Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
(Unit: ¥100 million, %)

Year	Production	Percent change from the previous year	Export	Import	Total domestic production
1979	5,669	23.1	—	—	—
1989	12,195	9.9	2,266	2,972	12,819
2002	15,035	-0.9	3,769	8,400	19,755
2003	14,989	-0.3	4,203	8,836	19,407
2004	15,344	2.4	4,301	9,553	21,102
2005	15,724	2.5	4,739	10,120	20,695
2006	16,883	7.4	5,275	10,979	24,170
2007	16,845	-0.2	5,750	10,220	21,727
2008	16,924	0.5	5,592	10,907	22,001
2009	15,762	-6.9	4,752	10,750	21,829
2010	17,134	8.7	4,534	10,554	22,856

Source: “Annual Report on the Survey of Pharmaceutical Industry Productions”, Health Policy Bureau, MHLW

Detailed Data Production by Medical Device Type

(Unit: ¥100 million, %)

Category	Production	Percentage	Typical example
1. Devices for surgical procedures	4,277	25.0	Sterile tubes and catheters for vascular procedures, sterile blood transfusion sets
2. Diagnostic imaging system	2,743	16.0	Whole body X-ray CT units, general-purpose ultrasonic diagnostic imaging devices
3. Biological function assisting devices/substitutes	2,288	13.4	Stents, hip replacements
4. Bio-phenomena monitoring measuring/monitoring devices	2,091	12.2	Electronic endoscopes, sphygmomanometers
5. Dental materials	1,121	6.5	Gold silver palladium alloy for dental casting, dental ceramics
6. Medical specimen testers	1,035	6.0	Discrete automatic clinical chemical analyzers, luminescence immune measurement devices
7. Medical devices for home use	947	5.5	Electronic massaging devices for home use, in-ear hearing aids
8. Diagnostic imaging X-ray related units/instruments	786	4.6	Films for image recording and direct photography
9. Ophthalmologic devices and related products	588	3.4	Eyeglasses for sight correction, contact lenses
10. Others	1,258	7.3
Total	17,134	100.0

Source: “Annual Report on the Survey of Pharmaceutical Industry Productions 2010”, Health Policy Bureau, MHLW
## Overview

## Separation of Dispensing and Prescribing Functions

Separation of dispensing and prescribing functions in improving the quality of national medical care by dividing the roles of doctors and pharmacists based on their specialized field in that doctors will issue prescriptions to patients and the pharmacists of pharmacies then dispense according to those prescriptions.

[Advantages of separation of dispensing and prescribing functions]

1) Doctors and dentists can freely prescribe drugs necessary for patients even when the particular drugs are not stocked in their own hospitals or clinics.

2) Issuing prescriptions to patients allows them to know which drugs they are taking.

3) "Family pharmacies" can check for duplicate prescriptions, drugs interactions, etc. offered by multiple facilities through drug history management and thus improve efficacy and safety of drug therapies.

4) Reduced outpatient dispensing work of hospital pharmacists allows them to engage in hospital activities for inpatients which they should essentially perform.

5) Pharmacists, in cooperation with prescribing physicians and dentists, will explain effects, side effects, directions for use, etc. of drugs to patients (patient compliance instruction) so that patients improve their understanding on drugs and are expected to take dispensed drugs as directed leading to improved efficacy and safety of drug therapies.

Detailed Data Changes in Number of Pharmacies and Prescriptions

FY	Number of pharmacies	Number of prescriptions (10,000/year)	Number of prescriptions per 1,000 persons (per month)	Nationwide average of the rate of separation of dispensing and prescribing functions (%)
1989	36,670	13,542	95.2	11.3
1990	36,981	14,573	105.4	12.0
1991	36,979	15,957	111.7	12.8
1992	37,532	17,897	125.8	14.1
1993	38,077	20,149	140.6	15.8
1994	38,773	23,501	161.0	18.1
1995	39,433	26,508	182.5	20.3
1996	40,310	29,643	210.0	22.5
1997	42,412	33,782	238.1	26.0
1998	44,085	40,006	278.8	30.5
1999	45,171	45,537	307.3	34.8
2000	46,763	50,620	348.6	39.5
2001	48,252	55,960	393.7	44.5
2002	49,332	58,462	393.0	48.8
2003	49,956	59,812	418.8	51.6
2004	50,600	61,889	368.7	53.8
2005	51,233	64,508	425.2	54.1
2006	51,952	66,083	442.5	55.8
2007	52,539	68,375	481.0	57.2
2008	53,304	69,436	483.0	59.1
2009	53,642	70,222	494.1	60.7
2010	53,067*	72,939	486.6	63.1

