Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
For the basic policy of the construction of business scheme, the private sector that is in charge of maintenance management receives proper profit and makes for an attractive business by improving the sophistication of the project itself. Another element of the basic policy was to construct and introduce the mechanism that benefits each element of private partnership such as the mitigation of tasks for public workers and the reduction of maintenance management cost. Because of this, the comprehensive entrustment of operations to the private sector was considered. In FY 2016, which is the first year, the contract term is set to a year and for the part of prefectural road that crossed Route 4, they determined that the outsourcing of operations such as road maintenance, patrol, snow removal and other road-related operations in a comprehensive manner (Figure 2-2-22). For the days to come, the operation process and costs are monitored to proceed with the entrustment after the next fiscal year.

In addition, in the exchange of opinions with private businesses conducted in November 2015, the private sector passed on their opinions about the expansion of area and business scale, as well as the extension of contract term. Fukushima plans on expanding entrusted operations into other sectors besides roads such as rivers, area expansion, and introduction of a contract term to multiple years. Other opinions include the necessity of

Figure 2-2-22

The entrustment scope and target lines in FY 2016.

Regular contract method	Project name
Unit price contract	(i) Road maintenance and repair operation
(ii) Pavement maintenance and repair operation
(iii) Snow removal operation
(iv) Anti-freeze agent dispersal operation
Total price contract	(i) Road patrol operation
(ii) Road plant management
(iii) Road environment beautification operation
(iv) Road weed removal operation
Source) Developed by MLIT based on the materials provided by Fukushima

participation of corporations that are acquainted locally and their desire to establish supervisors that oversee these corporations. In respond to these opinions, Fukushima plans on determining the implementation of trial run of the comprehensive work consignment to private sector in FY 2016 to consider the possibilities of introduction and its effects (Figure 2-2-23).
Currently, Japan has a small number of cases that implemented the comprehensive work consignment to private sector in the maintenance management projects. Because of this, there are insufficient operation know-how and information sharing among local governments. MLIT works with local governments for the maintenance management of Sanjo and Ube, Fukushima, aiming to realize the implementation of comprehensive work consignment to private sector so as to share various challenges and review improvement measures specifically.

As just described, in order to proceed with effective public-private partnership, the public-private partnership dialogue, and the development of scheme for a win-win relationship is essential. With this, the private demand is stimulated to enable the development and operation of infrastructure that utilizes the strength of each public-private partnership.

## 2 The initiatives of the Minister of Land administration for the promotion of PPP/PFI projects

## (1) Formation of regional platform

In the Basic Policy on Economic and Fiscal Management and Reform 2015, the government aims to develop and disseminate the PPP/PFI method using the regional platform through industrial-academic-government-financial cooperation for the nationwide implementation of PPP/PFI.

Aiming to share information and knowhow for PPP/PFI of regional public-private MLIT establishes a regional platform as a place of discussion for industrial-academic-government-financial cooperation. In FY 2015, Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku and Kyushu established a core member conference (32 industrial organizations, 153 government organizations, 20 academic organizations and 61 financial organizations) and hold a seminar to introduce preferable cases in six locations (Sendai City, Hiroshima City, Tokyo, Fukuoka City, Osaka City and Nagoya City) (about 1,100 participants). In addition, the government support each local government at their request to form a regional platform to discover and implement specific PPP/PFI projects in order to solve their challenges (Figure 2-2-24).
## (2) Pioneering PPP support projects

As for the introduction of PPP/PFI, it requires various studies and information maintenance regarding business methods and the division of roles for public-private partnership. Because of this, the MLIT grands the costs related to the research of introduction possibilities for local governments considering the utilization of advanced PPP/PFI method to support the formulation of projects. The contents of support are divided into two support types: the first is the business method consideration support type, which supports research funds for the introduction and implementation of advanced PPP projects for the types of facilities, project scale, patterns, and methods, and the second is information improvement support type, which supports research costs for the maintenance of necessary information to determine the introduction of PPP projects. These are used in the research of Sendai Airport that introduced the concession method and Seien basin sewage works of Hamamatsu-shi that is in progress of this method. For the days to come, the dissemination of the area's PPP/PFI will be advanced as part of the support projects.

## Section 3 The Results of Opinion Poll and Analysis of Private Businesses

As described in section 1 of this chapter, the prioritization of investment in businesses with high stock effects is sought after and it is important to have the viewpoint of smart investment and use, which the infrastructure development is utilized to gain benefits by putting in small investment and the existing infrastructure is ingeniously used.

From these viewpoints, as we consider that it is necessary to grasp the needs of private businesses that conduct business activities that actually use infrastructure in order to determine the direction of infrastructure development and utilization for the future, we conducted a survey targeting private businesses across the country.

