Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Figure 2-1-101 Example of Co-Working Space

PoRTaL

OPEN THE OFFICE!

Source) Website of Hitsuji Incubation Square Inc. (Shibuya Ward, Tokyo: PoRTAL)

Kamiyama Valley Satellite Office Complex

Source) Kamiyama Valley Satellite Office Complex (Kamiyamacho, Tokushima Prefecture: KVSOC)

Reference Materials: Tomokazu Abe, Tadashi Uda, Kenta Hiramoto (2015) "State of Co-Working Space: 2014 Research Summary Report"

Kenta Hiramoto, Tomokazu Abe, Tadashi Uda (2014) "Work Style and Vision for Local Community: Looking at Co-Working"

## (3) Regional Economic Circulation and Building Up the Local District

(A Way to Think About Regional Economic Circulation)

Looking at the local economy from the “flow of funds”, the local economy can be vitalized by acquiring funds from outside the district by supplying goods and services that use of the strengths of the district to areas outside of the district, then constructing an economic circulation structure by creating new demand in the district by circulating those funds within the district. To be more specific, first the funds acquired from outside the district by a business will be spent within the district as the income of the district residents who are employees of the business. Then that spending will become income for the retail and service businesses within the district, and in turn becomes the income of the district residents employed by those

businesses to be spent further to create a circulation. Additionally, funds that were not spent will be deposited into financial institutions, which will then be re-invested (loaned) within the district through those financial institutions to lead to further production (Figure 2-1-102). Through the working of such an economic circulation structure, employment and income will be created within the district and the district economy will be maintained.

However, many of the municipalities in the Rural Areas are in a state where this circulation is not operating well. The foundational industries of the district are stagnating and are not able to acquire funds from outside the district as they had in the past. Even funds that are acquired tend to be spent outside the district, at places like large-scale shopping centers outside the district and on internet mail order businesses. Even with funds deposited into financial institutions in the district, reinvestment inside the district is decreasing, and when comparing the loan-deposit ratio according to each prefecture between 2004 and 2014, it is evident that in many of the prefectures the loan-deposit ratio is deteriorating (Figure 2-1-103). This decrease in spending and investing within the district leads to a decrease in employment opportunities and income, which in turn becomes a cause for the district to lose its vitality.
Further, if a compact urban structure drives a shift in the mode of human transport from automobiles to public transportation, bicycles, walking and so on, environmental benefits, such as reduced $ CO_{2} $ emissions and less contamination from exhaust gases, might be expected. In fact, a negative correlation is confirmed between the population density and the amount of automotive $ CO_{2} $ emissions (Figure 2-2-10).

Source) Developed by MLIT from the "2010 National Census", MIC, and the "2010 Road Traffic Census", MLIT.

## (2) “Compact” and “Networked” and regional economic circulation

Figure 2-2-11 shows the diagram of circular economic flow (Figure 2-1-102) given in Section 1 of Chapter 2 superimposed with the effects that the concept of “compact” and “networked” may have upon the circular flow of regional economies.

First, compacting could come up with the following benefits:

· Maintaining the population density of a given district, such as a central zone, makes it possible to sustain livelihood service facilities, such as medical care, welfare and commercial facilities, which could otherwise be lost

if left unattended (A), upholding regional economies through assurance of these facilities (1);

· Boosting retail spending, etc. downtown and elsewhere with primary impetus from increase population densities in the areas around the facilities and also from improved access from homes to these facilities, coupled with restructuring of public transportation networks (1); and (1)

· Curbing the extra-regional outflow of spending for purchasing of gasoline, etc., as dependence on automobiles lessens in a compact city. (1')

Improved transport networks might in turn encourage business location and make corporate activities, such as logistics (B), more productive for enhanced output.

Thus, “compact” and “networked” may work synergistically to stir the circular flow of regional economies by boosting retail and other sales and by augmenting output, respectively, so intra-regional employees will be earning more (2) to spurt spending, which could lead further to positive intra-regional economic circulation.
their localities under agreed-upon terms at their initiatives while keeping proper shares of responsibility with the stakeholders concerned, from viewpoints of community development, tourism promotion and more.