Source: The number of pharmacies as of December 31 of each year until 1996 and of the end of each fiscal year from 1997 on by Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, MHLW and number of prescriptions

The number of prescriptions and nationwide average rate of separation by Japan Pharmaceutical Association (Note) The rate of separation of dispensing and prescribing functions is calculated as follows:

Rate of separation of dispensing and prescribing functions (%) = $ \frac{\text{Number of prescriptions to pharmacies}}{\text{Number of prescriptions issued to outpatients (total)}} $ ×100

$ ^{*} $ Miyagi Prefecture is not included due to the impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake.
## Overview

## [Blood Products]

Blood products refer to all pharmaceutical products which are derived from human blood and are roughly classified into blood transfusion products and plasma derivatives. All of the blood transfusion products are supplied through blood donations.

Of plasma derivatives, in contrast, while blood coagulation factor products are supplied domestically except for a few special products, a large part of other plasma derivatives, namely albumin preparations and hepatitis B immunoglobulin products, are still imported from overseas. This has been viewed as a problem, however, from the viewpoint of ethics and supply stability. Therefore efforts are being made in establishing a system for securing the domestic supply of all types of blood products including plasma derivatives.

Category	Type	Application
Blood transfusion products	Red blood cell products	Anemia due to hematopoietic organ diseases and chronic bleeding, etc.
Plasma products	Liver damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), etc.
Platelet products	Active bleeding, preoperative conditions of surgical operation, large volume blood transfusion, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), blood diseases, etc.
Plasma derivatives	Albumin products	Hemorrhagic shock, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis accompanying intractable ascites, etc.
Immunoglobulin products	Aglobulinemia or hypoglobulinemia, etc.
Blood coagulation factor products	Supplementing blood coagulation factor to patients with blood coagulation factor deficiency

## [Status of Blood Donation]

The number of blood donors increased in 2008, but the number of blood donors of younger populations aged 16-29 continues to remain on a decreasing trend. 400mL and apheresis donations have been introduced for some time in addition to the conventional 200mL donation. In recent years, 400mL and apheresis donations are becoming more popular.

Detailed Data 1 Change in Number of Blood Donors

Detailed Data 2 Changes in Number of Blood Donors by Donation Type and Donated Blood Volume
(5) Health Risk Management System

Health Risk Management System
## 「新しい日本のための優先課題推進枠」要望一覧

個人情報保護委員會

(单位: 千円)

事業名	要望額
組織体制の整備	342,252
特定個人情報の監視・監督	247,440
個人情報の広報・啓発、国際協力	130,900
個人情報の利活用・監督	234,000

合計	954,592
Figure 23 Number of Electric Refrigerators, Electric Vacuum Cleaners, and Electric Washing Machines Held by Households (per 1,000 household)

Sources: Statistics Bureau, MIC, "National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure"

Cabinet Office "Prefectural Accounts"

Notes: 1) Regional segmentation is the same as Figure 24.

2) Okinawa was not included in the figures for 1964 and 1969

3) Figures for electric refrigerators include those for gas refrigerators

Figure 24 Dependence on Public Investment

(proportion of formation of fixed capital of public institutions to total prefectural expenditure)

Economic Planning Agency "Report on long-term retrospective estimate for prefectural accounting, 1955-1974" (1991)

Notes: 1) Tokyo metropolitan area includes Saitama prefecture, Chiba prefecture, Metropolis of Tokyo, and Kanagawa prefecture

2) Osaka/Nagoya regions include Gifu prefecture, Aichi prefecture, Mie prefecture, Kyoto prefecture, Osaka prefecture, Hyogo prefecture and Nara prefecture

