SoroushVahidi/scidocs huggingface dataset:
Ontologies and Knowledge Bases. Towards a Terminological Clarification
(1995)

The word “ontology” has recently gained a good popularity within the knowledge engineering community. However, its meaning tends to remain a bit vague, as the term is used in very different ways. Limiting our attention to the various proposals made in the current debate in AI, we isolate a number of interpretations, which in our opinion deserve a suitable clarification. We elucidate the implications of such various interpretations, arguing for the need of clear terminological choices regarding the technical use of terms like “ontology”, “conceptualization” and “ontological commitment”. After some comments on the use “Ontology” (with the capital “o”) as a term which denotes a philosophical discipline, we analyse the possible confusion between an ontology intended as a particular conceptual framework at the knowledge level and an ontology intended as a concrete artifact at the symbol level, to be used for a given purpose. A crucial point in this clarification effort is the careful analysis of Gruber’ s definition of an ontology as a specification of a conceptualization.
Knowledge Engineering: Principles and Methods
(1998)

This paper gives an overview about the development of the field of Knowledge Engineering over the last 15 years. We discuss the paradigm shift from a transfer view to a modeling view and describe two approaches which considerably shaped research in Knowledge Engineering: Role-limiting Methods and Generic Tasks. To illustrate various concepts and methods which evolved in the last years we describe three modeling frameworks: CommonKADS, MIKE, and PROTÉGÉ-II. This description is supplemented by discussing some important methodological developments in more detail: specification languages for knowledge-based systems, problem-solving methods, and ontologies. We conclude with outlining the relationship of Knowledge Engineering to Software Engineering, Information Integration and Knowledge Management.
What Is an Ontology?
(2009)

The word “ontology” is used with different senses in different communities. The most radical difference is perhaps between the philosophical sense, which has of course a well-established tradition, and the computational sense, which emerged in the recent years in the knowledge engineering community, starting from an early informal definition of (computational) ontologies as “explicit specifications of conceptualizations”. In this paper we shall revisit the previous attempts to clarify and formalize such original definition, providing a detailed account of the notions of conceptualization and explicit specification, while discussing at the same time the importance of shared explicit specifications.
Building a Large-Scale Knowledge Base for Machine Translation
(1994)

Introduction Linguistic Resources Knowledge-based machine translation (KBMT) systems have achieved excellent results in constrained domains, but have not yet scaled up to newspaper text. The reason is that knowledge resources (lexicons, grammar rules, world models) must be painstakingly handcrafted from scratch. One of the hypotheses being tested in the PANGLOSS machine translation project is whether or not these resources can be semi-automatically acquired on a very large scale. This paper focuses on the construction of a large ontology (or knowledge base, or world model) for supporting KBMT. It contains representations for some 70,000 commonly encountered objects, processes, qualities, and relations. The ontology was constructed by merging various online dictionaries, semantic networks, and bilingual resources, through semi-automatic methods. Some of these methods (e.g., conceptual matching of semantic taxonomies) are broadly applicable to problems of importing/exporting knowledge from one KB to another. Other methods (e.g., bilingual matching) allow a knowledge engineer to build up an index to a KB in a second language, such as Spanish or Japanese. USC/Information Sciences Institute 4676 Admiralty Way Marina del Rey, CA 90292 knight,luk @isi.edu
Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing?
(1993)

Recent work in Artificial Intelligence is exploring the use of formal ontologies as a way of specifying content-specific agreements for the sharing and reuse of knowledge among software entities. We take an engineering perspective on the development of such ontologies. Formal ontologies are viewed as designed artifacts, formulated for specific purposes and evaluated against objective design criteria. We describe the role of ontologies in supporting knowledge sharing activities, and then present a set of criteria to guide the development of ontologies for these purposes. We show how these criteria are applied in case studies from the design of ontologies for engineering mathematics and bibliographic data. Selected design decisions are discussed, and alternative representation choices and evaluated against the design criteria.
Cloud Computing Security: A Survey
(2014)

1 Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar; E-Mail: ikhalil@uaeu.ac.ae 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Newark College of Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; E-Mail: abdallah@njit.edu 3 College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; E-Mail: azeemsamma@hotmail.com
Discriminative Unsupervised Feature Learning with Convolutional Neural Networks
(2014)

