Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
### 2. Restoration/Reconstruction from Kumamoto Earthquake

In August 2016, Kumamoto Prefecture came up with a plan for reconstruction/restoration from the Kumamoto Earthquake to be completed by FY2019.

At the end of FY2017, 40.2% of farm restoration under prefectural and other organizational projects was completed. 3 districts in the prefecture have launched infrastructure development projects to expand farmland partitions and consolidate farmlands.

Soybeans have been planted at about 660 ha out of some 1,000 ha of paddies forced to switch to non-rice crops due to water channel losses. Large farms undertake most of the soybean production, making progress in the enhancement of farming arrangements.

At the end of FY2017, 24 of 33 projects for livestock farmers' reintroduction of livestock and construction of livestock barns were completed.

The restoration of fruit sorting and other joint use facilities with national government subsidies was almost completed at the end of FY2017.

The Kumamoto Prefectural Union of Agricultural Cooperatives plans to expand a project for supporting farming labor supply in model areas to cover the whole of the prefecture by FY2019.

Farmland/farming facility restoration conditions (Unit: plans, %)

Restoration plans	Implemented plans	Completed plans
Implementation rate	Completion rate
Total	2,239	1,975	88.2	901	40.2
Prefectural	183	152	83.1	10	5.5
Other organizational	2,056	1,823	88.7	891	43.3

Note: As of the end of FY2017

Soybean harvesting at a vast farm (Kashima Town)

A furbished barn (Kikuchi City)

A restored country elevator (Kashima Town)

## Creative reconstruction through readjustment of rice paddies including destroyed sites (Kumamoto Prefecture)

In Minami Aso Village’s Otogase district, massive sediments flooded farmlands when a mountainside collapsed due to the Kumamoto Earthquake.

Farmland readjustment will be implemented in 2 years from FY2018 to raise business farmers' share of farmlands to 71% and produce napa cabbage, takana and satoimo potatoes as well as rice.

A rendering of farmland readjustment
# Summary of FY2018 Measures for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas

## Summary

- Policy priorities, fiscal measures, legislative actions, tax measures, monetary measures, policy assessment

### I. Measures to maintain and improve Japan's food self-sufficiency potential and ratio

• Initiatives to maintain and improve Japan's food self-sufficiency potential and ratio

• Measures to realize the production effort target for each major item

### I I. Measures for securing a stable supply of food

• Securing food safety compatible with international trends and securing consumer confidence

- Promotion of food and nutrition education by various people concerned, expansion of consumption of domestic agricultural products, and the preservation/succession of WASHOKU (traditional dietary cultures of Japanese people)

- Exploration of demand through the creation of new values through production, processing and distribution stages

• Strategic exploration of global market

• Establishment of comprehensive food security compatible with various risks

• Strategic reactions to international negotiations

### I II. Measures for sustainable development of agriculture

- Development of/securing business farmers for realizing a strong and sustainable agricultural structure

• Development of an environment wherein female farmers can fully exert their potential capacity

- Consolidation of farmland to business farmers and securing farmland through full-capacity operation of the Public Corporations for Farmland Consolidation to Core Farmers through Renting and Subleasing (Farmland Banks)

• Promotion of the Farming Income Stabilization Measures for business farmers and implementation of the income insurance, etc.

- Development of an agricultural production base that contributes to the acceleration of structural reform and building national resilience

• Reform of production/supply systems compatible with changes in the demand structure, etc.

• Technological innovation, etc. at production/distribution sites for realizing cost reduction and high added value

• Promotion of environmental policy such as responses to climate change

### I V. Measures for promotion of rural areas

• Maintenance/succession of local resources through steady promotion of the payment for activities to enhance multi-functionality, promotion of agriculture in hilly and mountainous areas, and performance of local community functions

• Creation of employment and income through active utilization of various local resources

- Exchanges between urban and rural areas and migration/settlement to rural areas through collaboration with various sectors

V. Measures for restoration/reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake

VI. Measures for reorganization/restructuring of relevant bodies

VII. Matters necessary for comprehensively and systematically promoting measures for food, agriculture and rural areas
## [Definitions]

### 1. Confusing terms

To know the value added of agricultural products produced in Japan, or their sales value minus physical costs

To compare the value added by agriculture as part of gross domestic product (GDP) with values in other industries and foreign countries

· Total agricultural output: 9.2 trillion yen

· Agricultural production income: 3.8 trillion yen

· Total agricultural output: 5.2 trillion yen

## Agriculture management entities

To know the number of entities engaged in agricultural production or agricultural work under contract

To know the number of households engaged in agriculture

To know the number of households producing mainly agricultural products for sales out of farm households

To know the number of agriculture business companies, community-based farm cooperatives, etc.
## Farm households

