Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Chart. 100 Changes in public works spending

$ ^{*} $ In 2009, “amount equivalent to special grants for local road improvement” (0.7 trillion yen) that has been accounted into special accounts in FY2008 was switched to general accounts. For this reason, the apparent value looks increasing from the previous fiscal year (+5.0%), but the actual value is -4.5%, when excluding this special factor.

* Expenditures for recovery and reconstruction related to the Great East Japan Earthquake are excluded from the amount of the supplementary budget of FY2011.

* The FY2011's first and third supplementary budgets and the FY2012's initial budget include a public works-related budget for recovery and reconstruction related to the Great East Japan Earthquake and national disaster prevention, and the amounts are as follows:

* Supplementary budgets until FY2011's third budget are based on general accounting, and FY2012's initial budget is based on special-account spending on reconstruction. In addition to this, there is a Subsidy for Recovery from the Great East Japan Earthquake.

[Expenditures for the recovery and reconstruction related to the Great East Japan Earthquake]	(Unit: trillion yen)
FY2011 First Supplementary	FY2011 Third Supplementary	FY2012 Initial	Cumulative total
Recovery	1.1	0.9	0.2	2.2
Reconstruction	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.5
National disaster prevention	—	0.2	0.3	0.5
Total	1.2	1.3	0.7	3.3

Note: Since values are rounded, the total may not occasionally match.

Source: Developed by MLIT from materials prepared by Ministry of Finance

## 3 Intensifying international competition

The East Asian area where rapid economic growth is taking place is having a great effect on the development of Japan’s industry base and overall economy, as well as being a great factor when we consider the future of regions in Japan.

The share of nominal GDPs of the East Asia area compared to the entire world was 15.3 % in 1980, and this increased to 23.5% (approx. 1.5 times) in 2010.

Especially, the growth is

remarkable in China, where 5,878.3 billion dollars of GDP was recorded in 2010, which is the second highest in the world, exceeding Japan’s 5,458.8 billion dollars.

Meanwhile, in October 2011, the exchange rate of the yen temporally rose to 75.86 yen against the dollar and marked the highest value after the Plaza Accord. Demands in emerging Asian countries and record-breaking constant strong yen have contributed to an increase in foreign investment. Accompanying this, in the same year, Japan’s trade balance ended in the red (-1,608.9 billion yen) for the first time since 1963. It is estimated that an increase in imports due to the price hike of fossil fuels, etc., and a decrease in exports due to the Earthquake and slow overseas economies, etc.
### Chart. 102 Trend of exchange rates

Remarks: The nominal exchange rate against the dollar is calculated based on the interbank offered central spot-deal rates (monthly average of daily figures), and real exchange rates are calculated from the trial values calculated by the Bank of Japan.

Nominal exchange rates against the EURO are calculated from the spot rates (monthly average of daily figures)

Source: "Monthly Economic Report" by Cabinet Office (April 2012)

Chart. 103 Change in Japan’s trade balance

Chart. 104 Trend in Japan's international balance of payments

Source: Developed by MLIT, from "International Balance of Payment" issued by the Ministry of Finance

## (Infrastructures capable of supporting international competitiveness)

In order to strengthen Japan’s international competitiveness vis-à-vis intensifying international competition in the global economy, it is necessary to improve industrial locations and working/living environments with the arrangement of industrial/urban infrastructures, as well as to strengthen transportation/logistics services with well-established transport networks. In regard to conditions for developing infrastructures for improving Japan’s international competitiveness, Japan was ranked 15th by the World Economic Forum $ ^{Note} $ in the 2011 Infrastructure Division ranking by country. On the whole, Western countries are evaluated higher, countries such as the U.S. and France are showing a drop in the past 4 years, and Asian countries and regions including Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea are earning good evaluations. With the movement toward infrastructure improvement, Japan’s declining international presence is a concern.

Chart. 105 International competitiveness ranking by country (Infrastructure division)

2011	2010	2009	2008
1st	Hong Kong	Hong Kong	Germany	Germany
2nd	Germany	Germany	Hong Kong	France
3rd	Singapore	United Arab Emirates	France	Switzerland
4th	France	France	Singapore	Singapore
5th	Switzerland	Singapore	Switzerland	Hong Kong
6th	UK	Switzerland	United Arab Emirates	Canada
7th	Netherlands	Netherlands	Canada	USA
8th	United Arab Emirates	UK	USA	Denmark
9th	Korea	Canada	Austria	Finland
10th	Denmark	Sweden	Finland	Austria
(15th) Japan	(11th) Japan	(13th) Japan	(11th) Japan

Source: Developed by MLIT from “The Global Competitiveness Report” by World Economic Forum

Specifically, the trend in container handling amounts at ports shows that Japan’s international competitiveness is declining due to the advance of China, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea. The Kobe Port ranked 4th in the world in 1980 in container handling amount, but it dropped outside of 50th ranking in 2010 (quick report value).
Source: Developed by MLIT from “Containerisation International Yearbook 1982, 2011 March 2011, Containerisation International”

As for airports, the passenger traffic in Haneda Airport ranks 5th in the world, but South Korea (Incheon), China (Pudong), and Hong Kong (Chek Lap Kok) exceed Narita Airport in terms of cargo volume.

