### c. Initiatives to reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions in aviation

We are advancing the implementation of area navigation (RNAV), which enables shortening flight time and distance and the UPR $ ^{1} $ method, which allows the flight to have the most efficient altitude desired by the pilot, as well as enhancing aerial traffic systems by implementing the Continuous Descent Operation (CDO) which sustains minimal engine output by continuously descending without leveling out at any point during descent. We also promote the use of ground power units (GPU) for airplanes and ecological cars such as GSE $ ^{2} $ vehicles as part of Eco Airport (eco friendly airport) activities. Furthermore, we are strengthening international initiatives, such as participating in the “Asia and Pacific Initiative to Reduce Emissions (ASPIRE)” $ ^{3} $ where air traffic control authorities and airline companies cooperate to attain efficiency in flying. We are also leading the discussion to develop a global scheme to reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions from international aviation. Furthermore, a new study related to the promotion of alternative fuels in aviation was started in 2013.

## The Promotion and Dissemination of Alternative Fuels in Aviation (Biojet fuels)

There are high expectations worldwide for alternative fuels (biojet fuels) as a $ CO_{2} $ emissions reduction measure for jet planes. Alternative fuels are made from materials such as algae, plants such as jatropha and camelina, used cooking oil or municipal waste, and compared to fossil fuels, may lead to the reduction of $ CO_{2} $ emissions over the entire life cycle including the growth process of the raw materials.

At the Assembly of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 2010, a resolution was adapted on the global aspirational goals to reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions from international aviation and, at the Assembly in 2013, promotion of the use of sustainable alternative fuels was agreed upon as one of the main pillars to achieving the goals.

In Japan, from 2009 through 2012, test flights using alternative fuels have been conducted and the technical demonstration of the flight itself has been done, and we are now in the planning stage on ways to spread the use of alternative fuels. There are already overseas examples of using alternative fuels in fare-paid flights such as regularly scheduled flights, and Japan plans to continue studying this

matter including these example cases.

There are a few issues that have been raised in regards to promoting the dissemination of alternative fuels in Japan. First of all, currently the cost of alternative fuels is extremely high. Also, for the time being, it is necessary to import alternative fuels to secure the supply. In addition, issues such as impact on the existing aging facilities and ensuring the transport method need to be considered.

With regard to these points, while working on various cooperative relationships, the related parties will continue to proceed with the initiatives to solve these issues.

As an international effort, consideration is also necessary regarding the establishment of a common calculation and evaluation criteria for the world with regards to the $ CO_{2} $ emissions reduction effect of alternative fuels, as well as the global supply outlook for alternative fuels to the aviation sector, including the trends in other industries. These challenges are now being studied by ICAO's group of experts, and Japan is going to be actively participating in these activities.