SlowGuess/NAACL_2022_OCR huggingface dataset:
We study two-dimensional XY spin models in the two-dimensional triangular lattice using the "dynamical" renormalization group method. For the first time, we study the ground-state phase diagram of the ground-state XY Heisenberg spin chain with non-zero exchange coupling. We perform a thorough analysis of the chemical potentials and the thermodynamic properties of the ground state. We find that the thermodynamic limit of the XY model exhibits a mean-field phase diagram characterized by a disordered phase, a first-order phase transition, and a thermal phase. Our calculation illustrates the rigorous approach to demonstrate the zero temperature properties of the XY model. Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure.
The KKP equation is an  $n$ -component Green function (GFF) Hamiltonian system. The KKP equation is known to be a Lie algebra in the sense that it is a subalgebra of the  $SO(n)$  algebra  $SO(n)_1$ . In this paper we construct the  $n$ -component GS theory with a Gaussian Hamiltonian  $\bar{H}$  and a  $(1,1)$  trace-free action. We show that in this system the excitation spectrum of the  $n$ -component GS system is the same as in the sine-Gordon system except for the fact that the excitation spectrum in the KKP system is product of the spectrum in the sine-Gordon and in the KKP system. We derive the  $n$ -component GS equation using the KKP equation in the dilute state, and show that the solution of the KKP equation in a dilute state is equivalent to the solution in the sine-Gordon system. This equivalence holds, in particular, when the KKP equation is interpreted as an  $SL(2,R)$  system in terms of the second harmonic operator. We further show that this equivalence holds also for  $n$ -component GS systems with spin two and spin zero. We also derive the KKP equation for the quantum spin chain with  $n$ -component GS components, which has a non-linear sine-Gordon Hamiltonian and a periodic potential.
Table 12: Examples of abstracts generated by GPT-2 fine-tuned on physics text.
Tampered excerpt from Cooper et al. "Effect of dietary sodium reduction on red blood cell sodium concentration and sodium-lithium countertransport." Hypertension 6.5 (1984): 731-735.
Two food lines were created in the cafeteria, and a record was maintained of each meal. For Group 2, food items high in sodium were eliminated, and reduced sodium products were substituted when possible, as in the case of cheese, peanut butter, and margarine. Study nutritionists worked closely with the cafeteria staff to structure an experimental diet that was moderately reduced in sodium relative to the regular diet, yet similar in other respects. The only regular source of food for the participants was the school cafeteria. Participants were recruited on the basis of an agreement not to receive packages from home or eat meals away from school during the 24-day experimental period. A record was kept of attendance at meals. Acceptance of the experimental diet was good. As noted, only one participant withdrew based on unwillingness to adhere to the dietary regimen.
For the study, subjects were offered a control diet consisting of potatoes, beans, noodles, bar snacks, cold cereal, sweetened sodas, milk, cookies, fruit (numerous fruits, yogurt, frozen yogurt), and instant soup. In total, the diet contained 2.1 servings of meat and 10.5 servings poultry and eggs per week.
The first phase of the study lasted 24 days, with an intervening 5-day vacation, followed by a crossover of 24 days. On Days 1 and 24 of Phase I and Day 24 of Phase II, participants underwent a standard examination. Height and weight were measured in light indoor clothes, with shoes off. Blood pressure was measured after a 15-minute rest by a procedure previously described, 9 and a 15 cc sample of blood was subsequently withdrawn with minimal hemostasis from the antecubital fossa. All examinations took place between 600 and 800. Blood was transported to the laboratory within 1 hour. The batch was divided in half, and an equal number of specimens was taken from each group and analyzed either immediately or placed in storage for analysis in 48 hours.
Tampered excerpt from Khandelia et al. "Triglyceride blisters in lipid bilayers: implications for lipid droplet biogenesis and the mobile lipid signal in cancer cell membranes." PLoS ONE 5.9 (2010): e12811.
In this report, we investigate the biophysics of model membranes containing low concentrations of triglyceride molecules.
