Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
4. Study on trends and modus operandi of ML/TF.

## (2) FATF Recommendations

a) FATF 40 Recommendations

In 1990, FATF devised standards in “the 40 Recommendations” to be applied by each jurisdiction in the field of law enforcement, legislation, and financial regulations. In 1996, FATF revised the Recommendations to make the Suspicious Transaction Report obligatory, and for other matters.

In 2003, FATF revised its recommendations to counter increasing sophistication and complexity of money laundering.

The “40 Recommendations” contained following additional elements.

○Clear definition and expansion of scope of money laundering offense

O $ ^{ Undertaking customer due diligence including customer identification } $

Measures to prevent unlawful use of legal persons in relation to ML

○Application of preventive measures to designated non-financial businesses (real estate agents, dealers in precious metals and stones) and professions (lawyers, accountants and other professions)

○National and international cooperation among FIUs, supervisory authorities, law enforcement authorities and other governmental organizations handling issues related to money laundering

## b) FATF 9 Special Recommendations

In October 2001, a month after the US terrorist attacks, FATF held an Emergency Session. The agreement of the session was reflected in “the Special Recommendations.” Since FATF added a new recommendation on “cash couriers” to this in 2004, it is now called “the 9 Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing.” Main points of the 9 Special Recommendations are as follows:

○Criminalization of the financing of terrorism

○Requiring suspicious transaction reporting related to terrorism

○Requiring financial institutions to include accurate and meaningful originator information (name, address and account number) on fund transfers etc.

c) The new “40 Recommendations”

FATF had integrated the 40 Recommendations and the 9 Special Recommendations into its new "40 Recommendations" in 2012 in preparation for its fourth Mutual Evaluation.

The major points which are newly included to the new “40 Recommendations” are summarized as follows (see Table 6-1).

○Enhancing a risk-based approach

○Boosting transparency of corporations, entrustment, and wire transfer systems

○Enhancing capacity of the relevant administrative authorities and bolstering a system of international cooperation on countermeasures against ML/TF.

## (3) Mutual Evaluation

FATF employs a peer review approach to encourage its members to implement the Recommendations. Member jurisdictions are evaluated by other members from various view-
points such as law, regulation or control regime for anti-money laundering, and investigation of money laundering crime.

Summarily, the process of the mutual evaluation refers to the following:

1. Desk-based review of the country's level of technical compliance, and the contextual factors and ML/TF risks

2. On-site visit to clarify issues relating to the country’s AML/CFT system

3. Discussion at the FATF Plenary Meeting

The scope of the evaluations will involve two inter-related components for technical compliance and effectiveness.

The scope of the evaluations involves two inter-related components for technical compliance (TC) and effectiveness. The TC component will assess whether the necessary laws, regulations or other required measures are in force and effect, and whether the supporting AML/CFT institutional framework is in place. The effectiveness component, which will be introduced in the fourth round evaluation for the first time, will assess

【FATF Plenary Meeting (France)】

whether the AML/CFT systems are working, and the extent to which the country is achieving the defined set of outcomes. There are four possible levels of TC: C (Compliant), LC (Largely Compliant), PC (Partially Compliant) and NC (Non-Compliant). There are four possible levels of effectiveness: High, Substantial, Moderate and Low.

The evaluation results are summarized in the Mutual Evaluation Report (MER), which is published after being discussed and adopted (MER adoption) at the FATF Plenary Meeting. After the finalization of the evaluation, the assessed countries are required to provide follow-up reports on the status of improvement regarding deficiencies. The assessed countries will also have a follow-up assessment after five years after the finalization of evaluation, where re-ratings on TC and effectiveness will be possible as part of the follow-up process. The assessed countries could be placed in either regular followup, which requires them to provide a report two and a half years after the MER adoption, or enhanced follow-up, which requires more frequent reporting following the first report to be made at a Plenary Meeting held around one year after the MER adoption. The assessed countries are expected to address deficiencies identified in the MER.

In response to the new 40 Recommendations, the fourth round of FATF Mutual Evaluation started in 2013 and has been carried out sequentially based on the assessment methodology (evaluation standard for assessors) that was adopted in the same year.
## 3 Mutual Evaluation

FATF conducted Mutual Evaluations on Japan three times (in 1994, 1998 and 2008). The fourth round Mutual Evaluation of Japan is scheduled to be conducted at a Plenary Meeting in June 2020. Specifically, the evaluation team will make an on-site visit and the evaluation will be conducted in October or November 2019.

