Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## 4 Growing need for cooperation among diverse entities

(Review and overhaul broad-based regional development policy including for the Tohoku region.)

Regarding the Tohoku broad-based development policy, which is the described future vision for the Tohoku region and broad-based projects, it will be revised to present a new regional vision that is sustainable and disaster resistant, based on the many valuable lessons and issues that were learned or identified through the restoration and reconstruction from the earthquake, such as promoting inter-regional cooperation based on assignment of large-scale projects and building coalition, establishing a mutually complementary system among different transportation modes, and securing substitutability and redundancy of the wide area traffic network.

In addition, broad-based development policies of other districts are also under revision to build a disaster resistant country and district.

## (Support for the “New Public”)

In the course of the recovery and revival process from the Great Earthquake, various kinds of cooperation among different entities including NPOs, those from academia, business, and government have been forming. However, while the administration in the disaster-stricken area cannot support the residents' minor needs for their daily living due to insufficient staff, there are some cases where supporting groups (Ex. NPOs) from other districts are not able to communicate smoothly with local residents and municipal governments. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a system to support organizations such as NPOs, in which local personnel who serve as a community organizer will be assigned as "a local coordinators". The local coordinators will be provided expert knowledge and information, and work between the municipal government and each NPO to complement administrative services. MLIT decided to support this system as "the intermediate supporting system." For instance, the local coordinator will match the appropriate organization (local company, local organization or NPO) to a community where not enough services like after-school care or welfare care are provided as a result of the earthquake.

In January 2012, MLIT assigned 11 organizations involved with community renovation, refugee support, and livelihood support, and will provide assistance to the activities of those organizations.
### 3. Assistance to disaster-stricken areas by parcel delivery foundation～Every parcel with a seed of hope～

Right after the Great East Japan Earthquake, YAMATO HOLDINGS CO., LTD., started a year-long project to donate ten yen for every parcel they deliver.

The total amount of relief funds collected by the program, which concluded on March 31, 2012, was 14.2 billion yen. All the relief funds were turned over to the “Great East Japan Earthquake Life, Industry Infrastructure Recovery, and Rebuilding Relief Fund” by the Yamato Welfare Foundation, a public interest incorporated foundation, to help rebuild the fishing and agriculture industries and infrastructure in affected areas by “not just providing relief funds, but also by having them used to create new recovery models.”

In the “Recovery assistance program for marine product processing industry” conducted in Iwate Prefecture, a total of 1.6 billion yen was provided to 107 marine product processing companies that were unable to receive a national subsidy. A total of 31 projects including the above program were granted.

Marine products processing equipment purchased by the parcel delivery foundation

Photo: YAMATO HOLDINGS CO., LTD

### 4. Various movements of the disaster prevention agreement

Some municipal administrations have begun to conclude agreements with companies on their own regarding temporary evacuation centers for people trapped in offices and unable to return home, or how to cope with flooding.

In January 2012, the Shibuya Ward Office concluded an agreement with the All Japan Real Estate Association Shibuya Branch and the Tokyo Takken Association Shibuya Branch for assistance for people trapped in offices and unable to return home. Both associations will ask for participation from shops and restaurants and ask them to offer resting space, drinking water, toilet use, and traffic information for people unable to return home.

The Minato Ward Office concluded an agreement with Mori Building Co., Ltd., in March 2012 to offer evacuation space, stockpiled food, drinking water, emergency evacuation tools, and evacuation guidance near railway stations.

The Koto Ward Office concluded an agreement with four companies within the ward in September 2012 to offer their properties as evacuation centers and assistance for evacuation guidance to neighborhood residents in the event of massive floods such as a tsunami.

More broadly, the Prefectures of Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, and Kanagawa and the cities of Yokohama, Kawasaki, Chiba, Saitama, and Sagamihara have concluded agreements with convenience stores, fast-food restaurants, family restaurants, taverns, and Karaoke-spaces to offer water, toilet use, and provide traffic information.
[Locations of Drainage Activity]

[Drainage Work]

[Technical Instructions to Thai Workers]

[Before Drainage (November 23)]

Source: MLIT

[After Drainage (November 26)]

Rojana Industrial Park

Note: The drainage pump trucks dispatched to Thailand have a drainage capacity of $ 30m^{3} $ per minute and are capable of emptying a 25m swimming pool in approximately 10 minutes. They were employed for the drainage activity in the tsunami-afflicted areas after the Great East Japan Earthquake as well.
## Reference 1 Great East Japan Earthquake and Reconstruction from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake

One year has already passed since the occurrence of the devastating Great East Japan Earthquake. Although the recovery of infrastructure has been steadily carried out, there are issues in terms of reconstruction of the afflicted-towns, such as building consensus for disaster preventive collective relocation. In this reference, we look back to the recovery from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake that occurred in January 1995 and compared the conditions of the two earthquakes over a period of one year after their occurrences.