The MLIT will extend necessary support to local public entities at work while keeping in mind the directions set forth in the “New Institutional Framework for Enhancing Local Public Transportation Systems and Key Concepts of Their Utilization” compiled in August 2014.

Section 5 Driving the Implementation of Ocean Policy (Oceanic State)

## 1 Driving the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy Steadily

A nation surrounded by sea on its four sides, Japan recognizes the vast expanses of surrounding sea as a frontier, which urges the nation to grow into an “oceanic state” in its true sense. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism has been driving the implementation of ocean policies by working in conjunction with the governmental agencies concerned pursuant to the “Basic Plan on Ocean Policy” based on the “Basic Act on Ocean Policy” as many of the administrative fields relevant to oceans fall under its jurisdiction.

The first version of the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy came as a Cabinet decision in March 2008 with the understanding that it would be reviewed about every five years. In April 26, 2013, a new Basic Plan on Ocean Policy was approved at the Cabinet meeting.

In the current context of disaster preparedness and energy policies having been refurbished in the wake of Great East Japan Earthquake, soaring hopes for oceanic energies and mineral resources, such as methane hydrates, and changing social conditions, including international climates concerning the preservation of maritime interests, the new Basic Plan on Ocean Policy is organized of four approaches and directions designed to let Japan grow into an oceanic state: a. International collaboration and contribution to the international community, b. Wealth and prosperity derived from oceanic development and usage, c. Transition from a sea-guarded state to a sea-protecting nation and d. Challenging an untrodden frontier. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is also geared at driving the implementation of the ocean policies at a steady pace according to the guidelines stipulated in the new Basic Plan on Ocean Policy. Specifically, it will be working to toughen the structure of the Japan Coast Guard to protect Japan’s sovereignty and territorial land and seas while seeking to use renewable marine energies, develop and use marine resources, etc., foster
Patrol vessels in the seas around the Senkaku Islands.

Source) MLIT

Patrol vessels and compact boat keep track of Chinese coral fishing boats in the waters around the Ogasawara Islands.

## Column

## Eruptions on Nishinoshima Island Stretch Borders of Territorial Waters

On November 20, 2013, the Nishinoshima volcano 500 m southeast off the coast of Nishinoshima Island in the Ogasawara Islands erupted for the first time in 39 years, forming a new land. More than one year on, active volcanic activities still continue.

The Japan Coast Guard has issued navigation alarms right after the eruption to warn vessels navigating nearby. Further, it conducts aircraft-aided observations periodically and publicizes the observation results and reports them to the Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions in its bid to prevent volcanic hazards.

Since November 20, 2013, the new land continued to expand as lava flowed out until it merged with former Nishinoshima Island on December 26. Active volcanic activities kept the land expanding thereafter such that Nishinoshima Island grew into an area of approximately 2.5 km $ ^{2} $ (including former Nishinoshima Island) by March 25, 2015. Volcanic experts watch the progress of the volcanic activities as the eruptive activities of a sea volvano lasting for 1 year or longer are a globally rare phenomenon.

The expanding sphere of Nishinoshima Island could stretch the borders of Japan’s territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. Territorial waters extend from the low-tide line shown in the marine chart published by the Japan Coast Guard up to 12 nautical miles (up to 200 nautical miles for exclusive economic zones). As soon as volcanic activities settle down and safety is confirmed, a precise water channel survey will be conducted to finalize a new low-tide line. The new extents of territorial waters, etc. will be fixed when the expanded sphere of Nishinoshima Island is listed in a nautical chart on the basis of the survey findings.

The Japan Coast Guard will carry on its observation of volcanic activities in Nishinoshima Island.
# Realizing a Tourism Nation and Building a Beautiful Nation

Section 1

Trends in Tourism

## 1 Significance of a Tourism Nation

Tourism is an industrial segment of vital importance to Japan, for it helps the nation maintain regional vitalities to keep up with its social development by capturing global demands, as from rapidly advancing Asian nations, to expand nonresident population vising from both at home and abroad in a depopulating and aging society with falling birthrates, and also consolidate its position in an international community by promoting deeper global mutual understanding through two-way exchanges with the nations abroad.

