Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## 国の債権に係る情報の公表

(单位:百万円)

平成24年度	平成25年度	平成26年度
管理对象債權額	消滅額	管理对象債權額	消滅額	管理对象債權額	消滅額
前年度以前発生未消滅債權分	本年度発生分	前年度以前発生分	本年度発生分	前年度以前発生未消滅債權分	本年度発生分	前年度以前発生分	本年度発生分	前年度以前発生未消滅債權分	本年度発生分	前年度以前発生分	本年度発生分
5%不納欠損額	5%不納欠損額	5%不納欠損額	5%不納欠損額	5%不納欠損額	5%不納欠損額
合 計	12,711	12,604	106	1,462	1,356	-	106	-	11,342	11,248	94	1,492	1,398	-	94	-	10,049	9,850	199	1,480	1,281	-
備 考	【前年度以前発生分】独立行政法人自動車事故対策機構貸付金債權 12,604【本年度発生分】返納金債權 106	【前年度以前発生分】独立行政法人自動車事故対策機構貸付金債權 1,356【本年度発生分】返納金債權 106	【前年度以前発生分】独立行政法人自動車事故対策機構貸付金債權 11,248【本年度発生分】返納金債權 94	【前年度以前発生分】独立行政法人自動車事故対策機構貸付金債權 1,398【本年度発生分】返納金債權 94	【前年度以前発生分】独立行政法人自動車事故対策機構貸付金債權 9,850【本年度発生分】返納金債權 199	【前年度以前発生分】独立行政法人自動車事故対策機構貸付金債權 1,281【本年度発生分】返納金債權 199

※消滅額の項中「うち不納欠損額」は、歳入徴収官事務規程（昭和二十七年大蔵省令第百四十一号）第二十七条第一項各号に該当する金額の合計額であり、消滅額の内数。

## 歳入金債権の年度末現在額の推移

(单位:百万円)

(单位:百万円)

平成24年度末現在額	平成25年度末現在額	平成26年度末現在額
一般分(撥収停止分を除く。)	撥収停止分	撥収停止分	撥収停止分
本年度発生債権分	前年度以前発生債権分	合計	本年度発生債権分	前年度以前発生債権分	本年度發生債権分	前年度以前發生債権分	合計	本年度發生債権分	前年度以前發生債権分	合計	本年度發生債権分
履行期限到來額	履行期限未到來額	履行期限到來額	履行期限未到來額	履行期限到來額	履行期限未到來額	本年度發生債権分	履行期限到來額	履行期限未到來額	履行期限到來額	履行期限未到來額	履行期限到來額	履行期限未到來額	本年度發生債権分	前年度以前發生債権分	履行期限到來額	履行期限未到來額	履行期限到來額	履行期限未到來額	履行期限到來額	本年度發生債権分
債権の種類(註)	-	-	-	-	11,248	-	11,248	-	-	-	-	9,850	-	9,850	-	-	-	-	8,568	-	8,568	-	-
(註)	-	-	-	-	11,248	-	11,248	-	-	-	-	9,850	-	9,850	-	-	-	-	8,568	-	8,568	-	-

※1. 計数はそれぞれ単位未満切り捨てによっているので、端数において合計とは合致しないものがある。

「特別会計に関する法律」附則第六十七条第一項第八号の規定により設置された自動車損害賠償保障事業特別会計が廃止されたことに伴い、同法附則第二百二十八条第八項の規定により

自動車損害賠償保障事業特別会計の平成十九年度末における権利義務は、本特別会計の本勘定に帰属した。
# Annual Report on Forest and Forestry in Japan

Fiscal Year 2013

(Summary)

Forestry Agency

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan
The “Annual Report on Forest and Forestry” is a report which the Japanese Government submits to the Diet every year, in accordance with article X of the “Forest and Forestry Basic Act.” This document is a summary of the annual report for FY2013.
## Table of Contents