## [Population Outflow]

A major population outflow occurred in the afflicted areas after both the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and Great East Japan Earthquake. Because the afflicted-area of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake was a major city, the population outflow from Hyogo Prefecture alone right after the occurrence was nearly 17,000 greater than the inflow in February 1995. In the Great East Japan Earthquake, the population outflow from Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima (3 Tohoku Prefectures) together right after the occurrence was over 14,000 greater than the inflow in April 2011.

Source: Developed by MLIT from the MIC's "Basic Resident Register Migration Report"

## [Production Status]

Production level in Hyogo Prefecture recovered to that before the earthquake in three months. Production level after the Great East Japan Earthquake, on the other hand, significantly fell and it also had a great impact throughout the nation.

This was because the earthquake caused a restraint on power supply, cut off supply chains, and caused other issues, impacting the economy throughout the nation.

Chart. 80 Change in the Industrial Production Index

Source: Developed by MLIT from the materials of METI and IPI of each prefecture
## [Consumption Status]

After the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the consumption level in the afflicted area of Hyogo Prefecture significantly fell. It later recovered, but it changed at a lower level compared to that before the earthquake.

After the Great East Japan Earthquake, on the other hand, the sales in all three prefectures significantly fell in March. They drastically recovered after April, and that of Miyagi Prefecture especially has been maintaining a dramatically higher level of sales compared to that before the earthquake.

### Chart. 81 Change in Sales (over the same months of the previous year) of Large-Scale Retail Stores

Source: Developed by MLIT from the METI's "Dynamic Research of Commercial Statistics"

## [Employment Status]

The ratio of job offers to job seekers in Hyogo Prefecture showed an increase after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, and it changed at a slightly higher level for the next year compared to that before the earthquake.

The ratio of job offers to job seekers in the three prefectures, on the other hand, significantly fell after the Great East Japan Earthquake; however, it drastically increased from May and their ratios have been exceeding that of the entire country since January 2012.

The reason for this can be inferred to be that the Great East Japan Earthquake generated more job offers that are related to reconstruction work than the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake because the impact of the former was more extensive than the latter.

Chart. 82 Change in the Ratio of Job Offers to Job Seekers

Note: Seasonally-adjusted values and part-time jobs are included

Source: Developed by MLIT from the MHLW's "General Employment Referral Status"
## [Trade Trend at Ports]

The value of exports at Kobe Port, which was afflicted by the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, significantly decreased. It decreased by 80% in February 1995 over the same month of the previous year; however, it later recovered to 80% of the level of before the earthquake in one year. The amount of exports at Sendai-Shiogama Port after the Great East Japan Earthquake significantly decreased by nearly 100% in April 2011 over the same month of the previous year. It began to gradually recover after June, and it recovered to 60% of the level before the earthquake by the end of 2011.

Chart. 83 Change in the Value of Exports at Ports

Source: Developed by MLIT from the MOF's "Trade Statistics"

## [Housing Construction]

Number of housing construction starts in Hyogo Prefecture after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake significantly increased with over 80% increase in some months over the same months of the previous year. That after the Great East Japan Earthquake, on the other hand, increased toward summer over the same months of the previous year, but there was no extensive growth after that. The reasons for this can be inferred to be that there have been issues, such as reconstruction planning and securement of land which integrate town development involving collective relocation to uplands, etc., and the establishment of restricted areas due to the unclear power plant accident.

Chart. 84 Change in the Number of New Housing Constructions (over the same month of the previous year)

Source: “Research on Building Construction Commencement Statistics” by MLIT
## [Reconstruction Town Development]

In the reconstruction from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, land readjustments for a total of 20 business districts and a total area of 255.9ha in Kobe City, Ashiya City, Nishinomiya City, Amagasaki City and Awaji City in Hyogo Prefecture were determined. 70% of the readjustments (14 districts) were completed by FY 2005 (10 years after the earthquake), but readjustments for all districts were finally completed on March 28 2011.

