Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Japan and EC from each country are hypothesized for the figures in 1980 and 1987, while the import from US for 1977, 1980 and 1987.

Although MFA was established in 1974, EC enforced the restraint in the late 1970s because of the disagreement about MFA among the EC countries. As a result, the effects of MFA were observable after 1980.

## Observation

The effect of MFA is observable in mainly two points. First, the actual productions in US and EC are over the hypothesized figures throughout 1977 to 1987. Espetially in US in 1987, the import promoting factors, such as the dollar appreciation and the boom in the early 1980s, must have played a role in depressing the domestic production. However, the domestic production in US increased not deviating the trend in the 1970s. This indicates that MFA has been protecting the domestic production in the developed countries.

The second point is found in the difference between the export from Asian NIEs to US and EC and the export from ASEAN to US and EC. For example, as for the export of cotton fabrics toward US in 1987, the actual figure is over the hypothesized one in ASEAN, while the former is lower than the latter by about 30% in the case of NIEs. To consider the import promoting factors of US, it could be thought that the restraining export effect of MFA is very large. Further, as for the export of synthetic fabrics to EC in the 1980s, it could be thought in the similar way.

As for Japan, although the actual figure is lower than hypothesized one, it could not be thought that the domestic production was restrained by MFA. As already mentioned, this indicates that the competitiveness in Japanese textile industry steadily declined. The estimated trend is based on the data in the 1960s and the early 1970s, when the competitive position of Japan was still high.

To sum up, it is difficult to distinguish the effect of MFA from the other factors which influenced the trade flow in textile industry. This analysis explains the one of the several implications about the effect of the MFA. However, it could be thought that MFA restrained the export from targeted Asian countries toward the developed countries which put the MFA into effect.

## Perspective about the Economic Interrelationship in T&C

As already mentioned, clothing industry occupies very high share, about a half, of the T&C industry. This industry is increasingly expected to play a central part in the T&C production and trade from now on. In other words, the trade and production relation in clothing industry has a great influence on the economic structure in T&C industry as a whole.

In this section, it becomes clear that the economic interdependence in clothing industry in Asia is becoming closer, using an example of Japanese import, in order to prospect about the economic interdependence in the Asia Pacific region.

## Analysis about Export toward Japan

The share of cotton fabrics of Asian NIEs and ASEAN in the Japanese market declined (table 8). However, cotton and synthetic fabrics in Asia NIEs and ASEAN are in the 'export'
It is expected that the interdependence of T&C industry in Asia will become increasingly closer in the future by analyzing the economic relation of clothing industry in the Asia Pacific region. Table 20-b shows the trade coefficients between US and EC and the regions except Asia. It indicates that the both countries have the tendencies to strengthen the trade relation with the regions. On the other hand, the coefficients of Japan and Asian NIEs toward 'the rest of the world' declined. In particular, Japanese coefficient decreased to less than 1.

## Conclusion

To sum up the changing production and trade structure of T&C industry in the Asia Pacific region in the last thirty years is as follows ;

(1) Until the early 1970s, Japan (1950s), Asian NIEs (1960s and 1970s) and ASEAN (1970s) had developed the textile industries by increasing their exports toward the developed countries, such as US and EC under the relative free trade system. (although the US and EC enforced the STA and LTA in cotton products.) In other words, they had experienced the process of catching up toward the industrialized countries. The interdependence between the Asian countries and US and EC was very close in this period.

(2) MFA, which put into effect in 1974, depressed the Asian countries' exports toward the industrialized countries. The effect was shown more clearly for EC, which experienced neither the economic boom nor the appreciation. The interdependence between the Asian countries which suffered its effect and US or EC began to decline steadily. The outlet from the export decrease were turned toward Asia. For example, the center of the export from Asian NIEs in the clothing industry, which has the biggest share of production in the T&C industry, steadily shifted from US to Japan.

In this study, it is clear that MFA has contributed to the closer interdependence of textile industry in Asia.

