structural measures) in addition to infrastructure development (structural measures) as indicated by the example of the Hiromura Breakwater.

## ○ Reference Materials

Akira Tamura. (1992). Edo Tōkyō machizukuri monogatari Seisei/Hendo/Yugami: Jiji Press Ltd.

Hiroshi Matsumura. (2007). Ronkō Edo no hashi: Kajima Institute Publishing Co., Ltd.

Hidenobu Jinnai, Hosei daigaku Jinnai kenkyushitsu. (2013). Mizu no toshi edo tokyo: Kodansha Ltd.

Central Disaster Prevention Council. (2004). Expert panel report on handing over lessons learned from disasters: Cabinet Office

Central Disaster Prevention Council. (2004). Report on Great Fire of Meireki in 1657 in Edo: Cabinet Office

Masao Suzuki. (2006). Super visual version Edo-Tokyo no chiri to chimei: Nppon Jitsugyo Publishing

Hideo Nakamura. (1997). Infrastructures in Tokyo supporting the major metropolitan: Gihodo Shuppan Co., Ltd

Yasuo Tsugawa. (2011). From Edo to Tokyo--How the major metropolitan Tokyo was created?: Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha, Ltd.

Shibuya Folk and Literary Shirane Memorial Museum. (2008). Regional history told by Shibuya River “Haru-no-Ogawa”

## (2) Infrastructure development that supported economic growth after World War II

After the end of the Pacific War in 1945, Japan restored and reconstructed from war damage and showed dramatic economic growth after just 10 years of post-war reconstruction period.

During the high economic growth period, when various infrastructure developments were a pressing task due to rapid population increase mainly in Tokyo, expansion of cities, motorization and the like, the hosting of 1964 Tokyo Olympics was decided. This event required all-out efforts of the nation and large-scale infrastructure development mainly in Tokyo was conducted. This started the enhancement of Japan's rich livelihood infrastructure, from the period of high economic growth until now.

As more than 70 years have passed since the war, we look at the post-war infrastructure development, which is deeply connected to Japan’s economic development, as follows.

## (Flood control projects)

A series of large-scale typhoons, including Kathleen, hit Japan from the late 1940s to 1950s, causing frequent and significant damage (Figure 1-2-25). After Ise Bay Typhoon in 1959, long-term plans and legislation for flood control projects (10-year plan or five-year plan) were developed for the first time. To counter repeated flood damage, the significance of flood prevention and sediment-related disasters together with flood control became recognized. Also, water resource development, by way of multi-purpose dams for flood control and water utilization, was pushed forward in order to meet rapidly increasing demand for industrial water and municipal water in association with economic development.

At the same time, sudden urbanization caused various river related problems, such as surges in serious water shortages and sediment-related disasters during the high

Figure 1-2-25

Damage by 1947 Typhoon Kathleen (Kuki City, Saitama prefecture (former Kurihashi Town))

Source) MLIT

economic growth period. Because of the construction of dams to counter severe water shortages, water supply restrictions were largely decreased in recent years. Furthermore, comprehensive flood control measures including permeation and retention of rainwater together with river improvement and warning and evacuation systems together with countermeasures against debris flows have been conducted.