## 4 JAfic's Participation

As one of the founding members of FATF, Japan has been a very active contributor to its work since its establishment in 1989. Japan had participated in tri-annual Plenary Meetings and working groups which conduct analysis of money laundering typologies, and chaired the plenary between July 1998 and June 1999. Since the National Public Safety Commission / National Police Agency started to take the responsibility as Japan Flu, JAFIC has continued robust efforts even more, to lead the global AML/CFT standard setter to a better way at every meeting of the Plenary or working group.

## Paragraph 2 APG

## 1 Organization

APG (Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering) is an international cooperative body whose establishment was decided in February 1997 at the FATF 4th Asia/Pacific Money Laundering Symposium held in Thailand. In the context of increasing risks of vulnerability to money laundering in the Asia/Pacific region, the APG was established to promote regional cooperation, adoption of the international standards, and to provide assistance to jurisdictions. As of the end of December 2016, the APG consists of 41 jurisdictions, including Japan.

## 2 Activities

The main activities of APG are as follows.

1. Promotion of compliance with the FATF Recommendations in the Asia/Pacific region

2. Promotion of legislation on AML/CFT in the APG member jurisdictions

3. Mutual Evaluations on APG member jurisdictions

4. Information exchange and analysis on the trend of money laundering in the Asia/Pacific region

## 3 JAfic's Participation

Japan is one of the founding members of APG and has been actively contributing to the activities of APG, much as it has with FATF. For example, the first Plenary Meeting and second typology meeting were both held in Tokyo in March 1998 and March 1999, respectively. Japan took on the co-chair with Australia between July 2004 and

【APG Annual Meeting (New Zealand)】
Table 6-1 Overview of the New “40 Recommendations”

Recommendation	Outline of Recommendation	Recommendation	Outline of Recommendation
1	Assessing risks & applying a risk-based approach	22	DNFBPs: Customer due diligence
2	National cooperation and coordination	23	DNFBPs: Other measures
3	Money laundering offence	24	Transparency and beneficial ownership of legal persons
4	Confiscation and provisional measures	25	Transparency and beneficial ownership of legal arrangements
5	Terrorist financing offence
6	Targeted financial sanctions related to terrorism & terrorist financing	26	Regulation and supervision of financial institutions
7	Targeted financial sanctions related to pro-lification	27	Powers of supervisors
28	Regulation and supervision of DNFBPs
8	Non profit organisations (NPO)	29	Financial intelligence units
9	Financial institution secrecy laws	30	Responsibilities of law enforcement and investigative authorities
10	Customer due diligence
11	Record keeping	31	Powers of law enforcement and investigative authorities
12	Politically exposed persons	32	Cash couriers
13	Correspondent banking	33	Statistics
14	Money or value transfer services	34	Guidance and feedback
15	New technologies	35	Sanctions
16	Wire transfers	36	International instruments
17	Reliance on third parties	37	Mutual legal assistance
18	Internal controls and foreign branches and subsidiaries	38	Mutual legal assistance: freezing and confiscation
19	Higher-risk countries	39	Extradition
20	Reporting of suspicious transactions	40	International cooperation (information exchange with foreign counterparts)
21	Tipping-off and confidentiality

June 2006.

Since the National Public Safety Commission / National Police Agency started to take the responsibility as Japan FIU, JAFlC has continued to work on APG and join many discussions at the annual meetings or typology studies especially the latest ML/TF trend being looking at from FIU's perspective.

## Paragraph 3 Egmont Group

## 1 Organization

The Egmont Group is an international forum established mainly by FlUs of several European nations and the United States in April 1995 with the goal of promoting cooperation on information exchange, trainings and expertise between FlUs around the world engaging in anti-money laundering measures. The group is named after the Egmont castle in Belgium where the first plenary session was held. Although the Egmont Group was established as an
informal forum at the beginning, it has become an internationally recognized official body at present, through the adoption of the Egmont Group Charter at the May 2007 annual plenary in Bermuda and the establishment of its permanent Secretariat in Toronto, Canada.

The Egmont Group revised its charter in light of the growing needs for close international cooperation between FlUs due to increasing sophistication and complexity of money laundering around the world; its increasingly diverse functions; and the inclusion of the enhancement of the FlUs' functions and a system of international cooperation in FATF's new "40 Recommendations." A new charter that better specifies the objectives and role of the Egmont Group was adopted at an annual plenary held in South Africa in July 2013.

The Egmont Group consists of FLUs of 152 jurisdictions as of the end of December 2016.