In this section, to study the awareness on the infrastructure of private businesses, we analyzed the awareness and needs related to the infrastructure development for each industry of private businesses centering on the results of business survey of the MLIT Note 49, which was implemented in February 2016, with the aim of introducing the awareness of business environment surrounding the private businesses.
## General theory: Diverse types of awareness among private businesses

Speaking of private businesses, depending on the difference of business category, facility function, business scale, and location, there should be a variety of needs and awareness toward the infrastructure of private businesses such as the business activity process, strategies for maintaining and growing business and business activities.

In order to prioritize the investment to businesses with high stock effects, as well as to induce private demand, it is important to strengthen the cooperation with private businesses. Although it is not realistic to consider and reflect all of the diverse needs for private businesses that are analyzed and introduced in this section, the key is to make an adjustment of priority and time axes with our eyes set on maximizing the stock effect by which the supplier understands that there are various needs among consumers.

## (1) The importance of infrastructure by business category and facilities

We surveyed the difference in infrastructure needs for each business category and facility. The following casually introduces distinguishing results (Figure 2-3-1).

## (Roads)

The results show that the importance of roads is the highest in all industries. In particular, the business categories that are assumed to move products and materials in a broad area show a high degree of importance in mining, construction business, manufacturing industry, wholesale, retail, transportation, and communication.

## (Local public transportation)

The results showed that there are high needs in the tertiary industry, which is the service industry (restaurant and lodging industry, medical and public welfare).

## (Levee/Dam)

The results showed that the importance in the agriculture, forestry and fishery is nearly twice higher than in other industries.

## (Ports and harbors)

The results showed that the importance in the transportation, communication, agriculture, forestry, and fishery is higher. The transportation and communication are the industries that indicate the highest importance for ports, harbors, and roads.

## (Airports)

The processing and assembly industries/Manufacturing industry showed a higher importance than other industries. The unit price per weight of products and low general-purpose properties might also affect the results.

In addition, while the difference of facilities (such as office, plant, research and development center, shops and warehouse) did not indicate major distinction and the office, sales facilities show a higher need for local public transportation (Figure 2-3-2).
Figure 2-3-1

The importance of infrastructures by business categories

(Notes) 1 Analysis was done excluding No response.

2 The comparison of the total number of infrastructures (top three) that are thought to be important for business activities in each industry.

3 A total of all business categories includes 76 businesses that could not be categorized.

Source) Business Survey by MLIT

Figure 2-3-2

The importance of infrastructures by facilities

(Note) The comparison of the total number of infrastructures (top three) that are thought to be important for each facility. Source) Business Survey by MLIT

## (2) Other distinctive consciousness

The businesses survey by MLIT offered separate individual interviews to contractors (implemented in 2015) and the willingness to invest in infrastructures in accordance with the business plan (promotion early development by bearing development costs partially) and the will for contributing the regional disaster prevention by offering the company’s own facilities at the time of disaster (offering the rooftop facilities as an evacuation site at the time of floods, etc.), showing diverse types of awareness.

## (3) Satisfactory survey

We surveyed a satisfaction level of each infrastructure. While the results vary by the subjective views of businesses, the location of businesses and the characteristics of business categories, we introduce some of the distinctive results just as a reference.
## (Expressways)

Expressways are the only infrastructure that the total of “Satisfied” and “Somewhat satisfied” accounts for over 50% among the entire business categories, and a certain satisfaction level was confirmed (Figure 2-3-3).

By business categories, the total of “Satisfied” and “Somewhat satisfied” accounts for over 50% in most of the business categories. In particular, the satisfaction level of the manufacturing industry reaches over 70%. However, the agriculture, forestry and fishery and restaurant/the lodging industry went below 50%.

Also for the monitor survey Note 50, we saw a relatively high satisfaction level (Figure 2-3-4).

Figure 2-3-3

Figure 2-3-4

## (High-speed railway)

The total of “Satisfied” and “Somewhat satisfied” accounts for just below 40%, which we confirmed a certain level of satisfaction followed by the expressways. By business categories, the mining, construction business, manufacturing industry, wholesale and retail industries showed a relatively high satisfaction. On the other hand, agriculture, forestry and fishery, restaurants, lodging industry, transportation and communication industry showed lower satisfaction (Figure 2-3-5).
Although it is not necessarily appropriate, the results suggest there are possibilities that the size of business activity area has an impact. It leaves an impression that the business categories that seem to have a relatively high use frequency among business activities have a high satisfaction and there might be a correlation between use frequency and satisfaction level.