Amongst in the rapidly-growing East Asian countries, looking from the viewpoint of capturing the rapidly-expanding demand in the East Asia area in the future, it will be key to activate international business and tourist exchange, to develop exchange networks, and to improve the competitive power of cities. It is necessary to promote the development of infrastructures to strengthen global competition.
## 4 A country vulnerable to global warming and climate change

To manage our national land and regions in a sustainable manner, the vulnerability of the national land to climate change in accordance with global warming presents a serious challenge, in addition to the aforementioned socioeconomic restraining factors including declining population, aging society, financial restrictions, and intensifying international competition.

## (Present state of global warming)

According to the Fourth Assessment Report 2007 issued by “the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)” of the United Nations, the amount of artificial emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (2000-2005) was approximately 7,200 million tons of $ CO_{2}/year $ , which is more than double the approximately 3,100 million tons of $ CO_{2}/year $ by natural absorption. The concentration of $ CO_{2} $ in the atmosphere in 2005 was 379 ppm $ \textsuperscript{Note 1} $ , increasing at the rate of 1.9 ppm per year (average from 1995 to 2005). The same is true of the $ CO_{2} $ concentration in our country, as the concentration of $ CO_{2} $ in the atmosphere exceeded 400 ppm (average monthly value) in 2012 at an observation point set by the Japan Meteorological Agency, for the first time since the start of observation in 1987. $ \textsuperscript{Note 2} $

With regard to the effect on climate change caused by increasing greenhouse gas concentration, an analysis by the Japan Meteorological Agency shows the average annual world temperature is increasing by approximately $ 0.68^{\circ} $ C per century. In Japan, the degree of increase is higher than the global average, showing an increase of about $ 1.15^{\circ} $ C. In particular, an increase of about $ 3^{\circ} $ C has been recorded in Tokyo, partly influenced by the heat island phenomenon Note 3).

Chart. 108 Average annual temperature anomalies in Japan

Note1: "ppm" (parts per million) is the ratio of the number of greenhouse gas molecules to the total number of molecules of dry air.

Note2: In Ryori, Ofunato-city, Iwate-prefecture, the average monthly values in March 2012 and April 2012 were recorded as 401.2 ppm and 402.2 ppm (both are quick report values), respectively.

Note3: The “Heat island phenomenon” means that the temperature of the atmosphere at the urban center becomes higher than that of its surrounding non-urban areas like an island.
Chart. 112 Distribution map of major abnormal weather/meteorological disasters in the world (2011)

2046-2065, and a 1-in-1 to 3 year event during the period of 2081-2100, and that at present a 1-in-20 year extreme daily precipitation event is likely to become a 1-in-7 to 12 year event during the period of 2046-2065, and a 1-in-5 to 10 year event during the period of 2081-2100.

As seen above, ongoing global warming is expected to change the frequency of extreme weather event occurrences, with fear that abnormal weather and meteorological disasters may occur at a higher level.

Looking at the worldwide situation, major abnormal weather and meteorological disasters that occurred in 2011 are shown in the figures at right. The flood that occurred in the Chao Phraya River valley in Thailand may still be fresh in our memories.

Looking at the situation in Japan, the frequency of heavy rainfall exceeding 50mm per hour tends to increase (about 1.3 times in 30 years) in the long term, and similarly, the frequency of heavy rainfall exceeding 100mm per hour also tends to increase.

Furthermore, the average annual frequency of landslide disasters has increased nearly 1.3 times during the last 30 years.

With regard to typhoons, it is still fresh in our memories when Typhoon Talas (the 12th named storm) generated on August 25, 2011, hit Japan. The Large Typhoon Talas formed as a tropical depression over the sea west of the Mariana Islands, and it moved slowly northward and developed into a typhoon. Around 10 o'clock on September 3, Talas made landfall on the east of Kochi-prefecture, and even after that it moved slowly northward. It caused record-breaking heavy rainfall over a wide area from western to northern Japan, especially along the mountains. Particularly over a wide area of the Kii Peninsula, the total amount of precipitation from 17:00 August 30 to 24:00 September 5 exceeded 1,000 mm. The observing station at Kamikitayama-village in Nara Prefecture observed 1,652.5 mm of rainfall in 72 hours, and it broke the record of 1,322 mm of rainfall.
Chart. 116 Greenhouse Gas Emission Data of Japan

Note: 1 3.8% of the target value of measures concerning sinks

2 Credits that the government has already acquired and credits that the private sector acquired and already moved to a government account are considered.

