Structural description and classification of signature images
(1990)

-This, paper introduces a new method for describing signature images. The description involves features of the signatures and relations among its parts organized in a hierarchical structure. The description is used to classify the signatures and globally analyse their structure. Description Segmentation Feature extraction Classification Signature analysis I. I N T R O D U C T I O N Although a lot of research on signatures has been reported in the past 20 years (t) they are mainly confined to verification in which a set of goal oriented features is used to give the decision about the authenticity of the claimed signature. However, it is interesting to be able to access a signature database using a compact and meaningful description derived from its pictorial content. Constructing such a signature database, requires an automatic description of signature images. Researches on signature description are very limited and appeared implicitly in verification researches. In on-line systems, Lamarche and Plamondon (z) reconsidered the theoretical model of the handwriting process introduced by Verdenberg and Koster <3) to describe the pen tip speed and orientation and used this description for feature extraction. In off-line systems, Nagel and Rosenfeld (̀ ~ modified the model introduced by Eden (~) for describing upright handwriting by adding the slant parameter and used the parameters of the modified model as a basis for choosing their features for verification, and Brocklehurst (6) used data reduction techniques to encode the signatures into a list of 7 features (called encoded description) and used them for verification. In all cases, neither a structural description of the signature as a 2-D image nor a conceptualization of the features was proposed. In this paper, we introduce a method for signature description and a reliable approach that can describe digitized signature images by this method. The description uses a hierarchical approach, i.e. the signature is at the top level and each lower level gives more detail about the higher one. Since the range of the natural variation of signature writing will change with time as found by Kapoor <~ and Evett, (s) and the ratios of the writing parameters for different samples of the same individual's writing remain essentially constant over a wide range of the writing surface and space available, ('~ features and relations of o u r description are extracted in a relative way (e.g. the length is measured by its ratio to the width, and so on) to attempt to make it insensitive to the natural variation in the genuine signatures. The signature is described using a global description suitable for purposes like classifying the signature data and studying its nature, and a local description convenient for applications which require more detailed information about the signature like signature analysis or similarity oriented retrieval. The global description is represented by a character string, and the local description is represented by a tree structure. In Section 2, the general approach for describing signature images is introduced, and Section 3 introduces the practical method of the description. Section 4 presents the application of the global description to classifying and analysing the signature data, and finally, Section 5 contains the closing remarks. 2. SIGNATURE DESCRIPTION Signatures are a special case of handwriting in which special characters and flourishes are available, and the ratio between the middle zone width and the letter heights is sometimes abnormal. In many cases, the signature is not readable even by a human. Therefore, we deal with the signature as an image that has the principal zones (upper, middle and lower zones) of the handwriting, not as strokes, letters and words. As indicated by Rosenfeld, (9) description of a picture involves properties of the picture or its parts and relationships among them. Our description involves features like slant, and relations among signature properties like the comparison between the widths of the zones. The description is not reversible, that is, the signature cannot be reconstructed from its description. However, the description involves sufficient information to characterize the signature and its parts. Features and relations are extracted quantitatively, and then mapped into a conceptual