Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
72/ Partial relief of profit transfer system.

73/ In June 1980, about 6600 SOEs involved in this autonomy program, which produced 60 percent of SOEs' products evaluated by the value. GAO, [1993, p.36]

74/ Production management, sales management, products pricing, material buying, budgetary management, organization management, assets management, human and labor affairs, delivery of incentive wages and coordination between enterprises.

75/ At the point, only 8 enterprises remained under Product Responsibility System. GAO, [October 1993, p.135]

76/ This law defines basic relationship between Nation and enterprises as “rights and duties”. Enterprise autonomy admitted and manager responsibility system also officially adopted. Until now, this law is the basement of SOEs.

77/ Trial was begun since 1982. In the system, both workers and enterprises can cancel the working contract if they do not want to continue the contract.

78/ ISHIHARA, KOJIMA, TAJIMA, UCHIDA, KIZAKI, KIKUCHI, DU, NAKAO, SHINYA, IMAI and HATTORI, [1993, p.152]

79/ These companies send temporary or short term worker to their customer companies.

80/ Quite different from the name, this unit is a pooling system of unnecessary surplus workers. Zuixin Jingji Yonngyu Cidian, [1990, p. 163]

81/ ISHIHARA, KOJIMA, TAJIMA, UCHIDA, KIZAKI, KIKUCHI, DU, NAKAO, SHINYA, IMAI and HATTORI, [1993, p. 155]

82/ ISHIHARA, KOJIMA, TAJIMA, UCHIDA, KIZAKI, KIKUCHI, DU, NAKAO, SHINYA, IMAI and HATTORI, [1993, p. 157]

83/ ISHIHARA, KOJIMA, TAJIMA, UCHIDA, KIZAKI, KIKUCHI, DU, NAKAO, SHINYA, IMAI and HATTORI, [1993, p. 164]

84/ “Unit” is just like a domicile to which every worker belongs. For example, for workers of SOEs, their company is the unit they belong to.

85/ ISHIHARA, KOJIMA, TAJIMA, UCHIDA, KIZAKI, KIKUCHI, DU, NAKAO, SHINYA, IMAI and HATTORI, [1993, p. 164]

86/ In case of bankrupt, “Unit” of employees including retired persons disappears. In this case, only the social welfare system will be the source of income for employees. ISHIHARA, KOJIMA, TAJIMA, UCHIDA, KIZAKI, KIKUCHI, DU, NAKAO, SHINYA, IMAI and HATTORI, [1993, p. 169]

89/ For example, under the dual-price system, it was said that brokers with privileges monopolized buying goods at the planned prices and traded them at the market prices. YABUKI, [1992, p.114]

90/ Chugoku Business Tettei Kenkyu, [1994, p. 88]

91/ There were 6 type of contracts.

92/ Kyodo News, August 2, 1994.

[June19, 1992, p. 37] NING, [May 1993] ISHIHARA, KOJIMA, TAJIMA, UCHIDA, KIZAKI, KIKUCHI, DU, NAKAO, SHINYA, IMAI and HATTORI, [1993, p.6]
94/ cf. GAO, [1993, p.841]

95/ Hearing at the State Planning Commission. Also see an article written by KOJIMA, Tomoyuki (Asia Tokusyu, [1994, p.12]).

96/ Many documents refer about this problem. In the World Bank, [June 30,1993] the situation is well analyzed.

97/ China already identified these weak points. LEE, [1994] is a good reference.

98/ World Bank, [June19, 1992, p.29-31] BELL et al, [1993, p.4]

99/ In every chance like Plenums and Conferences, China clearly declares that as the “Keep the one core and two fundamental principles” slogan. It means “Keep the socialist system and seek the economic development based on the opening and reform.”

100/ Speech by Deng Xiaopin during the spring trip in 1992.

101/ IMAI, OHKUBO, KOBAYASHI and NAKAJIMA, [1993,p.288]

102/ World Bank, [June19, 1992, p. 53]

103/ World Bank, [June19, 1992, p. 73-]

104/ World Bank, [June19, 1992, p. 24-]

105/i.e., Nihon Keizai Shinbun, August 18, 1994.

106/ Kyodo news, August 2, 1994.
## REFERENCES

------, Asia Tokushu (Special on the Asian Economy), Toyo Keizai (The Weekly Toyo Keizai), July 13, 1994, Toyo Keizai Shinposha.

