POINTWISE: Predicting Points and Valuing Decisions in Real Time with NBA Optical Tracking Data
(2014)

Basketball is a game of decisions; at any moment, a player can change the character of a possession by choosing to pass, dribble, or shoot. The current state of basketball analytics, however, provides no way to quantitatively evaluate the vast majority of decisions that players make, as most metrics are driven by events that occur at or near the end of a possession, such as points, turnovers, and assists. We propose a framework for using player-tracking data to assign a point value to each moment of a possession by computing how many points the offense is expected to score by the end of the possession, a quantity we call expected possession value (EPV). EPV allows analysts to evaluate every decision made during a basketball game – whether it is to pass, dribble, or shoot – opening the door for a multitude of new metrics and analyses of basketball that quantify value in terms of points. In this paper, we propose a modeling framework for estimating EPV, present results of EPV computations performed using playertracking data from the 2012-13 season, and provide several examples of EPV-derived metrics that answer real basketball questions. A new microeconomics for the NBA Basketball players, coaches, and fans often compare a possession to a high-speed chess match, where teams employ tactics that do not necessarily generate points immediately, but can yield higher-value opportunities several “moves” down the line. Watching the game in this way can reveal that the decisive moment in a given possession may not have been the open shot at the end, but the pass that led to the open shot, or even the preceding drive that collapsed the defense. These ideas lie at the heart of offensive strategies and the decisions that players make over the course of a possession. Unfortunately, contemporary basketball analytics fail to account for this core idea. Despite many recent innovations, most advanced metrics (PER [1] and +/variations [2], for example) remain based on simple tallies relating to the terminal states of possessions like points, rebounds, and turnovers. While these have shed light on the game, they are akin to analyzing a chess match based only on the move that resulted in checkmate, leaving unexplored the possibility that the key move occurred several turns before. This leaves a major gap to be filled, as an understanding of how players contribute to the whole possession – not just the events that end it – can be critical in evaluating players, assessing the quality of their decision-making, and predicting the success of particular in-game tactics. The major obstacle to closing this gap is the current inability to evaluate the individual tactical decisions that form the substructure of every possession of every basketball game. For example, there is no current method to estimate the value of a dribble penetration or to compare the option of taking a contested shot to the option of passing to an open teammate. In this paper, we propose and implement a framework that removes this obstacle. Using player-tracking data, we develop a coherent, quantitative representation of a whole possession that summarizes each moment of the possession in terms of the number of points the offense is expected to score – a quantity we call expected possession value, or EPV (see Figure 1 for an illustration of EPV). We accomplish this by specifying and fitting a probabilistic model that encodes how ball handlers make decisions based on the spatial configuration of the players on the court.