Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## (State of regional shipping and international debate)

CO $ _{2} $ emissions from shipping have increased by more than 2.3 times between 1990 and 2004 in East Asia, as freight shipping has increased dramatically due to rapid economic growth.

Debate on the reduction of $ CO_{2} $ emissions from international shipping is currently being conducted at the IMO. However, we believe that replacing ships with new, energy efficient ships, manufactured in Japan, is an effective countermeasure. Ship building companies are pursuing optimal energy on calm seas but even ships that maintain a constant speed on calm waters change speed dramatically in rough weather. Japan is therefore working on developing a performance indicator (actual fuel consumption indicator) that shows energy efficiency while the ship is running and has proposed international standardization and the introduction of an actual fuel consumption indicator to the IMO. Through development of this actual fuel consumption indicator and other technological developments, it is necessary for Japan to aggressively pursue the reduction of $ CO_{2} $ emissions from shipping and demonstrate an international initiative.

Change in $ CO_{2} $ Emissions from Worldwide International and Domestic Shipping

Source: “CO $ _{2} $ Emissions from Fuel Combustion,” International Energy Agency

Change in $ CO_{2} $ Emissions from International Shipping (by Region)

Note: Same as figure I-2-1-39 Source: “CO $ _{2} $ Emissions from Fuel Combustion,” International Energy Agency

## ○ Rapid increase of $ CO_{2} $ emissions in Asia

Compared to developed nations, per capita $ CO_{2} $ emissions from Asian domestic transportation are still low. If economic development progresses and per capita $ CO_{2} $ emissions grow through increased transportation, it is predicted that there will be a huge global impact from $ CO_{2} $ emissions, in particular due to the large population of Asia.

Japan, in comparison to other developed nations, has constructed a transport system that has a small carbon footprint. It is necessary for Japan to apply its progressive technology, systems and experience, and demonstrate the initiative to drive international cooperation.

Relation between Per Capita GDP and Per Capita CO $ _{2} $ (Transportation; 2004)

Sources: “CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion,” International Energy Agency; “World Development Indicators database,” World Bank
## (2) Easing global warming in the housing and construction industries

Household $ CO_{2} $ emissions increase as the number of households increase, and office $ CO_{2} $ emissions increase as floor space increases. Between 1990 and 2005, the amount of $ CO_{2} $ emissions has increased 1.37 times and 1.45 times respectively. Therefore, it is vital to reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions from both households and offices in order to alleviate global warming.

CO $ _{2} $ Emissions from Households and Offices

Sources: “Japanese Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data,” Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan, National Institute for Environmental Studies; “Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan” The Energy Conservation Center Japan

Sources: “Japanese Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data,” Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan, National Institute for Environmental Studies; “Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan,” The Energy Conservation Center Japan

Looking at energy consumption from households and offices reveals that cooling, heating, and water heating together account for roughly half the total consumption. Therefore, to reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions in the future, it is necessary to have a comprehensive approach using such methods as improving building insulation and installing efficient equipment to make buildings energy efficient.

Breakdown of Energy Consumption in Households and Offices (2005)

Source: “Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan,” The Energy Conservation Center Japan

## Energy conservation through improving building insulation and increasing efficiency of building facilities

## (Increasing the number of new homes and buildings that meet energy consumption standards)

The energy consumption standards for houses and buildings (offices, commercial facilities, etc.) has been repeatedly strengthened and the yearly energy consumption for heating and cooling in houses that meet the latest energy consumption standards is 40% less than in houses without insulation. The energy consumption for offices that meet the criteria is 75% less than for those that do not.
The percentage of houses that have received a dwelling performance evaluation and meet the energy conservation criteria rose to 30% in 2005 from 13% in 2000. Furthermore, the ratio of buildings with floor space of more than $ 2,000m^{2} $ that meet the standard rose to 85% in 2005 from 70% in 2003.

Change in Energy Consumption Standards Compliance Rate for New Houses and Buildings

Note: Ratio of the number of houses in compliance with the 1999 Energy Conservation Standard from those that received a dwelling performance evaluation.

Note: Ratio of floor space of buildings in compliance with the 1999 Energy Conservation Standard in buildings (greater than 2000m²) that were built in the above years.

