tion on evacuees' needs and locations to install routers should preferably be shared among relevant parties.

## (3) Problems Concerning the Handling of Personal Information

The results of the survey targeting disaster victims and that targeting government officials and shelter staff revealed problems of complicated procedures for providing personal information and difficulty in information sharing, although respondents showed little concern about providing content of the personal information from the perspective of the necessity to protect people's lives and property upon a disaster. In the procedures for information provision, use of individual number cards is required to be considered as an efficient means for local governments and shelters to ascertain the evacuation status.

### 3. The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake and Business Continuation

At the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake, business also suffered significant damage due to data loss and business system failure. This experience prompted companies to reconsider their measures for business continuation in the event of a large-scale disaster. On the other hand, some complain of difficulty in taking concrete measures due to required cost and security-related problems and companies' efforts cannot be evaluated as sufficient even at present, after more than five years from the Great East Japan earthquake.

Therefore, an interview survey was conducted as to what measures had been taken for business continuation, whether envisaged damage could be avoided, and what problems occurred at the time of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. The survey targeted local governments, companies, hospitals, nursing care facilities, agriculture and fisheries cooperatives, and commerce and industry associations mainly in the disaster-stricken areas. Based on the survey results, the changes from the Great East Japan Earthquake and effects brought about through the use of cloud services.

## (1) Telecommunications Carriers' Efforts for Making ICT Infrastructure Disaster Resilient

As explained above, telecommunications carriers' efforts contributed to minimizing damage to communication infrastructure at the time of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. Carriers have strengthened measures against blackouts and interruption of transmission channels as well as measures for covering the relevant areas in the event of radio suspension based on lessons from the Great East Japan Earthquake, when causes of radio suspension at mobile phone base stations were mostly blackouts and interruption of transmission channels.

As measures against blackouts, mobile power source cars and generators have been increased and deployed and battery capacity at base stations has been increased. As measures against interruption of transmission channels, multiplication of channels has been expanded and emergency recovery measures using satellite entrance lines and micro entrance lines have been developed. As measures for covering the damaged areas, mobile and in-vehicle base stations have been deployed and large-zone base stations have been installed.

In this manner, efforts have been made after the Great East Japan Earthquake to strengthen emergency recovery measures for coping with radio suspension due to blackouts and interruption of transmission channels and covering areas of base stations affected by radio suspension and these efforts worked to save many base stations at the time of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake.

## (2) Efforts for Business Continuation by Local Governments and Companies

More than half of the local governments have worked to make their core business systems redundant but those working for network redundancy remained to be around 30%.

In the meantime, around 40% of the companies have taken measures to make their systems redundant and more than half of them have been making efforts for network redundancy.

Both local governments and companies generally recognize the significance of creating redundant core business systems and take certain measures. In particular, some local governments that are not taking any measures at present answered that they consider introducing some measures at the time of the next system renewal. There was also an answer that they had taken network redundancy measures based on lessons learned from past disasters.

The significance of data backup has been increasingly recognized and all local governments and companies that provided answers are taking measures for data backup. Organizations utilizing cloud services were 60% of the local governments and 30% of the companies. Companies that have business bases at multiple locations are positively utilizing cloud services and remotely conducting data backup, but some answered that they have no plan to introduce a cloud system due to concern over economic efficiency and security.

Hospitals and nursing care facilities characteristically handle electronic health records or other highly confidential information that are indispensable for continuing business. Therefore, there is an obstacle for them to introduce cloud systems, such as due to the need to establish a backup system using paper documents, etc. in the event of a disaster.

Thanks to these measures and lessons from past disasters, the earthquake on the 14th did not cause significant damage, but the following earthquake on the 16th physically damaged business systems and disrupted networks. However, data damage was very small compared to the damage to business systems and networks and some organizations that suffered damage to their servers answered that they could recover data easily thanks to a backup system.

Among organizations that have introduced a cloud