SlowGuess/NeurIPS_2023_OCR huggingface dataset:
Turn this mock-up into an interactive website using html/js, replace the joke with a real joke.
Figure 2: LLaVA generates HTML/JS code for an interactive website based on user sketch inputs. The interactive interface works after fixing a minor error (in red) in the generated output. There is room for improvement in LLaVA's output, such as splitting the joke and punchline into two rows, and only revealing the punchline upon button click, to better reflect the user's intent.
<!DOCTYPE html>   
<html>   
<head> My Joke Website</title>   
<style> body { background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; } .container { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; height: 100vh; } h1 { font-size: 36px; margin-bottom: 20px; } p { font-size: 20px; } button { background-color: blue; color: white; border: none; padding: 10px 20px; font-size: 18px; cursor: pointer; } </style>   
</head>   
<body> <div class="container"> <h1>My Joke Website</h1> <p id="punchline">Welcome to my joke website. Push the button to reveal the punchline! </p> <button onclick="revealPunchline()">Push me! </button> </div> <script> function revealPunchline() { document.getElementByld("punchline").innerHTML = "The punchline is: 'Why was the math book sad? Because it had too many problems."; } </script> </body> </html>
Place the generated HTML code into an HTML renderer to render the web page.
My Joke Website
Welcome to my joke website. Push the button to reveal the punchline!
Rendered website
The punchline is: 'Why was the math book sad? Because it had too many problems.'
(click the button)
What are the meals that I can cook with these?
With the variety of food items stored in the refrigerator, you can prepare several meals. For example, you can create a fruit salad using the strawberries, blueberries, and carrots. Additionally, you can make a delicious smoothie using the fruits and vegetables, which would be a healthy and nutritious snack or breakfast option. The milk and eggs can be used to create various dishes, such as a milk-based smoothie, a baked casserole, or scrambled eggs. The juice can also be used to make a fresh fruit and juice mix or as a refreshing homemade popsicle. The possibilities are vast, and the meals you can create will depend on your preferences and dietary needs.
I would like to do the fruit salad. Show me the recipe.
Certainly! Here's a simple fruit salad recipe using the items in your refrigerator:
- 2 cups fresh strawberries, sliced
- 1 cup fresh blueberries
- 1 large carrot, grated
- Juice of half a lemon
- A handful of chopped fresh parsley or mint
-A few ice cubes
- Optional: honey or maple syrup (adjust to taste)
1. In a large bowl, combine the sliced strawberries, blueberries, and carrot. Gently toss them together to mix.
2. Drizzle the juice of half a lemon over the fruit and vegetables to prevent them from oxidizing and add a refreshing citrus flavor.
3. Sprinkle the chopped fresh parsley or mint over the fruit and gently toss once more.
4. If desired, add a drizzle of honey or maple syrup for a touch of sweetness. Adjust the amount according to your taste preferences.
5. Cover the bowl and refrigerate the fruit salad for at least 30 minutes or up to a few hours. This allows the flavors to meld and creates a more refreshing salad.
6. Serve the fruit salad in cups or bowls, garnished with a sprinkle of fresh parsley or mint, if desired.
This fruit salad recipe is perfect for a healthy snack or side dish, and with the variety of ingredients available in your refrigerator, it should be easy to put together quickly.
What are the things I should be cautious about when I visit here?
When visiting this peaceful location with a pier extending over a serene lake, surrounded by mountains, there are several things to be cautious about. First, pay attention to the weather conditions, as sudden changes in weather, especially strong winds or storms, can cause the water to become rough and pose risks to the stability of the pier. Second, be mindful of the structural integrity of the pier; avoid overloading it with too many people or excessive weight, as this could potentially damage the pier or cause it to collapse. Additionally, be aware of the surrounding wildlife and respect their space; do not harm or disturb them in any way. Finally, if you decide to go fishing, ensure that you adhere to any local fishing regulations and use appropriate fishing techniques to keep the lake ecosystem healthy and maintain the balance of the food chain.