Current methods for training convolutional neural networks depend on large amounts of labeled samples for supervised training. In this paper we present an approach for training a convolutional neural network using only unlabeled data. We train the network to discriminate between a set of surrogate classes. Each surrogate class is formed by applying a variety of transformations to a randomly sampled ’seed’ image patch. We find that this simple feature learning algorithm is surprisingly successful when applied to visual object recognition. The feature representation learned by our algorithm achieves classification results matching or outperforming the current state-of-the-art for unsupervised learning on several popular datasets (STL-10, CIFAR-10, Caltech-101).
Hidden in Plain Sight: Storing and Managing Secrets on a Public Ledger
(2018)

Current blockchain systems are incapable of holding sensitive data securely on their public ledger while supporting accountability of data access requests and revocability of data access rights. Instead, they either keep the sensitive data off-chain as a semi-centralized solution or they just publish the data on the ledger ignoring the problem altogether. In this work, we introduce SCARAB the first secure decentralized access control mechanism for blockchain systems that addresses the challenges of accountability, by publicly logging each request before granting data access, and of revocability, by introducing collectively managed data access policies. SCARAB introduces, therefore, on-chain secrets, which utilize verifiable secret sharing to enable collectively managed secrets under a Byzantine adversary, and identity skipchains, which enable the dynamic management of identities and of access control policies. The evaluation of our SCARAB implementation shows that the latency of a single read/write request scales linearly with the number of access-securing trustees and is in the range of 200 ms to 8 seconds for 16 to 128 trustees.
Controlling negative and positive power at the ankle with a soft exosuit
(2016)

The soft exosuit is a new approach for applying assistive forces over the wearer's body through load paths configured by the textile architecture. In this paper, we present a body-worn lower-extremity soft exosuit and a new control approach that can independently control the level of assistance that is provided during negative- and positive-power periods at the ankle. The exosuit was designed to create load paths assisting ankle plantarflexion and hip flexion, and the actuation system transmits forces from the motors to the suit via Bowden cables. A load cell and two gyro sensors per leg are used to measure real-time data, and the controller performs position control of the cable on a step-by-step basis with respect to the power delivered to the wearer's ankle by controlling two force parameters, the pretension and the active force. Human subjects testing results demonstrate that the controller is capable of modulating the amount of power delivered to the ankle joint. Also, significant reductions in metabolic rate (11%-15%) were observed, which indicates the potential of the proposed control approach to provide benefit to the wearer during walking.
The Challenge of Big Data in Public Health: An Opportunity for Visual Analytics
(2014)

Public health (PH) data can generally be characterized as big data. The efficient and effective use of this data determines the extent to which PH stakeholders can sufficiently address societal health concerns as they engage in a variety of work activities. As stakeholders interact with data, they engage in various cognitive activities such as analytical reasoning, decision-making, interpreting, and problem solving. Performing these activities with big data is a challenge for the unaided mind as stakeholders encounter obstacles relating to the data's volume, variety, velocity, and veracity. Such being the case, computer-based information tools are needed to support PH stakeholders. Unfortunately, while existing computational tools are beneficial in addressing certain work activities, they fall short in supporting cognitive activities that involve working with large, heterogeneous, and complex bodies of data. This paper presents visual analytics (VA) tools, a nascent category of computational tools that integrate data analytics with interactive visualizations, to facilitate the performance of cognitive activities involving big data. Historically, PH has lagged behind other sectors in embracing new computational technology. In this paper, we discuss the role that VA tools can play in addressing the challenges presented by big data. In doing so, we demonstrate the potential benefit of incorporating VA tools into PH practice, in addition to highlighting the need for further systematic and focused research.
A Customizable Matrix Multiplication Framework for the Intel HARPv2 Xeon+FPGA Platform: A Deep Learning Case Study
(2018)

General Matrix to Matrix multiplication (GEMM) is the cornerstone for a wide gamut of applications in high performance computing (HPC), scientific computing (SC) and more recently, deep learning. In this work, we present a customizable matrix multiplication framework for the Intel HARPv2 CPU+FPGA platform that includes support for both traditional single precision floating point and reduced precision workloads. Our framework supports arbitrary size GEMMs and consists of two parts: (1) a simple application programming interface (API) for easy configuration and integration into existing software and (2) a highly customizable hardware template. The API provides both compile and runtime options for controlling key aspects of the hardware template including dynamic precision switching; interleaving and block size control; and fused deep learning specific operations. The framework currently supports single precision floating point (FP32), 16, 8, 4 and 2 bit Integer and Fixed Point (INT16, INT8, INT4, INT2) and more exotic data types for deep learning workloads: INT16xTernary, INT8xTernary, BinaryxBinary.
 We compare our implementation to the latest NVIDIA Pascal GPU and evaluate the performance benefits provided by optimizations built into the hardware template. Using three neural networks (AlexNet, VGGNet and ResNet) we illustrate that reduced precision representations such as binary achieve the best performance, and that the HARPv2 enables fine-grained partitioning of computations over both the Xeon and FPGA. We observe up to 50x improvement in execution time compared to single precision floating point, and that runtime configuration options can improve the efficiency of certain layers in AlexNet up to 4x, achieving an overall 1.3x improvement over the entire network.
Designing inflatable structures
(2014)

