Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
浄化槽汚泥濃縮車に対応した汚泥再生処理センターの運転状況, 第31回全国都市清掃研究発表会, 266-268.

25）木本祐一，原田英典，藤井滋穂，Nguyen Pham Hong Lien (2011）ベトナム型し尿分離トイレにおける大便中の病原性微生物の不活化への影響評価，『第45回日本水環境学会年会講演集』，p.542，札幌，2011/3/18-20.

26）原田英典，藤井滋穂（2011） アジア9都市における衛生管理の都市間比較，『第45回日本水環境学会年会講演集』，p.711，札幌，2011/3/18-20.

27) Harada, H., Fujii, S., Adachi, T., Lien, N. H. P. and Hai, H. T. (2011) Phosphorus Flow Analysis in Hanoi focusing on Waste, Agriculture, and Stockbreeding, Journal of Science and Technology, 45(4), 59-65.

28) Akira Sakai, Qazi Azaduzzaman, Musleh Uddin, Hidenori Harada and Md. Nazmul Ahsan (2011) Utilization of Human Excreta Derived Resources for the Benefit of Urban Poor: An Integrated Approach toward Improved Sanitation, Conference on Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems for Urban Environments in Asia, International Water Association, May 2011, Manila.

29) H. Harada, S. Fujii, S. Matsui (2011) Economic analysis of decentralized sanitation systems: a case study in Japan, IWA Small Sustainable Solutions for Water, 18-22 April, Venice (CD-ROM, 2page).

30) Md. Nazmul Ahsan, Akira Sakai, Hidenori Harada and Qazi Azaduzzaman (2011) Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Water Supply and Sanitation in Khulna City of Bangladesh, 4th Aspire, International Water Association, October 2011, Tokyo.

31) Giang, P. H., Harada, H., Fujii, S., Lien, N. P. H., Hai, H. T. and Tanaka, S. (2011) Transition of Waste and Wastewater Management and Phosphorus Flow under Rapid Modernization: a Case Study in a Sub-urban Community, Hanoi, The 4th IWA-ASPIRE Conference and Exhibition, 2-6 Oct., Tokyo.

32) Ahsan, M. N., Sakai, A., Harada, H. and Azaduzzaman, Q. (2011) Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Water Supply and Sanitation in Khulna City of Bangladesh, The 4th IWA-ASPIRE Conference and Exhibition, 2-6 Oct., Tokyo.

33) Riota Adachi, Hidenori Harada, Shigeo Fujii, Tran Vang Quang, Hoang Hai, Shuhei Tanaka (2011) Scenario Study on Influence of Urine Use on Fertilizer Consumption and Water Environment in Danang City, Vietnam, The 4th IWA-ASPIRE Conference and Exhibition, 2-6 Oct., Tokyo.

34) H. Harada, S. Fujii, A. Sakai, S. Tanaka, N.P.H. Lien, B.R. Shivakoti (2011) Constraints Identification and Evaluation for the Procedure Development of Alternative Sanitation System Selection in Asian Cities -Preliminary Results-, The 2nd IWA Development Congress & Exhibition, 21-24, November, Kuala Lumpur.
35) Y. Jimbo, Y. Ebie, Y. Inamori and KQ Xu (2011) GHG Emission Reduction with Improvement of Denitrification by Step Feed in Constructed Wetlands, The 4th IWA-ASPIRE Conference & Exhibition, Tokyo, Japan, October 2-6, Proceedings in USB.

36) Adachi, R., Harada, H., Fujii, S., Hai, H. and Quang, T. V. (2011) Urine use in Agriculture in Danang City, SGSES Asia Platform Annual Report 2010, 120-123.

37) Giang, H. P., Harada, H., Fujii, S., Lien, N. P. H. and Hai, H. T. (2011) Waste Management and Phosphorus Flows in Sub-urban Community of Hanoi, Vietnam, GSGES Asia Platform Annual Report 2010, 158-164.

38）木本祐一，原田英典，藤井滋穂，Nguyen Pham Hong Line，Huynh Trung Hai（2011）ベトナム型し尿分離トイレにおける大便中の病原性微生物の不活化への影響項目の検討，環境衛生工学研究，25(3),74-75

39) 駒井俊也, 原田英典, 藤井滋穂, Nguyen Pham Hong Lien (2011) ベトナム国 Nhue-Day 川流域における農業及び畜産に注目したリン収支の変容把握, 第 11 回 環境技術学会研究発表会予稿集, 9 月 5 日, 大阪.

40) 木本祐一，原田英典，藤井滋穂，Nguyen Pham Hong Lien（2011）ベトナム型し尿分離トイレにおける大便中の病原性微生物不活化過程の評価，第11回環境技術学会研究発表会予稿集，9月5日，大阪.

41）原田英典，藤井滋穂，Nguyen Pham Hong Lien，木本祐一，Pham Hong Giang，駒井俊也，Binaya Pasakhara，Chinagarn Kunacheva，田中周平（2011）アジア都市衛生の体系的理解に向けたトイレ・オンサイト処理設備のポートフォリオ化，第48回環境工学研究フォーラム講演集，11月25日-27日，名古屋，27-29..

42) 藤井滋穂, 原田英典, Nguyen Pham Hong Lien, 木本祐一, Pham Huong Giang, 駒井俊也, Binaya Pasakhara, Chinagarn Kunacheva, 田中周平 (2011) 途上国における水環境衛生問題制約条件の抽出のためのアジア途上国 9 都市比較研究, 第 48 回環境工学研究フォーラム講演集, 11 月 25 日-27 日, 名古屋, 27-29.

43）濱中俊輔，岡城孝雄，根本正（2011）浄化槽の消費エネルギー解析と汚泥対策を踏まえた省エネシステム管理技術の開発,第14回日本水環境学会シンポジウム,13-14.

44) 河井紘輔, 大迫政浩, 山田正人 (2011) ベトナム国ハノイ市における有価物の分別 排出の傾向と要因に関する調査, 第 22 回廃棄物資源循環学会研究発表会予稿集 pp21-22, 2011 年 11 月, 東京都.

45）木本祐一，原田英典，藤井滋穂，Nguyen Pham Hong Lien, Huynh Trung Hai（2012）ベトナム型し尿分離トイレにおける大便中の病原性微生物の不活化への影響評価，第46回日本水環境学会年会講演集，494，東京.

46) Binaya Pasakhala, Binaya R. Shivakoti, Hidenori Harada, Shigeo Fujii, Shuhei Tanaka (2012) Constraints for Improving Water Supply and Sanitation in Asian Cities, 第 46 回 日本水環境学会年会講演集, 493, 東京.
47）濱中俊輔，加藤裕之，岡城孝雄，根本正（2012）浄化槽汚泥濃縮車の導入による環境負荷の低減効果，第33回全国都市清掃研究・事例発表会，257-259.

3. その他

なし

## 知的所有権の取得状況

1. 特許

なし

### 2. 実用新案登録

なし

### 3. その他

なし
アジア諸都市の上水・下水基礎ストリーム
ハノイ

ダナン
フェ

バンコク
キャンディー

クルナ
カトマンズ

シンセン
トイレおよびオンサイト衛生設備ポートフォリオ
No.	1
City	Hanoi
Name of the toilet	Cistern Flush toilet
Water consumption	5-6.5L-water/big flush, 3-4.5L-water/small flush
Material	usually porcelain
Waste destination	Flushed into a tank; sucked by a suction truck every a few months
Cost (product and installation)	Product cost: 1,000,000-10,000,000 VND (depend on trademark) Installation cost usually included.
Explanation	This system mainly used in inner Hanoi where household's income rather high. The Flush Toilet consists of a water tank that supplies the water for flushing the excreta and a bowl into which the excreta are deposited. Excreta was flushed with 3-6.5L of water into a storage tank with capacity of 500-1500 L. Stored excreta are sucked by a suction truck every a few months and then transported to a night-soil treatment plant.
Diagram	On-site sanitation
Picture	One-piece model
The Ballcock or Float Valve is often used to regulate the filling of a tank or cistern. When the fluid level drops, the float descends, levering the valve opening and allowing more fluid to enter. Once the float reached the 'full' position, the arm presses the valve shut again.
No.	2
City	Hanoi (suburban or rural area)
Name of the toilet	Double vault toilet
Water consumption	Dry toilet
Material	usually brick
Waste destination	Store in each chamber
Cost (product and installation)	Product cost:
Installation cost usually included
Explanation	This system mainly used in suburban of Hanoi or rural areas.
The processing chambers are covered with a squatting slab that has two drop holes, footrests and groove for urine. Both holes have tight-fitting lids. At the back there are two openings, 30 x 30 cm, for the removal of the dehydrated material. These openings are kept sealed until it is time to empty one of the chambers.
People excrete in only one chamber until it fills. After each use people sprinkle two bowls of ashes over the faeces. The ashes absorb moisture, neutralize bad odors and make the faeces less attractive to flies. Urine drains away through the groove in the lab and collects in a jar behind the toilet. Paper used for anal cleaning is dropped in a box or jar and burnt
Diagram
Picture
No.	1
City	Hue
Name of the toilet	Flush toilet with septic tank
Water consumption	- Cistern flush toilet (a flush mode): 6 L-water/flush- Cistern flush toilet (two flush modes): 6 L-water/big flush, 3 L-water/small flush
Material	Mainly pottery for toilet; bricks, sand and cement mortar for storage tank (for individual households)
Waste destination	Flushed into a tank; sucked by a suction truck every a few years; transported to waste landfill site
Cost (product and installation)	Toilet: Product cost (depend on type of toilet), average: 5,600 JPY; Installation cost: 370 JPY. Septic tank: Building cost: 7,400 - 20,370 JPY (depend on the capacity)
Explanation	Septic tanks are the most common urban on-site facility option in Hue city (over 85%), where domestic wastewater treatment is not established. A septic tank generally consists of 1 to 3 chambers with total capacity of 6000-8000 L. Excreta were flushed with water into the first chamber of the tank, allowing solids to settle and scum to float. The settled solids are anaerobically digested, reducing the volume of solids. Septic tank effluents are mainly discharged into soil (71%) or into the sewerage and drainage network (28%). Stored excreta are sucked by a suction truck every a few years and then transported to a waste landfill site. How often the septic tank has to be emptied depends on the volume of the tank relative to the input of solids. Some systems require pumping every few years or sooner, while others may be able to go 10-20 years between pumping.
Diagram
Picture
No.	2
City	Hue
Name of the toilet	Flush toilet with septic tank
Water consumption	- Pour flush toilet: 3 L-water/flush
Material	Mainly pottery for toilet; bricks, sand and cement mortar for storage tank (for individual households)
Waste destination	Flushed into a tank; sucked by a suction truck every a few years; transported to waste landfill site
Cost (product and installation)	Toilet: Product cost (depend on type of toilet), average: 5,600 JPY; Installation cost: 370 JPY. Septic tank: Building cost: 7,400 - 20,370 JPY (depend on the capacity)
Explanation	Septic tanks are the most common urban on-site facility option in Hue city (over 85%), where domestic wastewater treatment is not established. A septic tank generally consists of 1 to 3 chambers with total capacity of 6000-8000 L. Excreta were flushed with water into the first chamber of the tank, allowing solids to settle and scum to float. The settled solids are anaerobically digested, reducing the volume of solids. Septic tank effluents are mainly discharged into soil (71%) or into the sewerage and drainage network (28%). Stored excreta are sucked by a suction truck every a few years and then transported to a waste landfill site. How often the septic tank has to be emptied depends on the volume of the tank relative to the input of solids. Some systems require pumping every few years or sooner, while others may be able to go 10-20 years between pumping.
Diagram
Picture
No.	1
City	Da Nang
Name of the toilet	Flush toilet
Water consumption	3L - 6L depend on difference kinds
Material	Mainly pottery for pan; FRP/PVC for tank (for individual households
Waste destination	Flushed into a septic tank; sucked by a suction truck every few months; transported to landfill (concentrated and filled)
Cost (product and installation)	Product cost: 1-10 million VND per product (for various brands)
Explanation	This system has been mainly used in urban. Excreta was flushed with 3-6 L of water into a septic tank. Stored excreta are sucked by a suction truck (period depend on tank's volume and awareness of the citizen) and then transported to Khanh Son landfill where they are concentrated and filled.
Diagram
Picture
No.	2
City	Da Nang
Name of the toilet	Sitting toilet
Water consumption	depend on users (around 2-4L)
Material	Usually pottery
Waste destination	Flushed into a underground tank
Cost (product and installation)	Product cost: around 200000 VND and more per product (for various brands)
Explanation	This toilet has been mainly used in rural Vietnam where sewerage is not established. Excreta was flushed with a bit of water into a underground tank.
Diagram
Picture
No.	1
City	Kandy
Name of the toilet	Water Seal Flushing Type Toilets
Water consumption	1000-1500 mL-water/small flush, 4000-7000 mL-water/big flush
Material	Mainly pottery/ceramic for pan; ceramic/PVC for tank (for individual households)
Waste destination	Flushed into a septic tank, soild component retained in the septic tank, liquid allowed pass in to a soaking filed and soaked into the ground. Septage emptied by suction truck only once toilet starts to overflow.
Cost (product and installation)	Product cost: Toilet: Structure including pit 50,000 to 120,000, Fixtures 10,000 to 50,000 SL RS.
Explanation	This is commonly used in many parts of the country including within the study area. However in some of these cases the soaking system does not work well due to poor soil condition and shallow groundwater. In such case the system contaminate the environemnt. Stored septage is emptied by a suction truck or emptied into another pit only once the toilet overflow.
Diagram
Picture
No.	1
City	Shengzen
Name of the toilet	water saving flash toilet (for domestic use)
Water consumption	1500 mL water/urine, 5000 mL water/faece
Material	Mainly pottery for pan; FRP/PVC for pipe (for individual households)
Waste destination	Mostly directly get into sewer, a few flushed into a tank.
Cost (product and installation)	Product cost: Toilet: 2500 CHY; Installation cost: 100 CHY
Explanation	Shenzhen is a special economic zone of China. It is a well-developed city, so the popularizing rate of flash toilet is very high, almost in every family, people use this kind of water saving flash toilet which was shown below. While in public conveniences format of flash toilets are like the ones shown in right two pictures. In shenzhen's suburbs, there are partly on-site sanitation facilities, like septic tanks, but the number of these on-site sanitation facilities is very small.
Diagram
Picture
No.	2
City	Shengzen
Name of the toilet	water saving flash toilet (for public use)
Water consumption	2000 mL water/urine, 6000 mL water/faece
Material	Mainly pottery for pan; FRP/PVC for pipe (for individual households)
Waste destination	Mostly directly get into sewer, a few flushed into a tank.
Cost (product and installation)	Product cost: Toilet: 3000 CHY; Installation cost: 150 CHY
Explanation	Shenzhen is a special economic zone of China. It is a well-developed city, so the popularizing rate of flash toilet is very high, almost in every family, people use this kind of water saving flash toilet which was shown below. While in public conveniences format of flash toilets are like the ones shown in right two pictures. In shenzhen's suburbs, there are partly on-site sanitation facilities, like septic tanks, but the number of these on-site sanitation facilities is very small.
Diagram
Picture
No.	2
City	Bangkok
Name of the toilet	Septic tank
Water consumption	Concrete mold: 0.1 m³/d pour-flushed water, 0.3 m³/day flushed water for septic tank capacity of 1.5 m³Reinforced concrete: 0.4 m³/d pour-flushed water, 1.2 m³/day flushed water for septic tank capacity of 3.0 m³
Material	(1) Concrete mould, (2) Reinforced concrete, (3) Polyethylene
Waste destination	Septage → Night-soil treatment plantLiquid waste → Soil
Cost (product and installation)	Installation cost: 2,900 Baht for septic tank (concrete mold) capacity of 1.5 m³18,000 Baht for septic tank (reinforced concrete) capacity of 3.0 m³Product cost: 7,000-8,000 Baht for septic tank (polyethylene) capacity of 0.6 m³
Explanation	Excretion was washed through flush latrine/ moulded bucket latrine to septic tank. Septage is collected in septic tank until full and then sucked by suction truck. Septage is disposed at night-soil treatment plant. Liquid waste will be flow out from septic tank to sewerage and drainage system for treatment at wastewater treatment plant. However, liquid waste can be drained to surface water without treatment in the area that no connection with sewerage and drainage system. Finally, both treated and untreated liquid waste flow to river, canal, stream.
Diagram	2-3 L pour-flushed waterMoulded bucket latrine6 L flushed waterExcretion Flush latrineSeptic tank Septage Suction truckNight-soil treatment plantLiquid wasteSewerage and drainage system选 option选Wastewater treatment plant选 River, canal, stream
Picture	(Water Quality Management Bureau, n.d.)
No.	3
City	Bangkok
Name of the toilet	Activated sludge
Water consumption	Fiberglass-capsule tank: 1-10 m³Reinforced concrete: 40 m³/day/pond for public housing
Material	(1) Reinforced concrete, (2) Fiberglass
Waste destination	Septage → Night-soil treatment plantLiquid waste → Soil
Cost (product and installation)	Product cost: 15,000 Baht for activated sludge (fiberglass-capsule tank) capacity of 1 m³Installation cost: 519,980 Baht with 40 m³/day wastewater for reinforced concrete
Explanation	Activated sludge process was used mostly in big buildings as on-site sanitation facility. Excretion was washed through flush latrine/ moulded bucket latrine to activated sludge. Septage is collected in septic tank until full and then sucked by suction truck. Septage is disposed at night-soil treatment plant. Liquid waste will be flow out from activated sludge to sewerage and drainage system for treatment at wastewater treatment plant. However, liquid waste can be drained to surface water without treatment in the area that no connection with sewerage and drainage system. Finally, both treated and untreated liquid waste flow to river, canal, and stream
Diagram	2-3 L pour-flushed waterMoulded bucket latrine6 L flushed waterExcretion Flush latrine Activated sludgeSeptage Suction truckNight-soil treatment plantLiquid wasteSewerage and drainage system选 option选 wastewater treatment plant选 River, canal, stream
Picture	(PCD, 2004)
No.	4
City	Bangkok
Name of the toilet	Flush latrine
Water consumption	6 L flushed water
Material	Ceramic
Waste destination	Septage → Night-soil treatment plantLiquid waste → Soil
Cost (product and installation)	Product cost: 4,000-6,000 BahtInstallation cost: 1,200 Baht
Explanation	Excretion was washed through flush latrine with 6L flushed water. The excretion will flow to on-site sanitation facilities that can be categorized into 3 types: cesspool and soakage pit, septic tank, and activated sludge. Stored septage in cesspool, septic tank and activated sludge is collected by suction truck for disposal at night-soil treatment plant. Liquid waste in soakage pit seep into surrounding soil. Simultaneously, liquid waste in septic tank, and activated sludge flow out to sewerage and drainage system for treatment at wastewater treatment plant. However, liquid waste can be drained to surface water without treatment in the area that no connection with sewerage and drainage system. Finally, both treated and untreated liquid waste from septic tank and activated sludge flow to river, canal, and stream.
Diagram
Picture
No.	5
City	Bangkok
Name of the toilet	Moulded bucket latrine (pour-flush latrine)
Water consumption	2-3 L pour-flushed water
Material	Ceramic
Waste destination	Septage → Night-soil treatment plantLiquid waste → Soil
Cost (product and installation)	Product cost: 600-800 BahtInstallation cost: 1,200 Baht
Explanation	Excretion was washed through moulded bucket latrine with 2-3 L pour-flushed water. The excretion will flow to on-site sanitation facilities that can be categorized into 3 types: cesspool and soakage pit, septic tank, and activated sludge. Stored septage in cesspool, septic tank and activated sludge is collected by suction truck for disposal at night soil-treatment plant. Liquid waste in soakage pit seep into surrounding soil. Simultaneously, liquid waste in septic tank, and activated sludge flow out to sewerage and drainage system for treatment at wastewater treatment plant. However, liquid waste can be drained to surface water without treatment in the area that no connection with sewerage and drainage system. Finally, both treated and untreated liquid waste from septic tank and activated sludge flow to river, canal, and stream.
Diagram
Picture
No.	6
City	Bangkok
Name of the toilet	Pit (hole in ground)
Water consumption	No
Material	No (may use wood/concrete for slab to get better sanitation)
Waste destination	Septage → pitLiquid waste → soil
Cost (product and installation)	No