(3) MFA is expected to be abolished within ten years. However, it is hardly expected that the trade restraints are completely abolished. Thus based on the experience of Asian NIEs, it could be assented that when ASEAN develop the competitiveness to fill its quota, the interdependence of T&C industry in Asia will become closer. However, it is worried that Japan also began to request the voluntary export restraint to Asian NIEs including South Korea.
## REFERENCE

Sen-i sougo kenkyuzyo, Sen-i handbook'92

Ippei Yamazawa, 1985. Azia taiheiyo shokoku no boueki to sangyo tyousei

Azia keizai kenkyuzyo (Institute for Developing Economies)

W.R. Cline, 1987. The future of World Trade in Textiles and Apparel,

Institute for International Economics

Ippei Yamazawa, 1990. Economic Development and International Trade :

The Japanese Model, East-West center

Hirohisa Kohama & Hirokazu kaziwara, 1987. "Structural Change in Steel trade and International Industrial Adjustments," The Developing Economies

United Nations, Trade statistical yearbook various years

United Nations, Industrial statistical yearbook various years

Finance Ministry, Nippon boueki geppo various years

I.C.A.C., Cotton world statistics various years

Food and Agriculture Organization, Per capita fiber consumption,

various years
Table 1 Trade Structure of Textile Products in the World(bil.$,f.o.b.)

1955	1963	1970	1975	1980	1985	1986	1987
Manufactures	44	72	166	458	980	1,084	1,307	1,553
excl.textile
products (a)
All textile	10.8	15.3	24.7	53.5	115.2	120.3	146.0	182.3
products (b)
Fibres (c)	5.3	6.1	5.9	10.2	19.2	17.1	17.0	20.6
Textile (d)	4.7	7.0	12.4	26.5	56.1	55.9	68.1	84.1
Clothing (e)	0.8	2.2	6.4	16.7	39.9	47.3	60.9	77.6

Source : OECD, Textile and Clothing Industries

Sen-i sogo kenkyuzyo, Kasen Handbook

(a) SITC 5 to 8 minus $ (65 + 68 + 84) $

(b) SITC 26 + 65 + 84

(c) SITC 26

(d) SITC 65

(e) SITC 84

Table 2 Trade share of each region in the world (1987,%)

Cotton Fabrics	Synthetic Fabrics	Clothing
Asia	27.8 (import)	37.3 (import)	10.8 ( $ ^{*} $ 1)
26.0 (export)	48.1 (export)	47.3 (export)
EC	51.4 (import)	36.6 (import)	51.9 (import)
51.8 (export)	41.7 (export)	33.6 (export)
U.S.A	85.0 (import)	83.3 (import)	91.2 (import)
+Canada	81.8 (export)	94.4 (export)	83.3 (export)

$ ^{*} $ 1 : Clothing import in Asia includes only Asia NIEs, ASEAN and Japan In 1987

$ ^{*} $ 2 : Clothing trade is based on the statistics in 1983

Source : UN, Trade Statistics
Table 3-a Textile Share in the World (Production) (%)

1963	1975	1980
Asia	12.7	4.6	4.7
Japan	10	5.3	4.0
North America	3.4	2.8	2.4
EC	6.3	4.4	4.2
World	5.2	4.5	4.4

Table 3-b Textile Share Growth in the World (Production) (%)

1960-72	1970-82	1977-89
Asia	4.5	3.8	4.6
All LDCs	4.7	3.0	3.2
North America	4.5	1.0	1.6
EC	2.2	-0.5	0.2
World	4.4	1.7	1.4

Table 3-c Textile Share in the World (Employment) (%)

1963	1975	1980
Asia	27.1	21.2	18.2
Japan	14.2	8.6	7.3
North America	5.1	5.4	4.7
EC	8.2	6.7	6.8
World	12.9	10.7	9.9

Table 3-d Textile Share Growth in the World (Employment) (%)

1960-71	1970-81	1977-89
Asia	1.0	3.7	-0.8
All LDCs	0.9	3.3	-0.6
North America	0.8	-1.8	-1.6
EC	-2.1	-4.7	-2.4
World	0.5	1.0	-1.5

Source : “Industrial Statistics Yearbook” U.N.
Table 4-a Closing Share in the World (Production) (%)

1963	1975	1980
Asia	4.6	2.2	1.8
Japan	n.a.	1.9	1.5
North America	4.0	2.9	2.6
EC	4.5	3.7	3.9
World	4.3	3.8	3.4

Table 4-b Closing Share Growth in the World (Production) (%)

