Table 6. Average target domain accuracy of all algorithms on the ACS Income and ACS Pub. Cov datasets. In each setting, we test all algorithms on the 50 American states and report the mean and standard deviation across all 50 target states. The standard deviation here reflects the stability of performances across different target states.
DatasetSource State	ACS INCOME	ACS PUB.COV
CA	CT	MA	SD	FL	TX	NE	IN
i.d.	o.o.d	i.d.	o.o.d	i.d.	o.o.d	i.d.	o.o.d	i.d.	o.o.d	i.d.	o.o.d	i.d.	o.o.d	i.d.	o.o.d
Base Methods	LR	81.1	77.3 ±1.9	80.7	76.2 ±2.3	80.9	76.8 ±2.2	80.1	75.8 ±3.3	81.3	73.7 ±7.3	84.1	73.9 ±7.2	84.3	75.0 ±6.7	78.6	75.8 ±5.9
SVM	79.4	74.8 ±1.9	78.6	72.4 ±2.9	80.1	73.0 ±2.7	79.3	73.3 ±3.8	80.5	74.4 ±6.3	84.2	74.1 ±6.9	84.8	73.8 ±6.5	77.1	74.3 ±5.1
MLP	81.8	76.4 ±2.6	81.4	76.8 ±2.3	81.7	77.4 ±2.2	80.5	76.8 ±2.9	83.3	76.5 ±6.4	85.4	76.6 ±6.5	84.5	75.3 ±6.3	78.8	76.2 ±5.9
Tree Ensemble Methods	Random Forest	81.7	77.9 ±1.8	81.2	77.1 ±2.1	81.5	77.4 ±2.0	80.2	75.5 ±3.6	84.6	77.3 ±6.7	86.8	77.0 ±6.8	86.7	76.2 ±6.7	81.2	77.7 ±5.4
LightGBM	81.8	77.3 ±2.1	82.1	76.7 ±2.4	82.3	77.4 ±2.4	80.2	76.1 ±2.9	84.6	77.7 ±6.4	86.9	77.4 ±6.6	86.9	76.6 ±6.3	81.2	78.0 ±5.2
XGBoost	82.0	72.5 ±0.4	81.9	76.6 ±2.4	82.2	77.2 ±2.3	80.5	76.9 ±3.0	84.6	77.4 ±6.7	86.7	77.2 ±6.7	87.3	76.3 ±5.8	81.2	77.9 ±5.1
DRO Methods	\( \chi^2-DRO \)	81.8	77.0 ±2.3	81.2	76.7 ±2.4	81.6	76.0 ±2.7	80.2	76.3 ±3.0	82.9	75.9 ±6.9	85.4	75.6 ±7.2	83.4	74.7 ±6.2	78.4	75.5 ±4.6
CVaR-DRO	81.4	77.7 ±1.9	81.2	76.3 ±2.4	82.0	76.7 ±2.4	79.7	75.5 ±3.5	82.6	75.3 ±7.0	85.2	75.8 ±6.9	83.3	73.4 ±6.5	77.8	75.2 ±6.4
\( \chi^2-DORO \)	81.1	77.8 ±1.7	80.4	75.1 ±2.9	81.2	75.7 ±2.7	78.8	75.9 ±2.6	78.8	70.0 ±8.2	82.1	69.9 ±8.1	82.2	70.0 ±8.1	72.4	70.2 ±6.9
CVaR-DORO	80.9	76.7 ±2.0	80.5	75.6 ±2.7	81.1	75.2 ±2.8	79.6	75.8 ±2.7	80.7	73.0 ±7.2	84.3	75.4 ±6.7	81.9	69.9 ±8.1	76.4	74.2 ±5.8
Group DRO	81.9	77.7 ±2.0	81.3	77.0 ±2.2	81.7	76.8 ±2.4	79.8	75.7 ±3.6	83.3	76.1 ±6.7	85.4	76.6 ±6.6	83.5	72.8 ±6.5	72.2	70.2 ±8.2
Imbalanced Learning Methods	SUBY	81.0	75.1 ±3.1	81.5	76.0 ±2.8	82.0	76.1 ±2.8	74.8	75.7 ±1.3	79.8	72.8 ±6.4	82.3	71.5 ±7.7	77.8	71.5 ±3.4	77.8	74.9 ±3.0
RWY	81.5	75.7 ±3.0	81.8	75.9 ±2.8	82.1	76.5 ±2.7	77.7	76.2 ±1.1	80.7	75.2 ±6.4	82.5	72.2 ±7.5	83.7	74.3 ±4.5	78.7	75.6 ±3.3
SUBG	81.9	77.3 ±2.2	81.6	76.8 ±2.4	82.0	76.9 ±2.5	80.2	76.0 ±3.2	84.3	77.4 ±6.5	86.7	77.1 ±6.7	86.3	76.1 ±5.8	80.8	77.8 ±5.2
RWG	82.0	77.4 ±2.2	81.9	76.7 ±2.4	82.2	77.2 ±2.3	80.2	76.8 ±3.0	84.5	77.5 ±6.4	86.8	77.4 ±6.8	86.7	76.4 ±5.9	81.0	78.0 ±5.4
JTT	78.3	74.1 ±2.5	78.1	75.3 ±1.7	79.1	75.8 ±1.8	77.9	74.7 ±2.6	80.6	74.9 ±5.1	83.1	75.6 ±5.7	84.7	75.4 ±5.7	77.6	74.2 ±4.6
DWR	81.9	77.5 ±2.1	81.6	76.8 ±2.2	82.1	77.0 ±2.5	80.1	76.3 ±2.0	84.3	77.5 ±6.4	86.8	77.3 ±6.7	85.9	76.4 ±6.4	80.6	78.0 ±5.2
Fairness Methods	DP	81.3	76.3 ±2.4	81.0	75.4 ±2.6	81.8	76.7 ±2.4	79.3	75.5 ±3.3	84.3	77.4 ±6.4	86.6	77.2 ±6.7	86.4	76.3 ±5.8	80.6	77.8 ±5.2
EO	81.8	77.1 ±2.3	81.8	76.5 ±2.4	82.1	77.2 ±2.4	80.0	76.7 ±2.9	84.4	77.2 ±6.7	86.8	77.1 ±6.9	86.4	76.6 ±6.3	80.8	77.7 ±4.9
EP	81.8	77.2 ±2.3	81.9	76.5 ±2.5	82.1	77.5 ±2.2	80.3	76.2 ±3.3	84.4	77.3 ±6.6	86.8	77.3 ±6.6	86.4	76.5 ±6.2	80.9	77.6 ±4.9
Exp	81.4	76.8 ±2.2	0.81	75.3 ±2.6	81.8	76.5 ±2.4	79.1	75.5 ±3.1	84.5	77.5 ±6.6	86.8	77.1 ±6.8	86.4	76.6 ±6.3	80.9	78.2 ±5.2
Threshold	77.9	75.0 ±1.3	77.0	74.1 ±1.8	77.5	74.4 ±1.3	78.0	71.7 ±4.0	84.3	77.2 ±6.3	86.2	76.7 ±6.9	85.8	76.0 ±6.5	80.0	77.0 ±5.3