On the other hand, the satisfaction level reached about 70% in the monitor survey and there is the major difference of the satisfaction level between business and private use. In addition, the results of monitor survey have major regional difference and as of the survey, the areas without Shinkansen railways showed a low percentage in Hokkaido, Shikoku and a part of Kyushu (Figure 2-3-6). After the opening of Hokkaido Shinkansen in March 2016, we expect that the satisfaction level will increase in Hokkaido.

Figure 2-3-5

Satisfaction level for high-speed railways

(Note) A total of all business categories includes 76 businesses that could not be categorized. Source) Business Survey by MLIT

Figure 2-3-6

Satisfaction level for high-speed railway (Monitor survey)

| Fully satisfied | Somewhat satisfied | Somewhat dissatisfied | Dissatisfied | Do not know | No response
Overall total | 28.2 | 40.9 | 13.3 | 9.1 | 8.1 | 0.3
Hokkaido Total | 4.6 | 36.9 | 23.1 | 18.5 | 16.9 | 0
Tohoku Total | 27.7 | 50.6 | 9.6 | 6 | 6 | 0
Kanto Total | 34.4 | 43.1 | 12.4 | 4.6 | 5 | 0.5
Hokuriku Total | 19.4 | 50 | 16.1 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 1.6
Chubu Total | 34.3 | 37 | 15.7 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 0
Kinki Total | 32.8 | 45.6 | 8.8 | 7.2 | 4.8 | 0.8
Chugoku Total | 39 | 39 | 11 | 9.8 | 1.2 | 0
Shikoku Total | 11.3 | 38.7 | 16.1 | 19.4 | 14.5 | 0
Kyushu Total | 25.7 | 27.5 | 13.8 | 14.7 | 18.3 | 0

Source) Monitor survey by MLIT
## (Local public transportation)

Compared to other infrastructure, the results showed that the dissatisfaction level is the highest (Figure 2-3-7).

We can assume that this is because it relates to daily living more closely than other infrastructure and people are likely to feel convenience and the level of demand is high. Although people are also familiar with the general roads (it was followed by the local public transportation), it is possible that there is gap with local public transportation because services are not involved with the general roads.

The results of monitor survey also showed that the dissatisfaction level is high (Figure 2-3-8).

Figure 2-3-7

Satisfaction level for local public transportation

(Note) A total of all business categories include 76 businesses that could not be categorized. Source) Business Survey by MLIT
## 2 Each theory: Consciousness toward the infrastructure of private businesses for each policy issue

(1) The productivity of tertiary industry

As described in Section 1, Chapter 1, Japan has been seeing an increasing proportion of tertiary industries due to the changes of industrial structure after the war to present year by year. In recent years, while the ratio of tertiary industry for all industries exceeds 70%, the productivity of Japan’s tertiary industry is considered low. The improvement of productivity for the tertiary industry is a major issue in order to achieve Japan’s economic growth.

In this section, as the tertiary industry, the retail industry, restaurants, medical and public welfare industries are used for analysis.

## (Consciousness toward the improvement of productivity in tertiary industry)

First, we checked what businesses expect from infrastructure for the improvement of productivity in all business categories (Figure 2-3-9). Next, by comparing their expectation in tertiary industry and other business categories, we confirmed gap in both cases.

For all business categories, people have high expectation on the traveling (transport) time and cost reduction, followed by the convenience of commuting in order to secure employees. On the other hand, the tertiary industry is often B to C (Business to Customer), which is the business for individual customers, and has a higher interest in the item related to attracting customers. Because of the characteristic of B to C business, this result is obvious. However, let us look at the item of “the aggregation of market (compacting)”. When comparing the tertiary industry with

(Note) Comparing the total number of expectations for infrastructure at each business development (market expansion, improved productivity for corporate activities, innovation, and their expectations).

Source) Business Survey by MLIT

other business categories, while we could not confirm the difference that directly leads to attract customers, such as “the ease of attracting customers” and “the creation of lively space”, the results showed that “the productivity improvement by market” is high (approx. 6.0% for the tertiary industry and approx. 4.9% for other industries than the tertiary industry: approx. 5.0% of the average of all business categories) (Figure 2-3-10).

This is perhaps seem to be the orientation leading to “compacting and network”. We expect to see the possibility that the direction of future community development in Japan that is faced with population decline, and the direction of improving productivity in private business will match.

At present, although the gap is small, if the awareness of “the aggregation of market leads to the improvement of productivity” spreads within the tertiary industry in relating to the expectation toward infrastructure, it is possible that the gap will become more significant with other industries in the future.
Here, let us introduce the results of awareness survey by monitor survey about the compacting and network. While the recognition level is low, when asked about the importance after showing the detail, a large percentage of people said it is important (Figure 2-3-11 and 2-3-12).