1960-72	1970-82	1977-89
Asia	5.3	6.7	7.0
All LDCs	4.8	4.8	4.1
North America	1.5	-0.1	-0.3
EC	2.1	-0.6	-1.5
World	4.0	2.2	1.0

Table 4-c Closing Share in the World (Employment) (%)

1963	1975	1980
Asia	11.8	10.9	13.6
Japan	4.7	4.9
North America	9.2	7.0	6.6
EC	9.2	7.2	5.4
World	9.7	8.2	8.8

Table 4-d Closing Share Growth in the World (Employment) (%)

1960-71	1970-81	1977-89
Asia	5.0	9.1	3.2
All LDCs	4.8	4.6	6.1
North America	0.1	-1.9	-2.8
EC	0.3	-3.5	-2.1
World	2.9	2.8	1.2

Source : “Industrial Statistics Yearbook” U.N.
Table 5 World Textile Flow Matrix (Cotton fabrics) (million square yards)

ANIEs	ASEAN	China	Japan	Australia	U.S.A.	Canada	EC	Others	Total export	Total import	Production	Consumption
AsianNIEs	68	79	70	0	17	80	175	9	173	138	740	376	1,256	392
72	94	52	0	96	101	213	15	210	143	923	416	1,687	1,177
77	121	120	0	25	81	163	14	196	267	988	552	2,461	2,026
80	87	209	38	46	72	159	12	167	294	1,084	679	1,684	1,279
87	178	328	301	90	101	311	76	122	400	2,174	2,435	2,262	2,573
87 Hong Kong	38	217	301	55	68	110	46	1,249	2,211	851	1,813
87 Souse Korea	31	10	n.a.	16	7	49	9	376	174	539	510
8T Taiwan	70	40	n.a.	1	7	88	6	549	100	871	422
ASEAN	68	2	80	0	1	1	17	0	20	0	121	755	903	1,537
72	9	51	0	15	6	36	4	19	20	159	256	1,351	1,440
77	13	35	0	9	18	36	7	80	69	267	184	1,929	1,846
80	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
87	22	48	0.3	15	25	143	12	199	52	522	418	3,573	3,469
China	68	181	147	1	60	0	10	50	219	667	n.a.	6,600	5,934
72	246	121	74	121	9	47	128	237	983	n.a.	8,030	7,047
77	327	83	45	82	44	18	118	283	1,000	n.a.	11,160	10,166
80	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	2,002	41	12,795	10,988
87	1,974	206	372	n.a.	293	n.a.	335	n.a.	3,563	332	14,642	11,411
Japan	68	68	58	0	87	103	13	31	221	581	22	2,744	2,186
72	69	20	0	42	30	12	31	148	382	273	2,264	2,155
77	91	28	0	42	30	12	31	148	382	106	2,766	1,989
80	120	19	8	21	21	2	29	96	316	224	2,202	2,110
87	178	53	20	18	73	6	44	59	451	560	1,837	1,946
U.S.A	68	6	29	0	5	9	79	60	125	313	629	8,224	8,540
72	22	8	0	60	11	84	104	93	381	736	5,669	6,054
77	6	9	0	4	11	50	180	110	370	547	4,381	4,557
80	11	7	9	7	22	74	255	135	520	831	4,258	4,569
87	5	7	2	5	6	55	172	102	327	1,360	3,990	5,396
EC	68	3	5	0	6	19	51	10	425	410	929	1,364	4,495	4,930
72	4	3	0	13	15	51	19	776	383	1,263	1,933	4,258	4,929
77	10	4	0	17	14	31	7	1,020	552	1,655	2,670	3,669	4,684
80	12	4	1	36	12	32	1,140	n.a.	1,925	3,059	3,816	4,950
87	13	3	1	16	9	100	6	806	1,599	2,553	4,987	4,158	6,592
Others	68	37	366	0	-8	23	283	55	605
72	-41	24	0	15	-38	325	147	671
77	-16	-72	0	6	27	243	105	1,045
80	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
87	156	-152	0	61	n.a.	511	n.a.	2,768
Total	68	376	755	0	22	279	629	176	1,364
import	72	413	256	0	273	293	736	327	1,933
77	552	184	0	106	275	547	213	2,670
80	679	n.a.	n.a.	224	n.a.	831	n.a.	3,059
87	2,485	418	332	560	n.a.	1,360	n.a.	4,987

Source : Institute of developing economies, Ajia-Taiheiyo shokoku no boeki to sangyo chosei

Japan Textile Association, Kasen Handbook

U.N. Industrial Statistical Yearbook various years

Finance Military, Nippon Boueki Geppo

I.C.A.C Cotton World Statistics
Figure 1 Production and Trade in Cotton Fabrics (1968)

(注) Slant line represents domestic production, and black means domestic consumption. Sise is in pression to volume. Arrows show the direction of trade. Figure is volume of trade. Size of arrow is in proportion to size of trade volume. Figures in the rectangles are trade volume within each area. Small sized trade volumes are omitted for simplicity.

