Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
MAFF prepared a handbook in March 2018, which offers food industry managers the key points to promote work style reforms.

While the global undernourished population reaches 815 million (as announced by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in September 2017), Japan disposes of food equivalent to 2 times the food aid volume of the United Nations World Food Program (WFP).

Initiatives to extend food deadlines through the relaxation of delivery deadlines and technological development have been expanded to reduce food losses.

##

System for sales to retailers allowing farmers to determine shops and prices (national)

Nousouken Corporation’s shipment system allows farmers to attach seals of self-selected retail shops and prices to their products at shipment sites and get their products put on retail shop shelves the next morning in principle.

Farmers can get 60-65% of prices. Shop and price information provided by the corporation is used by farmers for devising packages, selecting shops and determining prices.

A bar code seal printer and a tablet computer

### 7. Exploring new demand for agriculture, forestry and fisheries products and food

Total sales related to agricultural production in FY2015 increased by 100.8 billion yen from the previous year to 1,968 billion yen.

Women accounted for 70% of employees in business operations related to agricultural production, indicating their remarkable presence.

A state infrastructure project is being implemented for research and development to discover health functions of Japanese agricultural, forestry and fisheries products and food, with medical institutions participating.

The project aims to acquire evidence and commercialize 15 or more products by FY2018 after clinical tests in FY2017.

Total annual sales related to agricultural production

Source: MAFF, “Comprehensive Survey on AFFrinnovation”
# Chapter 2 Creating Strong Agricultural Structure

### 1. Promoting structural reform of agriculture

## Agricultural income trend

Paddy farming income per farming entity in 2016 was the highest in 5 years.

Agricultural production income, which represents value added through agricultural production in Japan, totaled 3.8 trillion yen in 2016, up 500 billion yen from the previous year.

## Agricultural income per farming entity

Farming type	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Paddy farming	70.2	61.5	34.3	63.3	77.6
20ha or more	1,822.4	1,629.8	1,363.5	1,808.8	1,967.2
Vegetables grown in facilities	451.2	445.1	429.5	509.9	572.9
1ha or more	843.1	863.9	1,051.5	1,270.1	1,663.6
Dairy cattle	711.3	806.7	900.5	1,125.0	1,558.2
100 heads or more	2,125.3	2,539.8	2,689.0	3,174.2	4,771.0

Source: Prepared based on MAFF, Statistics on Farm Management and Economy by Type of Management

Note: The results of a survey on unorganized and organized farming entities and the number of farming entities in the Census of Agriculture and Forestry were used for weighted average calculation to determine income per entity.

## Consolidation of farmland through operation of the Public Corporation for Farmland Consolidation to Core Farmers through Renting and Subleasing (Farmland Banks)

The total farmland area in 2017 decreased by 0.6% from the previous year to 4.44 million ha.

Business farmers’ share of the total farmland size in FY2016 increased by 1.7 points from the previous year to 54.0%.

Farmland subleased by Farmland Banks in FY2016 totaled 43 thousand ha. Farmland subleased by Farmland Banks by the end of FY2016 totaled 142 thousand ha.

Given the target of raising business farmers' share of the total farmland area to 80% by FY2023, Farmland Banks are required to accelerate farmland consolidation in cooperation with Agricultural Committee Members for promotion of optimized farmland usage and infrastructure development projects.

In order to make use of unclaimed farmland that accounts for 20% of the total farmland, a bill has been submitted to the National Diet allowing farmland successors to rent unclaimed farmland up to 20 years to Farmland Banks with simple procedures.

## Developing and securing business farmers

The government has set a target of increasing the number of corporate management entities to 50 thousand by 2023. In 2017, the number increased by 1 thousand (4.8%) from the previous year to 22 thousand.

Sources: Prepared base on MAFF, “Statistics on Cultivated Land and Planted Area,” “Survey on Community-based Farm Cooperatives” (aggregate calculation after reclassification), MAFF surveys

Note: As of the end of fiscal year

Farmland subleased by Farmland Banks (accumulated total)

Note: As of the end of fiscal year
As productive population has continued declining from a peak in 1995, numerous industries are plagued with labor shortages.

Amid the intensification of competition to secure personnel among industries, MAFF established a panel for a work style reform in agriculture and compiled specific reform measures for farmers in March 2018.

While the number of certified farmers at the end of March 2017 fell by 1.5% from a year earlier, the number of corporate management entities among certified farmers increased by 8.0%.

While the number of community-based farm cooperatives has leveled off at around 15 thousand in recent years, corporation farms' share of the number has steadily increased.

The number of corporations that entered into farming by taking advantage of leasing methods deregulated fully under the revised Agricultural Land Act in 2009 stood at 2,676 at the end of 2016.

## Strengthening human resources

In FY2017, 21 prefectures opened agricultural management seminar attracting 441 students.

Under a Public – Private Partnership Encouraging Students Study Abroad launched in FY2013, 137 agricultural university students and 15 agricultural senior high school students conducted study abroad by the end of FY2017.

Project to Accept Foreigners for Agricultural Support in National Strategic Special Zones was launched in September 2017.

## Participation of women farmers

While women among core persons engaged mainly in farming have decreased, permanently hired female workers of organized farms have been increasing, expanding female farmers' presence at organized farms.

Under the “Nougyou-Joshi Project” campaign for women farmers to be more active in agricultural business through cooperation with various industries to tap women farmers' knowledge and experiences, project members hold public relations events at Hong Kong department stores and other sites and cooperate with educational institutions in promoting the “Team Hagukumi (development)” campaign.

Number of certified farmers

Note: As of the end of March each year

Number of community-based farm cooperatives and corporations' share

Source: MAFF “Fact-finding Survey on Community-based farm cooperatives

Note: As of February each year

Opening of agricultural management seminars

Source: MAFF

Women’s share of agricultural labor force (thousand persons)

2016	2017
Total	Number of women	Women's share	Total	Number of women	Women's share
Core persons engaged mainly in farming (in commercial farm households)	1,586	656	41.4%	1,507	619	41.1%
Permanently hired workers (at organized farms)	125	52	41.9%	128	57	44.2%

Source: MAFF, “Survey on Movement of Agricultural Structure” (aggregate calculation after reclassification)
## Revenue insurance system

➢ A revenue insurance system will be launched in January 2019 as a comprehensive safety net covering total revenue.

Revenue insurance system

The standard revenue is based on the average revenue in the past 5 years and farming plans including business size expansion during the insurance term.

### 2. Developing and conserving agricultural production infrastructure

The agriculture and rural area development project comprises (1) the development of strong farming infrastructure meeting business farmers’ needs, (2) the extension of service lives of irrigation facilities indispensable for continuing farming production and (3) the prevention and reduction of disasters to protect agriculture and rural areas from disaster risks.

By the end of FY2015, 64.7% of rice paddies were consolidated into 30 a or larger partitions.

Stock management is implemented to conserve functions of outdated farm irrigation facilities.

➢ Dam bodies including priority irrigation ponds for disaster prevention are refurbished with hazard map preparation promoted.

Image of farmland consolidation for business farmers through infrastructure development

Source: MAFF

### 3. Production trends for major farm and livestock products

## Trends in agricultural output

The number of prefectures that have increased agricultural output in the past decade stands at 34 including those where vegetable or livestock farming accounts for a high share of output. The number of those that have reduced agricultural output in the period comes to 13 including those where rice farming accounts for a high share.

Numbers of prefectures with increases and decreases in agricultural output (2006-2016 changes)

Prefectures with increases	Prefectures with high vegetable or livestock farming share	Prefectures with decreases	Prefectures with high rice farming share
34	28	13	8

Source: MAFF, Agricultural Production Income Statistics

Note: A “high share” in the table means a 30% or higher share and the largest share of agricultural output.
## Rice

No excess planting for staple food rice was seen for the third straight year as strategic crop initiatives expanded.

Business farmers’ rice production costs are some 30% lower than the national average for 2011.

As rice for food services and home-meal replacements has recently expanded its share of staple food rice demand, rice farming areas are expected to tackle production and sales meeting demand from ordinary households and that from commercial users.

A new system for rice production meeting demand without the administration sector’s allocation of a production quota has been under development since 2013 and will be launched for rice to be produced in 2018.

The first Brand Japan contest was held for livestock grown with rice for feed.

In December 2017, a certification system for rice flour products meeting non-gluten labeling guidelines was launched along with a system for recommending rice flour products meeting standards by usage.

## Wheat

The wheat planted area per entity has steadily expanded, posting large growth in prefectures other than Hokkaido.

In recent years, demand for wheat produced in Japan has increased on the development of products using Japanese wheat and the development and diffusion of new excellent varieties.

## Soybeans

The soybean planted area per entity has steadily increased, posting greater growth in prefectures other than Hokkaido.

In recent years, demand for Japanese soybeans has increased in line with growth in sales of tofu soybean cake and natto using Japanese soybeans.

Excess planting for staple food rice

Marks for certification of non-gluten rice flour products

Non-gluten rice flour certification logo mark

推奨

Recommendation

日本米粉協会

Japan Rice Flour

Assoc.

Rice flour recommendation

logo mark for expanding rice

flour use

Source: Japan Rice Flour Association

Wheat planted area per entity (Lower bars indicate indexes including 100 for 2005)

Source: MAFF, Census of Agriculture and Forestry

Soybean planted area per entity (Lower bars indicate indexes including 100 for 2005)

Source: MAFF, Census of Agriculture and Forestry
## V egetables

The vegetable planted area in 2016 decreased slightly from the previous year. While Japanese radish posted the largest production decline among vegetables, production increased for some vegetables such as green soybeans and paxi.

Vegetables for processing and other commercial uses have increased their share of total vegetable demand in Japan, Japanese vegetables’ share of vegetable demand for processing and other commercial uses has followed an uptrend. Japanese vegetables’ share of total vegetable demand in Japan has been recovering.

## Fruits

In 2016, the total fruit production area declined slightly from the previous year. Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) production posted the largest fall.

However, production expanded for good-tasting citrus fruits such as Benimadonna and Kanpei and for the high-sugar content apple of Shinano Sweet.

Shine muscat grape shipments increased in response to robust domestic demand, leading prices in 2017 to exceed the previous year’s levels.

In recent years, grape and peach exports in value have continued growing. Particularly, grape exports to Singapore and peach exports to Malaysia posted substantial growth.

## Livestock products

Livestock farming households decreased in 2017 for all species, boosting the number of livestock animals per household.

Raw milk production has declined in line with a decrease in the number of delivered cow heads.

This is mainly because beef calf prices have remained high in recent years, prompting dairy farmers mainly in prefectures other than Hokkaido to expand crossbreed production and Japanese black cattle production through fertilized ova transplantation.

Required for expanding raw milk production are the expansion of sexed semen use for dairy cattle and the development of a system for entrusting calves to secure successor cattle.

Year | Processing and other commercial uses | Home consumption
2005 | 5.56 million t (55%) | 4.46 million t (45%)
2010 | 5.26 million t (56%) | 4.08 million t (44%)
2015 | 5.47 million t (57%) | 4.10 million t (43%)

Continuing growth of fruit export value (100 for 2013)

Source: Prepared by MAFF, based on MOF, Trade Statistics

Image of securing cow through sexing semen

Note: Japanese beef cattle from dairy farmers mean Japanese black cattle produced through the transplantation of fertilized ova from Japanese black cattle to dairy cow.
A decline in the number of beef cattle for fattening has been limited. The number of beef cows for breeding increased for the second straight year.

Integrated production covering from breeding to fattening should be promoted to enhance beef cattle production infrastructure.

Beef exports in value have continued growing, expanding 3.3-fold in the past 5 years.

The land area planted with feed and forage crops has continued an uptrend due mainly to increasing production of rice for feed in the past several years.

Ecofeed production volume has increased almost persistently.

Given that feed accounts for 30-70% of livestock farming costs, switching from imported feed vulnerable to the influence of international prices and currency exchange rates to domestic feed is important for enhancing livestock farming infrastructure.

Integrated production's share of beef cattle

Continuing growth of beef export value (100 for 2013)

Source: Prepared by MAFF, based on MOF, Trade Statistics

Ecofeed production volume and ecofeed's share of concentrated feed

Note: TDN stands for total digestible nutrients, meaning the volume of nutrients livestock can digest.

## Agricultural damage from natural disasters in FY2017

Heavy rains and windy storms caused by five typhoons and rainy season fronts brought about 126.4 billion yen in agricultural damage (by the end of January 2018).

The dispatch of technicians to disaster-hit areas and prompt mutual aid money payments supported disaster-affected farmers.

Heavy rains from Typhoon No. 3 and rainy season fronts, Typhoon No. 18 and Typhoon No. 21 were designated as serious disasters.

Heavy snow caused 4.4 billion yen in agricultural damage (by March 29, 2018). Subsidies for greenhouse introduction and other support measures were taken for disaster-hit farmers.

Heavy rains in northern Kyushu

Collapsed rice paddy boundary (Oita)

Sediment flowing into a persimmon orchard (Fukuoka)

Heavy snow in Hokuriku and Hokkaido

collapsed agricultural greenhouse (Fukui)

A damaged stable (Hokkaido)
### 1. Work environment

### 4. Promoting measures to enhance agricultural production competitiveness

## Promoting smart agriculture

11 consortium-based AI technology development projects are being implemented. Regarding IoT technology, a remotely controlled water control system was developed in FY2017.

Regarding robot technology, a self-driving system for a tractor under human surveillance is being developed for commercialization in 2018.

➢ Guidelines for the development and introduction of automatic flying objects were revised for promoting crop-dusting drones.

A prototype was built in December 2017 for agricultural data cooperation infrastructure contributing to Society 5.0 for agriculture.

Initiatives to use advanced technologies for agriculture in cooperation with the industrial world are making progress.

## Moves to lower Agricultural input prices

“AGMIRU,” a website for the comparison of agricultural inputs, was opened in June 2017 in order for farmers to compare and select agricultural material sellers.

For agricultural chemicals, a new registration system for use on crop group was introduced to fruit group in April 2017.

Fertilization standards that have led to small-volume production of numerous fertilizers are being revised.

➢ Feed companies are taking advantage of the business restructuring scheme created by the Agricultural Competitiveness Enhancement Support Act.

## Promoting farming safety measures

The annual number of farming accident deaths remained around 350 in recent years.

In March 2017, “Risk Chart for Farmers Safety” was developed as an enlightenment material applicable to various types of farmers for distribution to agriculture extension advisers who diffuse and use the material for farmers.

## Rice paddy water control system using IoT technology

Source: Prepared by MAFF based on data from National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)

## Mechanism of “AGMIRU” agricultural input comparison website

Source: MAFF

## Risk Chart for Farmers Safety (Excerpts on brush cutters)

Item	Points for checking	Checking space	priority
Yes	No
Work site	A slippery slope has scaffoldings or small stairs.
Before brush cutter operation, you should confirm the work site and check if there are structures, stocks, wires, stones or cans.
You should not do brush cutter operation when the work site is slippery due to morning dew or rain.

You should not do brush cutter operation when the work site is slippery due to morning dew or rain.

Operation on right conditions for brush cutting can enhance safety and efficiency. Full preparations are required, including the wearing of spiked boots.

① Brush cutting operation should be limited to two hours per day, with one continuous operation limited to 30 minutes followed by a 5-minute rest (to prevent vibration disorder).

② You should avoid brush cutting operations under the
### 5. Promotion of environmental policy such as responses to climate change

The United Nations’ sustainable development goals (SDGs) include climate change mitigation and adaptation, and biodiversity loss prevention.

As some agricultural products have had quality losses on global warming, the introduction of varieties mitigating such quality losses is promoted.

Measures are promoted to reduce methane emissions from paddy fields as well as methane and dinitrogen monoxide emissions from livestock excrement.

▶ Ecofriendly agriculture including organic farming contributes to conserving the habitat/growth environment for living things.

The total size of farmland certified as meeting organic JAS standards has remained around 10 thousand ha in recent years.

Rice and apple quality losses on average temperature change

A questionnaire survey of general agricultural cooperatives and farmers on agricultural cooperative reform indicates an increasing percentage share of those that started business reform initiatives. However, general agricultural cooperatives have some gap with farmers over business reform.

The new post of agricultural committee member for farmland use optimization promotion, created through an agricultural committee reform, has been being given to agricultural committee members upon their elections.

Agricultural mutual relief associations are preparing for establishing their national federation to implement a new revenue insurance.

Regarding land improvement districts, a bill has been submitted to the National Diet for switching to a land improvement system reflecting cultivators' opinions adequately and increasing procedural efficiency for land improvement at a time when non-farm households having farmland are increasing.

Farmland certified as meeting organic JAS standards

Cross-section of white immature rice grain

Cross-section

of normal rice

grain

### 6. Agriculture-related organizations supporting agriculture

Apple color variation

Questionnaire survey on agricultural cooperative reform

Category	Respondents	FY2016 survey	FY2017 survey
Those who answered that they have started specific initiatives to reform agricultural products sales	General agricultural cooperatives	68.0%	87.7%
Farmers	25.6%	32.2%
Those who answered that they have started specific initiatives to reform production materials purchases	General agricultural cooperatives	65.5%	88.3%
Farmers	24.0%	34.1%
Those who answered that agricultural cooperatives are having thorough talks with cooperative members on how to sell agricultural products and how to select cooperative executives.	General agricultural cooperatives	48.9%	76.6%
Farmers	21.9%	30.6%

Source: MAFF
経営主の氏名又は農林業経営体の名称・代表者名

住所又は所在地

電話番号

市区町村名
市区町村	旧市区町村	農業集落	調査区	経営体

# 2005年農林業センサス

## 農林業経営体調査票

都府県用 (沖縄県を除く)

平成17年2月1日現在

記入する前に、必ず「調査票の記入の仕方」をご覧ください。

この調査票は、統計以外の目的には使用しませんので、ありのままを記入してください。

最初にすべての方が記入してください。

1 家族による経営（農家又は林家）ですか。

(該当する番号を必ず一つで囲みます)

2 経営の法人化の状況等について記入してください。

(該当する番号を必ず一つで囲みます)

家族による経営である	家族による経営でない
101	1	2

法人化している

102 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

3 本社・支社の別について記入してください。

(該当に○印を記入します)

支社・支店の場合は、本社・本店の名称、所在地、電話番号を記入してください。

本社·本店

名称

所在地

電話番号

1で「家族による経営である」と答えた方

1で

「家族による経営でない」

と答えた方
## 用語の説明

・経営主とは、男女を問わず、農業経営又は林業経営の責任を負っている者とします。

・農業経営(林業経営)の後継者とは、満15歳以上の者で、経営主から次の代に農業経営(林業経営)を継承することが確認されている者とします。

～平成17年1月）の状況について記入してください。 は8時間とし、例えば半日ずつ2日働いたら1日とします）

業 以 外 の 仕 事 状 況

林業のみを行っている方は

10ページの[11]山林に進んでください。
## 【2】農業経営の特徴

表紙の設問で「家族による経営である」と答えた方のみ記入してください。

1 農業経営について、家族で経営移譲や労働条件、収益の分配等について取り決めを行っていますか。

(該当する番号を必ず一つ〇で囲みます)

行っている	行っていない
109	1	2

2 農業経営について複式簿記を記帳していますか。

(該当する番号を必ず一つ〇で囲みます)

記懐している	記懐していない
110	1	2

3 農業経営について青色申告を行っていますか。

(該当する番号を必ず一つ〇で囲みます)

行っている	行っていない
111	1	2

6 消費者や農産物販売業者等との契約により、農産物の生産を行っていますか。

(該当する番号を必ず一つ〇で囲みます)

行っている行ってくない
115	1 2

## 7 環境保全型農業への取組

地域の慣行（地域で従来から行われている方法）に比べて化学肥料や農薬の使用量を減らすことや、堆肥による土作りをして環境への負担を軽減した農産物の栽培（販売目的）を行っていますか。

(該当に○印を記入します)

表紙の設問で「家族による経営でない」と答えた方で、かつ、「法人化していない」と答えた方のみ記入してください。

4 協業経営を行っている場合は参加世帯数を記入してください。

(該当に○印を記入します)

5 農業経営には、集落内に居住している楓ね半数以上の世帯が参加していますか。

(該当する番号を必ず一つ〇で囲みます)

参加している	参加していない
114	1	2

## 8 農業生產閱蓮事業

農業生産に関連した事業を行っていますか。

(該当に○印を記入します)

→ 該当する場合は、過去1年間の利用者数を

記入してください。	千 百 十 人
観 光 農 園 118
農 家 民 宿 119
農家レストラン 120