Compose an engaging travel blog post about my trip to this place, highlighting the beautiful scenarios, joyful experiences, and include possible anecdotes.
Traveling to this picturesque location with a serene lake and mountains in the background was a refreshing and rejuvenating experience. The pier extending over the calm water provided an excellent vantage point from which to appreciate the breathtaking scenery. As I stood on the pier, I couldn't help but feel a deep connection with nature, taking a moment to soak in the peaceful atmosphere.
One of the highlights of my trip was undoubtedly the fishing experience. The area is teeming with life, and I was thrilled to land a sizeable catch, despite the modest size of the lake. The joy of fishing in such a beautiful setting was truly rewarding, and it allowed me to take a break from my busy life and truly immerse myself in the tranquility of nature.
While exploring the surrounding area, I came across a family of birds that had built a nest close to the pier, adding to the charm of the location. Interacting with the wildlife and observing their behavior was an enriching experience that I'll cherish for years to come.
In conclusion, this idyllic destination provided me with an opportunity to unwind and recharge, surrounded by mesmerizing natural beauty and the gentle sounds of water and wildlife. If you're looking for a serene escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life, this pier overlooking the lake is the perfect place to find solace and reconnect with nature.
Figure 3: LLaVA is capable of recognizing the visual content following the user's intent, without directly prompting for visual recognition. It also provides a detailed response when prompted with a follow-up request, and the generated response is closely related to the provided visual content.
What's the ending of this movie?
Figure 4: LLaVA relates the movie scenes to the textual knowledge from the pretrained LLM.
In the image, a young woman is leaning on a man in front of a beautiful sunset, with both of them standing on a boat. They appear to be enjoying a romantic moment together. The scene suggests that they could be depicted as the characters Jack and Rose from the popular movie Titanic. In the movie, their romance blossoms aboard the fictional ocean liner Titanic, with the pair ultimately sharing a passionate kiss as the ship sinks into the ocean. The ending of the movie is known for its emotional and heartfelt scenes, where the characters are forced to say goodbye to each other as they are separated by the sinking ship. The image evokes a sense of romance and nostalgia, paying tribute to the iconic love story portrayed in the movie Titanic.
The painting depicts a woman, commonly believed to be Mona Lisa, the famous artwork by Leonardo da Vinci. It is a portrait painting that showcases the woman's enigmatic smile and has become one of the most famous and iconic art pieces in the world. The original work is displayed in the Louvre Museum in Paris, and it is known for its intricate details, use of oil paint, and the artist's innovative techniques that contributed to its enduring appeal and mystery.
Start a new conversation, and the history is cleared.
Do you know who drew this painting?
Figure 5: LLaVA recognizes the famous art work, Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci. When we start a new conversation, it also explains the humorous artwork created on the web, mimicking the Mona Lisa.
The painting depicts a dog in a humorous situation, where it appears to be wearing a woman's dress and standing in front of a landscape. Although the artist of the painting is not explicitly identified, it could be a reference to the famous artist Da Vinci, known for his artistic works, including the Mona Lisa. The painting is likely a creative and comical take on the traditional portrait style, replacing a human figure with a dog dressed in a woman's clothing, making it an interesting and amusing visual piece.
The name of the man in the photo is Elon Musk.
What is the name of the man in the photo?
Start a new conversation, and the history is cleared.
Figure 6: An interesting emergent behavior of LLaVA is its ability to recognize Elon Musk both in a headshot and in a humorous meme where he is dressed as a doge. This implies that the pre-trained CLIP vision encoder may have seen images of Elon Musk. However, it is still surprising because Elon Musk never appears in the training data for either the visual feature alignment or visual instruction tuning stages of LLaVA, which indicates that the base language model generalizes to unseen visual concepts.
Which material is this rocking chair made of?
Options: (A) wood (B) silk
LLaVA answer:
LECTURE: A material is a type of matter.
Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.
Some objects are made of just one material.
Most nails are made of metal.
Other objects are made of more than one material.
This hammer is made of metal and wood.