Reduced incorporation of glycosylated proteins in these membranes has been reported in vivo [26] [27] and in vitro [28] as well as in our analysis of a high salt environment [29, 30]. The reduced distribution of protein is known to reflect a decreased total availability of available constituents for substrate binding. To address this issue, the surface structure of membrane-bound proteins is studied by a combination of an energy map [31] of the full (hexagonal) and unbound (quadratic) parts of each subunit, in which the diagonal portion of this subcomplex is spatially preferentially constrained. Averaged over time, this energy mapping demonstrates a reduced physical overlap between parts that are on average loosely bound, indicating that these subunits are almost always pulled together. The contrast between the unbinding observed in soluble polymeric membranes and these highly mobile proteins suggests that the monolayer of such membranes is unable to adequately differentiate between component atoms. We find that such a system exhibits a similar geometry as a "live" membrane by which particular proteins can separate into regions of homogeneous bulk or in features termed proteasomal environments. These are structures that don't have the same means of reducing the total loading of smaller proteins that create surface areas for binding, allowing them to serve as attractive targets for degradation. Indeed, although unconformity to this model may influence membrane biophysical properties, reducing this structure should increase the translational and kinetic properties of proteins found on the cell surface [5].
Besides lipoproteins and LDs, TGLs are also present in several biological membranes at varying concentrations. The lamellar bodies of lung surfactant extracts in mammals can contain between  $0.5\%$  to  $1.8\%$  w/w TGLs [6, 7]. Ocular lens lipids contain small amounts (mg TGLs/mg phospholipids) of TGLs. TGLs are also present in intestinal membrane extracts [8]. Lysosomes contain non-negligible amounts of TGLs, for example, in cultured hamster fibroblasts [9]. In rat hepatocytes, lysosomes contain nearly  $3.7\%$  TGLs [10]. Many proliferating or activated mammalian cells in particular, have a high concentration of TGLs in membranes. Cancer cells contain as high as  $6.8\%$  TGL fraction of total plasma membrane lipids [11]. Several malignant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines contain  $2.4 - 3.2\%$  TGLs in their plasma membranes [12]. Human neutrophils contain as high as  $5.2\%$  and  $6.8\%$  TGLs in their plasma membranes before and after stimulation with lipopolysaccharides [13]. Activated macrophages [14], lymphocytes [15] and B cells [16] also contain high amounts of TGLs in their plasma membranes. In this report, we investigate the effect of low concentrations of TGLs, as found in a variety of cell types noted above, on the structure and dynamics of model membranes, with the objective of ultimately obtaining hints into the possible structural and functional role of TGLs in the plasma membrane of living systems. We have used triolein (TO) as our model TGL, and 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) as the model phospholipid.
We developed three models of the free lipoprotein fraction within the monolayer membrane: (1) a free TGN that mediates the GP diffusion chain; (2) conjugated to free human T2PP and T3PP of all lymphocyte types to subsequently allow uptake of liposomes and membranes; and (3) cytochalasin C (CXCL) immunoprecipitation experiments were performed on media from mice treated with TglII.
Table 13: Two excerpts from tampered biomedical documents. Each blue (bolded) text is generated by conditioning on the preceding human-written paragraph.
A.8 Human-detected errors in generated biomedical abstracts
The following are a list of errors we found in a subset of 75 synthetic biomedical abstracts generated by GPT-2. A similar, larger list of annotations of error types found in GPT-2 and GPT-3 generated text was recently provided by (Dou et al., 2021).
Not a real word The following words caused the annotator to mark the abstract as computer-generated:
'ProBNER'
- 'Chaos-Tector Charger'
- 'fibre preveller'
- 'gravidum'
'di-nitro-L-arginine
'Cd-FPOs'
- 'halliopeusing'
Incorrect acronym The following were acronym-related errors:
- 'left middle cerebral artery (LMCMA)'
- 'occlusion (MOOC)'
In Situ Analysis (SIA)
- 'semantic energy transport (STM)'
cross-questionnaires (CCQs)
- 'Noisy Distributed Execution (NDE)' [acronym introduced but never used again]
Coherence problem
- 'First, a proper description of Big Memory is required; In previous studies, it was stated that Stochastic Roughness is a Fundamentality for Big Memory.'