## Purpose

To know the number of all farm households including those producing agricultural products for their own consumption

To know the number of households producing agricultural products mainly for sales

To know the number of households headed by less than 65-year-old persons whose main income is from agriculture

To know the number of farm households having no non-agricultural job holders (without any age limit)

To know the number of farm households including non-agricultural job holders (without any age limit)

To know the number of farm households producing agricultural products mainly for their own consumption

## Term

Farm households $ ^{*1} $

Commercial farm households *1

Business farm households* $ ^{1} $

Full-time farm households* $ ^{1} $

Part-time farm households* $ ^{*1} $

Noncommercial farm households* $ ^{*} $ 1

## Statistical data

2.16 million households (2015)

1.2 million households (2017)

0.27 million households (2017)

0.38 million households (2017)

0.82 million (2017)

### 0.83 million (2015)

## Members of commercial farm households

## Purpose

To know the number of farm household members who worked as self-employed farmers for one day or more per year

To know the number of farm household members who worked mainly as self-employed farmers (including housewives engaged mainly in housework and childcare, students, etc.)

To know the number of farm household members who usually worked mainly as self-employed farmers (excluding housewives engaged mainly in housework and childcare, students, etc.)

## Employed farmers

## Purpose

To know the number of persons employed as farmers for a long term (seven months or more)

To know the number of persons employed as farmers for a short term (temporarily)

## Term

Farm household members engaged in own farming $ ^{*2} $

Population engaged mainly in farming $ ^{*2} $

Core persons engaged mainly in farming $ ^{*2} $

## Term

Permanently hired workers $ *2 $

## Statistical data

1.51 million persons (2017)

Temporary hired workers $ *2 $

3 million persons (2017)

1.82 million persons (2017)

## Statistical data

0.24 million persons (2017)

2.46 million (2017)
### 2. Basic statistical terminology

(1) Classification of agriculture management entities (definitions used since the 2005 Census of Agriculture and Forestry)

Terminology	Definition
Agriculture management entities*	An establishment that either performs agricultural production directly or on contract and fulfills one of the following conditions: (1) manages 30 acres or more cultivated land, (2) possesses a planted area or cultivated area or a number of livestock being raised or delivered that is equal to or greater than a predetermined standard (e.g. 15 acres for outdoor grown vegetables, 350 square meters for vegetables grown in facilities, one cow), (3) accepts farm work on contract. (Censuses from 1990 to 2000 regard agriculture management entities as the combination of commercial farm households, agricultural holdings other than a farm household, and agricultural service enterprises.)
Family management entities	Individual management entities (farm household) or a single-household corporation (a farm household that is incorporated).
Organized management entities	Agriculture management entities that do not fall under family management entities.
Single farming entities	Entities whose main agricultural product sales account for more than 80% of income from all agriculture product sales.
Semi-multiple farming entities	Entities whose main agricultural product sales account for 60% to less than 80% of income from all agriculture product sales.
Multiple farming entities	Entities whose main agricultural product sales account for less than 60% of income from all agriculture product sales (excluding the management entities without any sales).

“Agriculture management entities” is described as “Farms” in this annual report
(2) Classification of farm households (definitions used since the 1990 World Census of Agriculture and Forestry)

Terminology	Definition
Farm household	Household engaged in farming and managing cultivated land of 10 acres or more, or earning more than 150,000 yen per year from sales of agricultural products.
Commercial farm household	Farm household managing cultivated land of 30 acres or more, or earning more than 500,000 yen per year from sales of agricultural products.
Business farm household	Farm household whose main source of income (50% or more) is farming, and which possess at least one family member under the age of 65 who is engaged in self-employed farming for more than 60 days a year
Semi-business farm household	Farm household whose main income (50% or more) is from sources other than agriculture and which possess at least one family member under the age of 65 who is engaged in self-employed farming for more than 60 days a year.
Side-business farm household	Farm household without any members under the age of 65 engaged in self-employed farming for more than 60 days a year (farm households other than business and semi-business farm households).
Full-time farm household	A farm household without family members who are part-time farmers.
Part-time farm household	A farm household with one or more members who are part-time farmers.
Farm household earning main income from farming	A part-time farm household earning more income from farming than from others
Farm household earning main income from other jobs	A part-time farm household earning more income from non-farming jobs than from farming
Non-commercial farm household	A farm household managing cultivated land of less than 30 acres, and earning less than 500,000 yen per year from sales of agricultural products.
Agricultural holding other than farm household	A holding other than farm household managing cultivated land of 10 acres or more, or earning 150,000 yen or more per year from sales of agricultural products.
Agricultural service enterprise	An enterprise conducting farm work on contract (including enterprise other than agricultural holding, specializing in production and sale of seedlings).
Land tenure non-farm households	A household other than a farm household possessing 5 acres or more in cultivated land and abandoned cultivated land
(3) Farm household economics