3) Regional area refers to the prefectures other than those specified in 1) and 2) above. They are divided into two groups evenly in terms of population, namely, by per capita prefectural income (2000). The prefectures with higher income levels include Hokkaido, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Yamanashi, Nagano, Shizuoka, Shiga, Hiroshima and Yamaguchi. The prefectures with lower income levels include Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, Fukushima, Wakayama, Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi, Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, and Okinawa

4) Figures for the years from 1955 through 1970 are estimates by the Economic Planning Agency, those for the years from 1975 through 1990 are the 68SNA estimates and those for 1995 through 2000 are the 93SNA estimates. Thus, strictly speaking, these statistics are not related to each other.
Figure 25 Population Density and Labour Productivity (by ten-percentile scales of the national land)

Sources: Statistics Bureau, MIC "Population Census" the Office of Counselor in charge of Labour Policy, MHLW estimate calculated from "Census of Manufacturers" conducted by METI

Notes: 1) The ten-percent scales for the national land are listed from towns and villages with low population density to those with high population density, dividing the national land into 10 categories according to population density from low to high density. The category with the lowest population range falls into the first ten-percent and the category with the highest population range into the $ 10^{th} $ ten-percent.

2) In Figure 25 above, the first ten-percent category is on the far left and the $ 10^{th} $ ten-percent category on the far right.

Figure 26 Changes in Regional Population Density (gap over 10 years) (by ten-percentile scales of the national land)

Source: The Office of Counselor in charge of Labour Policy, MHLW estimate calculated from "Population Census" conducted by Statistics Bureau, MIC

Notes: 1) The ten-percent scales of the national land are listed from towns and villages with low population density to those with high population density, dividing the national land into 10 categories by population density from low to high density. The category with the lowest population range falls into the first ten-percent and the category with the highest population range into the 10th ten-percent.

2) The graphs show changes in population density over the past 10 years in each ten-percent category. The population densities of each category in 2000 are 6.2 per one km² for the first ten-percent, 13.0 for the second ten-percent, 21.7 for the third ten-percent, 35.5 for the fourth ten-percent, 56.6 for the fifth ten-percent, 87.7 for the sixth ten-percent, 143.5 for the seventh ten-percent, 249.5 for the eighth ten-percent, 480.1 for the ninth ten-percent, and 2313.5 for the tenth ten-percent per one km².

Figure 27 Age Distribution by Region (2000)

Source: Statistics Bureau, MIC "Population of major metropolitan areas" (the edited commentary series no. 10 of Population Census in 2000)

Notes: 1) Major metropolitan areas refer to three metropolitan areas, including Keihinyo metropolis, Chukyo metropolis and Keihanshin metropolis.

2) Regional areas are the regions other than the three metropolitan areas listed in 1) above.

3) Central area of large cities refers to the central cities of each metropolitan area, namely, Chiba city, special wards of Tokyo, Yokohama city, Kawasaki city, Nagoya city, Kyoto city, Osaka city and Kobe city.

4) Suburbs of large cities are those within three major metropolitan areas in 1) above but outside of central area of large cities listed in 3).
Like the Remodeling Defect Liability Insurance Program, the Existing Housing Defect Liability Insurance Program allows consumers to search through a list of registered traders at a website to aid in their trader selection.

### b. Forming long-lasting quality stocks

## (a) Housing quality assurance

A 10-year defect liability obligation has been mandated for the basic structural part of new housing in accordance with the “Housing Quality Assurance Promotion Act.” At the same time, a housing performance marking program has been put into effect for objective assessment of the basic performance characteristics of new and existing houses, such as earthquake-resistance, energy-saving measures, preventing measures against deterioration, etc. In FY2013, Housing Design Performance Assessment Reports were issued for 195,973 houses to assess them in their stage of design documentation, Constructed Housing Performance Assessment Reports (New House) were issued for 172,361 houses to evaluate them on site inspection, and Constructed Housing Performance Assessment Reports (Existing House) were issued for 324 existing houses.

Disputes arising in connection with houses that have been subjected to a constructed housing performance evaluation are to be promptly and legitimately settled by local bar associations that are a designated housing dispute settlement agency, with support from the Center for Housing Renovation and Dispute Settlement Support. The Center also accepts applications for consultation on housing issues. In FY2014, there were 27 cases of application for dispute processing regarding a house for which a constructed housing performance evaluation report was issued by designated housing dispute processing agency, and 822 cases of consultation regarding a house for which a constructed housing performance evaluation report was issued by the same center.

