing had seemed quite real
     since China - since he had flown out of Chungking from the
     grassy, treacherous strip beside the Chialing, climbing up and
     over worn rocks and laboriously terraced paddies to look down
     at the fringe of the plains beyond the confluence of two
     ravined rivers, and to see below them an ant-horde of
     uncountable people disgorging from a central mat of human
     blackness ... a million exiles setting out after nearly nine
     years of war to walk back to homes in distant provinces across
     a devastated land bigger again than his own Australia .."
"nine years ... He had felt a great pity for them and for
     their journey, then eased the heaviness in his soul by
     remembering that the Chinese, like their earth, had infinite
     capacity for renewal. (Thinking back on this in later years, he
     realized that nine years after that time he had far from
     finished his own journey; indeed, had traversed only half the
     distance to disaster, with the worst for him still to come.)
     Several ideas here were to be developed into important
motifs in the final version - the linking of suffering on an
historical scale with his own private experience of it; the
idea of the journey as one answer to the search for a pattern
in life. The expression 'We are still out on the long journey
from Szechwan' recurs throughout Clean Straw for Nothing like
a refrain that acts as a touchstone for Meredith in his fight
against despair; finally, the period of nine years links the
period of exile for the Chinese with Meredith's own period of
expatriation on Hydra. This is the kind of coincidence that
Johnston was continually digging up. It was clear that what
ever else it might be, Clean Straw for Nothing was going to be
a highly self-conscious novel, with Meredith's character and
problems right at the centre of things, and no longer sharing
the limelight with a contrasting figure such as Jack was in the
first volume. For the moment he was not satisfied with what he
had written, and was allowing himself to become distracted by
less taxing projects, such as the Drysdale film"
"The rows between Johnston and Clift were if anything
getting worse as he slowly got his strength back, and felt less
concerned about how much he drank. The public humiliations
went on. At Toni Burgess's house Johnston said of Clift: 'Look
at her standing there like a fucking great praying mantis',
implying, says Burgess, that she had devoured her mate. Clift
would simply weep quietly after such attacks. 'George had
persuaded her that she was responsible for his tuberculosis,'
says Burgess, who winced at the way he could torment her over
the loss of her looks. 'She was never a match for him in the
Virginia Woolf stakes.'
     Burgess became Clift's closest friend in these years"
"Appalled by what had happened to Clift since the days in the
1940s when they were young mothers together, Burgess remained
loyal, affectionate and admiring. But she disapproved of
Clift's neglect of her children, especially Shane and Jason:
'... she returned from Greece addled', Burgess insists"
"... one moment full of wit and joy, another moment in despair"
"I remember getting up at six a.m. one morning and going to the
     market with her. It was a wonderful morning. We had breakfast
     in a 'truckie' cafe. At one point we saw a Greek or Italian
     woman walking along in front of us and Charmian said [imitating
     her rich, educated contralto] 'Isn't it marvellous: they just
     let all their pubic hair grow. Everybody here shaves it off and
     disinfects themselves. You know what we should do, darling? We
     should let all our underarm hair grow very long, like seaweed,
     stand in the wind and let it blow'. She was a peculiar mixture
     of the fanciful and the real"
"In a different sense it was also true that there were two
Charmian Clifts developing - the one of public success who wrote
novels, television plays and a newspaper column, and with a
public image of great ease and grace and a degree of wisdom
that she passed on to grateful readers. And there was the
unhappy, alcoholic wife, loathing her coarsened body, in a
state of terror every week at the prospect of writing the
column, forcing herself out of bed at 4 a.m. to get it written
before the distractions of the day overwhelmed her. The public
and distant relatives saw only the first Charmian Clift: close
friends and family watched, helpless and saddened, the decline
of the second"
"For Christmas 1966 Jason returned from his long stay with
the Russos in Victoria. Charmian wrote them a warm letter of
thanks, saying, 'He will always have two families now and be
richer to that extent.' The Russos were also coming to stay
with them over the summer, and Charmian was hoping to have
renovations to the house finished before they arrived, and that
George would be able to get away at times from his involvement
with the Drysdale film, which was occupying his time in these
early months of 1967"
"In February, Johnston wrote to Higham after a gap of about
a year in their correspondence, and explained why he had been
out of touch and doing so little serious writing. The
operation, he pointed out, had gone 'rather worse than we had
expected', and 'difficulties of accommodation', until they
bought the house in Raglan Street, had made him indolent and
depressed. He had not contacted Higham because, he said, 'I
couldn't bring myself to write when I had nothing to say that
wasn't dispiriting.' Clift also had found it impossible to
get any writing done apart from her column. Indeed this period
after Johnston's operation was a disillusioning one generally,
in which much of the gloss of their return and their optimism
about Australia changed. It was probably a reflection of their
own physical and mental depression, for the most part, but they
looked on Australian life from their position of familiarity
with Sydney affluence with an increasingly critical eye"
"However, Johnston was cheered during this year by a visit
from Sidney Nolan, for whom Hal Missingham had arranged a large
retrospective exhibition at the New South Wales Gallery to
celebrate Nolan's fiftieth year"
""
"Iran scandal damage to President is serious From GEOFFREY BARKER  
        
WASHINGTON. - In a moment  of inspired verbal malevolence, Senator Daniel
Patrick Moynihan has said Ronald Reagan's presidency is ""tottering"" - a
word redolent of senility, uncertainty, absurdity"
"""Tottering"" is, perhaps, an overstatement. But President Reagan has been
seriously and permanently damaged by disclosures that the US secretly
sold arms to Iran and that up to $30 million of the proceeds were skimmed
off for the benefit of the Nicaraguan Contra rebels"
"Now that the broad domestic and foreign policy consequences of the arms
scandal are painfully apparent, political attention is focusing increasingly
on three narrow questions of detail: (1) What happened? (2) Who did it?
(3) Who knew about it?
  The answers are still unclear, and are likely to remain unclear for some
time. But Congressional and media investigators are swarming over the events
to try to reconstruct the complex evolution of the scandal"
"So far they have provided only fragmentary glimpses into the murky world
of ""unconventional"" government activities, and into the amoral world of
international arms dealers"
"They are worlds of looking glass duplicity. One example: While one arm
of the US Government was secretly selling arms to Iran, another arm was
scheming (ultimately successfully) to trap 17 individuals doing the same
thing"
"They are the worlds of shadowy Israeli Government links to the White House,
of a luxury-loving multi-millionaire Saudi Arabian arms dealer, of retired
right-wing American generals running private anti-Sandinista crusades"
"And, inevitably, there are glimpses of the melodramatic apparatus of
clandestine government activity - the acquisition of ""safe"" houses in third
countries, the establishment of Swiss bank accounts, the shredding 
of sensitive papers. 
  Nobody is sure how all these tantalising pieces will finally stitch together,
but it is clear that the trail does not end at the door of Lieutenant-Colonel
Oliver North, the gung-ho Marine Corps war hero who was fired last week
from his job on the White House National Security Council"
"Lt-Col North and his boss, Admiral John Poindexter, who has resigned,
seem immediately responsible for having developed and executed the disastrous
scheme in an apparent effort to satisfy President Reagan's desires to (a)
win the release of American hostages held in the Lebanon, and (b) to assist
the Nicaraguan Contras despite a Congressional ban"
"But the origins of the scheme predate the secret trips to Tehran in May
and September this year by Lt-Col North and former National Security Adviser,
Robert McFarlane"
"For some years Israel has secretly sent arms to Iran, and US and Israeli
leaders have acknowledged that Israel helped facilitate the US deals with
Iran which reportedly began in August, 1985"
"The New York Times has reported that American investigators will ask
Israel for permission to interview four Israelis. They have been named
as David Kimche, former Director-General of the Israeli Foreign Ministry,
Al Schwimmer, a founder of the Israeli aircraft industry, Amiram Nir, the
Israeli Prime Minister's adviser on terrorism, and Yaacov Nimrodi, a
London-based arms dealer"
"Mr Nimrodi said yesterday he had helped to arrange one shipment of weapons
at the request of the Israeli Government, and that he had done so without
profit in efforts to help to secure the release of the US hostages"
"Associated with Messrs Nimrodi and Schwimmer has been the billionaire
Saudi Arabian arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi, who is reported to have told
guests at his birthday party in Marbella, Spain, in July last year that
he was coming up with a plan to free the hostages"
"Even before then, according to the Israelis, Mr Khashoggi in mid-1985
had contacted a Mr Manucher Ghorbanifar, an expatriate Iranian businessman
with ties to the Tehran regime. He reportedly put Mr Ghorbanifar in touch
with Mr Schwimmer and the talks, according to the New York Times, turned
to arms for hostages"
"Present at some of these meetings, at least, was a Mr Michael Ledeen,
a consultant to the US National Security Council who worked closely with
Lt-Col North in perhaps August last year Mr Kimche, then Director-General of
Israel's Foreign Ministry, met Mr McFarlane in Washington where arms for 
hostages were discussed"
"Yet in April this year, while these secret machinations were in train,
the US Customs Service revealed that it had charged 17 men - including Mr
Khashoggi's London lawyer Samuel Evans - with plotting to sell US weapons
to Iran. The men are due to go to trial on February 2 next year in New York,
but the US Government now says the case will be reviewed following the
disclosure that the Government had been doing the same thing"
"It is still uncertain how much US war material found its way to Iran,
or how it got there. According to President Reagan, everything would have
fitted into one cargo plane, and consisted of some 3,000 TOW anti-tank
missiles and spare parts for anti-aircraft batteries. The reported value
was some $12 million"
"But reports persist that at least 10,000 TOWs were sent and that the
the total value of the weapons was more than $1 billion. Most is reported to
have been flown in by Israelis, but there have been reports that Mr McFarlane
took some on his covert trips"
""
"Cashing in on croc craze BRISBANE  

- You've seen the movie, now you can buy the pub"
"The Walkabout Creek Hotel, star attraction of the box office hit Crocodile
Dundee, is on the market and offers are rolling in"
"And a north Queensland man whose arm was bitten off by his five-metre
pet crocodile is set to cash in on the Dundee fever in the US.  
  The hotel, otherwise known as the Federal McKinlay Hotel, is at McKinlay,
a 20-house town 100 km south of Cloncurry in north-west Queensland"
"Success on the silver screen has rocketed the quiet country pub to stardom
with tourist coaches regularly stopping in McKinlay, according to publican
Mr Peter Ferris"
"The movie has meant so much to the hotel's image the Licensing Commission
has been asked to approve a change of name - to the Walkabout Creek, of
course"
"The facade of the hotel was changed for the movie and restored to its
original outback look when filming was complete"
"The selling agent, Ms Jenny Olsen, of L J Hooker Townsville, said the
novelty value of the property had attracted wide interest, especially from
buyers who wanted to make use of land around the hotel"
"Meanwhile Alf Casey, 69, a cane farmer from O'Connell River, 950 km north
of Brisbane, will appear on the Fox Network television stations owned by
Rupert Murdoch"
"""I think the American interest is a result of Crocodile Dundee. I expect
they will want me to talk about my recent experience,"" said Mr Casey, who
leaves for the US next week."
"Grave fears on lack of privacy safeguards for ID card scheme  

  Some of the Law Council's constituent bodies had grave fears about the
lack of adequate safeguards against invasion of privacy by an Australia
Card system, Council representatives said in evidence at a public hearing
by the Federal Parliament's Joint Select Committee on an Australia Card"
"A member of the Council's Privacy Law Committee, Mr Hal Jackson, of Perth,
said it was absolutely essential that for any support the Law Council may
give the system there would need to be adequate and clearly spelt-out
safeguards in place before the Australia Card was introduced"
"The Secretary-General of the Law Council, Mr Philip Hawke, told the
committee that four of the Council's constituent bodies had made 
submissions opposing the Australia Card, and he believed it was likely, if 
present trends in the constituent bodies' thinking continued, that the Law 
Council at its General Meeting on April 19 would express opposition to the 
proposal"
"Mr Hawke and Mr Jackson were joined at the committee's hearing in Parliament
House by Mr Russell Stewart, of Sydney, representing the Taxation Committee
of the Council's Business Law Section"
"Mr Hawke said that the Law Council, in its formal submission to the
committee, had not come to any firm conclusion for or against the Australia
Card, and it would want to see any legislation which may be introduced before
it did so"
"Mr Jackson, in answer to questions from committee members, said any
Government would not be able to bind its successors. There was a fear that
the Australia Card would be put to a wider range of uses than presently
proposed, and evidence from all around the world showed that once the needs
of efficiency and fairness were considered there appeared to be a need for
more and more information"
"More and more departments would want to add to the bank of information,
and State Governments would want to use information about citizens, Mr Jackson
said.    
  He said there was a vast bureaucratic vested interest in not having controls
over the use of the information that would be stored under the Australia
Card system - controls which departments would see as interfering with their
efficiency"
"Mr Stewart said the Taxation Committee saw the Australia Card as largely
bringing into the tax-paying community those people in the cash economy,
but was not under any illusions that the determined criminal would still
find ways around the system. The card was more likely to bring into the
tax net those people for whom it became too much trouble to avoid tax"
"Mr Jackson said the card would apply to 15 million Australians who were
not determined criminals, as well as those who were. The proposal had come
up for serious consideration only at last year's Tax Summit and then in
the context of tax evasion and fraud. Already the possible uses of the
Australia Card had expanded to include detection of maintenance defaulters,
immigration matters, passports, social security and home loans. There were
suggestions that State registers of births, deaths and marriages might be
put into a central database"
"Mr Jackson said that there would be massive pressures for more and more
information to be stored, and it was naive to believe that the system would
be limited to its original purposes"
"The proposals had already moved well outside the tax area and the more
centralised information became and the more uses to which the Australia
Card was put, the more unease the Law Council would have"
"In response to a question, Mr Stewart said the Taxation Committee would
prefer to see an identifying number given to partnerships, trusts and other
entities. Whether this should be the tax file number would depend on
convenience and other factors"
"He said the Taxation Committee saw difficulties arising with the need
for production of the card or to have some means of verification, and the
extra steps that would be involved in real estate and other transactions"
"On the analysis so far able to be made of the proposals, these difficulties
were not insurmountable"
"Mr Stewart said the body which controlled any identification system that
was introduced should have the full confidence of the public as to its ability
to maintain confidentiality. The Australian Taxation Office was held in
high regard in this respect"
"Law Council submission  

  In its written submission to the Joint Select Committee, the Law Council
said:
  The Law Council of Australia was represented at the 1985 Tax Summit and
there, along with many other participants, expressed qualified support for
the general idea of an identity card scheme for certain purposes. In his
address at the Summit, the then President of the Law Council, Mr Alan Cornell,
said:
   ""While there is a case for ID cards for recipients of government pensions
   and other benefits, the ID card proposal for taxpayers is controversial"
"Some in the Law Council see it as a necessary measure in the fight against
   tax evasion. Others are concerned that it will be extended into other
   areas and bring on the era of Big Brother surveillance. The task of the
   Government is to convince the doubters that this will not happen. If the
   Government proceeds in this manner we would want the opportunity to study
   the proposals carefully and to suggest appropriate safeguards to protect
   the rights of citizens.""
  The matter subsequently was considered in more detail by some constituent
bodies of the Law Council. The Law Society of New South Wales, the Queensland
Law Society, the Queensland Bar Association, and the Law Institute of Victoria
have made submissions directly to the Joint Select Committee. All opposed
the introduction of ID cards"
"The Queensland Law Society has prepared further comments in the light
of the Government's submission of 6 February 1986 to the Joint Select
Committee. The Society's comments are attached to this submission. The Society
points out that these comments were prepared under severe time constraints
and do not purport to cover all the matters of concern to it nor necessarily
to represent its final views"
"This submission takes into account the Commonwealth submission to the
Joint Select Committee, dated 6 February 1986, and the subsequent Health
Commission Planning Report. It reflects consideration of the Government's
proposals by the Law Council's Privacy Law Committee and the Taxation Committee
of the Council's Business Law Section"
"Introductory comments  

  It is important to note that the Commonwealth has not made definite
commitments on a number of important aspects and that various responses
given previously may therefore need to be reconsidered in light of changing
Government intentions. One example is the question whether a photograph
is to be attached to the card"
"It is also important to note that Commonwealth estimates of the cost of
setting up the scheme and the savings resulting therefrom have varied widely
over the period since the idea was first seriously mooted at the Tax Summit"
"The Law Council of Australia is not in a position to challenge or affirm
any of those costings or estimates. The latest estimate of the cost of
establishing and operating the identification scheme has been reduced,
illustrating again the change in costings. Further criticism has been made
of the costings by Roger Clarke of the ANU on the basis that it does not
include the establishment and compliance costs for the private sector"
"Savings to revenue over costs are said to be something like $3.5 billion
over ten years. That is $350 million per year or about $20-$30 per annum
per head of population. The question clearly becomes: Is this saving worth
it, in view of the problems, uncertainties and civil liberty concerns involved
in the proposals?
  Further, the ID card scheme cannot be taken in isolation from two other
serious ongoing areas of debate"
"(a) The question of implementation in some form or other of the Australian
    Law Reform Commission's report on Privacy. The Commonwealth has at a
    late stage decided to proceed with the establishment of a European-style
    Data Protection Agency with a substantial full-time Secretariat staff
    including in its membership the Privacy Commissioner of the proposed
    Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. This is a substantial
    upgrading of the protection for privacy formerly proposed by the
    Australian Law Reform Commission in its Privacy Report and goes in
    a direction hitherto unknown in Australia. The Australian Law Reform
    Commission suggested that privacy at the Commonwealth level should
    primarily be protected by expansion of the role of the Human Rights
    Commission by creating within its structure a Privacy Commissioner (along
    the lines of the Race Relations Commissioner) and the legislative
    establishment of a complaints and educational role for the Human Rights
    Commission in that area and the promulgation of information privacy
    guidelines based on overseas (and particularly OECD) precedents. The
    Commonwealth apparently intends to proceed with the introduction of
    such legislation. However, details have not yet been made publicly
    available. The information privacy guidelines proposed by the ALRC
    were themselves a watered-down version of the OECD guidelines and if
    ""gutted"" by the Commonwealth bureaucracy may really come down to a
    meaningless level, leaving out all the crucial areas of concern to
    the bureaucracy"
"(b) In addition, it should be noted that the Bill of Rights contains privacy
    protection provisions based on the International Covenant of Civil and
    Political Rights, but these are expressed in very general form and
    the Bill of Rights legislation itself has been criticised for not going
    far enough in various ways"
"Taxation uses  

  The Taxation Committee of the Law Council's Business Law Section is, and
has been since this issue was first raised in the pre-Summit Draft White
Paper, of the view that it is appropriate and reasonable that persons opening
bank accounts, purchasing shares or obtaining employment should be obliged
to quote their tax file number or some other identification number so that
the tax office can have a unique identifier of each individual and business
entity to assist in preventing fraud and evasion"
"The Committee is and always was of the view that there is no objection
to this unique personal identifier being in the form of a personal identity
card as long as adequate privacy safeguards existed. The Committee is not
in a position to express a view of what are adequate privacy safeguards
as that would be better done by experts in that area, but at least the
committee felt that the minimum safeguards would be:

(a) that each individual had ready access to the information held on file
    under this number and the ability to correct wrong information and the
    ability to have the issue considered by an independent tribunal if there
    was a dispute as to the correctness of information; and
(b) that each department had access only to information relevant to its
    own activities and subject to the secrecy provisions appropriate to
    that department, so that there did not exist in one place or able to
    be accessed by one person a total profile of an individual in respect
    of his relations with all government departments"
"The issue which caused the Committee the most difficulty was whether it
should object to any specific uses proposed by the Taxation Office,
particularly those which went beyond the uses earlier discussed in the Draft
White Paper and at the National Taxation Summit. However, the Committee
believes that each of the uses proposed in the Government submission would
be of positive and significant value to the Taxation Office in preventing
evasion either by direct use of the information in determining a taxpayer's
income or in selecting taxpayers for early field audit. Obviously, determined
criminals would get round the system but that would always be the same"
"For this reason, the final conclusion of the Taxation Committee, being
a view which was supported by a substantial majority of the Committee but
by no means unanimous, was that the Committee could not reasonably object
to the uses proposed by the Australian Taxation Office but that the extended
nature of those uses, and the substantial possibility that further uses
would be adopted in the future, made it even more essential that proper
privacy safeguards be strengthened"
""
"Less haste on judging the judges 

BOTH Attorney-General Terry Sheahan and Chief Justice Sir Laurence Street
have made it plain they do not want to become involved in a public slanging
match on the Judicial Commission issue"
"Unfortunately their exchanges have already embroiled them in an unprecedented
public debate"
"This has left the distinct impression that the entire situation has been
poorly handled"
"Mr Sheahan says he and his department have been working on the concept
of the Judicial Commission for 12 months"
"It therefore seems strange that the Chief Justice, and the legal profession
generally, only became fully aware of the Government's plans last week"
"It is ridiculous that the proposed legislation could reach the eve of
its introduction to Parliament and not have been considered by the profession
it will effect most"
"Mr Sheahan can hardly expect public confidence in legislation which has
been so roundly condemned for the indecent haste of its
introduction"
"Both the NSW Bar Association and the Law Society of NSW have now called
for the deferral of the legislation"
"They rightly point out that the first the profession learnt of the proposed
tribunal was by way of a press release on September 12"
"A copy of the first proposed draft bill of 31 pages was delivered to each
of their members two days ago"
"A copy of a second draft Bill of 32 pages was delivered today with a request
for comments to be made by tomorrow"
"Mr Sheahan and his department have been working on this important
reform for 12 months and then expect the legal profession to accept it in
24 hours"
"His argument that the haste was necessary because of the need to deal with
the special case of Judge Foord hardly holds water"
"Mr Sheahan yesterday admitted the allegations against Judge Foord could
be dealt with by special royal commission if State Cabinet rejected his
plans for the judicial commission"
"Proper consultation
  No one suggests that Cabinet reject the proposal out of hand"
"But there is definitely a case for the matter to be deferred and be given
the due consideration it deserves"
"It would also allow time for proper consultation across Macquarie St and
elsewhere"
"If that had occurred in the first place Mr Sheahan's reform would have
been introduced without the brawl that has errupted"
"We have had too many instances of laws, especially Federal, being introduced
in haste and amended in embarrassment.  It would be wise for State Cabinet
not to catch the disease"
""
"Police group wants unions to join push for changes to Act  

  The SA Police Association will invite other unions - covering prisons,
fire and ambulance services - to make a joint approach to the State Government
to amend the Criminal Injuries Compensation Act"
"The association has already met the Deputy Premier, Mr Hopgood, on the
matter but has not received an official response"
"The action has arisen following the decision by the Attorney-General,
Mr Sumner, to use the $10,000 compensation awarded to an injured Whyalla
policeman to pay part of his $13,000 medical bill"
Constable Adrian Burnett was shot in the face during a siege in January
"Fragments of the .22 calibre bullet shattered his front teeth and palate
and eventually lodged in his throat near his spine"
"He underwent operations and more than six months of rehabilitation before
being able to return to work"
The Police Assocation has been incensed by Mr Sumner's action
"The secretary of the association, Mr Dan Brophy, said the committee of
SAPA had met and decided to use every possible legal avenue to clear up the
Act and its interpretation"
"He said he knew of three cases where police officers had been injured
in the line of duty and had not been awarded compensation under the Act"
"At present the Attorney-General has discretionary powers to channel
compensation payment made under the Act towards the payment of costs such
as medical bills"
"A spokesman for the Attorney-General's office said the purpose of the
Criminal Injuries Compensation Act was to provide compensation only where
there was no other compensation available"
"He said Const. Burnett had received payments from worker's compensation
and payments under the Act were only to be used as a last resort"
"In a Letter to the Editor in yesterday's Advertiser, the wife of another
police officer revealed her husband had also been denied the proper
compensation.  
  Her husband, Detective Sergeant Graem Lawton of the Elizabeth CIB, lost
more than 90 p.c. of the vision of his left eye in 1981 after a glass was
thrust into his face while working for the drug squad"
"The Attorney-General's spokesman said Det.-Sgt Lawton was not eligible
for compensation under the Criminal Injuries Compensation Act but was eligible
for a lump sum payment under the Worker's Compensation Act for his permanent
disability"
"Under the Act, the loser of an eye is entitled to $10,000 but no such
application had been received from Det.-Sgt Lawton"
"Det.-Sgt Lawton said yesterday that it was his understanding that if
he took the lump sum payment he would not be eligible for any further payments
if his sight deteriorated"
"He said public servants were being discriminated against as payments of
up to $10,000 were not unusual for rape victims and relatives of murder
victims"
"Between January 4, 1986, and November 4, 1986, there had been 225 payouts
from the Criminal Injury Compensation Act totalling $1,007,952.53"
""
"World finance talks begin  

FINANCIAL leaders from 151 nations met today to discuss ways to resolve the 
conflict between the need to boost a stubbornly sluggish world economy and 
their own political and economic priorities"
"The meetings of the interim committee of the International Monetary Fund 
and World Bank will set the agenda for the joint IMF-World Bank annual 
conference, which formally opens on Wednesday, Sydney time"
"Over the weekend, the United States apparently failed to win promises from 
West Germany, Japan and other industrial countries to stimulate their 
economies beyond the exchange rate changes they have been promoting"
"US Treasury Secretary James Baker and his visiting counterparts declined to 
comment on the weekend meetings outside a formal statement"
""
"canvas for Carradine Starring role as Gauguin tv telegraph By PAUL WICKS  

  David Carradine has proved a most versatile actor"
His craggy features have been perfect for lean and hungry roles as baddies
"Indeed, he has starred in more than the occasional Western"
""
"The gamble that set a punter up for life IAN MANNING MELBOURNE:  

Les Theodore was fortunate to have been born a gambler, the type
of do-or-die gambler who backs an opinion to the hilt"
"Theodore, 37, is making a big name for himself these days as the trainer
of the outstanding three-year-old Campaign King, but the road to success
from the NSW border town of Berrigan has not always been smooth"
"In fact, if Theodore had not been prepared to gamble he would probably
have been at home in Berrigan yesterday instead of being in Melbourne to
win Saturday's $151,000 Newmarket Handicap with Campaign King"
"""I'm a punter,"" he said, resting on the bar at his Melbourne motel. 
  ""I've been betting since I was 15 - the dogs, the trots, the horses,
anything.  It was something that came naturally at an early age.  And, given
the chance, I wouldn't change a thing.""
  Not surprisingly.  One of Theodore's biggest gambles was the purchase
of Campaign King for $12,000 as a two-year-old"
"The tough-as-teak colt has now won 11 of his 15 starts for more than $200,000
in prize money"
"Even the most fearless of punters would applaud Theodore's courage in
purchasing Campaign King.  He outlaid just about everything on a young colt
with only a maiden win at Berrigan under his girth.  
  ""I had leased Campaign King from a bloke in Melbourne and would have been
happy to keep it that way,"" he said.  ""But after his first win I knew he
was going to be something special"
"""I rang the owner and said I wanted to buy the colt and he said I could
have him for $15,000, which I thought was a bit steep considering the horse
had won at Berrigan, not Flemington"
""
"By Michael Pate  

During 1942 Australian armed forces were in action in the
Middle East, New Guinea and New Britain fighting important and
decisive battles. It wasn't until well into the year that the
population at large realised the incredible gallantry of the
men who had fought their way up the Kokoda Trail to stop the
Japanese in their tracks for the first time. Ultimately it
dawned on them that the issue at stake had been not just the
defence of Port Moresby and the northern approaches to
Queensland, but the very existence of Australia itself"
"And with our fighting men up there in the stinking jungle
fastnesses of the Islands there were always concert parties"
"Often they took entertainment of one form or another to the
troops; more often they bent their backs and risked their lives
at the more dangerous tasks of war"
"During late 1941 and early 1942 Divisional and Lines of
Communication Area Concert Parties came into existence in
Australia. The 2nd Division CP gave its first shows at Walgrove
Camp; the 3rd Division CP was formed by Staff Sergeant (later
Lieutenant) Tom Rothfield in June of 1942; the NSW Lines of
Communication Area CP, known as `The Waratahs', came together
in mid-year also; the Victorian Lines of Communication Area CP
was known originally as `The Yarraroos' and later as `The
Kookaroos'; the Western Australian Lines of Communication Area
CP was `The Walocs'; and without hesitation the Tasmanian Lines
of Communication Area CP dubbed themselves the `Tasmaniacs'"
"Other CPs which came into being included the `30 Club' CP which
formed within the 30th Brigade, the New Guinea Force CP, the
Milne Bay Force CP, and the unique `50-50 Show' - a
combination of Australian and American servicemen. CPs were
also formed out of personnel in the 1st, 4th and 5th Divisions,
the 1st Armoured Division (known as `Tanks-a-Million') and 3rd
Armoured Division (`Shells-a-Poppin''). All these units worked
at first under the control and guidance of Australian Army
Amenities Service. Eventually, along with some others which
were formed later in the war and the various CPs which had
served in the Middle East, they were brought together under the
command of Captain (later Major, finally Lieutenant-Colonel)
Jim Davidson late in 1943. Headquarters was moved from a
cramped office in Victoria Barracks to larger, though not more
comfortable, accommodation in some tin sheds at Sydney
Showgrounds. Davidson and his many merry bands of entertainers
were to shuffle in and out of the showgrounds, on their way to
and from the Islands, until 13 May 1944, when they moved into
the old National Film Studios in the Sydney suburb of Pagewood"
"It was almost another year after that before the order came
through officially designating them as the 1st Australian
Entertainment Unit"
"But many things were a long way off in those days,
including victory over Japan. Jim Davidson, who had volunteered
in late 1940, returned to Australia from the Middle East in
late 1942. Shortly before Christmas he was ordered to report to
General Blamey's headquarters in Port Moresby. At dawn on
Christmas Day he boarded a flying boat at Rose Bay, Sydney, and
was soon winging his way north to the combat zones"
"In his book A Showman's Story: The Memoirs of Jim Davidson
(Rigby, 1983) he recalled that:

  

     One of these parties, typical of the rest, was the 2nd
Division CP. It was formed and gave its first shows in
midsummer 1941-42, and received the official imprimatur of
Divisional Headquarters towards the middle of 1942. Throughout
the latter months of 1941 the recall of many thousands of men
to their units brought the 2nd Australian Infantry Division to
nearly full strength. Brigadier-General `Bertie' Lloyd - a
considerate, caring and sophisticated man - provided the
inspiration for the formation of a concert party for the
Division in the first place"
"With the division in training at a camp west of Sydney,
Lloyd very quickly realised that the troops were short of
entertainment. He summoned a number of men (those who had been
professional entertainers or musicians in civilian life) from
various of his units and suggested it would be a good idea if
they could organise some shows for the troops. So this small
group of `pros' put their heads together, gathered around them
a number of other kindred spirits, and on a hot and sultry
summer's night gave a show in the boxing ring at Walgrove Camp"
"Additions and subtractions were later made to the original
complement for that concert, but the nucleus of the 2nd
Division CP, gathered under the guidance of Captain John Allen
and Captain Crosby-Brown, with Lieutenant John Lennigan
(formerly of the WA Lines of Communication Area CP as Officer
in Charge, now Officer in Charge of the unit and baritone
singer) was:

               

     The 2nd Australian Infantry Division was given final leave
in mid-1942 amidst strong rumours they were destined for New
Guinea. On three troop-ships we sailed out of Sydney Harbour at
1640 hours on Saturday 4 July and were met by two cruisers, one
American and the other Dutch, but instead of turning north the
convoy turned south. An eighteen-day voyage, of which some
fifteen days were spent in high storm as the troop-ships and
escorts battled their way down to the south of Tasmania and
across to Fremantle, saw the Division disembark there and
proceed north up the coast of Western Australia. Both the
people of Western Australia and their newspaper editors had had
their wish fulfilled - troops had been sent to defend the west
against the Japanese"
"The 2nd Division CP was transported by cattle-truck across
the Nullarbor to Perth. Headquartered at Guildford while they
prepared several shows, they were moved up the coast a short
while later to Divisional Headquarters at Geraldton to begin
their first tour of duty. Then known as `The Black and White
Diamonds'- the divisional colour patch being a black-and-white
diamond set on the familiar pale grey AIF background - the
party's first three shows were `Blitz and Peaces', `Turkish
Delight' and `Those Were the Days'. 
     An extract from a letter home to my family at the turn of 
1942-43 gives some impressions of a new recruit to the 2nd 
Division Concert Party:

  

     Undoubtedly at first the members of the 2nd Division Concert Party had a
fairly easy time of it in and around Guildford with frequent excursions into
Perth, but from the minute they headed up the coast in the latter months of 1942
and headquartered out of Geraldton they were worked to the artistic bone"
"For the better part of the next year the concert party did hundreds of shows
up and down the coast of Western Australia, and inland at such God-forsaken (or
so it often seemed to the members of the party) places as Mullewa, Mingenew,
Moora and Gingin. Only at Dongara, where we could forgo Army rations and gorge
ourselves on the small crayfish for which the little seaside town was rightfully
famous, and at Geraldton where we could go down to the beach and swim and chat up
some of the WAAFs who frequented the beach, did we get a break from the grind of
giving show after show after show. It wasn't exactly in the front line, but it
was hard, demanding, back-breaking, and sometimes a little dispiriting, travail"
"Still, we improved our swimming and our sun-tans. And we were undoubtedly
popular, not only with the girls and the townspeople but also with the troops in
our many audiences. At the end of 1943, after some eighteen months of service,
the concert party returned to Sydney (once again by cattle-truck across the
Nullarbor, at least for part of the way). After a brief leave we found ourselves
heading first to Thursday Island and the various other islands thereabouts,
thence to Dutch New Guinea and back to the Atherton Tableland for another tour of
duty. Another short leave, then we were off to New Britain (Jacquinot Bay and
Wide Bay) and back to Lae and Nadzab for a last tour of duty before the war
ended"
"But in late 1943 that was all a long way off, and for most of that year the
2nd Division CP stepped out on to the stage night after night to give a show to
the troops in Western Australia, wherever they might be, encouraged and downright
pleased by the applause which greeted it every time it performed"
"The day-to-day grind of `touring' never really got into letters home, but
there were any number of lighter moments recorded. Several from that sly,
consummate and discerning observer and wit, Colin Croft, are worth recalling"
"Under the subtitle CONCERT PARTY MATA HARIs, Colin had this to say:

  

     Before Colin Croft learned the awful truth about the Vicar and his wife, it
is clear they steered him to a sort of religious rejuvenation. It wasn't until
the concert party was much further north at Geraldton, however, that Colin, a
regular church-goer, found another venue for his varied and considerable talents"
"As he tells the story:

  

     In actual fact there was quite a lot to do in Geraldton if a soldier took
the trouble to enquire around, or if he looked up what Army Education had to
offer, which was usually a great deal. For example, many a young soldier's
musical appreciation was greatly enhanced by the various concerts which Army
Education organised. Some fine artists visited Geraldton and performed in the
Town Hall, among them the great Australian pianist and Chopin exponent, Isador
Goodman, long renowned in Sydney especially for his recitals and his connection
with the Prince Edward Theatre (cinema) Orchestra. Colin Croft was totally
enraptured with the fantastic use Isador Goodman made of the piano to amuse and
entertain and, at the same time, influence musical tastes. Going backstage after
a concert to tell Goodman how much he had enjoyed it, Colin was amazed when
Goodman told him that he also enjoyed the work of the 2nd Division CP, which
apparently he had seen perform several times. The whole of the concert party got
more than a little afterglow from Colin's encounter with Isador Goodman that
night!
     Another concert party formed and active from about the time that the 2nd
Division CP first got under way was the Western Australian Lines of Communication
Area Concert Party (known as `The Walocs'), first gathered together in the middle
of 1942. Kevin Caporn, who was with them for some time (and much later in the war
with `The Islanders'), developed a wicked sense of humour during the war and has
honed it even sharper since then. He had this to say about the beginnings of the
Walocs:

  

      Harry Bluck, one of the original Walocs, in an echo of a fading old
comedienne recalling one of her famous love-affairs (`He threw me a rose from
between his teeth. I kept the rose and threw back his teeth!'), remembers the
time when an ageing fill-in comic was putting his all into his act during a show
for the troops manning the `big guns' - coastal defence artillery - at Rottnest
Island (just off the Western Australian coast at Fremantle). He delivered his tag 
line with such force and passion that he spat his false teeth into the lap of a
colonel sitting in the front row of the audience. In the true tradition of
vaudeville he paused until the hysterical screams of laughter from the troops had
subsided a bit, leaned forward towards the completely horrified officer, and in a
hoarse stage whisper said: `Swing on to me choppers, will ya mate? I'll pick 'em
up at interval.'
     When the 2nd Division CP `played' Rottnest in the middle of the winter of
1943 we made the trip across to the island on a lurching little boat on a bleak,
miserable and rainy day. Having inspected the hall in which we were to give the
show, we decided to set up our gear the next day for the show that night."
"Chance to be PM slips by  

Time and the drover's dog appear to have overtaken Bill Hayden's ambition
of becoming Prime Minister"
"Mr Hayden conceded on Budget day last week his opportunity seemed to have
been lost"
"Asked if his decision to stay in Parliament meant he was waiting to become
Prime Minister at another time, Mr Hayden settled deeper into his chair
and sighed: ""Aah, no.  The grim reaper of time has started to creep up on
me from behind.""
  The 53-year-old former Queensland policeman earlier had said his 25 years
in Parliament represented a lifetime career. 
  Unlike Treasurer Paul Keating, who has indicated his intention to leave
politics if the Government loses the next election, Mr Hayden said he
would stay if Labor was cast back to the Opposition benches.  
  But he did not see present Opposition Leader John Howard reaching the
prime ministership"
"""I find John Howard as the Cabbage Patch kid of Australian politics,"" he
said"
"""He is not to be seriously perceived as Prime Minister.""
  Mr Hayden was dumped from the Labor leadership just before the 1983 election
after a successful push by Mr Hawke"
"He later congratulated the new Prime Minister by saying a drover's dog
could have won that election"
"He said this week he was now impressed by the  Government's two key
personalities - Bob Hawke and Paul Keating"
"""I'm impressed by Keating's style, his content and performance,"" he said"
"""And I'm impressed by the way Hawke is thinking widely and casting his
mind forward on how to grapple with these problems affecting Australia, not
just this year or next year, not just for the next election, but with a
responsibility into the future"
"""It is an exciting period we are going through, just as it's a difficult
and worrying period.  Now we are thinking"
"""We're coming up with policies and getting co-operation with the union
movement.  It's working"
"""What is Howard going to do?  He's offering confrontation again.  He's
proposing privatisation"
"""He's proposing to sack people - we're trying to save people's jobs"
"But where is the creativity about this?"""
"Lay Trainer, plus ... MARGARET THORNTON ON THE JOB IN THE DIOCESE OF NAKURU  

What ingredients go into making a good Lay Trainer, plus ...? For Margaret
Thornton it is possibly living in Kenya over almost 20 years, experience
in office administration and accounting, theological training and pastoral
experience, and not the least important, having a builder for a dad!

Designing buildings may not be No.#1 priority for Margaret, but at the Bishop's
request she consulted with the principal of Berea Bible Institute, the Revd
S Njiihia to do a floor plan for the new kitchen and dining room there"
"'We often used to find ourselves poring over house plans with dad,
who used to ask us as teenagers to help him do the calculations for his
plans,' says Margaret. 'No experience is ever wasted!'

Last year, lecturing in Christian Education at the Bible Institute featured
amongst Margaret's priorities. This year she is not lecturing because she
is coaching the new diocesan Accounts Clerk and trying to get the diocesan
accounts up to date"
"The thing that is Margaret's No. 1 priority, however, is Lay Training and
the Theological Education by Extension program of which she is director"
"Last year David Kiiru Kamau joined her as co-worker. A former school teacher,
David also has clerical and bookkeeping training, and has a real calling
to the lay training work. Sixty or more TEE groups meet throughout the
diocese. These they try to visit regularly and travel, either by motor
cycle, car or public transport can often be hazardous. On rural roads, with
potholes and corrugations they may come home covered in red dust, or find
it takes one hour to drive 6 kilometres - depending on the weather!

The encouragements in Margaret's work are to see TEE groups, like the Gathuthi
group, increasing in numbers and enrolments, and also to have a co-worker
to help encourage the group leaders, as well as the 400 students. Without
supervision the groups soon lose heart and break up quickly"
"So, for Margaret, with experience in several areas, it may not be easy to
work out the priorities, especially when each aspect of the work is important"
"Probably as long as people remain the priority, the rest will fall into
place"
""
"The rising tide of change: rethinking money and taxation issues SEMINAR - 8-9 MARCH, 1986  

  This weekend seminar, organised by the Association for Good Government,
will be held to discuss some of the many problems of our times and the
possibility that both their arising and their solution could be integrally
bound-up with one central adjustment: that of humanity to land"
"It is essential to become aware that alternatives to our present system
of taxation exists and that money and taxation influence all social matters"
"That none of our present socio-economic-political systems has brought a
solution to these problems is without question. Also, that new ideas, new
and peaceful approaches to these problems are urgently needed, can hardly
be disputed. Therefore, it is fitting to bring such ideas to the fore in
the International Year of Peace, 1986"
"The proposition for analysis is that taxation should be based on structures
relating to land on which all life depends, and other taxes should be gradually
phased out - partially or totally - as may apply. Land is the only commodity
which humans cannot produce. We cannot make more land to meet more demand"
"This proposition is not a new brain wave, a clever scheme. It has been
advocated for generations. The origin can be found in the Old Testament"
"Personalities like G.B.Shaw, Helen Keller, Leo Tolstoy, Woodrow Wilson,
Albert Einstein, Sun Yat Sen and many others, including Winston Churchill,
all have underwritten the morality and practicality of the idea that land
values which are created by the community should be the source of public
revenue for the government, and not taxes on labour, thrift and industry,
as we have it today"
"Site value rating is in use by some two-thirds of Australian municipalities
and was first intoduced by Henry Parkes, a friend of Henry George, the modern
protagonist of this principle. That no political party of whichever persuasion
and of whichever geographical location has ever had the courage to follow
up this proposition to its full extent demonstrates only the lack of
understanding, the lack of morality of our society but nothing more"
"Re-thinking a new economic system, one which harmonises with human needs
of body, mind and soul is the issue. Once right thoughts are established,
right action will follow. At this seminar we do not want to concentrate
on the technicalities of such a scheme. We want to make the effort to realise
that changes are necessary. We can not go on from boom to inflation, from
peace to war for ever. This cycle must be broken if our and future generations
are to live"
"SPEAKERS  

  Speakers will include Deborah and Martin Banham, Stella Cornelius, Hal
Gingis, George Hardy, Penny Keable, George Parson, and Chris Whittle"
Chairman will be Chris Veitch
""
"It's no cheer on beer  

HOTELS across Melbourne - and the state - are facing a crisis"
"A Sunday Press survey showed many hotels have already run out of draught
beer, and many more are running low"
And packaged beer is dwindling too
"With hot weather forecast for the next few days and pre-Christmas parties
starting to get into full swing, flummoxed publicans are counting near-empty
cellars"
"Licensed grocers are in trouble, too"
"Secretary-manager of the Retail Liquor Merchants Association, Mr Bruno
Scarcella warned last night:
  ""It's a very desperate situation"
"""Retailers depend on income from Christmas trade to pay licence fees,
due at the end of the year,"" he said"
"Seven hundred CUB workers went on strike last Monday week in a dispute
over a Christmas bonus"
"CUB workers in NSW and WA already have such a bonus - which is effectively
two weeks' pay, in contrast to a one-week pay bonus Victorian colleages
receive"
"The striking workers already have a 35-hour week, 9-day fortnight; four
weeks' annual leave with a 50 per cent holiday loading; and all overtime
worked is paid at double time (a recent introduction)"
"As the effects of the strike hit home, a CUB spokesman said there was a
glimmer of hope"
"On Friday a letter outlining Carlton and United Breweries position was
sent to all striking workers"
"""The letter outlined a set of proposals by management to the workforce,""
 a CUB spokesman said last night"
"But a spokesman for the Federated Liquor and Allied Industry Employees'
Union, Mr Joe Goddard, said: ""There is no immediate likelihood of the matter
being settled - next week or the week after that.""
  It's not yet a case of the pub with no beer in Melbourne - but today it's
the city of publicans without cheer"
"Here's a round-up of some of the Melbourne's leading hotels:
  Hyatt, Collins St:
  Supplies ""desperate"" said purchasing manager Alan Cooper.  ""We have a
limited supply of locally bottled beer.""
  Toorak Hotel:
  ""Plenty of bottled Carlton draught,"" said manager Graham Sutherland"
"""And Fourex and light ale on tap.""
  Burvale Hotel, Nunawading"
"About a week's supply of bulk beer left, said manager Ray Jacobson"
"""We have enough bottled beer for the time being with minor restrictions"
"There's plenty of Fourex but we are short on Carlton Light.""
  Anchor and Hope, Richmond:
  Fourex - no Carlton or Fosters on tap and no cans, said supervisor Anna
Conway"
"Cherry Tree Hotel, Richmond:
  Situation critical, said licensee Scot Palmer"
"""We've got no bulk beer at all.  We've been on packaged beer for the
past four or five days"
"Sandringham Hotel:  
  Barman Andrew Argent gloated:  ""We got a delivery of bulk beer just before 
the strike began"
"""We've got about a dozen barrels left (400 glasses a barrel), and there's
enough cans then to last until Friday.""
  Young & Jackson's Swanston St:
  ""It's not panic yet but we will be out of Carlton by early this week,""
 said manager Mark Freudenstein"
"Association with Bond Breweries will keep him supplied with Fourex and
Swan"
"Tankerville Arms, Fitzroy:
  Situation disastrous, said licencee Percy Jones"
"""We'll be out of beer by today or tomorrow.  We've almost sold out of
all our interstate beers.""
  St Albans Hotel:
  Panic buying, reported manager Bill Avram"
"""We've got no bottles, no cans, no draught - only a few stubbies left.""
  Rifle Club Hotel Williamstown North:  
  Supplies of Queensland Fosters cans ""unlimited"", reported manager Jahn
Schwenche"
"""We've got enough to last two weeks.  And we hope to get another truck-load
Monday"
"""We're selling the cans at their proper price,"" he added"
"Matthew Flinders Hotel Chadstone:
  A sign screams ""Unlimited supplies"" ... well at least for three to four
weeks.  It's Queensland Fosters ordered at the beginning of the strike,
said manager Bobby Zagame"
""
"By The Honourable Sir Kevin Anderson CHAPTER 5 THE CROWN SOLICITOR'S OFFICE  

