Global warming greatly affects our life. It is being discussed in terms of the following three aspects: 1) the present state and future projection of global warming, 2) “adaptation” in order to avoid and decrease the effects caused by global warming including the increasing occurrence of natural disasters, and 3) the “mitigation” of global warming through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly, in Part I of the White Paper, the issues of global warming are organized and analyzed especially from the viewpoint of public life based on these three aspects.

In Chapter 1, first the outlines of 1) the present state and future projection of global warming, 2) the effects of global warming, and 3) the necessity of measures taken in public life to mitigate global warming are discussed. Then, in Chapter II, a detailed analysis of the issues in the fields of land, infrastructure, transport and tourism administration is made with special emphasis given to the mitigation of global warming within these three fields. Finally in Chapter III, the direction of the administrative efforts by the MLIT, including the Japan Meteorological Agency and the Geographical Survey Institute, is organized based on these three fields.

Chapter 1: Global warming and public life in Japan

## Section 1, Present state and future projection of global warming

* Global mean temperature has risen by $ 0.74^{\circ} $ C in the last 100 years.

* In the worst scenario, it will rise by another $ 4.0^{\circ} $ C during the next 100 years.

## Section 2, Effects of global warming on public life

* Possibility of increased risk of floods and sediment related disasters caused by an increase in concentrated downpours accompanying global warming.

$ ^{*} $ Possibility of increased risk of drought damage caused by annually widening fluctuation ranges in rainfall and decreasing snowfall.

* Possibility of increased risk of storm surge disaster and erosion of beaches caused by rising sea water levels and increased strength of tropical cyclones.

## Section 3, Necessity of measures to be taken in public life

* Global greenhouse gas emissions have increased by about 70% in the last 30 years. Greenhouse gas emissions in Japan have increased by 6.4% since 1990.

* Emissions in business and household areas have greatly increased. Emissions in the area of transport have also greatly increased but have begun to decrease in recent years.

Chapter 2: Issues concerning the mitigation of global warming in public life

### Section 1, Issues in the area of transport I. Domestic Transport

* Driving distance and fuel consumption of private automobiles analyzed. Diffusion of fuel-efficient cars and driving found to be vital.

* Traffic flow trends analyzed. Measures against traffic congestion, and promotion of the use of highways found to be vital.

$ ^{*} $ Trends in the use of public transport analyzed. Revitalization and restoration of regional public transport found to be vital.

* Physical distribution trends analyzed. Improvement of transport efficiency of trucks, promotion of modal shift and measures involving consumers found to be vital.

### I I. International Transport

* International air and marine transport not subject to Kyoto Protocol are the points of international contention.

### Section 2. Issues in housing and construction

* Energy consumption by buildings analyzed. Improvement of energy conservation capabilities of the buildings themselves found to be vital.

* Energy consumption by buildings in terms of their use and type of user’s business analyzed. Promotion of energy conservation through improved efficiency of facilities and equipment as well as ingenious use thereof also found to be vital.

* Total energy consumption from construction to disposal analyzed. Diffusion of houses usable for a long period of time with excellent environmental capabilities found to be vital.

### Section 3. Issues in urban and regional developments

$ ^{*} $ Cities with more scattered urban areas analyzed and found to have more $ CO_{2} $ emissions by motor vehicles. Integration of urban functions found to be vital.

$ ^{*} $ Effects of urban afforestation analyzed. Need to reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions through improved urban heat environment.

* Effects of efficient use of energy analyzed at district and street levels. Need to reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions through improved urban energy environment.

Chapter 3: Direction of MLIT administration in the age of global warming

## Section 1, Monitoring and projection of the climate change caused by global warming

* Contribution to the debate on a global scale through climate, greenhouse gas and oceanographic monitoring and projection.

## Section 2, Efforts to adapt to the effects caused by climate change

* Measures to adapt to disaster risk increased by global warming found necessary. Studies to be conducted in Japan also.

## Section 3, Efforts to mitigate global warming

* Efforts toward medium and long term issues to be made along with achievement of the Kyoto Protocol targets.