Terminology	Definition
Total income	Agricultural income + Income from agriculture-related production + Nonagricultural income + Income from pensions, etc.
Agriculture income	Gross agricultural income (total income from farming) - Agricultural expenditures (all expenses necessary for farming)
Income from agriculture-related production	Earnings from agriculture-related production (earnings from businesses such as agricultural processing, farm-inns, restaurants and tourist farms, which are related to agriculture and managed by individuals engaged in farming) - Expenditures from agriculture-related production (expenditures such as labor and material costs required for the aforementioned businesses)
Non-agriculture income	Non-agriculture earnings (e.g. earnings from independent part-time nonagricultural businesses, salaries and wages) - Non-agriculture expenses (e.g. expenses for independent part-time non-agricultural businesses, transportation expenses for commuting)
Production cost	The production cost is the total cost (combining property and labor costs) for production of farm products minus by-product values
Material cost	Liquid goods costs (seeding, fertilizers, agricultural chemicals, heating, lighting, power and other materials costs) + Depreciation costs for fixed goods (depreciable assets including buildings, automobiles, agricultural machines and production management equipment).
Family labor cost	The family labor cost is calculated by multiplying family working hours by an average hourly wage as computed based on wage data for business establishments with five to 29 workers in the construction, manufacturing and transportation/postal industries in the Monthly Labor Survey Report (by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare).
Equity capital interest	The equity capital interest is calculated by multiplying equity capital - gross capital minus debt capital - by an annual interest rate of 4%.
Rent for owned land	The rent for owned land is based on a rent for similar farmlands (having capabilities similar to the farmland for a crop subject to the survey) within the same region.
(4) Agricultural labor by farm household members

Involvement in farming	Household member
Engaged only in farming	Engaged in both farming and other	Not engaged in farming
Mainly farming	Mainly other
Status during regular hours	Engaged mainly in work	Core persons mainly engaged in farming
(1)
Population mainly engaged in farming	(2)
Household members engaged in own farming	(3)	As a rule, people who live and earn a living together
(1) Core persons mainly engaged in farming
Among household members involved in self-employed farming (population engaged mainly in farming), those who are working mainly in agriculture during regular hours.
(2) Population mainly engaged in farming
Persons engaged only in self-employed farming, or persons who are also engaged in work other than farming but spend more time engaged in farming on a yearly basis.
(3) Household members engaged in own farming
Household members 15 years old and over who are engaged in self-employed farming for more than one day per year.
- Full-time farmers
Among persons engaged in mainly farming, those who are engaged in self-employed farming for more than 150 days per year
Permanently hired worker on farm	Refers to workers hired mainly for farm management with an employment agreement (including verbal agreement) covering a period of seven months or more (including the workers hired regardless of an employment period).
Temporary hired worker on farm	Refers to Day and/or seasonal workers hired on a temporary basis for farm management (including mutual help among farm households (labor exchange) and assistants (labor accepted for free)), but not including the laborers employed under a partial farm work contract.
It includes cases in which workers are hired mainly for non-farm management work but engaged in farm management during the busy season, as well as those who had an employment agreement for longer than seven months but quit before reaching seven months.
(5) Newcomers in agriculture (definition used in the survey on Newcomers in Agriculture)

