stage (figure 7 and 8). The cotton fabrics in Japan entered 'reverse import' stage, and its competitiveness was clearly declined (figure 7). The share of the export in synthetic fabrics also dropped rapidly in the 1980s (table 10), and the M/D ratio of this has a tendency to increase. Besides, because Japan does not put the MFA into effect, the export toward Japan is not restrained by the MFA.

This was brought by the expansion of trade in clothing industry. This is explained by the trade coefficients in table 20. This coefficients are based on the matrix of clothing industry (table 19). Supposing that Xij stands for the export from i country to j country, Xi. for the total export from i country, X.j for the total import to j country, and X.. for the world total trade, the trade coefficient of i country toward j country,

I ij, is :

$$ \mathbf{I i j}=\frac{\mathbf{X i j}/\mathbf{X i.}}{\mathbf{X.j}/\mathbf{X.}.} $$

The numerator represents the ratio of the export to j country of the total export of i, and the denominator the ratio of the total import of i in the world total trade. The trade coefficient is based on the opinion that the export share to j country in the i's total export usually meets the market scale of j. Because the composite weighted average of the trade coefficients in all import markets is 1. If the trade relation between export and import countries is closer than the world average, the coefficient is larger than 1. If relatively distant, smaller than 1. For example, if 30% of Japanese export is toward US and US total import occupys 20% of the world trade, the trade coefficient from Japanese side toward US is 1.5, indicating that the trade relation between them is closer than the world average. However, it does not mean that the trade coefficient from US side toward Japan is larger than the world average. I ij and I ji is independent with each other.

In table 20, the Asian NIEs' coefficient toward Japan increased in the 1980s, while those toward US and EC declined. The clothing industry developed rapidly in Asian NIEs in the 1980s. As a result, the cotton fabrics and synthetic fabrics were input to the domestic clothing industry, and the clothing export was extended. In other words, the center of the export toward Japan shifted from fabrics to downstream industry, clothing.

As for ASEAN, trade relation toward Japan has tendency to decline. The coefficient was far from 1. On the other hand, although the coefficient toward US declined in the 1980s compared to 1977, the export value from ASEAN increased rapidly in the 1980s. Compared to the 1980s, the export from ASEAN was very little in the 1970s.

The difference between Asian NIEs and ASEAN is as follows; Asia NIEs were closely related to the Asian countries, such as Japan and China, on the other hand, ASEAN extended the trade with US, EC and the rest of the world. The clothing industry is still underdeveloped in ASEAN. The cotton and synthetic fabrics are still in 'export' stage, and does not suffer the restraining effect of MFA. This means that ASEAN can diversify the market in the world. It could be thought that after ASEAN fill the MFA quota by developing its industry the trade relation between ASEAN and the other Asian countries becomes closer.

The Perspective