Before World War Two, there were few bursaries or free places
at the Melbourne University, but each year the Government
awarded five free places to members of the Public Service. I
applied without success a number of times, but in 1934 I
supported my application with a letter which I thought would do
no harm. It began, ""I desire to forward herewith my sixth
annual application ..."" Perhaps my jibe procured for me an
interview with the Board which determined the five fortunate
applicants for 1935. I found myself being considered, not for a
free place in Law, but for a Diploma of Public Administration"
"This puzzled me, as I already had six subjects towards my LL.B"
"degree, and a colleague who had not passed in any subject in
Law was being considered for a free place in Law. After the
interview, I called on Cyril Knight, Secretary to the Law
Department, a forthright and powerful man in manner and in
reality, and asked him why he had recommended the other
officer, but had not recommended me for a free place in Law"
"""I recommended neither of you for anything, Anderson,"" he
said. He was quite furious. ""I'll have no one dealing with my
officers without consulting me. Leave this to me. You may go.""
He reached for the telephone. ""Get me the Public Service
Commissioner,"" I heard him say as I left"
"The next day it was announced that I had a free place in
Law. Wisdom dictated that I ask no questions"
"I applied for a transfer to the Crown Solicitor's Office
and in May 1935 I was assigned to the Common Law Branch of that
office. There I had a more sedentary job, seated on the ground
floor of the Crown Law Offices which looked out into Lonsdale
Street, where languid traffic occasionally passed, and cable
trams flitted daintily by. The window faced north, the sun was
caressing, and sometimes I slumbered"
"As an inmate of this prestigious building, I began to take
note of some of its distinctive features and was impressed by
the large frosted window above the first landing of the grand
staircase. The window portrayed a classically draped female
holding a tablet, with surrounding scrolls proclaiming Latin
legal maxims. At first, the maxims did not make much impact,
but as time passed and I perused the transparent wisdom of the
ages through which the daylight filtered, I began to appreciate
more the theory, if not always the practice, of the law as
embodied in these maxims"
"At the top of the tableau was the maxim, Lex uno ore omnes
allocutur - The law speaks to all with one voice - perhaps
more appropriate when the window was engraved in the 1880's,
for the High Court was not then in being. On page one of the
book held by the stately female was the maxim, Lex semper dabit
remedium - The law always gives a remedy. Sometimes I wonder"
"On the opposite page appeared the boast, Lex nil jubet frustra
- The law never commands in vain. What would statistics show?
Finally, across the base of the statuesque female was the
assurance, Lex deficere non potest in justicia exhibenda - The
law cannot fail in the administration of justice. Cannot?
     Such were my youthful and cynical reactions when I studied
these maxims, but fate later brought me almost daily face to
face with them. I marvelled at their profundity, and was
somewhat concerned lest in some way I should be found wanting"
"This confrontation came about when the Crown Law Offices moved
out of the building in the 1970's, and the building was
extensively renovated. The renovations included the
installation of several new courtrooms and six sets of judges'
chambers. And so, for my last six years as a judge, I was the
fortunate occupant of a modern set of chambers. By a further
quirk of fate, my set of chambers was fashioned out of the
north-west corner of the first floor, and included the room
which, years earlier, I had entered unannounced to interview
the Secretary to the Law Department. I did not dream then that
tor six years I would sit in the very spot where he sat when I
first saw him"
"Another feature of the old building was the dungeons,
which were almost underground and contained a number of rooms
where old records were stored. At a time when only the
Licensing Court, the offices of which were on the top floor,
seemed to have any money - licensing fees provided a sure
source of income - it installed a lift from the dungeons to
the top floor, which also served the Crown Solicitor's Office
and the Crown Law Offices on the ground and first floors. The
dungeons were seldom visited, and two of my colleagues - Scott
Murphy, who later joined the R.A.A.F. and was lost in the
Mediterranean when his plane crashed, and Gordon Leckie, who
was later Secretary to the Gas and Fuel Corporation - decided
to put the dungeons to some sensible use. In the least visited
of the dungeons, they set up a still to make orange liqueur"
"Few shared the well kept secret. However, as the process of
fermentation and distillation proceeded, the aroma from the
still flowed gently out into the corridor and was wafted up the
lift well, which acted as a funnel to disperse the fragrance to
all the floors, not least to the top floor where the Licensing
Court, unaware of the source but enjoying the bouquet, stolidly
administered the liquor laws of the State. The ultimate product
would not have won a gold medal at the Royal Show, but, for us
who were privileged to quaff it, its origin and its rarity gave
it added piquancy"
"When I went to the Crown Solicitor's Office in 1935, it seemed
that an era was ending. Several of the venerable judges who had
sat on the Supreme Court and County Court Benches for many
years were fading away. Until 1936, there was no retiring age
for Victorian judges, and some continued to sit into advanced
age. Though several exceptions can be indicated, it seems that
judicial office is a passport to old age. There is now in
Victoria a compulsory retiring age of seventy-two years for
Victorian judges appointed after 1936. Some compulsorily
retired judges declare that this requirement testifies to their
""statutory senility"". Mr Justice Thomas Smith, upon his
retirement in 1973, is credited with having said, ""I recognise
the wisdom of the law which requires judges to retire at the
age of seventy-two, but I deplore the application of it in this
particular case."" He remained very active in the law as
Victorian Law Reform Commissioner for a number of years"
"Sir Leo Cussen, after twenty-seven years on the Supreme
Court Bench, had already died in 1933. It is my misfortune that
I saw him only once. He is generally regarded as the most
distinguished judge ever to have sat in the Supreme Court,
admired and revered by all, including Sir Owen Dixon. Cussen
has been described as being ""the nearly perfect judge"", the
qualification being explained to me by the observation that ""No
one can be perfect, but he was as close as one could get.""
Before taking to the law, Cussen had been an engineer, so he
had two professions. It was said that he had a photographic
memory and that, having glanced even momentarily at a document,
he could repeat verbatim what was on it. He was regarded as the
epitome of legal learning. It was said that if you could quote
a decision of Cussen in your favour you were far more than half
way to winning, so correct were his judgments considered to be"
"He was always courteous; if the occasion arose to chide, he
chided gently. In a case before him which was being bitterly
fought, with sectarian and national overtones, one counsel
commented somewhat offensively that because of the conduct of
the other side, everything had got confused and mixed up ""like
an Irish stew.""
     ""Or, perhaps, Mr Eager, like a Scotch haggis?"" mildly
suggested the judge"
"Sir Stewart McArthur, whom I never saw, retired from the
Supreme Court in 1934. Bill Fazio once told me of a plea he
made before McArthur. There were extenuating circumstances,
but McArthur imposed a severe sentence. Fazio bravely protested
that the judge had not taken into account a particular aspect
of the plea. McArthur agreed that he had not done so, and then
said, ""I must not appear to have wrongly sentenced the
prisoner. I did overlook that aspect. I set the sentence aside,
and will release him on a bond to ensure that the wrong
impression is not given."" It was fair of him to admit his
oversight, and his granting of a bond in those days could not
be interfered with; but, nowadays, with the Crown having the
right to challenge too light a punishment a judge would think
twice before going from one extreme to the other"
"Sir William Irvine was still on the Supreme Court Bench as
Chief Justice in 1935, but he retired at the end of that year,
aged 77 years. He was a man of severe dignity and detachment"
"Just before he retired, I was instructing counsel in a case
before him. I recall the case, not because of the subject
matter, but because counsel's submissions put the judge to
sleep, and he gently slumbered. Both counsel sat silent for
several minutes until the judge awoke, and then, without
comment, counsel rose to continue his address. Nowadays, a book
is dropped or an argument started between counsel, or some
other device is used to arouse the dormant judge, but that
would not have seemed proper with ""Iceberg Irvine"", a title
which he acquired in his earlier extensive political career,
in which he had successively been Attorney-General and Premier
in Victoria and Attorney-General in the Commonwealth. He died,
aged 85 years, in 1943"
"Sir William Irvine's successor as Chief Justice was Sir
Frederick Mann, who was already well experienced as a judge,
for he had  been appointed to the Supreme Court Bench in 1919"
"Though I saw him often in court, the occasions for our meeting
were few, and I recall speaking with him on only one occasion"
"His signature was required to some document, and I visited him
in his chambers. He received me pleasantly and chatted with me
about my work in the Crown Solicitor's Office. At that time I
did not know his earlier history, but I have sometimes wondered
since whether, as he chatted with me, his mind went back to the
days when he, too, had been a clerk both at the City Court and
in the Crown Solicitor's Office"
"This was, indeed, the case. He had commenced work as a
clerk in 1888 at the City Court and, after five years, had
exchanged places with Hilary McDonald (later to be a police
magistrate and the father of a stipendiary magistrate and the
grand-father of yet another stipendiary magistrate) who was
then a clerk in the Crown Solicitor's Office. After the ex
change, Mann pursued his studies, and eventually obtained his
M.A. and LL.B. degrees. Up to that point, there was substantial
coincidence between Mann's progress and my own, though I did
not obtain an M.A. degree"
"Had Sir Frederick been able to divine the future he would
have noticed further coincidences between his career and mine"
"He obtained leave of absence to see active service in the South
African war and, on his return to the Crown Solicitor's Office,
he found himself supplanted by another officer who had been
doing his work in his absence and had been promoted. Mann's
salary remained at 200 pounds, and the interloper received 310
pounds per annum. In 1902, Mann left the Crown Solicitor's
Office and went to the Bar, proceeding to the Bench in 1919."
"By Callen, Gallois, Noller CHAPTER 8 ANGER AND AGGRESSION  

While anger and aggression are used in everyday conversation as though they
mean the same thing, there is a clear distinction between the two. Anger
is a  basic emotion. Aggression, on the other hand, is a pattern of behaviour
which may or may not occur at the same time or following anger (Singer,
1982)"
"Being angry is usually accompanied by universally recognizable facial
expressions (Ekman, 1980; Ekman, Friesen & Ancoli, 1980), and also by muscular
and physiological responses. The fact that a person is displaying the facial
expression of anger, however, does not necessarily mean that he or she is
angry. They may be pretending to be angry in order to have a particular
effect on others, such as getting something they want. In addition, while
anger is often aroused by extreme, persistent frustration or a failure to
cope, this anger does not necessarily lead to aggressive behaviour"
"The fact that anger and aggression do coexist in many situations does
  not mean that, like Laurel and Hardy, the presence of one automatically
  includes the other (Tavris, 1982, p.35)"
"As Tavris points out, it is possible to feel angry but to express anger
in nonaggressive ways. On the other hand, a professional assassin may behave
extremely aggressively for payment, without feeling anger toward the target"
"As the term `murder in cold blood' implies, extreme aggression can occur
in the absence of the `heat' of anger"
"Aggressive behaviour can be classified in a number of different ways. Singer
(1982) distinguishes between direct aggression, such as violence or threats
of violence or assault, and indirect aggression, which involves insulting
words, telling someone you wish harm would come to them, slandering someone,
and the more passive aggression behaviours of lying and deception. Other
writers (Feshbach, 1964; Rule & Nesdale, 1976) distinguish between hostile
aggressive behaviour and instrumental aggression. The primary aim of hostile
aggressive behaviour is to inflict injury or harm on another person, and
it is generally accompanied by anger. Instrumental aggression is aggressive
behaviour which has as its aim some nonaggressive goal. The goal may be
personal, such as making money, achieving status or fulfilling an ambition"
"In addition, the goal may be social, such as stopping the Vietnam war, banning
the bomb, prohibiting nuclear ships from entering Australian ports, or saving
rainforests or baby seals. Often during television news broadcasts, we see
people engaging in very aggressive behaviours in the pursuit of prosocial
and nonaggressive goals"
"Methods of studying aggression  

Aggression is studied mostly in laboratory studies, and occasionally in
field studies. In laboratory studies, a confederate of the experimenter
may provoke the subjects in some way in order to elicit an aggressive response"
"A confederate may unfairly accuse subjects of cheating (e.g., Zillman &
Cantor, 1976), or insult subjects without any justification (Rule & Percival,
1971). A variety of aggressive responses have been studied including punching
(Kelley & Hake, 1970), administering a loud noise (Mann, Newton & Innes,
1982), or administering an electric shock (Milgram, 1963). Aggressive responses
may be made to an actual person present in the same room, to a person who
can be seen in another room, to a person who cannot be seen or even  to an 
inanimate object"
"In one field study (Goldstein and Arms, 1971), researchers measured the
aggression of male spectators before and after watching a football game"
"Their levels of aggression were compared with male spectators interviewed
before and after witnessing a non-aggressive sport (a gymnastics competition)"
"Results indicated that hostility increaed significantly after watching
the football game, but there was no increase in hostility for spectators
of the gymnastics meet"
"Determinants of aggression  

Theories about the determinants of aggression and aggressive behaviour fall
into three main categories: biological/genetic theories, frustration theories,
and social learning theories"
"Biological/genetic theories  

Both Freud and Darwin saw aggression as an inevitable part of human nature,
a consequence of basic innate drives. Each emphasised different aspects
of the aggressive drive. Freud focused on the negative aspects of aggression
- violence, danger and destructiveness. Darwin concentrated on the evolutionary
(and to some extent positive) aspects of aggression - its self defence and
adaptive functions. In general, it appears that there are times when
aggression is adaptive, and times when it is destructive. The situation
in which the aggression occurs and the function of the aggressive behaviour
are crucial"
"Freud described the person as having two basic drives: eros or the drive
to love, and thanatos or the drive to death and destruction (see Chapter
2). The latter drive accounts for aggressive behaviour. According to Freud,
people have an innate tendency to behave aggressively in every situation,
and people are constantly in conflict and at the mercy of these warring
instincts. As Tavris (1982) comments:
  Yet in the dark Freudian schema, so much unconscious rage and aggression!
  Everyone, at every age, is unwittingly furious with everyone else. Infants,
  for maternal abandonment. Toddlers, with the same-sexed parent who forbids
  incestuous lusts. Adolescents, for having to grow up and forgo childhood
  pleasures. Adults for having to work and repress their instinctive passions
  (pp. 37)"
"Freud's picture of the libido or energy system was a hydraulic one, with
a finite amount of energy moving around within the system. When there is
any blocking of this energy because aggressive drives are not discharged,
then the energy must find release or the level will reach a critical point,
and highly aggressive behaviour will result"
"Lorenz (1966, 1974) also proposed a hydraulic model of anger and aggression"
"For Lorenz, aggression has an instinctual basis, and aggressive energy
accumulates if it is not discharged. Overt aggressive behaviour occurs when
there is a  build-up of aggressive energy - rather like steam from a kettle"
"Lorenz acknowledged that aggressive behaviour in humans usually involves
both this build-up of aggressive energy and some appropriate cue for eliciting
aggressive behaviour, such as the presence of an enemy. Like Darwin, he
emphasised the evolutionary survival value of the aggressive instinct"
"Nonetheless, he noted some clear differences between humans and animals
in the way the instinctual drive is expressed. First, animals have natural
inhibitions against killing their own species, but humans do not seem to"
"Second, human ingenuity has created numerous ways of inflicting injury on
another person. Many of these methods, such as bombs and explosives, tend
to distance the aggressor from the targets of aggression, and make it easier
for humans to aggress against one another. Third, Lorenz believed that human
society allowed for insufficient discharge of the inevitable build-up of
aggression. As a consequence, people are forced to suppress their anger,
with sometimes dangerous results. He argued that people allowed to engage
in minor aggressive episodes would be less likely to be involved in major
acts of aggression (more on this later)"
"Lorenz's view can be criticised on at least two counts. In the first place,
there is no clear experimental evidence for the claims he makes about
aggression in humans. In the second place, he seems to have ignored the
tremendous amount of variation in aggression that occurs between cultures
and sub-cultural groups. Some cultures seem to indulge in frequent displays
of aggression, while other cultures allow little fighting and aggression"
"Moreover, there is a great deal of variation within a culture, with some
people frequently behaving aggressively, and others rarely or never acting
aggressively. Instinctual theories cannot easily account for such between-group
and within-group differences. 
  Some researchers have tried to explain within-group differences by looking for
chromosomal abnormalities in highly aggressive people like convicted criminals"
"In fact, some studies have found males with an extra Y chromosome (XYY instead
of XY) overrepresented in prison populations (Jarvik, Klodin & Matsuyama,
1973). In a Copenhagen study, Witkin and his colleagues (1976) studied 4,000
men to examine further this chromosomal effect. Only 16 men had the extra
Y chromosome, while the rest had the normal XY pattern. Seven of the 16
(or 42 per cent) had been convicted of a crime, while fewer than ten per
cent of the other group had been convicted of a crime. Yet men with the
extra Y chromosome were not more likely to have committed crimes of violence
than normals. Thus, it seems unlikely that the extra Y chromosome is an
explanation for violent behaviour. More probably, XYY men are overrepresented
in the prison population because their low levels of intelligence mean that
they are more likely to get caught (Baron, 1977)"
"Electrical stimulation of certain parts of the nonhuman brain had elicited
aggressive responses. For example, Delgado (1967) isolated the involvement
of the hypothalamus in aggressive behaviour. While electrical stimulation
seems to lead to the emotional state of anger, the way anger is expressed
depends on social and environmental factors. For example, the monkeys in
Delgado's studies, even under the effects of electrical stimulation of the
hypothalamus, did not behave aggressively towards animals who were higher
in the dominance hierarchy. Such cultural and environmental influences on
aggressive behaviour are discussed further in a later section"
"Frustration and aggression  
Dollard and his colleagues (1939) proposed that frustration (interference
with a person's goal-directed behaviour) is the primary determinant of
aggression. Early versions of the theory claimed that frustration always
leads to aggression, and that aggression is always a product of some kind
of frustration. Aggression, of course, can be disguised, delayed or displaced
onto some less threatening or dangerous target, provided that the target
has some similarity to the original target. Miller (1941), a close colleague
of Dollard, modified the theory by maintaining that frustration has the
potential to produce a number of responses, one of which is aggression,
although he still saw aggression as the natural or most likely response
to frustration"
"From studies with animals, Miller (1948) enumerated a list of principles
which predict the displacement of aggression onto targets other than the
source of the frustration. He found that 
1. aggression is more likely to be displaced onto a target which is similar
   to the original target;
2. aggression is more likely to be displaced onto a target where there are
   fewer inhibitions against attacking that target (for example, a lower status
   target);
3. aggression if more likely to be displaced onto another target when the
   aggressive drive was very strong in the original situation, and it was
   inappropriate for the aggression to be directed at the original target (for
   example, I might lose my job if I do)"
"Figure 8.1 depicts a common sequence involving the displacement of aggressive
behaviour"
"In his study of aggression, Berkowitz (1962) has emphasised the role
of anger in the connection between frustration and aggression. He maintained
that frustration leads to anger which, in turn, serves as a drive increasing
the likelihood of aggressive behaviour. Whether aggressive behaviour occurs
or not depends on the presence of environmental cues such as weapons, or factors
likely to disinhibit aggressive behaviour such as violent films or alcohol"
Both of these factors will be discussed further in a later section
"In one test of the frustration-aggression hypothesis (Kelley & Hake, 1970),
subjects were allowed to choose between an aggressive response (punching)
and a nonaggressive response (button-pressing). They preferred the aggressive
response following frustration, although they had preferred the non-aggressive
option in earlier trials where they were not subjected to frustration. Thus, 
the more frustrated subjects are, the more aggressive they are likely to be. 
Rule and Percival (1971) found that subjects were more aggressive to partners
(delivered stronger electric shocks to them) following either frustration
or an unjustified insult. While frustration can lead to aggression, it is
not the only prerequisite to aggressive behaviour"
"Social learning and aggression  
Bandura (1976) has argued that people learn to be aggressive either by
observing models who are aggressive or by being rewarded or reinforced for
aggressive behaviour"
"Exposure to aggressive models: As a test of model effects, Bandura, Ross
and Ross (1961) exposed children to two types of models. First, an adult
behaved very aggressively towards a bobo doll (a large blow-up doll weighted
in the bottom so that it bounces back when hit)."
"Getting information about the Third World  

The Ideas Centre-Resource Centre for International Cooperation is the largest
centre of its kind in Australia. It has easy access, well catalogued
information on development and all Third World countries. It looks behind
the media image of the Third World - countries where one disaster seems
to happen after another - to give a background to current political, social
and economic events in those countries. It examines the causes of poverty
and not just the symptoms"
"The centre consists of a large reference library, which is open to the
public 9-5 Monday to Friday, with a special extension on Wednesday to 7
pm. Many hundreds of secondary and tertiary students, teachers, and lecturers
and others use the centre each year. School groups can make a booking to
come in and work on assignments and hear talks. The Centre also does a lot
by mail, for people who cannot use the library in person. It has three mail
services: the Ideas Bulletin, a sales centre and an ad hoc information service"
"The bulletin comes out ten times per year. It produces the catalogue of
journal articles held at the Centre. The Ideas Centre has a large journal
collection - about 200 periodicals from all around the world. This means
the information is constantly being updated. The best articles are catalogued
under topic and country headings, in the form of ten line summaries. These
make up each issue of the bulletin and subscribers can order copies of the
whole article if they have an area of special interest. There is a photocopying
request form at the back of each issue; the charge is 12c per page plus 
postage. Teachers find this a very useful service"
"The sales centre provides at reasonable cost a whole variety of fact sheets,
country overviews, occasional papers and other publications which are not
readily available in other bookshops. Some of these are produced by aid
agencies in Australia; others are brought in from overseas. All of them
provide current and reliable information in a non-academic style. Teachers
can order publications from the sales list by mail or phone, and the school
can pay on an invoice"
"The information service is particularly useful for teachers, whose needs
may not be met entirely by the sales centre publications. They can ring
or write for information on any development topic or Third World country"
"Ideas Centre staff photocopy articles from the library files and post it
out for 12c page plus postage. As they keep the cataloguing up to date they 
know of the best recent articles on each subject"
"Teachers and students of geography, history, economics, social studies,
Asian studies, home science, agriculture and general studies all find useful
resource material at the ideas centre. We hope you will find us useful as
well!"
"ARMISTICE BEFORE THE SUPER WAR 

IF the national wage case decision is an attempt to reach some form of
armistice between business, the unions and the Federal Government it is
a unique achievement"
"In fact it must be the only armistice ever signed BEFORE a war rather
than at the END of it"
"The Arbitration Commission sought to satisfy all three parties. And it
failed abysmally. Its decision:
  ENSURES the continuation of a system under which those who earn more get
more, those who earn less get less, and those who earn nothing do without;
  GUARANTEES another rise in the CPI;
  HANDS a large part of the 2.3 percent pay rise to the tax man;
  FAILS to do anything to improve our competitive position; 
  MOCKS any claims the unions or the A.L.P. might make to be concerned about
social justice or creating jobs; and
  ABDICATES responsibility for stopping claims for superannuation schemes
based on productivity, although it is obvious the economy cannot afford
them"
"Knee-cap clause
  By promising to rubber-stamp superannuation agreements the commission
has given the unions carte blanche to force schemes through whether the
economy can afford them or not.                                      
  It is, in effect, a knee-cap clause - a pay-up or else opportunity for
the bullies of the union movement to see themselves right at the expense
of others"
"There is a slender chance the Federal Government may be able to slow down
the super rush by threatening to delay the tax cuts promised for September"
The success of such a move is even now debatable
"Few key cards
  Nevertheless the cuts represent one of the few key cards the Government
can play in an economy in which progress is largely dictated by the unions
with little regard for the future. 
  Most Australians accept the need for reduced standards of living in a world 
of falling commodity prices where our competitors have lower costs and 
inflation and interest rates"
To make sacrifices to get somewhere in the future is worthwhile
"But to make sacrifices and see the gains dissipated by union
bloody-mindedness before the country can benefit from them would be a complete
tragedy."
"Book blasts royal family  

LONDON: The most controversial and critical book on the royal family yet
published went on sale in Britain yesterday"
"The book Our Own Dear Queen blasts the Queen as being ""po-faced"" and Prince
Philip as having ""the brains of a polo pony"""
"Republican author Piers Brendon also attacks Princess Margaret as an
alcoholic and accuses Prince Charles of being a ""cradle snatcher"", according
to a report in the Sunday People newspaper"
"He claims Princess Margaret has done for royalty what John McEnroe has
done for tennis"
"He refers to rumors of drunken squabbles, her compulsive infidelities
and squalid post-marital escapades"
Buckingham Palace has refused to comment
""
"Govt told to act on bankruptcies By Leonie Biddle  

  A high level of bankruptcies is costing Northern Territory suppliers
hundreds of thousands of dollars a year"
"NT Trading Association president, Ms Lea Rosenwax, said problems with
failed businesses had reached epidemic proportions"
"The main difficulty stemmed from bankrupt company directors starting
new businesses despite outstanding debts from their previous failed
enterprises, Ms Rosenwax said"
"As a result, each Territory supplier was writing off more than $50 000
a year on bad debts"
"""The situation has reached epidemic proportions because no one is taking
action against these people,"" Ms Rosenwax said"
"""You find businesses going down the gurgle one week and almost immediately
the same people bob up under a new name without any repercussions.""
  She said the revamped NT Companies Act prescribed substantial penalties
for undischarged bankrupts"
But these were not being enforced
"The problem was exacerbated by the NT Government continuing to award
contracts to builders who were undischarged bankrupts"
"""It is up to the Government to enforce its own regulations but it doesn't
want to know,"" she said"
"Ms Rosenwax said the trading association, representing 50 Territory building
suppliers, had approached Transport and Works Minister, Mr Nick Dondas"
"But his office had responded it was up to the market place to prosecute
defaulting customers"
"""We believe it is up to the Government to ensure contracts are not awarded
to people who are breaking the law,"" she said"
The association also had approached Corporate Affairs Office in Darwin
"It wanted the office to enforce the Act and refuse to register companies
whose directors were undischarged bankrupts"
"""It seems the Corporate Affairs does not have the resources to check
the backgrounds of company directors.""
  Ms Rosenwax said the association would not let the matter rest"
"The community had paid dearly for the lack of action against unscrupulous
business practices"
"One survey showed 540 unincorporated businesses in South Australia and
the NT were declared bankrupt in 12 months to June 1985"
"These failed businesses, including registered firms, had cost SA and
NT creditors almost $11 million"
"Ms Rosenwax  said the association had decided to get tough on unscrupulous
business people"
"It also was pushing for the urgent establishment of a register of companies
with proven expertise and financial backing to carry through contracts"
"It had been pressing for this move for a number of years to reduce the
incidence of companies defaulting on a project while it was in midstream"
""
"DON'T BE LATE FOR BREAKFAST -LISA HABERMANN  

THE Late Late Breakfast Show is pretty bizarre"
"This BBC production is also funny, entertaining and surprising"
"And lately, it has become controversial as well"
"Earlier this month a contestant, Mike Lush, 25, plummeted to his death
when a safety bracket failed in a Houdini-style stunt"
"Host Noel Edmonds admits he feels a certain amount of guilt and says there
are no more plans to continue the show on the BBC but admits Channel 10
in Australia are thinking about bringing him out here to compere a
similar-style show"
The show premieres tonight on Channel 10 at 7.30
""
"FACING UP TO SPRING By Fashion Editor KERRY YATES  

There's an important fashion message to be read into every label in the new 
spring ranges from the leading French cosmetic houses"
"Bourjois has given the `green light' to exciting brights with its Feu Vert 
collection and Harriet Hubbard Ayer invites you on a Weekend Exotique"
"Christian Dior takes a retro trip to the colonies with Les Coloniales and 
Yves Saint Laurent's Fatale imparts a warning that it's fatal NOT to try the 
mysterious colors inspired by the heroines of Alfred Hitchcock movies"
"The fantasies involved in planning the new spring faces are fascinating.  
  Once the companies decide on their inspiration for the season, they go 
head-over-heels to name all their products along that particular theme. 
  All very theatrical, and that's how you'll feel with the dramatic color 
changes we'll be facing up to this spring"
"All the top makeup companies have one certain message: spring faces will 
be bold, bright and beautiful.  
  Top fashion colors like tangerine, violet, turquoise, shocking pink, and 
brilliant blue, also go to the eyes"
"All the cosmetic houses have those strong shades in eyeshadows, with matching 
eye-pencils and mascaras.  How you mix the shades is up to you but always 
apply a pale shadow like white, beige, pale pink over the eyelid right up
to the eyebrow first, making a base to take the next color"
"Matt faces are given a warm tint with a dusting of beige or pink tonings, 
blended to almost nothing"
"Lips are outlined with pencil and smudged to form a base for the lipstick. 
Lipsticks are shimmering, almost invisible lip glosses or soft, creamy 
shades for day, and wild-as-you-dare after dark.  Do try some of the frosted 
multi-colored lipsticks by Lancome which combine unusual colors like orange 
and irridescent violet for a rainbow effect"
"CHRISTIAN DIOR was inspired by movies like Out of Africa and Somerset 
Maugham novels in creating its soft, reflective Les Coloniales range.  A rose 
lipstick named Colonial, a blue-rose shade Hammock and a lip shimmer called 
Parasol bring to mind delicate English ladies in the colonies.  Eyes are 
bright, cheeks soft, lashes lacquered, lips fresh and cool with irridescent 
shades like Sunshine and Subdued Light"
"ESTEE LAUDER is bold modern and rah-rah-rah with Boating Party Colors.  
Inspired by happy picnics on the lake and a countryside splashed with color, 
the eyeshadow sets include colors like Picnic Wine, Sunrise Peach, Radiant 
Teal and lipsticks in Bright Day Red, Sunripe Melon and Sunrise Beige.  A new 
addition is a Natural Blush Coloring Creme, which helps you to apply color 
lightly and evenly with a sponge"
"HARRIET HUBBARD AYER's Weekend Exotique range promises your face an exotic 
color romp.  Smudge the eyes in intense color using two pearly shades like 
Rose Intense and Campanule (a fresh bright blue), outline the total eye in 
bright blue kajal and apply a dazzling blue mascara. Also exciting is Luminous 
Yellow eyeshade.  Lips bloom with fashion shades of Mandarine, Magnolia 
(brilliant rose) and Hibiscus, a summer red"
"YVES SAINT LAURENT's adventurous Fatale collection is inspired by classical 
beauties like Grace Kelly and Eva Marie Saint, heroines of Alfred Hitchcock 
movies.  Eyes are widened with a daring pink shadow high on the arc and a hint 
of green shading on the lid.  Lashes are smothered in shocking pink mascara 
tipped with turquoise for a starry look.  Sensuous lips are created with 
coral red lipstick"
"Bourjois has signalled the go ahead to light up your face with a range of 
pert, extra bright colors.  Eyes are wild by mixing Feu Vert, bold, fresh 
green - applied directly along the eyelashes and drawn out and up towards the 
eyebrows - with Rose Printemps, a lively intense pink lightening up the arch 
and lid of the eye.  Lashes are brushed thickly with emerald green mascara 
called Emeraude.  Bright, light lips are dressed up with shimmering orange 
(Rebecca) and pink (Cosima)"
""
"A BIT OF A JOLT FOR JOGGERS  

MEN who take up marathon running to improve their health may find the exercise
denting their masculine pride"
"Researchers in America have discovered that too much running can cause
a man's testes to shrink"
"A study of six men who had run at least 125 kilometres a week for the
past five years, and could finish a marathon in less than two hours and
45 minutes, has come up with the shattering news"
"Susan MacConnie, of the University of Michigan, said none of the men reported
any sexual problems - but all had hormonal abnormalities which might eventually
cause the shrinking"
"They were deficient in a key hormone which sparks off activity in the testes
and eventually, reproductive hormones"
""
"By Tom Howard Bone  

  ""You doan' hafta worry 'bout me no more, Mr. Howard!"" Bone's
white teeth semaphored a dazzling smile. ""I'm cured, man!""
  Didn't believe it of course. I waited patiently for the
sting"
"""You doan' believe me, Mr. Howard?"" Eyes bright, ebony skin
shining with innocence"
"I shook my head. Emphatically. Bone is an instinct-for-
survival troublemaker. Had to be. A negro in whitey's paradise"
"On the edge of every street-kid clique and clan. Tolerated as
a mascot, a novelty, he had to keep fresh. Nothing real bad of
course. Not so much law-bending as bouncing. Steal a dozen
tooth-picks while returning a diamond ring. Give me a sold-out
crim any day. Know where you stand with him. Catch him breaking
your foot, you can send him away for a year. Let Bone dance on
your toes, he'll be back tomorrow with a jugful of fleas!
  ""It's real true, Mr. Howard. I'm not gonna trouble nobody no
more - not you, not the cops, nobody.""
  You had to admire his ingenuity. I smiled. ""Trying to throw
me off-guard, Bone? You're making me even more suspicious.""
  ""Suspicious of what, Mr. Howard?"" Bone didn't try to put on
an innocent face. That was the trouble: - his face always
looked baby bovine. His cow-like eyes were alight with
eagerness to please, his lips pouting with friendliness. ""I'm
givin' it to you straight, man. I don't need that shit no
more!""
  I stood up. ""I'll believe this miracle when I see it, Bone"
"Now if you're through wasting my time, there's a girl outside
who'd like me to find her a job. That's what I'm here for -
genuine kids - real advice - not squaring mischief-makers with
the cops!""
  He remained seated. ""I mean it, Mr. Howard,"" he blurted
desperately. ""I done reformed. I joined Beachies For Christ.""
  I sat down. This was a new development. Bone never ran out
of surprises. ""So what do you want me to do? Voice it from the
clouds?""
  ""Why doan' you come along, Mr. Howard?""
  I stood up. ""It never fails. Get religion, drink, gambling,
you-name-it, sign the pledge, and you want everyone else to
join up too! No, thanks!""
  Unperturbed, he continued to gaze up at me with those
unruffled, wide-open eyes. ""You doan' fool me, Mr. Howard. No
more. Took me a long time to figure you out, man. But I reckon
I got you pegged.""
  I sat down. A jack-in-the box. ""Let's have the wisdom, and
then bye-bye!"" I made a fluttering motion with my hand. ""Got
a girl waiting.""
  ""An angle, right?"" he asked eagerly"
"I resisted the impulse to stand up. ""Yeah, yeah, I know, I
know. Everyone's got an angle.""
  ""What's yours, Jack?"" Bone asked quickly"
"I smiled. Effusively. Warily. ""Just here to help you kids.""
  ""Why, man?""
  I continued to smile, my lips straining with the effort"
"""Just a natural do-gooder.""
  Bone pursed his thick lips, shook his head slightly. ""It
ain't for the money,"" he said slowly"
"""What money? I'm a bloody volunteer!"" I was beginning to lose
patience"
"""Power?"" Bone suggested quietly, as if talking to himself"
"""There's many of us like power.""
  ""What bloody power?"" I screamed"
"""Advice. Big man. Make or break. Kow-towin', wheelin', makin'
waves?""
  I smiled. ""Yeah, maybe that's it, Bone."" I stood up. ""Now if
you'll bloody excuse me, got a nice girl waitin'."" I was
picking up his damn elisions"
"""Seen Nicola lately?""
  I sat down. Fast. ""Not lately,"" I said carefully"
"He shook his head. ""Thought maybe that was it. You know."" He
smacked his lips in a kiss"
I laughed
"He laughed too. Merrily. Two big boys enjoying a joke. A very
dirty joke"
"""You know the score, Bone,"" I said. I snapped my fingers"
"""Muchee promisee, no delivery. I've only ever seen Nicola the
once.""
  Bone stared at me in surprise. ""Like five, man."" (I read pity
in his face). ""She talks, Jack.""
  ""Okay, five.""
  Bone shook his head. Elaborately. ""No, that ain't it either"
"Reckon a man can do better places than Paradise.""
  I stood up. ""Money, power, girls - you've gone through the
bloody lot - and I'm through being needled -""
  ""Religion?"" he asked hopefully"
"""Hah!""
  ""God?""
  I wasn't about to mock God. I held my mouth shut and walked
around Bone to open the door"
"Bone shook his head. Exaggerated dubiety. ""Ever'one's got an
angle.""
  ""Maybe I don't have an angle."" I held the door open. ""Maybe
I'm just a natural, genuine-born eccentric,"" I proclaimed
triumphantly"
"""Okay, Jack."" Bone rose from his seat. ""Thought I'd just tell
you, Jack. Like I done reformed. Beachies for Christ."" He was
gripping my lapel, gazing into my face earnestly. ""Jack?""
  I tried to shake him off. ""Stop bloody calling me Jack!""
  His liquid eyes assumed a look of transparent surprise. ""Why
not, Jack?"" he asked quietly, an urgent earnestness in his
voice, face, manner that lent him an overwhelming dignity"
"I closed the door, walked back to my desk, tossing up what
question to ask first: How long have you known? Who else have
you told? How did you find out?
  I asked the last"
"""Puzzled me, Mr. Howard. Not like the other guys. You know,
the big `P', watermelon, sniggers - I seen 'em all. You treat
me just like the rest.""
  I stared at him, not understanding"
"""I doan' want the talkin' down. You know, that Bone, he's
jus' a ignorant nigger, he ain't very bright, he's rode with
half-weights. You treat me like all the rest. I didn't tell no-
one, Mr. Howard.""
  ""How did you find out?"" I asked again"
"Bone smiled broadly. ""I was in the library. Saw one of your
books""
  ""You must be the only kid in Paradise. How did you know it
was me? No photo in the book.""
  ""A hunch, Mr. Howard. It was months ago, man. Easter!""
  ""You've known all this time? and you haven't told a soul?""
  Bone shook his head, smiled. ""You're not prejudiced, Mr"
"Howard - the only whitey I know!""
  I looked him up and down. ""I'm not prejudiced by the color
of a man's skin. Or the length of his power. I'm prejudiced
against other things,"" I started to pretend"
"""Poverty, disease?"" he suggested quickly, his eyes
mischievous, mocking"
"I shook my head. ""Just cripples and catholics.""
  He smiled. ""Yeah? Me too.""
  I had to defend myself. ""Zombies - that's what I'm against"
"Used to be a catholic. Know what a soul-destroying, first-hand
.. "" I shrugged. ""Crippled minds, crippled bodies ... Ever
hear of a priest with one hand or half a toe, a hare lip, or
a yellow eye?"" I shook my head. ""Unblemished. I'm against all
religions. You really join Beachies for Christ?""
  Bone smiled. ""Why doan' you come along, Mr. Howard?""
  ""It's not a religion, more a way a life,"" I misquoted"
"""Yo' not agin Christ?""
  ""No,"" I answered carefully, ""I'm not against Christ.""

  I wasn't so sure of David Lundin though. Maybe he wasn't
against Christ either. He was certainly for Reverend David
Lundin. Beachies for Christ, but it was Lundin's face and photo
on all the leaflets, Lundin's name on all the banners around
the church"
"This was in Southport of course. Churches are not allowed in
Paradise"
"Southport has a railway station, but no railway line to go
with it. North from the station in a triangle formed by High
Street and Scarborough, is the headquarters of Beachies for
Christ"
"You never heard such cheering and stomping. The place was
packed with exuberant old men and chorusing young kids - all
yelling, shouting, screaming:
  If you cannot preach like Peter, 
  If you cannot pray like Paul, 
  You can cry the love of Jesus, 
  And shout, ""He died for all!""
  Finally, Reverend Lundin bounces up the pulpit, says a few
words repeated with minor variations for fifteen minutes, and
then to my surprise, Bone comes out from behind somewhere and
grabs hold of the mike. A renewed burst of cheering and
stamping. When it is half-quiet, Bone says, opening his eyes
and mouth real wide - swimming brown eyes, sail-cloth teeth -
""Glory be! Is all that stompin' and caterwaulin' for me?"" And
some wag calls out, ""Well it sure ain't for Father Christmas,
brother!"" This gets a big laugh, but Bone smiles and says, ""I
reckon some of youse out there know me. To those that don't,
you can call me `Brother Bone'. Matter of fact this here nigger
don't bring a mind what you call him - so long as it's in the
bounds of the Lord! I been called a lot o' names in my time"
"My friends call me Bone, my mammy called me a no-good, no-
account, lazy nigger, my pappy call me a sassy skinbag and mah
brothers all call me man - `Hey man!' I'm the man with the bones,
the man with the skins! And the eyes and the hair - But the
name I like best is the name the Lord Jesus done give me -
king! prince! duke! He takes one look at me and He says, `Hail
king!' And I says, `Hail to you, Lord Jesus!' And He says,
`Hail to you, Lord Bone!' And I says, `Hail to you, King Jesus
- top that one if you can!' And He says, `You got it all
backwards, brother! You're the king in this here heavenly army"
"And the duke and the general and the captain, too.' So I said,
`You better go easy there, Lord Jesus, and leave some room for
some of these other niggers. They might want to be top
sergeants or privates first class.' And Jesus says, `They's all
here generals in this here army, brother. They's all chiefs and
no indians!' Glory be! `We don't need no indians,' He says, `We
all march to one banner, we all sing to one song!' Glory be to
the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen?""
  ""Amen!"" shouted the crowd"
Amen! This nigger's been called a lot of names in his time
"I was born in Basin Street. You all know where Basin Street is?
That's right. In New Orleans. Man, there's a place that knows
its niggers. And this here nigger was right down the bottom of
the heap. You know, niggers in Basin Street are rated lower
than a dead Eskimo. I was so far down I thought I was livin'
in a crack like a weavil or a bug. Right at the top of the heap
was the high yallers. You know, the niggers that had up and
married with the French. The offspring They didn't
mix with us no-account niggers. They'd spit out their tongues
as they brushed by us on the street and they'd cry out, ""Get
out of mah way, you filthy low-down nigger!"" And they'd teach
their children to jeer at our kids at school. Man, you think
you got prejudice! Ain't no-one more hide-bound than a high
yaller. It was like livin' in enemy country, in occupied
territory, man! You had to keep an eye peeled over your neck
all the time, for if one of them skulkin' high yallers caught
you 'lone in some alley, it was goodbye teeth, hello crutches!
Many's the time I been beat up. Was mah own fault for gettin'
distracted. One time I 'member I was chasin' a blue-tongue,
'nother time I was beatin' a stomp in mah head. Man, mah head
was sure stomped!
  And so we all went, all in our own little ghettos where you
don't cross no lines till you get up to that big ghetto in the
sky. Oh yeah, that's some ghetto, brothers and sisters!
There'll be no crossin' the tracks up there 'tween the lost and
the saved. There'll be no earnin' the right to move from one
side t'other! No sir!
  Anyway, I fell in with some real smart niggers. They had
plans to change the whole thievin' system - they said!"
"Buying machinery - new or used?  

Few hobby farmers can afford all the machines they would like to make life
on the farm easier. But once you decide a piece of equipment has become
a necessity rather than a luxury, should you lash out on a new model or
seek one secondhand? Bill Finlayson has some handy tips on the topic. They
could also help you avoid buying a `lemon'"
"New machinery can appear very attractive. It comes bright and shiny, no
one else has had the chance to abuse it and you should be able to have a
long and trouble free life from it. It comes with perhaps 12 months warranty
and spare parts should be easy to obtain"
"It's going to cost more than a secondhand one of the same model but may
be worth it. If you are not handy with tools and mechanical repairs or you
have only limited time to spend, then new machines could be a wise choice"
"If the machine is an essential part of a cropping program or major farm
enterprise then it may be best to consider buying it new"
"Let us take, for example, the tractor. Across the full range of power
specifications there are more than 400 makes and models from which to choose
and with the current slump in machinery sales it is possible to bargain
for the best possible price"
"Generally, it's best to buy from your local dealer as a warranty usually
requires the machine to be delivered back to the dealer"
"In some cases the dealer will send a mechanic to the property without
a service charge if you live fairly close. If not, you may have to pay a
mileage fee and travelling time for the mechanic. For major repairs, say
to a tractor, you will have to pay the transport cost to the dealer"
"Try to avoid unknown or little known brands, especially with imported
equipment, until you are sure adequate parts and service are available. Many
machines are imported to `test the market'. If they prove unsuccessful then
they simply disappear from sale and it is almost impossible to obtain parts
unless you import them yourself"
"If a particular little known brand appeals to you then go to the importer
and have a look for yourself and see the size of the operation and what
their stock of parts is like. This may mean that you will have to delay
the purchase until you go to the city, but it could save you many thousands
of dollars at a later date. Delays of some months on some parts are not
unknown. This can be disastrous at a critical time in a cropping program"
"Look for the well established brands that you know have good stocks of
parts in Australia and adequate back-up service. This does not mean that
lesser known brands are of inferior quality. It simply means that if there
are only a few of a particular brand of machine sold you may have difficulties
and delays in having it repaired after some years of use. 

 Used machinery  

  The main reason for buying used machinery is to save on capital outlay,
especially when the farm's size means there will only be occasional, light
use of the machine"
"In making this decision you must bear in mind the degree of reliability
required for the particular machine"
"Again, the question comes up ""What brand should I buy?"" The same principles
apply as with selecting a new model, only greater care has to be taken"
"There are currently several thousand makes and models of non-current tractors
being used in Australia. Many of these no longer have any trade representation
and spare parts are only available through wreckers. With some of the lesser
known ones it is impossible to repair them if anything major goes wrong"
"Look into the parts and service situation very carefully and leave no stone
unturned to assure yourself that the used machine you want to buy can be
kept operational"
"Where to buy used machines  

  There are three main sources of supply which are given in the order of
preference"
"‚2 the local machinery dealer;
‚2 private sale (through neighbours or newspaper advertisements);
‚2 auction sales (farm clearing sales, repossession, ex-government equipment,
disposals etc.)
  Don't let local friendships with dealers or neighbours influence your
decision on a purchase. If you buy a bomb, it could result in much
unpleasantness and broken friendships. Select in a businesslike way and
be prepared to accept the consequences of your decision"
"A well established and respected dealership or agency has a reputation
to live up to. To protect that reputation they should do necessary repair
work before offering a machine for sale. If you have a genuine complaint
after purchase you are more likely to get help from the dealer either free
or at a discounted rate"
"Private sales do have a greater element of risk if you don't know the
vendor or the real reason for his selling the equipment. A few hours spent
in conversation in the local hotels and clubs can often bring to light a
lot of useful information to help you in deciding on the purchase,
particularly when buying used tractors"
"Auction sales present the greatest risk. If they are held a long way from
your home you may have little chance of a thorough inspection or testing
of the tractor concerned. Reduce this risk by making some investigations
well before the sale day. There are bargains to be had at clearing sales
if you know the equipment and something about the reasons for the sale"
"At times equipment other than that belonging to the immediate property
is sold at clearing sales for a variety of reasons so check out the ownership
of each item of interest to you, particularly tractors"
"What size?  

  A machine that is too big for the work in hand is a bad investment even
at a bargain price. Work out the size of equipment needed based on the time
available to do the work with it and the power that you have to drive it"
"If you are matching tractor and implement you should aim to use
about 75% of the maximum engine power in the appropriate gear to give the
correct operating speed for the implement. This may not be possible for
all implements but at the least it should be aimed at for the major cultivation
equipment of other major plant in regular use"
"Cost  

  There are no hard and fast rules about prices for used machines. Beware
if it seems to be too cheap. Check out prices with other dealers and in
newspaper advertisements. Don't be in a hurry to buy"
"Work out an average price for a particular model and be prepared to vary
that price up or down depending upon the condition of the one being considered"
"Set a reasonable upper limit and then arrange the upper limit with the lending
body, if necessary. Don't let them talk you into a higher borrowing limit"
"Currently it's a buyer's market for secondhand tractors so don't give
the impression of being over anxious to make a purchase. You will be surprised
how the price can drop over a few weeks particularly if you don't have a
trade-in. Use the waiting time to point out any faults you may have noticed"
A positive prospective sale is a good inducement to rectify faults
"Inspecting the equipment  

  This is the most important part of the whole purchasing procedure. You
may be making a major purchase so it's important to make a thorough job
of it"
"If you inspect a number of machines don't rely on memory, make notes as
you go and start with a list of things to be checked"
"If you are inspecting tractors or engine functioned machines never start
them without the approval of the owner. Preferably get him to start it for
you the first time. If you start it you could be blamed for the pre-existing
problems"
"Don't be afraid to ask for a demonstration on your property. This gives
an additional opportunity to check for faults in used equipment and to ensure
that either new or used gear will match and meet your requirements"
"If you don't feel competent or confident enough to inspect the machine,
find expert help. In the major centres there is usually someone who is
competent and willing to make such inspections for a fee and even give
a written report. If so, check out his reputation or qualifications before
you hire him"
You are making a major purchase so be prepared to pay a reasonable fee
"Such people could expect to be paid $50 to $80 an hour, or you could agree
on a flat rate of $100 for a small tractor to around $500 for a big one"
"Warranty  

  Most new machines have some warranty. Be honest about claims and don't ask
for it when the equipment has been damaged through misuse. Don't be afraid
to ask for some warranty when buying used equipment. Many reputable dealers
do considerable rebuilding work on their used equipment and give warranty"
"If they are not prepared to then perhaps you should look a little closer
at what you are buying. 