------, China : Basic Research for Decision Making on ODA, JRI Corporation, March 1994.

------, Chugoku Shakaishugi Keizai Ryakushi (Brief History of Chinese Socialist Economy, Japanese Edition), Beijing Zhoubaoshe, 1986.

------, Chugoku no Keizai Kaikaku (Economic Reform in China), Soken Kenkyu No. 17, May 1993, Long Term Credit Bank Research Institute.

------, Zhongguo Tongji Nianjian 1993 (Statistic Yearbook of China = SYB) Zhongguo Tongji Chibanshe 1993.

------, Zuixin Jingji Yonngyu Cidian, Jingji Kexue Chibanshe, 1990.

AMAKO, Satoshi, Chugoku : Youhensuru Shakaishugi Taikoku (China : A Big Socialist Power in Transition), Tokyo daigaku Shuppankai, October 1992.

BELL, Michael W., KHOR, Hoe Ee, and KOCHHAR, Kalpana, China at the Threshold of a Market Economy, International Monetary Fund, September 1993.

GAO, Shangquan edit., Zhongguo Gaige Kaifang Tongdian (Book on the Reform and Openness in China), Shanxi Jinji Chibanshe, 1993.

GAO, Shangquan edit., Book of Chinese Economic Events on Reforming and Opening, Beijing Gongye Daxue Chibanshe, October 1993.

IMAI, OHKUBO, KOBAYASHI and NAKAJIMA, Saishin Guide : Chugoku Keizai "Shijokeizaika no Jittaï" (Newest Guide to China's Economy : Real Situation of the Transition to a Market System), Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, October 1993.

ISHIHARA, KOJIMA, TAJIMA, UCHIDA, KIZAKI, KIKUCHI, DU, NAKAO, SHINYA, IMAI and HATTORI, Shakaishugi Shijokeizai wo Mezasu Chugoku (Chinese Economy : Seeking a Transition to Socialist Market Economy), IDE, July 1993.

LEE Tiejng, Economic Reform in China and a Construction of the Socialist Market Economy, May 11. 1994, Speech at the Beijing International Economic Symposium.

MA, Chengsan, Hattensuru Chugoku no Taigai Kaiho : Genjo to Kadai (Developing China's Economy : Present Situation and Issues), IDE, November 1992.

MARUYAMA, MA, KATOH, SAWADA, Institute of Social Science of PRC, HO, KURIBAYASHI, IMAI, HATTORI, NAKAJIMA, 90 Nendai Chugoku Chiiki Kaihatsu no Shikaku : Nairiku to Enkai kankei no Rikigaku (Viewpoints of China's Development in 1990s : Power Politics between Inland and Costal Areas), IDE, March 1994.

Mitsubishi Sogokenkyusho, Chugoku Joho Handbook 1994 (China Information Handbook), So-so Sha, July 1994.

NING, Jizhe, Rapid Growth and Step by Step Reform in China, Economic Planning Agency (Japan) Working Paper No.22, May 1993.

NING, Jizhe, Market Oriented Reform and the Role of Planning in China, Paper for the Second International Symposium on the Transition to a Market Economy in Vietnam,
September 30, 1993.

OHKUBO & IMAI edit., Koredake ha Shitte Okitai Chugoku Keizai Q&A 100 (Essentials on China's Economy : Q&A 100), Aki Shobo, June 1994.

State Planning Commission of PRC, Guomin Jingji he Shehui Fazham Jihua Minggei Jieshi (Technical Terms on the National Economy and Social Development Planning), September, 1984.

World Bank, China, Updating Economic Memorandum: Managing Rapid Growth and Transition, June 30, 1993.

World Bank, China Country Economic Memorandum: Reform and the Role of the Plan in the 1990s, June 19, 1992.

World Bank, Economic Reform in China, January 1992.

World Bank, World Development Report 1992, 1993.

XUE Muqiao, Kaiteiban : Chugoku Shakaishugi Keizai Mondai Kenkyu (Report on China's Socialist Economy, Japanese Edition), Beijing Waiwen Zhoubaoshe, April 1988.

YABUKI, Shin, [Zusetsu] Chugoku no Keizai (The Economy of China), So-so Sha, 1992.
# Table 2-II-1 Economic Reform Chronology of China

#Main Stream of these ten reforming years

1977 The 11th Party Congress

Declaration of ending the cultural revolution.