SOLUTION: Look at the picture of the rocking chair. The rocking chair is made of two different materials. The legs are made of wood, and the back and seat are made of silk.
GPT-4 (text-only) answer:
The answer is A. BECAUSE: Rocking chairs are typically made of sturdy materials that can support the weight of a person and withstand the rocking motion. Wood is a common material used for making rocking chairs due to its strength, durability, and natural appearance.
GPT-4 (text-only) judge:
Since there is no context or image to refer to, I cannot independently analyze the rocking chair in question. However, I can try to analyze the reasoning given by the assistants.
Assistant 1, who claims to have seen the image, mentions that the legs of the rocking chair are made of wood, and the back and seat are made of silk, implying that it's a combination of two materials. However, this response seems less plausible, as silk is not a common material used for the construction of rocking chairs due to issues with stability and durability. Typically, one would expect the frame, legs, and seat or back to be made of wood, with cushions and padding made of fabrics, such as cotton or polyester.
Assistant 2 argues that rocking chairs are typically made of sturdy materials, and wood is a common material used for making rocking chairs due to its strength, durability, and natural appearance. This reasoning stands true and is based on common knowledge.
Given the information available, the most plausible answer is that the rocking chair is made of wood, as suggested by Assistant 1. The answer is A.
Table 10: One example on how the text-only GPT-4 acts as a judge to ensemble the predictions from LLaVA and a text-only GPT-4, and gives a correct final answer.
We pre-train our model on the filtered CC-595K subset for 1 epoch with a learning rate of 2e-3 and a batch size of 128, and fine-tune on the proposed LLaVA-Instruct-158K dataset for 3 epochs, with a learning rate of 2e-5 and a batch size of 32. Following Vicuna, we use the Adam optimizer with no weight decay and a cosine learning rate with a warmup ratio of  $3\%$ . During finetuning, FSDP (Full Shard Data Parallel) and gradient checkpointing is used to save GPU memory, and offloading is not used. BF16 and TF32 are enabled to achieve a balance between speed and precision.
We train all models with  $8 \times \mathrm{A}100\mathrm{s}$ . Pretraining on CC-595K completes within 4 hours. Finetuning on Instruct-158K completes within 10 hours. Finetuning on ScienceQA completes within 4 hours.
D Assets
Our source code, generated instruction-tuning data, proposed benchmark are uploaded to the anonymized GitHub repository: LLaVA-Anonymous/LLaVA.
1. Source Code: link
2. README: link
3. Instructions to launch the demo: link
4. All prompts and few shot examples for querying GPT-4: link
5. LLaVA-Instruct-158K: link
6. LLaVA-Bench: COCO, In-The-Wild
7. Model checkpoints. The size of the model checkpoints after compression is 25GB, which exceeds the 5GB limit of GitHub LFS (Large File Storage). We'll release the checkpoint to the public, or upon request with reviewers for this submission.
E Data
Instructions for brief image description. The list of instructions used to briefly describe the image content are shown in Table 11. They present the same meaning with natural language variance.
"Describe the image concisely."
- "Provide a brief description of the given image."
- "Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented."
- "Summarize the visual content of the image."
- "Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image."
- "Share a concise interpretation of the image provided."
"Present a compact description of the photo's key features."
- "Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown."
- "Render a clear and concise summary of the photo."
- "Write a terse but informative summary of the picture."
- "Create a compact narrative representing the image presented."
Table 11: The list of instructions for brief image description.
Instructions for detailed image description. The list of instructions used to describe the image content in detail are shown in Table 12. They present the same meaning with natural language variance.
CC3M. We extract noun- phrases using Spacy for each caption over the whole CC3M dataset, and count the frequency of each unique noun-phrase. We skip noun- phrases whose frequency is smaller than 3, as they are usually rare combinations concept and attributes that has already been covered
Table 12: The list of instructions for detailed image description.
by other captions. We then start from the noun- phrases with lowest remaining frequency, add the captions that contain this noun-phrase to the candidate pool. If the frequency of the noun-phrase is larger than 100, we randomly choose a subset of size 100 out of all its captions. This results in around 595K image-text pairs.
