6).

Furthermore, the system can be adjusted and changed according to various trends, such as raising the price of the toll charged per day to GBP8 in 2005, then to GBP10 in 2011, and expanding the toll-charging areas in 2007, then reverting back to the original areas in 2011.

In this way, London is using road pricing to wisely use the social infrastructure of roads to benefit the overall society more effectively.

## The Stockholm Example

Road pricing has also been implemented in Stockholm. Road pricing was trialled in Stockholm from January to July in 2006 to reduce the heavy

Figure 2-1-6 Effect of Road Pricing

Item	Benefit, Cost (One million GBP)
Effect on each entity
Administration	Toll revenue	215
Operating cost	109
Infrastructure maintenance cost	25
Reduction of fuel tax	25
Reduction of value-added tax	13
Decrease in parking revenue	15
Private sector
General user	Benefit of reduction in time	89
Improvement in punctuality	13
Reduction in car operation cost	9
Taxation cost	6
Toll payment	72
Cost of stopped travel	12
Businesses (excluding transport operators)	Benefit of reduction in time	142
Improvement in punctuality	22
Reduction in car operation cost	17
Taxation cost	16
Toll payment	143
Cost of stopped travel	8
Transport Operators (ex: Bus drivers)	Bus revenue	19
Bus operating cost	18
Decrease in parking revenue	10
Societal Impact	Decrease in traffic accidents	14
Improvement of environment	3
Total benefit	543
Total cost	472
Benefit - Cost	71

traffic in the city center and also improve living conditions (reduce exhaust emissions, improve living environment), and since August 2007 has been implemented as a permanent system.

The system implements a toll-charge for vehicles that drive in and out of the center of Stockholm between 6:30 and 18:30 on weekdays $ ^{Note 2} $ . There are 18 toll collection points, and at these collection points a laser will detect a vehicle as it passes by and photographs the license plates at the front and back of the vehicle (Figure 2-1-7, Figure 2-1-8). The price of the toll charged differs according to the time of day, ranging from SEK10, SEK15, and SEK20 (approximately JPY150, JPY225, and JPY300 $ ^{Note 3} $ ) per passage $ ^{Note 4} $ .

Due to the implementation of road pricing, Stockholm has also seen an increase in the number of people using public transportation, and the traffic through the city center has been improved. The number of vehicles passing through the toll collection points between 6:00 and 19:00 on weekdays have decreased to almost half the number of vehicles that used to pass through the same area before the trial period from January to July in 2006, and the permanent implementation in August 2007 (Figure 2-1-9).

Furthermore, this system has been unique in that it has been accepted by the residents quite favorably. In the survey taken of the residents before the trial period, only 36% of the residents answered, “In favor” or “Somewhat in favor” of implementing the toll-charging system. However, in the survey taken after the trial period, 53% of the residents supported the continuation of the toll-charging system. Since the toll-charging system was re-implemented as a permanent measure in August 2007, each year the number of residents that support the system has increased every year. By May 2011, the results from the survey conducted in Stockholm and its surrounding regions showed that over 70% of the residents support the system.

(Note) 1 Blue font is benefit, red font is cost.

2 Results based on cost-benefit analysis from when toll per day was GBP5.

Source) Developed by MLIT from “Central London Congestion Charging Scheme” (2007) by Transport for London

## (References)

·Transport for London “Impacts Monitoring Second Annual Report” (2004)

Note 2 Exemptions apply for emergency vehicles, buses, diplomat vehicles, and motorcycles.

Note 3 Calculation based on exchange rate of February 2014, at JPY15/SEK1.

Note 4 Daily maximum limit of SEK60 (JPY900).