Figure 2 Production and Trade in Cotton Fabrics (1977)

Figure 3 Production and Trade in Cotton Fabrics (1987)
Table 6 World Textile Flow Matrix (Synthetic fabrics) (million square yards)

ANIEs	ASEAN	China	Japan	Australia	U.S.A.	Canada	EC	Others	Total export	Total import	Production	Consumption
AsianNIEs	68	28	56	0	1	1	7	2	6	19	121	341	297	517
72	157	129	1	14	9	46	10	166	126	657	594	694	631
77	200	194	0	80	26	41	13	189	350	1,093	807	1,420	1,133
80	285	447	188	137	26	108	18	229	694	2,132	922	1,941	1,310
87	1,437	502	931	60	101	233	71	436	1,554	4,937	3,195	4,959	3,212
87 Hong Kong	143	100	931	7	9	5	9	12	n.a.	1,171	2,713	38	1,580
87 Souse Korea	557	220	n.a.	41	49	187	31	207	n.a.	2,189	368	2,979	1,158
87 Taiwan	737	172	n.a.	12	43	31	31	217	n.a.	4,577	114	1,937	47
ASEAN	68	1	32	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	36	398	323	685
72	8	60	0	0	0	2	0	1	13	85	532	710	1,157
77	22	81	0	9	2	4	10	45	74	247	386	1,610	1,749
80	47	152	1	19	3	15	18	152	200	607	922	n.a.	n.a.
87	36	91	1	17	15	52	15	125	208	560	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
China	68	0	0	2	7	0	2	7	55	73	35	308	270
72	16	0	0	7	0	7	90	109	212	52	520	360
77	24	0	0	6	0	6	40	41	93	100	1,523	1,530
80	113	44	18	n.a.	1	n.a.	119	n.a.	1,274	89	n.a.	n.a.
87	n.a.	n.a.	206	22	36	43	72	n.a.	1,481	205	n.a.	n.a.
Japan	68	204	219	13	34	125	30	24	445	1,094	22	3,512	2,440
72	317	270	22	64	340	86	46	687	1,732	24	3,987	2,279
77	400	163	67	67	206	56	66	965	1,990	97	3,935	2,042
80	357	192	77	63	120	21	103	949	1,882	183	4,021	2,322
87	413	182	84	54	154	47	209	684	1,827	553	3,307	2,033
U.S.A	68	6	10	0	1	6	56	35	60	173	159	5,248	5,234
72	6	8	0	6	5	69	48	47	189	392	5,034	5,237
77	9	14	0	4	14	139	71	89	342	261	5,692	5,611
80	36	26	67	3	22	170	220	387	931	346	9,174	8,589
87	15	13	33	5	9	85	44	212	416	656	9,393	9,633
EC	68	19	12	0	17	9	52	26	785	486	1,465	1,066	3,450	3,051
72	14	11	1	29	22	154	78	1,342	729	2,380	1,807	3,623	3,050
77	27	15	0	28	56	93	34	1,797	1,035	3,085	2,506	4,272	3,692
80	36	26	1	5	33	168	41	2,164	1,461	3,935	3,870	4,755	4,693
87	70	13	1	23	25	210	47	2,353	1,516	4,258	3,799	5,413	4,954
Others	68	83	69	22	1	5	-25	22	605
72	76	54	28	-25	-47	-50	-55	671
77	125	-81	33	-24	-83	-83	-4	1,045
80	218	35	-245	1	n.a.	-66	n.a.	793
87	n.a.	n.a.	0	242	n.a.	-29	n.a.	2,768
Total	68	341	398	35	22	62	159	138	1,066
import	72	594	532	52	24	60	392	195	1,807
77	807	386	100	97	88	261	254	2,506
80	1,092	922	89	183	n.a.	346	n.a.	3,870
87	3,253	n.a.	n.a.	311 *	n.a.	656	n.a.	3,799