The comparison of noun-phrase statistics before and after filtering CC3M is shown in Figure 7. The filtered dataset shows a good coverage of concepts whose frequency is higher from 3, but with a smaller number of image-text pairs.
Figure 7: Comparison of noun-phrase statistics before and after filtering CC3M. The total number of unique noun- phrases are reported in the legend.
The prompt used to generate image-based conversation from ChatGPT/GPT-4 is shown in Table 13.
messages = [ {"role": "system", "content": f""You are an AI visual assistant, and you are seeing a single image. What you see are provided with five sentences, describing the same image you are looking at. Answer all questions as you are seeing the image.
Design a conversation between you and a person asking about this photo. The answers should be in a tone that a visual AI assistant is seeing the image and answering the question. Ask diverse questions and give corresponding answers.
Include questions asking about the visual content of the image, including the object types, counting the objects, object actions, object locations, relative positions between objects, etc. Only include questions that have definite answers:
(1) one can see the content in the image that the question asks about and can answer confidently;  
(2) one can determine confidently from the image that it is not in the image. Do not ask any question that cannot be answered confidently.
Also include complex questions that are relevant to the content in the image, for example, asking about background knowledge of the objects in the image, asking to discuss about events happening in the image, etc. Again, do not ask about uncertain details. Provide detailed answers when answering complex questions. For example, give detailed examples or reasoning steps to make the content more convincing and well-organized. You can include multiple paragraphs if necessary.
]   
for sample in fewshot_samples: messages.append({"role":"user", "content":sample['context']}) messages.append({"role":"assistant","content":sample['response']}) messages.append({"role":"user", "content":"\n'.join(query)})
Table 13: For each query, we illustrate the prompt construction process for ChatGPT/GPT-4 to collect query ['response'] from query ['context'], using few-shot in-context-learning, where examples are from fewshot_samples, each example including input sample['context'] and output sample['response']. Note that messages is the final prompt. In this example, we provide the prompt used to generate the conversation response, please see also see its in-context-learning examples in Table 15 and Table 16 for details. We recommend readers to check out the codebase for the prompts to generate two other types of responses, including detailed description and complex reasoning.
person: [0.681, 0.242, 0.774, 0.694], person: [0.63, 0.222, 0.686, 0.516], person: [0.444, 0.233, 0.487, 0.34], backpack: [0.384, 0.696, 0.485, 0.914], backpack: [0.755, 0.413, 0.846, 0.692], suitcase: [0.758, 0.413, 0.845, 0.69], suitcase: [0.1, 0.497, 0.173, 0.579], bicycle: [0.282, 0.363, 0.327, 0.442], car: [0.786, 0.25, 0.848, 0.322], car: [0.783, 0.27, 0.827, 0.335], car: [0.86, 0.254, 0.891, 0.3], car: [0.261, 0.101, 0.787, 0.626]
Answer: The image features a black sport utility vehicle (SUV).
Question: Where is the vehicle parked?
Answer: The vehicle is parked in an underground parking area, likely in a public garage.
Question: What are the people in the image doing?
Answer: The people are trying to fit all of their luggage into the SUV, likely preparing for a trip.
The image is an underground parking area with a black sport utility vehicle (SUV) parked. There are three people in the scene, with one person standing closer to the left side of the vehicle, another person in the middle, and the third person on the right side. They are all working together to pack their luggage into the SUV for a trip.
In the parking area, various luggage items are scattered around the vehicle. There are two backpacks, one located near the left rear wheel and the other closer to the right side of the vehicle. Additionally, there are two suitcases, one on the right side of the car and another further away near the center of the parking area. A bicycle can also be seen on the left side of the vehicle.
Other cars are parked around the main SUV, with one car positioned behind it and slightly to the left, another behind and slightly to the right, and the third car further behind on the right side.
