confiscation and collection of equivalent value in the Penal Code in that the target is not limited to tangible property, but is extended to deposit claims, etc. and that confiscation and collection of equivalent value are compulsory. Moreover, it can be prohibited by court order to dispose drug crime proceeds which should be confiscated prior to court decision in order to ensure the confiscation of the proceeds. As the risk of disposal by a criminal will be raised if he/she knows of the commencement of investigation, the court can issue a securance order even before the prosecution upon request of a police officer, etc. with a fixed period of 30 days, which could be renewable.

## 2 | Organized Crimes Punishment Law

As described in Chapter 1, the Organized Crimes Punishment Law was enacted based on the extension of predicate offences in the revised FATF "40 Recommendations" and the international agreement on the establishment of an FIU, and was enforced in February 2000. In terms of criminal proceeds regulations, this law is characterized by the extension of the scope of predicate offences from drug crimes stipulated in the Anti-Drug Special Law to certain serious crimes.

(1) Punishment of money laundering (Article 9 through 11)

According to the Organized Crimes Punishment Law, changing a director, etc. as a means of managing an enterprise, etc. using criminal proceeds shall be punished as another type of money laundering crime, in addition to acts of disguising, concealing, and receiving stipulated in the Anti-Drug Special Law.

(2) Confiscation, collection of equivalent value and securance mesures (Article 13 through 16, 22, 23, 42)

The system of confiscation and collection of equivalent value provided in the Organized Crimes Punishment Law is subject to the discretion of the court, unlike the system provided in the Anti-Drug Special Law. However, it has been strengthened compared to the existing system in the Penal Code in that the target is extended to monetary claims, assets obtained as the fruit of criminal proceeds are also within the scope, securance measures have been established, and so on.

At the time of the enactment of the Organized Crimes Punishment Law, it was stipulated that so-called "Crime victim property", such as proceeds obtained through fraud, etc. may not be confiscated in consideration of damage claims by victims. However, the law was partially revised (enforced in Dec. 2006) to enable confiscation in certain cases where the crime is considerably organized or it will be difficult to recover the damage by civil proceedings due to money laundering or other reasons.

## Section2

## Outline of the Act on Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds

As described in Chapter 1, the Act on Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds is a new law created on the basis of existing laws, i.e. the whole part of the Law on Customer Identification by Financial Institutions and a part of the Organized Crimes Punishment Law and also in response to the revised FATF "40 Recommendations" of 2003 and modification and modernization of money laundering techniques. The law provides for a system to prevent transfer of criminal proceeds, including customer identification, preparation and preservation of transaction records,