Forest and Forestry Topics in FY2013 ..... 1
Chapter I Multiple Functional Roles of Forests and Forest Management Activities .. 4
Chapter II Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake ..... 11
Chapter III Japan's Forest and International Cooperation ..... 13
Chapter IV Forestry and Rural Mountain Communities ..... 17
Chapter V Wood Demand/Supply and the Wood Products Industry ..... 21
Chapter VI National Forest Management ..... 26
Appendix ..... 28
## Forest and Forestry Topics in FY2013

### TOPIC 1. Using the Results of Forest Management by Previous Generations in Shrine Rebuilding

At the time of the 2013 rebuilding of Ise Grand Shrine, lumber used to build the new shrine buildings was supplied from not only National Forests in the Kiso region but also, for the first time in some 700 years, a “shrine forest” that is adjacent to the shrine. Wood from 80-year-old trees obtained from thinning was used for fences on the shrine’s inner ground (Naiku).

In the past, the shrine forest had been devastated by excessive logging. However, during the Taisho Era (1912 to 1926), the shrine prepared a “Shrine Forest Management Plan” and executed forest management involving planting, treatment, and other activities with the goal of producing 200-year-old hinoki (cypress) trees. The shrine is developing a mixed forest of conifer and broad-leafed trees that is comprised mainly of hinoki, as it also takes steps to conserve water resources and promote scenic beauty.

Forests play a significant role not only in land and water resource conservation but also in maintaining and passing down traditional culture by supplying wood and enhancing scenic beauty. Developing such forests need long-term forest management initiatives that extend beyond single generations.

Naiku building and fences

View of the shrine forest

### TOPIC 2. Fujisan's Inscription on the World Heritage List

In June 2013, “Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration” was inscribed on the World Heritage List as Cultural Heritage. Forests make up 90% of the area of this site (approximately 20,000 hectares) and are an essential element in the natural environment and landscape that give “Fujisan” its sacred and artistic qualities.

Most of the forests on the Shizuoka Prefecture side are National Forests. In principle, portions of primitive forests are left to natural processes, while planted forest is managed with consideration for landscape. Most of the forests on the Yamanashi Prefecture side are prefectural forests. Forest management there puts emphasis on functions that benefit the public. This includes encouraging the
development of mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests, particularly in high-elevation forests.

The area is visited by numerous mountain climbers (in recent years, 300,000 climbers during the two-month climbing season), and its forests also suffer from feeding damage by wild deer. Responding to these and other issues will be essential to the conservation and management of “Fujisan”’s forests.

Mt. Fuji as seen from Lake Motosu

A protected forest on the foot of Mt. Fuji

### TOPIC 3. A Greater Role by Women in Forestry Revitalization

In recent years, “ringyo joshi-kai” (girls’ forestry groups) comprised of women in various occupations (including students) are being formed in various regions throughout Japan (nine prefectures as of the end of 2013). These groups communicate forestry’s appeal through a variety of activities that include organizing hands-on forestry activities, forest development activities, and related events. Moves to organize women hunters have also been seen recently.

Interest in forests and forestry is growing among not only women who work in forestry but also ordinary women, and particularly young women. Such women are linking forests and forestry to other fields of interest through their activities.

It will be important to utilize the vitality of such women to reinvigorate forestry as a new growth industry.

### TOPIC 4. Emergence of Technologies that Facilitate Mid-to-High-Rise Wooden Construction

The time for harvesting forests that were planted following World War II has come, and we have moved from an era of “tending” trees to “using” them. Wood is an earth friendly material that also provides healthy and comfortable environments.

In 2013, cross laminated timber (CLT) attracted attention as a new construction material that can be used for mid-to-high-rise wooden building. The construction of the first building in Japan that uses
CLT as major components began (October 2013). Also, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) established a Japan Agricultural Standard (JAS) for CLT (December 2013) and is gathering data for the establishment of CLT standard strength requirements.

