this paper are the collaborative works with Profs. Y. Miura, Y. Benino and S. Sakida of Okayama University, and the experimental data used are provided by the former and current students in our research group. The author would like to thank all the colleagues for their supports.

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Tokuro Nanba graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1984 and received Ph.D in Engineering from the University of Tokyo in 1989. He worked as a Research Associate in Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo from 1989 and in Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University from 1990. He was promoted to Lecturer in Faculty of Engineering in 1992, Associate Professor in Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology in 1994, and Professor in Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University in 2006. In 1995 and 1996, he joined the research group of Professor John Kieffer in the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a visiting scholar. His research interests are material science and environmental engineering in ceramic materials.