## Tourism Now

## (1) Trends in the nation's tourism

The number of domestic pleasure trips with lodging made in 2014 averaged 2.12 overnight stays per capita (against 2.25 a year earlier) and the average number of trips per capita was 1.29 times (against 1.39 a year earlier). Spending on the domestic trips with lodging, including homecoming and business trips, amounted to about 14.3 trillion yen (against 15.8 trillion yen a year earlier), and the number of overnight stays, the number of trips taken and the amount of spending all decreased from their year earlier levels.

The number of overseas tourists in 2014 dipped 3.3% (about 570,000) from the previous year to about 16.90 million, with their spending in the same year falling to about 4.5 trillion yen from its year earlier level of (about 4.5 trillion yen).

## (2) Trends in foreigners touring Japan

In 2014, approximately 13.41 million foreign tourists visited Japan (up 29% from a year earlier), three million more than the record-breaking 10-million-tourist mark attained in 2013, a major step towards nearing the goal of 20 million tourists set for 2020.

By nationality and region, Taiwan accounted for about 2.83 million (up 28% from the previous year), followed by

Korea with about 2.76 million (up 12%) and China with about 2.41 million (up 83% from the previous year). By Visit Japan Campaign market, Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, India, Australia, the U.S., Canada, France and Germany registered their record highs.

With increases in the number of inbound foreign tourists, they spent an all-time high of 2.278 trillion yen in 2014, an advance of 43.1% (611.1 billion yen) from 2013.

(Note) Values for 2013 and before are definite values. Values for January through October 2014 are preliminary values. Values for November to December 2014 are estimates. % indicates a change from the year-earlier month.

Source) Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO)
(2) Present status and problems in housing land supply

There is a driving shift from the traditional course of policy that promoted a large supply of new housing land to a housing land policy that reflects trends in population and household. The Urban Renaissance Agency now works only on the new town projects that have already been initiated. The MLIT also supports the development of public facilities relevant to the development of housing land, and offers preferential tax measures to promote the supply of housing land furnished with a good dwelling environment.

## (3) Using fixed-term land leases

A fixed-term land lease—in which the land lease ends for certain at the determined contract term and there is no renewal of the land lease—is an effective system for making residential acquisition at a low cost possible.

To facilitate wider acceptance of this system, the MLIT is working to clarify things like the tax procedures for handling prepaid rents – a third kind of lump-sum payment next to deposits and premiums.

## (4) Revitalizing aging new towns

The large-scale urban housing areas (New Town) that were systematically developed mainly in the suburbs of the metropolitan areas during the economic boom period are facing issues of decline in community vitality resulting from the quickly aging population and the continued decrease in population. There is a growing need for renewing the dilapidated housing and communal facilities as well as improving the functions that support daily life, in order to renovate these new town areas into cities that are easy to live in for everyone.

We also provide information on area management Note that aids in revitalization of the new towns.

## Section 2

## Realizing Comfortable Living Environments

## 1 Developing City Parks and Forming a Good Urban Environment

## (1) Status of development of city parks and approaches to upgrading them

Because city parks are key facilities laid out to fill diversified public needs, national government parks, the development of national government parks, disaster preparedness parks, and the preservation of time-honored cities and green spaces have been implemented efficiently and on a planned basis, with primary emphasis on: a. Building a safe and secure municipality furnished with disaster preparedness parks that could serve as evacuation sites; b. Building safe and secure community sites to address the issues of an aging population with falling birthrates; c. Preserving and shaping a good natural environment that aids in building a recycling-oriented society and addressing global environmental issues; and d. Building sites for advancing tourism that takes advantage of regional characteristics or for inter-regional exchanges or collaboration.