The government’s “Plan to Create Dynamism through Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries and Local Communities” (formulated in December 2013) calls for “creating new wood demand” through new products and technologies such as CLT among others. It is expected that rich supplies of natural resources and new technologies will be utilized and pave the way toward “woody cities”.
## Chapter I Multiple Functional Roles of Forests and Forest Management Activities

### 1. Multiple Functional Roles of Forests and Forest Management Activities

#### 1.1. Japan’s Forests and their Multiple Functional Roles

Among aspects that characterize Japan’s forests are that they 1) account for two-thirds of national land; 2) are largely distributed in steep mountainous areas with heavy precipitation; and 3) are comprised of various forest zones resulting from Japan’s long north-south orientation and complex topography.

Sixty percent of Japan’s forests are natural forests including forests that were once used as coppices, while 40% are planted forests. This current makeup of forests is a result of the human activities of using and revitalizing forest resources. In particular, the planted forest stock has grown by roughly 5.4 times over the course of the past half century (Fig. I-1).

Japan’s forests make a contribution to people’s lives and the national economy

Fig. I-1: Changes in Japan’s forest stock

through multiple functional roles, such as water resource conservation, landslide prevention and soil conservation, provision of comfortable environments, health preservation and recreation, culture, biodiversity conservation, global environment conservation, and wood production. Many of these roles overlap one another.

#### 1.2. The Significance of Forest Management Activities

The sustainable provision of forests’ multiple functional roles requires human-led forest management activities for the development and cultivation of vigorous forests.

Particularly in the case of planted forests, forest regeneration is secured through forest management activities such as planting, treatment and thinning of trees. Also, forest management activities are necessary for vigorous forests that have developed tree canopies, trunks, roots and understories; have high resistance to various threats; and fully demonstrate their various functions.

In the case of individual forests, specific forest management activities are conducted focusing particularly on expected functions according to natural conditions and public needs, while maintaining balance among all forest functions.
The importance of thinning

It encourages the growth and root development of remaining trees and produces weather-resistant forests.

It allows sunlight to reach into the forest, which allows the understory to grow thickly and prevents soil erosion.

It allows various plants and animals to live and breed and thus improves biodiversity.

☐ It raises resistance to disease and insects.

It allows inclusion as a forest sink under international rules.

Forests' multiple functions deteriorate if thinning is not practiced.

Multiple functions are highly fulfilled if thinning is practiced.

#### 1.3. Forest Management Activity Mechanisms

The techniques for Japan’s forest management activities (e.g., raising seedling, planting, tending, thinning, etc.) have primarily been developed and diffused for sugi (cedar), hinoki (cypress), and other indigenous trees that have been used in Japan since ancient times and can grow into forests quickly (Fig. I-2).

Today, highly productive work systems built by combining advanced forestry machinery and forestry road systems are needed for the efficient execution of forest management activities.

In many cases, forest owners entrust their operations and business management to Forest Owners' Cooperatives or private forestry contractors, and there is a need to promote the coordination

and consolidation of forest management activities among small forest owners. On the other

Fig. I-2: The forest management cycle

hand, groups of forest owners, NPOs, volunteers, companies, and various other entities are also involved.

The costs of forest management activities are continuously incurred over a long period (costs at the initial stages of planting and tending are particularly high). It takes several decades until income from wood sales can be obtained, and recovering the costs can be difficult as it is dependent upon wood supply-and-demand trends.

Forest management activities are systematically promoted based on the “Forest Planning System.” Public projects and other means are used to support forest management activities that are based on forest management plans prepared by forest owners and forestry contractors.
### 2. The History of Forest Management Activities in Japan

#### 2.1. Forest Management Activities prior to World War II

From just before the Edo Period (1603 to 1868), deforestation came to be practiced on a large scale as demand of wood for construction grew, and this led to serious resource depletion and disasters. In response, the shogunate and individual clans promoted afforestation. In some regions, full-scale private forestry that involves afforestation also developed.

During the Meiji Period (1868 to 1912), trees were cut down and used for various purposes as Japan's industries modernized. As a result, forests throughout the country were devastated and disasters occurred frequently. In 1897, the "Forest Law" (which included the creation of the conservation forests scheme) was established and planting in devastated areas of national and public forests began. As for private forests, forestry production swelled in response to growing wood demand, and afforestation expanded for the purpose of reproducing wood.