## 2 Activities of the Egmont Group

In addition to the annual Plenary Meeting which representatives from all member FlUs attend, the Egmont Group has the following working groups, which are held twice a year.

1. Working Group (WG) on information exchange concerning AML/CFT

2. Working Group (WG) on review of the candidacy of potential members, assistance and legal compliance

3. Working Group (WG) on policies and procedures

4. Working Group (WG) on technical assistance and training

## 3 JAfic's Participation

Upon establishing JAFIO in February 2000 within the Financial Supervisory Agency (later the Financial Services Agency) as a Japanese version of FIU, Japan applied for membership in the Egmont Group, and was granted it in May 2000 at the 8th annual plenary held in Panama.

Since then, JAFIO has actively participated in the activities of the Egmont Group. It sent staff members to working group meetings and the Plenary Meetings, and took part in the drafting of the Egmont Group Charter.

【Egmont Group Meeting (Barbados)】

JAFIO also undertook the role of FIU for supporting the application procedures (in co-sponsorship with the Thailand FIU) (hereinafter referred to as "sponsor FIU") for Myanmar FIU, which is currently not yet an Egmont Group member.

Since the National Public Safety Commission/National Police Agency started to take the responsibility as Japan Flu in April 2007, JAFIC became Japan Flu from JAFIO, was granted the Egmont Group membership at the 15th Plenary Meeting held in Bermuda in May 2007. After joining the Egmont Group, JAFIC has sent its members to both the annual meetings and working groups to participate in the discussions on the principles related to information exchange between FluS and other matters. JAFIC accepted the role of sponsor Flu for Paki-
Stan Flu (in co-sponsorship with the U.S. Flu) at the request of the Egmont Group in 2011. In 2012, JAFIC sent staff members to Pakistan for a joint onsite survey with U.S. Flu staff members regarding Pakistan Flu's membership qualification.

Moreover, JAFIC has taken over from JAFIO the role of sponsor FIU for the FIU of Myanmar in the application procedures into the Egmont Group, and in 2016, JAFIC staff visited the FIU of Myanmar together with the FIU of Thailand, which is a joint sponsor, to confirm the progress of procedures for joining the Egmont Group in Myanmar.

## Section 2 Progress of the International Cooperation in 2016

## Paragraph 1 Participation in the Activities of International Organizations

Table 6-2 presents that JAFIC has been actively participating in the activities of international organizations by sending its members to each occasion.

Table 6-2 Participation in the Activities of International Organizations in 2016

Month	Name of meeting	Location
FATF	February	Plenary Meeting	Paris (France)
June	Plenary Meeting	Busan (South Korea)
October	Plenary Meeting	Paris (France)
APG	September	Annual Meeting	San Diego (United States)
November	Typology Meeting	Jiddah (Saudi Arabia)
Egmont Group	February	Working Group	Monte Carlo (Monaco)

## Paragraph 2 Information Exchange with Foreign FlUs

## 1 Establishment of the Framework for Exchange of Information

It is necessary to exchange information on suspicious transactions with foreign FLUs timely in order to detect money laundering by appropriately tracing criminal proceeds or terrorist financing transferred across borders.

On the other hand, Article 14 of the Act on Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds stipulates that the National Public Safety Commission (for which JAFlC serves as a secretariat) may disseminate information on suspicious transactions to foreign FlUs on condition that there is a framework governing the restrictions on the use of the disseminated information in foreign countries.

In response, JAFIC has established the necessary framework by exchanging a document specifying the restrictions on the use of provided information and other matters with foreign FlUs.
【Establishment of Framework with Uzbekistan FIU】

【Establishment of Framework with Laos FIU】

JAFIC has been coping with the negotiations for establishing the frameworks for information exchange with numerous foreign FlUs in order to enable constructive exchange of information with them.

From its establishment of April 2007 till the end of 2016, JAFIC has set the frameworks for information exchange with the FlUs of 94 jurisdictions. (See Table 6-3)

Table 6-3 Jurisdictions with which JAFIC has Set the Frameworks for Information Exchange between FIUs