Opening entire area of Michinoku Lakewood National Government Park in June 2014 (Kawasaki Town in Shibata district, Miyagi Prefecture)

Source) MLIT

As of the end of FY2012, city parks were maintained at 104,099 locations nationwide, covering 121,473ha, or about $ 10.1m^{2} $ per capita. National government parks were visited by about 38.13 million people in FY2014, with 17 locations being developed and maintained.
## Air Traffic Safety Measures

## (1) Strengthening Aviation Safety Measures

### a. State Safety Program (SSP)

The Aviation Bureau, in accordance with Chapter 19 Annex of convention on International Civil Aviation, developed the State Safety Program (SSP) in October, 2013, which stipulated the measures that must be taken for civil aviation safety, as an aviation safety authority, and was enforced from April, 2014. The Aviation Bureau in SSP sets state's safety indicators and target values, develops standards related to aviation safety, conducts audit and inspection, and implements necessary dispositions. In addition, the Aviation Bureau requests aviation service providers to formulate safety policies, set safety indicators and target values, report safety information, conduct safety education and training, and implement the risk management regarding safety.

Moreover, the Aviation Bureau started the aviation safety information spontaneous reporting system (VOICES) from July 2014 to further collect aviation safety information and improve safety. In the VOICES, the Aviation Bureau requests voluntary reports on “close call experience”, which are hard to capture by duty reports, extensively from the aviation officials, and experts analyze the reports with information source concealed. The analysis results will be shared among aviation officials and used for the preventive measures for aviation accidents.

### b. Air Transport Safety Measures

Although there are no fatal accidents since 1986 among specified domestic air carriers $ ^{Note} $ , to appropriately respond to safety troubles, the safety management system of airlines and others will be improved, preventative safety measures will be promoted, and preliminary audits and strict site inspections, including unannounced visits, for domestic airlines newly entering the market or expanding business along with other measures to appropriately improve systematic monitoring. Also, in accordance with the increased entrance of foreign airlines following the promotion of the open sky policy, monitoring of foreign airlines entering Japan were strengthened with site inspections and other measures.

### c. Certification of Domestic Jetliners

In October 2014, the first flight test aircraft of the first domestic jetliner left the assembly line and was unveiled to stakeholders on a rollout ceremony. The MLIT, as the national government of design and manufacturing, certification is under way concerning compliance with

safety and environmental standards. To implement certification more appropriately and smoothly, the establishment and expansion of the certification organization, along with close coordination with the aviation authorities of the United States and Europe, are being carried out.
## (1) Dissemination of sewage processing with sanitary drainage

Although the dissemination of sewage treatment plants reached around 89% (dissemination of sanitary drainage systems of around 77%) of Japan as of the end of FY2013 (total of 46 prefectures, excluding Fukushima due to effects from the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake), there is a large gap between regions. In particular, the dissemination rate of sewage treatment plants in small to medium communities with populations of less than 50,000 people remain low, only reaching a ratio of approximately 76% (dissemination rate of sewage systems approximately 49%). Focusing on improvement in areas with high population density, the advancement of efficient development in accordance to condition of communities and the rectification of the gap between communities are seen as being of the utmost importance for developing sewage systems in the future.

(Note) Due to the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake, the Fukushima prefecture was excluded from the survey.

Source) Prepared by the MLIT from information materials provided by the Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

### a. Initiatives towards the septic system overview in roughly 10 years

In regards to the maintenance of sewage treatment facilities, individual disposal by using septic tanks are economical in areas where households are widely distributed throughout a region, while the collective disposal with sewerage systems and drainage facilities for agricultural communities becomes more economical as the population density rises. For this reason, each prefecture has established a “Prefectural Plan”, a compiled maintenance plan over sewerage treatment which reflects considerations over regional characteristics such as the economic efficiency and importance of protecting water quality. Currently, in light of the population decline of recent years, MLIT is promoting an immediate re-examination of prefectural schemes and the creation of mid-term (action plan)/long-term equipping plans, in order to work towards an septic system overview in roughly 10 years. In addition, efficient means of maintenance are also being actively promoted through the implementation of cooperative schemes between other waste water treatment facilities such as cross-jurisdictional waste water treatment.
(3) Establishment of the Japan Overseas Infrastructure Investment Corporation for Transport & Urban Development (JOIN) Note

The sectors of transport and urban development come with expectations of long-term returns but there are also characteristics which are significant issues for the participation of Japanese companies, such as long development periods, demand risks during the operations phase, and the influence of local governments, all of which require appropriate solutions.