## (b) Approaches to longer-lasting housing

The MLIT pursues the dissemination of housing that is structured and equipped to meet or exceed certain levels of performance requirements, such as durability and ease of maintenance and management (“Long-lasting Quality Housing”) under the “Act on the Promotion of Dissemination of Long-Lasting Quality Housing.” (Certified houses in FY2013: 100,029).

We are also supporting progressive approaches to renovation that contributes to the longevity of existing housing.

## (c) Promotion of wooden housing

In recognition of the national need for wooden housing, as much as 80% of the Japanese people favor wooden housing $ ^{Note} $ . The MLIT supports not only the construction of long-lasing quality wooden housing by a group of contractors working in the entire process of housing, from supplying local timber and other materials, to designing and constructing housing, but also the development of human resources relevant to the construction of wooden housing, to create quality wooden stock.
(2) Present status and problems in housing land supply

There is a driving shift from the traditional course of policy that promoted a large supply of new housing land to a housing land policy that reflects trends in population and household. The Urban Renaissance Agency now works only on the new town projects that have already been initiated. The MLIT also supports the development of public facilities relevant to the development of housing land, and offers preferential tax measures to promote the supply of housing land furnished with a good dwelling environment.

## (3) Using fixed-term land leases

A fixed-term land lease—in which the land lease ends for certain at the determined contract term and there is no renewal of the land lease—is an effective system for making residential acquisition at a low cost possible.

To facilitate wider acceptance of this system, the MLIT is working to clarify things like the tax procedures for handling prepaid rents – a third kind of lump-sum payment next to deposits and premiums.

## (4) Revitalizing aging new towns

The large-scale urban housing areas (New Town) that were systematically developed mainly in the suburbs of the metropolitan areas during the economic boom period are facing issues of decline in community vitality resulting from the quickly aging population and the continued decrease in population. There is a growing need for renewing the dilapidated housing and communal facilities as well as improving the functions that support daily life, in order to renovate these new town areas into cities that are easy to live in for everyone.

We also provide information on area management Note that aids in revitalization of the new towns.

## Section 2

## Realizing Comfortable Living Environments

## 1 Developing City Parks and Forming a Good Urban Environment

## (1) Status of development of city parks and approaches to upgrading them

Because city parks are key facilities laid out to fill diversified public needs, national government parks, the development of national government parks, disaster preparedness parks, and the preservation of time-honored cities and green spaces have been implemented efficiently and on a planned basis, with primary emphasis on: a. Building a safe and secure municipality furnished with disaster preparedness parks that could serve as evacuation sites; b. Building safe and secure community sites to address the issues of an aging population with falling birthrates; c. Preserving and shaping a good natural environment that aids in building a recycling-oriented society and addressing global environmental issues; and d. Building sites for advancing tourism that takes advantage of regional characteristics or for inter-regional exchanges or collaboration.

Opening entire area of Michinoku Lakewood National Government Park in June 2014 (Kawasaki Town in Shibata district, Miyagi Prefecture)

Source) MLIT

As of the end of FY2012, city parks were maintained at 104,099 locations nationwide, covering 121,473ha, or about 10.1m $ ^{2} $ per capita. National government parks were visited by about 38.13 million people in FY2014, with 17 locations being developed and maintained.
○By installing Shirakawa Chuo Smart IC, the access time to Shirakawa Kosei General Hospital was shortened and approximately 700 vehicles a year use it for emergency transport (2013 results)

In order to promote cooperation among local areas, the MLIT is working on strengthening accessibility, including direct connections between expressways and facilities. By being flexible in building additional Smart ICs, we are working on increasing accessibility to the distribution centers and tourism hubs from expressways and on the consolidation and sophistication of measures based on the concept of "compact" and "networked". This is also being undertaken to alleviate traffic jams around the existing ICs. In view of vitalizing the local area by promoting the use of expressways and improving convenience, the MLIT will move forward with directly connecting expressways and facilities based on the appropriate load, especially for areas that have large-scale distribution centers, industrial complexes, and commercial facilities near the expressways.