 Safety  

  If you are buying an agricultural tractor of any age weighing between
560 and 3860kg, it must be fitted with a roll over protective structure
(ROPS). It cannot legally be sold without this fitted. Machines must also
be fitted with PTO guards, and gears, belts, pulleys, chains, sprockets etc
must be guarded. Don't let the salesman fob you off with the excuse that
you can't buy ROPS or guards. If you buy it and use it without you could
be prosecuted"
"There are considerable savings to be made by searching for the right used
machines. Inspect it carefully and get a second or third opinion if necessary"
"Don't be in a hurry to buy. Have a good look around and let your needs to
be known to local dealers and neighbours. The right equipment will soon
come up"
"Be careful even with new machinery. Be sure that you understand exactly
what the specification means. Check out on tractors such things as engine 
HP, PTO HP and drawbar HP so that you don't buy the wrong size"
"If you have a problem with new machines go back to the dealer until it's
fixed. If he won't fix it then raise the matter with the distributor until
you get satisfaction"
""
"Battler's novel work-for-dole schemeBy MIKE SAFE on the Gold Coast 

THE Gold Coast, with its long, lazy days in the sun, is the last place
to expect passion about the hottest topic of our time - working for the
dole"
"Its lifestyle - forgetting the high-rise moguls who make big dollars -
centres on having a good time"
"However, Noel Evans, 46, a small businessman, believes Australia's good
times have sunk like the summer sun over the Coast's rich hinterland, and
the shadows of recession are closing in"
"A former motel and restaurant owner, he once employed more than 30 people"
"He still has money to invest, ideas to launch and possibly profits to
make"
"But at the moment, he would rather lay low, living off his assets which
include land holdings built up over the years"
"He says while small businessmen - the real makers of wealth, the innovators
and creators of jobs - are forced into such a mood the nation will stay
in the doldrums"
"Mr Evans' complaints are common enough among the business community -
taxes and interest rates that are too high, profits too small, an economy
headed for recession and, despite all the political hot air, no immediate
answers"
"As it all winds down, not even the easy life on the Coast can console
him - he intends selling his house and heading back to Melbourne, his original
home, where new investment opportunities could be offering"
Mr Evans says he is simply being a realist - not a cynic
"And behind his hard-headed attitude, he expresses real concern for where
Australia is headed - and especially for the true victims, the unemployed"
"Out of this, he has formulated his own scheme which he believes will give
both job-seekers and the community paying their benefits a decent go"
"The scheme, which has been running about in his mind for months, involves
the controversial idea of working for the dole, but it enables the jobless
to have a say in the sort of work they do. 
  Mr Evans has given his plan the wordy title Let's Create Wealth And Give
The Jobless A Go"
"He says working for the dole schemes, as advocated by the hard-line New
Right, achieve little - no wealth is created and the unemployed are further
alienated by work that doesn't interest them"
"Ridiculous
  ""I think working for the dole is a damn good idea, but certainly not cleaning
the streets or Meals On Wheels, which in the end become ridiculous,"" he
says"
"""You can only employ so many and you are going to have an army of people
running around trying to supervise it all"
"""That sort of thing is non-productive for the country, and so I put together
this idea.""
  This is how his plan would work:
  The Government would make it compulsory that to collect their benefits
the unemployed would have to do two days work a week"
The two days would be at any business willing to take them on
"On completion, the worker would be given a Government chit to be exchanged
for a cheque at a Government office, such as the CES or the Post Office"
"People working in productive industries, such as building or manufacturing,
would receive an extra payment from either the Government or the employer"
"If the work situation proved favourable, the two-day period might even
lead to a permanent job"
"Unemployed who tried to abuse the scheme by not being diligent would be
pin-pointed through a point score system that assessed attitude to be shown
on their pay chit"
Unreasonable attitudes could mean suspension of benefits
"Employers who tried to exploit the system - such as laying off workers
to replace them with what would in effect be free labour - would be banned
from the scheme and have their names published"
"Wealth
  The basis of the scheme would be creation of wealth by productivity while
giving training to the unemployed, who would be at liberty to change employers
until they found something that suited them"
"From this, business should be able to spend more, thereby boosting industry"
"Other benefits from the scheme would be:
  - Training in an occupation for those who may not have work experience"
- Wealth creation for Australia because more people would be producing
- Less unemployment and lower taxes where there will be reward for effort
"Mr Evans is under no illusion his scheme will have some magic result -
there will need to be an immense co-operative effort"
"""It's like anything - if no one wants to co-operate, be it big business,
the Government or the unions, we can all go down the gurgler together,""
he said"
""
"By Robert English 30:  Tax avoidance and a Big Mac  

    The Premier was sitting out on his back patio watching the rain.  It
hadn't been a particularly good week for him, but then again, not many were"
"Frank had taken the car shortly after six.  Before he'd left, the Premier
had told him that he was a dead man.  Frank had said that he doubted that"
"The Premier then said that he had no option but to destroy him.  Frank had
just smiled and said quietly:  ""We'll see.""
    The next day he had to fly to Canberra.  He wondered whether Daphne
would still go after all that had happened.  He hoped not.  He wanted peace"
"He wanted a rest.  He wanted strength to face what he knew was going to
be the most difficult week of his career.  And he knew that the Prime Minister
was going to jump all over him for weekend sport merely on the basis that
his popularity in the latest poll had dropped to 1.8 percent.  He picked
up his glass of sherry and sighed.  He wondered how long dinner would be"
"He was hungry and his wife had been on the phone for almost an hour.  He
knew that she was talking to that ratbag Everton-Phillip, whom she considered
to be the best accountant/lawyer in the country.  He knew that he was telling
her that his Trust Deed was nothing more than a legal fiction and that the
situation would be very grave indeed once he disclosed its fraud to the
tax people and that she needn't worry any more because he could stitch up
the Premier with just one phone call, and his beloved Patricia would end
up getting everything if she left it all up to him.  He knew this because
he'd had his own phone tapped, here at the house, and was thus cognizant
of their scheming which had been going on for almost a year.  He also played
squash with Everton-Phillip's senior partner who fortunately owed him a
few favours because of some liquidation misdemeanours he'd been involved
in and which remained uninvestigated, and in return he had provided the
Premier with a copy of the young fool's file and all his diary notes.  And
to top all this off, that ratbag friend of hers, Penelope Thrush, who'd
had a secret crush on him since their teens, still thought that she could
ingratiate herself by giving him a blow by blow description of their
conversation at dinner earlier in the week, whereby he was brought right
up to date on George's plans and ambitions"
"Even without this latest information he had long ago signed fresh trust
documents, all above board, and activated them into his latest tax situation
with the intent of pleading ignorance of the other scheme and perhaps
suggesting that his wife, who was a co-beneficiary, had gone her own way
on the advice of a young and ambitious crook who saw his opportunity to
gain her favours by manipulating his professional skills in a most unethical
way.  He felt that George, once the chips were down, would relinquish all
her financial demands rather than face the ignominy of a criminal
investigation, flimsy as the evidence might well be"
"When she finally appeared and lied about who'd been on the phone, he
mentioned that they might think about dinner and George suggested he could
perhaps go out and get himself a Big Mac, and he felt that this was not
right and proper treatment for the top man in the State, and duly pointed
this out, and she merely asked would he mind getting her one too, and he
got angry and mentioned her fetish for whips, leather and domination and
her unrequited love for Margaret Thatcher and why hadn't she told him all
this before they were married, and she pointed out that this was none of
his business, and he told her that he was considering submitting a complete
file on her secret activity to the Chief Walloper of the Vice Squad, and
she picked up the sherry bottle and smacked him in the face with it, and
as he fell off the chair, the last thought he had before losing consciousness,
was that he was going to have one helluve black eye when he met up with
the Prime Minister the following morning"
"31: The Speech Writer  

    Dennis Penwick was a closet homosexual.  He was also the speech writer
for the Leader of the Opposition who had given him the task of preparing
a speech which the L.O. knew he'd have to make during question time after
the Government snipers had raised the question of his alleged presence at
the Touch of Arse.  The L.O. had also asked him to pepper it with as many
cliches as possible, as these always went over well with the less perceptive
readers of the afternoon tabloids.  Thus on this particular Friday night,
Dennis was dutifully listing cliches from a notebook containing more
than 200 that could be adapted to almost any occasion"
"His first three were:
         Smear and innuendo A plethora of lies Scurrilous attack  
These could easily be slotted into any opening harangue.  So often had
they been used by almost everybody, that they had little more than cosmetic
effect.  However, they were necessary to give the impression that a straight
bat was being used by a determined opener"
"Dennis selected three more:
         A Pandora's box As hard as a honeymooner's prick Out of all proportion  
He looked at his second selection and wondered why he'd included it
there.  It was for use more at stag parties or Rotarian lunches.  He scratched
it out feeling that its inclusion was nothing more than a Freudian slip"
"Malicious gossip Strenuously denied Put in its right perspective  
All these cliches would be a sound foundation for the opening defence"
"Now he felt he must move on to the attack:
         Will not tolerate Watch them run for cover Like rats deserting a sinking ship  
Good solid stuff.  But how about a few whizz-bangers for a headline?
         Depraved and sordid minds Sewer rat tactics Nothing above the navel  
And for a big finale:
         Jackboot tactics The end of democracy  
I feel sorry for the lot of you if that's all you can come up with"
"Dennis slapped the book shut.  Having completed the artery system of
the speech, he would wait until the next day before building up the flesh
and bones around it.  His mother called from the kitchen asking if he'd
like some cocoa before bed.  He shouted back that he wasn't going to bed 
but was going out"
"She was at the door in seconds.  ""Where to?"" she demanded.  Although
her son was 42 years old, she never failed to get anxious when he'd announced
that he was going out at night"
"None of your business, you old fat-whacked hag, he'd wanted to say"
"Instead he said: ""Oh, just down to Saul's place to play some records and
watch a bit of T.V...""
    ""He's gay,"" his mother shouted"
"Dennis straightened up and faced her, his nostrils flaring"
"""It's alright for you to stand there, with complete household immunity,
and cast those aspersions at my friends ... but everybody knows that this
is just smear and innuendo and ...""
    ""He's a Craven A!"" his mother interrupted"
"""You just can't help yourself can you, with your plethora of pandora's
boxes ...""
    ""What on earth are you talking about, Dennis?""
    ""... and your sewer-level rat-like navels, like a sea-green incorruptible
with below-the-belt attacks of scurril and gossipy maliciousness...""
    ""Dennis, are you practising your speeches again?""
    ""... And it will bring you down, you fag-hater... you honeymooner's
prick...""
    ""Dennis!""  His mother was pale"
"""... And if that's all you can come up with ... well my God, I feel
sorry for the likes of you ...""
    He pushed past her, fuming with rage, and made for the front door. 
She turned, now even paler, and jumped as he slammed it hard.  ""Dennis!""
But he was gone into the night"
"32: Death at the Cross  

    It was after midnight on a cool autumn evening.  There was an air of
expectancy amongst the surging crowd at the Cross because it was already
the weekend.  Armies of drunken men and women sauntered, walked, ran, pushed
and shoved, lifting wallets, vomiting in garbage bins, buying and selling
drugs, stopping to look, to buy, to chat up, to fall in love for a couple
of hours, and generally to have a good time.  The bars were still open and
would be for another five hours.  Plenty of time to get some last minute
action, and if you didn't, you could punch someone up or jump on a car bonnet
or, as last resort, rip a couple of seats out of the train on the way home"
"The Chief Secretary and his friend the Minister for Planning and
Environment were enjoying pancakes and coffee at their favourite late-night
restaurant, one flight up overlooking Darlinghurst Road.  They had been
to the Opera"
"""I still think there's a big argument for sub-titles,"" George Miller
said"
"""Do you really, George?""  The Minister was applying more lemon and honey
to his already overloaded pancake.  ""Don't you think that would lessen the
authenticity a trifle?""
    They both looked down and across the street where three leather-coated
youths were bashing a street-walker.  Apparently there was some dispute
about the price"
"""What's the use of listening to a mob of bastards sing their little
hearts out for a couple of hours and you don't even know what they're saying?""
    The unfortunate prostitute fell to the ground.  One of the youths stomped
her face with his motorcycle boot"
"""You're supposed to know the story-line, George.  And if you don't,
there's a short resume in the programme...""  He slipped the rolled pancake
into his mouth and washed it down with a generous mouthful of port"
"""Well, tomorrow night, me and a few of the boys are going to the demolition
derby at the Showground ... and you sure don't need subtitles there, eh?""
    The Minister winced.  Why did he put up with this philistine?  The Chief
Secretary, who didn't miss much, saw the Minister wince out of the corner
of his eye.  Why did he put up with this pretentious shit?
    They both turned towards the commotion at the top of Darlinghurst Road"
A car had been set on fire and a crowd was gathering
"""And what's on your plate at the moment, George?""  The Minister wasn't
really interested, but he desperately wanted to change the subject"
"""Well, as you know, I'm chairing the drug committee ... we wind up the
whole thing next week.""
    ""Made any progress?""
    The conversation was interrupted by the blast from the car exploding"
Petrol sprayed in all directions and some of the onlookers caught fire
"""Yes, I've got some pretty radical submissions for the Government .."
"but there's likely to be a bit of opposition, even though we'll save close
to three and a half billion nation-wide ...""
    ""Sounds promising..."" The Minister was more interested in the burning
figures running down the street, screaming in panic.  One of them dived
into the gutter to receive the sideways gush of water from a street-cleaning
tanker.  A few of the others followed suit"
"""You see,"" Miller continued, ""we're proposing that all heroin addicts
gradually and systematically be eliminated.""
    ""Interesting,"" the minister murmured, devouring another crepe and not
really believing the madman opposite.  ""You mean...""
    ""Yes, killed off... You see it's no use keeping them around because
figures show that only five in 100 ever get truly rehabilitated.  The other
95 spend the rest of their comparatively short and ugly lives 
either committing crimes or in gaol, both of which directly or indirectly
cost the taxpayer millions and millions of dollars.  They don't contribute
anything, nobody likes them, they have no future and they are a murderous
drain on the economy.  So why keep them alive?"""
"Saturday night fever, 1986 By Anna-Maria Dell'oso  

WE HAILED the taxi outside the picture theatre. It was late
on a hot Saturday night. We were grateful to spot a Vacant sign
in a madly occupied city. Above the movie billboards, an almost
full moon added her light to the fluorescent lunacy in the
streets. Above the frenzied flashings of the pub discos, the
moon seemed to laugh"
"Below it was Saturday night fever. Herds of suburban boys
drifted along the pavements chomping hamburgers and french
fries, followed at 10-second intervals by herds of suburban
girls tottering on ankle-breaker stilettos"
"There was something touching about their brash and giggling
search for each other but, mysteriously, they never met. The
city seemed full of these male and female gangs whom not even
the moon could bring together"
"The cabbie, a young bloke with calm eyes, leaned over to
open the back door. We fell into the back. I eased off my
shoes. The screams of the post-movie crowds vanished. The last
I was to see of that Saturday night was a couple rapping on the
back windscreen as they crossed the road and a drunk who opened
his arms on the road divider, performing his pain-wracked aria
Oh Ya F-ing Bastards Ya Bastards, Ya F-ing Bastards I'll Kill
Ya"
"For, once the taxi revved up, I was in the Twilight Zone"
"The driver was a player of strategic games with human flesh and
blood. He hurled the cab suicidally into the headlights of the
night. The air seemed acrid with emergency, soaked in the
peculiarly Australian emotional state of Aggro. We could almost
smell the cabbie's hatred of any object that stood between him
and pressing the gas pedal. The speedometer oscillated between
120 and zero km/h as he sped and braked on small city stretches
between lights. The cab snorted between lanes, sniffing for
openings, the slightest crack of bitumen an opportunity to
screech and burn"
"From above, it might have looked like a 20-cent Space
Invaders game in which one is casually interested in how long
the little green space shuttle can survive until the computer 
tolls for thee. Inside the renegade taxi, however, the driving 
felt about as theoretical as a violent assault and more 
pathological than the New York cab ride in After Hours. Too 
frightened to protest in case we rattled the cabbie's concentration 
and blew our Last Coins, we alighted in shock, noting the cab number"
"When we rang the taxi base to warn them of their metered Mad
Max, we were referred to a pathway of bureaucratic letter-
writing and statutory declarations. It seemed the Tron driver
was no big deal, just an average example of Saturday Night
Aggro"
"Perhaps cab drivers are particularly vulnerable to the onset
of this violence that flares during public good times, such as
New Year's Eve, the Grand Final and the end of the working
week. Indeed, taxis are part of the escalating frustrations of
Saturday nights. Since random breath-testing, they have become
as rare as vampires but as essential as blood. I dread the
hour-long hassle for the cab, as I pull on my tights and feed
the cats with one hand while I hang on to the phone with the
other, wincing through the canned music and trying to get a
better commitment than ""a short delay"" from the operator"
"After 30 minutes of anguish, I run out into the street where
gangs of concertgoers are hassling occupied taxis at the
lights. Yet, no matter how frazzled I feel, I wouldn't swap
seats with the cabbies. Some of the most acid wit this side of
Dorothy Parker is spilled over the taxi radio waves. I have sat
red-faced at the back of a cab cringing for Driver XXZ as he is
publicly flogged by the radioman's multi-lashed sarcasm"
"On Saturday nights, the cabs are as tense as a headmaster's
office"
"Perhaps I'm suffering inner-city burnout but I am convinced
that Saturday nights are becoming more feverish. Despite the
predictions that the video-cassette recorder would turn
Saturday nights into a cottage industry - that folks would play
their VCRs at home as the Victorians tinkled around the parlour
piano - the streets of the city are crammed. People's need to
congregate around the movie palaces and computer games halls is
more than economic or for amusement. Saturday night is a
traditional release of tribal tension. In another culture, the
fiesta and mardi gras might bring out the drunken babbling joy
in people, a kind of outrageous party. Lately, however, the
overwhelming emotion in our city streets seems to be Aggro, a
strangely pain-filled reaction to fun"
"To judge from the beery-teary faces in the streets, few
people are having the much-advertised Good Time. A happy drunk
is hard to find. Waiting for a bus after the movies in the
middle of George Street, I see a man run out from the crowd. He
has a knife in his hands and he is weeping and bellowing
""Heyyy! ... HEYYY!"" From across the street, it sounds
curiously like a sobbing little boy. Yet the stainless steel
stabs the air. ""Heyyy! ... HEYYY!"" Passers-by look at him
bewildered. Is it a movie, or a publicity stunt? He is
virtually standing under Stallone's machine-gun poster for
Cobra. More people turn. Panic crackles across the street"
"I realise that I am frightened, that I have backed into the
glass door of McDonald's. Suddenly the man finds his enemy,
flicking the knife at him. There is an exchange of bellows and
they disappear into Chinatown"
"I think, as I wait for my bus, of friends, waitresses in an
inner-city cafe, who are convinced that Saturday nights and the
full moon are a deadly combination when severe outbreaks of
Aggro infect even the mildly sloshed. Down George Street, a
young bloke with a ripped shirt and a can of Tooheys is
dragging his plump girlfriend by the arm. She is crying and
staggering on heels and ripped stockings. Suddenly, he pushes
her away and stalks off yelling: ""Get lost, Maureen - I toldya,
just piss off, til ya lose some weight ..."" As the girl
staggers after him, I am infected by a fit of Aggro. ""Don't do
it,"" I scream after her, ""he's not worth it!""
   Embarrassed, I decide to walk. At the lights, two girls are
taunting an ""Animal Bus"" of men too full to propel themselves
home. A cab pulls up with a tired-looking driver playing a
Frank Sinatra cassette. I judge his battered Valiant as
incapable of a human Space Invaders game down Parramatta Road"
"As I hop in, a creature from the Animal Bus pours beer over the
windscreen and then throws the can at pedestrians. I promise
myself that next Saturday night I will stay home and wash my
hair"
""
"MY farmer husband is incapacitated (accident) and I have to manage the
finances. I asked Rural Finance for help and they said the farm was viable and
I should go back to the bank. The bank now charges me 24 per cent, plus other
charges. What hope do I have? 

 Kicked When Down (Kerang)."
"All talk, no contracts  

  THINGS are tough these days for radio's growing legion of talking heads! 
  Except for the people at 3AW, no open line gabsters in Melbourne commercial
radio have contracts"
"Even 3AK's highly paid breakfast man John Blackman admits he's on a
hand-shake agreement ... and 3DB supremo Bert Newton is also on a week-to-week
deal"
"Whatever happened to the good old cast iron, long term contract of
yesteryear? 
  Maybe managements got sick and tired of writing massive severance cheques
for overpaid ""names"" that never quite cut the mustard on air"
"I could think of a few who have found themselves out on the pavement much
richer for having poor ratings"
"The last contract personality on DB was aggressive drive time host Bill
Tuckey, who was axed recently, but not for low ratings"
"Meanwhile, things are a little more relaxed at AW where the station has
had a long run at the top of the ratings"
"It would be hard to imagine the ubiquitous Hinch without a solid gold
agreement ... and breakfast pair Bruce Mansfield and Darren James have
scored well enough to have the station willing to tie them up"
"Otherwise contract lawyers aren't getting much business in the wunnerful
world of wireless these days!"
"By Colin Thiele  

  The next five years of Anna's life raced by as if time, like a river,
had hurtled over a waterfall. She began to have her children in quick
succession now - Esther in 1853, Ernst in 1854, and Hermann in 1855. They
were followed by two miscarriages before the cycle established itself again
with the births of Clara in 1857 and Edwin in 1858"
"Almost overnight the house seemed to be bursting at the seams. There was
always a baby at her breast or on her hip or crawling about under her feet"
"There were constant alarms when toddlers disappeared - chilling fears that
they were drowning in the well, wandering lost in the wheat crop, or being
bitten by death adders. There were dangers from boiling water and fire,
and from sudden illnesses that were for ever stalking children and threatening
to carry them off in the night"
"Yet, in spite of the turmoil, Anna's home was a warm and happy place"
"Little Hans was old enough to fetch and carry, and Johann as always was
strong and helpful. The heifer had long since grown up and produced calves
of its own. There was milk and butter and cream, eggs from the small flock
of hens, turkeys for Christmas dinner, and plenty of vegetables in the garden"
"If flour ran short, Anna kibbled some wheat in the shed and made meal cakes
to tide them over"
"She was not alone in her burst of childbearing. Aunt Maria kept pace for
a time, her last child - Martin - being born on the eve of her thirty-ninth
birthday. There were now four small Australian-born Schmidts to fill out
the family, and Franz, after so much heartbreak and tragedy, was at last
able to thank God for his goodness. Christiana bore two more daughters,
Esther Himmeldorf three sons, and Magdalena a son and a daughter. Freya
Hartmann tragically lost three of her five children in infancy, but timid
Emma Nitschke surprised the district by outstripping them all. In addition
to young Karl, who had been born so dramatically in Rio on the outward voyage,
she now produced seven children in five years, all as strong as lion cubs"
"Two sets of twins had set her on her multiplying way. It was clear that
the productivity of the people had more than matched the productivity of
the land. Both the church and the school had had to be enlarged"
"In the midst of all this, Johann was prospering. Each year added something
to his wellbeing, steps on the stairway to success. The harvest of 1853
was phenomenal; record plantings and abundant rain had led to a cornucopia
of wheat. And there was an insatiable market for it on the goldfields"
Overnight South Australia became the granary of the country. Prices soared
"Wheaten flour was powdered gold, more precious than the metal the diggers
were sweating and dying for. Teamsters strained and cursed to get waggon-loads
of it to waiting ships. Paddle-steamers were being built to haul it up the
Murray to Victoria, where other teams could overland it to the fields. Millers
laboured short-handed"
"For there was only one shadow on the sunshine of prosperity. There were
no labourers to do the labouring. They had all gone to the diggings. It
was April before Johann had threshed and bagged the last bushel. He had
slaved away unremittingly since December - four months of back-breaking
toil, haste, and anxiety, for ever looking up at the sky for signs of storms
or smudges of smoke. And he was one of the lucky ones, because Bruno Bormann
again helped out during the main part of the season, and Anna herself worked
miracles. Though pregnant again, tending two children, and acting as caterer,
cook, cleaner, washerwoman, milkmaid, poulterer, wood-chopper, and nurse,
she nevertheless worked long hours out in the wheat crop with the men -
raking, carrying, stacking, bullock driving, sieving, and bagging"
"The rewards were rich. The ten acres of wheat yielded better than 20 bushels
to the acre, and the price was a pound a bushel. To celebrate, Johann bought
an 80-acre allotment nearby that had come on the market because the owner
- an Englishman named Wiggins - had decided to sell up and run off to the
diggings too. It was beautiful country, so mildly undulating that it looked
as if the folds of the land itself were breathing gently in sleep"
"On the night after he had signed the purchase documents and paid the money,
Johann sat silently in front of the rough fireplace with Anna. Hans and
Esther were both asleep. Outside, the cow was bellowing for its calf. After
a while Johann put his hand on Anna's arm, and pressed it gently"
"`Anna', he said, `you have brought me luck, unbelievable luck.'
  She stirred. `God has brought you luck, not I .'
  He nodded. `Yes, of course he has. But you are at the heart of it. I think
he sent you to me on purpose.'
  `He ordains everything', she answered simply. `So he is the one for both
of us to thank.'
  He sat in a reverie. `There is no doubt that we are the lucky ones, we
who came later. All of us - Franz, Andreas, the Kreigs and the Kramms, cranky
Otto Nitschke - we are all so much better off than the poor souls who led
the way. We had a little money, we could get our own land and our own animals"
"And now we have struck the high prices for wheat and flour. That ten-year
gap made all the difference.'
  She nodded and sighed. `But it hasn't been easy for us, either.'
  `No, but think of those poor creatures at Klemzig and Hahndorf, at Lobethal
and Bethany, right at the very beginning. They had nothing. Nothing. They
even had to borrow money to live. And then for years and years they had
to labour to pay off their debts.'
  `But they did it, every penny.'
  `Some are still doing it. But we have got so much further, and so much
more quickly.'
  She stood up. `Johann, you are starting to talk like a landlord. Soon
I suppose you will want to buy one of those new reaping machines.'
  `Never. I'd rather trust in my own two hands.' He chuckled. `But Otto
Nitschke was so furious when he lost some of his crop in that storm last
month that he'll probably want to buy one tomorrow.'
  Not long after this, Johann met Joseph Seppelt again. It was after a special
harvest-thanksgiving service at Langmeil, which many of the outlying families
attended. The men were standing in knots outside as they always did, discussing
wheat, weather, water, and wickedness, and interchanging points of view
on doctrine and dogma. Because they had met once before, Johann and Joseph
Seppelt shook hands cordially and immediately fell into friendly conversation"
"It went on for a long time, and Anna, surrounded by a grouup of older prattling
women, was beginning to grow impatient. Esther was petulant, and Hans kept
on disappearing between different pairs of male legs as he trotted from
one cluster to another"
"She managed to get Johann away at last, and they set off for home across
country, Hans trotting between them, she carrying baby Ernst in the shawl,
and he hoisting little Esther on his shoulders"
"`What on earth kept you and Herr Seppelt so long?' Anna asked. `Tobacco?'
  He laughed uproariously. `No, the tobacco was a failure. And some of his
men - the ones he brought out specially - have left him and gone off to
the diggings.'
  She swished a fly from the baby's face. `I told you that tobacco wouldn't
grow.'
  `It grew', he answered gaily. `Perhaps it grew too well. The leaf was
much too rank.'
  `And it took you such a long time just to hear that?'
  He leaned toward her as they walked, and dropped his voice in mock
conspiracy. `We didn't talk about tobacco. We talked about something much
more important.'
  `What? Mettwurst?'
  `Wine!' He glanced sidelong at her, with his look of boyish enthusiasm"
"`What do you think of that, Anna? Wine. Seppelt has high hopes of it. And
there are others, too, who are already growing vines.'
  `Why all this ecstasy about wine? Does it mean so much to you?'
  He leaned toward her again. `Yes, it does, to both of us.'
  `I don't see why.'
  `Because we are going to plant vines too, on some of our new land. We
are going to grow grapes and make wine. And if we are unable to make it
properly, Herr Seppelt will show us how. He will even buy our grapes if
we want.' He eyed her excitedly `So what do you think of that? Etwas ganz
erstaunendes, nicht? Astonishing, isn't it?'
  He put Esther down for a minute, hoisted Hans on to his shoulders, and
galloped off like a horse, whinnying and cavorting in front of Anna. The
little boy shrieked and kicked with laughter. Finally they came galloping
back and turned sharply before her, scuffing up the dust. `Yes, vines',
he repeated, jubilant and panting. `What do you think of that, eh?'
  She laughed. `I think I have a lunatic for a husband. He is not like an
earnest German at all. He is only a schoolboy - or a frustrated horse.'
  He walked beside her sedately while he recovered his breath. `But it is
a good idea, isn't it - to plant vines? We will still grow wheat, of course"
"But the vines will be something special, something extra, something to fall
back on if things should change. Who knows, some day the vines may be more
important to us than the wheat.'
  She loved him for his vitality. `Of course you shall plant your vines',
she answered. `And I shall pick the first bunch of grapes.'
  When the little vineyard was planted 12 months later, it looked beautiful
- the soil combed out so carefully, the rows of vines so symmetrical that
they looked like the painstaking design of an old German craftsman; and
in a way they were. 
  `All we have to do is wait', Johann said delightedly as they stood gazing
at the incredible orderliness of it all, `and in God's good time the wine
will redden on our fingers.'
  While all this was going on, there was more and more movement up and down
the valley. It was impossible to imagine that only 15 years previously the
whole place had scarcely been seen by white men's eyes. There was a new
congregation at Gnadenfrei, new settlements northwards at Stockwell, and
beyond the valley at Pine Hut Creek and St Kitts. The township of Tanunda
was growing, bidding fair to swallow Langmeil altogether"
"Some of the newcomers came individually, but most moved up in groups,
preserving family ties or shipboard units, just as Traugott Gross's `Heimwald
Herde' had done at Gutendorf. They were all Germans or Wends, everyone else
having rushed off to the goldfields. They were used to hard work and frugal
living, using every minute of daylight for useful labour, every minute of
darkness for rest and sleep"
"The shortage of labourers affected nobody more severely than Angas and
some of the other large landowners, so they came to bless the stolid Germans
who stayed at home and worked hard, instead of chasing rainbows over the
horizon. Additionally, as Anna had pointed out, some of the German settlers
felt they owed a debt to Angas for the way he had helped their countrymen
with offers of loans and parcels of land in their first destitute years"
"Even so, providing all the labour that was needed, especially at harvest
time, was an impossible task"
"Back at Gutendorf, the women and children took up some of the burden"
"The older Himmeldorfs - Helena and Rudolf - who had helped Anna sell vegetables
to the Kapunda carriers years before - were now 15 or 16, Adolf Noack was
over 12, and many of the younger children were nine or ten."
"Employer bickering comes to a head By Pamela Williams Idealogical debate could reconcile the conflicting interests of members
of the Business Council  

When Carlton & United Breweries reached an early truce with unions in the
battle over superannuation a few weeks ago, cynics in the industrial relations
community pointed out that the company was an influential member of the
Business Council of Australia, which had vowed to resist any superannuation
deals"
"CUB chairman John Elliott came in for a lot of flak from other council
members. They were embarrassed by the deal, which came in the wake of strident
claims by the council's executive director, Geoff Allen, that the wind
had gone out of the unions' super campaign. Elliott and Elders IXL director
Ian McLachlan had been talking tough about superannuation and weak management"
"At the same time other members, particularly the chief executives of
ACI and Pacific Dunlop, were taking a lot of heat in the super battle and
the perception was that CUB had been very easily rolled. The animosity
to Elliott was spelled out by some in telexes, although the council took
no formal critical position. Soon after, Elliott called for the council
to be scrapped as unrepresentative of the business community"
"Elliott has been critical of the council before and has made it clear
he believes a Liberal government should not deal with the organisation"
"But the pressure on Elliott is an indication of the dilemma facing the
council's members: how to resolve the conflict between the business council's
policy and public utterances, and the need finally to be answerable to their
company boards, whose needs sometimes fly in the face of council policy"
"As the council presses into the melee of everyday industrial relations,
some members are weighing up what is best for their own companies. On the
heels of Elliott's calls for the council to be scrapped, another member,
Colonial Mutual, reacted swiftly to a provocative full-page advertisement
placed in newspapers around the country by Geoff Allen. The advertisement,
approved by council members at a meeting Colonial Mutual did not attend,
was an open letter to ACTU president Simon Crean complaining about
trade union activity in general, and superannuation in particular"
"Before the day was out, Colonial Mutual and other council members contacted
the ACTU and major unions to disassociate themselves from the action. The
ACTU phones and telex machines ran hot. Another member from the insurance
industry, National Mutual, also wrote to a large number of unions to restate
its neutrality on the superannuation question. Colonial Mutual did not
send the business council a copy of its telexes to the unions"
"Geoff Allen is not discomfited by the fuss. ""It's a demonstration that
the council is not going to be inhibited by a small minority view,"" he
says. ""We take a very tough line on super, but companies can act pragmatically
in their own interests. They have to deal with their own particular industrial
problems. There is no inconsistency.""
  Colonial Mutual's assistant general manager, Graham Rogers, told BRW he
considered the advertisement to have been just an unfortunate accident"
"""If it were to become a developing view (the anti-union sentiment), we would
be in a more difficult position,"" he says. ""If it's aberrant, we can live
with it."" Rogers will be watching closely any further developments relating
to the view expressed last week by Geoff Allen that the attitudes of the
New Right had solid acceptance in the business community. Rogers says he
is unaware that any such consensus has been formed"
"""I'd have to say that is the view of an individual,"" Rogers says. ""From
our point of view, we as an organisation would be very concerned if the
business council was developing an anti-union view. I don't believe that
is the case, but we will have to watch things. I think they need to decide
where they stand. I think until now the council has been fairly pragmatic,
and they'll need to weigh up that position. Our company won't be placed
in one or the other camp industrially.""
  The superannuation campaign by the unions has created other headaches
for council members. The round table environment of the business council
exerts considerable peer group pressure on members, which has acted as a
disciplinary curb on companies prepared to deal with unions in a more
conciliatory fashion. They are under pressure to hold out for the good
of all, and must be seen to give in to union campaigns only after a major
battle involving big financial losses. Critics point to this as a face-saving
device"
"Unions point out that the recent agreement between Pacific Dunlop and
its unions was announced with accompanying statistics on the massive $6
million cost the company incurred through industrial action before striking
a deal. In fact, there is concern at the ACTU that some companies have
privately told unions that they must be seen to take a loss before they
can agree to any deals"
"The council has never divorced its interest in industrial relations from
its primary interest in the economy, but it has rarely engaged in the
nitty-gritty of negotiating wages and conditions on behalf of members,
preferring instead to leave the Confederation of Australian Industry to
present its submission to national wage cases. But last week's strong stand
by Geoff Allen on the question of the New Right is likely put some
council members in a difficult position with the unions in their companies"
"The clash over the New Right in the business community peaked when the
chief executive of the Australian Chamber of Manufactures,
Brian Powell, slammed what he called the ""truly fascist tendencies"" of the New
Right. Although some suggest that Powell misread the mood in his constituency
and went too far in his criticism, the outburst brought to a head the bickering
in the business and employer camps about whether to identify publicly with
the industrial crusaders of the H.R. Nicholls Society"
"Powell's sentiments were welcomed by the unions, who are watching closely
the links between moderate business and radicals such as the Australian
Federation of Employers. The federation's president, Andrew Hay, this
week issued a defamation writ against Powell. No sooner had Powell made
his comments about fascist tendencies than Geoff Allen took another tack,
claiming that many of the H.R. Nicholls Society's ideas have solid acceptance
in the business community"
"Powell has triggered an avalanche of decision-making in the business and
employer lobbies. His remarks have helped to crystallise opinion and have
brought new meaning to the term ""employer disunity"". Observers say it is
unlikely Allen would have made his remarks without consulting business council
members"
"Allen's comments are an indication that the idealogical debate could
reconcile the conflicting interests of Business Council members. The council
has long been a battleground for what one observer describes as ""structural
clash"" - that conflict of sectional interests that has caused the crucial
economic brawl in Australia, between the farming, mining and commercial
interests who believe they underpin the economy, and the protected industries
such as cars, textiles, clothing and footwear and manufacturing generally,
who are assisted by the Government"
"In the business council, this battle has been politely played out between
the mining and manufacturing interests. It has been a careful balancing
act for Geoff Allen, and has been successfully juggled largely as a result
of a gentlemen's agreement between members not to push each other too far"
"Council members are aware of each others' vital areas of interest and they
know that each will act for his own company's survival in the final analysis"
"The need to finally seek a common position in the idealogical debate may
iron out some of these differences"
"As a collection of businessmen, the Business Council has a real advantage
in being able to put forward ideas and issues for discussion. Prime Minister
Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating have responded to the high profile
of members. Hawke prefers the immediate contact at this level to the need
to go through the layers of consultation with other employer
organisations"
"Council members are said to be highly susceptible to Hawke, who has always
had a fascination with big business and a rapport with chief executives"
"The Government has sometimes found it easier to convince the council to
take a reasonable attitude and then used this as a stick to bring the peak
employer organisation, the Confederation of Australian Industry, into line"
"Geoff Allen says the close links the council has with the Government's
advisory networks have created some points of tension with the council's
original aims. ""We are absolutely determined to be taking a long view and
a consistent forward-looking approach; not to be buffetted by ad hoc responses
to crisis,"" he says. ""At the same time, the role thrust on us as activists
in immediate debates is constantly threatening to pull the organisation
away from longer-term issues."" To deal with this, the council works on its
long-term policy objectives to provide ""a light on the hill"" by which to
judge short-term policy"
"Observers have described the council as an elite club for individuals
used to getting their own way. Others say it is a paper machine, wasting
trees. They pose the question: ""What does the business council believe in?""
Allen himself is stumped when asked about the council's identity, and says
it is a question for observers"
"Bob Hawke is clearly prepared to deal the council in as half of the
employers' camp. The council has capitalised on the relationship with the
Government by hiring key operators from the upper echelons of the Treasury
as analysts and advisers. But as the council wades deeper into the waters
of industrial relations, albeit in response to the flattering invitations
of the Prime Minister, its ability to make a practical commitment and deliver
its members will be increasingly under the microscope"
""
"Cyanogen-bromide and methyl-chloroformate-mediated synthesis of some 
[3]benzazonino[8,7,6-abc]carbazole, [3]benzazecino[9,8,7-abc]carbazole,
naphth[1,8,7-def]azonine and naphth[1,8,7-def]azecine derivatives  By John B Bremner and Kevin N Winzenberg Abstract  

Reaction of 7,8-dimethoxy-1,4,5,9,13c,13d-hexahydro-2
H-indolo[3',2':4,5]indolo[1,7,6-aji]isoquinoline(4a) and
8,9-dimethoxy-1,2,3,5,6,10,14c,14d-octahydro-indolo[3',2':3,4]naphtho[2,1,8-ija]
quinolizine(4b) with cyanogen bromide in the presence of potassium carbonate
afforded the elimination products 7,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4,5,9-hexahydro[3]
benzazonino[8,7,6-abc]carbazole-3-carbonitrile (5a) and
8,9-dimethoxy-2,3,4,5,6,10-hexahydro-1 H-[3]benzazecino[9,8,7-abc]carbazole-
4-carbonitrile (5b) in 4% and 88% yield respectively;
7-(2-bromo)ethyl-1,2-dimethoxy-4,5,6,6a,7,12-hexahydroisoquino[8,1-ab]carbazole-
6-carbonitrile (6a) was also isolated in 20% yield from the former reaction"
"Products of analogous structure were also obtained from (4a,b) when methyl
chloroformate was used in place of cyanogen bromide.  Reaction of (4b) with
cyanogen bromide in the presence of water and magnesium oxide afforded the
solvolysis product 14d-hydroxy-8,9-dimethoxy-2,3,4,5,6,10,14c,14d-octahydro-1
H-[3]benzazecino[9,8,7-abc]carbazole-4-carbonitrile (8b) together with (5b)"
"Similarly application of this reaction to 8,9-dimethoxy-2,3,5,6,11a,11b-
hexahydro-1 H-naphtho[2,1,8-ija]quinolizine (1b) afforded both the
corresponding solvolysis and elimination products; (4a) and
7,8-dimethoxy-1,2,4,5,10a,10b-hexahydronaphtho[1,8,7-ghi]indolizine (1a),
however, gave only solvolysis products.  Solvolysis and elimination products
were also isolated when (1b) and 4(b) were subjected to
cyanogen-bromide-mediated methanolysis reactions.  Acid-catalysed elimination
reactions of the alcohol solvolysis products are described along with reaction
of some of the elimination products with lithium tetrahydroaluminate"
"Central to recent interest in bridged-aromatic compounds (for recent review
see) has been the remarkable deformation induced  in the aromatic
ring by the addition of aliphatic bridges of suitably small lengths.  Also
of interest is the influence of nonplanarity of the aromatic moiety, and
of transannular interactions between the aromatic ring and the proximate
aliphatic bridge, on the physical and chemical properties of these compounds"
"Recently we reported the synthesis of the aromatic-ring distorted 
1,7-bridged naphthalene derivatives (2a-e): crucial to our synthetic strategy 
was the cyanogen-bromide- and chloroformate-ester-mediated (cf.) rupture of the 
central carbon-nitrogen bond of (1a,b) (Scheme 1).  We now wish to report 
the application of this strategy to the synthesis of related indole-annelated 
derivatives, and to outline some further aspects of the key ring-destruction 
reactions and of the chemistry of some of the bridged heterocyclic derivatives"
"Results and Discussion  

  The indole-annelated substrates (4a,b) required for the ring-destruction
reactions were prepared in good yield from boron-trifluoride-mediated 
Fischer indolization reactions of the amino ketones (3a,b) (Scheme 2)"
"Structural assignment of (4a) and (4b), which are derivatives of new
heterocyclic ring systems, was made on analytical and spectroscopic grounds"
"In the infra-red spectra of (4a) and (4b) the appearance of an absorption
band at 3460 cm-1 and 3465 cm-1 respectively was consistent with the 
presence of an indolic NH group.  In the 1H n.m.r. spectra a one-proton 
singlet at     9.38 in (4a) and at    9.37 in (4b) was assigned 
to this secondary amino group in each case.  A one-proton doublet at 
   4.41 (J 8.1 Hz) in (4a) and at    4.39 (J 6.4 Hz) in (4b) were
assigned to H 13d and H 14d respectively.  In the proton off-resonance
decoupled carbon-13 n.m.r. spectra of these compounds the methine carbon
atoms of (4a), C 13d and C 13c, and of (4b), C 14d and C 14c, appeared as
doublets at 59.8, 34.9, 57.5 and 33.4 ppm respectively"
"Reaction of (4a) and (4b) with cyanogen bromide in ethanol-free chloroform,
in the presence of potassium carbonate, gave the hexahydro benzazonino
[8,7,6-abc]carbazole-3-carbonitrile (5a) and the hexahydro-1 H-bezazecino
[9,8,7-abc]carbazole-4-carbonitrile (5b) in 4% and 88% yield respectively
(Scheme 2).  The related urethanes (5c) and (5d) were also obtained in 14%
and 82% yield respectively when methyl chloroformate was used in place of
cyanogen bromide"
"Structural assignment of these compounds rests on spectroscopic evidence,
and also analytical evidence in the case of (5b) and (5d); the elemental
composition of compounds (5a) and (5c), which were obtained as unstable
gums, was established from high-resolution mass spectroscopy.  By way of
illustration, a detailed account of the structural assignment of (5a) and
(5b) only is presented.  In the infrared spectra of these compounds a
characteristically sharp band for the cyanamide group was present [at 
2200 cm-1 for (5a) and 2220 cm-1 for (5b)] together with bands [at 3420 
cm-1 for (5a) and 3390 cm-1 and 3310 cm-1 for (5b)] ascribable to the NH 
group.  In the 100-MHz H n.m.r. spectrum of (5a) a downfield singlet at 
   9.78 (1H) and two other singlets at    7.58 (1H) and 6.83 
(1H) were assigned to H9, H 13d and H6 respectively, while a doublet at 
   8.12 (J 8 Hz,1H) was assigned to H13; the chemical shift of this
latter proton was similar to that reported for H4 and H5 in carbazole. In 
the 300-MHz H n.m.r. spectrum of (5b) the corresponding protons H 10, H 14d,
H 7 and H 14 appeared at    10.00(singlet), 7.62(singlet), 7.03(singlet) 
and 8.13(doublet,J 8 Hz).  The remaining aromatic protons in (5b), H 11,H 12
and H 13, were assigned to signals at    7.67 (broad doublet, J 8 Hz),
7.46; (ddd, J 8,7,1 Hz) and 7.31 (ddd,J 8,7,1 Hz) respectively; the
corresponding protons H 10, H 11 and H 12 in (5a) appeared as an unresolved
multiplet between    7.70 and 7.05"
"In the case of the reaction of (4a) with cyanogen bromide and methyl
chloroformate the ring-opened derivatives (6a) and (6b) were also obtained
in 20% and 42% yield respectively.  The bromide (6a) was obtained as a gum
and decomposed rapidly on storage; however, this compound, together with
(6b), was adequately characterized.  Products of analogous structure to
(6a) and (6b) were also reported from the reaction of (1a) with cyanogen
bromide and methyl chloroformate.  Indeed the preparative usefulness of
these reactions of (1a) and (4a) is clearly limited by the formation of
halogen-containing side products.  Accordingly, attention was directed to
cyanogen bromide-mediated solvolysis reactions of (1a,b) and (4a,b)
with the aim of developing an alternative and more viable route to the
cyanamides (2a) and (5a).  A further incentive for exploring a solvolytic
route to (5a) was forthcoming from a comparison of the ultraviolet spectra
of (5c) and (5d); a significant red-shift, consistent with aromatic-ring
distortion, was observed in that of (5c), and it was therefore
of interest to attempt to obtain larger amounts of the related compound
(5a) for more detailed structural studies"
"Reaction of (1a,b) and (4a,b) with cyanogen bromide in the presence of
water, and also in the presence of methanol in the case of (1b) and (4b),
afforded the alcohols (7a,b) and (8a,b), and the ethers (7c) and (8c) (Schemes
2 and 3) (Table 1).  The carbonitriles (2b) and (5b) were also obtained
from the reactions of (1b) and (4b)"
"Structural assignments for these solvolysis products were supported by
spectroscopic data, and molecular compositions were established by
high-resolution mass spectra. 
  The infrared spectra of all these compounds showed a strong absorption
band with frequency values ranging from 2200 to 2220 cm-1 for the
cyanamide group, while, additionally, those of (7a,b) and (8a,b) had a broad
band centred at 3420, 3440, 3290 and 3410 cm-1 respectively which
confirmed the incorporation of a hydroxy group.  Likewise in the H n.m.r"
"spectra of (7c) and (8c) the presence of a three-proton singlet at δ
3.15 and    3.14 respectively confirmed the incorporation of an aliphatic
methoxy group; a downfield one-proton singlet at    4.58  and one-proton
doublet (J 3 Hz) at    4.88 respectively were assigned to the methine
proton attached to the carbon bearing the methoxy group.  In the H n.m.r"
"spectra of the alcohols (7a,b) and (8a,b) the corresponding methine proton
appeared as a downfield one-proton signal at chemical shifts ranging from
   4.94 to 5.67"
"Acid-catalysed elimination of the hydroxy groups of (7b) and (8b) was
expected to be facile and, in the event, brief treatment of these compounds
with hydrochloric acid afforded the more highly aromatized derivatives (2b)
and (5b) in excellent yield.  On the other hand the alcohols (7a) and (8a)
were inert under identical reaction conditions; this reflects the increased
strain which must be accommodated in the conversion of C 8a and C 10c in
(7a) and C 13c and C 13d in (8a) from tetrahedral to trigonal geometry"
"The elimination of water from these compounds was, however, effected by
reaction with p-toluenesulfonic acid in refluxing toluene.  The isomeric
4 H-naphth[1,8,7- and 1 H-naphth[1,8-de]
azocine-3-carbonitrile derivatives (2a) and (9) were obtained in 47% and
29% yield respectively from (7a) whereas the [3]benzazocino[7,6-a,b]carbazole-
6-carbonitrile (10) was obtained in 51% yield from (8a)"
"In the H n.m.r. spectrum of (9) a downfield doublet of doublets at δ
8.17 (1H,J 8.6, 1.4 Hz) was assigned to H 9.  Two other signals with the
same multiplicities at    7.37 (1 H,J 8.6, 6.9 Hz) and at    7.16 
(1H, J 6.9, 1.4Hz) were assigned to H 10 and H 11 respectively.  A singlet at
   7.07 (1H) was ascribed to H 6. Significantly the ultraviolet absorption
spectrum of (9) showed a significant blue shift compared with that of (2b),
consistent with the reduction of naphthalene ring distortion in (9), expected
from an inspection of Dreiding molecular models of these molecules; it is
noteworthy that, apart from (9), the only other reported representative
of the naphth[1,8-de]azocine ring system is an amide prepared from the
photocyclization of 2-chloro-N-[2-(naphthalen-1-yl)]ethylacetamide. 
  In the 1H n.m.r. spectrum of the pentacyclic derivative (10) a broad singlet
downfield at    10.19 (1H) was ascribed to H 14.  Two other singlets at
   7.86 (1H) and 7.07 (1H) were assigned to H9 and H3 respectively, 
whereas doublets at    8.07 (1H, J 7.5 Hz) and 7.60 (1H, J 8.2 Hz) were 
assigned in turn to H 10 and H 13.  The remaining aromatic protons H 12 and 
H 11 appeared as multiplets"
"The mechanistic pathway for these elimination reactions of (7a,b) and
(8a,b) has not been rigorously delineated; however, it was shown in another
experiment that heating (2a) in refluxing toluene in the presence of
p-toluenesulfonic acid did not afford (9), although (2a) was slowly consumed"
"The formation of (9) and (10) is consistent with the intermediacy of carbonium
ions derived from acid-promoted heterolysis of the benzylic carbon-oxygen
bond of (7a) and (8a); the reduction of strain energy which should follow
from a 1,2-alkyl shift would provide a strong driving force for the formation
of these rearranged products"
"Reaction of the cyanamide (5b) and of the urethane (5d) with lithium
tetrahydroaluminate was expected to afford the amine derivatives (5e) and
(5f) respectively; in the event only mixtures of intractable polar products
were formed.  Reaction of (2b) with lithium tetrahydroaluminate likewise
took an unexpected course, and the amine (11) was isolated in 86% yield
(Scheme 1); the structural assignment of (11) was confirmed from an alternative
synthesis by palladium-mediated oxidation of (1b).  Reduction of the urethane
(2d) with lithium tetrahydroaluminate afforded (2f) in 95% yield.  In the
1H n.m.r. spectrum and proton off-resonance decoupled C n.m.r. spectrum of
this compound a singlet at    2.46 (3H) and a quartet at 43.2 ppm
respectively confirmed the presence of the aminomethyl group.  The chemical
shifts of H 3, H 10 and H 11 in the 1H n.m.r. spectra of (2d) and (2f) were
very similar:    6.89 (s), 7.19 (dd,J 10, 2 Hz), 7.88 (d, J 10 Hz) 
compared with    6.89 (s), 7.24 (broad d, J 8.4 Hz), and 7.90 (d, J 8,4 
Hz).  However, H 11c was dramatically deshielded from    7.94 in (2d) to 
9.33 in (2f), presumably due to a transannular deshielding effect of the amino 
group; the fact that the nitrogen in the bridging chain may indeed be proximate
to H 11c is supported by the single-crystal X-ray data on the related urethane
derivative (2e)"
"Experimental  

  Microanalyses were carried out by the Australian Microanalytical Service,
Melbourne, and by the Microanalytical Service of the Australian National
University, Canberra, on samples which had been dried in a vacuum over
phosphorus pentoxide, at a temperature of 65°, unless indicated 
otherwise"
"Melting points were determined on a Yanagimoto Seisakusho micro-melting
point apparatus and are uncorrected"
"Mass spectra were determined on a VG MM 7070F mass spectrometer operating
at 70 eV with a source temperature of 200° (direct insertion); peak
intensities (in brackets) are expressed as a percentage of the base peak"
"1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded on a Jeol JNM-4H-100
(100 MHz), a Jeol FX-200 (200 MHz), a Bruker HX-270 (270 MHz), or a Bruker
CXP-300 (300 MHz) spectrometer, tetramethylsilane being the internal standard"
"The 13C n.m.r. spectra were recorded on one of the last three
spectrometers; chemical shifts, in ppm, were measured relative to
tetramethylsilane, and the spectrometer used is implied by the frequency
noted for the corresponding proton spectra in each case"
""
"The hard sell sinks in BAKER'S DAY  

  I am today reminded of the immortal words of Samuel Goldwyn:
  `What we want is a story that starts with an earthquake and works its
way up to a climax.'
  When that brewery started Fostering the Grand Prix by plastering its Blue
Thunder posters everywhere I thought it neat promotion"
"When they hoisted their banners absolutely everywhere I thought it very
neat promotion"
"Now they have wrapped the entire city in their streamers and their flags
I am awed. It is gloriously over the top"
"If I had a dollar for every Foster's badge in this city I reckon I could
buy Bond, Holmes a Court and Elliott and still have enough bucks to sponsor
the Grand Prix"
"But what prompts these reflections are the also rans. You cannot go into
a shop, a pub, a restaurant, a motel without being hit between the eyes
with Grand Prix memorabilia, from funny hats to old cars"
"Much of it is frankly commercial. There is a decent quid to be made from
funny hats. But no matter"
For years now we have billed ourselves as the Festival State
But we have been too timid about it. We have whispered our wares abroad
We have lacked conviction
"This year, this Grand Prix, for the first time we are witnessing Adelaide
collectively selling itself with the wham, bam thank you ma'am conviction
of a New York selling the Big Apple or the British a Royal Wedding"
"At last we have learnt, with a little help from the brewers, to sell
ourselves as if we mean it. And that's more than half the battle"
"I think it's marvellous. That greatest of showmen Samuel Goldwyn would
have approved for he also is supposed to have said during the filming of
The Last Supper:
  `Why only twelve?'
  - `That's the original number.'
  `Well, go out and get thousands.'"
"Crocodile incident marks second time round for Alf BRISBANE  

- A Proserpine man mauled on Sunday by a 2 metre ""pet"" 
crocodile had heroically saved his younger brother from a croc 
attack in a boyhood drama"
"Mr Alf Casey, 69, of O'Connell River, is recovering in the 
Mackay Hospital"
"Doctors removed his right arm to the elbow after the mauling by 
the 100kg croc, ""Charlene"", which Mr Casey had looked after for 
24 years"
"Charlene was given to the family by a professional hunter and 
the bond between it and Mr Casey was so strong that he had often 
taken it to the local pub with him"
"Mr Casey has urged wildlife officers not to destroy the croc, 
which was yesterday freighted to Townsville after it turned on 
him as he fed it in a backyard enclosure"
"He poked the croc in the eyes in a desperate attempt to escape. 
  His wife, Mrs Rae Casey, 63, said that as a boy, Mr  Casey had 
dragged his brother out of the O'Connell River seconds before a 
4m croc was about to attack"
"Mrs Casey said Alf had grown up with crocodiles, with the 
reptiles swimming to a waterhole off the river only 150m from his 
house"
"She said Mr Casey had tried raising other crocs before 
Charlene, but none survived"
"""Alf would not want Charlene shot.  He is very preservation-
minded,"" Mrs Casey said"
"Mrs Casey said her husband, ""a strong healthy man"", had lost 
three fingers on his left hand in a chainsaw accident two years 
ago"
"Mr Ed Casey (ALP, Mackay) said today he had known the Casey 
family for many years and Alf's relationship with Charlene was 
a talking point in the north"
"""The croc would travel with Alf wherever he went.  He would 
throw the croc in a back of his utility and often would walk down 
the street with the croc on a leash,"" Mr Casey said"
""
"CHAUFFEUR GOES DOWN ZANY, RAUCOUS ROAD OF BAD TASTE AND SCHMALTZ MY CHAUFFEUR (M)
Directed by David Beaird. Starring Deborah Foreman, Sam Jones, Sean McClory"
"Hoyts  