Source : Institute of developing economies, Ajia-Taiheiyo shokoku no boeki to sangyo chosei

Japan Textile Association, Kasen Handbook

U.N. Industrial Statistical Yearbook various years

Finance Military, Nippon Boueki Geppo
Figure 4 Production and Trade in Synthetic Fabrics (1968)

Figure 5 Production and Trade in Synthetic Fabrics (1977)

Figure 6 Production and Trade in Synthetic Fabrics (1987)
Figure 7 Catching up Product Cycle in Cotton Fabrics

Figure 8 Catching up Product Cycle in Synthetic Fabrics
Table 7 export growth rate in the 1970s (Cotton Fabrics) (%)

Importer
U.S.A	EC
Asian NIEs	68→72	21.7	21.4
72→77	-23.5	-6.7
ASEAN	68→72	111.8	-5.3
72→77	0	76.3
China	68→72	900	156.0
72→77	388.9	-7.8
Japan	68→72	-1.0	-19.4
72→77	-70.6	24.0
Import growth of the importer	68→72	21.7	36.0
72→77	-2.9	31.0

Source : Table 5

TABLE3-07
Table 8 Change Pattern of Export Share (Cotton Fabrics) (%)

ANIEs	ASEAN	Japan	U.S.A.	EC	EC
Asian NIEs	68	21.0	9.3	77.3	27.8
72	22.6	20.3	35.2	28.9
77	21.9	65.2	23.6	29.8
80	12.8	n.a.	92.7	20.5	19.1
87	7.2	78.5	90.7	16.1	22.9
ASEAN	68	0.5	10.6	4.5	2.7
72	2.2	19.9	5.5	4.9
77	2.4	19.0	8.5	6.6
80	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
87	0.9	11.5	2.7	10.5
China	68	48.1	19.5	4.5	n.a.
72	59.6	47.3	27.1	1.2
77	59.2	45.1	42.5	8.0
80	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
87	79.4	49.3	66.6	21.5
Japan	68	18.0	7.7	16.4
72	16.7	7.8	13.9
77	16.5	15.2	5.5
80	17.7	n.a.	2.5
87	7.2	12.7	5.4

Source : Table 5

Table 9 export growth rate in the 1970s (Synthetic Fabrics) (%)

Importer
U.S.A	EC
Asian NIEs	68→72	557.1	266.7
72→77	-10.9	13.9
ASEAN	68→72	-	-
72→77	100.0	45.0
China	68→72	-	1,185.7
72→77	-	-55.6
Japan	68→72	172.0	91.7
72→77	-39.4	43.5
Import growth of the importer	68→72	146.5	69.5
72→77	-33.4	38.7

Source : Table 6
Table 10 Change Pattern of Export Share (Synthetic Fabrics) (%)

ANIEs	ASEAN	Japan	U.S.A.	EC
Asian NIEs	68	8.2	14.1	4.5	4.4	0.6
72	26.4	24.2	58.3	11.7	9.2
77	24.8	50.3	82.5	15.7	7.5
80	26.1	48.5	74.9	31.2	5.9
87	44.2	n.a.	19.3	35.5	11.5
ASEAN	68	0	0	0	0
72	1.3	0	0.5	0
77	2.7	9.3	1.5	1.8
80	4.3	10.4	4.3	3.9
87	1.1	5.5	7.9	3.3
Japan	68	59.8	78.6	2.3
72	53.4	61.2	2.5
77	49.6	78.9	2.6
80	38.7	34.7	2.7
87	15.2	23.5	5.5

Source : Table 6

Table 11 Determinants of Trade Flow in the 1980s

o : Promoting factor

x : Depressing factor

Factor	Japan	U.S.A	EC	ANIEs	ASEAN	China
Ex	Im	Ex	Im	Ex	Im	Ex	Im	Ex	Im	Ex	Im
Final Demand	High Growth in U.S.	0	0	0	0	0
Low Growth in Japan	x	x	x
Currency	Dollar Appreciation (the rarly 1980s)	0	0	0	0	0
Textile Industry	Industrial Adjustment in U.S.	x	x	x	x	x
in Japan & EC
Development in ANIEs	0	0	0	0
Development in ASEAN	0	0	0
Development in China	0	0
Pact	MFA	x	x	x	x	x