- 'The scheme is based on the framework called as a density functional, proportional basis' [has nothing to do with rest of abstract]
- 'nanofacial' [unrelated to rest of abstract]
- 'CONCLUSIONS From a therapeutic point of view, this multispectral imaging method allowed to measure all ultrasound values simultaneously and easily. Further studies with practical applications in pediatric emergency medicine could reveal specific features of various brain injury in this way.' [unrelated to rest of abstract]
- 'Parents and doctors share more in common than many researchers expect. What is available for use?'
Knowledge error: entity does not exist
- 'Nevographic Origin of Caustic Cygnosis'
R402D nuclear phytoarray
- 'the Sargento regime'
- 'SEPA insertion rule'
- '4-OHDA' [does not exist; but 6-OHDA does]
The Europir position
Knowledge error: other
- 'nonlinear RC receiver in a hydraulic grade' [strange combination of electrical and fluid mechanics terms]
- 'inflammation-related molecules staphylococcus aureus' [Not a molecule]
- 'the city of san real' [not a city]
- 'The State of Barack Obama' [not a state]
- 'premature diagnosis of asthma is significantly associated with overweight'
- 'Vaccine coverage is at such high levels in the United States that without additional initiatives, an epidemic likely will emerge within four years.'
- 'Trespassing into a host's natural area can confer adverse impacts such as diseases, extra costs, unexpected complications, disadvantages and adverse property rights' [unrealistic list]
Contradictory or illogical
Sixty-six occlusions were identified in the 60 eyes for occlusions, 31 of these  $(90\%)$  occurred in abscesses while the rest were non-occidental.
- 'Six groups of 75 children were examined by means of retrospective analysis. The first group consisted of 66 children, who received care in the neonatal intensive care unit from 29 January 1971 to 24 June 1972. The second group, consisting of 166 children,'
- 'in patients aged over 65 y of gender between 52.7 years and 70.2 years'
- 'three inference rules:' [only two rules listed]
can be partially fully filled
Odd grammar
- 'Participants' means of outcome
To compare different gastrointestinal tumors patients undergo for the intrauterine difficult caesarean section
- 'High temperature polymer is potential display material, especially in film industry' [missing determiners]
- 'Therefore, new color model for high temperature polymer is proposed. This paper introduces carbon disulfide systems and their design. Simple model is found. We used the uncertainty principle to overcome this uncertainty. The scheme is based on the framework called as a density functional, proportional basis.' ["as a" should be "a"; also missing some determiners]
- 'associated with overweight.' [adjective needs a noun]
Strange adjective
'Voo-like Gene'
non-dominant rodent
'cat-like crystals
'air-exposed mice
- 'semantic energy transport'
- 'intervertebral sedimentation'
double plasma-associated disease
- 'our algorithm usually yields evidence of a weak algorithm'
- 'Negotiation and negotiation'
- 'specialty medical specialty'
discriminant discriminative
- 'STM based STM system'
- 'processions, and subsequent processesions.'
- 'The two leading theories suggest that the incidence is an early event after acute expansion of spleen parenchyma, involving the clotting/permeability clique. In this article, we propose a new hypothesis: the incidence of double plasma-associated disease is an early event.'
- 'Interfaces and interfaces'
- 'where each property represents a property'
- 'all the vector representations (or all of them)'
- 'in making decision-decisions. Results from data from data'
- 'during the growth phase and during the growth phase,'
Semantically odd/sounds weird
the aortic roots of rats
- 'first-trimester of illness'
- 'Keeping the word has become an argument against any pretense of better strategy'
- 'Metabolic health refers to the state of health associated with the metabolism of a given substance or disease, not necessarily a testicular aspect of normal physical functioning'
- 'mothers share more than once with a physician, parent or relative'
have not clarified the communication of the ultrasound wave motion to the patient
- 'there are several non-invasive and sometimes invasive systems which would benefit from the use of these systems to an unlimited extent'
- 'reduce productivity and results of the US National Health Interview Survey'
- 'We used the uncertainty principle to overcome this uncertainty'
- 'The rate of change in hourly body temperature was recorded in the eyes of dogs'
- 'Monotreme rhythms in internal and external body temperature'