Chart. 117 Changes in CO $ _{2} $ emissions and target values by sector

Note: Target values for FY2010 are based on the higher achievement case in the Achievement Plan of the Kyoto Protocol (Cabinet Decision on March 28, 2008)

Source: MLIT

Chart. 118 CO $ _{2} $ emissions by sector in Japan

Note: The proportions of the emissions from power generation by electric power suppliers and emissions from heat generation by heat suppliers are allocated to their final demand sectors in accordance with the respective consumption.

Source: Developed by MLIT, from the “National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of Japan” issued by Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan

Chart. 119 Breakdown of CO2 Emissions in the Transportation Sector (FY2010)
## Column

## Efforts to popularize environmentally-friendly vehicles inside and outside the country

For the purpose of realizing a low carbon dioxide society, by reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions from vehicles, various efforts have been made inside and outside the country, such as popularization of environmentally-friendly vehicles including electric vehicles.

### 1. Efforts inside the country--A case combining the introduction of environmentally-friendly vehicles and the promotion of detached islands--

Since automobiles are an important means of transportation in detached islands, efforts combining the introduction of environmentally-friendly vehicles and the promotion of detached islands have been made.

Goto area in Nagasaki-prefecture: In 2009, Nagasaki Prefectural Government started the “Nagasaki EV&ITS Project” that aims to combine electric vehicles (EV), Plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHV), and a tourist intelligent transport system (ITS) to create a drive tourism model for the future.

While the Goto area is facing a serious decline in population and harsh employment situation, numerous tourism resources exist in the area including Christianity-related heritage sites, for which the government seeks to obtain World Heritage status. For this reason, the project aims to vitalize this area by creating employment through tourism and other related services as well as by expanding the interaction population.

Under this project, 138 EVs and 2 PHVs were introduced as rental cars in the Goto area, with charging systems installed in each spot in the area. Furthermore, ITS spots and tourist information platforms were also installed to deliver tourist information, etc., to EV rental cars. This project has been promoted based on the collaboration of industry, academia, and government, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism has also been participating as a secretariat to give support.

Miyakojima city in Okinawa-prefecture: Miyakojima city was designated as one of the Environmental Model Cities by the government, and it aims to establish a recycling society through the local supply and local consumption of energy utilizing nature. The city is conducting a bioethanol verification project that manufactures bioethanol for vehicle fuel from sugarcane, taking advantage of the sugarcane industry, which is the largest industry in the city. The Miyakojima city office introduced vehicles in which E3 fuel (gasoline blended with 3% bio-ethanol) and E10 fuel (gasoline blended with 10% bio-ethanol) are used. In addition, to popularize these fuels, it built a fuel factory and gas stations as well as arranging a transport function using special-purpose tank trucks. Although authorization by the national government is required to use E10 fuel in vehicles, 25 vehicles approved by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport have been introduced for the verification test.
A vehicle using E10 fuel

Source: MLIT

A gas station exclusively for E3/E10 fuels.

### 2. Efforts outside the country--Electric Vehicle Delivery Plan for London--

In London, efforts to popularize electric vehicles have been taken under the leadership of the mayor. In May 2009 the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, revealed 'An Electric Vehicle Delivery Plan for London' to situate London as the center of EVs in Europe. In the plan, by 2015, 25,000 charging stands are to be installed throughout the London area to introduce 100,000 EVs. The city is planning to install charging stands at 500 points on streets, 2,000 points in public

Source: London city

parking spaces, and the remaining 22,500 points in company parking places, commercial establishments, etc., in cooperation with the companies.

To realize the plan, the city started to arrange a charging network called 'Source London' and a member system to use the network. To secure an environment for easy charging of EVs, 1,300 public charging stands are to be installed by 2013. The number of charging points will exceed that of gas stations. When EV users register in the "Source London" system and pay the annual membership fee (100 pounds), the users can charge their cars from any charging stand offered by Source London. In addition to these, some preferential treatment policies for EV users have been started, including exemption from the congestion charge when driving in the center of London.

## Column

## Environmental City Overseas --Stockholm City Hammarby Sjostad--

Hammarby Sjostad in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, is a residential area located in the south of the center of Stockholm city (occupies about 200 hectares of land, and about 26,000 inhabitants are planned). An environmentally-conscious large-scale urban development project has been promoted since the beginning of the 1990s to establish an advanced environmental city that halves environmental impacts in comparison with other similar-size cities.