Answer: In the image, a group of people is standing outside a black SUV in a parking area, surrounded by various pieces of luggage, including suitcases and backpacks. They are facing the challenge of fitting all their luggage into the black SUV. There are multiple suitcases and backpacks to be packed, which suggests that the group has a significant amount of belongings to accommodate. They might have to strategize and arrange the luggage efficiently to ensure that everything fits properly into the vehicle. Additionally, they need to consider the comfort of the passengers and visibility while driving, so the placement of the luggage must not obstruct the driver's view or make the passengers uncomfortable during the trip.
Table 14: One example to illustrate the instruction-following data. The top block shows the contexts such as captions and boxes used to prompt GPT, and the bottom block shows the three types of responses. Note that the visual image is not used to prompt GPT, we only show it here as a reference.
What color is the fire hydrant in the image?
The fire hydrant in the image is red.
Is the fire hydrant fully covered by snow or partially visible?
The fire hydrant is partially visible, with a significant portion of it covered by the deep snow.
$= = =$
What is the condition of the sidewalk near the fire hydrant?
The sidewalk near the fire hydrant has been recently plowed, so it is relatively clear of snow compared to the surrounding area.
What does the image suggest about the winter season in the city?
The image suggests that the winter season in the city has been quite harsh and challenging. The significant snow accumulation seen in the image indicates that the city has experienced heavy snowfall, which can lead to various difficulties and disruptions for its residents.
For instance, the deep snow covering the fire hydrant could potentially hinder its accessibility in case of emergencies, which poses safety concerns. The recently plowed sidewalk implies that the city's maintenance crews have been actively working to keep the walkways clear and safe for pedestrians, but the sheer amount of snowfall might make it difficult to keep up with the continuous snow removal efforts.
Furthermore, such extreme winter conditions can impact transportation, leading to traffic issues, delays in public transit, and increased risks of accidents due to slippery roads. It can also cause problems for businesses and schools, as people might face challenges commuting to work or attending classes. Additionally, the heavy snow can put extra strain on infrastructure, such as roofs and power lines, increasing the likelihood of structural damage or power outages.
In conclusion, the image of the red fire hydrant deep in the snow and the recently plowed sidewalk suggest that the city has faced a particularly severe winter season, with substantial snowfall that has likely caused various challenges and disruptions for its residents and infrastructure.
Table 15: One example used in in-context-learning to construct visual conversation data.
What is the skier doing?
The skier is skiing in the snow-covered hills, making his way through the snow and enjoying the beautiful mountain scenery.
They are also standing near a trail sign, which indicates their location on the mountain.
Are there any other people or skiers visible in the image?
No, there is only a single person skiing in the image, and they are surrounded by an area with a lot of bushes.
What kind of skiing is the person doing? Cross-country or downhill?
Based on what I can see in the photo, it is not possible to definitively determine whether the skier is doing cross-country or downhill skiing. However, given the presence of a trail sign and the fact that they are skiing in the foothills, it is more likely that the skier is engaged in cross-country skiing. Downhill skiing typically takes place on more steep slopes and involves ski lifts, whereas cross-country skiing often occurs on relatively flatter terrain with marked trails.
Can you explain cross-country and downhill skiing a bit more?
Cross-country skiing and downhill skiing are two distinct types of skiing, each with its own techniques, equipment, and terrain preferences.
1. Cross-Country Skiing:
Also known as Nordic skiing, cross-country skiing involves traversing relatively flat terrain or gentle slopes using skis and poles. It is a popular recreational and competitive sport that focuses on endurance, balance, and aerobic fitness. Cross-country skiers use their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain, rather than relying on ski lifts or other forms of assistance.
There are two main techniques in cross-country skiing:
- Classic: This technique involves skiing in parallel tracks, using a forward-and-backward gliding motion while keeping the skis parallel to each other. The skier uses their poles to propel themselves forward.
- Skate skiing: This technique is similar to ice skating, where the skier pushes off one ski at an angle and glides on the other. It requires a smooth, groomed surface and is typically faster than the classic technique.
Cross-country ski equipment consists of lightweight skis, boots, bindings, and poles. The boots are more flexible than those used in downhill skiing, allowing for better ankle movement and control.
2. Downhill Skiing: