or by having plastic surgery, or using forged passports, in order to avoid detection of their departure under a departure order or deportation in the past. In cases where a foreign national has used fake fingerprints, the foreign national will not only be subject to the deportation procedures implemented by the Immigration Bureau, but will also be subject to stricter measures, including a criminal disposition, and therefore, the Immigration Bureau files accusations with or reports to the investigating authorities such as the police, and also strives to detect fake fingerprints by upgrading the examination devices in order to ensure appropriately handling of the case.

## (2) Utilization of Facial Image Cross-Checking

The “Reinforcement of Measures against Terrorism in Response to the Terrorism Case Involving Murdered Japanese Nationals” (decision of the Headquarters for Promotion of Measures against Transnational Organized Crime and Other Relative Issues and International Terrorism dated May 29, 2015) stated that “The Ministry of Justice will study reinforcement of the utilization of facial image cross-checking capabilities with the cooperation of the relevant ministries and agencies (omitted), in light of the serious terrorist situation and the increase in foreign nationals entering Japan” as part of the reinforcement of the border measures. In response, to reliably find the terrorists and other related persons, etc. at landing examination, the Immigration Bureau has implemented the cross-checking of the facial photographs provided by foreign nationals at the time of landing examination at airports and seaports across the country against the facial images of terrorists and other related persons, etc. kept by the Immigration Bureau since October 2016.

## (3) Use of ICPO’s Database of Stolen and Lost Travel Documents

The introduction and operation of a system to enable the utilization of ICPO’s database of stolen and lost travel documents at the time of the landing examinations as a measure to prevent terrorism was decided in the “Action Plan for the Prevention of Terrorism” (decision of the Headquarters for the Promotion of Measures against Transnational Organized Crime and Other Relative Issues and International Terrorism on December 10, 2004), and examinations have been conducted since August 2009 utilizing ICPO’s stolen and lost travel documents database search system.

The Immigration Bureau seeks to detect illegal entry cases by terrorists and those contemplating illegal conduct through the misuse of lost or stolen passports, by utilizing the abovementioned database.

## (4) Immigration Examinations Through the Use of APIS and PNR

The Immigration Bureau is collecting the information on movements of international terrorists and various kinds of information related to them in close cooperation with the relevant agencies to prevent them from entering Japan and committing terrorist acts. In the process of entry (landing) examinations, the Immigration Bureau is trying to detect terrorists, etc., by unfailingly checking foreign nationals against a blacklist based on such information.

Since February 1, 2007, all vessels and aircrafts calling at a port in Japan have been required to submit, in advance, a list of crew members and passengers which contains their personal identification data. Since February 21, 2010, it has become possible to receive advance passenger information about aircraft calling at an airport through the NACCS (Nippon Automated Cargo and Port Consolidated System) operated by the Nippon Automated Cargo and Port Consolidated System, Inc., and a new advance passenger information system (APIS) was launched.

In addition, in order to be able to respond to the significant increase in the number of foreign nationals entering Japan in line with the various strategies aimed at realizing Japan as a tourism-oriented country and to prevent terrorists and other foreign nationals who pose a risk in terms of