Type of involvement in farming	Newcomers in agriculture
Mainly engaged in agriculture as self-employed	Employed fulltime by corporations, etc.	Just entering farming	Newcomers in agriculture Defined as individuals who fulfill one of the following conditions: (1) New self-employed farmers Members of family management entities whose living status has changed anytime within a year of the survey date from “student” or “employed in other work” to “new graduate who has become a farmer” or “a new farmer who changed occupations”. (2) New employed farmers Persons engaged in farming who have been hired by corporations anytime within a year of the survey date and work for their employers for 7 months a year or more. (3) New entries Persons responsible for farming started anytime within a year of the survey date by securing land and funds on their own, and their partners - Entrants to farming soon after graduation from school New self-employed farmers who have changed their status from “student” to “engaged mainly in farming”, as well as new employed farmers who were recently students.
Entrants to farming soon after graduation from school	New entries
New self-employed farmers
(1)
S
Sustainable development goals (SDGs)	Sustainable development goals (SDGs) are the entire international community's development goals for 2030, adopted unanimously at a United Nations summit in September 2015. There are 17 SDGs including those for the eradication of famine and poverty, economic growth and employment, and climate change countermeasures. The SDGs are non-binding goals urging each country to take voluntary actions commensurate with its conditions. Japan created the SDGs Promotion Headquarters under a Cabinet decision in May 2016 to implement the SDGs. The headquarters decided on the SDGs Implementation Guideline spelling out Japan's vision and priorities for implementing the SDGs in December 2016 and the SDGs Action Plan 2018 including the direction and major initiatives for providing Japan's SDGs models in December 2017. SDGs stands for "sustainable development goals."
T
TMR center	TMR stands for total mixed ration, a cow feed into which roughage, concentrated feed and additives are mixed in a well-balanced manner. A TMR center is an organization that produces TMR for supply to livestock farms.
Total agricultural output	In agricultural production, the total agricultural output is the total output of all finally completed agricultural goods. It is the amount of the item-based production volume of agricultural products minus intermediate products such as seeds and fodder to prevent overlapping calculations, multiplied by the price of each item when delivered from the farms.
V
Value chain	A value chain is a process of adding value at each step of production, processing, distribution and sales that are organically connected to each other.
W
"WASHOKU; traditional dietary cultures of the Japanese"	In December 2013, the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization registered "WASHOKU; traditional dietary cultures of the Japanese" as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. "WASHOKU" is a social practice associated with food, embodying the Japanese people's spirit of "respect for nature" with characteristics such as (1) various fresh ingredients and respect for their natural flavors, (2) nutritional balance that supports healthy diets, (3) emphasis on the beauty of nature and changing of seasons in the presentation and (4) deep ties to New Year's and other regular annual events. It is considered that Japanese people as a whole promote its protection and succession
WCS rice	WCS stands for whole crop silage, meaning a feed that is made by harvesting berries, stems and leaves integrally for lactic fermentation. WCS rice is produced for WCS for livestock, contributing to the effective utilization of rice paddies and the improvement of the feed self-sufficiency ratio.
WTO	The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization established in January 1995 as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations, which has set a wide variety of multilateral trade rules. The WTO not only addresses new trade agenda but also implements and operates these current trade rules through a dispute settlement mechanism. The headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
(3) Fisheries

Supplementary contributions of fishery to the nitrogen and phosphorus cycle	An appropriate level of fishery can help recycle nitrogen and phosphorus absorbed by marine wildlife through the food chain to land.
Conservation of coastal environments	Bivalve shellfish such as oysters and clams filter and purify seawater by feeding on organic suspension such as plankton.
Water purification	Mudflats and seaweed beds, and plants and animals that inhabit them purify seawater by decomposing organic matters, absorbing nutrient salts and carbon dioxide gas, and supplying oxygen.
Preservation of ecosystems	Appropriate fishery operations can contribute to preserving mudflats, seaweed beds and other ecosystems that provide inhabitation environments for a wide variety of water creatures.
Transfer of cultural assets such as traditional fishing practices	Cultural assets such as traditional fishing practices are passed down to future generations through the activities of people living in fishing villages.
Rescue operations in the event of marine emergencies	Fishery workers help emergency rescue operations when ships sink, capsize, become stranded, go adrift, collide or catch fire.
Rescue operations in the event of disasters	Fishery workers conduct emergency operations such as supply transportation and oil recovery during natural catastrophes, oil tanker accidents and other disasters.
Monitoring of coastal environments	The fisheries monitors abnormalities in coastal environments. For example, fishery workers assist in early detection of red tides, blue tides and jellyfish outbreaks.
Border monitoring	Activities to monitor illegal poaching of precious marine resources also protects the national interest by preventing smuggling and illegal immigration.
Functions related to providing places for exchange	The mariner industry can provide places for leisure such as marine recreation facilities and places to learn the importance of nature.
図4-2-4 EANET地域の降水中pH（2013年から2016年の平均値）

注：測定方法については、EANETにおいて実技マニュアルとして定められている方法による。なお、精度保証・精度管理は実施している。資料：EANET「東アジア酸性雨データ報告書2016」より環境省作成

## (2) 黄砂

日中韓三カ国間では、黄砂のモニタリング・早期警報及び発生源対策に関する研究を行っています。

国内では、国立研究開発法人国立環境研究所と協力して、高度な黄砂観測装置（ライダー装置）によるモニタリングネットワークを整備して、「環境省黄砂飛来情報（ライダー黄砂観測データ提供ページ）」において観測データをリアルタイムに提供しています。また、黄砂の実態解明を目指して、我が国に2016年度に飛来した黄砂に関する報告書を取りまとめ公表しました。

## 第3節 地域の生活環境に係る問題への対策

## 1 自動車騷音常時監視体制

騒音規制法（昭和43年法律第98号）に基づき規定される全国の地方公共団体（都道府県及び全ての市（特別区を含む））において、自動車騒音常時監視を実施しています。この状況は、インターネット上で「環境GIS全国自動車交通騒音マップ（自動車騒音の常時監視結果）」として、地図と共に情報提供しています。