We propose an interactive, optimization-in-the-loop tool for designing inflatable structures. Given a target shape, the user draws a network of seams defining desired segment boundaries in 3D. Our method computes optimally-shaped flat panels for the segments, such that the inflated structure is as close as possible to the target while satisfying the desired seam positions. Our approach is underpinned by physics-based pattern optimization, accurate coarse-scale simulation using tension field theory, and a specialized constraint-optimization method. Our system is fast enough to warrant interactive exploration of different seam layouts, including internal connections, and their effects on the inflated shape. We demonstrate the resulting design process on a varied set of simulation examples, some of which we have fabricated, demonstrating excellent agreement with the design intent.
Smartphone physics – a smart approach to practical work in science education ?
(2018)

In the form of teacher didactical design research, this work addresses a didactical issue encountered during physics teaching in a Swedish upper secondary school. A need for renewed practical laboratory work related to Newtonian mechanics is met by proposing and designing an activity based on highspeed photography using the nowadays omnipresent smartphone, thus bringing new technology into the classroom. The activity – video analysis of the collision physics of football kicks – is designed and evaluated by following a didactical design cycle. The work elaborates on how the proposed laboratory activity relates to the potential and complications of experimental activities in science education, as described in the vast literature on the topic. It is argued that the use of smartphones constitutes an interesting use of new technology for addressing known problems of practical work. Of particular interest is that smartphones offer a way to bridge the gap between the everyday life of students and the world of physics experiments (smartphones are powerful pocket laboratories). The use of smartphones also avoids using unfamiliar laboratory equipment that is known to hinder focus on intended content, while at the same time exploring a powerful tool for data acquisition and analysis. Overall, the use of smartphones (and computers) in this manner can be seen as the result of applying Occam’s razor to didactics: only familiar and readily available instrumentation is used, and skills learned (movie handling and image analysis) are all educationally worthwhile. Although the activity was judged successful, a systematic investigation of learning outcome was out of scope. This means that no strong conclusions can be drawn based on this limited work. Nonetheless, the smartphone activity was well received by the students and should constitute a useful addition to the set of instructional approaches, especially since variation is known to benefit learning. The main failure of the design was an overestimation of student prior knowledge on motion physics (and its application to image data). As a consequence, the activity took required more time and effort than originally anticipated. No severe pitfalls of smartphone usage were identified, but it should be noted that the proposed activity – with its lack of well-defined results due to variations in kick strength – requires that the teacher is capable of efficiently analysing multiple student films (avoiding the feedback process to become overwhelmingly time consuming). If not all student films are evaluated, the feedback to the students may become of low quality, and misconceptions may pass under the radar. On the other hand, given that programming from 2018 will become compulsory, an interesting development of the activity would be to include handling of images and videos using a high-level programming language like Python.
Mining HEXACO personality traits from Enterprise Social Media
(2015)

In this paper we introduce a novel computational technique of extraction of personality traits (HEXACO) of employees from Enterprise Social Media posts. We deal with challenges such as not being able to use existing survey instruments for scoring and not being able to directly use existing psychological studies on written text due to lack of overlapping words between the existing dictionary and words used in Enterprise Social Media. Using our approach we are able to infer personality traits (HEXACO) from posts and find better coverage and usage of the extended dictionary.
Hawkes Processes with Stochastic Excitations
(2016)

We propose an extension to Hawkes processes by treating the levels of self-excitation as a stochastic differential equation. Our new point process allows better approximation in application domains where events and intensities accelerate each other with correlated levels of contagion. We generalize a recent algorithm for simulating draws from Hawkes processes whose levels of excitation are stochastic processes, and propose a hybrid Markov chain Monte Carlo approach for model fitting. Our sampling procedure scales linearly with the number of required events and does not require stationarity of the point process. A modular inference procedure consisting of a combination between Gibbs and Metropolis Hastings steps is put forward. We recover expectation maximization as a special case. Our general approach is illustrated for contagion following geometric Brownian motion and exponential Langevin dynamics.
ICP-based pose-graph SLAM
(2016)