“Reconfirmation of” “Modernizing” “policy.”

Fifth National Congress

"Ten years' development plan"

Third Plenum of the 11th party Congress

Switch to the reform.

"Socialism modernization"

1979 Central Working Meeting

Collapse of 10 years' plan and economic stabilization.

“Stabilization, reform, reorganize, improvement”

1982 Chen Yun “Bird cage economy”

1984 Third Plenum of the 12th Party Congress

Decision of Reform of the Economic Structures.

“Planned commodity economy”

Accelerating the reform.

Starting the SOEs’ reform.

1987 The 13th Party Congress

"Socialism of Chinese characterized"

Overheated boom & inflation

The Third Plenum of the 13th Party Congress

Tightening Policy

High Inflation

The Fourth Plenum of the 13th Party Congress

"Keep the Opening policy"
Spring Tour of Deng Xiaopin

Re-acceleration of Reform

The 14th Party Congress

“Socialist Market Economy”
## #Price reform

1979 Rise State Monopoly Purchasing Price for crops and sideline products.

Pull down the prices of manufacturer goods for agriculture.

New incentives to peasants.

Price adjustment between agricultural goods and industrial goods.

1982 Provisional regulation for price control.

Mainly controlled by Plan.

Comments about Price Reform in Decision on Reform of the Economic Structures.

State Monopoly Purchasing system abolished in most fields.

Controlled prices remained in some important goods.

Domestic free market trade was permitted for most goods.

Dual-track pricing system

Main strategies for price reform in the 7th FYP.

Much attention to material prices.

Utilization of market mechanism.

Revised Price Controlling Law.

Element ideas about Price Reform and Wage Reform.

State controls the Market, market lead the enterprises.

Clarified the market as the main pricing system.

(Buying up activities: Postponed the new price policy for 5 or more years.)
## #Agricultural reform

1977
1978 Trial to responsibility systems
1979 Decision on accelerating the agricultural development.
First official recognition of HRS in restricted conditions.
1980 Issues on the enforcement and perfection of product responsibility system.
Declared that efficient production is the most important issue.
1981
1982 Some issues on the rural reform.
Official recognition of HRS in general.
1983
1984 Notice on the Rural policy in 1984
1985 Dismantle of People's Commune
Separation between Administration and Production
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990 Notice on the agricultural and rural policy in 1991.
Recognized HRS as a basic structure in agriculture and rural reform.
1991
1992
1993
1994
## #Budgetary reform

1978

1979 Provisional rule in dividing and budgetary revenue and expenditure.
Local government contract budgetary management with the central.
There are many variations of contract by province.

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985 Refined budgetary contract system.

1986

1987

1988 Improvement of budgetary contract system.

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994 Tax dividing system

Distribute most part of budgetary revenue by the kind of each tax.
Seek the break way from the contract system.
#Enterprise reform
1978	Some local trials to the SOEs' reform.
1979	Five decisions on the SOEs* reform.
Start point of adding more autonomies to SOEs.
Profit retention system.
1980
1981	Product Responsibility system.
1982
1983	Reform profit transfer system to enterprise income tax system.
1984	Provisional decisions about more advancement in enhancement of SOEs* management autonomy.
1985
1986
1987	Transition from enterprise income tax system to contract responsibility system.
Bankruptcy Law.
1988	Enterprise Law.
Clear definition of enterprise autonomy.
1989	Trial of dividing tax and profit.
1990
1991
1992	Provisional law of enterprise structural transformation.
1993
1994
## #Banking System reform

1979 Restoration of China Agricultural Bank.

Restoration of Bank of China

Establishment of Foreign Currency Management Bureau.

Establishment of CITIC (China International Trust and Investment Co.)

1980 Provisional rule of Foreign currency management.

Got a seat in the IMF/World Bank.

Installation of foreign exchange certificate (FEC) system.

1981 Establishment of China Investment Bank.

1983 Decision about the reform of People's Bank of China (PBC).

Defined transition to the central bank.

1984 Establishment of Industry and Commercial Bank.

1985 Installation of Official Rate system controlled by PBC.

China Construction Bank became controlled by PBC.

1986 Provisional decision on banking system.

PBC defined as the central bank.

Establishment of Shanghai Foreign Exchange Adjustment Center (FEACs).

1987 Establishment of Jiaotong Bank.

1990 Establishment of Shanghai security exchange market.

Clear definition of PBC*s power in defining and controlling the official rate.