These results indicate the necessity of activity for understanding the importance of community development that is suitable for the time by spreading the idea of compacting and network.

| I have heard it before and know what it means. | I have heard it before but do not know what it means. | I have never heard of it. | No response
total | 15.5 | 19.5 | 64.2 | 0.8
## (2) Willingness to show ideas for the effort of smart use

As we consider that the private businesses using the infrastructure (infrastructure users) possibly have various opinions and ideas toward the ingenuity of operating facilities (smart use), we surveyed their willingness to show ideas for the effort for smart use.

Overall, the businesses who answered they wanted to participate fell below 5%. However, the results show that the restaurants and lodging industry prominently account for a large portion (approx. 15%) and the base material type manufacturing industry accounts for extremely small (approx. 2%) (Figure 2-3-13). When looked at more detailed business categories, the lodging industry accounts for over 20% and we can see that there is willingness to differentiate by the efficiency of business activities and the improvement of services by utilizing existing facilities.

Besides the analysis for each business category, it is necessary to notice the level of willingness to participate as a whole. One of the reasons (low willingness) is that they are not familiar with such an effort in the question and some people might feel that they take infrastructure as given. It is desirable that the response of “Neither” that occupies nearly 65% this time will change to “Want to participate.” To do this, it is necessary to introduce stock effects that the smart use of infrastructure increases productivity in an easy-to-understand manner and continue effort to encourage people to understand that the infrastructure relates closely to their own corporate activities and make it a target for taking part in the utilization.

Figure 2-3-13

Willingness to participate in the effort for smart use.

(Notes) 1 We asked a question after explaining the toll setting that does not rely on a route, the flexible operation of facilities as an example of the effort for smart use of infrastructures. 2 For the analysis of trends, it is displayed by excluding "other" and "No response".

Source) Business Survey by MLIT
(3) Consciousness of bearers in logistic industry (Transport and communication industries)

In order to make a survey of the current situation of labor shortage in private businesses, with reference to the DI of the Short-term Economic Survey of Enterprises in Japan (Tankan) by the Bank of Japan Note $ ^{51} $ , it indicates the shortage of personnel is larger than the shortage of facilities (Figure 2-3-14). What is more, according to the results of other survey, we can confirm that the medium-sized enterprises (Below ¥1 billion of capital) especially in non-manufacturing industry experience a major shortage of labor (Figure 2-3-14, 2-3-15, and 2-3-16).

The Business survey by MLIT showed that for the question whether or not they attach weight on the countermeasures of logistic efficiency, many contactors answered the countermeasures for labor shortage. Generally, the above results were obtained in all industries, although with little difference, securing human resources has been a issue for private businesses. In particular, the survey on the transportation and communication industries indicates more marked results. Next, there were opinions that the improvement of working condition is viewed as a problem, shedding light on a sense of insecurity toward the securement of bearers (Figure 2-3-17).

Source) Developed by MLIT based on the website of Development Bank of Japan Inc.

Source) Developed by MLIT based on the website of Bank of Japan.

Necessary personnel is secured.

Currently, personnel are secured but there is a concern that we cannot secure them in the future.

Necessary personnel cannot be secured.

Note 51 It is an abbreviated name of Diffusion Index, which is an indexation of various determination elements such as corporations' business condition and the excess and deficiency of facilities and employees.
## ■ Future development

In order to achieve logistic efficiency, when we surveyed what people expect from infrastructure, the development of regional road network (about 69%) and the maintenance of expressways (about 47%) topped the list, indicating their desire to further enhance the road network (Figure 2-3-18).

On the other hand, of the transport and communication industries, the issue of the shortage of bearers especially in the logistic industry causes a number of problems to be solved in soft aspects such as a decline of truck loading ratio, occurrence of waiting time, unnecessary redelivery of package delivery services and the improvement of working condition. For that reason, with the cooperation of various parties concerned from cargo owners to logistic companies, these problems can be solved to make logistics efficient and sophisticated. It is also necessary to lead to efficient use of the existing transportation and logistics infrastructure. In addition, the introduction of new technologies such as the automatic operation, automatic platoon running of trucks, low floor flat car for railway transportation and package delivery using drones, which are currently under development and determination, are considered effective measures.

In addition, to introduce the results of monitor survey for reference, over 60% answered they want to use the automatic driving and over 30% answered they want to use a package delivery service by drones (including “somewhat want to use”) (Figure 2-3-19 and 2-3-20).

Figure 2-3-20

Thoughts on the use of drones for package delivery