and Welfare. Although it is necessary to keep in mind that calculations for both values are entirely different, since the calorie supply value includes leftovers and food destroyed in the distribution stage, the difference between this value and calorie intake can be used as an approximate measure of food wastes including food residue emerging inevitably in food industry processes, home food leftovers, etc.
Certified farmer (system)	The certified farmer system certifies plans for improving agricultural management drafted by farmers to attain targets for efficient and stable farm management in basic plans prepared by municipal governments to meet their respective conditions under the Agricultural Management Framework Reinforcement Act. For certified farmers, or those whose plans have been certified, various measures are primarily implemented, including low interest financing from the Super L loan system and other programs, measures to prevent mobilization of farmlands and infrastructure improvement efforts to support business farmers.
Community based farm cooperatives	These farm cooperatives consist of farming households in certain regions that have developed a relationship through the local community or other geographical bases. In these cooperatives, farming households conduct agricultural production as a collaborative enterprise. Adopting the three basic tenets of (1) aggregation of diverted paddy fields, (2) communal use of communally purchased equipment and (3) communalization of the entire farming process from production to marketing with farming leaders playing a central role. These cooperatives take different forms and approaches depending on their geographical location.
Dilapidated farmland	A dilapidated farmland is a farmland that has been left uncultivated and dilapidated due to the abandonment of cultivation and is viewed objectively as unable to be used for growing crops with conventional farming methods.
Direct seeding (rice)	Direct seeding, where rice seeds are directly scattered into paddies, can skip seedling-raising and transplanting steps required for the conventional practices including transplanting. There are various direct seeding methods, which are roughly divided into two groups - flooded direct seeding where seeds are scattered into flooded paddies after plowing and soil pudding, and dry direct seeding where seeds are scattered into non-flooded paddies.
Farmland concentration and intensification	Farmland “concentration” means owning or leasing farmland to expand farmland for utilization. Farmland “intensification” means exchanging farmland use rights to allow farming to be conducted continuously without difficulty.
Food security	As for food security in Japan, the Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas Basic Act states, “Even in the case that domestic supply is insufficient to meet demand or is likely to be for a certain period, due to unexpected situations such as a bad harvest or interrupted imports, the minimum food supply required for the people shall be secured in order not to be a hindrance to the stability of peoples’ lives and smooth operation of the national economy.” As for global food security, meanwhile, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) states, “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” This widely accepted definition points to the following dimensions of food security: the availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or imports (food availability), the legal, political, economic and social entitlements of individuals to access foods for a nutritious diet (food access), utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all physiological needs are met (utilization), and stable access to adequate food at all times for a population household or individual (stability).
Food self-sufficiency potential	This concept expresses the potential capacity of food production in the Japanese agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors. The components of the food self-sufficiency potential for agricultural production are agricultural resources such as farmland and irrigation systems, agricultural technology, and people engaged in farming. The components of the food self-sufficiency potential for fishery production are potential production volume and people