For this reason, JOIN was established as part of the “Japan Revitalization Strategy” in October 2014 to address the demand risks of both “investment” and “participation at project planning stage” as one, to better promote the entry of Japanese companies into overseas transportation and urban development business markets. An industry investment of JPY 37.2 billion was allocated in FY2015 through treasury investments and loans (see chart below).

JOIN will provide funding and other investments to local project owners in cooperation with Japanese companies, dispatch skilled personnel including executives and engineers, and conduct negotiations with the partner country. Furthermore, because the international promotion of infrastructure systems is an important national policy, the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, along with other relevant ministers, will coordinate to manage this agency appropriately.

## (4) Development of Soft Infrastructure

Japan aims to establish Japanese specifications and standards as international standards through active participation in the discussions, while also promoting the progress of Japanese standards becoming the “de facto standard”. In addition, through the deployment of experts, cooperation in JICA training, and seminars, Japan is supporting the training of technicians responsible for maintenance, operation and management of infrastructure in partner countries.

## The Establishment of the Japan Overseas Infrastructure Investment Corporation for Transport & Urban Development (JOIN)

### 1 \. The Foundation of JOIN

The Japan Overseas Infrastructure Investment Corporation for Transport & Urban Development (JOIN) was established on October 20, 2014. JOIN provides investment and business participation for overseas transportation and urban development business. It is expected that JOIN projects will strengthen the competitiveness of Japan by encouraging Japanese businesses to participate in the overseas infrastructure market.

Approximately JPY 5.4 billion yen from the private sector (infrastructure related industries, etc.) and JPY 5.4 billion from the government were contributed when JOIN was established. An additional JPY 58.5 billion was allocated in FY2014 as part of the government financial investment plan budget, and a JPY 37.2 billion budget was reported for 2015. In the future, depending on the progress of the projects, JOIN will receive additional government investment.

### 2. About the Inauguration Ceremony

The inauguration ceremony was held at JOIN's Marunouchi office on October 20, 2014 and included the
図5-17-A 失業・就業移動者の産業構成(雇用者・男女計)

図5-17-B 失業・就業移動者の産業構成（雇用者・男）

図5-17-C 失業・就業移動者の産業構成（雇用者・女）
図5-18-A 失業・就業移動者の規模構成 (雇用者・男女計)

図5-18-B 失業・就業移動者の規模構成 (雇用者・男)

図5-18-C 失業・就業移動者の規模構成 (雇用者・女)
図5-19-A 失業・就業移動者退出者の職種構成(雇用者・男女計)

図5-19-B 失業・就業移動者退出者の職種構成(雇用者・男)

図5-19-C 失業・就業移動者退出者の職種構成（雇用者・女）
図5-20-A 失業・就業移動者の労働時間構成 (雇用者・男女計)

図5-20-B 失業・就業移動者の労働時間構成 (雇用者・男)

図5-20-B 男

図5-20-C 失業・就業移動者の労働時間構成 (雇用者・女)
図5-21-A 失業・就業移動者の転職希望・追加就業希望(雇用者・男女計)

図5-21-B 失業・就業移動者の転職希望・追加就業希望(雇用者・男)

図5-21-C 失業・就業移動者の転職希望・追加就業希望(雇用者・女)
図5-22-A UU確率(男女計)

図5-22-B UU確率(男)

図5-22-C UU確率(女)
図5-23-A UN確率(男女計)

図5-23-B UN確率(男)

図5-23-C UN確率(女)
図5-24 UN確率の推移(女性)
図5-25-A NE確率(男女計)

図5-25-B NE確率(男)

図5-25-C NE確率(女)