Goals for the Hammarby District:

Overall goal	The overall goal is that the environmental impact including CO2 caused by emissions from Hammarby will be 50% lower than the corresponding level for housing areas of the early 1990s.
Transport & mobility	80% of traveling of inhabitants and commuters will be by public transport, on foot, or bicycles.
Energy	50% of the energy needed in the district will be generated from waste and sewage utilization.
Water and sewerage	• 100 litters of water consumption per person per day (consumption in Stockholm city is 200 litters per day) *At present, reduced to about 150 litters• Reduce the percentage of harmful substance in sewage by 50%, and collect out 95% of the phosphorus in wastewater to reuse on agricultural land.

Source: Stockholm City
In this district, the half of the energy required by the district is to be recycled from sewage and waste. Therefore, a recycling system inside the district has been established where energy recycled from waste and sewage are used for air conditioning in residential facilities and as fuel for inner city buses, taxies, garbage trucks, and gas heaters, etc.

Solar panels are installed on the roofs of many buildings as are solar heaters to supply hot water, and many other efforts are being taken, such as using fourfold windows for heat insulation of

Source: Stockholm City

housing and buildings, and promotion of water saving using a technology that dissolves air in water.

Furthermore, environmentally-friendly transport systems are being promoted, such as introducing LRT in the center of the district, establishing bus routes to access the city center, and operating a biogas ferry running 365 days of the year from early in the morning to late at night on the lake adjacent to the district. The use of electric vehicles is being promoted by installing charging spots, and car sharing has been also advanced.

These efforts to build an environmentally-friendly city are called the “Hammarby Model,” and it is attracting much attention around the world.

Hammarby Model

## Energy

1. To use combustible wastes for district heating and power generation.

2. To use biomass fuels for district heating and power generation.

3. To use treated sewage water for district cooling and heating.

4. To use solar energy for power generation and hot water supply. The electricity shall meet the criteria of the Good Environmental Choice Label.

5. To extract biogas from sewage sludge and raw garbage.

## Wastes

6. To use combustible wastes for district heating and power generation.

7. To convert the decomposed raw garbage into biogas for use as a fuel for automobiles. To use sawdust, tree bark, etc., as fertilizer compost.

8. To recycle anything recyclable, such as newspaper, cardboard, glass, metal, etc.

9. To recycle or bury harmful waste, batteries, etc.

Water and sewage water

10. To locally treat rain water pooled on roads to avoid overburdening sewage treatment plants.

11. To have rainwater from gardens and roofs flow into Lake Hammarby.

12. To utilize treated sewage water for district cooling and heating.

13. To extract biogas from biodegraded sewage sludge.

14. To use the biodegraded sewage sludge as compost.
## 5 Increasing number of areas having difficulty maintaining their communities

Under severe economic conditions with a declining population, aging society, financial restrictions, intensifying international competition, etc., climate change associated with global warming further has been weakening our national land. In this changing situation, there is fear that the safe and secure life of nations living in regional areas is threatened and it will be difficult to maintain the community. The following is an overview of the current status of regional areas:

## (Anxiety about declining population and aging society)

What are the people living in regional areas anxious about regarding the future? A comparison of public attitudes between the FY2011 survey and FY2006 survey regarding the same question shows that the ratio of people answering “feel uneasy” has increased from about 30% in FY2006 to more than 50% in 2011. This means more than half of the nation is living feeling uneasiness about conditions. The biggest factor they felt uneasy about is the “aging population” both this time and in the FY2006 survey. The reason for the increasing ratio is “deterioration of community healthcare and welfare system,” in addition to “declining economy,” “decreasing employment opportunities,” and “deteriorating natural environment.” It can be assumed that the downturn of local economies and the style of medical and welfare service will be issues.

As a matter of fact, looking at recent Per Capita Personal Income by prefectural block, the national average declined about 9% during the period from FY1999 to 2009. With regard to changes by prefectural block, index values of FY2009 calculated using the national average values in FY1999 as the base year/100 show that only the Kanto block is largely exceeding 100 but all other blocks are falling below 100, thus showing the gaps between regions are expanding.
In addition, looking at the result of a survey studying the population size of municipalities that in-municipality location percentage for service industries supporting local life are more than 50% and 80%, the food service industry including vegetable/fruits retailing business is locating inside the municipality even when the population size of the municipality is less than 10,000, but it is found that medical/welfare services located at the percentage of more than 50% requires a population size of more than 10,000. In the future, there is concern that the number of municipalities having difficulty securing medical/welfare services will increase due to the declining and aging population of the community.

(Change in economic environment to acquire housing)

Recently, the economic environment for newly acquired residences is getting severe. Examining changes of percentage of the annual income to housing (condominium) price, so-called soaring land prices of the bubble period, etc., raised home (condominium) price especially in large metropolitan areas, and in the peak period of 1990, it recorded 8.0 times in metropolitan areas, but afterwards, it declined to 4.7 times in 1998. However, recently in metropolitan areas, home prices are getting higher and the annual income of worker households is getting lower. For this reason, the percentage to the annual income for 2010 (6.2 times) is moving higher.