1991 Establishment of Shenzhen security exchange market.

1994 Unifying the exchange rate.

Establishment of Development Bank and Export-Import Bank.
## #Open Policy (Trade & investment)

1978

1979 Joint Venture Law.
Establishment of Special Export Zone.
Abolishment of central foreign trade management System.

1980 Reorganization of Special Export Zone to Special Economic Zone (SEZ).

1981

1982

1983

1984 Decision of opening 14 coastal cities.

1985 Designation of Coastal Opening Areas.

1986 Foreign Capital Enterprise Law.

1987

1988 Costal Area Economic Development Strategy.

1989 Tian An Men Incident.

1990 Renewed Joint Venture Law.

1991

1992

1993

1994
Table 2-II-2 Main Indicators of National Economy

UNIT	1978	1980	1985	1990	1991	1992
1. Population (End year)	10 thousand	96259	98705	105851	114333	115823
2. Labor Force (End year)
Resource of Labor Force	10 thousand	48530	52885	62114	69732	70982
Social Labor Force	10 thousand	40152	42361	49873	56740	58360
#Employee	10 thousand	9499	10444	12358	14059	14508
3. Gross National Product	100 mil. yuan	3588	4470	8558	17695	20236
4. National Income	100 mil. yuan	3010	3688	7020	14384	16557
5. Total Output Value of Society	100 mil. yuan	6846	8534	16582	38035	44142
#Output from Manufacturing & Agriculture	100 mil. yuan	5634	7077	13335	31586	36405
6. Investment in Fixed Assets
1. Total Investment in Fixed Assets	100 mil. yuan	668.72	910.85	2543.19	4449.29	5508.80
Productive	100 mil. yuan	1544.10	2768.28	3453.39
Non-Productive	100 mil. yuan	999.09	1681.01	2055.41
#Housing	100 mil. yuan	641.63	1164.48	1417.41
2. Investment in Fixed Assets of State-Owned Units
Capital Construction	100 mil. yuan	668.72	745.90	1680.51	2918.64	3628.11
Technical Updating, Transformation & Other	100 mil. yuan	500.99	558.89	1074.37	1703.81	2115.80
3. Invest. in Fixed Assets by Collect.-Owned Units	100 mil. yuan	167.73	187.01	606.14	1029.26	1261.86
Urban	100 mil. yuan	45.95	327.46	529.48	697.80
Rural	100 mil. yuan	22.95	128.23	163.38	203.83
7. Public Finance	23.00	199.23	366.10	493.98
1. Government Revenue	100 mil. yuan	1121.1	1085.2	1866.4	3312.6	3610.9
#Financed as Gov. Debt	100 mil. yuan	0.0	43.0	89.9	375.5	461.4
Central	100 mil. yuan	164.6	209.8	707.9	1367.9	1399.7
Local	100 mil. yuan	956.5	875.5	1158.5	1944.7	2211.2
2. Government Expenditure	100 mil. yuan	1111.0	1212.7	1844.8	3452.2	3813.6
#Payment of Gov. Debt	100 mil. yuan	0.0	28.6	39.6	190.4	246.8
Central	100 mil. yuan	521.0	650.7	836.5	1372.8	1517.7
Local	100 mil. yuan	590.0	562.0	1008.2	2079.4	2295.8
3. Extra-Budgetary Revenue	100 mil. yuan	347.1	557.4	1530.0	2708.6	3243.3
4. Extra-Budgetary Expenditure	100 mil. yuan	1375.0	2707.1	3092.3
8. Price Indexes (Preceding Year = 100)
1. Overall Farm and Sideline Products Purchasing Price Indexes and by Category of Commodities
%	103.9	107.1	108.6	97.4	98.0	103.4
2. Retail Price Indexes	%	100.7	106.0	108.8	102.1	102.9
3. Index of Living Expenses of Staff & Workers	%	100.7	107.5	111.9	101.3	105.1
9. Wage Bill
1. Total Wage Bill of Staff & Workers	100 mil. yuan	568.9	772.4	1383.0	2951.1	3323.9
2. Average Annual Wage of Staff & Workers	Yuan	615	762	1148	2140	2340
10. Per Capita Consumption	Yuan	175	227	403	723	803
Peasant	Yuan	132	173	324	524	570
Non-Peasant	Yuan	383	468	727	1477	1676
11. Agriculture
1. Gross Output Value of Agriculture	100 mil. yuan	1397	1923	3619	7662	8157	9085