Explanation	Pit is essentially nothing more than hold in the ground. It may have a squatting slab with a lid to cover the hole. When human excrete in pit, septage is accumulated and decomposed in the pit. Liquid waste infiltrate into surrounding soil
Diagram	ExcretionPitLiquid wasteSoil
Picture
No.	1
City	Kathmandu
Name of the toilet	Simple Pit Latrine
Water consumption	100 mL
Material	Latrine Slabs: Reinforced concrete single slabUnreinforced concrete SuperstructureCan be built from locally available material·Mud & thatch·Ferro-cement·Galvanized corrugated iron·Tiles & brick
Waste destination	Onsite
Cost (product and installation)	$40 to $227
Explanation	They are made of a latrine superstructure and a hole for defecation. A pit cover slab can be used to reduce odour and hinder flies. The depth of the pit is usually limited by the groundwater table or rocky underground, but an average of 3m depth is common. The underground of the latrine should be water pervious. No sullage treatment is required. The latrine can be used until it is filled up half a meter below the top. Relocation of latrine is usual after the pit is full. Life time depends on the number of users.
Diagram
No.	2
City	Kathmandu
Name of the toilet	Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)
Water consumption	100 mL
Material	Same as for Simple pit latrineSpecial VIP slabPipe of PVC or building materialMaterial for superstructure and door
Waste destination	Onsite
Cost (product and installation)	$227
Explanation	The interior of the superstructure is darker than the daylight outside and the superstructure building should be well ventilated so as to allow the flow of air into the pit. The pit should have a vent pipe which should be at least 100mm diameter and should extend from the pit to about one meter above the roof, and the top of it should be fitted with a fine-mesh stainless steel, GRP or aluminum fly-screen.
Diagram	Where water is only available in small amounts, a simple dry pit latrine is a very good sanitation option. A well constructed latrine has the following features:
No.	3
City	Kathmandu
Name of the toilet	Offset pit latrine/pour-flush toilet
Water consumption	A variation of the single pit latrine suitable for communities where sufficient water is used for cleansing.(300-500mL)
Material	Water seal/squatting slab can be built directly over pit (direct) or sited 1-2 meters from pit (offset), where water drains through a communication pipe. After the pit is dug, for the direct pit latrine, the slab and water seal pan should be securely fixed to the lining of the pit with cement mortar. Cover the pit with reinforced concrete slab. If the pit is large, 2 slabs may be needed. For the offset latrines, lay the pipe connecting the water seal pan to the pit. Each 2 ft. length of pipe should fall by at least 1 inch in height. Cement pipe through pit walls. The pit lining should be 6 inches above ground level.
Waste destination	Onsite
Cost (product and installation)	$300
Explanation	Offset pit latrines with two pits are also referred to as ‘Sulav’ toilets and are intended to be a sort of composting toilet. Once one pit is filled, it is closed off and the other pit is used for excreta. The contents of the full pit are removed after they have had time to further decompose into a material that is safe to handle. This type of toilet is popular for people who are comfortable with ‘flushable’, water-consuming toilets in places with no available sewer system.
Diagram	Pour flush single pit offset Pour flush twin pit
No.	4
City	Kathmandu
Name of the toilet	Flush toilets with septic tanks
Water consumption	500-1000 mL-water
Material	Squatting pan or commode and a built-in flush device
Waste destination	Onsite
Cost (product and installation)	$300 to $350
Explanation	A flush toilet disposes human waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location. Modern toilets incorporate an 'S', 'U', 'J', or 'P' shaped bend that causes the water in the toilet bowl to collect and act as a seal against sewer gases. Flush toilets are typically not designed to handle waste on site, their drain pipes are connected to waste conveyance and waste treatment systems
Diagram
No.	5
City	Kathmandu
Name of the toilet	Ecosan latrines
Water consumption	Ash is used instead of water after defecation and little (less than 100 ml) water is used after urination
Material	Squatting pan, Combined pan, Pan cover, Faeces collection chambers, Urine pipes and the urine collection tank, Ventilation pipe, Access doors in vault
Waste destination	faeces and urine are used as fertilizer
Cost (product and installation)	Rs. 16500/ US$236
Explanation	In the EcoSan toilet the urine and the faeces are stored. After the faeces bin is filled, it is replaced by an empty one. The collected faeces are left for six months before being applied to the garden. This toilet saves more than 40 liters of clean water per day as a flushing toilet consumes more than 10 liters of water every time it is used. Collected urine is diluted in a 1:10 ratio and can be applied to the garden
Diagram