Year of Agreement	Jurisdictions
2007	Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium, Australia, U.S., Singapore, Canada, Indonesia, U.K., Brazil, Philippines
2008	Switzerland, Italy, Portugal, Korea, Romania
2009	Paraguay, France, Qatar
2010	Turkey, Mexico, Luxembourg, Chile, Finland, India
2011	Nigeria, China, Cambodia, Macau, Cyprus, Argentina, Spain, San Marino
2012	Montenegro, Netherlands, Germany, Cayman Islands, Czech, Mongolia, Aruba, Colombia, Lebanon, Sweden, Peru, Armenia
2013	British Virgin Islands, Malta, Israel, Bermuda, Liechtenstein, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Denmark, Bolivia, Russia, Slovenia, Seychelles, Senegal, Costa Rica, Bahrain, Latvia, Vietnam, Turkmenistan, Poland, Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey, New Zealand, Nepal
2014	Algeria, Monaco, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Anguilla, Panama, Curaçao, Gibraltar
2015	Myanmar, Cabo Verde, Turks and Caicos Islands, Fiji, Jordan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan
2016	Norway, Mauritius, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Cuba, Laos, Ghana, Malawi
## 2 Situation of Information Exchange

JAFIC exchanges suspicious transaction information with foreign FlUs in a positive and expeditious manner.

As JAFIC allocated sufficient resources to STR analysis, it has made actively arrangements on information exchange with foreign FlUs. In 2016, unusual or unreasonable money transfers to and from foreign countries, which were identified in STR analyses, JAFIC, for further analysis, made 149 requests to relevant foreign FlUs for information such as the flow of funds transferred out of Japan, the source of remittance from abroad.

In addition to these requests for information, between FIUs, there are mechanisms for spontaneously exchanging information which is useful for effective AML/CFT.

The number of cases where JAFIC exchanged information with foreign FlUs in 2016 totaled 292. (See Table 6-4)

Table 6-4 Number of Cases of Dissemination of and Request for Information between JAFIC and Foreign FlUs

Year	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Category
Number of requests for information from foreign FIUs to JAFIC	53	73	34	67	60
Number of requests for information from JAFIC to foreign FIUs	100	159	166	183	149
Number of spontaneous disclosure from foreign FIUs to JAFIC	29	28	37	50	37
Number of spontaneous disclosure from JAFIC to foreign FIUs	9	21	17	30	46
Total	191	281	254	330	292
JAFIC:

Japan Financial Intelligence Center
課題名	D-0805 航空レーザ測量データを用いた景観生態学図の作成と生物多様性データベース構築への応用
課題代表者名	小荒井衛（国土地理院地理地殻活動研究センター地理情報解析研究室）
研究実施期間	平成20～22年度
累計予算額	58,000千円（うち22年度 18,000千円）
予算額は、間接経費を含む。
研究体制
（1）詳細地形データを用いた景観生態学図作成に関する研究
国土交通省国土地理院
（2）原生的自然環境における景観生態学図の生物多様性評価への応用に関する研究
酪農学園大学
（3）里山環境における景観生態学図の生物多様性評価への応用に関する研究
鳥取大学
研究概要
1.はじめに
地域の生物多様性を評価する上では、単に種の分布や自然の劣化度を捉えるだけではなく、地形という場の条件を理解した上でその上に存在する生態系を捉える景観生態学的な視点が重要である。近年、航空レーザ測量によって森林の下の詳細な地形や、樹木の三次元構造を捉えることが容易になってきている。これまでの景観生態学図の研究は、縮尺2.5万分1クラスの地形分類図と現存植生図を組み合わせて作成されるものが多かった。しかし、これらの情報は中縮尺の二次元情報であるため、より正確に生物多様性の状況を評価するには、大縮尺で立体構造を持った基図情報が求められていた。そこで、航空レーザ測量によって得られる樹林下の微地形や、樹高や葉群構造などの植生三次元構造を反映した、よりミクロな視点での景観生態学図を作成し、それを生物多様性管理のベースマップとして活用することが期待されている。また、自然度の高い原生的な自然環境だけでなく、古くから人為の開発が入った里山環境の生物多様性評価も重要な課題となっており、人間による自然環境への著しい干渉行為が地域の生物多様性にどのような影響を与えているのかを示した景観生態学図の作成も求められている。
本研究では、原生的自然環境の地域として世界自然遺産に認定されている知床半島と、里山環境の地域として古くからたたら製鉄に伴う「鉄穴（かんな）流し」による大規模な地形改変と植生改変が行われてきた中国山地を取り上げた。これらの地域で活薬期と落葉期の航空レーザ測量データを取得した。この航空レーザ測量データから詳細な樹林下の微地形を抽出して、詳細地形データ（Digital Elevation Model: DEM）の解析による微地形分類図を作成した。また、デジタル画像による樹木の判読と2時期の航空レーザ測量データを組み合わせて得られた植生三次元構造を活用し、植生三次元構造を捉えた植生図を作成した。これらの情報と新規に取得した動植物等の分布情報等を組み合わせて、生物多様性評価に役立つ景観生態学図を凡例レベルから吟味して作成し、生物多様性評価に役立つデータベースを構築した。作成した景観生態学図が、世界自然遺産地区や里山の環境管理にどのように役立つかについての検討も行った。
2.研究目的
研究目的は、航空レーザ測量技術により得られる樹林下の微地形や植生三次元構造を活用して、景観生態学的な視点から地域を詳細に分類し、それに既存の動植物分布や地質等の情報を組み合わせて、生物多様性を評価できる手法を開発することである。
航空レーザ測量データとリモートセンシング画像等を組み合わせて、ルーチン的に景観生態学図を作成する手法を開発することを目標とする。そして、原生的自然環境地域において、航空レーザ測量データにより作成した景観生態図に特定外来生物や希少種に関する分布情報を加えると、生物多様性保全戦略策定に向けて、景観生態学図が重要な基盤情報となることを示す。また、里山環境地域について、著しい地形改変と植生変遷との関係を明らかにする景観生態学図を作成し、人間による自然環境への著しい干渉行為が地域の野生生物の生息環境に対してどのような影響を与えているのかの検討に、景観生態学図が有用であることを示す。
3. 研究の方法
（1）詳細地形データを用いた景観生態学図作成に関する研究
2008年度は活薬期の9月に羅臼岳南東麓の登山道沿い及び知床岬で航空レーザ測量を実施し、2009年度は活薬期の8月に中国山地道後山北麓で航空レーザ測量を実施した。落葉期に計測された航空レーザ測量のアーカイブデータと組み合わせて、季節による植生高差、単層と複層の区分、樹冠の厚さ等の植生三次元構想を捉え、植生三次元構造による植生図（レーザ植生図）を作成した。一方、落葉期の詳細DEMから傾斜、凸度、尾根谷密度（テクスチャ）に着目した自動地形分類を行い、その結果とレーザ植生図や地質図等の既存地理空間情報をGISによりオーバレイ解析した。そして、生態系の場としての地形の役割について考察し、微地形（人為改変による微地形も含む）と特徴的な植生との関連性の解明を行った。
2010年度は、両地区におけるレーザ植生図と自動地形分類図とのGIS解析を追加して行うと共に、これまでの景観生態学的検討結果を参考にして、酪農学園大学、鳥取大学と連携して、景観生態学図（印刷図）を作成した。また、景観生態学図作成に必要な生物多様性に関わるデータについて、GISのためのデータセット化を行った。また、航空レーザ測量データを用いた景観生態学図の作成手法のルーチン化を目指して、これまでの検討結果を基に、航空レーザ測量データを用いた景観生態学図の作成手法のマニュアル化を進めた。
（2）原生的自然環境における景観生態学図の生物多様性評価への応用に関する研究