2. Output of Major Farm Products
Crops	10 thousand ton	30477	32056	37911	4.4624	43529	44266
Cotton	10 thousand ton	216.7	270.7	414.7	450.8	567.5	450.8
Oil plant	10 thousand ton	521.8	769.1	1578.4	1613.2	1638.3	1641.2
Sugarcane	10 thousand ton	2111.6	2280.7	5154.9	5762.0	6789.8	7301.1
Beet	10 thousand ton	270.2	630.5	891.9	1452.5	1628.9	1506.9
Tea	10 thousand ton	26.8	30.4	43.2	54.0	54.2	56.0
Fruit	10 thousand ton	657.0	679.3	1163.9	1874.4	2176.1	2440.1
Meat	10 thousand ton	856.3	1205.4	1760.7	2513.5	2723.8	2940.6
Fishery	10 thousand ton	466.0	450.0	705.0	1237.0	1351.0	1557.0
3. Gross Output Value of TVEs	100 mil. yuan	493.1	656.9	2728.4	8461.6	11621.7	17975.4
12. Industry
1. Gross Output Value of Industry	100 mil. Yuan	4237	5154	9716	23924	28248	37066
2. Output of Major Industrial Products
Clothing	100 mil. meter	110.3	134.7	146.7	188.8	181.7	190.7
Paper	10 thousand ton	439	535	911	1372	1479	1725
Sugar	10 thousand ton	227	257	451	582	640	829
Refrigerator	10 thousand	2.8	4.9	144.8	463.1	469.9	485.8
Television	10 thousand	51.73	249.20	1667.66	2684.70	2691.41	2867.82
#Color television	10 thousand	0.38	3.20	435.28	1033.04	1205.06	1333.08
Washing machine	10 thousand	0.04	24.50	887.20	662.68	687.17	707.93
Recorder	10 thousand	4.7	74.3	1393.1	3023.5	2873.7	3231.8
Camera	10 thousand	17.89	37.28	178.97	213.22	478.18	526.48
Raw Coal	100 mil. Ton	6.18	6.20	8.72	10.80	10.87	11.16
Crude Oil	10 thousand ton	10405	10595	12490	13831	14099	14210
Electricity	100 mil. KWH	2566	3006	4107	6212	6775	7539
Steel	10 thousand ton	3178	3712	4679	6635	7100	8094
Rolled Steel	10 thousand ton	2208	2716	3693	5153	5638	6697
Cement	10 thousand ton	6524	7986	14595	20971	25261	30822
3. Overall Labor Productivity of Industrial Independent Accounting Enterprises 2/
Yuan/person. year	11131	12081	15080	18639	32304	36074
4. State-Owned Industrial Independent Accounting Enterprises Financial Indicators
Fixed Assets Value (End year)	100 mil. Yuan	3193.4	3730.1	5956.2	11610.3	13556.8	15669.8
Total Capital	100 mil. Yuan	3273	3663.7	5604.1	12088.6	14067.6	16094.7
Net Fixed Assets Value (End year)	100 mil. Yuan	2225.7	2528	3980.8	8088.3	9507.2	10982.6
Annual Average Balance of Circulating Capital	100 mil. Yuan	1047.3	1135.7	1623.3	4000.3	4560.4	5112
Profit and Taxes	100 mil. Yuan	790.7	907.1	1334.1	1503.1	1661.2	1944.1
13. Transportation and Telecommunication
1. Freight Traffic	100 mil. Ton-Km	9829	12026	18126	26207	27986	29218
Rail	100 mil. Ton-Km	5345	5717	8126	10622	10972	11576
Road	100 mil. Ton-Km	274	764	1693	3358	3428	3755
Shipping and Waterway	100 mil. Ton-Km	3779	5053	7700	11592	12955	13256
Pipelines	100 mil. Ton-Km	430	491	603	627	621	617
Civil Aviation	100 mil. Ton-Km	1	1	4	8	10	13
2. Passenger Traffic	100 mil. Passenger-Km	1743	2281	4437	5628	6178	6949
Rail	100 mil. Passenger-Km	1093	1383	2416	2613	2828	3152
Road	100 mil. Passenger-Km	521	730	1725	2620	2872	3193
Domestic Waterway	100 mil. Passenger-Km	101	129	179	165	177	198
Civil Aviation	100 mil. Passenger-Km	28	40	117	230	301	406
3. Cargo Throughput in Coastal Main Ports	10 thousand ton	19834	21731	31154	43229	47117	53329
4. Volume of Postal and Telecommunication Services 3/
100 mil.	11.65	13.34	29.6	81.65	204.38	290.94
5. Postal Letters	100 mil.	28.35	33.13	46.78	54.87	52.11	57.18
6. Newspapers Published	100 mil.	11250	16431	30172	20078	23277	25104