  WHAT A mess this raucous little movie turned out to be. My Chauffeur
introduces us to Casey Meadows - a supposedly zany and bubbly girl - who
lands an unlikely job as a chauffeur with snooty Brentwood Limousines"
""
"Mission not quite accomplished FILM THE MISSION (PG)
Pitt Centre, Sydney, and Greater Union cinemas throughout Australia EVAN WILIAMS  

THE title is curiously flat - it conveys nothing in particular - and somehow
this is true of the film.  Directed by Roland Joffe from a screenplay by
Robert Bolt, The Mission is sumptuous, impressive, intelligent, full of
a sombre spiritual idealism; and no doubt it cost a fortune to make.  But
in the end I found it unsatisfying"
"The obvious comparison is with those big historical epics that David Lean
used to make (with Robert Bolt's collaboration) in the 1960s, and indeed
there are moments in The Mission when Robert De Niro - robed, bearded,
Messiah-like - seems eerily reminiscent of Lawrence of Arabia. But I was even 
more strongly reminded of Peter Shaffer's play, the Royal
Hunt of the Sun - there's a title to fire the imagination - which was made
into a sadly unsatisfactory film in 1969"
"It dealt with events in South America a couple of centuries before those
depicted here, but its central concerns - the power of faith, the conflict
between Western colonialism and native innocence - were much the same"
"And so too were its faults; sluggishness, pretentiousness, obscurity"
"The Mission is one of those films which proclaim themselves at the start
to be a ""true story"", and as usual the assurance is disconcerting.  Are
we meant to be more indulgent towards the film because the events actually
happened?  Or did they?   There is always something funny about the
reconstruction of historical dialogue.  
  Opening the paperback ""novelisation"" of Bolt's screenplay, I chanced on
the following: "" `The boat is yours,' Cesar went on, with a wave of his
cigarillo.""  Even if it were certain that the characters in The Mission
actually existed and that one of them had waved his cigarillo, I am the
sort of person who is immediately and irrationally prejudiced against taking
such things too seriously"
"The background to the film is, of course, authentic - and fascinating. It
is concerned with the political and ecclesiastical intrigues within the
European church in the mid 18th century, when the Jesuits were consolidating
their power"
"They were the New Right of their time - sinister and idealistic, fired
by holy zeal and the purity of their cause, distrusted by the secular powers
and mainstream politicians.  The beautiful missions which they built in
South America, in what are now parts of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina,
were symbolic of their political might at home"
"In 1750 the Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms, anxious to curb Jesuit
influence, squabbled over the ownership of the mission territories, and
the Papacy intervened to resolve the dispute.  The Guarani Indians who
inhabited these dense jungles and verdant plains were being simultaneously
bartered by European slave traders, plundered by Portuguese colonists and
recruited to Christ's church by Spanish missionaries"
"The central figures in The Mission are Europeans - Robert De Niro as
Mendoza, a slave trader and mercenary, and Jeremy Irons, as the Jesuit Father
Gabriel, and the film is mainly about their friendship"
"But the true heroes are the Indians.  Enlightened opinion today would
insist that no one - missionaries included - had any right to intrude
on their territory, though Joffe's film portrays the Jesuits as true defenders
of their culture as well as bringers of spiritual grace"
"By the standards of the time perhaps they were.  Even the scheming papal
emissary, Altamirano (Ray McAnally), reflects at one point that the Indians
might have been better off left alone, and I would have to agree with him"
""
"He's my type of man, says Joh  

THE Premier, Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen, last night said he liked and respected
Mr Rupert Murdoch and complimented him on his Herald and Weekly Times takeover
bid"
"Speaking from Weipa, Sir Joh said: ""Mr Murdoch's a progressive man who
has been known to myself for a long time"
"""We've always got on well and I'm sure we'll continue to do so"
"""He's a private-enterprise type of man and that's the type of man I respect.""
  In Canberra, the Australan Journalists Association federal secretary,
Mr Neal Swancott, said the bid, coming a week after the Federal Government
announced new policies of cross-media ownership, was breathtaking in its
arrogance.           
  ""It can be seen as a challenge to, and a defiance of, the Government,""
he said"
""
"By Robin Gregory  

  The bus drove through the quiet streets, unusually deserted. The sun shone
warmly through the windows. The wattles were just beginning to bloom with
the message that spring, at last, was spreading wings and would soon be
flourishing colour and warmth around the city. People at last coming out
of their huddles around fires and heaters into the open. Though this day
had not yet brought out many, except this tube filled with laughter, singing
and fervent yells. They felt the sunshine and lapped it up, they felt the
eagerness and sang out with it"
"All alighted, still gabbling away, drowning out the chirping of the
neighbourhood birds. Banners were dragged off the back of the bus, the
women melted together and quickly organized. Like actors they went about
their business, each with her own task, each part of the ensemble"
"Cheers and protests broke the leisurely atmosphere. They moved en masse
to the clinic where Julie had been refused. The front line stood on the
steps staring into the dark and empty interior and read, `Closed on Monday
12th'"
"""Fuck. How dare they!"" screamed Julie and gradually the word was passed
down the line"
Somebody laughed alone. They swore and mingled and hesitated
"Rachael took control deftly and simply. As soon as she spoke the voices
dropped. In a voice just louder than a whisper she said, ""I brought along
some spray cans. It's a bit dangerous in broad daylight, but if anyone's
willing we should do it now.""
  The small crowd nodded enthusiastically, only a couple were hesitant"
"After all they had made the effort, they may as well do something for their
trouble"
"There were few cars around, and while the majority kept watch, Julie,
Rachael and a couple of others filled the glass panels with graffiti"
"`THIS CLINIC DISCRIMINATES BECAUSE OF SEXUAL PREFERENCE.'
  `LESBIANS HAVE THE RIGHT TO ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION.'
  They drew numerous lesbian symbols on the glass"
"It was quite a sight to behold once they had finished with it. Only one
car had passed and the women held up their banners to hide the painters"
"The women laughed and cheered when they had finished. They felt enthused
and ready for more of the same stuff. A splinter group disappeared with
the remaining cans while the rest rolled up the banners and trooped back
onto the bus. They would come again tomorrow, without Julie though, it would
be too dangerous after the writing on the wall"
"""Might be an idea if you vanished for a few days,"" Rachael suggested,
""I bet the pigs will be on to you quick smart.""
  ""I'm not worried,"" laughed Julie, ""I don't mind going to court to prove
a point.""
  ""Don't be crazy Jules, you already owe them $500 from the last time. If
they catch up with you, you could be spending the next year in jail.""
  Julie sighed. Rachael was always so sensible about these sorts of things,
it just pissed her off sometimes"
"""I'll see,"" was all she would commit herself to"
"Rachael returned to the office of the women's press called the Bronte
Sisters. She got caught up in discussions about the possibility of employing
a new worker. All the women there worked a great deal of overtime, but
they weren't certain the budget would support another member of staff. Women
were always dropping in for a chat too, and Rachael spent most of the afternoon
with a member of an incest group discussing the printing of a sticker, its
format, cost and amount. Each worker had a broad role and each was involved
in many of the processes of printing. The buzz never stopped until about
five, so Rachael stayed back, finally able to concentrate her energies"
"All the others had left by six and she was left in the peace and quiet of
the large office, solitary at her small laminated table with a lamp her
only companion"
"All the anger and hurt she had experienced gave her power which drove
itself onto paper. After an hour and a half she re-read her essay"
"`Wimmin have been held in the pope's hand for centuries. Now is the moment
to break free - to destroy the illusion of his powerfulness and
self-righteousness"
"`Wimmin have been forced into submission through catholicism and been
abused by its system. For centuries men have decided the fate of wimmin
according to their desires. Wimmin exist merely to serve. This is evident
in the marriage ceremony when the bride says she will obey her husband,
making her the slave and the man the master. This agreement implicitly allows
a man to use any means to obtain discipline, for discipline requires
punishment. Since no rules are written regarding this, it is up to the
discretion of the master to use what means he sees fit or merely what he
feels like doing, whether that is rape, bashing or anything else"
"`The ten commandments do not contain any creed to which men are answerable
for their crimes against wimmin, or their children for that matter. `THOU
SHALT NOT RAPE' is noticeably lacking from the laws. `THOU SHALT RESPECT
THY WIFE AND CHILDREN' is nowhere to be seen. The whole bible is oriented
to men's interests, not to the welfare of wimmin and children"
"`Wimmin are used as objects who bear children and gratify men's imagined
sexual needs. Their other purpose is to work for their own salvation and
that of men's. For wimmin are seen as the evil-doers, while men are led
into sin by them. Men take no responsibility for their actions. If a man
committs adultery it is because his wife has not served him well
enough and the other womyn seduced him. Men are innocent and wimmin are
either saints or sinners"
"`Catholicism has always ignored wimmin. It has been led by `celibate'
men who have no interest in or contact with wimmin. All through the ages
popes have not noticed how wimmin have struggled to survive and feed their
children. The pope of today still chooses to ignore. The pope with luxuries
enough to feed the starving wimmin and children of the world, must be made
accountable for his crimes against wimmin. We must use every bone in our
bodies to crush him, every strategy to rid the world of the oppression of
catholicism"
"`Now more than ever it is imperative that we attack religions and their
control over wimmin. The right-wing backlash is coming on strong, they are
getting more organized by the minute. They are an extremely powerful force"
"We must present an equally, if not stronger group and fight back"
"`Especially at this time when wimmin are discovering their own spiritually,
their own religions, it is too easy to forget the rest of the world and
leave the fight. Do not forget all the wimmin in all countries who are brutally
oppressed. Catholicism, which is so much a part of our culture and our country,
still has as much power over wimmin as it did centuries ago. Remember those
wimmin and join us in the march to end catholicism"
"`Wimmin demand the right to control their bodies and to make choices
about their lives and those of their children.'
  Rachael leant back. It would need more work, but at least she had the
framework now. The hardness in her face, the tight mouth were as tenacious
as ever; the fight continued. Even in her sleep her face gave her no rest,
she lived with and through those lines"
"Rachael stood and stretched. The office was so silent a shiver travelled
up her back. Scowling, she told herself she was afraid of nothing. Still
the feeling remained and she made her way speedily out of the darkened
building, after pulling on her heavy black coat. She locked the building
and stood just outside. The air was good out here, it was too stuffy in
there"
"It was an easy walk to the cathedral from the Bronte Sisters. It was a
stunning building in Australian terms. The building of St. Patrick's began
in 1858 and was finally completed with the appearance of spires, on what
were previously gothic towers. They were noticeably an addition to the church
- white against the bluestone. Although by day the contrast seemed quite
clumsy, at night it gave the cathedral a mystical atmosphere. Those great
white spires rocketing away from the gloomy base"
"Inside, Rachael threw a cursory glance at the enormous ceiling with its
decorative timber beams. So much money, she thought, wasted on this pompous
church, paid for by those who could least afford it. And they were made
to believe it was the doorway to the after-life, that this was for the glory
of god, and bugger how hungry or cold they felt"
"The stained-glass windows were colourful and entrancing. Rachael walked
firmly down the aisle, scowling at the high altar and the side chapels 
with their dramatic representations. She tried a door marked `No Admittance',
it was locked hard"
"A praying man watched her, ready to jump up and intervene. He tried to
catch the woman's eye, but Rachael took no notice of him, as she dodged
in and out of the confession boxes. They reminded her of too much. That
dreadful memory that bit at her soul every so often. The time when her father
had left her and her mother. Rachael had hated him so much. She had dreams
about killing him, walking in on him in the middle of the night, while he
was asleep in bed, and stabbing him with the kitchen knife. Other times
she hoped that her mother would just leave him, that he would no longer
be around. She did not expect him just to up and walk out, that had never
been one of her fantasies, but still she was sure she was to blame. God
knows all! How many times had that been drummed into her? When her father
had gone, and her mother was distraught, Rachael knew she was to blame"
"She knew that god had punished her for thinking such wicked thoughts. She
had to confess. Afterwards she wished she never had. The priest agreed it
was her fault, obviously she had made her father feel how unwanted he was,
and she had destroyed her mother's life. The guilt she had felt was immense"
"She prayed and prayed for forgiveness, cried herself to sleep every night,
even asked for his return, so that the ache in her brain would leave her
alone. Better to live with him and the fights with her mother than suffer
this agony. He never came back though"
"Outside, Rachael trode heavily around the cathedral, trying different
doors, none of which were open. She walked around the block a few times,
checking out all the buildings"
"On her third time around, the tall woman stopped at the Victorian Artists'
Society which was across the road from St. Patrick's. It was a
two-storey building where the conservative artists in Melbourne 
exhibited their pro-establishment work"
"""I wonder if Julie has been here?"" said Rachael to the door. She studied
it carefully and then turned to the cathedral from its step. From there
she gained a view of the west doorway. The doorway where priests would come
and go. Ten minutes passed and still the woman in black stood transfixed"
"After yet another trip around the cathedral, into gardens, up steps and
back at the Artists' Society she finally nodded and headed past the towering
edifice towards the city. She passed a nun, who had a familiar face. Rachael
recalled the nun she'd had as a teacher in primary school, whose face reminded
her of a crow, wizened and hard. She had a sharp face, like this one and
the same beady dark eyes. Sitting in English classes and being whacked over
the knuckles with a thick steel ruler, for not spelling all her words
correctly. She could never do her tables either, and the fury of Sister
Angelina would fall upon her for that too"
""
"Cooks unite!  

The formation of international culinary organizations may be the only viable
way, writes Jane Grigson, to assure that our cooking traditions endure in
the future"
"The Boston Women's Culinary Guild began with a collection of 3000 cookery
books given to the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe
College in 1978. Since money was needed to house the books, to match a grant
from the National Endowment for the Humanities, a cookery demonstration
was organized. Not only was this, and other events, successful in raising
funds, but members of the organizing committees took such pleasure in meet
ing and talking to each other that Lora Brody and Sheryl Julian decided
to form a Women's Culinary Guild (women's because of the original event,
and because the professional culinary world in and around Boston was dominated
by men)"
""
"Gillian Armstrong's account of Bob Dylan in Australia is not your
average concert film Making Bob Dylan's 56-minute concert film in Sydney turned out to be an
entertainment industry event LOUISE McELVOGUE reports.  

IT WAS a project which brought the most influential international musician
of the last half-century together with some of the most highly-regarded
names in the Australian film industry"
"The making of a film of Bob Dylan and Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers
in concert involved director Gillian Armstrong, producer Greg Ricketson,
cinematographer Don McAlpine and sound engineer Roger Savage"
"The film, recording a tour that only ran in Australia and New Zealand,
is for American cable network Home Box Office. It was shot at the Sydney
Entertainment Centre over three days, with seven camera crews shooting a
massive 20 miles of film"
"Armstrong, whose credits include a clip for Pat Wilson's ""Bop Girl"" as
well as the features My Brilliant Career, Starstruck and Mrs Soffel, was
approached by Dylan's management earlier this year"
"""Dylan and his manager approached my agent because they'd seen my work
and they liked it,"" she said. ""I wanted to shoot the concert because it
was a challenge, but I said to Dylan I can only do it if I get a good team
around me.""
  Armstrong approached McAlpine, who worked with her on My Brilliant Career,
to direct photography and Greg Ricketson to produce the film"
"Armstrong regarded filming Dylan live as a ""special"" project. ""It was
a huge logistical exercise and I was lucky to get someone as capable as
Greg Ricketson to co-ordinate,"" she said. ""It was a fantastic team - the
best gathering of Australian camera people under one roof.""
  Recruiting was a mammoth task for Ricketson's company, Anglo Street Films,
with only one month for pre-production. Co-ordinator of the film, Julie
Forster, rang around and found out who was available. With crew juggling
other production schedules, Ricketson and Armstrong were able to come up
with the strong final crew"
"Preparation started with Ricketson, McAlpine and Armstrong watching Dylan's
concerts in Wellington, Melbourne and earlier concerts in Sydney. The camera
operators also attended the Sydney concerts to discuss angles and shots
with McAlpine and Armstrong"
"Dylan's concert repertoire in Australia included a healthy crosssection
of material from the different periods of his career. He and Armstrong
decided on 22 of the 31 tracks in the concert for filming, including duets
with Tom Petty and the band"
"Dylan's final two Sydney concerts, on February 24 and 25 were then shot"
"The crew's only rehearsal was in the sound check before the first 
concert"
"During the day of the second concert, the crew shot close-ups and cut-aways
of Dylan's backing singers. The next day was a seven-hour shoot of Dylan,
Petty and The Heartbreakers' close-ups"
The atmosphere in the Entertainment Centre on that day was almost reverent
"The stage was smokily lit and the rest of the cavernous auditorium was
in near-darkness. The quality the playback sound and the crew's spontaneous
applause after some takes made it seem as though Dylan was actually playing
to 10,000 people"
"After reports of his lack of co-operation at his press conference, Dylan
was disappointingly well-behaved. He conferred with Armstrong between takes
or smoked, while quietly listening to playbacks of songs he has been singing
for 20 years"
"To the observor, Armstrong appeared to have established a rapport with
Dylan. The director herself said the working relationship was easier because
both knew and respected the other's work"
"""It was like making a film with anyone,"" Armstrong said. ""You hope they
can trust you and take your advice on the way things should be shot, but
it takes time to build up that relationship. I think with Dylan that took
a bit longer"
"""My brief from Bob was to shoot the concert so it didn't look like standard
live footage (although) it's difficult to shoot six people on stage and
make them look unlike any other six people performing.""
  Armstrong said they avoided having operators with hand-held cameras rushing
around on stage. Instead, the production ""set up a lot of different angles
and got a lot of movement in the shots"""
"""We could only get away with intruding on stage that much because it
was Dylan who commissioned the concert.""
  Armstrong said she understood why Sydney audiences at Dylan's concerts
may have felt distanced but blamed it on the nature of the Entertainment
Centre"
"""You really have to be in the first few rows to enjoy concerts at that
venue,"" she said. ""Bob's not Bruce Springsteen and I don't think he has
to leap around the stage. It's his lyrics that are important. What we saw
through the cameras looked fantastic.""
  The camera operators included Louis Irving, Tony Wilson, Danny Batterham,
Nixon Binney, Peter Menzies, Peter Levy and Kim Batterham"
"The concerts were shot with a Louma crane extending from the back of the
stage and two cameras tracking along either side. Another two cameras were
static - one close to the right hand side of the stage and the other half-way
down the auditorium. Armstrong also used a roving camera to shoot different
angles from the back of the venue"
"A video camera was set up behind the mixing desk with a wide shot of the
stage. This was for continuity in editing and the control-room monitor"
"Armstrong directed from a control room backstge, where she had this wide
shot and three other cameras monitored"
"AAV supplied the wide-shot colour video camera and had time code burnt
into the image. The video also recorded a mono track of the camera operators'
talk-back for editing"
"Samuelson Film Service supplied the shoot with seven Panaflex 35mm cameras,
four of which had video splits, and five zoom lenses. A Panaglide (floating
camera system which moves smoothly with the operator), was used during the
February 25 concert on stage and also to shoot Dylan heading from the
Entertainment Centre to his car.                                       
  Armstrong used the Louma crane on both Sydney nights and extensive tracking
shots to give a sense of movement to the film and avoid the static style
of traditional live footage"
"As Ricketson said: ""With the standard rock concert you work out four to
five camera positions, set them up and roll with maybe a few hand-held cameras
on stage. You get your standard static shots"
"""Gillian approached the concert as she would any other film project -
that's what will make the difference.""
 The crew shot 63,000 feet of film on February 24 and the processing involved
made it impossible to see rushes before shooting the following night's concert
or any of the close-ups"
"Armstrong covered herself well by shooting with this much film and left
the decision on which songs would be static, moving or in close-up until
editing.                                       
  Dylan's singers were filmed in close-up with two static cameras and a
camera tracking across the stage for two hours"
"For the Dylan and Petty close-ups, extra scaffolding was set up at the
end of the stage and a circular track was built around it"
"Two cameras moved on the track and another two with zoom lenses were set
on ramps in front of the stage"
Several of the songs Dylan and Petty performed were chosen for close-ups
"Dylan listened to the tracks he needed to mime for close-ups twice before
shooting"
"For continuity, two of the crew chain-smoked centre stage to recreate
the smoky atmosphere of some of the footage"
""
"Friday August 8 AN UNDYING FLAME PRAY  
Lord, may I see the light of your purity, the fire of your cleansing
       and the flame of your love ever before me"
"READ  
Leviticus 6:8-13"
"THINK  
The first and last thing an Israelite would have seen each day was
the smoke of the burnt offering rising from the court of the Tabernacle"
"Why do you think the fire was kept constantly burning (12,13)?

  Because people constantly sin, God made provision for their continual
need for atonement in the burnt offering always burning on the altar. The
flame and the smoke would serve as an ever-present reminder of both their
need and God's provision of a way of forgiveness"
"We have no column of smoke to remind us. But we do have the undying flame
of his love which sent Jesus to die once for ever for our sins. And 'he
always lives to intercede for us' (Hebrews 7:25, NIV)"
"NOTE  
The quarantine-like precautions in verses 10 and 11. In fact, that
is exactly what they are. Why?
  God is holy, and anything consecrated for his service (including any part
of the sacrifice - even the ashes) becomes holy. Holiness cannot co-exist
with uncleanness, so if any uncleanness comes in contact with anything holy
judgement falls. The priest may not wear his holy uniform outside the camp
(where it is unclean) lest he bring judgement upon himself and the people"
"Furthermore, the holy ashes must not be dumped just anywhere outside the
camp; they have to be taken to a clean place (11)"
Jesus too was concerned about the contamination of sin
"What did he see was the way for his followers to be kept holy (John
17:14-19)?

 PRAISE  
Thank God that at any time you may confess your sin and be freely
forgiven for Jesus' sake. Thank him too for Jesus' continuing intercession
for us"
"PRAY  
Pray for your pastor Like the priest of Israel, he needs to remember
people's basic need - forgiveness"
""
"Gentlemen versus players in union struggle By Tony Abbott  

TEACHER unionism in private schools is celebrating its coming of age with
an old-style bunfight between different factions of the New South Wales
Independent Teachers' Association.(ITA)"
"Elections last November produced a lurch to the left and the narrow defeat
of president Peter Ofner. Now Ofner and his supporters are seeking to overturn
the result, claiming that ITA officials used union resources to sway the
poll"
"Shenanigans of this sort are as old as unionism, but this is the first
time the sordid reality of power politics has penetrated the politically
virgin ITA. Unionism came late to private school teachers, whose dedication
long resembled that of the religious brothers and nuns whose places they
largely filled. However, in the past 10 years union membership has increased
from around 10 percent to nearly 80 percent of New South Wales' private
school teachers. Increased militancy, at least among union officials, has
wrung greatly improved conditions from school authorities"
"At the same time, the union's growing power and influence has attracted
the sort of ambitious activist who has long flourished in the state school
teacher unions. Ofner predicts that serious industrial relations problems
will pose a threat to the future of private schools"
"Ofner's involvement with the ITA began in 1977 when it was a fledgling
lobby more concerned with getting organised than pressurising schools"
Ofner blames the constitution for many of his problems
"The then general-secretary, Zyg Gardon, wanted to avoid
the factionalism and political in-fighting which, he believed, marred most
unions. Consequently, under the ITA constitution, candidates for election
to the union executive had first to be approved by local branches. Gardon
said the aim was to keep out cranks and zealots"
"Instead, it has meant that the union establishment is almost impossible
to challenge because many of the branches are under the influence of the
establishment. Moreover, because the elected representatives are full-time
teachers and only part-time union officials, the union has come to be
dominated by slicker and more professional full-time officials who are
appointed by the executive rather than elected by members"
"It is a quirk of Australian industrial law that state-registered trade
unions, such as the ITA, are able to concentrate power in officials who
never have to face a membership ballot"
"Ofner says that his uneasiness with policy developments crystallised after
general-secretary Michael Raper and two other full-time officials saw him
late in 1984 to warn him about views he was expressing to other executive
members. 
  He says that he then became conscious that Raper's full-time position
and access to information gave him the upper hand in dealings with elected
but part-time officials"
"Simmering conflict between the amateurs and professionals burst into the
open at a council meeting last June when Ofner alleged that Raper had aligned
the union with the left-wing steering committee of the New South Wales ALP"
"At the August council meeting notice was given of a no-confidence motion
to be moved against Ofner. At the September meeting, Ofner, as president,
ruled the motion out of order on the basis of a legal opinion which he read
to the council. However, the council overruled him and dismissed him"
"Ofner saw his sacking as evidence of the left's ability to manipulate
the union structure. He successfully appealed to the New South Wales
Industrial Commission for reinstatement on the ground that he had been
denied natural justice"
"But this was not before Raper had written to all members, saying that
Ofner had been sacked for making serious allegations against the union which
he could not substantiate. It was this letter which Ofner claims unfairly
influenced the result of last November's poll. In the meantime, progressive
candidates were claiming that Ofner's campaign was backed by the National
Civic Council, a conservative union lobby. Ofner says that his claim is
absurd, since he had been heavily criticised by the NCC in 1984, but that
the charge damaged his credibility as a politically non-aligned candidate"
"So far, Ofner's attempts to have the result overturned have been bogged
down in argument over the Industrial Commission's jurisdiction. Another
option open to him is a claim in the Supreme Court that the election involved
a breach of the common law rule that union resources should not be used
in election campaigns"
"But Ofner's room for legal manoeuvre is limited by the expense of
litigation. A spokesman for the ITA, which has already spent more than
$29,000 on legal fees, said he hoped that Ofner and his friends ""haven't
had to put second mortgages on their homes in this climate of high interest
rates"""
"Ofner is aware of the risks he is running but says he considers that
the battle for justice in the union and for the preservation of viable private
schools is worth the sacrifice"
""
"10 hurt in ferry mishap From Neil Evans in Sydney  

  Ten people were injured - two seriously - when a ferry crashed into a
wharf on Sydney Harbor today"
"The modern government ferry was returning from Taronga Park Zoo with 80
passengers when it struck the No.5 wharf near Circular Quay about 12.10pm"
"The two seriously injured are believed to be suffering from spinal
injuries"
"An Urban Transit Authority spokesman said the ferry appeared to
malfunction.  Damage had been caused to the vessel's bow"
"He said it would be out of action until a full damage report had been
completed"
"The incident was not related to the numerous visiting warships in the
harbor for the Royal Australian Navy's 75th Birthday celebrations"
""
"Black ban could kill Cwlth, says Hayden  CANBERRA:  

  The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr Hayden, said yesterday that
the Commonwealth might collapse unless Britain took some tough action against
South Africa"
"Mr Hayden told the Channel Nine programme ""Sunday"" that many Commonwealth
countries, including Australia, were worried by the split between Britain
and the African Commonwealth countries over economic sanctions"
"He said there was a strong chance that the boycott of the Edinburgh
Commonwealth Games by four African nations could point to a further breakdown
in Commonwealth relations"
"""I think that the risk is very real and very large,"" he said"
"""There is a fear that the Commonwealth could unravel badly if Britain
fails to respond to the expectations of black Africa that there should be
action against South Africa.""
  Mr Hayden said that the Commonwealth would be seriously depleted if the
African countries left.  They made up the bulk of the membership"
"He said that the question of how badly the Commonwealth would unravel
would be answered soon"
"Australia and Canada had provided international leadership on the issue
of sanctions, Mr Hayden said"
"The Cabinet had explored a ""comprehensive range"" of possible measures"
"But it had been left to the Prime Minister, Mr Hawke, to decide what
sanctions should be applied"
"His decision would take into account the views of other Commonwealth
countries at a meeting in August"
"Mr Hayden said that Australia did not want to knock itself out of the debate
on South Africa by applying a wide range of sanctions and then finding
that it had nothing left to contribute"
"At the same time Australia had to lead the debate towards a ""fairly extensive
set of sanctions.""
  Though he stressed that it was a personal view, Mr Hayden said he was
not convinced that the visit to South Africa by the British Foreign Secretary,
Sir Geoffrey Howe, would be fruitful"
"""I think that they are going to find it very difficult,"" he said.          
  So the issue comes back into everyone's lap, and in particular Britain's."""
"Move Over Bondy Iain Murray at the helm By Mark Oberhardt  

  Destiny seems to have dictated that Australian sailing's hulk Iain Murray
would one day be the nation's best known skipper"
"Murray, now 28, has been a champion sailor for most of his life.  Now
he is on the verge of becoming an international superstar"
"That's not really surprising in an island continent.  Yachting has become
one of Australia's high profile competitor sports"
"But, as is so often the case with sports in Australia, our sailing heroes
are relatively unknown in the rest of the world"
"That changed somewhat in 1983 when Australia II took the America's Cup,
making key members of the team such as Alan Bond, Ben Lexcen and John Bertrand
household names"
The three became national heroes overnight
"The public's adulation of Bond, Lexcen and Bertrand must have irked Murray"
"After all, he was six times world champion in the flying 18ft skiff - the
world's fastest monohull"
"Murray found he may have been big news in yachting circles, but his name
meant nothing to the average Australian"
"All that is about to change as - with the backing of West Australian
multi-millionaire Kevin Parry - Murray is poised to push the Australia
II heroes into the cupboard of yesterday's men"
"Parry has poured $20 million into his challenge for the Cup and, with
Murray's help, the dream of upsetting Bond could be realised"
"After Bond's Australia II won the 1983 challenge in Newport; Rhode Island,
and they unscrewed the America's Cup from its pedestal in the New York Yacht
Club for the first time in 132 years, it seemed the same team would be on
hand to defend the trophy off Fremantle"
"But skipper John Bertrand soon left to pursue an individual career as
a motivational guru"
"Murray had been skipper of the ill-fated Advance in Newport - a boat
so ponderous it was known to one and all as The Dog"
"When The Dog was eliminated, stripped and virtually abandoned on the
Newport waterfront, Murray and his crew took over the more competitive
Challenge II from Victoria - also eliminated, but a much faster boat"
"Right up until Australia II's final series against Liberty, Murray and
his boys gave the Aussie challenger the vital match racing practice she
so badly needed"
"As the dramatic final series moved to its breathtaking climax, Murray
and Challenge II were always on the edge of the course, lending moral support"
"Naturally, when Bertrand split, Murray thought he might have some sort
of inside running with the Bond syndicate"
"Not so, Bond snubbed one of the world's best sailors and told him he was
not wanted aboard"
Bond's monumental mistake was Kevin Parry's gain
"Parry, a Perth multimillionaire, saw the commercial capital Bond had
made from his America's Cup victory and thought his own burgeoning business
empire could do with a bit of the same"
He and Murray got together and the Taskforce '87 syndicate was formed
Parry promised vast funds
Murray promised his genius and demanded complete control
He got it and the Kookaburra saga was born
Murray is a complex combination of talents.  He is a superb sailor
"And he is a great organiser - he was a successful businessman in his
early 20s"
"He designed the fastest single-hull boats in the world - space-age-
18-footers which careered over Sydney Harbor at more than 30 knots"
Parry had the man he needed to topple the world of 12 metre sailing
"Murray formed a design partnership with young West Australian John Swarbrick
and former America's Cup designer Alan Payne as advisor"
"They came up with the first Kookaburra, a benchmark for Kookas II and
III - currently scaring the pants off the world's best sailors in Fremantle"
"They harnessed, without the US parent company's knowledge and with the
compliance of the Australian subsidiary, the world's most advanced yacht
computer system"
"And Murray and his boys practised.  Boy, how they practised.  Two years
of hours on the water each day, a spartan regimen, supervised diet, dawn
road runs and calisthenics"
Now it is all beginning to pay off
"When Murray went to the 12 metres, there were snide remarks about it being
a long way from blowing away the opposition of Sydney Harbor in an 18 footer
to the robust 25 knot Fremantle Doctor and a 30 tonne yacht"
"But a lot of people forgot Lexcen - then Bob Miller - had made his mark
in 18-footers"
"Twenty-five years ago he, like Murray, was world champion and his designs,
notably Taipan and Venom, revolutionised the class"
"A few weeks ago, before last week's first defender series began, most
people thought the Bond syndicate's $15m effort to hold the Cup would sail
straight to the final series"
"But in the opening races, Kookaburra III, skippered by Murray, has laughed
at Ben Lexcen's pride, Australia IV, and walloped the current world 12
metre champion Australia III by nearly four minutes - a huge margin"
"Parry's second string yacht Kookaburra II, sailed by Western Australia's
Peter Gilmour, also beat Australia III and went down to Australia IV only
after a fouled spinnaker set wrecked her chances"
Suddenly Murray is the toast - and the worry - of the yachting world
"The shy, almost retiring, Murray takes it in his stride.  Like any racehorse
trainer used to dealing with the media, he trots out such lines as ""We'll
take them one at a time"" or ""There's a long way to go"""
But Murray admits he is pleased with the way the boats are going
"""It's always good to get some runs on the board, otherwise you are looking
at interpretation rather than fact,"" he says"
"""Now we can say the boats are good and that is fact.  It was always at
the back of our minds that we may have been kidding ourselves.  Well, now
we know what we can do.""
  Win, lose or draw, Murray will be around in topclass yachting for many
years to come"
"""Sailing is my life.  The more I get into boat design the more it pleases
me,"" he says"
"Murray is a sailing natural and from the time he began crewing Flying
Ants out of Sydney's Middle Harbor Sailing Club he showed outstanding
potential.  
  By the time he was in his early teens, Murray had designed his own Cherub
with which he snared the national championship.  He transferred to 12ft
skiffs where he again he won national titles"
"By 17, he had moved up to 18s and was world champion"
"It was his six world 18ft titles which put him on the top, but to show
he wasn't a one-trick pony he took out the 1984 world Etchell titles"
Now he could add the America's Cup to his formidable achievements
"""Sometimes I have to pinch myself to make certain it's not a dream. 
Only two years ago I was sitting in a bar in Hawaii trying to talk Toby
Richardson into building a 12 metre for Kevin Parry,"" he said"
"Those two years have brought a lot of changes for Murray, but in the next
three months the die will be cast"
"Somehow destiny seems to give an inkling that Murray will be there next
January when it comes to the showdown"
""
"Raffles - a winner Gourmet Guide By Sol Simeon   

And now for something completely different"
The restaurant came to us
"As a veteran nosher around Adelaide, I have known Trevor and Cheryl Edwards
for years as providers of faultless front of house service"
"Steward Grant is a less familiar face, simply because he works behind
the scenes in the kitchen"
They are now together as Raffles caterers
"As they say, they handle functions from two to 200 people, business stuff
such as boardroom lunches and cocktail parties, but also private social
stuff in way of lunch and dinner parties at home"
"They also provide a hamper picnic service for outdoor eating at $10
to $50 a head for parties of six or more"
"As the emergent and flourishing cottage industry of private caterers shows,
the advantages of this style of entertaining speak for themselves"
"Host and hostess get to sit down with the guests:  There is a BYO-like
factor too, in that using your own grog helps cover any extra costs"
"All the advantages of having expert, domestic staff on 1986 middle incomes"
"Just as Raffles is best known as that Singapore grand old hotel of empire,
with the Adelaide Raffles you briefly luxuriate back in that bygone era
of what the butler saw"
"Also, considering the service provided, they are not at all expensive"
"Prices vary, but range from $4 a head for cocktails parties, functions
from $10, and lunches and dinners from $18 a head"
"As you see from the prices adjusted as usual for two, our encounter with
the high life at home cost no more than many a restaurant meal"
"While we were being witty, debonair and sophisticated (i.e. drinking)
with the chums in the living room, the Raffles trio had arrived in professional
clobber, formal waiting and chef attire, and moved into the kitchen"
"And that was really that - in the sense that all we did from then on was
be summoned, be sat, eat, and eventually say farewell"
"And marvel at the way they had washed up and left the said kitchen spick
and span"
"They have printed menus, and a sampler of some 50 dishes would include
lemon mushrooms, beef yakitori, fillet steak with three pepper sauce, pork
with apple and calvados, chicken tarragon, lobster flambe, citrus mousse,
kahlua ice cream"
"At Mr Edwards' suggestion we had lunch of Australian salmon, smoked
loin of pork with lobster farcie and coup Mimi"
This has been a very good year for delicious new fish tastes
"The sea trout farmed fish pioneered by Safcol are now being seen on the
menus of top restaurants and, poached, are superb"
"The Australian salmon, from Tasmania and still very much a novelty, are
every bit as good, as delicate"
"Again, it was poached pink and succulent, and it was a great start to
life with Raffles"
"The unusual combination of smoked lamb with lobster was daring and
successful"
"The coup Mimi was a delicious confection made of avocado, strawberries
and cream"
Also provided was fresh bread and coffee
They can draw on your resources but can also provide their own
"Thanks to those earlier years of being pampered at table by Mr Edwards,
I had guessed we were in for a good time - and I was not disappointed"
And how unfair life is
"When in fullness of time the chums left, they were effusive in thanking
herself and myself"
""
"Sexy Tina to boogie with little Princes. LONDON:  

 Prince William and his baby brother Harry are to have a special
private dance teacher .."
"...rock'n'roll's sexiest grandmother, Tina Turner"
"The unprecedented Royal invitation from Prince Charles followed a back-stage
meeting where, Tina says, Charles told her she had the best legs he had seen"
"""I was completely flabbergasted,"" she said"
"Tina, 46, the powerhouse singer who taught Mick Jagger to dance, met Charles
and Di after a concert in London"
"""They sent me a lovely picture of their boys playing in the garden,"" she
said"
"""But there was also a letter from Charles"
"""It suggested I should get along to the palace and help Diana give little
William and Henry some dancing lessons"
"""I was utterly bowled over - but totally thrilled"
"""So I wrote back a note saying: ""Thank you, Sir - I'll get your boys to
boogie.'
  The living room of my home in Los Angeles if full of gold discs, music
awards and Grammy statuettes - but that picture of the little Princess is
in pride of place on my main wall"
"""I'm sure Diana is doing a fantastic job herself teaching the boys - I
felt she had such style and grace when I met her."" 
  Tina, who had a smash hit with the record, Private Dancer, said the night
of the star-studded Prince's trust show was incredible"
"I'd just sung Let It Be with Paul McCartney live on stage in front of
thousands of fans, including some of the Royal family, and I honestly thought
that was going to be the biggest thrill of my life,"" she said"
"""I've always admired Paul and when he came up to me backstage and asked
if I'd sing on stage with him I was delighted"
"""We used old Beatles numbers a lot in the Ike and Tina Turner revue so I
knew the words by heart"
"""But just an hour later I found myself chatting away to Prince Charles
and his lovely wife as if we were old friends."""
"Demystifying The Museum Donald Horne The Language of Museums  

I hope you will forgive me if I begin with some theoretical speculation. I am doing this to make sense of what follows. The basic idea I should like to put forward is that, as humans, we create 'realities' of various kinds which enable us to think and act. We simplify existence. We construct, if you like, hypothetical models, which  become 'reality' for us. Existence itself is so diverse that there is no general agreement about what is going on, but in any particular society there are likely to be particular prevailing agreements about 'reality'. So, in a way, one can speak of the 'language' of a society and see that 'language' expressed not only in words, and visual images, but in institutions, in gestures, in clothes, in buildings, in food and in a great number of other ways, including museums, (which have been described as the cathedrals of modern society)"
"As  have suggested in my book, The Public Culture, in modern industrial societies one might speak of a 'public culture', of a kind that didn't exist in earlier societies. This 'public culture' purports to be 'the national life'. One might see it connected with affairs of state and ceremonies of civil religion; in the activities and values of the great bureaucracies of government, of business and of trade unions; in public propaganda (including, in capitalist societies, advertising), in what we describe as 'the news', in the entertainment, education and culture industries, in sport and tourism, in public art and architecture, in the way we spend our leisure, even in shopping. And in museums"
"It is from this perspective - their place in a public culture - that we might look at museums, because museums also have, as it were, a 'language'. Museums are 'saying' something to us ('saying' some things, not 'saying' other things) and it is important to ask what is is that the museums are 'saying'"
"In raising such a question I am not just talking about the intentions of the people who run museums, but about the way museums actually operate, the objective consequences of their existence, what they can actually mean to us. I will give a few examples"
"The first is that of the art museum. If you ask people running an art museum what they think they are doing they are likely to give two kinds of answer. One will be connected with the storage and conservation of art objects; the other will be an educational objective. But we also know from surveys that one of the 'functions' (objective consequences) of art museums has also been to put the ordinary people in their place - to make them realise that they know nothing about art. Surveys have been done in the past which suggested that the majority of working class people who went to an art museum, could come away with a principal impression of it as a cathedral. I am not suggesting this is always or even usually the effect of art museums. One can recognise, for example, that the use of special exhibitions is one way of overcoming the awesomeness of an art museum. But often when people go to an art museum they see a whole lot of pictures put out like a child's stamp collection, with no coherent meaning - without any of the intellectual coherence, for example, that might be found in a book. And this can assist them in believing that they 'know nothing about art'"
"Also worth noting is the way art museums can give an impression of 'art' that is a historical. They can sometimes lump together all kinds of products, some of which were produced by people who saw them as 'art' and others by people who didn't know the concept of  'art' in its present meaning. It has only been in modern industrial societies, with their secularism and their distinction between art and life, that the very idea of 'art' as we know it has been developed, yet one can go into, say, the first gallery of the Australian National Gallery and see lumped together in that room objects all of which are described as 'art', yet most of which, when they were first produced, were not produced as 'art' at all. An African mask, which was made for special ritual purposes, is presented as exactly the same kind of thing as a Monet water lilies study, which was produced for hanging in a museum. So another 'function' of a museum can be to project an idea of a universally acknowledged 'art' - when in fact there has been no such thing"
"Another example comes from technology museums. The people who run technology museums can imagine they are giving people information about machinery, about industry, about science. But since machines do not reproduce themselves such museums must also be (whether this is intended or not) social history museums. Yet the people running them may not face up to this responsibility. Take the Science Museum in London, one of the world's greatest collections of technological devices. As soon as you walk into it you see a splendid display of steam engines arranged down the middle of the first hall that would do credit to a sculptures gallery and from this you may get the impression that somehow or other the Industrial Revolution began with steam engines - that steam engines are what most mattered about the Industrial Revolution - and as if to compound this impression, there not far away, is also the workshop of James Watt, presented as the great pioneer of the steam engine, and therefore the Industrial Revolution. There it is, the exact workshop, with five thousand pieces in it, as it was the very day Watt died. Back into your head may even come the schooldays legend of how Watt, the great genius, sat in the kitchen, watching the kettle boil and then invented the Industrial Revolution, the importance of steam engines is just one factor among many others. There is no general account of the Industrial Revolution in the Science Museum, but a particular account is inferred by the selection and arrangement of objects. Upstairs are some of the important factory machines connected with the Industrial Revolution, but even these are not given any social meaning. You learn nothing about the way in which people were already being disciplined to work in factories and in other institutions (arguably one of the important preconditions of the Industrial Revolution); nor do you learn anything about the agricultural revolution, nor about the capital accumulations from the slave trade and other profitable businesses, nor about the secularisation of society, nor about the development of banking nor about any of the other factors also seen as connected with the story of the Industrial Revolution. So if you go into the Science Museum what it is likely to 'say' to you is that technology means machines reproducing machines; one steam engine begat another steam engine, which begat another steam engine, until finally some other machine by some type of mutation begat electricity - as if the machines simply had an internal relationship with each other, reproducing each other without any human agency. This pure emphasis on technology culminates in a space museum (whether it's in Moscow or Washington) in which, with a great sense of technological triumphalism, it looks as if machines now own the universe"
"A second last example: In the Scandinavian countries in particular, but also in many other places, there are great open air 'folk museums' put together at the time when the peasantry was being destroyed, taken from all kinds of regions and lumped together in typically discordant museum fashion. These are intended to recall peasant life for us, yet many ordinary middle-class persons going to them might not so much consider what peasant life was like, as look for new ideas for redecorating their own converted cottages. The open air museums of Scandinavia became, above all, the apotheosis of the wooden beam, which for several generations of Europeans has meant naturalness, sincerity and good taste"
"A last example: in turning against some of the rigid discipline of the earlier museums we now have the button-pushing museum. In itself, this can seem an idea founded on very sound principles. But there is, of course, always the difficulty that in the 'fun museum', the only thing the visitor might remember is the 'fun' itself. A visit to a museum becomes an exercise in pushing buttons with the illusion, perhaps, that, somehow, by doing this, one gets the machines under control"
"The 'Magic' of  Museums  

Not only is it necessary to recognise that museums exist in particular kinds of society and that they have 'languages' which can be examined in terms of what appear to be prevailing 'realities' in these societies; we might also recognise that part of the significance of museums comes from what might be described as their 'magic'. For example, just as medieval pilgrims went to participate in the magic of holy relics in cathedrals some of the objects we see in museums are now secular relics, with an aura of scarcity, costliness and, in particular, 'authenticity'"
"One of the established forms of this 'magic' comes from what Irving Goffman has described as the ceremonial agenda of obligatory rites. We tend to go to some museums partly because they are on a kind of life agenda: they are something we must go and pay our respects to: they are part of a ceremonial order that has been laid down for us. Going to museums becomes part of growing up. Again a comparison with a cathedral is relevant. Just as in the Middle Ages people might have been taken to a cathedral and shown those comic strip stories up in the windows, or in the mosaics, or in the carvings, describing important events and ideas, people can now be taken to a museum as part of the revelation of life's mysteries"
"I certainly remember this from my own experience. I can remember periodic trips to museums in Sydney which acted as refresher courses in what it might mean to be human. When we went to the Art Gallery, being a human being meant partly a concern with 'the bush' and its landscapes, but more exactly, as I remember it, it was a concern for displaying reverence for nineteenth century academic art (since the Art Gallery at that stage, being a very modern gallery, was stocked with it). Above all my enormous respect for the Art Gallery came because at our house we had the four fat volumes of The Story of the British Nation, illustrated by all of the famous academy history-paintings of British history, and two of these, 'Rorke's Drift' and 'Chaucer at the Court of Edward III', were in the NSW Art Gallery. I had this feeling that there must be something important about Sydney; it had 'Rorke's Drift' and 'Chaucer at the Court of Edward III'"
"We would also go to the Australian Museum. This seemed a reminder of the field of knowledge with which I was familiar at school - one studies bones and rocks and zoological classifications and so forth. There it was - knowledge, laid out for inspection in appropriate categories, like an encyclopedia (and I had as much respect for Cassell's Children's Book of Knowledge as I did for The Story of the British Nation).  What the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (the old one, of course) really told me was that technology had finished: the whole museum seemed so out-of-date. Technology  was something that had existed once: perhaps it reached its apex in the Strasburg Clock. However the most significant visit on our family's ceremonial agenda of obligatory rites was to the war museum (at that period housed in Sydney). When my father, who had been a digger in the Great War, would take me to the war museum, I had a real sense of meaning."
"Where the pelican builds By Bruce Holmes  