Ex : Export

Im : Import
Table 12 Managed Trade of Textile Industry

1957-61	Japan voluntarily limited its exports of selected cotton textiles
61-62	Short Term Arrangement (STA)
62-73	Long Term Arrangement (LTA)
71/72	Bilateral Agreements restricting US imports from Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong
74-78	Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) I
78-82	MFAII
82-86	MFAIII
86-91	MFAIV

Table 13 Average quota coverage and utilization : textile and clothing imports into the US and EC, selected countries, 1982

U.S.	EC
percentage of trade subject to quota	percentage of quota utilized	percentage of trade subject to quota	percentage of quota utilized
Hong Kong	75.7	90.8	94.7	52.6
Taiwan	69.4	94.4	n.a.	n.a.
South Korea	76.4	87.3	95.1	61.7
China	51.4	77.7	n.a.	64.2
Japan	53.3	63.1	n.a.	n.a.
Philippines	86.3	45.6	64.6	66.2
Singapore	86.3	66.1	75.6	40.2
Mexico	45.4	66.9	6.4	6.0
Dominican Rep.	36.7	78.3	n.a.	n.a.
Macao	75.7	81.4	78.9	66.8
Sri Lanka	74.5	88.3	26.0	41.8
Thailand	71.8	77.3	63.3	74.6
Brazil	12.2	39.8	75.22	43.3
Pakistan	51.1	59.7	36.7	68.5

Source : W. R. Cline, The Future of World Trade in Textiles Apparel Institute for International Economics, 1987
Table 14 Export and Production Growth Rate (77→87) (Cotton fabrics)

Japan	U.S.	EC
Asian NIEs	160% (2.3 times)	47% (1.5 times)	$ \nabla $ 38%
ASEAN	66%	297% (4 times)	150%
China	1,142%	565% (6.5 times)	184%

Source : Table 5

(Synthetic fabrics)

Japan	U.S.	EC
Asian NIEs	∇25%	468% (5.5 times)	130%
ASEAN	88%	1,200% (13 times)	178%

Source : Table 6

Table 15 Export share in the selected regions(%)

Asia	US + EC + Canada
Asian NIEs	1977	26.9	37.8
1980	35.1	31.2
1987	41.3	23.4
ASEAN	1977	21.3	46.1
1987	16.3	67.8

Source : Table 5

Table 16 Trade between China and South Korea via Hong Kong

(Synthetic Fabrics, Million US dollars)

Export to China	Share	Export to S.Korea	Share
1981	49.8	34.2	34.7	46.0
1984	74.4	45.7	32.1	34.0
1986	76.3	27.6	61.0	53.0
1987	131.4	26.7	397.1	59.7

Coution : Share means the synthetic fabrics share in total trade between South Korea and China

Exports to South Korea are catagorized in SITC 65, and it they include all yarns and fabrics

Table 17 Trade between China and Taiwan via Hong Kong

(Synthetic Fabrics, million US dollars)

Export to China	Share	Export to Taiwan	Share
1981	85.0	22.1	0.2	0.2
1984	108.0	25.4	5.1	4.0
1986	181.9	22.4	10.7	7.4
1987	278.9	22.9	28.5	9.5

Coution : Share means the synthetic fabrics share in total trade between Taiwan and China
Table 18-a Trend by regression from 1964 to 1974 (Cotton fabrics)

$$ \mathbf{r}=-.9807 $$

$$ \mathbf{n o t s i g n i f i c a n t} $$

$$ \mathbf{r}=.97068 $$

$$ \mathbf{A N I E s}\quad\rightarrow\mathbf{E C} $$

$$ \mathbf{n o t s i g n i f i c a n t} $$

$$ ASEAN\quad\rightarrow Japan $$

$$ Y=0.014X-0.093 $$

$$ ASEAN\quad\rightarrow U.S. $$

$$ Y=0.0006X-0.0392 $$

$$ \mathbf{r}=.92012 $$

$$ \mathbf{r}=.72796 $$

$$ \mathbf{r}=.72680 $$

$$ \mathbf{r}=.79715 $$

$$ \mathbf{r}=.95576 $$

$$ \mathbf{r}=.78754 $$

$$ \mathbf{r}=.95289 $$

$$ \mathbf{r}=-.7322 $$

Table 18-b Hypothesized volume (Cotton fabrics)