14. Energy Production and Consumption (Converted in Standard Coal)
Total Production	10 thousand ton	62770	63735	85546	103922	104844	107256
Total Consumption	10 thousand ton	57144	60275	76682	98703	103783	108900
15. Commerce
1. Gross Value of Purchases of All Commodities	100 mil. Yuan	1739.7	2263.0	3532.5	8221.2	9347.9	10653.7
#Industrial Products	100 mil. Yuan	1263.4	1567.6	2462.3	5871.2	6767.2	8071.7
Farm and Sideline Products	100 mil. Yuan	459.9	677.0	1033.2	2258.6	2453.2	2427.5
2. Total Quantities of Purchases of Farm and Sideline Products
Crops	10 thousand ton	5072.5	6129.0	10762.8	13995.2	13635.5	13246.4
Cotton	10 thousand ton	209.6	261.0	431.9	409.1	529.0	435.8
Edible Oil	10 thousand ton	110.5	191.0	409.8	470.3	477.0	457.1
Sugarcane	10 thousand ton	1557.9	1584.0	3687.5	4619.0	4728.5	6012.1
Beet	10 thousand ton	255.3	554.1	806.4	1402.8	1556.6	1206.3
Tea	10 thousand ton	24.3	26.2	39.5	49.2	52.2	80.3
Pig	10 thousand	10936.5	14250.0	16020.8	18504.5	21054.1	21373.1
Cow	10 thousand	140.8	221.6	463.8	909.5	1018.5	1088.3
Mutton	10 thousand	998.3	1680.2	2839.3	4033.3	4432.6	4515.0
Eggs	10 thousand ton	56.0	99.1	192.2	282.4	350.5	376.3
Fishery	10 thousand ton	269.2	239.3	334.2	575.3	652.4	697.8
3. Total Value of Retail Sales	100 mil. Yuan	1558.6	2140.0	4305.0	8300.1	9415.6	10993.7
4. Retail Sales of Major Consumer Goods in Quantity
Crops	10 thousand ton	4750.0	5497.0	9011.6	9289.1	9242.6	9774.7
Crop Oil	10 thousand ton	87.5	126.0	349.1	441.6	467.2	519.9
Pork	10 thousand ton	467.5	704.5	916.4	1246.9	1316.8	1448.7
Sugar	10 thousand ton	315.6	363.5	572.5	541.6	547.6	602.7
Clothing	100 mil. meter	76.9	98.4	121.2	120.3	118.5	125.0
Television	10 thousand	55.1	364.0	2156.9	1923.0	2096.1	2137.8
Washing machine	10 thousand	0.2	23.5	1098.1	924.9	984.1	1091.0
Refrigerator	10 thousand	2.0	5.5	220.0	436.0	465.7	472.1
5. Sales Amount of Agricultural Materials
Chemical Fertilizer (Converted in Standard)	10 thousand ton	4087.5	5531.1	6231.8	10023.6	10702.2	10119.4
Agricultural Medicine	10 thousand ton	146.4	152.7	65.3	61.5	62.6	53.8
Tractor	100 MW	1037.1	639.8	723.4	898.1	983.6	1154.7
16. Foreign Trade and Tourism
1. Total value of Import and Export	100 mil. USD	206.4	381.4	696.0	1154.4	1356.3	1656.1
Import	100 mil. USD	108.9	200.2	422.5	533.5	637.9	806.1
Export	100 mil. USD	97.5	181.2	273.5	620.9	718.4	850.0
2. Foreign Investment
Licensed	100 mil. USD	98.7	120.9	195.8	694.4
Realized	100 mil. USD	46.5	102.9	115.5	192.0
#Foreign Direct Investment	100 mil. USD	16.6	34.9	43.7	110.1
3. Tourism
Number of Visitors from outside China	10 thousand	570.3	1783.3	2746.2	3335.0	3811.5
Income in Foreign Currency	100 mil. USD	6.2	12.5	22.2	28.5	39.5
17. Culture and Education
1. Number of Students
High School	10 thousand	85.6	114.4	170.3	206.3	204.4	218.4
Polytechnic school	10 thousand	88.9	124.3	157.1	224.4	227.7	240.8
Middle School	10 thousand	6548.3	5508.1	4706.0	4586.0	4683.5	4770.8
Primary School	10 thousand	14624.0	14627.0	13370.2	12241.4	12164.2	12201.3
2. Number of Publications
Books	100 mil. Copy	37.7	45.9	66.7	56.4	61.4	63.4
magazines	100 mil. Copy	7.6	11.2	25.6	17.9	20.6	23.6
Newspaper	100 mil. Copy	127.8	140.4	199.8	160.5	176.6	189.1
18. Public Health
Number of beds at hospitals	10 thousand	185.6	198.2	222.9	262.4	268.9	274.4
Medical expert	10 thousand	246.4	279.8	341.1	389.8	398.5	407.4
#Doctor	10 thousand	103.3	115.3	141.3	176.3	178.0	180.8