BEING a city librarian (glasses and bike-clips, custodian of culture) promotes
dreams of the wide-open spaces, release from entrapment, an atavistic yearning
for the wilderness of nature - or at least for some kind of fulfilment in
a pleasantly bucolic setting. Fragonard would do. Justine, enchafed in
housewifery, at some neap tide of life, certainly needed a rest. When we
went on our holidays we found ourselves in a tiny flat high up in a round
tower that reared phallic-like from swarms of hot cars and the earnest traffic
of the flabby: the fey gaudiness of those desperate for glamour. Prey to
the brochures. Still, there was the sea"
"We went swimming every day, just beyond the creeping shadows of the tall
buildings. The children had to be watched carefully lest they stray with
their new rubber surf-floats beyond the orange and yellow flags, the strictly
demarcated ken of the life-saver who sat risking skin cancer, high up in
his spindly chair. Much as one feels on occasion like straying beyond the
flags that common sense and our quotidian lives impose. The spirit seeks
folly now and then, like a cat to eat grass for health. (I should put that
in my diary.)
  One afternoon, curious at the growing crowd of people at the water's edge,
we sidled closer and soon joined in the seeking out of hundreds of little
fish caught in the rock pools; cried with delight or chagrin according to
our measure of success as we hunted with clumsy predatoriness. One of the
men, scabby lips, skinny wrinkled legs under voluminous shorts, told me
they were pilchards, good for bait he intended to use in the lake. ""Beyond
the island, that's where the fish are, bream this long, no kidding.""
  That night I told Justine and the children as we hunched over tea in the
park (hamburgers for them but yoghurt for me) that we ought to get a boat
the next day and go fishing according to the man's advice. Justine's shoulders,
which I noticed those days were becoming more humped, shrugged not so much
with assent as resignation"
"""I'm going to catch five fish, I have a feeling,"" Amanda said"
"Touching a new pimple on his chin, Andrew scorned quietly through a truss
of teeth bracers, ""Only fish you're likely to catch are fish fingers."" Older
than Scott by two years, Andrew was very different in looks and temperament"
"Whereas Andrew was fair-complexioned, sly and passive, Scott was dark, direct
and combative. Amanda, two years younger again (Justine had planned carefully)
was a chameleon of emotion, calculating with callous pragmatism what mood
and line of attack were needed for each situation"
"The children were highly excited and got us up at the crack of dawn. On
the beach we killed time by writing our names hugely on the sand with our
toes, and watching the grim joggers in their gladiatorship with ageing,
as well as the inane merriment of seniors on their way to the baths that
nestled among the rocks below the new Kentucky Fried Chicken place. The
waves came in remorselessly, their tops a lacy foam half of the air and
tentative in their flirting, or fighting, with the dark muscle of water
underneath. Thesis and antithesis; then the rodomontade of resolution, the
climaxing shudder, and the seeking up the sands like desperate fingers;
then the retreat, so flat and inglorious, to begin all over again"
"Finally we took off for the channel with the plastic bucket, newspapered
and decomposing pilchards, fishing lines, sunburn cream, towels etc. and
hired a boat, five dollars for the first hour, three for each subsequent
hour. We climbed aboard and cautiously assumed a seat. Grabbing the oars
I put on some show of expertness, conscious of all the fisher-folk lining
the bank. It was easy going with the current and my strokes were in the
main confident, though I tended to drift to one side"
"""You're drifting to the left,"" Scott warned"
"""You mean port, left is port on a boat. And what's right?""
  ""Unport?"" suggested Justine provocatively, smiling"
"""No, I'm serious. Come on - starboard! Starboard!""
  We left the channel and cut across shallow water with lots of weed in
which my oars became entangled"
"""Have you kids heard of the Sargasso Sea?""
  ""No.""
  ""Would you like to hear about it?""
  ""No.""
  One always tends to impart interesting lore to one's children - take the
Greek myths, Ulysses and all that as an example. But what attempts are made
are usually perfunctory for various reasons that no doubt relate to
evasiveness. 
  ""Look!"" cried Justine. ""Pelicans. Aren't they lovely?"" They cruised down
from the air not far from our boat, in wobbly fashion, as if they might
have a crash landing (although they didn't), and quickly resumed the elegance
they had in the air. Exotic creatures, they had the shape of a squashed
Z, and looked distinctly droll and knowing"
"Amanda enunciated, ""A wonderful bird is the pelican,/It holds more in
its beak/Than its belly can.""
  And she added, ""We learned that at school.""
  ""Know that. We learned that in kindergarten,"" Scott's voice was contemptuous"
"""There's the island,"" Andrew pointed, looking like a black-and-white minstrel
with his zinc-creamed lips. It was a scruffy little island, but allured
- as islands tend to do"
"""Look at the boats around,"" added Justine. ""I'd say that's where the fish
are.""
  A huge launch zapped past, almost swamping our boat"
"""There's no doubt about it!"" I hissed at the vulgar tableau: men grinning,
with terry-towelling hats, sun-glasses, beer-bellies and a girl-woman sprawled
on the cabin roof, in a bikini, oiled and roasting like some sacrificial
offering"
"""You've got a fair way to go, dear,"" chirped Justine sweetly"
"""I know, I know.""
  At last we broached the island, and I chose a place not far off where
weed abutted stretches of sand. The weed swayed luxuriantly like woman's
hair. Venus pausing on her way up"
"""This will do,"" I asserted, turning uncertainty into mystery"
"""Dad, can I have some bait?"" Andrew piped"
"""Me too, dad,"" came Scott"
"""All right,"" My hands were already blistered from rowing, but I managed
to saw off a pilchard's head with the serrated knife, and cut the body into
four pieces"
"""Who wants the head?""
  ""Me!"" said the boys"
"""Here, Amanda, give me your hook for bait.""
  Soon we were all sitting quietly with our lines in, our eyes whipped by
the sun off the water. I thought of Descartes fishing in the canal at Rynsburg,
unfettered, brooding on dualism. Then there was Izaak Walton, of course"
"And Sue Frayn. Such straying beyond the flags of propriety, backwards through
the shifting foci of memory"
"Yes, it was the pelicans that did it. During the last year in primary
school, for ""Poetry"" we had to copy a poem into our exercise books and then
go outside to learn the thing off by heart. That was ""Poetry"". The poem
for the Friday (""Poetry"" was done, as though an afterthought, on Friday
afternoon) was ""Where the Pelican Builds its Nest"" by Mary Hannay Foot"
"Most of the boys beelined for the peppercorns to have a quick smoke, but
I, a would-be runner, found myself in the corrugated-iron lunch shed sitting
opposite Sue Frayn and Debbie Robinson. The girls recited with noisy vigour,
giving the lines a sensuous lilt that made me feel miserable. I was more
interested in poking with a stick some papery egg-sacs of redback spiders
in a groove of the wall. But suddenly I realized Sue was sitting with book
on lap, legs open, not much, not enough for Debbie to notice but enough
for me to glimpse her pants. It occurred to me she was doing it deliberately
for me, since she cast quick, collusive glances at me, smiling. Thinking
it very generous of her, I wished I could reciprocate in some manner that
was not too reckless"
"I was going to ask her to come to the matinee on Saturday. ""Twelve O'Clock
High"", but shyness or lethargy prevented. However, luck threw us together
one summery night after the slides on Tongan missionaries in the Sunday
School Hall. Some of us boys were chasing girls through the pine-trees in
the park near the oval. At one stage I caught Sue who was backed up by
accident or design against a tree. Hot and impetuous from running I kissed
her on the lips, more like a peck really, as sensual as a clerk stamping
a parcel. I marvelled at such abandon, nostrils dilated at her cheap scent
blending with my Californian Poppy. Then she ducked away, giggling to the
other girls, saving me"
"In the playground the next day the boys asked each other, ""What number
did you get up to?"" Number one was holding hands and number six the ultimate
debauch of intercourse (talked of boldly but hazily understood). My admission
of three drew competitive glances and affirmation of sodality, notwithstanding
my aversion to smoking"
"Sue's father, a bank accountant, was soon shifted to another town, and
my interests turned increasingly to running and wattle-barking (this meant
stripping bark of young wattle trees and sending it to Adelaide to be used
in some tanning process - the pocket-money was quite attractive)"
"But I did see her from time to time at High School sports carnivals and
a footy grand final where she and her mother tended a copper for hot-dogs"
"She stood smiling, cheeks red from the raw winter's day, eyes lustrous like
ripe olives, blck hair responding subtly to a caress of wind, her cable-knitted
jumper undulant with suggestion. That I ought to have helped fate along
could not have struck me as imperative enough, so I left the matter in
abeyance, for ever, for ever regretting the loss. In her became crystallized
all significance attaching to lost opportunity. Over which there is always
such repining, fighting the present with the past"
"Much of our life is backward-looking, wistful for that will-o'-the-wisp
completeness we aspire to. We would knit our lives whole with those stubborn
strands of romanticism, which nevertheless corrupt"
"Often I've wallowed in speculation: where is she now? Perhaps family-ridden,
soldiering on through the mire of generation; could have cancer, could be
dead, dwindling limbs composed among the wet grains of earth. But that regimen
of nibbling at the past, far from curbing our self-pity of the present,
nourishes it, lets it flower froth in cankerous infestation"
"I revert to Ulysses with glass (Telemachus more likely) who noted with
bland distaste that Justine had turned her back the better to hold her line
- an unignorable back, inimical even. The pelicans decided to leave, hauling
their limbs into the heavy air. I don't know where they nest, but I'm sure
it's not as far as Foot suggests. At school her poem suggested to me
adventuring far to somewhere near the South Australian and Queensland border"
"Yeats chose swans. For my part I would choose pelicans, they're such
congenial creatures, rather mild and vulnerable like us moderns. Not like
the aristocratic swans with their serpent necks and beaks that might attack,
raping a patient Leda. (The word ""patience"", I'd noted in my diary, is similar
in meaning to ""suffering"" and ""passion"". Interesting.)
  ""Caught one, dad,"" Scott announced"
"""Squire. Too small - toss him back.""
  ""But dad, it's my first fish. Can't I put him in the bucket to look at
for a bit?""
  ""Oh, all right.""
  ""Can you get it off the hook, dad?""
  ""Here, give it to me then.""
  ""Put your foot on it, dear, it's jumping all over the place."" You could
tell Justine was becoming fed up"
"""I know, I know,"" I muttered, pushing my thonged foot on the gasping fish"
"""It's mouth is bleeding,"" Amanda accused, throwing one of Justine's lipsticky
Kleenexes at me"
"I wriggled and wrestled the hook backwards through flesh and 
cartilage More blood. The stare of its unblinking eye condemned 
me as I placed it in the bucket where it bucked in sudden vigour, only to 
become passive again."
"By Gerald O'Collins 4  THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS  

In Chapter 3 I argued that Christology should centre on Jesus' dying and
rising. Back in Chapter 1 I pointed out the need to validate Christological
faith in its historical origins and development. That entails establishing
what we can about Jesus' life, death and resurrection. In this chapter I
plan to put together and run through some problems that could confront a
Christology centred around the paschal mystery. It is simply not possible
to raise all the issues. Let me select and concentrate on certain challenges
in the fields of history, faith and theology"
"1. History 

When faced with death, Jesus continued to maintain the validity of his message
and his certainty of being saved (Mark 14:25). He interpreted his self-giving
as a new covenant, which would be beneficial `for many' (1 Corinthians 12:23-5;
Mark 14:22-4). His male disciples fled when he was arrested (Mark 14:27-8,
50; John 16:32), and an outsider took care of his burial (Mark 15:43). Jesus'
crucifixion challenged the interpretation of his coming death and certainty
about being saved that he had expressed at the last supper. According to
the contemporary interpretation of Deuteronomy 21:23 (see the Qumran Temple
Roll 64:6-13 and Galatians 3:13), someone crucified for breaking the law
was understood to be cursed by God. But then the disciples began proclaiming
that God had raised Jesus from the dead (for example, 1 Thessalonians 1:10;
Acts 2:32; Romans 10:9). This proclamation was initiated by appearances
of the living Jesus (for example, 1 Corinthians 15:5-8) and, secondarily,
by the discovery that his tomb was empty (Mark 16:1-8 and parallels)"
"Apropos of the Easter appearances and the empty tomb, there are many problems"
"No doubt it will stay that way till the end of time. Here I want to raise
and briefly respond to some questions, so as to illustrate what a
resurrection-centred Christology might have to tackle today"
"(a) The Appearances  

In discussing the appearances, it may be as well to start with the ingenious
`swoon theory', which H.E.G. Paulus floated in the last century and which
has enjoyed a number of variants in recent decades. Essentially the hypothesis
comes to this. Jesus did not die on the cross, but was taken down alive from
the cross, revived in the tomb, somehow got out and `appeared' to his
followers. In his novella The Man Who Died, D.H. Lawrence has Jesus coming
back in this way to his followers and then slipping off to Egypt to enjoy
conjugal relations with a priestess of Isis. Other versions of this `happy
ending' have Jesus going away to live with Mary Magdalene, as in The Holy
Blood and the Holy Grail by Baigent, Leigh and Lincoln. Some Moslems claim
that, after escaping from the tomb, Jesus even reached India; at Srinagar
in Kashmir tourists can see a shrine that is alleged to be the place where
he was finally buried after really dying in old age"
"In The Anastasis (Shipston-on-Stour, 1982), Duncan Derrett suggests that
Jesus `entered into a self-induced trance' on the cross (p.45). Those who
buried him took him to be dead, but this `clinical death' was briefly reversed
before irreversible brain-death finally occurred. But he had made significant
use of his short-lived recovery. For after he revived in the cold tomb
and had been helped out (apparently by some people watching at the tomb
and the `young man' of Mark 16:5-7), he was able to commission his disciples"
"Shortly thereafter, as a result of his sufferings and crucifixion, he underwent
final brain-death. He had authorised his disciples to dispose of his corpse
by cremation, and they burnt it outside the walls of Jerusalem. The ascension,
as recounted by Luke, was a `euphemism' for that cremation (pp.83,90)"
"Out here in Australia, Barbara Thiering has also advanced the theory that
Jesus did not die on the cross. Her account runs as follows. The vinegar (Mark
15:36) that Jesus was given contained some poison that would eventually have
killed him. However, he was placed alive in the tomb with the the  two
criminals crucified with him. One of these two men (whom Thiering identifies
as Simon Magus and Judas Iscariot) administered aloes to Jesus which caused him
to bring up the poison. His supporters smuggled Jesus out of the tomb. After
spending some years with the early Christian community, he then really died"
"Finally, Thiering adds her own startling twist to the `swoon theory'. Jesus'
crucifixion, burial and escape from the tomb did not take place in Jerusalem
but in or around Qumran. 
  Against these different versions of the `swoon theory', it must be said
that their major `source', the New Testament itself, contains not a shred
of hard evidence in their favour. The Gospels, St Paul and the primitive
Christian kerygma (which gets quoted in 1 Corinthians 15:3b-5, the early
speeches in Acts and elsewhere in the New Testament) agree that Jesus genuinely
died by crucifixion and was buried as a dead man (for instance, 1 Corinthians
15:4; Mark 15:37, 42-7). Other ancient sources corroborate this. The Jewish
historian, Flavius Josephus (AD 37-c.100), in his Antiquities 18:63-4 reports
that Jesus was crucified on the orders of Pilate. It seems that some Christian
or Christians revised this passage in Josephus by adding material in praise
of Jesus, but at least the information about his execution seems to go back
to Josephus himself. In his Annals 15:44 (written in AD 112-113), the Roman
historian Tacitus explains that the name `Christians' came from the founder
of their sect, Christ, who was executed by the `procurator' Pontius Pilate
during the reign of the Emperor Tiberius. In an obscure passage, the Babylonian
Talmud (Sanhedrin 43a) writes of Yeshu, who led some Israelites astray by
his magic, but was then `hanged on the eve of Passover'. These extra-biblical,
Roman and Jewish sources show little historical knowledge, but they indicate
no doubt whatsoever that Jesus genuinely died by execution. Like the passion
narratives in the Gospels, these other documents contain not the slightest
hint that Jesus was or could have been still alive when the executioners
had finished with him"
"In the nineteenth century, David Friedrich Strauss (1808-74) cast many
doubts on the gospel story, but even so had no truck with the swoon theory"
"He put his finger on another knockdown difficulty against any hypothesis
of a half-dead Jesus reviving in the tomb and then returning to his followers:
 
It is impossible that a being who had stolen half dead out of the sepulchre,
who crept about weak and ill, wanting medical treatment, who required
bandaging, strengthening and  indulgence...could have given the disciples
the impression that he was a Conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince
of Life, an impression which lay at the bottom of their future ministry"
"Such a resuscitation...could by no possibility have changed their sorrow
into enthusiasm, have elevated their reverence into worship"
"Add too, the fact that neither the New Testament nor any other source provides
evidence for the post-crucifixion existence and activity of a Jesus who
was revived from apparent death. Derrett admits as much when he writes of
`the loud silence of the gospels and epistles' about Jesus' brief life after
his revival from clinical death (Anastasis,p.71)"
"Before dismissing the whole `swoon theory' as bogus nonsense, we might
reflect briefly on the thinking behind it. Besides expressing a refusal
to accept that Jesus truly rose from the dead to a new, transformed life,
this theory serves to bring out the nature of historical certainties and
a persistent desire that goes right back to the time of the apocryphal gospels"
"It is always open to anyone to deny facts that professional scholars
and the general public agree on and correctly take for granted. An imagination
that does not bother to produce hard evidence for bold assertions can then
advance sensational claims and propose ingenious counter-stories. One could,
for example, make up a story about Julius Caesar not having been assassinated
in 44 BC. Someone else was killed in his place; he escaped to the Tiber
and took a trireme to Britain, where he cultivated vineyards and helped
to prepare the way for the eventual settlement of the Romans. Absolutely
speaking, this counter-story cannot be ruled out as impossible. But the
lack of evidence in its favour and the convergent proofs for the normally
accepted version of Caesar's untimely end make an escape-to-Britain hypothesis
so utterly implausible that it is not worth bothering about. Practically
every historian and biblical scholar would say the same thing about the
`swoon theory'"
"This theory, I suspect, is fed by a tendency that set in fairly early
among some Christians, and which a Californian friend of mine summed up
as follows: `When they ran out of things they knew about Jesus, they started
making up and writing down things they really didn't know.' Thus the canonical
Gospels knew of no witnesses to the very event of Jesus' resurrection itself"
"The second-century Gospel of Peter 9:35 ff invents such witnesses. There
are so many limits and gaps in what we know about Jesus' life, death and
resurrection, that it is tempting to conjecture, fabricate and fill in details
that the real evidence does not support. In their variant of the `swoon
theory', R. Graves and J. Podro, for example, generously supply information
about `the extreme sultriness of the weather' (which, together with the
spikenard ointment smeared on the shroud, helped to keep Jesus alive in
the tomb), and about the way he escaped:

The Roman soldiers, hired to stand guard, rolled back the stone at night
while their sergeant was asleep and tried to steal the ointment - which
was worth several years' army pay and could easily be sold in the brothels
of Caesarea. They found Jesus still alive, and the sergeant, when acquainted
with the surprising news, let him go; being subsequently bribed by Bunni
[= the name Graves and Podro give to Nicodemus] to say that the disciples
had removed the body. (Jesus in Rome, London, 1957,pp.12-13)"
"All of this suggests a novelist's anxiety to reconstruct a well-rounded
story, although one must be grateful that Graves and Podro do not indulge
a taste for cherchez la femme and arrange for Jesus to rendezvous with Mary
Magdalene or a priestess of Isis"
"At the end of the day, the `swoon theory' reduces the origin of Christianity
to a banal story about a bungled execution. In place of the mystery of Jesus'
true resurrection from the dead, we are told that he had an incredibly
lucky revival from apparent death - a revival that his disciples later
misrepresented when they claimed that he had been `raised from the dead,
never again to revert to corruption' (Acts 13:34). The `swoon theory', by
granting Jesus only a temporary respite from death after an extraordinary
unpleasant brush with crucifixion, makes the New Testament's language about
his glorious, new, incorruptible existence (for instance, 1 Corinthians
15:20 ff; Luke 24:26) simply incomprehensible or else a bold lie"
"To keep this section on the risen Lord's appearances down to manageable
proportions, let me next glance quickly at some other current
counter-explanations. The hypothesis that the disciples somehow hallucinated
the risen Jesus' appearances has been tried and found wanting. Ian Wilson,
however, has recently returned to this hypothesis, arguing that

...it is possible that he [Jesus] prepared his disciples for his resurrection
using the technique that modern hypnotists call post-hypnotic suggestion"
"By this means he would have effectively conditioned them to hallucinate
his appearances in response to certain pre-arranged cues (the breaking of
bread?), for a predetermined period after his death. (Jesus the Evidence,
London, 1984,p.141.)

Wilson supports his theory by gratuitously attributing such powers of hypnosis
to Jesus and throwing in an experiment in post-hypnotic suggestion on one
volunteer who `was known to be a good hypnotic subject' (ibid. pp. 141
f). How on earth do we know that the disciples were all such good hypnotic
subjects?  What of Paul, who saw the risen Christ, but had enjoyed no contact with Jesus during the ministry and hence could not have been conditioned to hallucinate an Easter appearance in response to some pre-arranged cues?"
"The liberation priests  

Nuns and priests defying the military in Manila this week have given new
impetus to the debate on liberation theology. It is a debate which has divided
the Catholic Church In Australia, and led to B. A. Santamaria's claim that
the Church has become a ""major ally of the Left"". Now, in the year of the
Pope's visit to Australia, conservative elements have called for a boycott
of Project Compassion, the annual Lenten appeal, because of its support
for left-wing causes. 

 DEBRA JOPSON reports  

WHEN YOU enter St Paul's, the Catholic bookshop in Sydney's Castlereagh
St, there is an equal number of bookshelves devoted to Jesus Christ and
Social Justice. There are tracts on Marx and the Bible"
"In Canberra, playwright Ron Evans is expanding his play already seen by
local theatre-goers, The Red Priest, with the help of the subject, Father
Brian Gore, the Columban missionary who now preaches nuclear disarmament
and redistribution of wealth as he travels Australia, having got out of
a Philippines jail"
"In once reliably conservative Adelaide, the church is setting up its own
social justice political wing with the approval of Archbishop Leonard Faulkner"
"In Melbourne, The Catholic Worker, once informally banned in the archdiocese
because of its liberal views, has been revived with a Eureka flag masthead
as an alternative to the more conservative Advocate"
"Sydney's Catholic Weekly has had a series of editorials which would make
an alternative liberal paper extraneous. Christa McAuliffe's death in the
space shuttle explosion, the Weekly says, should be seen with hope because
it delays Star Wars. The position of the latest Extraordinary Synod of Bishops
in Rome, which could be interpreted as condoning some aspects of ""liberation
theology"", is ""a blow for those who believe in `Christ-capitalism',"" it
opines"
"In the words of B. A. Santamaria, head of the National Civic Council,
writing in his News Weekly recently: ""The Catholic Church in Australia,
of course, is not communist controlled. Such a statement would be a total
absurdity. But ... it has permitted itself to be transformed into a major
ally of the Left.""
  Santamaria's theory is that left-leaning university-educated intellectuals
have taken over the social justice wing of the Catholic Church - of whose
thrust out of the sacristy and into politics he was one of the main architects"
"They are now disseminating Marxist and quasi-Marxist views which are filtering
through the seminaries and schools"
"The closely-aligned right-wing Newman Graduates Association agrees and
has called for the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (CCJP), the
church's politically involved social action wing, to be disbanded"
"Association president Patrick Newman called it a mouthpiece for ""atheistic
communism""; his deputy, Father Terence Purcell, charged it with ""choking
left-wing political views down people's necks.""
  So far the deepest the attacks have bitten is that the Catholic Bishop
to the Armed Forces, Bishop Geoffrey Mayne, has resigned from his position
as one of the three bishops on the commission and plans to put to the Bishop's
Conference in May that its charter be changed"
"And those who have been ever vigilant of communist infiltration in the
Catholic Church have asked their fellow Catholics not to give to Project
Compassion, the annual Lenten appeal for money for the poor usually held
in every church up to Easter Saturday - this year from February 12 to March
29, because some of it goes to left-wing causes. Australian Catholic Relief
(ACR), which last year received about $2.4 million as administrator of Project
Compassion, will not know until money rolls in from all parishes at the
end of Lent how successful the boycott has been"
"Project Compassion and the CCJP still have the backing of the mainstream
of the church"
"Answering Santamaria's charges that Catholics were giving money thinking
it would go to the poor and hungry when in fact about a quarter of a million
dollars annually goes to the CCJP, the Catholic bishops put out a statement"
"""We affirm the value of the development education programs financed through
Project Compassion and request Australian Catholics to continue their
wholehearted support for both the CCJP and Project Compassion,"" they said"
"Australian Catholic Relief itself has come under attack for sending funds
to Filipino grouups like Task Force Detainees, said to be an auxiliary of
the National Democratic Front (a communist organisation) and Australia-Asia
Worker Links, which was launched by communist unionist John Halfpenny"
"Father Boberg, parish priest of Berowra, NSW, has claimed ACR's development
programs in Kampuchea and Vietnam amount to ""supporting comunism in South-East
Asia with Catholic money.""
  And a writer in Quadrant, John Whitehall, has claimed that liberation
theology, that powerful brew born of Marxist study and Latin American
oppression, has seeped into Australia, leading to a ""blind spot"" to Marxist
tyranny. ""The Philippines and Vietnam are good examples. The Philippines is 
being dissected under the glare of theologians' attention while Vietnam and 
all its persecution is being ignored,"" wrote Whitehall"
"He points to Father Brian Gore, the West Australian-born Columban missionary
jailed in the Philippines for allegedly murdering a Negros mayor until the
trumped-up charges were dropped, as the personification of the
Aussie-turned-revolutionary through liberation theology"
"Since he returned to Australia less than two years ago, Gore has been
travelling the country speaking against nuclear disarmament and for
redistribution of wealth, among other issues"
"He has talked at the same forums as radicals like the president of the
PLO-affiliated General Union of Palestinian Workers, Allam Tahboub"
"The attacks on the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace, Australian
Catholic Relief and Gore appear to be part of a wider international battle
in a Church which likes to keep its skirmishes in-house, but has not been
able to contain them as the institution still reels from the fallout of
the overhaul it got at Vatican II 21 years ago"
"The Church's left and right wings are still arguing about how far Vatican
II's commitment to social reform can be taken"
"In Latin America, some took it as far as becoming ""guerilla-priests"" and
headed for the hills to fight with rebel forces. The more cerebral,
particularly Peruvian Gustavo Gutierrez, married Marx with the scriptures
to breed liberation theology and forge a ""Church of the Poor"""
"As American academic Penny Lernoux puts it in her book the Cry of the
People about the struggle for human rights there: ""What the Latin American
theologians find particularly attractive in Marx is his suggestion of the
relationship between experience and theory - that if man has sufficient
understanding of his reality, he can improve that reality and himself and
that this new situation in turn influences, changes and educates him"
"""But an acceptance of Marx the sociologist need not imply support for
a Marxist ideology, much less communism, which the liberation theologians
reject as a political system incompatible with Christianity.""
  With Catholic pragmatism, opposing factions hail statements from Rome
on the issues as backing their own positions and quote various Popes to
support their viewpoints"
"A much-quoted document by German Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger called
""Instruction on Certain Aspects of the Theology of Liberation"" looks like
a poke in the eye for the Latin Americans and their followers"
"But the outcome of the recent Extraordinary Synod of Bishops in Rome was
seen as a win for the liberation theologians overall"
"Sydney's Catholic Weekly journalist Cliff Baxter said: ""The Synod is a
great body blow to the right wing. Cardinal Ratzinger has been asked to
write a complementary work on liberation theology, pointing out its
advantages."" Baxter claims it would be a mistake to see the likes of Father
Brian Gore as ""the attractive aberrant"". He places him firmly in the
mainstream. 
  
  GORE himself, who hardly fits the old image of the priest, swearing like
a trooper and happy to declare, ""I'm not a Catholic, I'm a Christian,""
told this reporter, ""Liberation theology is a result of groping with the
problem of poverty, but I hate being called a liberation theologian"
"""It's more getting your act together a bit better in the fight against
evil; which is the repression of people by social, political and economic
structures.""
  How far liberation theology has affected the Church in Australia is difficult
to say"
"Head of Sydney University's School of Divinity, Dr Barbara Thiering, an
Anglican, says women in Australian churches have embraced it because it
tosses out the idea of God as a pervasive male figure"
"Uniting Church minister Dr Allan Loy, who teaches electives on liberation
theology at Sydney University, places it firmly in Latin America and says
Australians are trying to forge their own theology"
"Dr Rowan Ireland, an academic who speaks regularly at church gatherings
on Latin American Theology, told this reporter: ""I find it difficult to
share the concern Mr Santamaria has, I still think basically most clergy
are terribly conservative"
"""There is a minority of aging parish priests who would read theology books
and that minority would know about the theology of liberation. One of the
reasons for the general conservatism of these male clergy is relative to
the population at large, they're aging. Some of the figures on that are
fairly hair-raising.""
  What is more likely to shake the parish priests into looking for new roles
is the drop in church attendances, said Ireland, a senior lecturer in sociology
at La Trobe University"
"""Thinking of the role of the Church and the priest is forced on them every
day. That is much more of an impulse toward getting to know other theologies
than being undermined by the universities.""
  Father Bruce Duncan, of the missionary order, the Redemptorists, which
is active in Latin America and the Philippines, said: ""The main thing is
it has permeated all of theology, giving it a flavour and a new range. The
concern for social justice, peace and development have gone beyond what
you would call liberation theologies.""
  Duncan points to the Catholic Church's backing of the fight for a just
wage as an example of its historical concerns for social justice in Australia"
"""The reason it seems so new is that the split in the Labor Party, in Catholic
Action and between the Sydney and Melbourne churches made it too hot a
potato to handle and so for 20 years, the debate flagged.""
  He believes the Catholic Church's apparent paralysis in Nazi Germany is
still affecting a lot of its members ""knowing it is not enough to be opposed
to dictatorships; the Church must go up-front in opposition.""
  A lot of Australian Catholics still have a ""cold war mentality"" but Marxist
thinking has had a big effect, even in the Vatican"
"""Pope John Paul II brought a strong Marxist influence into his writings
because he came out of a situation where he was constantly debating with
Marxism,"" said Duncan"
"Politically, the church has an international perspective because, ""It
realises in many countries, it is the only major institutional actor which
can speak out against oppression. Sometimes there is either a revolutionary
option or a complete cave-in to a dictatorial regime.""
                      
  In Brazil seven years ago, I was shocked to walk into a Catholic church
in the northern coastal city of Recife to find an economic pie chalked
on a blackboard showing how the concentration of money in the hands of the
rich had doomed the rest to poverty"
"It was a slice of political education in a church which in other parts
of South America, had seemed only to offer nauseating displays of
jewel-encrusted Marys amid dire poverty"
"In Pinochet's Chile, a spokeswoman for the Vicariate of Solidarity, in
a small office alongside Santiago Cathedral (for safety purposes), brought
out the list of desparecidos, or ""disappeared ones"", and talked of how the
""basic Christian communities"" set up on the land ""conscientised"" the people
in ways of overcoming social injustice"
"She also had a clipping of a pro-Government newspaper with a photo of
a telephone line outside the Vicariate captioned ""Direct Link to Moscow"""
"In Australia, which Duncan describes as ""the most secular country in the
world"", the Church is not such a mighty political force and is anyway seen
as conservative, producing mainly right-wing Labor politicians in the past"
""
"Twilight hours By Ann Granat  

""Have you been rushing? You sound out of breath."" 
  Margaret's calm voice washes over me on the telephone, without cooling. 
I want to smash the receiver down, I want to scream, I want to splatter 
terrible words into Margaret's well-manicured universe"
"Instead, I mutter something about the heat and close my eyes. I imagine
Margaret in this twilight hour in her large, cool house, a gin-and-tonic in
hand. Her children fed and pyjamaed, her dinner-table prepared, in
anticipation of Robert, husband and father. He is on his way, a modern
messiah, manoeuvring the Volvo through the city traffic"
"I am being unfair - it's jealousy. I am jealous of Margaret and Robert,
jealous of their lives. They have order and control, the best of all
possible worlds"
"I could not imagine Margaret ever losing control. Her ancestors, solid
Anglo-Saxons, carefully guard her against any untoward show of emotions"
"Unlike me, she has no melancholy middle-European ghost in her cupboard. My
latest one, an ancient Austro-Hungarian aunt, quite recently jumped off a
high baroque building in Vienna. For the occasion she wore a red silk
kimono from the Thirties, with a large embroidered gold butterfly on the
back"
"I don't ever confide in Margaret, I don't unburden. From our first meeting
at university, fifteen years ago, she pegged the boundaries of our friendship"
"We walk in pleasant meadows, but never venture into the hot arid lands
beyond"
"The best she can do for me under the circumstances is another dinner-party
invitation. The conversation will be light, the food Provencal. ""Don't
forget, drinks at seven.""
  I am touched that she doesn't ask me to bring a partner. Being an unmatched
guest, the odd number out will surely spoil the symmetry of an otherwise
perfect dinner table"
A gift of loyalty I hope to take with grace
"The twilight hours have almost passed. For us, they are the worst. Things
change in the twilight hours. The house is full of shapes out of control"
Shadows extend darkly. They threaten. They will swallow us if we let them
"Now that the evening has come I turn on all the lamps. Yellows, saffrons,
reds - the small house is ablaze"
"A strip of gold shows under his door, but there is no sound - my son locks
himself into his room straight after dinner. He can barely wait to leave the
kitchen table, where we sit opposite each other. He says nothing while we
eat. He doesn't look at me. He swallows his food quickly without any show
of pleasure. His face is guarded, locked against me. ""How was school today?"" 
I ask. He doesn't answer"
"I keep up a false monologue, words burn my throat as they surface"
"Aimlessly, like ashes, they scatter and fall. Green rattan mats on the
table, red roses in a vase, roast chicken with all the trimmings. These are
my offerings to him, my penance"
"At home he spends most of his time in his room with his cats. He has
collected four since we came to live here, six months ago"
"The sleek black Tom reminds me of Mac, the cat we used to have in the other
house. This one has the same self-assured walk, the same smooth-soft coat,
unblinking green eyes that go right through you into an invisible world
beyond. When we left, Mac was twelve, the same age as my son, but ancient
in cat-years. Too set in his territorial ways, he violently resisted our every
attempt to take him with us. In the end he had to be put down"
"The others are two tabby females, sisters from the same litter, and a ginger
male in constant competition with the black. My son brought them home one
by one, in spite of all my appeals and threats. He has given them names, but
he won't tell me what they are"
"My son is usually well home before me. He rides his bike from the local high
school, just a few streets away"
"The school where I teach is on the other side of Melbourne, in one of the
western suburbs. My students are wary teenagers with bristly, multicolored 
hair and bad teeth. Restlessly they bide their time. They smash windows and 
smear graffiti on walls. Most come from broken  homes and have themselves been 
broken a long time ago. I was lucky to get the  job in the first place - I had 
not taught for more than twelve years, but my qualifications were still all 
right"
"For English I teach them survival skills, though they would rather be
watching videos. This week we saw two - on werewolves. They loved the second
one best because of all the blood and gore. It kept them orderly and calm"
"My grandmother believed in werewolves. She even knew one once. I used to sit
petrified on her wide black-skirted lap when she talked about it"
"There was a man who lived in her village when she was a young girl. A
farmer, an ordinary decent fellow, he `turned' one night without warning,
when the moon was at its most fearsome, its fullest. He howled so horribly
that everyone in the village bolted their doors and put their lights out"
"My grandmother just managed to catch a glimpse of him through a crack in the
door. He was a horrible sight: wild hair, fangs, red-hot bulging eyes and
all. His wife, the fool that she was, let him in. ""And what do you think he
did?"" my grandmother would ask, while I shivered. ""He tore her into pieces,
limb by limb. Then he disappeared. No one ever saw him again.""
  No full moon for me. I `turn' in the twilight hours, surely a time more
appropriate to life in the suburbs"
"Driving home from work this afternoon I was full of good intentions. In
spite of the heat I felt almost serene"
"I stopped to get some ice-cream, his favorite, the layered kind with the
chocolate in the middle"
"We would go to the beach, I decided - it's only a few minutes by car. He has
loved the sea ever since he was a toddler. He can swim way out into the deep
now"
"Last summer we went to the beach a lot. The three of us. On Sundays we would
take a picnic lunch: fresh fruit, orange juice, sandwiches carefully wrapped
in foil, and a bottle of champagne. Sometimes we would stay all afternoon"
"In this world of soft sand and ultramarine sky, my husband and I drank
champagne. When we playfully clinked our glasses I thought we were
celebrating life. I didn't suspect we were sealing my betrayal"
"I arrived home around six. The twilight hours had already begun. The day
had paled from the heat, leaving behind a dull, discolored image of itself"
"Sprinklers hummed rhythmically on front lawns, cars pulled into driveways"
"Husbands returned home from work, families prepared for the evening"
"Sheltered by rituals of habit, they were unaware of shadows growing"
"There was no sign of his bike. When I unlocked the front door, two of the
cats dashed out from inside, the ginger chasing the black. They jumped
across the side fence and disappeared. The two tabbies were asleep,
decorously curled up on my bed. My bedroom curtain was in tatters on one
side, the scattered pink shreds glinting in the sunlight"
"The house was filled with a pungent smell. He had locked the cats in again
this morning. They had been trapped inside the house all day. His clothes
were thrown all over the loungeroom, broken glass and cornflakes littered
the kitchen floor, dirty dishes everywhere"
"A trivial situation. Most kids are untidy; they don't care, they easily
forget. 
  Yet I stood in the kitchen, crying. I couldn't stop the tears. They weren't
mine. They belonged to the other - to the one who lost control. Rough
fingers pushed her forehead from inside, any minute her head would explode"
"She rushed to the bathroom for painkillers, tore at the tin foil. She scooped 
water into her hands, gulped it down, almost choking. The tablets scraped her 
throat like stale crumbs of toast. She felt dizzy, nauseated, her hands 
wouldn't stop shaking. She wanted to run, but the house trapped her inside. 
She ran from room to room, pushing up windows, throwing doors open. The hot, 
dry wind beat through, the old weatherboards rattled and creaked"
"In a frenzy she tried to tidy up, getting rid of the glass fragments, the
dirty clothes, the mess on the carpet. But it was useless. She couldn't get
rid of the fear, the dreadful anticipation"
"She knew she was running out of time, the shadows were dangerously close"
"Waiting. She had to put the house in order, restore it to peace, before the
shadows arrived"
"Full of familiar objects from the past, illusions of another life, the house
was one solid thing. It had to be kept whole, no matter what"
"Her son came home. She heard him whistle for the cats, she could see him now
in the half-light of the doorway: a tall, gawky boy with curly, dark, untidy
hair, carrying the black cat in his arms. The other cats pranced around him,
rubbing against his legs in ecstasy"
"He went past her without a word, his shoes leaving soggy, brown imprints on
the carpet. ""Look what you have done!"" she screamed"
"He ignored her and walked towards the kitchen with the cats in tow. She ran
after him, barring his way, but he pushed past. Humming an insolent pop
tune, he placed the black cat carefully on the kitchen bench and opened the
fridge. He began to rummage inside it"
"The pressure in her head exploded. Blinding red spots danced in circles, she
couldn't blink them away. Her heart attacked her rib-cage like some trapped
thing within. She recognised the howling sounds that came from her throat"
They belonged to a wild beast
"She seized her son by the shoulders, ripping into his skin with her
fingernails. She could feel his blood in her hands. She pushed him against
the hard metal of the fridge, hitting him across the face, pulling at his
hair, clawing into his chest. It went on and on, she couldn't stop herself"
"She couldn't see his face from the shadows that collected all around. His
body felt limp, it offered no resistance. Suddenly she became aware of a
shrill noise breaking through. It came from somewhere close. The phone"
"Releasing her son, she picked up the receiver"
"""Have you been rushing? You sound out of breath."" Margaret asked"
The twilight hours were almost over
"Tonight is Margaret's dinner party. I am alone, getting ready. He has gone"
"His father suddenly remembered him and claimed him for the weekend. He
waited for his father all morning, standing outside with his overnight bag"
"I heard the car pull up and watched from behind the curtain. I saw my
husband for a minute. He was suntanned and looked better than I had hoped"
"She was with him in the car, but I couldn't see much of her. When I believed
her to be my friend I thought her very beautiful. Large green eyes,
enigmatic mouth, soft relaxed body... She is the sort of woman men want
to look after. But underneath, like a cat, she is tough, shrewd and self-
reliant"
"The dress I am wearing tonight is of cool black silk. Sleeveless, with a
large grey bird appliqued on the front. The bird is in flight, wings
extended, and gleaming silver eyes. I hope wearing a dress like that will
give me confidence. At least it's a conversation piece"
"I have driven only a couple of blocks when I hear a noise from the back of
the car. It's the black cat. He must have climbed into the car through the open
window and gone to sleep. He is a young cat, not yet unsettled by change; he
seems to be enjoying this unexpected ride."
"The Painted Snake  

  Bill and Mary had been married for about 12 months. As usual, for a Saturday
afternoon, Bill went up to the `local' for a few ales and a yarn to the
boys"
"After a few hours a 'phone call came through for Bill. Mary was on the
other end. ""Bill"", said Mary, ""There is a big brown snake on the verandah!""
  From Bill, ""Don't be telling me about it, get the shotgun and shoot it.""
  Mary said, ""No, I haven't shot a snake before.""
  Bill interrupted with, ""Shoot it."" Then put the 'phone down and turned
around to the boys, ""Woman's got to learn to kill a snake, a man could
be a hundred miles away.""
  On the verandah was one snake, also five new one gallon tins of paint
of different colours. The paint had been bought by Bill in the morning
and lined hurriedly up against the wall"
"Bill arrived home much later, also very chirpy. By this time the house
lights were out and Mary was in bed. Bill called out, ""How'd you get along
with old `Joe Blake' love?"" Quietly from Mary, ""Missed it"". ""Ha, Ha,"" laughed
Bill, ""How could anyone miss an old snake with a shotgun?"" No answer"
"Next morning, Bill a little seedy, sauntered out to shift his tins of
paint to the back shed"
"There were five paint tins blown to pieces, paint splattered over the
verandah and high up the wall; and of course, no snake"
""
"Oh for a triumphant burst of Botham! Patrick Collins, The Mail on Sunday, London   

A FEW years ago an English cricket correspondent presented himself at the
immigration desk at Sydney Airport seeking entry to that vigorous land of
opportunity"
"The immigration officer looked him over.  He took in the Harrovian tie,
the tropical suit and the superior smile of one who was born to rule. And
he was not impressed"
"For an hour he bombarded the visitor with questions.  Then, inspiration
exhausted, he said: ""Do you have a criminal record?""  The answer was impeccable"
"""My dear old thing.  I didn't know it was still compulsory in this country.""
  In one encounter the stereotypes had been served; the hostile Australian,
juggling with the chip on his shoulder, and the urbane Englishman, trumping
hostility with a deadly quip"
"But times, sad to report, are changing.  And in the months ahead the English
may look back with a certain longing to their dear, dead days of domination"
"For Australan sport is experiencing - if they will forgive the word -
a renaissance.  As Ian Chappell, that celebrated philosopher and wordsmith,
put it: ""Things are looking up.  We're starting to kick a few bums.""
  And there is merit in his claim.  In the first Test at Old Trafford, the
Kangaroos - the Australian Rugby League team - were revealed as perhaps the
finest collection of players ever to run on to a Rugby field"
"Of course, they had certain advantages in that they were larger, faster
and considerably more skilful than our brave lads, but they did not simply
beat Great Britain; they beat them out of sight"
"When you recall the ease with which their Rugby Union team did much the
same sort of thing to all the Home Countries, you may conclude that the
Aussies have made their case with the oval ball"
""
"A false alarm signal  

  Vanuatu's decision to establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union
will be taken by many in Australia as an alarm signal. It will confirm their
view that Moscow is embarked on a long-term strategy to penetrate the South
Pacific politically so as to dominate it strategically. As support for their
argument, they will note the recent fishing agreement signed by Kiribati
with the Soviet Union and the similar commercial deal planned by Vanuatu
with the Russians. Soviet trawlers, according to this cautionary thesis,
will serve also as spy ships and prepare the way for fully-armed warships"
"Before considering whether such a reaction is realistic or merely an
over-reaction, it needs to be noted that Vanuatu or any other Pacific nation
has an unchallengeable right to arrange diplomatic links with any country
it chooses. The Pacific nations are no longer colonies obliged to subvert
their own preferences or interests to those of their imperial rulers"
"This would seem self-evident but, judging from some of the statements
emerging from official Washington, it does not yet seem to have been accepted
fully by the US. One illustration of this unfortunate mental block is
provided by overbearing behavior of the American Tuna Boat Association
in its refusal to pay the Pacific islanders for fishing rights. It is that
refusal, supported by the US Government, which has persuaded Kiribati and
Vanuatu to turn to the Russians, who are willing to pay"
"On present evidence, we have no reason to believe that these Soviet fishing
deals are other than legitimate commercial operations. The Russians need
the fish to help feed the big Soviet population; the islanders need the
cash to help their fragile economies."
"GENERAL INFORMATION Establishment  

Macquarie University was established by an Act of the New South
Wales State Parliament in June 1964. The University accepted a
small number of postgraduate students in 1966 and began the
teaching of undergraduates in 1967. It was the third university to
be established in the metropolitan area of Sydney"
"Location  

The University is located on a 135-hectare site at North Ryde in
the north-western suburbs of Sydney, approximately eighteen
kilometres from the centre of the city. (See map on inside back cover.)

 Campus Plan  

The central part of the campus is occupied by eighteen buildings
for teaching and research, together with the University Library,
the University Union building (with an associated commercial
centre), the Council Building (which houses administrative
offices), and the Macquarie Theatre. The surrounding and outlying
areas are used for purposes such as University student housing,
affiliated residential colleges, parking, sporting facilities, a
biological resources area and open parkland"
"Every effort has been made by the planners to retain the
original rural nature of the site. Gum trees, native shrubs and
lawns have been planted around the buildings, and there are
extensive areas of natural bushland around the perimeters of the
campus

 Enrolment  

Macquarie University now has more than 20,000 graduates. Its 1986 
enrolment stands at over 11,500. In terms of total student numbers 
Macquarie is now the sixth largest of Australia's nineteen universities"
"Academic Structure  

Macquarie is unique among New South Wales universities in its
academic structure. In order to allow students as much freedom 
as possible in their choice of studies, the University has moved 
away from the familiar organisation into faculties and is organised 
instead as a single integrated body consisting of eleven Schools 
and two Interdisciplinary Centres:

   The Schools of Behavioural Sciences, Biological Sciences,     
   Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Economic and Financial Studies,      
   Education, English and Linguistics, History, Philosophy and      
   Politics, Law, Mathematics and Physics, Modern Languages;      
   and the Centre for Environmental and Urban Studies and the      
   Graduate School of Management"
"The range of studies within these Schools covers the traditional
faculties of Arts, Economics (or Commerce), Education, Law and
Science. The fields of study and the degree programs are listed in
the table on page 8"
"On enrolment students register in one School and follow a
program approved by the Head of that School, but are able to add
to their main areas of study courses in other fields which may
be in other Schools"
"Courses and Credit Points  

An essential feature of the Macquarie system is the provision of
courses of differing length and workload, rather than fixed year-
long subject units. (Most Macquarie courses are of half-year
length.) Each course carries a credit-point value related to its
workload, and progress to graduation is measured in terms of
accumulated credit points"
"Class attendance is often only a small proportion of the total
workload for a course: tutorials, laboratory, reading and research
in the library, writing assignments and study at home are all part
of the work involved. It is expected that one credit point in a
half-year course involves, on the average, four hours of work each
week in that half-year. Full-time students will normally take
courses totalling about 24 credit points in a year; part-time
students about 12 credit points"
"Academic Advising  

Each student is assigned an academic adviser drawn from the
teaching staff of the School in which the student is enrolled, and
is encouraged to discuss with this adviser any study problems that
may arise. The academic adviser is normally the first point of
contact for the student with a problem"
"Teaching Methods  

In its teaching methods Macquarie University aims to provide as
much contact as possible between academic staff and students. Where
possible the tutorial rather than the general lecture is the basis
of teaching. Practical science work is carried out in small
laboratory units where groups of students work under a supervisor"
"External Programs  

The University offers external programs leading to the awards of
BA, BSc and BLegS. The range of courses available by external study
is limited. External teaching involves the use of study guides and
reading programs, audio tapes and the regular submission of written
assignments. Most external courses require attendance at short
intensive on-campus sessions normally held at the University"
"Advantages of the Macquarie System  

The advantages offered by the Macquarie system are:

 choice of emphasis in main area(s) of study;

‚2 width and freedom of choice of secondary areas of study;

‚2 opportunity for interdisciplinary programs combining two or more
  related fields;

‚2 flexibility to change direction and still retain credit for
  courses already completed;

‚2 ability to take a relevant segment of study in another field
  without having to enrol in a comprehensive full-year course;

‚2 opportunity (if desired) for intense specialisation at second-
  year and third-year levels"
"Postgraduate Study  

Students who have completed their undergraduate studies and
qualified for a degree may proceed to graduate diploma programs
which are offered in ancient documentary studies, audiology,
business administration, children's literature, computing,
development education, environmental studies, geoscience and urban
studies"
"Higher degree programs (for Master's or PhD degrees) are offered in 
all Schools, and special vocational Master's programs are offered in 
the fields of accounting and financial management, applied finance, 
audiology, business administration, clinical psychology,
computing, counselling, economics, education, environmental
planning, environmental studies, geoscience, linguistics, mass
communication, migration studies, professional accounting, 
public management, school counselling, special education, and 
urban studies"
"Non-degree Enrolment  

Persons who are not candidates for a degree may be permitted to
attend an undergraduate course provided that accommodation and
facilities are available and that the Head of the School in which
the course is provided considers that the person has an adequate
background to study the course. Applicants must be qualified for
matriculation status and be eligible for admission as bachelor
degree candidates. The number of places available for non-degree 
enrolment is limited and it may not be possible to accept all 
qualified applicants. Applications close with the Registrar, 
Macquarie University, on 1 October 1986"
"Continuing Education  

Macquarie University's Continuing Education Program consists of
a range of short, self-contained courses outside the University's
normal undergraduate and postgraduate teaching programs. The program 
is in accord with the concept of a lifelong education and with the
University's aim of maintaining a close relationship with the wider
community"
"Courses in the program are of two kinds: professional
development or refresher courses intended to broaden or update the
knowledge of people working in a profession; and general interest
courses enabling people to pursue a personal interest in a subject
outside their normal vocation"
"The courses vary considerably in length and time of offering to
suit different categories of participants Some are short,
intensive full-time courses; others are designed for part-time
students and involve a few hours' attendance each week throughout
an academic half-year, or full year"
"Fields of Undergraduate Study  

The table on p.8 summarises the fields of study in which students
enrolled in a degree program may major. The letters D, E and X in
the column following each field of study indicate that this
program is offered as a major study by day, evening and external
courses, respectively. In addition, individual courses in certain
other fields are offered in the evening or by external study, or
in mixed mode, that is partly by attendance on campus and partly
by external study"
"Only students who have been admitted to a Bachelor of Economics or 
a related program (BEc, BEc DipEd or BEc LLB) will be guaranteed a 
place in first-year courses in accounting. A quota of places in 
first-year accounting will be available for students who are not 
enrolled in a BEc or related program. Only students who have been 
admitted to a law program (BA LLB, BEc LLB, BSc LLB or BLegS) are 
permitted to undertake courses in law in their first year of 
enrolment. A small quota of places in first-year law courses is 
available to later-year students who are not enrolled in a law program"
"Student entry to Computing Science I, which would lead to a major in 
Computing Science and Information Systems, may be restricted by quota"
"Bachelor of Arts  

The degree of Bachelor of Arts requires a minimum of three years
of full-time study (longer for part-time students). All fields of
study shown above are available for the BA. However, students in the
BA program who wish to include courses in accounting in their
program of studies must apply for one of the limited places for
students not enrolled in the BEc or a related program. Similarly,
students not enrolled in a law program who wish to include one or
more law courses in their program of studies must apply for one of
the limited places available. Such places are allocated on the
basis of academic merit"
"The flexible structure of the BA program allows students to
develop programs made up of courses selected from the wide range
of fields of study available whether in the usual arts areas or
in science, social science or economics and finance. It is possible 
to undertake a major study in any of the fields listed. Thus
students can construct a program of study appropriate to their
interests and vocational aims"
"To qualify for the BA degree a student must complete at least
68 credit points of which 38 must be gained in other than 100-level
(that is first-year) courses and at least 18 must be gained in other
than 100- or 200-level. A substantial and coherent area of study above
200-level must be completed"
"Bachelor of Economics  

The degree of Bachelor of Economics requires a minimum of three
years' full-time study (longer for part-time students). Fields of
study available in the School of Economic and Financial Studies for
the BEc degree are: economics, accounting and financial
management, actuarial studies and demography"
"The emphasis in modern economics and business studies is
increasingly quantitative, and the courses offered by the School
reflect this emphasis. The BEc provides a basic qualification for
a variety of careers in the business and financial spheres, for
teachers, and for careers in the Public Service"
"To qualify for the BEc degree students must complete at least
68 credit points, of which at least 38 must be above 100 level
(that is first-year) and at least 18 must be above 200 level
in courses designated for the BEc degree"
"Bachelor of Science  

The degree of Bachelor of Science requires three years of full-time
study (longer for part-time students). It is also available by
external study. The four science Schools are Biological Sciences,
Chemistry, Earth Sciences and Mathematics and Physics"
"To qualify for the BSc degree students must complete about three-
quarters of the total of 68 credit points required in science
courses. Science courses are offered by the four science schools
and by the Centre for Environmental and Urban Studies. As well
there are courses in statistics, psychology, actuarial studies and
other fields which are designated as Science courses. The remaining
credit points required can be made up of other science courses or
humanities or social science courses"
"The Macquarie School structure enables students to follow
expanding modern fields, such as chemical physics or geochemistry,
whilst gaining an appropriate knowledge of `classical' science"
"Students who complete major studies in a particular subject, for 
example chemistry, may qualify for admission to the appropriate
professional institute"
"Courses in Biological Sciences and Chemistry are not offered in the
evening and there is only a limited range of courses in Earth
Sciences and Mathematics and Physics available by evening study"
"Consequently, students planning to undertake study in these
disciplines by part-time enrolment may need to consider enrolling
in the external science program or including some external courses
in their program. 