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan

On the other hand, houses built in 2005 do not exceed the existing stock of houses by even a few percent in terms of floor space. As the energy conservation performance of the current stock is lagging behind, in order to greatly reduce $ CO_{2} $ emissions in this area in the future it is necessary to improve the energy consumption performance of the existing stock in conjunction with energy conservation methods for new houses.

## (Necessity of energy conservation improvements through visualization)

To see how focused people are on energy conservation performance amongst the various housing capabilities, we asked the question, “If you were to spend money on housing for something other than size and location, what would it be?” Next to earthquake countermeasures, energy conservation had the highest priority. From this result, we believe that there is a strong awareness of energy conservation performance for houses.

Focus on Housing Performance (multiple responses)

Survey of the awareness of global warming (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan)

To reflect this awareness in actual efforts, it is important to provide information that is easy for regular people who are not experts to understand, and to make accurate evaluations of energy conservation performance.
For example, we have implemented a system called, the “Housing Performance Display System” that shows 10 categories of housing performance as grades and numeric values. We have also introduced a system called, the “Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environment Efficiency (CASBEE),” which comprehensively evaluates the environmental performance of buildings and houses, and ranks them in 5 levels: 1 star to 5 stars. It is necessary for systems like these to be understood and be put into greater practical use.

Result of Housing Performance Evaluation from the Housing Performance Display System

Example of the Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environment Efficiency (CASBEE)

2-2 Evaluation of Large Items (Radar Chart)

## ○ Implementation of energy consumption through the way buildings and facilities are used

Looking at the increased energy consumption of households and offices separately, the power ratio (electric appliances, office equipment, lights, elevators, etc.) for both has increased. Therefore, it is necessary to implement energy conservation through more efficient appliances and innovative use.

## (The necessity of implementing energy conservation for office buildings)

Energy consumption differs greatly depending on the type of building, industry, and building dimensions. Looking at energy consumption by industry, energy consumption by amount is greater for office buildings and sales outlets, but energy consumption by floor space is greater for restaurants, hotels, and hospitals. Therefore, measures that take into consideration the characteristics of each industry are necessary.

Energy Consumption by Industry (FY 2005)

Source: "Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan" The Energy Conservation Center Japan

Energy Consumption by Industry and Floor Space (FY 2005)

Source: “Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan” The Energy Conservation Center Japan
For example, looking at office buildings, a survey concluded that tenant buildings haven't progressed as far as owner occupied buildings (listed as offices in the figure on the right) in terms of energy conservation measures. Therefore, building owners and tenants need to work together to create guidelines for the operational management of the building's energy.

Furthermore, on top of measuring how much energy a building uses, it is necessary to carry out energy conservation refurbishment and diagnosis through the introduction of a building energy management system that optimizes the operation of facilities.

Evaluation Results of the Tokyo Global Warming Plan System

Based on the countermeasures plan for global warming of the Tokyo Metropolitan area, a greenhouse gas reduction plan for 5 years from 2005 to 2009 in about 1,000 offices/facilities was submitted, and this plan was ranked according to the following 5 categories, depending on the content:

AA: More than 5% reduction over and above basic countermeasures.

A+: More than 2% reduction over and above basic countermeasures.

A: All basic countermeasures are included in the plan.

B: Not enough consideration for basic countermeasures; only operational improvements are planned.

C: Not enough consideration for basic countermeasures; operational improvements are not planned.

$ ^{*} $ Basic Countermeasures: General countermeasures that the metropolitan government suggested to be taken so that investment can be paid off within 3 years.

Source: Bureau of Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government

## Promotion of total energy conservation of buildings from construction to destruction by extending their lifespan

It is necessary for the total energy consumption amount to be considered during all procedures from construction to destruction as houses and buildings consume energy at each stage of their lifecycles. From this point of view, it can be expected that extending the life of buildings can contribute to the reduction of $ CO_{2} $ emissions through the decrease in energy consumption.