Notes: 1/ Calculated market Price if nothing mentioned.

2/ calculated by constant 1980 price.

3/1981-90: constant 1980 price, 1991-92: 1990 price, other: 1980 price.

Source: Zhouguo Tongji Nianjian 1993 (Statistic Yearbook of China = SYB) [1993]
Population and GNP

7. Public Finance
10. Per Capita Consumption

Gross Output Value of Agriculture & Industry
Table 2-II-3 Principal relations of Major Economic Indicators (Unit: %)

1978	1980	1985	1990	1991	1992
1. Composition of GNP by Sector
Agriculture	28.4	30.4	29.7	28.4	26.1	23.9
Industry	48.6	49.0	45.2	43.6	45.0	48.2
Service	23.0	20.6	24.8	28.0	28.6	27.9
2. Composition of National Income by Producing Value
Agriculture	32.8	36.0	35.5	34.8	32.7	29.2
Manufacturing	49.4	48.9	45.1	46.0	47.8	49.4
Construction	4.2	5.0	5.8	5.8	6.5	7.4
Transportation	3.9	3.4	3.7	5.5	5.3	4.8
Commerce	9.8	6.7	9.9	8.0	7.7	9.1
3. Composition of Consumption and Accumulation in National Income
Accumulation	36.5	31.5	35.0	32.8	32.8	34.3
Consumption	63.5	68.5	65.0	67.2	67.2	65.7
Productive Accumulation	71.8	54.5	62.4	61.2	60.9	73.2
Non-Productive Accumulation	28.2	45.5	37.6	38.8	39.1	26.8
Residential Consumption	88.6	87.8	86.9	84.9	84.3	83.5
Social Consumption	11.4	12.2	13.1	15.1	15.7	16.5
4. Source of Funds of Total Investment in Fixed Assets
Budget and Extra-Budget Inv.	62.2	44.7	16.0	8.7	6.8	4.3
Domestic loan	1.7	11.7	20.1	19.6	23.5	27.1
Foreign Fund	4.2	7.2	3.6	6.3	5.7	5.5
Equity Capital	52.4	52.3	51.2
31.9	36.5	60.3
Others	13.1	11.8	12.0
5. Composition of Total Investment in Fixed Assets
Productive Construction	60.7	62.2	62.7	65.8
Non-Productive Construction	39.3	37.8	37.3	34.2
#Residential house	25.2	26.2	25.7	21.9
6. Investment in Fixed Assets of State Owned Units for Energy and Communication
Energy Industry	21.8	29.0	26.4	22.1
Transport and Communication	13.5	11.9	13.4	13.3
7. Ratio of Government Revenue to GNP
31.2	24.3	21.8	18.7	17.8	17.3
8. Ratio of Government Revenue to National Income
37.2	29.4	26.6	23.0	21.8	20.9
9. Composition between Central and Local Government in Public Finance
Government revenue
Central Government	14.7	19.3	37.9	41.3	38.8	39.7
Local Government	85.3	80.7	62.1	58.7	61.2	60.3
Government Expenditure
Central Government	46.9	53.7	45.3	39.8	39.8	41.4
Local Government	53.1	46.3	54.7	60.2	60.2	58.6