Odometry-like localization solutions can be built upon Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) sensors, by sequentially registering the point clouds acquired along a robot trajectory. Yet such solutions inherently drift over time: we propose an approach that adds a graphical model layer on top of such LIDAR odometry layer, using the Iterative Closest Points (ICP) algorithm for registration. Reference frames called keyframes are defined along the robot trajectory, and ICP results are used to build a pose graph, that in turn is used to solve an optimization problem that provides updates for the keyframes upon loop closing, enabling the correction of the path of the robot and of the map of the environment. We present in details the configuration used to register data from the Velodyne High Definition LIDAR (HDL), and a strategy to build local maps upon which current frames are registered, either when discovering new areas or revisiting previously mapped areas. Experiments show that it is possible to build the graph using data from ICP and that the loop closings in the graph level reduces the overall drift of the system.
Panelrama : A Framework for Cross-Device Applications
(2013)

We introduce Panelrama, a web framework for the construction of distributed user interfaces (DUI). Our implementation provides developers with low migration costs through built-in mechanisms for the synchronization of UI state and minimal changes to existing languages. Additionally, we describe a solution to categorize device characteristics and dynamically change UI allocation to best-fit devices. Finally, we illustrate the use of Panelrama through a sample application which demonstrates multidevice interaction techniques and collaborative potential. Author
Mitigating Poisoning Attacks on Machine Learning Models: A Data Provenance Based Approach
(2017)

The use of machine learning models has become ubiquitous. Their predictions are used to make decisions about healthcare, security, investments and many other critical applications. Given this pervasiveness, it is not surprising that adversaries have an incentive to manipulate machine learning models to their advantage. One way of manipulating a model is through a poisoning or causative attack in which the adversary feeds carefully crafted poisonous data points into the training set. Taking advantage of recently developed tamper-free provenance frameworks, we present a methodology that uses contextual information about the origin and transformation of data points in the training set to identify poisonous data, thereby enabling online and regularly re-trained machine learning applications to consume data sources in potentially adversarial environments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach to incorporate provenance information as part of a filtering algorithm to detect causative attacks. We present two variations of the methodology - one tailored to partially trusted data sets and the other to fully untrusted data sets. Finally, we evaluate our methodology against existing methods to detect poison data and show an improvement in the detection rate.
Terahertz band communications: Applications, research challenges, and standardization activities
(2016)

Terahertz frequency band, 0.1–10THz, is envisioned as one of the possible resources to be utilized for wireless communications in networks beyond 5G. Communications over this band will be feature a number of attractive properties, including potentially terabit-per-second link capacities, miniature transceivers and, potentially, high energy efficiency. Meanwhile, a number of specific research challenges have to be addressed to convert the theoretical estimations into commercially attractive solutions. Due to the diversity of the challenges, the research on THz communications at its early stages was mostly performed by independent communities from different areas. Therefore, the existing knowledge in the field is substantially fragmented. In this paper, an attempt to address this issue and provide a clear and easy to follow introduction to the THz communications is performed. A review on the state-of-the-art in THz communications research is given by identifying the target applications and major open research challenges as well as the recent achievements by industry, academia, and the standardization bodies. The potential of the THz communications is presented by illustrating the basic tradeoffs in typical use cases. Based on the given summary, certain prospective research directions in the field are identified.
Multi-target tracking by learning local-to-global trajectory models
(2015)

The multi-target tracking problem is challenging when there exist occlusions, tracking failures of the detector and severe interferences between detections. In this paper, we propose a novel detection based tracking method that links detections into tracklets and further forms long trajectories. Unlike many previous hierarchical frameworks which split the data association into two separate optimization problems (linking detections locally and linking tracklets globally), we introduce a unified algorithm that can automatically relearn the trajectory models from the local and global information for finding the joint optimal assignment. In each temporal window, the trajectory models are initialized by the local information to link those easy-to-connect detections into a set of tracklets. Then the trajectory models are updated by the reliable tracklets and reused to link separated tracklets into long trajectories. We iteratively update the trajectory models by more information from more frames until the result converges. The iterative process gradually improves the accuracy of the trajectory models, which in turn improves the target ID inferences for all detections by the MRF model. Experiment results revealed that our proposed method achieved state-of-the-art multi-target tracking performance. Crown Copyright & 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.