Japan	U.S.	EC
1987	80	87	80	77	87	80
ANIEs	-	-	316	199	168	-	-
export	-	-	240	159	163	-	-
ASEAN	40	56	86	40	32	102	58
export	15	n.a.	143	n.a.	36	199	80
Importer's	1857	1724	3796	3528	4095	3881	3079
production	1837	2110	4363	4258	4381	4158	3816

$ ^{*} $ : The upper is hypothesized volume. and the lower is actual volume.

Table 18-c Hypothesized volume (Synthetic fabrics)

Japan	EC
87	80	87	80
ANIEs	87	95	805	423
60	137	436	229
ASEAN	47	38	110	48
n.a.	n.a.	125	98
Importer's	4128	4832	-	-
production	3307	4021	-	-

$ ^{*} $ : The upper is hypothesized volume, and the lower is actual volume.
Table 19 Clothing flow matrix

(US million dollars)

ANIEs	ASEAN	China	Japan	Australia	U.S.A.	Canada	EC	Others	Total export	Total import	Production	Consumption
Asian NIEs	74	13	25	0	511	149	1,200	158	1,088	396	3,540	113	n.a.	n.a.
80	54	63	17	757	155	3,970	317	3,155	1,838	10,326	712	n.a.	n.a.
87	92	128	234	3,012	244	11,013	892	5,064	2,520	23,204	3,402	n.a.	n.a.
ASEAN	74	4	6	0	11	7	110	4	53	31	226	85	225	84
80	29	53	0	24	327	14	471	302	1,220	190	1,183	153
87	38	141	0	72	1,619	118	973	749	3,710	578	n.a.	n.a.
China	74	44	10	99	5	n.a.	26	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
80	457	17	239	278	n.a.	256	n.a.	1,936	n.a.	6,733	4,896
87	2,837	24	833	2,193	161	988	n.a.	3,756	n.a.	6,967	3,456
Japan	74	10	5	0	6	180	13	34	81	329	826	5,426	5,923
80	33	14	2	9	209	9	70	154	500	1,530	38,758	46,025
87	70	14	7	8	365	23	114	64	665	4,649	51,324	55,308
U.S.A	74	11	9	0	15	7	50	59	267	418	2,323	25,100	27,005
80	13	10	0	78	6	63	333	716	1,219	6,945	37,700	43,426
87	21	14	1	98	4	46	155	804	1,143	22,133	44,500	64,690
EC	74	24	6	0	95	32	246	70	4,139	968	5,580	7,422	n.a.	n.a.
80	81	18	0	260	31	392	72	10,390	2,918	14,162	21,260	33,329	40,427
87	203	36	3	537	46	1,527	254	15,961	4,522	23,089	34,742	37,773	49,426
Others	74	7	24	n.a.	95	582	2,023
80	45	15	n.a.	172	1,769	6,585
87	141	221	n.a.	97	5,416	11,487
Total	74	113	85	n.a.	826	2,323	7,422
import	80	712	90	n.a.	1,530	6,945	21,260
87	3,402	578	n.a.	4,649	22,133	34,742

Source : UN. Trade Statistics
Table 20-a Trade coefficients

ANIEs	Japan	U.S.A.	EC	Others
Asian NIEs	74	0.50	2.62	2.19	0.62	0.97
80	0.28	1.92	2.22	0.58	1.21
87	0.10	2.24	1.72	0.50	1.00
ASEAN	74	2.24	0.89	3.14	0.44	n.a.
80	1.33	0.53	1.55	0.73	1.69
87	0.24	0.33	1.58	0.61	1.87
China	74	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
80	13.10	3.24	0.83	0.25	n.a.
87	18.00	3.83	2.12	0.61	n.a.
Japan	74	3.75	3.53	0.21	2.12
80	3.67	2.42	0.26	2.10
87	2.50	1.99	0.39	0.89

Table 20-b Trade coefficients with the rest of the world

U.S.	74	5.51	EC	74	1.49
80	3.99	80	1.40
87	6.50	87	1.81

Source : Table 19