Table A1: The ethogram used for the ChimpACT dataset.
category	definition	subcategory	subcategory definition
locomotion	patterns of self-initiated movement of an individual	0. moving	moving horizontally, e.g., walking, running
1. climbing	moving vertically, e.g., climbing up or down a structure
2. resting	remaining stationary, e.g., standing, sitting, or lying
3. sleeping	resting and keeping eyes closed
object interaction	direct physical interactions with inanimate stationary or movable objects by hands, feet or mouth	4. solitary object playing	non-social and non-goal-directed object interaction and exploration
5. eating	consuming and processing food
6. manipulating object	manipulation of any kind of inanimate object excluding eating
social interaction	at least two chimpanzees are interacting in differentiated roles: with one individual initiating the social behavior (initiator) and one individual receiving the social behavior (recipient)	7. grooming	a chimpanzee, the groomer, is cleaning the fur, head, hand, feet, or genitals of another chimpanzee, usually using their hands and/or mouth
8. being groomed	one chimpanzee, the groomee, is getting their skin or fur cleaned by another chimpanzee
9. aggressively	a chimpanzee is showing agonistic behavior towards another chimpanzee. This can range from charging and chasing an- other chimpanzee to direct physical contact such as slapping, hitting, and biting
10. embracing	a chimpanzee is embracing another chimpanzee with their arms, not to be confused with carrying
11. begging	a chimpanzee is requesting food or another object from an- other chimpanzee, oftentimes by extending their arm, reaching, or using an open palm begging gesture
12. being begged from	a chimpanzee is requested food or another object by another chimpanzee
13. taking object	taking an object from the possession of another chimpanzee, the transfer might be resisted or not
14. losing object	the possession is taken by another chimpanzee
15. carrying	a chimpanzee (usually an adult) carries another chimpanzee (usually an infant or juvenile) on the back, front, side, arm, or leg for more than 2 steps
16. being carried	a chimpanzee (usually an infant or juvenile) is carried by another chimpanzee (usually an adult) on the back, front, side, arm, or leg for more than 2 steps.
17. nursing	a female chimpanzee is nursing (breastfed, i.e., making physi- cal contact with the nipple) an infant/juvenile
18. being nursed	an infant/juvenile is being nursed (breastfed, i.e., making physi- ical contact with the nipple) by a female chimpanzee
19. playing	a chimpanzee is physically interacting with another individual in a friendly, teasing, or mock fighting way (e.g., play fighting and other behaviors)
20. touching	a chimpanzee makes body contact with another chimpanzee (e.g., holding hands) and it does not fit with any of the other social interaction categories described above
others	other behaviors	21. erection	a male chimpanzee has an erect penis
22. displaying	a male chimpanzee, usually with puffed up hair (piloerection) and an erection, performs a dominance display, which includes walking with a swagger, swinging their arms to the sides, and making calls with increasing amplitude, commonly ending by stomping against or slapping objects. Displays can be directed at another chimpanzee or be undirected