 Bachelor of Arts/Bachelor of Economics/Bachelor of Science with the
Diploma of Education  

Studies for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Economics 
or Bachelor of Science with the Diploma of Education are taken 
concurrently, normally over four years of full-time study or its 
part-time equivalent. Although the program may be undertaken on a part-time basis, many of the courses are offered only during the day"
""
"Coalition best poll outcome  

  Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen's National Party over the years has been a shining
beacon for private enterprise in Australia"
"In an over-regulated country, Queensland stood out as a State where business
could get things done"
"An enterprise could always get a quick yes or no answer out of the Queensland
Government on a proposed development"
"Also, private enterprise paid its share, some would say more than its
share, of taxes and charges towards the running of Queensland"
"The Bjelke-Petersen Government also has been a front-runner in reform
of industrial relations. It led the way in the Queensland power industry
dispute in establishing a strike-free environment for an essential service"
"In essence, the Government took on bad unionism and won"
"The Queensland Government has been diligent and persuasive in championing
State rights at a time when it has been increasingly fashionable to give
way to centralism"
"Image tarnished

  In recent years the `positive' Queensland image has been tarnished by
allegations of corruption and cronyism and, increasingly, the Queensland
Government message has seemed to move on from `we are putting Queensland
first' to one of `we know what is best for the voters, just trust us, never
you mind your heads about how we do it'"
"In fact, in its enthusiasm, the Queensland Government has almost become
Queensland Incorporated"
"It has failed to keep a proper distance between the elected Government
and private enterprise. Favors have undoubtedly been given that should
never have been bestowed"
"We believe country electorates should have some weighting in the electoral
system, especially in a State that relies so much on rural industry"
"But in its efforts to keep Queensland Incorporated in business free of
challenge, Queensland now has a shamefully gerrymandered electoral system"
"Possible results

  There are four possible results of next Saturday's election:
- Absolute majority for the Nationals and continuation of the status quo"
"- Retention by the Nationals of its position as the larger of the two non-Labor
parties, but without an absolute majority, and where Labor did not have
the numbers to form a Government by itself"
- Absolute majority for the ALP. Opinion polls indicate this is unlikely
"- Emergence of the Liberal Party as the larger of the two non-Labor parties,
which together would outnumber Labor. This could result in the formation
of a Liberal-National coalition with the Liberals the senior partners"
"We believe the best outcome would be the election of a coalition in which
the Liberal Party would be returned in a much stronger position"
"This would bring in some new faces and broaden the base and the appeal
of a non-Labor Government"
""
"TV Hopefuls Stalled in PNG By Judith Hoare A$10 million station lies idle as Packer hovers  

  The anti-television Third World Prime minister saw no harm in giving a
few minutes of his time to two representatives of the local video company. But
when two white strangers entered his office with them the prime minister's
warning signals began to flash. He did not know who they were, and all four
had signed an appointment book under the one card. After 15 minutes the
irritated PM asked everyone to leave, but not before the stangers had been
asked to identify themselves. It turned out they were executives of an
Australian TV network lobbying for permission to introduce the upbeat bonanza
of its entertainment medium"
"The senior of the two was Lynton Taylor, executive vice-president of Kerry
Packer's Publishing and Broadcasting Ltd, operator of the Channel Nine Network
and the man who did most to bring the World Series Cricket ""circus"" into
being. The country where he was lobbying, in February this year, was Papua
New Guinea; the angry prime minister was Paias Wingti. Packer's PBL - which
now owns 50% of Media Niugini, the company whose local executives Wingti
had agreed to see - soon afterwards received a letter of protest against
the tactics used to beat a path to the prime minister's door. Such is TV
politics PNG-style. It has left a rival company controlled by Perth Millionaire
Kevin Parry high and dry with a $A10-million new TV station and a complete
ban on broadcasting"
"PBL already has the right to establish broadcast TV in Fiji. PNG is its
next frontier. But once again it faces opposition from Parry's Newcastle-based
NBN Ltd, whose PNG arm is the 87%-owned Niugini Television Network (NTN)"
"Knocking over the Parry Corporation in PNG presents Packer with a much
tougher proposition. In fact, if there had not been a change of government
in PNG, chances are Parry's subsidiary would have been beaming TV around
the mountainous nation already. When Wingti ousted his former chief, Prime
Minister Michael Somare last November, NTN had already won approval from
the PNG government to be the first entrant to the nation's untapped broadcast
TV market."
"`Rolling over' pays off By PETER WEATHERHEAD, a licenced investment adviser with SBT Bank Investment
Service  

APPROVED Deposit Funds (ADF) were created in 1983 as a result of the Federal
Government's decision to increase the tax liability on lump sum payments"
"By rolling over eligible termination payments into an ADF, considerable
taxation benefits can be realised"
"From 1-7-83, a flat tax rate of 30 per cent is payable whereas before
1-7-83 only 5 per cent of the service component of lump sums was included
as assessable income in the year it was received"
"An exception is made for retirees of 55 years or older where the first
$55,000 of their lump sum is taxed at 16 per cent"
"Some of the advantages of Approved Deposit Funds are:
  Tax is deferred and pre-July, 1983, concessions preserved until withdrawal
from the fund or the depositor turns 65;
  The deferred tax payment earns interest while in the ADF:
  No tax is payable on earnings while invested in the fund;
  On death, the funds are tax free to the deceased taxpayer's dependants;
  Timing of withdrawals can minimise tax liability;
  Tax concessions for withdrawals are made to a depositor after the age
of 55 years;
  Withdrawals can be made at any time, such withdrawals will be taxed at
lump sum rates which are normally well below income tax rates"
"""Rollovers"" are not limited to retirees.  
  An Approved Deposit Fund can be used by any employee receiving an eligible
termination payment due to resignation or redundancy"
"The Tasmanian Banks' Approved Deposit Fund recently launched jointly by
the SBT Bank and the LBS Statewide Bank provides Tasmanians with an opportunity
to turn their lump sum superannuation or severance pay into a locally managed,
high earning, tax-protected investment scheme"
"Professional independent advice should be sought before retirement or leaving
a current employer to draw up an investment strategy which will provide
income and tax savings"
"Further information can be obtained by contacting any officer of the SBT
Bank"
""
"How to be filled with God's spirit by Dick Innes  

How could one person possibly fill Madison Square Gardens with 20,000 people
every night for four months? `Impossible,' thought a lovely Broadway actress,
and the only reason she attended Billy Graham's New York Crusade was to
find out how he did it"
"This actress had a long-standing illness that she described as `a terrible
cavity somewhere in the abdominal region'. Fearing she had some dreaded disease,
she had been examined by several doctors and had insisted on exploratory
surgery. Not one doctor could find anything physically wrong with her"
"But that night, as she sat listening to Billy Graham and trying to be
as inconspicuous as possible, without warning she was gripped with this
dreaded `emptiness' more severely than ever"
"Suddenly she realized that its cause wasn't physical at all. It was
spiritual. So she responded to the invitation to receive Jesus Christ into
her heart as personal Lord and Saviour - and her overwhelming emptiness
vanished, never to return"
"Not all emptiness has a spiritual cause by any means, but much of the
emptiness which plagues modern society does"
"People are not only physical and emotional beings with a need for food
and friends, but they are also spiritual beings with a need for God"
"Without Christ in our lives we are spiritually dead, but when we receive
him as personal Lord and Saviour, we become spiritually alive (2 Corinthians
5:17), are immediately indwelt by God's Holy Spirit, and so belong to the
body of all true Christians. As the Apostle Paul said, `For we were all
baptized (immersed) by one Spirit into one body...and are all given the
one Spirit' (1 Corinthians 12:13)"
"Every true Christian, therefore, has God's Spirit within. But God doesn't
only want us to be merely indwelt by, but filled with his Spirit. His
injunction is to `go on being filled with the Spirit' (Ephesians 5:18, literal
translation), which is a continuous, daily experience"
"When we are filled with God's Spirit, he fills the spiritual vacuum in
our life and gives us God's power:to help us overcome temptation and sin
(Romans 8:12); to produce in us the fruit of the Spirit, which is love,
joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and
self-control (Galatians 5:22,23); and to make us effective witnesses for
Jesus Christ (Acts 1:8)"
"How, then, can we be filled with the Holy Spirit?
  First, desire and faith. As with all of God's gifts, so is the filling
of the Holy Spirit. We need to truly want it and we need to believe that
God will give it to us as he said he would"
"Jesus said, `If any one thirsts (that is, strongly desires), let him come
to me and drink. He who believes in me, as the Scripture said, ""Out of his
innermost being shall flow rivers of living water."" By this he spoke of
the Spirit, whom those who believe in him were to receive' (John 7:37-39)"
"Second, commitment. If my heart is filled with anxiety, anxiety will control
my life. But if my heart is filled with God's Spirit, his love, joy and
peace will control my life"
"What our heart and mind are filled with is what controls us. And what
we are filled with is what we are committed to. If we are committed to
ourselves, we will be controlled by our selfish desires plus our anxieties,
fears, and so on. But if we are committed to Christ, and make him Lord of
our everyday lives, we will be controlled by his Spirit plus the fruits
of the Spirit"
"Third, openness. In a very real sense, the issue isn't how much of the
Holy Spirit I have, but how much of me does the Holy Spirit have? As we
have said, when we receive Christ as Lord and Saviour, we are given the
Holy Spirit in all his fullness. The difficulty is that most of us don't
know how to open ourselves to the fullness or filling of the Holy Spirit"
"For instance, if I am a closed, defensive person, or have any areas of
my life that are repressed - areas of my inner self out of which I have
shut both myself and others - I automatically shut God and his Spirit out
too. Therefore, to be fully filled with God's Spirit, I need to learn to
be fully open about my secret thoughts, feelings and motives - to myself,
to at least one other person and to God"
"Fourth, personal honesty. The Holy Spirit is also known as the Spirit
of Truth. Thus, to be filled with the Spirit of Truth, we need to be truthful
with ourselves and with God. If we have committed our life to Jesus and
dedicated our heart and mind to his control but still don't have his love,
joy, and peace, it isn't because God or his Spirit have left us. It is often
because of barriers in us that block the flow of God's Spirit"
"These barriers are often unresolved feelings of fear, inadequacy, false
or real guilt, hurt, resentment, and so on which we have either consciously
or unconsciously hidden or repressed. These are the pains that keep us focussed
on ourself, which in turn block out God's Spirit. Therefore, if I don't
have as much of God's love, joy and peace as I'd like to have, I need to
admit this and be truthful and courageous about facing and resolving my
inner negative feelings"
"Fifth, removing barriers. Those barriers that block God's Spirit usually
have their roots in an impaired relationship or a hurtful experience from
our past. To experience God's love, joy and peace, it is necessary that
impaired relationships be put right and any unresolved feelings of hurt,
anger or resentment dealt with fully and confessed to either a trusted friend,
minister or counsellor, as James advises (James 5:16), or to a specific
person if he or she is involved (Matthew 5:23,24), and always to God, who
has promised to forgive us (1 John 1:9)"
"Sixth, obedience. Another requirement for the filling of the Holy Spirit
is living in harmony with, and obedience to, the Word and will of God. As
Peter said, the Holy Spirit is given to those who obey God (Acts 5:32)"
"Finally, abiding. Jesus said, `I am the vine, you are the branches. He
who abides in me and I in him will bear much fruit; for apart from me you
can do nothing' (John 15:5)"
Christ's allegory is a good illustration of how to have a fruitful life
"As we, the branches, abide in Christ the vine by spending time with him
(daily studying his Word, praying, and living in obedience to him), so the
sap, or Holy Spirit, flows from Christ through us the branches, and fruit
is the natural outcome"
"The good news is that we don't have to struggle to produce God's fruit. 
We can't anyhow, and if we try to the fruit is unreal. That's what Christ
meant when he said without him we can do nothing. Only his Spirit within
can produce his fruit without"
"As we commit our lives in full surrender to Jesus Christ, abide in him,
and resolve the barriers, his Spirit, already dwelling in every Christian,
fills us and his fruits of love, joy and peace come automatically"
""
"SUCCESS AND THE JONES BOY By Janise Beaumont THE MAN WHO TALKED THE GREEN AND GOLDS TO GLORY TALKS ABOUT HIS FAVOURITE SUBJECT  

  THERE'S a Frank Sinatra song that ends: ""Here's to the winners all of us can
be.""
  So tell that to the country's 650,000 unemployed you say? And to those who
are always unlucky in love?
  Alan Jones, the man who has motivated our Green and Golds to Rugby glory and
who leaves shortly to try to do the same for the Bond camp in Perth, agrees
with Sinatra"
"He adds: ""The values required to succeed in one field of human endeavour are
exactly the same as those required to succeed in any other.""
  After coming off air at 2UE, in his speedy and always-enthusiastic way, Jones
talked about what it takes to come out on top"
"""You have to understand your weaknesses and your strengths. Then be happy
with what you are and confident about what you MAY be and don't be deterred"
"""This is a country where we tend to be embarrassed about our potential and at
the moment we live in an incentive-less society. The permissive 60s gave us
permission to fail"
"""Not only that, but everyone wants to believe that winning's difficult - it's
not"
"""What's important is not to give up"
"""Joan Sutherland was a typist till she took a chance on going overseas"
"""And Sir Donald Bradman - I've just written a forward to a new book about him
- was smashing all the records while he was being told he couldn't do it"
"""We don't live in a country that cultivates success and in what I do I try to
break that down"
"""I say to players: `Do you want to be the best in the world? Well let me know
if you do - otherwise cheerio'"
"""Then I tell them: `You'll be vilified and your motives will be questioned
and it'll be hard work - but worth it'.""
  True as God he doesn't stop for a second, and the effort of what he says and
the way he leans forward as though you're the only one in the world he wants to
pass his message onto - well, it's mesmerising"
"Makes a person want to rush out and join a softball team or build a better
mousetrap"
"And speaking of better and best consumer goods - Alan has a bone to pick
with Prime Minister Bob Hawke over his recent address to the nation"
"""He conujured up images of great and successful Australians and virtually
challenged us to strive to be like them. Then after he told us to be like
Sutherland and de Costella - in the next breath he told us to buy Australian,
even if it's second best.""
  Back to the blueprint for winning:
  ""In sport, as in everything else, if your values are wrong, your attitude is
wrong, your strategy is wrong and your preparation is wrong, then it's on the
scoreboard"
"""In life we don't keep the score unless it counts, do we?""
  On working with a team: ""One incentive is the team itself,"" he said"
"Referring to the Wallabies: ""We're mates, inextricably locked together. That
loyalty and mateship can move mountains"
"""At Eden Park we won because we're mates - that's an ingredient in success.""
  And when the inevitable losses come: ""I don't whinge when I lose - nobody
hears me make excuses.""
  He agreed there has to be a period of mourning after any kind of loss .."
There's got to be room for sentiment
"""When we lost at Canterbury we grieved and I don't care who knows it. Then
you come back with a greater commitment to regenerate and regroup.""
  It seems we're never too young or too old to make use of these pholosophies"
"""The other day I said to a 19-year-old: `Do you want to be the best in the
world? - because I think you can be' - the bloke's stunned - `Well yes, as long
as you don't tell anybody'"
"""This bloke's life has been turned around forever"
""
"Roleystone District High School The Building Management Authority of WA  

The site chosen for the school is typical of the hills suburb of Roleystone"
"It is steeply sloping, heavily wooded, and composed entirely of lateritic
rock. The planning of the school is based on the idea of a small town or
village, with the main street being curved to follow the site contour. This
enables better access to each building, with a minimum of stairways and
ramping. At this early stage there are gaps in the street frontage, but
as the school is developed, buildings will appear on the `vacant lots'"
"The focal point of the planning is the library forecourt and this space
serves also as the stage for the amphitheatre which has been formed in the
slope of the hillside, to the north of the library. The roof of the
amphitheatre (it is also the lunch shed) is formed of structural steel,
covered in corrugated zincalume with patent glazing skylights, the whole
forming a sort of half buried gazebo"
"All buildings are structural steel framed, with brick and glass cladding,
the roofing also being steel framed except for verandah rafters. Eaves and
barge details for the steel framed sections were designed using commercially
available zed purlins and cold formed channels. The system enabled rapid
erection and finishing off, the building contract being completed two weeks
ahead of schedule"
"Limited water supply and the rocky terrain precluded the provision of
the traditional suburban school landscaping. Also, the nature of the terrain
meant that the existing vegetation would be slow to regenerate once disturbed"
"Because of these factors, maximum effort was made to preserve the natural
landscape. This part of the design philosophy was actively supported by
the builder who took great care in minimising damage to the environment
by construction equipment and vehicles"
"In line with government policy on energy conservation in Western Australia,
all classrooms are designed to take maximum advantage of natural lighting
and ventilation"
"The total cost of the project was $3,372,385 (1983). Included in this
was the cost of excavating four and a half metres into the ironstone hillside
to create a football oval. After adjustment for location and difficult site
conditions, the cost per square metre of building compared favourably with
the national average for schools of its type"
""
"Angostura bitters By Anthony Turner  

Marcus Brockwell hadn't heard from his friend for close on
twenty years. So it was with a mixture of surprise, delight and
an unnerving sense of time folding back on itself that he had
taken the person-to-person call from Glenn Adalian who was now
living in the Caribbean island of Trinidad"
"So unprepared had Brockwell been for such a phone call that
as he reflected about it afterwards he came to the conclusion
that he had responded to his good friend's excitement and
vitality with gibbering incoherence. Alternately spellbound and
speechless, his replies were like aimless flintlock rifle shots
in a barrage of rapid machine-gun fire"
"`Yes.' `Sure.' `Fine.' `Of course!' `I'd be delighted to.'
Such inconsequential phrases; and yet, the outcome was he'd
committed himself to flying to Trinidad to renew a friendship
with a man who in his youth had been his closest friend but who
now was no more than a stranger. He'd agreed, instinctively,
impetuously, in much the same way as he'd accepted the crazy
dares and challenges from Glenn Adalian in London all those
years ago. He wandered around the living-room of his flat in
Onslow Square, dazed and pensive. How did Glenn know where he
lived? What was he doing in Trinidad? Would they still have
anything in common? Indeed, would he even recognise him? These
were just some of the questions that rattled through his mind,
demanding answers that only a trip to Trinidad could provide"
"The international airport at Port of Spain had about it all
the colour and frenetic activity of the United Nations
Secretariat before a crucial vote. Men, women and children from
a hundred races arrived, departed, scurried, greeted, hugged,
wept, collected luggage, queued at customs and bundled into
taxis. It made one feel that the whole world was on holiday -
a universal mardi gras bobbing and weaving to the rhythmic beat
of a Calypso band. And hugger-mugger somewhere in the surge of
bodies stood Marcus Brockwell, fully stretched to the tip-toe
limit of his short frame, searching for the welcoming smile of
the man who only the day before had changed the whole direction
of his life with a single phone call. As the crowd cleared and
there was still no sign of his friend he was gripped by a
sudden sense of unease. There had been no discussion of the
urgency of his visit, nor of its duration. He didn't even know
Glenn's address. The arrangement was that they would meet at
the airport on the arrival of British West Indies Airline
flight 274, the linking flight between London, Barbados and
Port of Spain. He sat down on his small overnight bag outside
the main entrance and watched the seemingly endless flow of
taxis collect and discharge their passengers. He shouldn't have
come. He should have made some excuse. Pressure of work. G.C.E"
"exam papers to mark. An imminent trip with the faculty of
anthropology to some stone age tribes in Papua or Borneo. But
the university had broken for the summer recess and he was at
a loose end, without family ties or firm commitments. That,
combined with a natural curiosity and an almost quaint sense
of loyalty, was the reason he had flown halfway around the
world. Besides, one must owe something to a man who through
college, National Service, and those halcyon years in London
and Paris, had shown him how the intellect alone has power to
lift the emotional intensity of one's reactions to life, and
yet subsume them in a consciousness that is both silent and
sublime"
"The years rolled back, like the pages of a forgotten diary
caught by a gust of air. Then, suddenly, the past and present
locked together in a strange pluperfect, for there was no
doubting the broad grin, raucous laugh and sweeping gestures
of the man leaning out of the E-type Jaguar. It was Glenn
Adalian. Puffier in the cheeks and thinner around the hairline,
but certainly him"
"As the effusive greetings subsided and they drove through the
centre of Port of Spain Adalian kept up a tirade of tourist-
guide chatter about the island's geography, history and main
attractions. `This is Independence Square, formerly Marine
Square, which isn't a square at all.' `We're now in Frederick
Street with the famous Queen's Park Savannah on your right;
I've watched many a great Test Match there, and just near the
entrance you'll see Columbus's anchor. It was reclaimed from
the bottom of the sea at Point Icacos after four hundred
years.' The commentary continued to flow in and out of Marcus
Brockwell's mind. From time to time fragments of disconnected
phrases seemed to cling and then disperse: `purple eggplant and
blushing mangoes', `toucans and tufted coquettes', `rendezvous
of races', `third largest exporter of oil', `secret formula of
the Angostura Bitters factory', and a half-caught snippet about
the apparitions of somebody Fatima. But all Brockwell could
actually see was a succession of Hindu temples, Benedictine
monasteries, Jewish synagogues and Moslem mosques, interspersed
with the occasional unremarkable shop and huge close-ups of the
shiny sides of vast tourist coaches. He had an uncomfortable
feeling of being talked at rather than spoken to"
"Soon they were clear of the city, taking the winding coast
road that arcs around Las Cuevas Bay. Lush green valleys and
dense plantations on one side vied with white beaches gently
washed by the clear blue waters of the Caribbean Sea on the
other. A few miles from Blanchisseuse Glenn Adalian took the
narrow mountain pass leading high into the hinterland of the
island. There, at the end of a long dirt track a thousand
metres above sea level, he drew the car to a halt outside a
large, rambling, timber house. With its high stockade fence in
front and sheer cliff face behind one was almost encouraged to
search for gunpowder kegs, lookout towers and musket
emplacements"
"`Roger!' Bellowed Glenn Adalian through a small peep-hole in
the solid oak gate"
"There was a crunch of heavy boots on a short gravel path
followed by the sound of ponderous iron chains being tugged
against a counter-weight. The gate yawned open to reveal a
towering figure with a bushy black beard. His powerful arms and
baggy overalls took Brockwell's mind back to the village
blacksmith of his childhood in Kent"
"The introductions were brief, but cordial enough, and Roger
Lockyer led the way up to the house which Brockwell now could
see was set in about 12 hectares of fruit trees and vegetable
allotments. The house was expansive, lavishly furnished and
professionally decorated. Its eastern side was a wall of
picture windows and sliding glass doors that gave access to a
wide quarry-tiled sundeck"
"`Take a seat outside while I fix us a drink,' said Glenn
Adalian as Roger took his bag up an imposing marble staircase"
"Brockwell walked out onto the sundeck and sat down on one of
the reclining canvas chairs. The view across the Sangre Grande
to the Atlantic Ocean was truly magnificent. At this altitude
the air was clean, cool and invigorating. To the north-east the
coastline of Tobago was clearly visible beneath a thin
atmospheric mist"
"`Fantastic view, isn't it!' enthused Glenn Adalian as he and
Roger Lockyer brought out trays of cocktails and canapes. `You
can almost see the medals on Simon Bolivar's battledress
reflecting in the Orinoco from here,' he chuckled"
"`With a little help from a retroactive telescope!' Roger added
dryly"
"Brockwell sipped his very tall cocktail adorned with pawpaw,
muskmelon and guava and winced a little as the sharp taste
struck his palate"
`How's your drink?' asked Roger with a wry smile
"`Oh fine, just fine!' Marcus replied, then his curiosity got
the better of him"
"`What on earth do you put in this concoction?'
 `We call it an Angostura Libation,' explained Glenn Adalian"
"`It's made from the thirty secret ingredients of Angostura
Bitters laced with a liberal quantity of Old Oak rum. It's an
acquired taste, I'm afraid. Would you prefer a Martini?'
 `No, no! I'm getting used to the subtle flavour now,' he lied"
"`Oh, before I forget, here's something to cover the expenses
of your trip,' said his host, almost in a whisper, as he took
a folded slip of paper from his pocket and pressed it into
Brockwell's hand, under the table"
"Looking down, Brockwell could see that it was a cheque for
&pound;10,000, to be drawn from a branch of Lloyd's Bank in
Westminster. He started to remonstrate that this was far in excess 
of any costs he'd incurred and that he certainly hadn't expected to
be reimbursed, anyway. But there was something so vehement in
his friend's insistence, and such an inexplicable look of
pleading in his eyes, that Brockwell decided to let the matter
rest and simply leave the cheque behind when he returned to
London"
"It wasn't until they gathered for dinner that night that
Marcus Brockwell began to piece together the strange lives of
the two residents of this mountainside fortress. Apparently,
they'd met in a Turkish bath in Goodge Street about eighteen
years ago. They struck up a friendship which over a period of
time developed into what Roger Lockyer delicately described as
`a neo-platonic love affair'. On a whim one day, when a
particularly harsh winter had reduced this work-shy, homeless
couple to little more than starving tramps, they decided to
invest their last £2 on a Soccer Pools coupon. If they
won a few pounds they'd rent a flat. If they lost they'd slit
their wrists"
"Improbable though it may seem, they won. Not a few pounds but
the first prize payout of £2,105,000. With it they
travelled the world for ten years. From Thessaloniki to Aleppo,
Shiraz and Kandahar then back and forwards across the earth;
from the mouth of the Indus to the Ganges Delta, through the
length and breadth of Burma and Thailand to Indonesia, west
across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar and Mozambique and north
to Cairo. They explored the highlands and rainforests of South
America like misplaced Livingstones then bobbed and weaved
their way through the war-torn republics of Latin America till
they reached the Gulf of Mexico. After a year in the United
States they searched around for a permanent home. For several
months they scoured the islands of the Caribbean before
eventually finding the block of land on which they built this
house. It combined all the qualities of remoteness and
inaccessibility with clean air and scenic beauty. The soil was
fertile and the land large enough to provide for all their
needs. Apart from the fruit trees and vegetable allotments that
Brockwell had already seen they had a cow that grazed on the
grassy slopes and a goat that thrived on tit-bits and left-
overs from the kitchen garden. Between them they produced more
than enough milk to make all the fresh butter, cheese and
yoghurt that the two men so enjoyed"
"`How long have you lived here?' asked Brockwell, his
curiosity aroused"
"`Going on for six years isn't it, Roger?'
  `Yes, six years on the 20th April.'
  `But you get out pretty frequently, I presume!'
  `No, not at all,' Adalian replied. `I've been outside the
grounds only twice since we moved in. Once to phone you, and
once to pick you up at the airport. Roger hasn't even set foot
on the other side of the fence.'
  `We don't need to,' affirmed Lockyer, then feeling that some
sort of explanation was required, added `We saw enough of the
world's foibles and absurdities on our travels to last us a
lifetime. You'll have seen that we have no telephone,
television or radio here. We receive no newspapers or
magazines, know nobody else on the island and, apart from
yourself, have had no visitors. We haven't any idea what's going
on in the outside world and frankly aren't the least bit interested.'
  `But doesn't that make your house a kind of prison?' Brockwell
ventured"
""
"Still standing after bruising yearDerryn Hinch 

So you thought you had a lousy year! I come to the end of another year on
Melbourne radio battered, financially bruised, but - to again quote from
Elton John - ""I'm still standing.""
  It may also surprise some people that for me the end of 1986 looms closer
on an optimistic note.         
  Optimistic despite the fact that still hanging over me (awaiting a Supreme
Court Full Bench appeal decision) is a six-week jail sentence and a $25,000
fine for two contempt of court convictions"
"Optimistic despite the fact that I will go into 1987 appealing against
a sentence of 250 hours community service after a Magistrate's Court
conviction for naming a judge in a controversial rape-in-marriage case"
"Optimistic despite a four-day suspension without pay last week by a 3AW
management frightened of having its license to broadcast affected by a future
decision of an omnipotent and at times anti-journalist attitude of the
Australian Broadcasting Tribunal"
"(I had my say on that in the The Herald last week and won't rehash it
here.)
  Optimistic because basically, I guess, I AM an optimist. Cynical ... true"
Harsh at times ... true. A bull terrier (I'm told) on some issues ... true
"Disillusioned and disappointed sometimes .. true. Angry about, and often
despairing of, politicians ... true"
"And angry and emotional about the lack of funds, the lack of police, the
lack of counsellors, the lack of governmental and at times judicial
understanding about a cancer gnawing away at our society ... a plague called
child molesting

ON THAT I will not, and cannot, say more because of legal matters mentioned
above"
Maybe it is naive to talk about optimism when you look back on 1986
"Both at home and abroad. It brought us political terrorism and a car bomb
in South Yarra"
"It brought the car bomb to the city during lunch-hour and a promising
policewoman, Angela Taylor, dux of her Police Academy class, had body and career
shattered"
"It brought us more Mad Max bullets. There and elsewhere we saw again the
poignant TV news pictures of policemen wounded"
Bullets for men who were just doing their jobs - protecting you and me
"It brought Australia international headlines that we expect to see from
other countries: the two words that make you cringe when put together -
the words ""Pope"" and ""assassin.""
  (And if you need propping up when thinking of optimism then think of the
extraordinary bravery of the man in white who in Australia plunged into
crowds despite having felt the pain of a gunman's bullets in the past.)
  Internationally it was, tragically, bullets and bombs as usual"
"And near year's end we saw the twisted logic of President Reagan trying
to explain that by selling weapons to arch enemy Iran he - as a man of peace
- was trying to shorten the six-year Iran-Iraq war"
"On that basis, by selling them a cut-price H-bomb he could make a bid
for the next Nobel Peace Prize"
"The president kept insisting that selling weapons to Iran ""moderates"" through
Israel was a correct and proper foreign policy stance. 
  The fact that he announced the cancellation of the illegal deal after
he was found out didn't change his public stance"
"Neither did the sacrificial, scapegoating, dumping of two senior White
House advisers"
"Shades of Nixon and the exit of Haldeman and Ehrlichman as he tried to
cut off the tide of slime before it seeped under the door of the Oval Office
in the White House"
"BACK home we had the protected parliamentary prognostications of Senator Howe
and the Minister of Social Security, start to sound hollow when more and more
dole cheats were flushed out. 
  Some got thousands of your dollars... and at least one went to jail for 
getting hundreds of thousands of dollars in a multiple identity scam. 
  Some people gasped when the National Times claimed last week that in a new
dole fraud crackdown social security investigators had found that one in five
people investigated were cheating - 20 per cent! 
  Forgive me if I say ""I told you so."" 
  As you may know from my 3AW program... or earlier columns... when investigators
ran a check on single-parent benefit-claimers who had been getting deserted
wife benefits for seven years or more they discovered that 75 per cent were
cheating. And how does your P.A.Y.E. wage slip look this week? 
  We've had the disillusioning nurses' strike which has brought physical
suffering to patients, mental and physical suffering to 30,000 so-called
""elective"" (read that non-emergency) surgery patients, doubts and trauma to
nurses who feel they are in a last-chance bunker fight and embarrassment to a
Labor government which inherited some of the problems but could have handled
this better. 
  We've had: 
- Paul Keating's dollar-plunging ""banana republic"" predictions. 
- The re-election of Joh, in his own right, despite the predictions. 
- The FBT and the poll evidence that Bob Hawke can not only no longer 
walk on water but that he and the Treasurer are stirring the mud at the
bottom of the pond. 
- And the inexorable decline of John Howard into the political quicksand called
the opinion poll while he and his sidekicks complain about the things that
Peacock's sidekicks are doing. They are the same familiar destabilising things
that Howard and his people did to Peacock. 

ANYHOW back to optimism. Taxes, direct and indirect are squeezing the middle
class. So are rates and other hidden charges"
"Pensioners get treated as if they hadn't spent 30, 40 or 50 years paying
taxes. They get told that a pension and some basic warmth and comfort in
your old age is not a right but a privilege in the lucky country"
"Nobody ever told them that on the election campaign trail. So why be
optimistic?  
  Because we have the potential for greatness. Not sabre-rattling world
power greatness. We are not, and will never be, ""a world power.""
  But we have a chance, perhaps unique, to take moral positions and principled
positions and tell our enemies (and our friends) where we really stand
on mining uranium and South Africa and Star Wars and Afghanistan and socialised
medicine and the drug industry and corruption. 
  Just imagine how tall we would stand in the world if we were known as
THE country in the world which treated our old people at home or in hospital
better than any other country, East or West"
Nice thought to end a year of columns with
"P.S. Have a happy and meaningful time in the weeks ahead. And if you drink,
don't drive"
""
"By Phyllis Gibbs Chapter 3 The School  

The school was a wooden building - less primitive than my boarding place,
but nonetheless a very basic structure. I was rather shattered to discover
that I had thirty-six children on the roll; this was very large for a
one-teacher school. They ranged in age from five to fifteen years, and from
Kindergarten to Second Year High School. There was definitely not seating
accommodation for thirty-six pupils in the classroom and so, in fine weather,
Kindergarten children sat on mats on the verandah. This made teaching
extremely difficult, for discipline was a problem"
"The previous teacher had left me no information about the ability of any
of the children, and she obviously had not given the High School Entrance
Examination, with the result that I didn't even know if any children were
entitled to commence High School work that year"
"On my first morning, I decided to try and gain some idea of the standard
of work of the children to enable me to place them in classes. Arriving
at school early, I put graded sums on the blackboard. After our formal
introduction, greetings and a friendly chat, I said, ""I want you to start
on the sums on the board and go as far as you can."" Immediately a hefty
lad, aged about fifteen, stood up and yelled, ""We don't do sums at this
time in the morning!"" I explained that I was the one who decided what subjects
they did, and when. ""Today,"" I announced firmly, ""it is arithmetic - right
now."" There followed a most unpleasant argument, but it was one I had to
win, and eventually I was at my wit's end. What form of punishment could
I employ? This great lout was taller than I and seemingly quite fearless"
"Grabbing the cane, which I had seen in the drawer, I advanced threatingly
towards him. This fortunately had the desired effect. I don't know who was
the most startled - the boy or the other pupils - but I do know who was
the most scared. Had I known what I learnt a few days later, I would have
been even more frightened. The previous year, this same boy used to grab
the teacher, bundle her outside, barricade the door, and then the pupils
had a merry time"
"Luckily for me, my bluff worked and we did the subjects I chose. However,
as time progressed, discipline became almost impossible. The two ringleaders
were utterly incorrigible. They were past the legal school leaving age
and had absolutely no desire to learn, but by coming to school avoided working
at home on the farm. It would have helped considerably had I been able to
discuss the possibility of expelling them, with my Headmaster friend or
the Inspector, but how could this be done on a party line? Finally it became
too much for me and I did expel them. I wrote to the Inspector, telling
him of my action. He wrote back, saying the step I had taken was a very
drastic one and he would visit me as soon as possible. I called on both
sets of parents. One family was extremely rude, but the other informed me
that their son had been expelled from a number of boarding schools, including
one in Sydney, so it was no wonder I had problems with him"
"But now the trouble really began. The school settled down to work, but
every day the two expelled pupils pulled up outside on horseback, screaming
obscenities. Of course, once again, had I been more experienced, I would
have written to the policeman in the nearest town"
"There were no panes of glass in the windows, and no locks on any cupboards
or drawers. I decided to remedy this. My landlord agreed to purchase the
necessary requirements in town for me and then lend me the appropriate tools"
"Any hope that he would offer to assist me was dashed, when he presented
me with the tools and proceeded to explain their usage. The following Saturday
I spent the whole day at school, in an effort to make it secure. The picture
of my putting in panes of glass, using the handle of a spoon to get the
putty in smoothly, must have been an amusing sight. Finally I went home
well satisfied. Imagine my dismay, when I arrived at school on Monday morning,
to see all panes of glass piled up on the top step and all the locks beside
them. There was no doubt this was the work of my two tormentors"
"The weather was extremely hot in February and as there wasn't a 
single tree in the school playground I decided to try and procure some to 
plant. These were available in the nearest town and Wally collected them for 
me; so another Saturday was spent planting trees. Alas, these shared the same
fate as the panes of glass. It was disheartening to say the least"
"Things quietened down for a week or two. However, I was concerned by the
fact that many pupils came to school quite late and absenteeism was rife"
"As pupils never brought notes to explain this, I decided to visit the parents
and find out the reasons. Some of the children lived miles from school and
rode in each day. (We had a small yard for the horses.) How was I to reach
these farms? The crossbred draught horse seemed to be the only answer -
not the most comfortable horse to ride, but he got me there. The parents
mostly resented my coming. They said the children were needed to help with
the milking, because they couldn't afford to pay for labour. There was very
little I could do except appeal to them"
"By this time the weather had cooled down slightly, and as the school looked
so bare and unkempt I suggested to the children that we grow some plants"
"Perhaps if they did the gardening, the two terrors may not destroy their
labours, but alas, that was wishful thinking. The pupils were excited and
worked enthusiastically, digging and planting, but on Monday we arrived
at school to find all the plants dead on the doorstep. The situation was
becoming quite desperate"
"The following week brought an even more disturbing incident. Walking across
the paddocks one morning, I was confronted by several girl pupils screaming
hysterically. A large black red-bellied snake was coiled up on the seat
of the girls' lavatory. Whatever was I to do? As a city girl, I was terrified
of snakes and the very thought of trying to kill one - especially shut up
with it in a confined space - appalled me. One glimpse of the reptile was
enough to convince me that I should wait until one of the older boys came
to school. There was one particularly nice lad, who was anxious to learn
and who helped me wherever possible. Arming himself with a suitable weapon,
he went off to kill the offender, but arrived back a few minutes later,
laughing uproariously - the snake was already dead! To me it was no laughing
matter and I could not help wondering what would happen next"
"About this time the rainy season set in, and within a few days the river
came down and the creek flooded - making crossing over the log impossible"
"For a few days I rode to school on the `all-purpose' horse, but then the
current became too strong too for that. Nothing daunted, I decided to swim
across, with my clothes in a waterproof pack strapped to my shoulders. As
the creek was well out of sight of any farmhouse, I was able to dress on
the other side. Swimming a flooded creek is no pleasant experience, as a
great collection of rubbish is swept down and had to be dodged, so I was
very pleased on the Friday, when the water level began to drop and the log
became visible. By the following Monday it would be possible to try crossing
that way again. Normally, because I was unable to lock up the school building
or anything in it, I had to carry all school records back and forth with
me each day. I wasn't prepared to risk anything that first morning - I'd
be lucky to get myself safely across. With no handrail, and only a long
stick with which to balance myself, crossing the log at any time was hazardous"
"As the water level was still quite high, I was feeling somewhat apprehensive
about the crossing, and when I reached the creek I stood for a few moments,
plucking up courage to start. Suddenly I realised someone was calling me"
"Turning, I saw the father of one of my pupils beckoning to me from behind
a clump of bushes. Completely perplexed, and somewhat alarmed by this unusual
behaviour, I decided reluctantly to go over and confront him. The man was
very embarrassed, but finally explained, ""I've often thought the tricks
those two boys played on you were quite funny, but I don't think what they 
have done this morning is funny. Actually, it could be very dangerous."" He 
then informed me that a thin wire had been attached around the centre of the 
log, with the idea that it would trip me and I'd be thrown into the swirling 
water. ""So I've come to warn you,"" continued my would-be-rescuer, ""but for 
God's sake don't ever tell anyone who told you."" Thanking him gratefully, I 
promised to keep quiet as to why I had changed plans and returned home"
"For me, undoubtedly, this was the climax and I was not prepared to tolerate
further trouble. I sat down immediately and wrote to the Inspector, telling
him that I could not remain at that school any longer, unless something
were done to improve the situation. I also stated that I was not prepared
to return to school until my landlord had cleared the log, and the flood
waters were lower and less frightening. At the same time I wrote and reported
the incident to the policeman in the town twenty miles away"
"The following week, the Priest arrived from town to conduct Mass at one
of the farmhouses, with the result that all the pupils, except my landlord's
two children, stayed away from school to attend Mass"
"The school was on the main road, but the only motor vehicles to ever
pass by belonged to the butcher and the baker, who called once a week. I
was therefore amazed to hear a car coming up the road that morning , as
it wasn't the day for either tradesman. I was simply horrified when the
car pulled up at the school and a very portly gentleman climbed through
the fence. (We had no gate.) He reached the door, introduced himself as
the School Inspector and then looked in astonishment at the empty classroom"
"""The children are all at Mass,"" I hastened to explain. ""The teacher isn't
at Mass?"" he queried. I informed him that I was not a Catholic and even I were, I would be at school on a school day. Really, it was fortunate
the children were absent because it enabled me to relate to him the whole
story from the day I'd arrived. He was most upset about the refusal of the
locals to board me and said he would certainly tell the Priest the story"
My action in expelling the two troublemakers fortunately received his support
"He explained that for the past two or three years the school had been going
through a difficult period, but little did he realise just how difficult
that period had been. What I knew - and he didn't - was that the previous
teacher frequently went to town with the butcher on Thursday afternoon
and returned with the baker at lunchtime on Monday. None of the locals ever
reported her, as they were only too glad to have their children at home
to help on the farm"
""
"Landscape and the Australian imagination By Bruce Clunies Ross  

After about two hundred years of settlement, white
Australians have created an urban (and suburban) civilisation
around less than half the coastline of the country. Most of the
population lives there and has done for three generations or
more, for within the confines of the coastal strip, Australia
was a rapidly urbanised country. This littoral civilisation is
predominantly outward-looking. Australians generally consider
themselves to be part of Western civilisation, and enjoy its
benefits. The problems of distance which influenced early
settlement in Australia, and can be traced in its culture, seem
to have been solved. Improvements in communications now keep
Australians in touch with the metropolitan centres of the West,
and instead of regarding their culture as a delayed reflection
of European, or latterly, American culture, they can regard it
as part of the international Western civilisation spreading
across the globe. Some Australians may feel that they have more
in common with people in New York or San Francisco, or even,
perhaps, Hamburg, Milan or London, than with the hinterland at
their backs or the rural Australia depicted in much of the
literature and painting"
"This advanced state of communications seems sometimes to
induce a certain forgetfulness and blindness. Only the
disjunction of the seasons can now account for the slight gap
between the first appearance of a style on the Cote d'Azure or
in Los Angeles, and its reappearance on Maslin's Beach, but it
is easily forgotten that only in the last twenty years - the
creatively active lives of many Australian artists now in their
prime - have cheap air travel and electronic communications
narrowed the gap between urban Australia and the rest of the
Western world. Gaps still exist between the coastal cities of
Australia and the sparsely populated hinterland, and these
may even be increasing. The excitement of suddenly catching up
with the rest of the world is inclined to blind us to the most
obvious fact about Australian geography, apparent from any map
of the country, which is that urban civilisation has a very
slender hold on the place. To argue that because most
Australians live in cities, rural images are less culturally
relevant than a cosmopolitan outlook is, besides being literal-
minded, to deny the true geography of Australia; it is to
ignore the vast hinterland, and

       the three quarters of our continent
       set aside for mystic poetry"
"Most Australians may never experience this, but it is doubtful
whether their imaginations remain untouched by it. Urban
Australia might be part of Western civilisation, but it is also
where civilisation runs out. It is commonly agreed that
Australia has no ruins, but this is false. In addition to the
geological ruins in Australia, there are, around the interior
edge of the continent, within the one-inch run-off isopleth,
north of Goyder's line in South Australia, in the North-West,
and elsewhere, many historical ruins which are equally telling"
"They mark the points where civilisation advanced too far and
was forced to retreat. Randolph Stow uses images of such ruins
in Tourmaline, and they give us reason to doubt whether
civilisation is a progressive movement which will conquer the
world. Beyond them, there are large areas of the Australian map
still marked ""No Significant Use,"" which means, of course, that
they have so far resisted civilised encroachment"
"The hinterland, or wild Australia, is the source of the most
pervasive images. Even in many of the films made in the last
decade when metropolitan conceptions of Australia have been
prominent, the starring role has been taken by the great
Australian landscape. A common image in these films is of human
beings against a natural background which influences the way
they are perceived and identified, and the directors who use
these images are, of course, only picking up a traditional
Australian topos of man (or woman) in a landscape. A slightly
earlier film by a British director, Nicholas Roeg's Walkabout,
actually captures the strange distinction of Australian
geography by sharp cutting between images of urban and wild
Australia"
"There is, of course, a difference between the Australian
landscape, and the images of the place which Australians carry
around in their heads and which are refracted in Australian
art. The landscape of Australia is extraordinarily varied; art
does not aim at a scientific account of this variety in the
manner of geography. It is affected by geography, but
subjectively, with the individual's sense of place. Australian
art - notably painting, but not only painting - suggests that the
land itself is a powerful element in the common experience of
Australia. Varieties of landscape have been represented by
artists working out of particular places, like Les Murray's
poems centred on the north coast of New South Wales around
Bunyah or Thea Astley's stories set in the tropic zone of
Queensland, but not all representations of the Australian
landscape are quite as specific as these and neither of the
examples cited is merely descriptive. Les Murray's images of
Bunyah are the focus of a broad vision of Australian geography
which was already apparent in an early poem like ""Noonday
Axeman,"" where the axeman is placed on the fringe of human
settlement, poised between the encroachment of twentieth-
century metropolitan civilisation and the silent wilderness
beyond the farms rising to the foothills. Thea Astley's
narrator in Hunting the Wild Pineapple is preoccupied with
drawing maps which are both descriptive and metaphorical. The
title of the first story in the book is enough to suggest its
mode: ""North: Some Compass Readings: Eden""; all the
connotations of those words are explored in the story, both to
show how the spirit of the place has taken possession of the
characters and as metaphors to reveal their feelings and
emotional interactions"
"Murray's poem is interesting because it reminds the reader
of a central fact about Australia, which is that half the
country, or more, remains untamed, and is perhaps untameable:

      After the tree falls, there will reign the same silence
      As stuns and spurs us, enraptures and defeats us,
      As seems to some a challenge, and seems to others
      To be waiting here for something beyond imagining"
".............................................. 
                                    It will be centuries
      Before many men are truly at home in this country .."
"This is not to suggest that the inland is quite unknown, or
that isolated individuals have not been able to survive in it,
but it will never be ""landscaped"" on the scale of the United
States, for example. Implicit in Australia is a natural mystery
more powerful than the civilisation around its fringes. From
the beginning of white settlement, this has been somewhere
around the centre of the country, and people have disappeared
into it. Although we know more about the centre now, it is
still the ""Never-Never."" The mysterious untamed country is both
literally and metaphorically at the centre of Australia. It is
not surprising, therefore, that it has generated the most
persuasive and powerful images of Australian landscape, or that
it should be present in the minds - or imaginations - of
Australians who have no direct experience of it"
"There are those who deny the geographical peculiarity of
Australia, and who look at it from an essentially metropolitan
perspective. Some will deny that it will never be developed,
and they are probably right. Where exploration and agriculture
failed, tourism will succeed. People now go to look at the
mystery at the heart of Australia - and will do so
increasingly - despite the fact that tourism destroys the
very thing they go to experience. Yet tracts of the ""Never-
Never"" will remain useless and inaccessible to miners and
tourists for a long time yet, and it is precisely these
attributes of uselessness and inaccessibility which
characterise the ultimate image of Australian landscape. It
will always be ""out where the dead men lie,"" beyond the reach
of civilisation"
"During the two centuries that whites have occupied the land,
their culture has evolved out of the clash between European
civilisation and antipodean geography, and the geography has
proved the more powerful. This helps to explain the prominence
of landscape images in Australian culture and the persistence
of a rural legend in an urban society. It is sometimes
suggested that a preoccupation with the land and country life
is a sign of culture in a colonial stage. This is a patronising
metropolitan misconception which rests on the assumption that
man can sustain dominion over nature. The white invasion of
Australia represents a subtle challenge to this assumption"
"To judge from the way landscape was depicted in the first
hundred years or so, the optimistic view that the land could be
humanised was strong. In painting, pastoral visions of
Australia were predominant, though literature was more
ambivalent"
"For a long time, in the minds of Europeans, Australia was a
remote place on the map; a subject for fantastic antipodean
legends and fiction. It was roughly defined by a few charts of
disconnected coastline. Those who had visited this coast mostly
found it desolate and useless; the very antipodes of European
landscapes and natural environments. The first settlers found
some of these preconceptions confirmed"
"There is an interesting resemblance between some of the
earliest visions of the country and modern Australia. A map of
civilisation in Australia (see the maps of settlement and rural
population, in Learmonth, Regional Landscapes of Australia)
would look something like the old navigators' charts; a few
disconnected strips of close settlement around the coast. The
actual lines on the early charts may not coincide in many
places with the map of civilisation, but the effect is the
same; the known, and now the civilised, lie on the outskirts of
an island-continent once unknown and still untamed"
"Remoteness, desolation, uselessness and a sense of being on
the edge of the unknown have been latent in the idea of
Australia from the beginning and they contribute to that
quality of indifference with which the environment is supposed
to confront its white inhabitants. This is a one-sided affair,
because the invaders were unable to be indifferent to the
environment. Part of their heritage was a European, and
especially English, love of landscape, and they tried to love
Australia, and sometimes succeeded, or succeeded in shaping
plots of it into something they could love"
"As Bernard Smith has shown, the earliest perceptions of
Australia were filtered through European preconceptions, and
there is plenty of evidence for this in the records of songless
birds and scentless flowers and the like. It was, as a European
scientist discovered one hundred and fifty years later,

     a matter of eyes. Mine were still English eyes, and as  
     such simply could not see Australia. English eyes have    
     set ideas about trees and about light and distances. They   
     can appreciate the jungle, because for all its exotic      
     show the jungle is only an exaggerated wood. Its trees,     
     though bizarre, are in essence what trees should            
     be - trunks supporting a leafy mass which breaks the light    
     and casts a shadow. But among the gum-trees English eyes   
     are as good as blind.... The thin grey foliage is carried 
     at the end of the branches high against the sky; the     
     fierce Australian light pours through it and floods the   
     grass, the earth, and the trunks and limbs of the trees   
     themselves, washing away the colour and leaving a         
     monotone of bright yellowish grey. In time (the process    
     in my case took a month at least) the eyes adjust          
     themselves, taking on, so to speak, a pair of               
     physiological dark spectacles which make allowance for       
     the glare and reveal the bush as it really is"
"Francis Ratcliffe, a scientist dependent upon his powers of
observation, was alert to what was happening to him. It was
likewise the early scientific draughtsmen, according to
Professor Smith, who were better able to avoid European
preconceptions and produce more accurate representations of the
environment they discovered in Australia"
"But the quotation from Ratcliffe suggests that it was not
simply a matter of eyes."
"Great ways to make your kitchen work  