#### 2.2. Postwar Forest Devastation and Recovery

During and following World War II, great amounts of wood were needed for war material and reconstruction, and consequently forests were cut down in great numbers and devastated. The years between 1945 and 1964 (Showa 20s and 30s) were also marked by major damage throughout the nation caused by typhoons and other phenomena.

Against this backdrop, active planting in devastated areas was promoted through public projects (“afforestation support projects” and “forest conservation projects”) from 1946. In 1950, a “National Tree Planting Ceremony” and “Green Feather Fundraising Campaign” were started as national land afforestation campaigns. And in 1951, a revision of the Forest Law brought in the “Forest Planning System” as well as a cutting permission system for privately owned forests.

Planting in abandoned forest after clear-cutting was concluded in FY1956.

#### 2.3. Demand for Increased Wood Production and Expansive Afforestation

Between 1955 and 1964 (Showa 30s), demand of wood for building and civil engineering projects grew in response to Japan’s economic recovery and high growth. This resulted in skyrocketing wood prices and demands for increased wood production from domestic forests. On the other hand, use of “satoyama forests” dwindled as people turned to petroleum and gas for fuel.

Against this backdrop, the government decided on “emergency wood price stabilization measures” in 1961 and began promoting emergency expansion in the cutting of national and private forests, use of chips from harvest losses, and increased imports.

Fast-growing conifers were planted on lands on which emergency cutting occurred in order to absorb anticipated demand for building materials (afforestation in lumbered broad-leaf forests was called “expansive afforestation”). Approximately 400,000 hectares were planted annually until around 1970 (Fig. I-3).

In 1964, the government established

Fig. I-3: Changes in planted forest area
the “Forestry Basic Law” with the goal of expanding gross forestry production. It also limited the cutting permission system to conservation forests and promoted voluntary forest operations of individual forest owners based on their forest management plans.

#### 2.4. Stagnation in the Forestry Industry and Diversifying Public Demand

Entering the decade beginning in 1965, forestry production activity declined while forests planted in the post-war period that required treatment increased. In response, weeding, improvement cutting, and thinning were added to subsidy-eligible items of afforestation projects. In 1977, a “National Tree Tending Ceremony” began.

Amid growing demand for recreational opportunities and interest in conserving the natural environment, the forest land development control system was established in order to regulate development of forests other than conservation forests. Policy shift was also executed toward (1) diversification and lengthening of cutting ages, (2) promotion of multiple storied forest management and natural forest management, and (3) promotion of comprehensive forest use.

Subsequently, the price of wood languished as imports of overseas wood grew with the yen gaining strength against other currencies and wood demand decreased. These factors caused even greater stagnation in forestry production activities. On the other hand, greater emphasis came to be placed on the multiple functional roles of forests (Fig. I-4), and thus the government established the current “Forest and Forestry Basic Law” in 2001.

Fig. I-4: Changes in the public’s expectations for the roles of forests

#### 2.5. Response to Global Warming and New Initiatives

With the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted in 1992, the functions of forests to prevent global warming gained attention. For the “first commitment period” (2008 to 2012) of the Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997, Japan aimed to remove 3.8% of its 1990 level greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, where its national emission reduction commitment was 6%, through the promotion of forest sink activities, by thinning an average of 550,000 hectares per year. For its FY2020 emission reduction goal (i.e. 3.8% reduction compared to the FY2005 level), Japan is to achieve at least 2.8% through the promotion of forest sink activities (thinning of 520,000 hectares per year) (Fig. I-5). The issue here includes the fact that stable financial resources for the promotion have yet to be secured.
Fig. I-5: Forest sink activities in GHG reduction targets

Recent challenges related to forest management activities include, not only how to execute appropriate treatment and thinning, but also how to replace mature planted forests with young trees (harvesting/use and replanting) (Fig. I-6), control deer and other wildlife, and cope with natural disasters. On the other hand, new initiatives are being started, such as introduction of seedlings raised in containers as a way of reducing afforestation and treatment costs, and expansion of NPO and company-led activities as well as prefectural forest tax systems. There are also moves toward the use of wood for power generation, as well as the development and diffusion of new wood products and technologies, such as CLT.