Chart. 85 Land Readjustment in the Reconstruction from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake

City	City Plan	Business District	Area (ha)	Date of Completion
Kobe	Moriminami	Moriminami 1 $ ^{\text{st}} $ district	6.7	February 2003
Moriminami 2 $ ^{\text{nd}} $ district	4.6	February 2003
Moriminami 3 $ ^{\text{rd}} $ district	5.4	March 2005
Rokko Station West	Rokko Station West district	3.6	July 2001
Rokko Station North district	16.1	March 2006
Matsumoto	Matsumoto district	8.9	December 2004
Misuga	Misuga East district	5.6	April 2003
Misuga West district	4.5	March 2005
Shinnagata/Takatori	Shinnagata Station North district	8.5	March 2011
Takatori East 1 $ ^{\text{st}} $ district	19.7	February 2001
Takatori East 2 $ ^{\text{nd}} $ district	59.6	March 2008
Minatogawachou 1&2-choume	1.5	September 2002
Kamimaechou 2-choume North	0.5	December 2000
Ashiya	West Ashiya	West 1 $ ^{\text{st}} $ district	10.3	May 2003
West 2 $ ^{\text{nd}} $ district	10.7	February 2005
Central Ashiya	13.4	May 2002
Nishinomiya	Morigu	10.5	October 2001
Nishinomiya Kitaguchi Station Northeast	31.2	October 2008
Amagasaki	Tsukiji	13.7	November 2007
Awaji	Tomishima	20.9	October 2009
Total	20 business districts	255.9

Source: Developed by MLIT from Hyogo Prefecture’s “About the Reconstruction Status from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake”
## Column

## Current Issues and Efforts with Respect to Reconstruction from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake

### 1. Independence support for senior citizens

Since the occurrence of the earthquake, staffing of SCS Note1 and LSA Note2, establishment of community plazas Note3, and other activities have been implemented to watch over senior citizens and develop communities; currently, the routine-visit type SCS is being changed to a stationary type independence support park (Koureisha Jiritsu Shien Hiroba). The MLIT have been continuing to develop the independence support park project and to promote formulation of a system to provide general support for senior citizens by networking agencies and human resources from various communities because aging of the afflicted people and deterioration of community functions are the issues.

Aging rate in the post-disaster reconstruction public housings and the number of single-senior households

### 2. Invigoration of towns

Since the occurrence of the earthquake, the MLIT have been supporting efforts to invigorate the afflicted towns through general development projects, invigoration projects for shopping areas, and support projects for town reconstruction and development, etc. The MLIT have begun to gradually achieve positive results in the invigoration of towns lead by the local residents, such as an increased number of visitors from outside thanks to the Sangokushi Project and the monument of Tetsujin 28-Go in front of the Shinnagata Station (both of them are the best works of Mr. Mitsuteru Yokoyama who is originally from Kobe), invigoration of shopping areas centering on the mascot of Nagatajinjamae Shopping Area “GUJI”, etc.; therefore, the MLIT are supporting activities, in which the local residents of the communities continue to voluntarily engage in the invigoration in consideration of the future images of their communities.

Sangokushi life-size statue "Sonken"

Tetsujin 28-Go (18m monument)

“GUJI” – mascot of the Nagatajinjamae Shopping Area

### 3. Education and Preparation

While time passes since the occurrence of the earthquake, there has been a concern for the occurrence of a Tonankai/Nankai Earthquake; therefore, we have been passing down and spreading the knowledge that we have obtained through the experience and lessons from the earthquake by promoting activities to not “forget 1.17”, a prefectural civil movement to improve disaster prevention capability, and Hyogo Disaster Prevention Education. Besides continuing with these activities, the MLIT have been putting effort in integrating the methods and know-how, which have been obtained through the process of disaster prevention and disaster reduction or reconstruction, into the social system in order to establish and stabilize them as a “new disaster culture.”
## Reference 2 Earthquake Reconstruction in New Zealand

In February 2011, one month before the Great East Japan Earthquake, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake hit Christchurch, New Zealand. The earthquake mainly damaged the central area of the city, killing 185 people (as of February 9, 2012) and destroying churches, which symbolized the city, as well as other historical buildings. Moreover, 7,000 plus aftershocks occurred by August 2011 and caused damage, such as the breakdown of infrastructure and liquefaction, etc. As a result, the city eased the regulations for business location, and more than 60% of the 5,000 companies that used it to be situated in the central business district, relocated their offices to the suburbs.

Many of the educational institutions in the central city area were also damaged by the earthquake; therefore, the city has proposed that public and private higher education institutions build combined campuses together in the central city and to set up LRT between the university campuses in the suburbs, including dormitories.

### Chart. 86 New business hubs in and around Christchurch

(Original central city area, new business areas, and proposed LRT are highlighted with red, green, and blue lines, respectively)

Source: Developed by MLIT from the materials of Dr. Paul Dalziel

Since the earthquake, the New Zealand government has been proceeding with reconstruction by classifying the afflicted area into four zones, taking into account the level of damage, cost-effectiveness of reconstruction, and social influence.