In terms of the toll system for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area—per the “Basic Policy” of the Arterial Highways Workshop that organizes and unifies toll rate level and start/end points, and starts charging fees in FY2016—we will move forward with concrete planning (For the Kinki Region, we will start sorting through the issues specific to the area in preparation for starting in FY2017).

## Figure II-5-3-2

Example of Effectively Installing Smart ICs

Source) MLIT

Figure II-5-3-3 Organizing and Unifying rate level for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area

Source) MLIT

2 In cases where standard-sized cars are using all lanes (except for Ken-O Expressway in which case users can only go up to 40km)

## Figure II-5-3-4

## Realization of Seamless Toll System Based on OD (Image)

For example, within the Ken-O Expressway, if the Origination and Destination is the same no matter which route is selected, the fee will be the same regardless of the administering agent.

## [Toll rate for Route A > Toll rate for Route B]

## [Toll rate for Route A = Toll rate for Route B]

Source) MLIT
## (3) Approaches to improve public transportation usage environment

For local public transportation, the MLIT supports the deployment of LRT, BRT, IC cards and other less constrained systems through the implementation of regional public transportation assurance, maintenance and improvement projects, to accelerate the improvement of regional public transportation usage environment as part of its barrier-free community planning effort. In FY2014, low floor type cars were deployed by Toyama local railway.

## (4) Upgrading urban railway networks

Urban railway networks have upgraded to a considerable extent to date as they have been refurbished with a primary view to building up their transportation capacities to ease traffic congestion. As a result, traffic congestion in the major metropolitan areas during commuting to and from office or school by train are on the decline, keeping pace with the continuing trends towards an aging population with fewer births. The rate of congestion on some routes, however, remains as high as over 180% and demands continued efforts to mitigate congestion. Efforts in progress include quadruple tracking of Odakyu Electric Railway’s Odawara Line and modifications to Tokyu’s Toyoko Line, both funded by the Designated Urban Railway Development Reserve Program.

The Kanagawa Eastern lines (Sotetsu - JR/Tokyu Through line) and others have been developed by leveraging the “Act on Enhancement of Convenience of Urban Railways, etc.”, a legislation aimed at upgrading the speediness and traffic node functions of existing urban railway networks, to further enhance the urban railway networks, including added user convenience.

The conditions surrounding the urban railways is changing greatly, such as the rising necessity to strengthen the international competitiveness of cities, the progress of the declining birthrate and aging population and the impending era of population decline, as well as an increase in foreign tourists visiting Japan. Within these conditions—in view of constructing an increasingly high quality urban railway network in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area—improving airport access, dealing with train delays, and coordinating with city building have all become urgent issues to be resolved. For this reason, in April 2014, the Council of Transport Policy was consulted regarding the future of the urban railway in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.

Figure II-5-3-5 Changes in the Average Rate of Congestion, Transportation Capacity and Passenger Capacity in the Three Major Metropolitan Areas (Index: FY1975 = 100)

___ : Rate of Congestion (%)

: Transportation Capacity (Index: FY1975 = 100)

Tokyo Area: 31 sections

___ : Number of Passengers (Index: FY1975 = 100)

Osaka Area: 20 sections

Nagoya Area: 8 sections

Source) Prepared by the MLIT from "Urban Transport Annual Report" compiled by the Institution for Transport Policy Studies and other relevant literature.
## (5) Development of urban monorails, new transport systems, and LRTs

The MLIT promotes the development of LRTs to encourage users' migration to public transportation facilities in order to streamline urban traffic flow, lighten environmental loads, and revitalize central urban areas, while keeping vulnerable road users assured of mobility in this era of aging population and falling birthrates. In FY2014, various cities moved forward with the renovation of public transportation networks. For example, Sapporo City built a loop to connect the existing streetcar lines, while Toyama City connected the south side and north side of Toyama Station with streetcars, and Fukui City moved forward with developing mutual accessibility between the streetcar line and the railway.

Source) Sapporo City

## (6) Augmenting the convenience of bus usage

The convenience of bus usage has been augmented by improving the punctuality and speediness features of bus services by using a Public Transportation Priority System (PTPS) and bus lanes, introducing bus location systems that provide information about the location of buses in service, and IC card systems that facilitate smooth boarding and disembarking.