知床岬において、航空レーザ測量によるエゾジカ食害の影響把握の可能性を調べるため、deer line（エゾジカにより樹木の葉が食べられてしまっている高さ）が検出できるかの確認として、2009年度に樹高、枝下高等の現地計測を行うと共に、GPSで鹿不嗜好性植物ハンゴンソウ分布範囲の外周位置を捉える現地調査を行った。また、エゾシカの採食圧の激増に伴う草原植生の劇的な変化に対応して昆虫類や鳥類の局地的生態系が変化している可能性があるので、2009年6月と2010年6月に鳥類相調査を行った。調査手法は、ラインセンサス法とスポットセンサス法を採用した。
一方、羅臼岳では登山者の増加による登山道の荒廃が問題となっていたので、航空レーザ測量データでどこまで登山道の荒廃を捉えられるか検証するため、2009年度に登山道の侵食状況の実態調査を行った。具体的には、岩尾別側登山道の登山口から大沢入口にかけて、登山道の幅、侵食深度、斜度、方位、上空の緑被率を計測した。また、枯死木はキツツキ等の棲みかとして利用されることが分かっており、生物多様性保全に貢献することが考えられることから、2010年度に枯死木の分布状況を現地調査により明らかにし、航空レーザ測量データから枯死木の判別がどの程度可能か検証した。具体的には、羅臼側登山道の2箇所において、枯死木の分布、樹高、胸高直径、天空率を現地計測し、航空レーザ測量データの三次元断面図より枯死木を抽出した結果と比較した。
（3）里山環境における景観生態学図の生物多様性評価への応用に関する研究
中国山地において、高分解能衛星画像による植生分類と、現地調査により作成した全層植生図を、航空レーザ測量により取得された詳細DEMの解析による自動地形分類結果と組み合わせ、鉄穴流しという大規模な人為による地形改変がその地域の植生にどのような影響を与えているか考察を行った。具体的には、活葉期と落葉期に撮影された空中写真と人工衛星画像より相観植生判読を行った。航空レーザ測量データについては、フィルタリング処理により、数値表層データ（Digital Surface Model:DSM）とDEMを作成し、DEMから傾斜、テクスチャ、凹凸の3地形要素を算出し徴地形の分類を行った。また、活葉期のDSMと落葉期DEMの差分からDigital Height Model（DHM）を求め、植生三次元構造データを作成した。以上のデータから鉄穴流し跡地の微地形と植生の関係を分析した。
2010年度は、景観生態学図の生物多様性評価のための基盤情報としての利用可能性について評価した。エコトープ（ecotope：景観生態学図で示される地域単元）と動物種の対応関係を明らかにするため、水辺と樹林内を生息地とするヤマアカガエルを対象種として対応関係を分析した。また、種レベルでの多様性評価を行った。種レベルでの多様性は3つの異なる空間レベルで評価される。ある生態系内における種の多様性はα多様性と呼ばれ、ここでいう生態系とはエコトープと同義である。β多様性は、生態系の多様性である。景観生態学図を用いるならば、その凡例数、すなわちエコトープの数と言うことができる。異なる生態系（エコトープ）では、それを構成する生物群集も異なる。そのため、β多様性が高くなる（すなわち生態系・エコトープの数が多くなる）と、その景観域全体の種数であるγ多様性も高くなる。2010年の植生調査データを用いて階層別に各植物群落の多様度指数を算出した。
以上の研究内容の体系図と各研究機関の役割を図-1に示す。
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図-1 研究全体の体系図と各研究機関の役割
4．結果及び考察（1）詳細地形データを用いた景観生態学図作成に関する研究・知床半島での景観生態学的検討2008年9月の活薬期に、羅臼岳南東麓の羅臼側登山道沿い1km×4kmの範囲で0.5mグリッドの航空レーザ測量データを取得し、2004年の落葉期に取得した2mグリッドの航空レーザ測量データと組み合わせて、落葉樹（単層）・落葉樹（複層）・常緑樹の区分に、植生高（低・中・高）、樹冠厚（厚・薄）を掛け合わせて、植生三次元構造を反映した11の凡例からなるレーザ植生図を作成した。環境省2.5万分1現存植生図GISデータとのオーバレイ解析を行い、レーザ植生図が概ね現地の植生状況を反映していることが確認できた。2009年度は、羅臼側登山道沿いに毎木調査サイトを4サイト設定し、樹冠投影図や林帯側方図を作成して、レーザ植生図や航空レーザ測量のランダムポイントデータと重ね合わせた。その結果、レーザ植生図が概ね現地の樹木の高さ方向の重なり具合や平面的な疎密の状況を反映していることが確認できた。詳細DEMの解析では、傾斜、凸度、尾根谷密度の3つの地形要素に着目した自動地形分類を行い、落葉期の2mDEMによる地形分類結果が、現地の地形状況を最も反映していることが判った。自動地形分類とレーザ植生図とのオーバレイ解析では、羅臼岳の植生は微地形分類よりも標高の高低に依存している結果となった。
・中国山地での景観生態学的検討2008年11月の落葉期に、鳥取県日南町の道後山北麓25km²で1mグリッドの航空レーザ測量データを取得した。1mDEMから発生させた等高線図を判読することにより、残丘、侵食平坦面、水路跡等から構成される鉄穴流し跡地を抽出することができた。現地調査により、その跡地でオニグルミ林が卓越することが確認できた。2009年8月の活葉期に、道後山北麓の2km²の範囲で0.5mグリッドの航空レーザ測量データを取得し、落葉期に取得した1mグリッド航空レーザ測量データ及びデジタル画像と組み合わせて、常緑樹、早期落葉樹、後期落葉樹の区分に、植生高（低・高）、樹冠厚（厚・薄）、単層・複層を掛け合わせて、植生三次元構造を反映した12の凡例からなるレーザ植生図を作成した。現地調査により、樹冠厚の薄い早期落葉樹はオニグルミの分布と良く対応することが確認できた。また、羅臼岳と同様の