- Red Zone: Areas where short to medium term reconstruction is difficult due to significant damage and where there is a possibility of secondary disasters, such as aftershocks. The government has been providing support to the house owners in the Red Zone in order to promote disaster preventive relocation by purchasing the afflicted housing and finding places for relocation, etc.

- Green Zone: Areas with low level of damage. Reconstruction is promoted in accordance with the new building standard in this zone.

Orange Zone: Areas, which needs research and analysis toward the planning of reconstruction.

- White Zone: Vacant land under the plan for reconstruction (areas with no buildings, etc.)

Chart. 87 Zone Map

Source: Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (as of June 22nd 2011)
Chart. 91 International Comparison of the Elderly Ratio

Source: Developed by MLIT using data for each country with reference to the median estimation in the World Population Prospects 2010 by the United Nations, and for Japan data from the Population Census for the period up to 2010, and for the period from 2015, data from the median estimation of the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research.

Looking at the ratio of population increase by prefecture for the most recent 5 years from 2005 to 2010, prefectures whose population increased was only 9, decreasing from 15 during the second most recent 5 years from 2000 to 2005. Also, in prefectures whose population decreased during the most recent 5 years, the rate of decline is increasing, compared to the ratio of decline during the previous 5 years. It can be said that the total population of Japan is falling, while gaps between regions tend to increase.

Source: Developed by MLIT from the “Population Census” prepared by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Looking at the average ratio of population increase-decrease from 1995 to 2010 by size of municipality, municipalities with populations of more than 100,000 but less than 300,000 are maintaining the size of their populations on average. However, in municipalities with populations of less than 100,000, the size of population tends to decrease on average, and for municipalities with populations less than 50,000, the reduction tends to increase, showing a decrease of about 5% during the most recent 5 years (from 2005 to 2010). In addition, a long-term prediction from 2005 to 2050 indicates that the smaller the size of population is, the higher the rate of population decline will become. In municipalities whose populations are less than 50,000, it is predicted the population will decrease by 40% compared to 2005.
Chart. 93 Change in average population increase-decrease ratio by city size. (Past record from 1995 to 2010)

Source: Developed by MLIT from “Population Census” issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Looking at changes in the aged ratio of 2005 and 2010 by prefecture, the aged ratio in regional areas tends to increase, compared to large metropolitan areas. Prefectures where the aging ratio is high, in the order, are Akita (29.6%), Shimane (29.1%), and Kochi (28.8%). On the other hand, the ratios of central prefectures in the three major metropolitan areas are Tokyo (20.4%), Osaka (22.4%), and Aichi (20.3%).

Chart. 95 Aged ratio by prefecture (Ratio of population aged 65 and over)

However, the increase rate of population aging itself is larger in large metropolitan areas than in regional areas. Comparing the aged population in 2010 with that in 1990 shows an increase of 1.7 times in regional areas, and 2.3 times in metropolitan areas. Looking at the most recent 5 years (5 years from 2005 to 2010), an increase of approximately 0.92 million in the aged population was observed in regional areas, and an increase of approximately 1.46 million in metropolitan areas. It can be said that responding to the aging society is not only an issue for regional areas but also a challenge for large cities.

Chart. 96 Trends of aged population and aged ratio
## 2 Financial restrictions

Looking at Japan’s outstanding debts, the social security expenses have been largely increasing in correlation with the falling birthrate and aging population, and real outstanding government debt as of the end of December 2011 is 1,002 trillion yen, accounting for 214.0% of the GDP, giving rise more severe financial restrictions. As for local government finance, outstanding debts are about 200 trillion yen, which has been the same level in recent years. Furthermore, looking from an international level, outstanding debts by the central and local governments accounts for 219.1% of the GDP, staying in the worst level among major developed countries, which is higher than those of countries experiencing debt crisis problems including Greece and Italy.

Note: Total of national bonds, debts, short-term government securities, and government-guaranteed debts Source: Developed by MLIT from materials prepared by the Ministry of Finance, and "National Economic Account" issued by the Cabinet Office

Source: Developed by MLIT, from "White Paper on Local Public Finance" by Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, and "National Economic Account" issued by Cabinet Office

Chart. 99 International comparison of outstanding debts (share of GDP)

Note: Figures are calculated on the general government base (total of central government, local government, and social security funds)

Source: Developed by MLIT from "Economic Outlook 90" by OECD

Under these circumstances, public works expenditures have been on a decreasing trend for a long-period of time. Looking back at the changes during the past 20 years, the expenditures have decreased by about half compared to the peak (FY1997) on the initial budget basis, and by about one-third compared to the peak when the supplementary budget is added (FY1998), excluding expenditures related to reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Therefore, fiscal restrictions are big issues for the development of truly essential social infrastructure.