* 1 age class represents five years.

Fig. I-6: Age composition of planted forests (comparison of 1966 and 2012)
### 3. Future Tasks

3.1. Promotion of Forest Management Activities toward the Sustainable Provision of Multiple Functional Roles

It is necessary to conceive the desired future forms of forests and systematically promote forest management activities while taking into account current forest conditions, natural conditions, and regional needs. In the case of planted forests, in particular, the appropriate use of resources as well as thinning and reforestation need to be steadily engaged. At the same time, in accordance with geographical conditions, guidance should be provided toward various types of forests by, among other activities, promoting multiple storied forests and long-term management.

Also, demand of wood needs to be secured so that the cycle of “planting → treatment → harvesting → planting” will function and forest management activities can be sustained(Fig. I-7).

Fig. I-7: Appropriate forest cycle

#### 3.2. Roles of Concerned Actors in promoting Forest Management Activities

The privileges and responsibilities of forest management primarily rests with forest owners. The appropriate management and conservation of their forests could include entrusting their operations and business management to Forest Owners' Cooperatives or private forestry contractors.

The forestry industry needs to strengthen its competitiveness by, for example, continuing to coordinate and consolidate forestry operations, develop forestry road systems, and lower the costs of afforestation and tending, so that the industry can practice forest management activities as their business.
Moreover, the forestry and wood products industries must take steps to create new wood demand and build systems for stable supply.

The national government and local governments need to provide support that allows these actors to execute such initiatives continuously.

Ordinary citizens can also support forest management by participating in regional activities, volunteer activities or companies' CSR activities etc., and helping cover related expenses through budgets, taxation, and donations.
## Chapter II Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake

### 1. Recovery/Reconstruction of Forests, Forestry, and Wood Products Industry

#### 1.1. Recovery of Forest, Forestry, and Wood Products Industry

Following the Great East Japan Earthquake, there were reports of damaged forest conservation facilities and forest roads as well as collapsed hillslopes in 15 prefectures, where recovery works have been implemented.

The Earthquake also damaged 115 wood processing/distribution facilities throughout Japan. The Forestry Agency is supporting the abolition, restoration, or maintenance of these facilities.

#### 1.2. Restoration of Coastal Forests

The Forestry Agency is conducting recovery works in the damaged coastal forests, with a goal of building “berms” for replanting trees along the coasts within five years, and completing the recovery works within ten years.

The Forestry Agency has launched the recovery works in the coastal forests other than those used as temporary disaster debris storage areas. It is also encouraging private organizations including NPOs and private companies to participate in planting and tending the trees. The supply of a large number of seedlings needs to be assured, as well as ensuring the continuous treatment of planted trees, including weeding and thinning.

As it was confirmed that coastal forests have some efficacy in reducing tsunami damage, the Forestry Agency also enhanced its support for reinforcing the functions of those forests nationwide.

#### 1.3. Promotion of Wood Use for Reconstruction

Local governments provided approximately 54,000 “emergency temporary houses” with a quarter of those houses (approximately 15,000 houses) being built with a wooden structure. In anticipation of future large scale disasters, there is also the signing of disaster agreements that aim to facilitate the quick supply of wooden emergency temporary houses.

Also seen are moves to build public housing (Reconstruction housing) and rebuild disaster victims' houses with wood constructions, and initiatives to utilize wood in restoration and reconstruction projects taking place in the civil engineering sector.

Woody disaster debris is being used to produce wood-based panels and as a fuel input for boilers and power plants. In Aizu-wakamatsu city, Fukushima prefecture, a power plant which burns thinned wood as its fuel input has already started operation.

Reconstruction housing using wood