It doesn't matter whether it's large or small, old or new, there are ways
of making your kitchen work for you ... and it need not cost a fortune"
"""Not enough space"" is probably the most common complaint people make about
their kitchens - and room size isn't always a contributing factor. Indeed,
even in a large kitchen with, apparently, plenty of cupboard space you may
find that there is storage galore for seldom-needed items but nowhere to 
put the many things that are in everyday use"
"The secret of a workable kitchen is not how much space you have but how you
use it. The pictures on these pages show how two enthusiastic cooks created
the sort of kitchens the rest of us dream about ... but like so many great
successes, most of the ideas are surprisingly simple. Take a good look:
the solution to your kitchen problem could be right here"
"We also give you advice on basic planning, plus quick tips on making
your kitchen more efficient and pleasant whether you're building anew or
just making do"
"Walking to work  

Many people covet a large kitchen but, unless it is sensibly planned, that
extra space can equal extra footwork - and a tired cook"
"A good kitchen layout should enable the storage, preparation, cooking
and serving of food to be carried out safely and conveniently"
"The aim then is for the fridge, freezer and food cupboards to be close
to the preparation area (usually the sink and adjacent work surfaces) and
this preparation area should not be too far from the stove. There must be
a clear work surface next to the stove where you can set down hot pans and
serve the food"
"If you imagine a line linking the storage, preparation and cooking areas
you have what is known as the work triangle. For optimum efficiency, the
total length of this line should not be less than 3.5m (the kitchen will
be too cramped) and not more than 6.5m (you'll spend too much energy walking
about)"
"The ideal layout  

There are five basic kitchen layouts which successfully accommodate the
work triangle: choose the one that is most appropriate to your room shape"
U-shaped. Kitchen units and appliances are arranged around three walls
L-shaped. Units and appliances are arranged along two adjacent walls
"Island. Units and appliances are arranged around three walls with a 
free-standing unit in the centre of the room"
Galley. Units and appliances are arranged on opposite walls of the room
Linear. Units and appliances are arranged along one wall
"You may be lucky enough to have a room that is ideally suited to one of
these layouts but for most of us the perfect kitchen is a compromise between
theory and reality"
"Storage sense  

The golden rule with storage is, wherever possible, to store things close
to where they will be used: pots and pans near the stove, knives and chopping
boards near the preparation area and so on"
Look for ways to make frequently needed items as accessible as possible
"What were once features of only the most expensive kitchens can now be
purchased separately and installed in less pricey units. Deep drawers are
more practical for storing pots and pans than deep cupboards. An apppliance
cupboard, with power points, saves you lugging out the food processor, toaster
or whatever and keeps worktops free of clutter"
"Take a look at specialist storage shops and the kitchen sections of
department stores for space saving (amd space making accessories). Here,
10 inexpensive and easy ways to improve your kitchen instantly"
"‚2 Keep wooden spoons handy in a tall pottery or stoneware jar next to the
stove"
"‚2 If lack of space means you have to stack side plates on dinner plates
with saucers balanced on top, invest in a tiered wire plate rack: it will
save breakages and your temper"
"‚2 Keep paper napkins under control with a perspex napkin holder. It stops
them from getting crumpled between meals and, for outdoor eating, saves
them from blowing away"
"‚2 Kitchen knives stay sharper longer if they're stored in a wooden block
or on a magnetic wall rack"
"‚2 Don't hide pretty special-occasion plates at the back of a cupboard -
hang them on the wall. They'll look good and you'll have extra storage space
free"
"‚2 When the walls are full, look to the ceiling. Hanging storage works well
for pots, pans and utensils"
"‚2 Hanging baskets are great for fruit, vegetables and eggs"
"‚2 Increase your work space with a wooden board cut to fit over the sink;
or install a pull-out worktop"
"‚2 Throw some extra light on your work tops without rewiring: clip-on spotlights
can be fastened to overhead cupboards"
"‚2 Carousel units - the semi-circular baskets that swing out - make the darkest
corner cupboard easily accessible"
"10 TOOLS EVERY HOUSE SHOULD HAVE  

A well-stocked workshop takes years to acquire but, to begin with, a few
tools will see you through. The secret: buy the best you can afford"
"Even the most modest home requires occasional repairs, adjustments and
installations. Here are 10 tools we consider to be essential"
"Hammer. A 560g curved claw hammer will adequately drive and pull most nails
used around the house. Those with steel or fibreglass shanks are strong,
and heads won't loosen. A rubber handle provides a nonslip, cushioned grip"
"Screwdrivers. Buy four, two with flat blades and two Philips type - one
large and one small for each type. Select large, comfortable handles for
better turning power. The better-quality variety have good steel tips that
retain their shape, won't chip, bend, or become rounded with repeated use"
"Tape measure. For easy measuring find a spring-retractable, 12mm wide tape,
at least 3.5m long with clearly readable numerals, and locking feature"
"Adjustable wrench. A 20cm or 25cm crescent type is adequate for most household
tasks. Best brands are thinner for easier use in hard-to-reach spots, minimum
play of movable parts"
"Pliers. A pair of 15cm slip-joint pliers is fine for ordinary gripping,
twisting, and holding needs. For fixing jewellery or bending wire, the needle
nose type is indispensable. For gripping large objects, the channel-lock type
works best. Inspect pliers before buying to make sure the handles move freely
and jaws mate squarely and precisely as they close shut"
"Utility knife. Useful for cutting tough materials, opening cartons, cutting
holes, trimming or shaving almost anything. Those with retractable blades
are safer - when carried or stored. Replacement blades ensure a sharp edge
for all occasions and are inexpensive"
"Drill. Hand drills are adequate and easy to use for the small holes needed
for curtain tracks, picture hanging, threading speaker wires, etc. For heavy
duty, do-it-yourself jobs requiring many holes, an electric drill is a
worthwhile investment. In either case, be sure you have a good quality 
drill-bit set. Better drills will stay sharp longer"
"Saw. For cutting boards, shelves, or other materials, an 8-point (8 teeth
per 25mm) cross-cut saw with a 60cm blade is best"
"Level. A 25cm or 30cm spirit level is adequate for levelling appliances
and setting hangers for pairs of small pictures. A 60cm or 75cm carpenter's
level is better for installing larger pictures and working with larger
projects"
"Multi-purpose cutters will cope with wire, thin metal and tough plastic
as well as heavy cardboard"
""
"MISSION IS OUT OF THIS WORLD Earthlings to the rescue  By PENNY TROON  

COSMIC fantasy is the main ingredient of a special school holiday production
by the Marian St Children's Theatre"
"Adventure In The Stars, written by Josephine Blogg, was commissioned
by Audrey Blaxland as a contribution to the International Year Of Peace"
"Her play will capture the imagination of four to 10-year-olds with its
storyline, costumes and setting"
"Dangerous  

The play's action centres around Suzie and Jason, two space cadets from
Earth, who embark on a dangerous mission with their friendly robot Electro
Kitty, to save the Peace Star"
"They must defeat the wicked Star Wizard and the Spindle Witch who control
the universe. 
  Adventure In The Stars plays every Saturday at 1pm until June 14 and
twice daily on weekdays during school holidays at 10.30am and 1pm"
""
"Big foreign deal on the cards for Hartogen By JOSEPH DOWLING  

  Hartogen Energy Ltd is believed to be on the verge of announcing a 
multi-million dollar deal that may involve an overseas party taking a large 
slice of the company.  
  Market sources said Hartogen had been holding discussions with a number of 
overseas and local groups in recent months, although details have not been 
disclosed"
"They said Hartogen had scheduled a press conference yesterday to announce a 
major corporate development, but one of the parties involved (not Hartogen) 
had asked that the conference be delayed because of its proximity to the 
Queensland State election"
"Hartogen has been the subject of persistent takeover speculation in recent 
months, pushing the share price from $1.65 at August 1, to $2.70 yesterday"
"The speculation has generally linked Hartogen to the French Elf Aquitaine 
Triako group, with some suggestion that Elf Aquitaine may move to sell its
oil exploration interests in Australia to Hartogen"
"Hartogen, in return, would issue shares to Elf Aquitaine  Sources close to the companies yesterday denied that was the case, although 
they confirmed Elf Aquitaine had been holding discussions with a 
number of Australian companies, including Hartogen. 
  Elf Aquitaine Australia and New Zealand Ltd, which is 99 per cent
owned by the French parent company, Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine, earlier 
this year offloaded its 64.5 per cent interest in its mining arm, Elf Aquitaine
Triako Mines Ltd"
"That move was perceived as part of a general move to reduce spending in 
Australia, although the company is believed to be enthusiastic to retain some 
involvement in oil exploration"
"One analyst said last night that any link between Hartogen and Elf 
Aquitaine may simply involve a merging of exploration leases"
"Hartogen is believed to be close to completing plans for the listing of its 
shares on the Tokyo market, although company directors were not available 
yesterday to comment on any of the speculation"
"Likewise, Elf Aquitaine directors would not comment"
""
"Council pans Sunday racing  

THE Melbourne City Council last night registered its opposition to this Sunday's
race meeting at Moonee Valley and future Sunday racing"
"Cr Bill Gardiner, moving a motion against the meetings, said trotting
at Moonee Valley caused Flemington and Essendon  serious traffic
congestion, affecting residents"
"He said Melbourne and Essendon councils had opposed the over-use of ""a
particular race track in Essendon"""
"Cr Neil Cole said he opposed future consideration of Flemington race course
for Sunday racing"
Council passed a motion opposing next Sunday's meeting. - Neil Wilson
"1c upon a time, it made sense... One cent.  It's not much.  Yet somehow it's even less than it used to be"
"BRUCE EVA took his solitary cent - not to mention high hopes and memories
- to Melbourne's shopkeepers.  

WHAT does the South Melbourne Football Club, the dodo, the Tasmanian tiger 
and the $1 note all have in common?
  Extinction!
  Membership requirements for this exclusive club are very simple.  Don't
exist"
"It is not a popular club by any stretch of the imagination yet away in
the distance we have a new applicant looming"
The one-cent piece
"Yes, you remember it, the little copper piece you find lying in the street
that you are too scared to pick up in case someone is watching you. 
  Or the fiddly little thing you receive with your receipt when you have
just bought your first toaster for $49.99
  So the question has been raised.  Do we need the one-cent coin? 
  I mean, how long has it been since one could buy something for a cent,
or going further back, a penny?
  I remember the good old days in primary school, when if you found a one-cent
piece, you had two extra mates during lunchtime.  The reason?  Three jellybeans
for a cent"
"Nowadays for all the big spenders we have the one-cent stamp and for
all you miserly hackers out there chopping up our public and private courses
you can buy a single, plastic, colored golf tee for a cent"
"And if you're hungry while out on the course then you can splurge on a
single lolly for a cent although it might taking some hunting around to
find shops that still sell them"
"Yet someone else must be able to make use of this sometimes meaningless
little thing"
"The government!
  Not buying anything on your Bankcard does not save you from our beloved
money collectors"
"You will still be charged one-cent for something they term Financial
Institutions Duty.  Hmmm!
  Governments, golfers, postage and lollies aside you are pushed to find
anything you can buy with it"
"A single button is now around five cents.  You can only buy small nails
or tacks pre-packed (the few exceptions where you can buy them separately
all smash through the one-cent ceiling).  If you want to weigh yourself
on public scales you can fork out anything up to five cents"
"So what are the cheapest goods you an buy these days?
  A pair of shoe laces are 35 cents, a box of tissues for 30 cents and a
potato cake about 20 cents.  Chocolates go by weight but if you want one
milk pastille you part with four cents"
"Paper clips, rubber bands, straws and matches all come in packets, although
singly they would be around one cent"
"The one-cent coin and the penny were much more useful 10, 20 or 30 years
ago.  
  The last generation recollect two licorice blocks for a penny, a one
penny bag of lollies and a cream-between (a slab of vanilla ice-cream between
two wafers) for two pennies - all the rage in the Fifties"
"Going further back, our cherished Footy Record (now 70 cents) was one
penny when first published in 1912 and only 10 cents when we went decimal
in 1966"
"But back to the question in hand.  Is there any real sense in keeping
it in circulation?
  The majority of shop owners I spoke to said no, although the milk bar
proprietors said that it came in handy for change from cigarettes and other
small items.  Not so handy when the change builds up and weighs down the
pockets"
"The principal use for it these days is to give one back to a person, almost
as a token gesture, after they have bought something for $XX.99"
"But wouldn't it be easier if all people selling merchandise stopped kidding
themselves that they are kidding us into believing that we are making a
huge saving if we buy something that is $9.99 instead of $10.  
  So as long as the mint keeps churning them out, then people will keep 
losing them, cursing them, collecting them or even on the odd occasion, 
buying something with them"
"Yet if we get rid of them where will we stop? Big brother (the two-cent
piece) is also about as useful as a hole in the head and therefore could
we soon see the day where the five, or even the 10-cent piece is the lowest
denomination"
"I'll leave you to ponder that as I must go and pay my Bankcard bill of
one cent"
"I wouldn't want a ""PLEASE PAY UP, SECOND AND FINAL NOTICE"" letter, now
would I?"
"Movie classic's a winner  

  Channel O is quickly earning the reputation as Brisbane's number one
movie channel"
It leads the way again this week with some first-class movies
"Perhaps the best is the fifties classic Picnic (Saturday, 8.30pm) which
caused a sensation when it was released"
"William Holden, Kim Novak, Rosalind Russell and Cliff Robertson star in
this interesting movie about high passion in small town America"
"It's a little melodramatic for eighties audiences, but is still a fine
example of a top-class director getting the most out of a strong script"
"The story is centred on a quiet Kansas town preparing for its annual
Labor Day picnic"
"Into this setting wanders Hal Carter (Holden) who manages to have an effect
on virtually the entire town before he is finally through with it"
"Channel O also screens a remake of the Marlon Brando classic, A Streetcar
Named Desire (Monday, 8.30 pm)"
"For once, the remake is nearly as good as the original, with Treat Williams
playing the brutal Stanley Kowalski (Brando's role in the 1951 original)
and stunning Ann-Margret as Blanche Dubois"
"Ann-Margret shows she is a far better actress than many people ever gave
her credit for, and her fine performance makes this one of the better movies
of the week"
"Channel O's Sunday night movie, The Cold Room, isn't for those who like
light entertainment"
George Segal and Amanda Pays star in this movie set in East Berlin
"It's complicated, so don't get up for a cup of tea or you'll be hopelessly
lost"
"Channel 9 has an interesting movie in the End Of August (Friday, 8.30pm)"
"It is surprising to find an American film made along the lines of a European
mood movie"
"Priest  

  Sally Sharp stars as Edna Pontellier, a New Orleans woman trying to find
herself in the early 1900s"
"Channel 7 also kicks in with a better-than-average movie in The Scarlet
And The Black (Monday, 8.30pm)"
"Gregory Peck stars in the true story of Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty, a
Vatican priest who ran an underground escape route during World War II"
"Christopher Plummer and Sir John Geilgud add a touch of quality to the
production"
""
"The face of terror 1986 By  Frank Walker THE hit women - more deadly than any man  

The face of terror 1986 is female.  Women have taken over Europe's terrorist
groups and they are deadlier than the male"
"The cold-bloodedness of a spate of murders, bombings and maimings carried
out by women over the past few months has shocked Europeans"
"West German police chiefs have responded by instructing recruits: ""Shoot
the women first"""
"Three weeks ago in Paris, Georges Besse, head of the Renault car firm,
was walking home and was just 50 metres from his front door"
"Two women jumped out from the shadows.  One held a sub-machine gun to
cover the street and the other shot 58-year-old Besse three times - in
the chest, shoulder and head"
"French police launched a nationwide hunt for two of France's most wanted
terrorists - Nathalie Menigon, 29, and Joelle Aubron, 27.  Both are leaders
and chief executioners in France's extreme left terror group, Action Directe"
"The shooting had remarkable similarities with a terrorist execution in
the West German capital Bonn a few weeks earlier"
"Gerold von Braunmuehl, a top official in the Foreign Ministry, was leaving
a taxi outside his home when three masked people slid out of a car over
the road"
"One covered the street with a machine gun, while the others calmly walked
over to von Braunmuehl.  One guarded the other's back while the killer
pumped bullet after bullet into von Braunmuehl. 
  Police believe the killer was either Barbara Meyer, 38, or Inge Viett,
42, a former kindergarten nurse and one of Germany's most wanted terrorists"
"Women have been part of the terrorist scene in Europe from the early days
of the notorious Baader-Meinhof gang of the 1970s"
"Ulrike Meinhof was a campaigning journalist until she took to more direct
action and, with Andreas Baader, embarked on a bombing and shooting spree
across Europe that left more than 100 police in hospital and one judge dead"
"Meinhof hanged herself in jail.  Baader and his girlfriend, parson's daughter
Gudrun Ensslin, committed suicide in jail after an attempt to free them
by hijacking a Lufthansa plane ended in failure at Mogadishu, the capital
of Somalia"
"After their deaths in 1977 Europe breathed a sigh of relief.  The experts
claimed the problem had been ""solved"""
"But a new generation, mostly women, now runs the terrorist cells, known
in West Germany as the Red Army Faction, in France as Action Directe and
in Italy as the Red Brigades"
"""These people are stronger and the new ones seem to be only interested
in killing,"" said Alexander Prechtel, of the Federal Prosecutor's Office
in Bonn"
"There is a hard-core of around 20 killer commandos, more ruthless and better
organised than the Baader-Meinhof gang"
"Of the 18 most wanted terrorists in West Germany, 11 are women"
"But what drives them to commit their acts of terror?
  Dr Henri Giraud, psychiatrist to the Paris courts, said: ""The traditional
role of women is being turned upside down and female terrorists - like all
beginners - are unusually zealous.  The want to expropriate male power"
"Paranoia produces an inhuman calmness ... Menigon and Aubron killed Georges
Besse the way they would break a vase.""
  Terrorists shared common characteristics, he said:
  They all came from upper middle-class homes"
"They all had good educations and had embarked on a career when they turned
to terrorism"
"Nearly all the women seemed to have met a man already involved in the
terrorist ""radical chic"" scene before they got into it themselves"
"Many had unsatisfying childhoods - long, silent frustration surrounded
by affluence"
"ANGELIKA SPEITEL, a green-eyed, 34-year-old blonde, is the first female
terrorist to speak about life in the Red Army Faction"
"""Everybody wanted to be very cool,"" she said.  ""In reality we were all
very scared but we would never have admitted that to each other"
"""There was always a bit of homesickness, a need for love"
"""There was never any love among the members. You can't have actions in
your head and love someone at the same time.  You have to have a hate, otherwise
it wouldn't work.""
  Speitel was captured in 1978 in a shoot-out with police.  One officer was
killed.  Whether she or another terrorist fired the fatal shot is still unclear"
She was wounded in the leg
"She was sentenced to life imprisonment.  In a recent interview inside
her Cologne jail with a German magazine she gave a rare glimpse of the
psychology of the terrorist.                               
  She admits it is hard to speak about her ""family"", her fellow terrorists"
"In 1981 she went on a hunger strike in Cologne jail to join terrorists
kept in another jail"
"""I was afraid of dying.  I was dying a little more each day.  But I thought
if I didn't join the hunger strike then I will be forever alone in this
cell.""
  For two years Speitel was in solitary confinement.  She was considered
too dangerous to mix with the other prisoners.  She tried to kill herself"
It was the prison chaplain who finally got her to talk
"For months she kept throwing him out of her cell. Then she started shouting
at him, launching a tirade against society, the prison, the Church, anything
that came to mind.  The chaplain just sat and listened.  
  After a while the revolutionary dogma sounded very thin.  She realised
she knew nothing about fascism or imperialism apart from the slogans she
shouted.  She started talking about herself"
"She was angry about the class system which she felt kept her family down
- her mother worked in a shop, her father was a skilled worker.  When she
was 20 she moved into a commune in Stuttgart"
"She married Volker Speitel, an unhappy man who dabbled in radical politics"
"When they split up, she moved in with a group of men involved in organising
terrorist acts"
"In 1976 she was introduced to Peter Boock, one of the RAF commandos. ""He
struck me as the man I had been waiting for.  His innocent brown eyes -
I thought I have to be careful with him"
"""When I met Boock I had this incredibly good feeling - I felt I had at
last decided to join the fight for freedom.  I felt I had freed myself.""
  She went underground with Boock but the affair lasted only three weeks"
Then she fell into the routine of the group
"""Emotions had to be suppressed. They kept on asking me why I was laughing
or crying.  They said I had to have a reason.  I suppressed laughing and
crying from then on.  
  ""They were constantly talking about my readiness to join the actions. 
In the first few years I was always ashamed that I wasn't ready to join
in.  I would tell them I wanted to, that I wanted to get the prisoners out
of the jails.  I just didn't want to think how we would actually go about
it.  I was inhibited. 
  ""Only those who were actually going to do the action were allowed to hold
the floor.  The others would say I didn't really want to join in.  I did,
but when it came to getting up that morning I just couldn't.  When they
came for me I was still lying in bed. 
  ""I started to cut myself off from the others.  I felt so alone.  But I
wasn't allowed to talk to anyone else.  When they found I had talked to
the cook in a hotel or gone to a disco by myself all hell broke loose. 
They questioned me for hours.""
  Her job was to arrange the hideouts.  She took part in the planning of
the murders of the bank chief Jurgen Ponto, and employers' leader Hans Martin
Schleyer.  After the suicide in jail of the terrorists Baader, Meinhof and
Ensslin many of the group wanted to quit.  They realised they wouldn't change
the world with their actions.                       
  ""But we couldn't leave.  The others were all watching us.  We didn't even
dare talk about doubt, wounds, aches and feelings.  It was a living 
death"
"""It was a time of immaturity for a lot of us.  We didn't know what life
and death was. It was a frenzy, an addiction which went too far.""
  Speitel now lives with a group of female prisoners and is learning to
be a seamstress.          

 INGE VIETT AGE: 42  

NATIONALITY: West German"
"BACKGROUND: Former kindergarten nurse, member of Baader-Meinhof and founder
of the Second of June terrorist movement"
"Viett is West Germany's most wanted woman terrorist and has been on the
run for 10 years since she made a spectacular escape from prison in West
Berlin.  
  Viett had strong links with the Carlos organisation and the People's Front
for the Liberation of Palestine.  Her release from jail was one of the demands
made by Palestinian terrorists who hijacked an Air France jet at Entebbe
airport in Uganda before they were gunned down in the Israeli rescue operation"
""
"Kakadu compromise has no future By John Stackhouse  

KAKADU National Park may warm the inner glow of conservation and earn us
points in arenas such as UNESCO. But economically it has Australia by the
throat"
"The Hawke government compromise last week that blocked development in
two-thirds of the park (compounding the Fraser government's shilly-shallying
before it) means that because of lost export income the Australian dollar
is cheaper internationally than it could have been and interest rates,
correspondingly, are a few points higher. These fundamentals also have a
carry-through effect on the economy, far beyond the ideologies that have
driven Kakadu thinking so far"
"Economically, the decision rules off a medium-term fix to our foreign
exchange problems. The Northern Territory Department of Minerals and Energy
last week put a value of $5 billion on the exports Australia has forgone
in the last decade by not developing known resources in Kakadu. Taken to
a monthly rate of about $40 million, this would have helped to knock our
trade deficit figure below the dollar-hurting level of $1 billion monthly"
"However, according to the Northern Territory Chamber of Mines, had normal
development taken place, instead of being shelved, this figure might have
doubled. Consequently the whole panoply of the Hawke-Keating defence of
the dollar might have been less daunting to the average Australian's home
mortgage. In a little-reported estimate, the chamber put the figure on
known value of minerals locked in by the government's decision not to allow
further development in Kakadu's stages one and two at between $70 and $100
billion. This is roughly equivalent to our international debt"
"The figure, however, is essentially speculative because, since Aboriginal
land rights legislation and the foundation of the national park, the work
necessary to prove the existence of the ores on which it is based has not
been allowed"
But the knowledge of the basic geology and hence the mineralisation exists
"The theoretical work shows that the deposits which established Kakadu as
the world's most important uranium province were discovered because they
broke the surface. To the west of the proved deposits, on the flood plain
which has been established only about 1500 years, the sand and the mud
and the buffalo wallows have dusted over what otherwise would have been
a surface-cropping mineralisation that is a mirror of the ones already
discovered. Had exploration and development gone ahead, the mines now in
operation and selling at world market prices of the time would probably
have earned double, or about $1 billion a year over the past decade - say
about $80 million a month. This would cover a remarkable hole in our trade
deficit"
"But Kakadu is not only a theoretical negative in the big scene of Australian
economics. It is a hole in the ground as far as day-to-day government
expenditures and revenues are concerned"
"Given the 19,000 square kilometres size of Kakadu when stage three is
added, sheer maintenance of the park involves a major drain on government
finances - about $7 million a year. The Australian National Parks and Wildlife
Service which literally owns Kakadu has operated in the past as though the
taxpayers' purse is bottomless. But this sort of area costs a fortune
merely to maintain. Conservationists complain that the money the commonwealth
is spending is inadequate for major works, such as controlling erosion,
buffalo and pigs, and noxious weeds"
"But under the new commonwealth regime, the user pays and projects such
as Kakadu will have to cover their costs. The revenue-earning alternatives
are tourism (which the service has been embracing recently) or royalties
from mining. Mining has got to be the way to go. The potentials of Kakadu's
minerals are so great that the mining companies have been remarkably patient"
"The sell-out of the miners began in the early days of the Whitlam
government. In late 1973, the then Northern Territory Minister, Rex Patterson,
tried to set up a deal with Northern Territory mining applicants. 
  Patterson said Canberra proposed (in February 1974) to introduce in the
Northern Territory assembly legislation providing for national parks and
for the issue of new rights allowing for prospecting in those areas. This
was Patterson's specific promise: ""I am authorised by the government to
assure you that if you applications for renewal of licences are approved
only in respect of areas outside the boundaries of the proposed park you
will, upon commencement of the new legislation, be issued with fresh licences
... (for) the areas within the park boundary to which your current renewal
applications relate.""
  Two things then happened. The miners accepted the government's word as
being not only that of Patterson but also his successors (which was a
disastrous mistake). They also learned never to trust the government's word
again. Along the way, the situation became complicated even more by the
Aboriginal land rights issue"
"Companies like BHP and Geopeko (the exploration arm of Peko Wallsend)
started to work their way through the maze and succeeded. BHP as the operator
for the gold prospect of Coronation Hill (which is at the southern end
of what is to be Stage three of Kakadu) went to the Aboriginal custodians
rather than through official channels and scored a notable victory. In the
Coronation Hill case, the Northern Territory Sacred Sites Authority ruled
against development. The custodians, taking outside advice, withdrew their
original endorsement of the hill as a sacred site on clear (and necessarily
secret) evidence that the site they identified with was 50 kilometres
distant"
"In the Peko case, the company negotiated over a period with custodians
of areas it was interested in and got an agreement inviting them into what,
for a long time, has been part of the first stage of Kakadu"
""
"By Margaret Duckett NEW SOUTH WALES A. INTRODUCTION  

   New South Wales has been the epicentre of the AIDS epidemic in
Australia, with 70% of the cases and an incidence of
infectivity of 33.1 per million of population"
"The Albion Street Centre was established in early 1985 and
remains the only clinic in Australia directed exclusively to
AIDS. Other services have been expanded to meet the need,
however the situation is still critical"
"A number of innovative and effective education programs have
been developed to address the issues posed by AIDS"
"B. CO-ORDINATION AND ADVICE  

   The New South Wales Department of Health has established three committees
to provide advice on matters related to AIDS"
"i) The AIDS Medical and Scientific Committee provides advice on matters 
relevant to the identification, diagnosis and treatment of persons infected 
by the AIDS virus. This Committee has a membership providing expertise in
areas including public health, immunology, venereology, virology, oncology 
and haematology"
"ii) The AIDS Education Committee focusses on the establishment of
appropriate educational strategies. Committee members provide expertise
in health education and public health. 

   iii) The AIDS Liaison Committee provides a mechanism for
consultation with community groups. This Committee includes
representatives of the Albion Street Centre, the Health Media
and Education Centre, the Australian Prostitutes Collective, the
AIDS Council of NSW, the AIDS Drug Information Collective, the
NSW Venereology Society and the NSW Nurses Association"
"Two working parties and two interdepartmental committees
have also been formed to provide co-ordination and advice. A
working party assessing educational material on intravenous
drug use and AIDS has been created and issues relating to
hospice care are being explored by a second working party"
"An interdepartmental committee on housing for clients
infected with the AIDS virus has been established. Members
include representatives of the Departments of Health, Youth and
Community Services, Housing and the Bobby Goldsmith Foundation"
"The Committee has developed policies and procedures in relation
to the availability and use of special housing. A second
interdepartmental committee provides advice on issues related
to school children infected with the AIDS virus. Members
include representatives of the Departments of Health, Youth and
Community Services, and Education"
"C. FUNDING  

   Since 1984, New South Wales has received an allocation for
AIDS related areas from both State and Federal Governments of
$11,331,000. This level of funding has enabled the
establishment and development of a number of programs including
educational strategies, laboratory diagnostic services,
outpatient services, blood bank screening, counselling and
nursing"
"i) Education a) General  
The NSW Department of Health has developed a number of
educational programs in regard to AIDS"
"Intensive courses of seven days duration have been conducted
for health, welfare and education personnel responsible for the
provision of education regarding AIDS. The courses have been
designed to provide accurate, authoritative and useful
information about AIDS, to explore issues associated with AIDS,
and to stimulate the further development of educational
activities"
"Seminars and workshops have also been designed to meet
particular needs of various professional groups including
health care workers, health educators, drug and alcohol agency
staff, counsellors, and youth services personnel"
"A video and associated discussion booklet has been developed
to assist with providing the general community with accurate
information on AIDS and its implications"
"A statewide information line has been established to provide
information on AIDS, its symptoms and transmission, and on
referral agencies for further information. The usage of this
service currently stands at 5,700 calls per month"
"b) Youth  
The NSW Health Department has initiated an Adolescents and
AIDS Project. This special project has surveyed youth services
in NSW to assess requirements in relation to education and
resources. Training and information seminars have been provided
for youth and welfare workers from a range of services, and
extensive literature distribution has been arranged. A resource
manual for use by youth workers and educators of adolescents
has been developed"
"A special health education project directed to youth and
presented in comic form has been prepared by Streetwize Comics"
"The comics have been well received by young people and will be
utilised in a series of seminars directed to youth workers"
"A special outreach program for young people is conducted by
the Albion Street Centre. A nurse and a counsellor in a mobile
screening unit visit particular areas in the inner city to
provide education, support, counselling and an AIDS virus
antibody screening service"
"c) Multicultural  
Ethnic media outlets have been utilised in an information
campaign about AIDS and STDs for people of non-English speaking
backgrounds. In addition, seminars for ethnic health care
workers have been provided. A pamphlet on AIDS has been
translated into nine community languages and full page
information advertisements have been placed in 17 community
language newspapers. Key community organisations, migrant
health staff and medical practitioners have also received
relevant information. The campaign has been promoted on SBS
Television and ethnic community radio. Ethnic Line, a telephone
referral service for people of non-English speaking background,
has reported that there has been a strong community response
to the campaign"
"d) Prostitutes  
The Australian Prostitutes Collective has received funding from
the NSW and Federal Departments of Health to provide
preventative education regarding AIDS and other STDs. Three
field officers conduct outreach visits, present fortnightly
information seminars and prepare educational material
specifically directed to the target groups. A counselling
service is also provided"
"The STD Clinics and a new special clinic in Kings Cross
provide a health service including education on AIDS. It would
appear that most brothels and agencies have installed condom
vending machines and a majority of prostitutes require condom
use by their clients"
"e) Intravenous drug users  
Strategies in relation to intravenous drug users have
focussed on providing education and support for AIDS
infected clients through existing drug treatment services"
"The majority of staff in government and non government
agencies have attended educational seminars and workshops to
ensure that they have the necessary information and skills to
educate and counsel clients about AIDS issues. Direct education
to intravenous drug users has also been provided through
outreach programs and contact tracing. The AIDS Drug
Information Collective has been particularly involved in the
development and promotion of these outreach programmes. A
specialised poster and pamphlet directed towards intravenous
drug users has been developed and distributed to appropriate
venues. Issues related to the availability of needles and
syringes are under consideration"
"f) Regional activities  
The Department of Health has conducted intensive courses in
the larger regional centres for health, welfare and education
personnel. Seminars and meetings with members of the general
community and particular professional groups such as
pharmacists have also been facilitated"
"ii) Counselling  
A range of counselling services is provided by a number of
centres. Clients have access to personal counselling by medical
practitioners, experienced social workers, psychologists or
trained volunteers as appropriate. Support groups for a range
of AIDS affected people have been established to provide both
information and therapy. Material is made available on the AIDS
virus, health strategies, ways to reduce stress, and other
relevant information"
"iii) Services  
A State Reference Laboratory has been established at St
Vincents Hospital to undertake confirmatory tests on any
seropositive cases. The ICPMR unit at Westmead Hospital is
designated as the State Reference Laboratory for AIDS virology"
"Specialist outpatient services have been established at the
Albion Street Centre, the STD Clinics, and the major teaching
hospitals. These services have specialised staff and facilities
to provide reliable and complete medical information in
addition to pastoral, psychiatric and social counselling. The
Albion Street Centre in particular provides intensive medical
management and support services"
"A number of special units are available for patients
requiring hospitalisation. St Vincents Hospital has six beds
available, Prince of Wales/Prince Henry fourteen beds,
Newcastle four beds, and Prince Alfred four beds. In addition,
most of the teaching hospitals have also accommodated patients
infected with the AIDS virus. Five hospice beds are also
available"
"Most agencies providing services to intravenous drug users
have developed policies and procedures in regard to AIDS"
"Clients who are AIDS virus antibody positive have priority in
access to the methadone program"
"D. LEGAL ISSUES  

There are a number of legislative enactments which make
specific provisions or have relevance in regard to AIDS"
"i) Notification  
The Venereal Diseases Act was amended in August 1984 to provide
that Category A and B AIDS were notifiable on a compulsory basis"
"The Public Health Act 1902 was amended in November 1985 and
Regulations under this Act gazetted on 14 April 1986 to deem
AIDS (Category A, B or C) as a proclaimed disease under the
Act; require medical practitioners to notify the
Secretary of the NSW Department of Health of cases (by code),
penalty $1000, and create an offence if a person who knows
he/she has a proclaimed disease has sexual intercourse with
another person without the prior informed consent of the other
person, penalty $5,000"
"Records of the Commonwealth Department of Health would
indicate that this provision and the provision subsequently
enacted in Queensland appear to be the only legislation
worldwide which seeks to regulate the sexual conduct of people
with AIDS or related conditions"
"The Act also includes clauses providing penalties for
unnecessary disclosure of the identity of persons having
proclaimed diseases, penalty $2000"
"The legislation also regulates the activities of medical
practitioners and laboratories in regard to notification of the
disease, maintenance of records, confidentiality and provision
of information to patients"
"ii) Donation of blood and tissue  
The enactment of the Human Tissue (Amendment) Act in May
1985 provided that blood and semen may not be received for
transfusion or artificial insemination unless a prescribed
certificate is signed relating to the medical suitability of
the donor. The certificate is not required if the specimen is
to be used for research purposes only or for sole treatment of
the donor. A person who knowingly signs a false or misleading
statement may be liable for a penalty of $5000 or imprisonment
for one year, or both"
"iii) Legislation  
a) The Public Health (Skin Penetration) Regulation 1985
regulates activities which involve penetration of the skin or
tissue, including acupuncture, chiropody, podiatry, tattooing"
"b) The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1983, regulates
health and safety in the workplace. A number of organisations
have adopted occupational health and safety policies and
procedures which have positive implications in regard to AIDS,
in recognition of their responsibilities under the Act"
"c) The Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 makes it unlawful to
discriminate on the grounds of sex, race, marital status,
homosexuality, and physical or intellectual disability in the
areas of employment, state education, obtaining goods and
services, accommodation, registered clubs and trade unions"
"The Anti-Discrimination Board investigates and attempts to
conciliate complaints of discrimination in areas covered by the
Act. If conciliation can not be achieved, complaints may be
referred to the Equal Opportunity Tribunal for judicial
determination. To date, the Board has received approximately
15 complaints which were directly AIDS related, in addition to
those other complaints on grounds such as homosexuality which
may have had some AIDS related causes"
"E. DEPARTMENTAL RESPONSES i) Department of Health  
The Department of Health has established an AIDS/STD policy
unit with a full-time staff of four, and an AIDS education unit
with a full-time staff of five"
"The policy unit has responsibility for evaluating all
government and community AIDS projects and assessing the
funding necessary for these initiatives. In addition, officers
undertake liaison with a range of agencies"
"The activities of the education unit have been directed
towards health care personnel, members of high risk groups,
youth workers, personnel responsible for the provision of
education, and to the general community. Resource material has
been developed and extensive literature distribution arranged"
"ii) Department of Corrective Services  
The Department of Corrective Services has adopted a number
of policies and procedures in response to the issues posed by
AIDS"
"In January 1985 an AIDS Advisory Committee was formed with
representation from relevent departmental divisions, the Prison
Medical Service, the then Health Commission and the Public
Service Association. AIDS groups were established during late
1985 in most corrective service institutions throughout the
state to facilitate education for prisoners and staff."
"More talk  

A HINT of desperation has crept into the Federal Government's economic
management.  First we had the rare spectacle of a Treasurer voicing fears
of Australia's becoming a banana republic"
"Then, two days after giving assurances that the tax cuts promised for
September would stand, Mr Keating leaves open a possibility that they may
be deferred to save revenue"
"And now we are told there is to be yet another summit-style talkfest to
decide future economic directions"
"The overall impression is of a Government that is formulating economic
policy on the run. Where is the political leadership that Australia needs?"
"By Peter O'Connor 5 MEETING THE DREAM  

Aristotle claimed that `the most skilled interpreter of dreams is he who
has the faculty of observing resemblances'. This statement is still valid
today, since `resemblances' lead us to think in `as if' terms; that is, in
metaphorical terms. As Jung said: `Every interpretation necessarily remains
an ""as if"", simply because psychic images are not necessarily images in
the ordinary sense of the word, rather are psychic images, images as
metaphors, resemblances. The dictionary says that metaphors transfer meaning,
so the image, as metaphor, transfers meaning from the outer world to the
inner world. Thus, if we for a moment return to the idea of image as not
what one sees, but a way of seeing, then to see imaginatively, which is
what a dream does, is to see resemblances, to see things, people, or events
as `as if' rather than `is'. Therefore, images and imagination, the stuff
of dreams, are not unreal, as Corbin reminded us, but, on the contrary,
they are another reality, an `as if' reality. So, if we are to follow Hillman's
dictum, repeated several times already in this book, to `stick to the image',
then in practical terms it means that we must stick to an `as if' way of
dealing with images and dreams and avoid literalising them. We could easily
and readily detect signs of literalisation in such phrases and words as
`is', `it's only natural', `surely you would agree', or `if this, then that'"
"All these phrases, in particular the word `is', point outwards to the literal
world of events, the world of salt, to use the alchemical metaphor, a concrete
view of the world. This mode of viewing, the concrete, is the most dangerous
way to approach an image or a dream, because it pulls, pushes, and badgers
the dream out of the world of metaphor, out of resemblences, out of `as
if', to `IS'. As the dream does not exist there in the literal world, it
can be denigrated and scoffed at only when it tries to be there. Thus the
literalists can once again reinforce their concrete view of the world as
the one and only view of it, and another round of `seeing the world as flat'
is commenced. The literalists or pragmatists among us, sometimes referred
to as the people having `lots of common sense' (the emphasis ought to be
on the common), will collude with the intellectual (mind) and demand that
we provide proof for the dream, or that we demonstrate evidence, cause,
and effect. Again, the dream, like poetry, does not exist in the realm of
positivism, but in the realm of metaphor - soul is a metaphor and dreams
are the language of the soul"
"Repeatedly I find that when the imagery in a dream makes a person anxious,
the more anxious they become, the greater the tendency is to literalise
the dreams. `Oh. I know why I dreamed of John B. last night, it was because
I was speaking to him only yesterday' or `I know why I dreamed that, it
was because of my poor relationship with my mother.' Here we see the
intellectual literalist (mind or sulphur) at work, telling the dream what
it means, in order, I contend, to contain his or her anxiety about what
the dream may actually mean. So long as we can tell it, then we can maintain
the illusion that we are in control: all is well and in order. Yet Jung
reminds us that `The mystery of dreams [is] that one does not dream, one
is dreamt'"
"Another way in which we damage the images of dreams is to approach them
with rational interpretations, mind interpretations, instead of soul: `Oh"
"That is my shadow' or `That is my animus.' Having identified it by a nice
Jungian term, we can then sit back and feel safe, safe from having been
touched by the dream. When we lose our contact with the metaphorical quality
of a dream, its imagery, then we lose contact with soul and tend to call
into operation either body, in the form of a body of fact, or mind, in terms
of theories and concepts. One classical way of losing touch with the metaphor
is through using the body of facts we call personal history. By reducing
the meaning of a dream back to our personal history, back to a specific event
in our childhood, we are literalising it by facts, and have lost contact
with the metaphor. Hence the limitations of the Freudian reductive approach
back to childhood. Alternatively, theories and concepts are the other flight
away from the metaphorical perspective. Flight into rational thinking takes
the very specific form of asking `Why?', inevitably a rational question,
which is based on the assumption of something causing something else to happen"
"Then we can build an intellectual (mind or spirit) edifice and burn the
dream images up with sulphuric reasoning, which leaves them parched and
discoloured, but to our conscious relief, the threat of the dream's meaning
revealing itself has at least temporarily been halted. Causality (and the
intellectual seeking of causes) in relation to dreams is perhaps one of
the major ways in which we incorrectly and destructively approach a dream"
"`Why?' is fundamentally motivated by curiosity, and curiosity turns the
focus of attention into an object to be looked at, but not participated
in and with. So the mind question `Why?' to a dream distances us from the
dream, antisepticises us from the dream, but in destroying the bugs it kills
the dream. Curiosity, the motivating force behind the question `Why?', also
tends to lead us into interrogating the dream for its meaning, chasing after
it in such a way that the dream has no choice but to elude us. Curiosity
is a destructive way to approach a dream, because it usually springs from
feelings of doubt and uncertainty, and therefore, instead of listening to
the dream, we tend to want to make it conform with what we already know
consciously in order to alleviate our anxiety. Curiosity and asking `Why?'
tend to rush the dream, want to move it on along too quickly, not allowing
time in the unconscious mind, where soul resides or hides. To St Bernard
of Clairvaux, whose Nosce Te ipsum describes the spriritual discipline of
self-knowledge, the primary step off the path of self-knowledge was not pride,
was not sloth, not lust - but curiosity! He speaks mainly of its
destructiveness in terms of the harm the curious mind can cause the peace
of soul and spiritual enlightenment"
"I have observed again and again this flight into mind via the question `Why?',
and yet it is so destructive a way to approach a dream. Some people have
already asked the `Why?' before I see them and then produce a fait accompli
interpretation of the dream, primarily to keep me and them away from it"
"But, as a rule of thumb, one can safely assume that if one knows what the
dream is about, then one would not have had it! James Hall, a Jungian analyst
who has contributed substantially to our knowledge of dreams, says: `If you
already know what the dream seems to be saying, then you have missed its
meaning.' Others simply begin the work on a dream - the work always being
composed of a dialogue between dreamer and listener - by asking: `Why would
I have this dream?' `Why would I dream of my aunt Joan?' The question is
usually followed by `Oh. That's a stupid thing to have dreamed of' or `How
silly of me to have dreamed of that'.            
  In these simple statements one can see the denigration caused by the
anxiety of the dream, and the need to dismiss it that lies just behind the
`Why?' When the `Why?' does not work as a way of avoiding meeting the dream,
then denigration seems inevitably to come next. Intellectuals - or, in Jungian
terms, thinking types - tend to denigrate the dreams more subtly by answering
the `Why?' question. These are the people who find it most difficult to
meet their dreams, because they want to meet it on their own ego-conscious
terms, they want to tell the dream what it means and forget the fact that
they and their intellects were asleep when they had the dreams. As Jung
said: `It dreamt them.'
  Resorting to the body of facts or soaring up to the lofty heights of the
intellect are two ways, two very common ways, in which we avoid a true meeting
with our dream. This is simply because both these extremes do a violence
to the `as if' quality of a dream. In other words, they de-soul the dream,
remove its psychic quality. This is not to suggest that the psyche does
not need both thinking (spirit) and concrete reality (facts), rather is
it to make the point that both mind and facts are destructive when they
assume a priority over the image and, as a consequence , take things at face
value only, robbing them of their metaphorical value; that is, their soul
significance. What we established in the previous chapter was that the
transformation of an event into an experience was achieved through images,
through psyche or soul. To rob the event of its metaphorical value, of its
resemblance, of its `as if' quality, is to sever the inner connection to
the event, leaving it merely as an event with no meaning. The literalist
is finally a destroyer of meaning, since she or he does not want events
to be any more than they are and she or he is obsessed with is and detests
`as if'. Thus, for the literalist, it is either `is' or `is not', an attitude
that is totally contradictory to the world of dreams, since the meaning
of a dream is never exhausted, even if it seems completely understood"
"Having discussed some of the ways in which we ought not to approach a dream
or meet the dream, the task remains to outline some positive or useful
techniques for approaching a dream. To do this, we must first briefly return
to the nature of images as they appear in dreams, since this will establish
the world we are approaching. Having established it, then one can discuss
what sort of conscious attitude to adopt towards the dream. By now it has
become clear that dreams are composed of images, but what one also knows
is that these images in a dream are not linked together in a linear, straight
line, cause-and-effect manner, they are linked together by connections,
almost like a painting or a piece of sculpture. The parts form coherences,
because no part or image has priority over the other. Patricia Berry has
called this connective form the `full democracy of the image'. That is,
all parts have an equal right to be heard, and there exists no privileged
positions such as we would have in an ordinary cause-and-effect model. The
images also in part depend on each other for meaning, so we cannot take
one bit of a dream and interpret it in isolation without doing some violence
to the complexity of the dream itself. Calvin Hall confirms this viewpoint
when he asserts:
  A dream is an organic whole; one part of a dream should not be lifted
  out of context and interpreted for itself alone. The dream should be
  interpreted as a whole, because it reflects an interconnected network
  of ideas in the mind of the dreamer"
"Another way of speaking about this is to say that images in a dream seem
to appear simultaneously; that is, no part precedes or causes another part
of the dream. So, in a way, it does not matter which part comes first, since
as in a painting all is given at once. It is only when we need to narrate
the dream that we impose order upon it.  Yet, even then, one can find oneself saying: 'While this or that was going on, so was this and that.'"
"Time to work out how much return we get from costly arts subsidiesPETER ROBINSON 

FOR a nation which has a remarkably high public investment in subsidising
culture, Australia really is astonishingly fuzzy about what it wants to
achieve from it all"
"The continued upheavals in the ABC and the endless saga of Government
inquiries into subsidisation of the arts are just two surface manifestations
of what seems to be, not so much a cultural cringe, as a deeply abiding
faith in the divine right of cultural czars"
"That the nation needs more writers, singers, opera companies, rock stars,
ballet dancers, painters, ethnic performers, weavers, potters, television
shows, theatres and museums than it can achieve by means of public demand
is accepted without question"
"The usual solution is to throw more money at the problem; if money doesn't
work (surprisingly, it rarely does on its own), then throw some big-name
managers at it. If that fails, have a public inquiry, call out a street march
of eminent and experienced demonstrators and, as a last resort, get Mr Patrick
White to issue a statement on the issue"
"The truth is that the most remarkable expression of contemporary Australian
culture is the ceaseless, restless search for cultural enlightenment"
"Contained in that densely structured example of national theatre is an
exposure of all our characteristics, good and bad, and an interaction
of conflict that could not be matched for extravagant wastefulness by a
million big-spending movie directors"
"Take the example of the unfortunate Geoffrey Whitehead, a manager of
proven competence, an expert broadcaster, but, alas, a Pom. Not merely a
Pom, but a Pom who may well have been tainted by achieving some of his best
successes in Kiwiland"
"Even worse (could the slothful bureaucracy at the ABC imagine anything
worse?), he came in as a general manager imbued with the idea that his job
was to improve the style, efficiency and productiveness of ABC management"
"Poor Mr Whitehead. He didn't realise that the ABC is unmanageable, that
it is the cockeyed product of an uneasy and ever-shifting coalition between
political expediency and a vast range of self-interested, mostly mediocre
and long-established pressure groups. 
  Already the victim of a racial prejudice so strikingly vicious, it would
make Brisbane's welcome to a boatload of Vietnamese refugees look benign
by comparison, Geoffrey Whitehead also found himself up against virtually
every cultural pressure group in the country as well as most of its MPs"
"To top it all, he suddenly found he had a new chairman who also had a
yen to manage things"
"Following well-trodden paths, Government obviously decided that if one
hot shot manager couldn't keep the ABC in line, throw in another one"
"But typically, none of the people thrown in to make the ABC do what
Government wants it to do - not that hot shot of all shots, Sir Henry Bland,
not the plain speaking Leonie Kramer, not the unlamented Ken Myer, not Geoffrey
Whitehead and, one can be quite confident, not David Hill - has a real task
specification"
"The truth is there is no ABC boss who has the faintest idea of what the
target is. All they know is that they have to wage this continual war among
mutually exclusive objectives, trying to keep failures out of the press
and Government free from political fallout. Some objective!
  The same situation prevails in other taxpayer-supported cultural
institutions, from the Australia Council to the Australian War Memorial"
"No-one, least of all the Prime Minister and Cabinet, has done any
hard-headed, rigorous analysis of what all this expense is about. What is
it aimed at achieving?
  The money is not peanuts thrown to an organ grinder. Taking into account
the ABC, SBS, Australia Council, State subventions to the arts (the subsidies
to our elaborate State performing arts centres alone would not give you
much change out of $20 million a year), the tax deductibility of certain
donations to artistic enterprises, the book bounty, sporting subsidies (oh,
yes, sport is undeniably an important part of Australian culture) and so
on, I'd guess we are spending something of the order of $600 million a year
on subsidising cultural activities"
"NOW the unassuming but quite hard-headed Leo McLeay, the Labor backbencher
who has chaired the latest inquiry into a national arts policy, is wondering
why more subsidies can't be given to pop music"
"If painters or sculptors with potential talent are subsidised to live
in great centres of culture like Venice or Paris, why shouldn't promising
pop stars be subsidised to sip from the industry's founts in Los Angeles
or London?
  Why not, indeed"
"After all, at least our successful rock stars contribute to improving
the nation's balance of payments, which is more than can be said of those
who practice many other categories of cultural endeavour"
"But Mr McLeay has put his finger on the nub of the issue. Where, in this
egalitarian land, does cultural subsidy stop? Who deserves subsidy and who
does not?
  Government had decided to abolish the independent SBS and merge it with
the ABC on the grounds that Australia cannot afford two publicly-funded
broadcasting systems"
"Yet the truth is that you could get nearly 10 national broadcasting networks
of the SBS's size for the price of one ABC. Which is the more  cost-effective?
  If the object of subsidising various forms of cultural endeavour is to
help the flowering of Australian talent, as Mr McLeay seems to imply, should
there not then be a firm dismissal from the public trough of those would-be
achievers who do not measure up?
  Why do we continue to subsidise mediocre writers, second-rate painters,
undistinguished opera companies, third-rate symphony orchestras, almost
ad infinitum"
"In many cases, the nature of subsidy itself (fair shares for all) is totally
counter-productive"
"We do not have good orchestras in Australia because they cannot afford
to pay decent wages to their players or attract first-rate, disturbingly
individualistic conductors"
"We do not pay decent wages because even in this freeloading environment,
there is only so much to go round; only so much largesse the taxpayer will
stand for. We spread it as thinly as possible; therefore, the result is
not excellence. It is the creation of jobs"
"Is that the object of the exercise? Perhaps it is. After all, successive
Australian Governments have been quite prepared to distort the entire character
of the nation's economic structure, encourage inefficient industry, place
enormous burdens on the consumer through tariff protection, all in the name
of employment creation"
"Why should cultural policy be any different?
  Probably, within the mixed-up porridge that constitutes the collective
mind of any government, there are innumerable motives and justifications,
many of them conflicting and none of them drawn into any coherent specification
as to what the large sums of money involved are supposed to achieve"
"David Hill, Donald Horne, Geoffrey Whitehead and so on are simply the
patsies. They are responsibility-takers, since no Government in its right
mind would want to take responsibility for what passes as cultural policy
in this country. 
  But is the issue really as intractable as all that? It is undeniable
that, what with subsidised accommodation for artists and pop-stars in the
world's highest rental cities, increasingly expensive sports
facilities, expanding ABC responsibilities in a world of technological change
and unbelievable improvements in the quality and availability of audio and
visual records, the whole scene has undergone drastic changes even since
the IAC conducted its arts inquiry 10 years ago"
"The kind of inquiry undertaken by Mr McLeay and his committee is mere
nibbling at the edges - a bit of salt to flavour up Government's
porridge-brain"
"Perhaps it is time that the very principle of public subsidy should be
given a thorough examination"
"This would be the other side of the taxation coin. Simplifying,
rationalising and improving the taxation system is all the rage just now"
"Mr Keating tells us that we need a much fairer tax system, one that is
less wasteful of national resources and one that encourages people to work
harder, save and do all those other good things that the nation is said
to need so much"
"Little is said about rationalising the other end of the process - the
spending of taxpayers' money"
"The volume and diversity of subsidisation in this country has got out
of hand and needs to be considered as a whole, with clear-cut, rational targets
in mind"
"People like David Hill and Geoffrey Whitehead would be much more gainfully
employed in looking into the purpose and effectiveness of subsidisation
than they ever will be in the disastrously dead-end jobs they now occupy"
""
"LEST WE FORGET... 

  THE Chernobyl disaster briefly diverted our attention from what is the
greatest threat to world safety at this time - terrorism"
"Yet it is an ever-present threat as the incident at the opening of the
Tokyo Summit has proved"
"Despite massive security precautions preceding the summit, leftist radicals
were able to fire five rockets at the State guest house where Japanese Prime
Minister Mr Nakasone was welcoming guests, including U.S. President Ronald
Reagan, yesterday"
"One of the key issues at the week-long summit will, appropriately, be
combatting terrorism"
We wish them well ..
""
"Malcolm, you seem more human now  

JOHN HOWARD is entirely wrong when he says that Malcolm Fraser's night
on the town in Memphis is no laughing matter. That's exactly  what it is
- no more (unless you believe the theory about South African agents out
to sabotage our Eminent Person) and certainly no less. What are we supposed
to do, confronted with this bizarre story of drink, drugs and trousers?
Put our hands over our ears?
  Australia, in fact, did entirely the opposite and the story took off like
wildfire. There was an almost palpable improvement in the national mood,
as the story took over from our preoccupation with fringe benefits, inflation
and the dollar. People in our neck of the woods - the media - have a
particularly fine appreciation of a good story. And the Memphis incident
is the story of the decade"
"Why? Well, for one thing it involves the high and mighty brought low,
and that's a delicious theme, above all in Australia. Then there is the
seediness of the locale: whatever the true reputation of the Admiral Benbow
hotel, it is no place for an Eminent Person. And to add to all that, there
is the element no really good story can do without: mystery"
"It will be appallingly unfair to Malcolm Fraser if indeed he was slipped
a mickey finn, since that story - the ""poisoned ice-cube"" theory of aberrant
behaviour - has been around since the day the first grape was fermented"
"Dorothy Parker, feeling poorly, blamed a piece of celery from the night
before. True, she allowed, the celery was surrounded by a bloody mary at
the time, and preceded by a procession of brandies and soda that took half
an hour to pass a given point. But it was the celery that did it"
"Most of all, we love the story because it concerns Malcolm Fraser. When
he was Prime Minister he seemed to thrive on being aloof. Unloved and
unloveable, he lectured us on our shortcomings and reminded us of what life
was not meant to be. Patrick Cook, our cartoonist, once drew him on a
psychiatrist's couch, being asked to say the first word that came into his
mind. ""Rectitude!"" declared Malcolm, and that seemed to sum him up"
"Now we've seen another Malcolm Fraser, and if it's not one we ought to
admire, at least it's one we can more readily sympathise with. Perhaps if
he'd shown us a little more of his human side, we might have been more
forgiving of his prime ministership. But then again, now that we have the
Leader Who Weeps, Malcolm's stiff upper lip doesn't seem so bad"
"Bob Hawke, of course, suffered a hotel robbery, too - the Boulevard Hotel
affair about which he is uncharacteristically reticent. Bob can't use the
one powerful argument Malcolm has on his side in all this: that anyone exposed
to the American Mid-West talk circuit can be expected to go a bit strange"
"There is no romance in places like Memphis, St. Louis or Nashville, despite
all the songs. They are fast-food cities, hollow at the centre. When he
went for a late drink in Beale Street, he found the one genuine thing in
Memphis: the blues"
ROBERT HAUPT
"MELBOURNE
with LEE TINDALEBLASTS OVER DUCK HUNT  

  THERE are Victorians callous enough to get together on the eve of the
duck season and run sweeps on the number of human casualties the weekend
will produce"
"In some sophisticated competitions, there is a bonus prize for correctly
guessing the number of foot wounds, shot feet being commonly associated
with the process of loading a shotgun"
"Those who play these games are the extremist fringe of a silent majority
who regard the February duck opening as a joke"
"At the other end of the scale are two vocal minorities. The shooters,
who regard it as a religion, and the conservationists-animal liberationists,
who call it an outrage. Then again, there is Joan Kirner"
"MS Kirner is State Minister for Conservation, Forests and Lands and she
copped both barrels from the hunters this week for suggesting a few amendments
to their ritual"
"Quite apart from advocating a shooter-education programme, including a
bird-identification course (ducks go quack, pelicans don't), Ms Kirner
proposed that the first shot next season be held back four hours, until
10 am"
"It might she said, separate responsible duck hunters from those who go
out to ""booze and blast.""
  Ten o'clock? As Charlie Brown might say, good grief. 
  Earthy former Premier Sir Henry Bolte, a keen duck shooter from way back,
was among the front-runners into the fray"
"""What if it's a stinking hot day?"" said Sir Henry. ""You'll be shooting
in all the heat.""
  
  A NEW benchmark for crass stupidity, said Ms Kirner's National Party
counterpart, David Evans"
"""How naive is she to believe that shooters will sit by, seeing ducks flying
overhead and watching their clocks tick slowly towards 10?"" Mr Evans said"
"Victorian Field and Game Association publicity officer Graham Eanes tacitly
admitted that some liquor might be involved in duck-shoot openings"
"He said a delayed start would give irresponsible shooters more time to
""suck more cans.""
  Personally, the duck season brings annually to mind the opening verse
of a work by Tom Lehrer, American musical satirist who made waves in the
1960s:
      I always will remember, 'twas a year ago November,
      I went out to hunt some deer on a morning bright and clear,
      I went and shot the maximum the game laws would allow:
      Two game wardens, seven hunters and a cow"
"WE have heeded the words of Frank Purcell and sworn off skinny-dipping
at Werribee this summer"
"You could tell Mr Purcell, a local councillor, was displeased this week
when Campbell's Cove, a beach in his precinct, was proclaimed for nude
bathing. But did he jump up and down and froth at the mouth?
  No. Rather, he took a fully-clad reporter to the scene and pointed out
some home truths"
"For one thing, Campbell's Cove adjoins an RAAF shooting range. For another,
he said, it's polluted. And he indicated a drain which carries water and
various nasties through the shire into Port Phillip Bay"
"The sand is not only sparse, but coarse. Not really the stuff to comfortably
accommodate bare buttocks"
The beach stinks of seaweed and it's hard to ignore the rubbish tip
"And the clincher:
  ""This is a great area for tiger snakes,"" said Mr Purcell. ""There are lots
around here.""
  It takes a spartan sort of sunlover to get it all off on bayside beaches,
which are none of your Scarboroughs or Cottesloes. We wonder what sort of
masochist will bare the lot at Campbell's Cove"
""
"By Betty Bell Pigs in Mud  

At the farmhouse on the hill, Kate had been given the best bedroom"
"Snowy-quilted double bed, silky-oak dressing table with winged mirrors,
so you could see the sides and back of your hair, tiled washstand with flowered
china jug and wash-basin, and a matching chamberpot sitting on the lower
shelf"
"Every surface was covered with embroidered linen, except the floor which
had a rose-patterned linoleum and a bedside rug of tanned calf-hide"
"A double door of lace-curtained glass opened onto the front verandah,
with a dress-circle view of the town across the valley, on its own little
hillside.  Talatta was much the same size as Narrton, but differently arranged
and coloured"
"Houses, pub, corner store, railway station, tiny steepled church,
bakehouse, bank - all bore the red stain of volcanic soil on their wooden
stumps and stairs.  The three roads that threaded the town were of the same
rich red soil, which clung to shoes and bare feet, dusted one's entire person,
and found its way into the homes of the fussiest housewives"
"The town was ringed with cultivated hillsides patched with the pale
green of peanut crops, sage of cowpeas, deep rich emerald of lucerne, red
of fallow paddocks, and it was dotted with the browns and tans and off-whites
of dairy cattle"
"Up the hill, behind the house, was the original family home, unpainted,
sagging-stumped, rust-roofed, bare-floored; but solid in the way of old
pioneer houses.  It was used as bachelor quarters for the two farmhands"
Kate often shared a smoke and a cup of tea with these two eccentrics
"She would be offered black tea and cheese on dry biscuits for afternoon
tea, smoko as they called it, by teenage Ron, and a roll-your-own cigarette
by old Charly who rolled hers and handed it to her so that she could lick
down the edges.  You didn't use your own spit on a lady's smoke"
"Charly always seated Kate on the one good chair, which he dusted first
with an immaculate handkerchief. 
    `Gentleman always carries a clean handkerchief, dear.  I keep one fer
me nose and one fer good manners, like now.'
    Charly's wide smile exposed brilliantly white false teeth with bright
pink ""gums"".  The dentures were his pride.  ""Had 'em since I was sixteen,
love, when I was humping me bluey.  Used to clean 'em with sand from the
creekbed or ashes from me campfire.  But the best way was if you camped
near an antbed and you could leave yer grinders out at night fer the ants
to clean.  Squeaky clean by morning, mate.""
    Yarning and smoking like this was what Charly liked best to do, during
his off time"
"""You do smoke an awful lot, Charly,"" - Kate worried about his
chain-smoking"
"""Don't you worry, love.  I never do the proper drawback.  Only as far
as me Adam's apple.""  He drew a gnarled hand across his throat.  ""And I'll
never burn the house down, either.  See, I'm careful!""  He picked out his
cigarette, spat on his hand, and ground the still-hot dumper in his palm"
"Charly was full of yarns.  And Kate was a new audience.  The year she
was transferred to Talatta had been one of lush growth after seven years
of drought, one of the worst the district remembered.  But Charly could
always go one better"
"""When I was a kid around Cunnamulla, the rains came after a long dry"
"Me and me mate was camped near the Four-Mile Plain, and I sez to him `I
don't remember seeing this scrub before', and neither did he.  So we took
a closer look.  It turned out to be a patch of thistles, most of 'em higher
than a house, and few as high as a flaming windmill.  And stalks as thick
as a telephone pole.  And up in the fork of one of 'em was a ringtail possum
peeping outa its nest, with a young 'un on its back.  Never seen anything
like it!""
    Charly's tall tails reminded her of her father's.  There were no mermaids
or flying fish in the bush, but the heady mix of fact and fiction was much
the same"
"Charly shared a cottage on the hillside with Ron, a happy-go-lucky
seventeen-year old dropout from one of Sydney's most prestigious schools"
"This cut no ice, and he didn't want it to, in Talatta, where no one had
heard of The King's School, Parramatta"
"Ron, for a year, had been Charly's workmate, learning all he could about
the land, in the vague hope that some day he might acquire a property of
his own.  Perhaps a piece of his father's wide acres.  But Ron was really
too happy as he was, too easy going, and much too lazy to have much prospect
of becoming landed gentry; and too much of a rebel, anyway, to have fitted
in"
"After years of boarding-school discipline, Ron was revelling in his
independence, and in his status as a wage earner"
"The cottage, at one time occupied by a share farmer and his wife and
children, still kept some signs of them.  Cheap flowered curtains framed
the front windows.  The lavender-mantled jacaranda, poisonous pink oleanders,
and a tangle of honeysuckle shared the front yard with purple Scotch thistles
and knee-high grass.  On the once-scrubbed and pot-planted verandah stood
a rusty wire stretcher with lumpy striped mattress and a couple of stained
pillows, a pile of comics, Charly's, and a pair of football boots, Ron's"
"The kitchen spread right across the cottage, a sort of all-purpose room"
"There was a scratched silky-oak sideboard with the drawers missing and one
door-handle resting on the dusty top; four cheap pine chairs, painted and
repainted, with the last coat a brave scarlet.  A small wood-stove had a
hot-water fountain alongside the firebox.  There was a row of nails for
saucepans, and a potholder which was simply a piece of blue-and-white football
jumper"
"Each man had his own kitchen table, Charly's draped in oilcloth, Ron's
covered with newspaper.  On each table, grouped at one end, sat the basic
non-perishables - sugar, flour, tea, cornflakes, bread, biscuits, all in
brown paper bags.  In a corner were potatoes in a hessian sack; and on the
back verandah, a pile of pumpkins.  For each man, there was a kerosene-operated
refrigerator for meat, butter, eggs and beer"
"Charly's table of basics also included a jar of indigestion tablets,
taken all his life after every meal; and a packet of Epsom salts to keep
his insides moving.  And, of course, his blood pressure tablets.  ""Have
to watch that ... but the doc fixes me up every now and again.  Always feel
a lot better after he pumps me arm up a bit.""
     Charly's bedroom held a neat row of treasures: a framed photograph
of Sydney Harbour Bridge, a plaster kookaburra and kangaroo won at the
sideshows at the Brisbane Exhibition, and a pink-ribboned kewpie doll"
"A couple of open shelves across the inside wall held his whole wardrobe,
mostly blue workshirts and twill trousers, and navy blue underpants and
singlets, a khaki pullover, wool socks and a black silk pair for best. 
And, neatly folded, his navy serge suit and one white shirt; and a couple
of ties, one brightly striped, one black for funerals.  His checked felt
slippers stood beside the bed and his suitcase, a leather one with someone
else's initials on it in brass lettering, was stowed under the bed, and
only brought out for his annual fortnight in Sydney, his birthplace"
"Charly had spent his last holiday, not in Sydney, but in the district
hospital, the year Kate was at Talatta.  Having what he called A Man's
Operation.  ""Been nursing a hernia for years,"" Ron told Kate.  ""Bloody old
stoic!""
     She took the train to the hospital in Kingaroy one Saturday, to see
how he was getting along.  He was hugely enjoying himself"
"""Them nurses, love, only kids like you; but real smart.  And do anything
for yer.""
    Just then, one of the ""kids"" appeared, all starch and smiles"
"""Hullo luv.  This is me mate, the teacher from home."" Luv smiled at
Kate, winked at Charly, took his pulse and temperature, settled him more
comfortably on his pillows"
"""Feeling chirpier today, Charly?""
    ""Well yair, mate, now the stitches are out and I can get
around a bit.""
    ""How long since you had a motion?""
    ""Aw Gawd, luv, I couldn't tell yer that.""
    ""Come on now, Charly, I have to write it down.""
    ""Can't tell yer, luv.  Just can't.""
    ""Well, Charly, I have to know.  I'm sorry.  I'll have to get matron"
"Could you tell her?""
    ""Fer Gawd's sake, leave her out of it.  She's not human, that old
starchpot.  No, I'm not telling anyone, and youse can't make me.  It's me
own private business when I had a motion, and that's all there is to it.""
    ""Please, Charly, don't be naughty now!  I've got to write it down.""
    ""Well, if yer must know a man's private business, it was three flamin'
year ago.  With a Mungindi gin.""
    Charly was allowed a few hours uptown the day before he was to go home
to Talatta.  He got back to the hospital pleasantly tipsy, with a taxi-full
of presents: silk stockings for the nurses, a flowered hat and a parasol
for Matron, a bag of tomatoes for the wardsman, who ate tomatoes the way
most people ate apples; and an outsize teddy bear and a frilly dress for
the small girl who was the sole occupant of the children's ward"
"Laden with his parcels, and halfway up the hospital steps, Charly wheeled
round, dropping and smashing his concealed bottle of beer on the concrete
steps, and yelling to the taxi driver, ""Hey mate, I've forgotten the cakes,""
and an aside to Matron, ""Could yer use a bootful o' cakes, Missus?  They
was left over from the fancy dress ball, and they auctioned 'em off up the
street today for the Salvos.""
    Charly had enjoyed his hospital stay almost as much as his Sydney trips
... ""And a lot cheaper, with a man off the grog.""  But he had missed Ron
and the little cottage, and his own room"
"As she sipped her tea and smoked Charly's tobacco, Kate could see most
of Ron's bedroom, a closed-in end of the front verandah.  There was an unmade
bed and wall-to-wall dirty clothes which he would gather up and wash in
two buckets, at the weekend.  His town gear hung from nails on the walls:
cream linen pants, pale blue cotton shirt with two pockets, plaited leather
belt, wide felt hat.  There was a picture of his mother, hair neatly set
in ridged waves and wearing pearls, a cashmere twin-set and a steady smile"
"And there was one painting, his own .... ""Only thing I was much good at,
at school.""   With strong, sure strokes, he had painted the bunched tops
of the wilga trees, and a huddle of sheep, seen from the plane that took
him home on school holidays.  He called it ""Green Bombs And Grey Maggots"""
"In addition to their wages, Charly and Ron got free milk and free meat,
Charly cutting up the killer on the back verandah, where the sole furniture
was a scarred chopping block and an oil drum for rubbish"
"The two men seemed happy enough to Kate, in their comfortable squalor"
"""Happy as pigs in mud,"" was how Charly put it"
""
"CHAPTER 3 SECOND STAGE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME  

3.1 The 1978 Report recommended that a State Plan be adopted to
develop 99 public libraries throughout South Australia over an
eight year period. (Recommendation 20). The Development Programme
to achieve this State plan has been highly successful, even though
not all libraries proceeded in the shape or in the time frame as
planned. Appendix II compares the proposed and actual progress of
the Development Programme from 1978/79 to 1985/86"
"The Development Programme has had to be extended to 1986/87 because
of the increased number of independent service points sought. This
occurred in the school/community library area where the number will
have increased from twenty eight to forty six by the end of the
Programme. District Councils clearly preferred the static library
alternative to the regional mobiles initially proposed. Despite the
increase in the number of service points and the year's extension
to the Programme, the overall capital estimate provided in 1978 has
proved to be extremely accurate. It is a credit both to the
Department of Local Government and the Libraries Board that costs
have been so closely aligned to the original budget, bearing in
mind both the inflation rate and, more recently, the devaluation
of the Australian dollar"
"3.2 At the time of preparation of this Report, only five District
Councils have not yet decided to establish library services under
the Development Programme, (Appendix III). Negotiations are
currently underway with several of these District Councils,
Yankalilla, Gumeracha, Mt. Pleasant and Robertstown and the
Committee anticipates that services will be established in 1986/87"
"Three other councils, the District Councils of Carrieton,
Peterborough and Hallett, are too small to establish services in
their own right. Of these three, Hallett appears likely to seek a
service from an adjoining council when the two Institutes within
its boundaries dissolve"
"Only one metropolitan council does not contribute to a library
service. However, we believe the Glenelg Council has approved in
principle the development of a public library service but has not,
to this time, made any commitment as to its location"
"3.3 The Committee considers the above scenario to be a remarkable
overall achievement. In all cases local government authorities were
free to make their own decisions as to whether or not to provide
a public library service. The success of the spread of public
library services throughout the State is due in no small measure
to the persuasive skills of the Libraries Board and Public
Libraries Branch officers in the first instance and more
importantly to the success of the first few libraries established"
"It was quite evident to the Committee that the stanard of service
offered and the level of use made by the community were clearly
very influential factors in convincing neighbouring authorities
that a public library was a desirable community service"
"The support for this Development Programme and its extension was
shown in the large number of submissions received from local
authorities by the Committee. Sixty one of the State's 125 local
authorities made submissions"
"3.4 The Committee has identified the need for a smaller second
stage Development Programme which would provide for:

    (1) replacement or extension of existing service points      
        which are now inadequate or too small                    
    (2) new services in areas where population growth is        
        expected to occur over the next five to ten years"
"In the first stage of the Development Programme, the Board was keen
to establish services wherever it could. In same cases existing
Institute buildings or rented shops were used because no other
suitable alternative premises were available at the time. The
Committee believes consideration should now be given to improving
these library services because in most cases conditions are
cramped, with little public space and with books stored in such a
way that public use is severely restricted. In most instances, the
councils involved recognise the problem and are anxious to find a
remedy"
"The Committee envisages a total of twenty six projects during this
second stage. In addition, Penola, Prospect and Jamestown Councils
have indicated a need for minor capital developments. Some
school/community libraries, especially in the north and west of the
State, are also in need of additional space. These costs are
relatively small and if proceeded with, would have a negligible
financial effect on the total programme"
"3.5 Although there is clearly a need for extensions or replacements
of the library services identified, the situation is certainly not
as critical as it was in 1978, when relatively few library services
existed. Most councils have indicated that they see such projects
as part of their own forward plans. A similar situation exists with
new libraries. In all cases library services exist in these areas,
either through a neighbouring library or mobile service"
"If a second stage Development Programme was implemented over eight
years, the number of libraries to be built or redeveloped each year
would be less than half those currently being established. Although
this slower growth rate will represent a substantial reduction in
the cost to the State Government, it will be offset to some extent
by the Committee's proposal to increase the establishment capital
subsidy as detailed in our Review of the Subsidy System"
"13. The committee recommends that:

The State Government accept a commitment to a second stage capital
Development Programme to be implemented over an eight year period,
to provide in the first instance an opportunity for existing
libraries with inadequate space to be expanded or replaced and
secondly, for new libraries to be established in areas of forecast
population growth. Estimated capital cost for 1987 - 1996 is
$4,456,275"
"Joint-Use Libraries  

3.6 South Australia has been a standard bearer for joint-use
services, with more services provided in this State than all other
States combined. The success of such services here, the Committee
believes, is due to the sound policy framework and the planning and
operation standards that have been applied. A Joint-Use Libraries
Advisory Committee considers all applications in relation to the
policy guidelines before making recommendations to the Libraries
Board. The School/Community Libraries Committee has also been very
successful as the establishment vehicle for new libraries in rural
areas and has carefully monitored their performance"
"The Committee was impressed with the consistency in the standards
of services provided from joint-use libraries when compared with
separate public libraries. This was particularly noticeable in the
country areas where school/community libraries offered a cheaper,
but nevertheless highly satisfactory service. The levels of public
membership and use were indistinguishable between the two types of
libraries"
"3.7 Joint-Use Library Services with T.A.F.E. colleges have also
prospered. Twelve examples of co-operative provision with local
government were noted, most of which have involved placing a
college or branch library collection in a neighbouring public
library for community use. In four localities, however,
comprehensive joint college and public library services have been
established on college premises and a fifth service is in the
process of being established. In particular, the success of the
Noarlunga Library has demonstrated that, even in large metropolitan
communities, such joint-use is able to offer additional dimensions
of service not otherwise available, either to the colleges
concerned or to the general public. Other joint-use services
involving T.A.F.E. colleges may occur in the future, depending on
developmental priorities in T.A.F.E. and the location of future
colleges"
"3.8 The Committee has carried out a needs analysis for future joint
use libraries. A survey of schools in the metropolitan area was
undertaken to establish possible joint ventures. A number of
possibilities were considered, but at this stage, only the Magill
and Morphett Vale East sites are currently under consideration"
"Possibilities also exist for joint developments in Thebarton, Tea
Tree Gully at Golden Grove, Happy Valley and in the Munno Para City
Council as populations expand"
"3.9 The Committee noted that the potential public use of joint-use
libraries in the metropolitan area was restricted by up to 40%
where a site away from a major retail shopping area was chosen. In
many cases potential school sites did not have the benefit of good
location and had to be rejected on these grounds. In these cases,
the cost savings from a joint-service would have been negated by
a much restricted level of use"
"Location did not have the same significance in country areas where
school/Community libraries up to one kilometre from the town centre
still showed high levels of use"
"14.The Committee recommends that:

Where opportunities are presented, both councils and appropriate
Government Departments seriously consider establishing joint-use
or multi-use services because of the benefits to the community and
the total cost-savings that result"
"3.10 The Committee considered the future development of the
school/community libraries programme and noted the Education
Department's concern over the escalation in cost due to the
increase in the number of services from twenty eight to forty six"
"The Committee has addressed this problem in detail and our
recommendations for change are given in the chapter on School
Community Libraries"
"The Committee does not foresee any further school/community
libraries being built, except possibly Roxby Downs. All remaining
unserved communities in the unincorporated areas are too small even
for a school/community library"
"Country Lending Service  

3.11 The small communities and individual homesteads not directly
served by their own public library service currently receive
library materials from the Country Lending Service of the State
Library's Lending Service. As a result of the development
programme, the number of borrowers requiring this service has
steadily declined from 10,867 in 1978 to 646 in 1985"
"The Committee envisages that by 1987/88, the number of people
eligible to continue receiving the service will be less than one
hundred. It will be appropriate at that stage to transfer the
responsibility for the provision of the service from the centrally
provided Country Lending Service to the most appropriate local
library"
"The Committee notes that to same extent, this is already occurring
in the case of some libraries bordering the outback. Port Augusta,
Peterborough and Coober Pedy have reported a number of such users"
"The Committee considers that additional financial support should
be provided to councils where such mail services need to be
provided"
"15. The Committee recommends that:

The mailing service presently operated by the Country Lending
Service of the State Library be transferred in 1987/88 to the
appropriate public library, and a grant based on the present method
of paying for library services to unincorporated areas, be made to
local libraries providing this service"
"Institutes  

3.12 One of the major changes resulting from the 1978 Report was
the decision to phase out the Institute subscription library
service in favour of free public libraries. The 1978 Report
considered that the free and wide ranging service being offered by
public libraries would more effectively meet the needs of the
community. This has been clearly demonstrated by the membership of
public libraries which now stands at 562,000, over thirty six times
the Institute membership in 1978"
"The implementation of the Development Programme has relied very
much on the co-operation of both the Institutes Association and
the individual Institutes themselves. In many cases the dissolution
of a long standing Institute library causes a great deal of sadness
amongst its members. In all cases however, the dissolutions have
come about voluntarily and considerable efforts have been made to
ensure a smooth transition of services to former Institute members"
"In some eighteen cases, predominantly in the metropolitan area,
the local Institute has continued to operate as a private library
relying on the ""box book scheme"" which is a circulating collection
operated by the Institute association. Financial support has been
provided through membership subscriptions and invested funds"
"3.13 Once the public libraries approved in the final stage of the development 
programme are opened, twenty-one subsidised Institutes will remain"
"Of these, at the most eight, and more likely four, are expected to 
continue after 1986/87. Already the viability of the ""box book scheme""
is causing concern and it is unlikely that sufficient income will be 
generated from the remaining Institutes in 1986/87 for it to continue
beyond that date."
"Dwight, 29, moseys on as a fresh country breeze Round-up time for the Jack Daniels, folks  

  THOUGH cowpunk has been around for a while - Australia's own Johnnys are
entertaining exponents of the art - country's image has been in tatters
for some time"
"In the public eye it degenerated into glitz and parody, a fringed and
rhinestone pantomime which let city folk pretend they were tough loners,
and Nashville became the country version of Hollywood"
"Lately, respected musicians such as Elvis Costello, T-bone Burnett and
the Triffids have been paying homage to the real roots of country music
and weaving it back into their work"
"A mountain breeze has been slicing through the fug of Nashville, fresh
air in the form of Dwight Yoakam (pictured), a young Kentuckian who plays
what he calls ""hard country"" and who's been attracting fans of all musical
tastes"
"Knock-back  

  His debut album, Guitars, Cadillacs Etc, Etc, has been a surprise seller
in recent weeks and repeats success it had when it came out as
two separate EPs in the US"
"Ironically, he had to move to new wave clubs in California where bands
such as Los Lobos and The Blasters had begun to educate a young audience
in genuine roots music because Nashville turned him down"
"""When I played my demos to the executivesexecutive in Nashville, the 
reception was not lukewarm - it was like a stone cold block of ice, they just
sat there and stared at me,"" said Yoakam, 29"
"""I was able to do pure hard country in LA, but the record companies wouldn't
touch it - that was Nashville's territory and Nashville was uninterested,
almost embarrassed by it - hysterical obligation to the form.""
  Yoakam found success opening for bands such as Los Lobos and The Blasters
and found his audience growing way past the cowpunks"
"""At first glance it would appear to be a great irony, but not far below
the surface it started to hit home that this was whence their music came,""
he said"
"""They've all been exposed to hillbilly music in their own preference
or cowpunk or whatever you want to call it. It was the ostracised form of
music that attracted the kids - societies' leaders have never accepted country
music as anything short of uncouth and crass.""
  Cowpunk is not a term that fits Yoakam - he's deadly serious about not
bastardising his country music"
"""I play hillbilly music, pure country, that's what we are, just
American honky tonk band,"" he said"
"Given that country is as broad a term as you can get, Yoakam's been noted
for combining eastern hillbilly, western honky tonk and for being one of
the few new artists incorporating blue grass"
"His band, whom he met while trying to find his seat in LA after leaving
the Kentucky coalmining area where he was born, are Peter Anderson (guitars
and six string bass), J.D. Foster (bass, vocals), Brantley Kearns (fiddles,
vocals) and Jeff Donavan (drums)"
Yoakam plays guitar and a versatile larynx
"Brought up on gospel and hillbilly, Yoakam has taken traditional scenes
for himself and managed to give them freshness and dignity without losing
the humor and sense of fun underlying much country music"
"There is also a great stepped-up version of Ring Of Fire and a duet with
Lone Justice singer, Maria McKee. 
  Yoakam can break his heart and voice together, set a cracking pace, or
whine down to a reflective tale - even if country to you only means putting
on a string tie and taking to the Jack Daniels. This album is a lovely little
gem."
"Apartheid and the Ella brothers  

POLITICS and sport clashed head on today when the 47 members of the Australian
Rugby Union met in a `closed to the press' discussion"
"As the Aussie dollar tumbled on world-wide money markets, Australian unions
baulked at superannuation and taxation deals and the Prime Minister, Mr
Hawke, urged the nation to buy and think Australian, the Australian Rugby
Union were asked to consider accepting an invitation for an official team
to tour South Africa, centre of world attention"
"The nation of P.W. Botha, Prime Minister of a country where apartheid
rules the roost and white has might; where some 3000 have been locked up
without trial since a state of emergency was declared almost a month ago
and 1500 - mostly black - have perished since Christmas"
"A nation which is under the threat of economic sanctions from the West
- and a nation of some 5 million whites which can lay claim to being Rugby
Union's world champions, despite two decades of international `exile' from
the amateur game"
"Somehow, the Springboks, South Africa's national Rugby team, has survived,
despite the world's condemnation of the Johannesburg Government 
and its black and white policies"
"""They are the team to beat,"" said Mark Ella, the only man to notch tries
against each of the Home Countries on the first grand slam Wallaby tour
- who wouldn't go when asked to play in the Durban Sevens"
"His twin brother, Glen, Randwick and Australian fullback, did - but younger
brother, Gary, now an officer with the Aboriginal Affairs Department and
working out of Bourke, wouldn't have a bar of it"
"The tremendous trio spent hours discussing the various invitations to
Botha land"
"In just the one family, albeit Australian Rugby Union's finest family
since the Thornett brothers, dissension was rife"
"And the cause of the blue was South Africa, football and politics"
"Mark, former Australian captain, was offered money to play with a ""Rest
of the World XV"" when the Springboks were desperate to flex their Rugby
Union muscles"
"It would have been a deal similar to the one offered to the Australian
rebel cricketers who lost to Graeme Pollock's team last summer"
"Glen, along with David Campese and Roger Gould, played in the Durban
Sevens.  They weren't paid"
"But nagging away at the minds of all those sportsmen was the question:
Are we doing the right thing?
  Mark Ella, pin-up for more kids than you can poke a stick at, well knows
his responsibilities"
He also respects the right of the individual
"Said Mark, who was told he would be `an honorary white' if he had accepted 
the South African offer: ""As an individual, I wouldn't go to South Africa,
honorary white or not"
"""If the ARU (Australian Rugby Union) today decides to accept the invitation
to tour, and I was selected, I would tour"
"""I wouldn't want to let my country down.  A player, I feel, has to put
his country first and it's an honor to be chosen to play for your country"
"""It's also a tremendous feeling to be recognised as one of the world's
best"
"""Had an official Australian team been going to South Africa when I was
playing - and if I'd been selected - I'd have been proud to go"
"""And I'd have stayed in the same hotel as Alan Jones and the rest of the
team"
"""As an individual, I refused to go.  As an aboriginal, I can't condone
the South African Government's policies"
"""I feel that, if I went as Mark Ella, person, not Mark Ella, member of
the Australian team, I would have been doing so (condoning Botha's bullies)"
"""Glen had the right to go, but I don't think he'll go again, team or
individual.  Everybody has the right to go - I chose not to"
"""At the same time, putting on my rugby hat, the Springboks are the team
to beat"
"""They've just beaten the New Zealand Cavaliers and no country can really
lay claim to being world champions unless they've beaten the 'Boks"
"""It's a crying shame they aren't allowed to play - every Rugby player
wants to play in or against South Africa"
"""It's the biggest challenge in rugby, that's why they'll keep offering
tours and rugby countries will keep accepting them.""
  While the 47-man ARU will meet today at Rushcutters Bay to discuss the
South African invitation - and its repercussions on Brisbane's tilt for
the 1992 Olympics and Australia's standing in the sporting community at
large - only 12 actually get to vote on the issue"
""
Nimrod hopes all ends well All's Well That Ends Well. Nimrod production at the Seymour Centre
"Shining. Sydney Dance Company production at the Sydney Opera House.Reviewed by DAVID COLVILLE  

  CONNOISSEURS of Shakespeare will rejoice in the Nimrod's new production
of the rarely performed All's Well That Ends Well, which opened on Tuesday
night at the Seymour Centre"
"It is a stylish production, soundly acted by some of Australia's leading
talents, but its memorable moments are situational rather than born of
any outstanding individual performance"
"It is unlikely to be the huge box office success which the Nimrod needs
to finish its ambitious 1986 season, and this could be a cause for concern
in an arts environment dependent on the whims of sometimes short-sighted
government bureaucrats"
"In this respect it is important to step back and to view the production
for what it is: a brave experiment which allows us to enter the world of
an author of genius in the making. We should thank the Nimrod for this
opportunity. 
  The play's story is simple. The orphaned Helena (Celia de Burgh) is in
love with Bertram (Simon Burke), son of the Countess of Rossillion (Ruth
Cracknell). When Bertram is sent to the court of the ailing King of France
(Ron Graham), Helena follows and neatly manages to cure the king"
"Her reward is the man of her choice, and Bertram is not at all pleased
to be chosen"
"Bertram rushes off to the Italian wars only to be followed by the persistent
Helena, who tricks him into bed and succeeds in becoming pregnant. (Radical
feminists are warned against this play). All ends happily with the two young
people reconciled to their wedded bliss"
"All this occupies nearly 2 1/2 hours of playing time which occasionally
drags because of a sometimes unformed text. The efforts of designer Judith
Hoddinott to modernise the action by placing the characters in costumes
representing various periods of the 20th century do not succeed in diverting
the audience from this fact"
"There is much to enjoy in Richard Cottrell's production. Even though
many of the characters are two-dimensional, consummate artists such 
as Ruth Cracknell and Ron Graham always impress with their sheer 
professionalism"
""
"IF Mr Hawke wants to help young unemployed, would it not be better to donate
the unemployment benefit, where applicable, to an employer who could use this
as a subsidy, making it a more attractive proposition for him to take on a
young unemployed person for training. 

 Gainful (Swan Hill)."
"By Morris West  

The return flight to Sydney landed at twenty minutes to six. Arthur Rebus
and I took a cab back to the city.  Rebus wanted half an hour with me at
the hotel before he went home. Ever since we had left the Commissioner's
office, he had been preoccupied and taciturn.  I was bone-tired, so I didn't
mind the silences.  In spite of the abrasions of our day's discussions,
I felt at the end curiously reassured.  As from the following day, I should
be shadowed day and night by guardian angels and stayed up by the presence
of a police expert who would help me to make sense of Cassidy's documents"
I had a pistol licence in my pocket and the name of a reliable gunsmith
"At least I was no longer alone, a floating particle in a hostile atmosphere.   
   Rebus, however, took a different view.  Sitting in my room at the Town
House with a large whiskey clamped in his fist, he told me, moodily: `...I'm
more worried now than I was this morning.  You don't see it, Martin, but
I do.  These are war-games.  You're important because you're sitting on
Cassidy's files; but for the rest, you're an expendable element. The
Commissioner will sacrifice you with as little compunction as he would a
decoy platoon in a field operation ...' 
   `I can't blame him for that, Arthur. He made it very clear.  My options
are still open - most of them, anyway.'
    `No, Martin! Listen to me and try to understand.  This whole melodrama
of rogue unions, rogue cops, rogue politicians, drug runners and their ilk
is about one thing - power!  If a maritime union controls the waterfront,
it controls the trade of the nation.  If a building union can hold up the
construction of silos, the wheat rots and the rats eat it. So deals have
to be made - big deals, legal and illegal: an investigation dropped, a claim
settled, a felon given an early release ... The real problem of drugs is
not the casualties, tragic and all as they are, but the fact that narcotics
have become a world currency, a black-market coinage which will buy anything
anywhere, whose value is increased by shortage, whose movement is impossible
to monitor ... Look at the coastline of this continent.  How the hell do
you patrol it?   Impossible.  You could land a goddamn army anywhere from
Normanton to Derby and the only ones who'd know about it would be the
kangaroos! ... The Commissioner's right.  You're valuable to him because
you can key him in to a new grid in the underground system.  But once he's
in, you're no longer important to him, because you have no political or
executive power.  He won't be indifferent to what happens to you.  He's
too moral a man for that; but he won't give all his blood to keep you alive
- and he won't weep too long at your grave ...'  He sipped meditatively
at his liquor. `I guess what I'm really trying to say is that this, at root,
is a moral matter.  It involves a moral commitment, which I believe the
Commissioner has.  He really hates the corruptors and the intimidators"
"Between him and them it's war to the knife.  All through today he was looking
for the same commitment from you.  He didn't get it.  Neither did I, for
that matter. Maybe we're both misreading you, but it seems to me you're
still doing a teeter-totter act on the tightrope.  Which being said, you're
welcome to spit in my eye ...' 
    There was a knock at the door - a bellboy with a large manila envelope"
"I borrowed a two-dollar bill from Rebus, to tip him.  The envelope carried
the sender's name: Standish and Waring, Solicitors.  Inside was a letter
and a sheaf of documents. The letter read:
   
     Dear Mr. Gregory, 
     We act for the Macupan Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. of Manila. We
understand that you are the executor of the late Charles Cassidy's will
and that you have taken legal custody of his estate"
"In October last year, Miss Pornsri Rhana, of the Chao Phraya Trading
Company, Bangkok, applied to purchase at par one million five hundred thousand
one dollar shares of Macupan Pharmaceutical, promising to pay upon issue
of the shares"
"A copy of the share application and a photostat of the share certificate
is enclosed.  Also enclosed is our client's agreement to accept payment
in any country of the world, such payment to be made in a mixture of
currencies, a consignment of precious stones of agreed and certified value
and a consignment of pharmaceutical products whose value is similarly
certified. 
     Copies of the certifications are attached.  Miss Rhana informs us the
currency and other items required for the settlement had been held for her
by the late Charles Cassidy and that they would probably now be in your
possession as executor.  We would point out that the payments do not attract
tax or require tax clearance, since they are considerations passing between
two foreign entities, using an Australian entity only as the medium of
exchange.  Neither is there any probate problem, since the items in question
are not part of the estate of the late Charles Cassidy.   
     May we ask you, therefore, to communicate with us as soon as possible,
so that a date and time may be set for the payment of the consideration
and the delivery of the share certificate?
Sincerely yours,
 Gordon Standish  

   I flipped through the documents and handed them without comment to Arthur
Rebus.  He read them slowly, nodding his head like one of those old-fashioned
porcelain Buddhas. Finally, he looked up and said, `Now that's what I call
real style!  No threats.  A nice, courtly letter from one legal colleague
to another! I wonder what the Commissioner will make of this one.'
   `Standish and Waring ... The Premier recommended I use them for Cassidy's
probate.'
    `You could have done a lot worse.  They're old line, stuffy, desperately
slow - and completely reliable.'
    `So why would Erhardt Moller use them as his collectors?'
    `Precisely for that reason. Given these documents, they wouldn't think
of questioning the instructions of their client.  If the client tells them
that a kilo of heroin is a pharmaceutical product or a new line of baking
powder, they'll accept it as fact.  Why should they do otherwise?  They'll
expect a similarly courteous and uncomplicated response from you.  If they
get it, the matter's closed.  But I'd like to hear first from Miss Pornsri
Rhana.  Either she's been set up, or she's setting you up for Mr. Erhardt
Moller, or this is standard pattern for transactions between Cassidy
and the boys in Manila.'
    `I'd like to hear what the Commissioner advises.'
     `Why don't you leave the lady and the Commissioner to me? I have your
power of attorney. No sense to keep a dog and bark yourself. I'll drop in
to see the lady on my way home and phone the Commissioner tonight.  In the
morning, I'll call Standish and Waring and let them know I'll be handling
the matter under your power of attorney.  We'll meet at the bank in the
morning.'
    I was glad when he left.  He could be a diverting character, but he
had all sorts of unexpected edges to bruise one's self-esteem.  I needed
some balm for my wounded feelings. So, good and faithful husband, I telephoned
my wife in Klosters. 
    It was Clare who answered the phone.  She told me Pat and the children
were already out on the slopes. Pat had found this marvellous ski instructor
who was bringing them along at an enormous rate"
"`... They're having a wonderful time, Martin. It would do your heart
good to see them.'
    `I'm delighted.  And what about you, Clare?  How's the big romance?'
    `Coming along very nicely.  He's kind and considerate. Terribly
absentminded, but I can cope with that.  He's working on his book.  I'm
working on him.  It's a very comfortable situation.  How are you holding
up, Martin?'
    `I'm holding up.  Your old man left a tidy estate to the family - and
a bloody minefield for me.  I'm picking my way through the middle of it
now.'
    `Pat told me about the Thai mistress and the daughter she bore to Charlie.'
    `That's only the half of it.  I've spent today in Canberra with the
Federal Police.  I have to go up to Bangkok in three days' time.  Also,
for security reasons, I'm changing hotels.  I'm moving tonight to the Melmar
Marquis.  Write it down - the Melmar Marquis.  In Bangkok, I'll be at the
Oriental.'                            
    `I know, dear.'
    `How do you know?'
    `Mr. Melville called last night to say he'd be meeting you there.  He
kindly offered to carry any letters or messages.  Would you like me to have
Pat call you when she gets back?'
    `What time will that be?'
    `It's normally quite late - three, four in the afternoon.  They're doing
the long runs now, stopping at the halfway hut for lunch, then skiing the
last leg to be home before dark.  But I guess that'll be the wee, small
hours for you.'
    `It will indeed.  Just give her my love and kiss the kids for me.  I'll
call as soon as I'm installed in the Melmar.  Lots of love, Clare.  And
good luck with your scholar.  By the way, what's his name?'
     `Leonidas Farkis ... and if you say it's a funny name, I'll kill you!
 He's a Greek-American, a great scholar who ...'
     `Hey, hey, hey, relax, Clare!  This is son-in-law Martin, remember?
I'm on your side.  Always have been.'
     `I know!'  She gave a little, unsteady laugh.  `It's just that I'm
very, very fond of him and Pat and the children don't always understand
his funny ways ... I'm sorry you're having such a bad time with Charles'
affairs.  Do be careful.  He could be such a monster; he probably left booby
traps everywhere.  Try to come home soon.  The children miss you terribly
and Pat gets very restless without you ... Goodbye, my dear!'
      When I put down the receiver I felt a sudden pang of jealousy and
resentment.  Pat was restless! Pat had found a new ski instructor who kept
her out on the slopes until dark.  Splendid!  This is the day the Lord hath
made, Alleluia!  Meantime, dutiful husband, I, Martin Gregory the Righteous,
had just been licensed to carry a firearm, warned that he was an expendable
element in a war-game and that people didn't trust him because he had lust
and greed written all over his face!
      I called the Melmar Marquis and asked to speak to Laura Larsen.  This
time they found her within thirty seconds.  I told her that if she still
had room I'd love to come and stay at her place"
"She said, `Good! I think it's wise ... and I'll be glad to have you
near anyway.  When you arrive, ask for Peters at reception.  He'll take
you up to the suite, register you there and explain the house procedures
to maintain your privacy and at the same time keep your communications open"
"I won't see you tonight, because I'm hostess to a group of travel agents
who are very important to us.  But I'll come and have breakfast with you
at eight in the morning.  How was Canberra?'     
      `Busy.'
      `And your new probate lawyers?'
      `I'm impressed.  They're very efficient.  I'll tell you about them
when I see you.  Ciao.'
      That made me feel a little better and if it added a line or two
of lechery to my public face, then too bad. I shaved, showered, put on fresh
linen and a fresh summer suit and poured myself a drink to farewell the
Town House.  I was just beginning to enjoy it when the telehone rang.  Mr"
"Erhardt Moller was on the line from Manila. 
      `Good evening, Mr Gregory.  You should by now have received a set
of documents from our solicitors, Standish and Waring.'"
"BEER TIPPED TO DRY UP  

BEER shortages are expected to start in Sydney by the end of the week"
"Some liquor suppliers have taken on extra stocks to prepare for an expected
escalation of a superannuation dispute involving brewery employees"
Reports have indicated small outlets could be dry by the end of the week
Beer production in NSW at Tooheys and CUB has been halved
"And a spokesman for the Bond Corporation, brewers of Tooheys, Fourex and
Swan, warned of severe shortages"
"""If we cannot reach agreement, beer will dry up around the country,"" said
brewing chief executive, Mr Bill Widerberg"
"""We cannot understand why the unions are pressing for another scheme
in an industry which is well serviced by excellent superannuation facilities.""
  The NSW dispute will go before the Arbitration Commission today"
"Meanwhile, more than one third of Victorian hotels have run out of beer
on tap - and packaged supplies are starting to dry up"
"The action, involving six unions, has also spread to Queensland and Western
Australia"
"President of the Australian Hotels Association, Mr Daryl Washington, said
casual employees could be stood down by Wednesday.  Sixty per cent of
Victoria's 45,000 hotel employees are casuals"
Brewers have already stood down workers who cannot usefully be employed
"And south-East Queensland could face beer shortages as thirsty southerners
launched ""beer raids"" from across the border."