The current average lifespan of houses in Japan is 30 years, which, compared to the USA and Europe, is very short. Therefore, it is important to build houses that last a long time (200-year houses) and have superior environmental functions by considering the construction, maintenance, logistics, and capital flow of houses from not only the aspect of good housing stock, but also from the environmental point of view.

International Comparison of the Average Lifespan of a House

Note: Estimated lifespan of houses before they are pulled down. Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan

Example of Estimated Energy Consumption of Houses from Construction to Destruction

Note: Conditions of Calculation: Calculations for a wooden house over a period of 25 years.

Source: “Design Guidelines of an Independent, Zero-Waste House,” Institute for Building Environment and Energy Conservation
## (3) Challenges concerning easing global warming in the development of cities and regions

## ○ Developing concentrated cities and regions

## (The change of city structures in Japan and challenges)

The DID area $ ^{*} $ shows that city areas expanded by a factor of 2.6 from 1960 to 1980. On the other hand, the DID population increased by a factor of 1.7; the DID population density rapidly decreased during this period of high growth.

This indicates that the DID population density decreased and the population dispersed, while population concentration increased and city areas expanded.

DID Population, Areas and Population Density Shift

In addition to this population dispersion, city facilities such as those with commercial functions, and public and common facilities, have been suburbanized in recent years. For example, looking at the location of large scale commercial facilities, in both the 3 major city regions and local regions they are more often located in industrial areas, outside of built-up areas than in commercial areas. This indicates that commercial facilities tend to locate themselves somewhere other than the center of commercial areas where the population used to gather.

Relocation of Large Scale Commercial Facilities (gross floor area more than $ 3,000 \, m^{2} $ )

Notes: 1) Living: First Class Low-Rise Residential Area, Second Class Low–Rise Residential Area, First Class Mid-to-High-Rise Residential Area, Second Class Mid-to-High-Rise Residential Area, First Class Residential Area, Second Class Residential Area, Sub-Residential Area

Commercial: Neighborhood Commercial Area, Commercial Area

Industrial: Sub-Industrial Area, Industrial Area, Specialized Industrial Area

Others: Urbanization Control Area, Area with no Restrictions on Use, Area Not for Urbanization

2) Facilities that sell products, with a gross floor area of more than 3,000 m $ ^{2} $ based on the Building Standards were calculated

3) The three Metropolitan Areas consist of: Tokyo, Saitama Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, Kanagawa Prefecture, Aichi Prefecture, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo Prefecture, and Nara Prefecture. Local regions are prefectures other than those listed on the table on the left.

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan

* Densely Inhabited District (DID): Indicates a region where more than 5,000 people live in areas adjacent to each other where more than 4,000 people live within $ 1 km^{2} $ , meeting the basic unit for the national census and is considered a “city region.” Occasionally places such as airports, factories, and schools that occupy a large area may be included in the DID even if the population density is less than 4,000 people.
Favored Locations for Public/Common and Commercial Facilities The Relationship between Frequency of Driving and Favored Locations Survey on Attitudes about Global Warming (MLIT)

Furthermore, public and common facilities, in particular hospitals and universities, are in recent years becoming suburbanized. In 2004, approximately 70% of hospitals and 90% of universities were located in suburban areas.

Relocation of Public and Common Facilities

Notes: 1) Responses received from 551 cities out of 666 cities surveyed (except for government-decreed cities) Survey Period: January 19 to February 20, 2004

2) A central city area is an urban area that has a considerable number of retail businesses and a considerable degree of city facilities, and is functioning as the main area of the city. A suburb is an area other than the central city area.

Source: “Survey on the Demographic shifts, other Socioeconomic Trends and Land Use 2004,” Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan

According to a survey of attitudes conducted by the MLIT, in response to the question, “Where do you think public/common and commercial facilities should be located: in the center of the city or the suburbs?” more people wish to have these facilities in the center of the city rather than the suburbs. However, when looking at the responses, people who drive more frequently tend to wish to have these facilities outside the city center.

There are more people who want these facilities to be in the city center.

People who drive more frequently want these facilities to be outside the city center.
## (The relationship between DID population density and private car usage, and carbon dioxide emissions from automobiles)

In general, it is presumed that in cities with a dispersed population and city functions the rate of use of private cars, which offer greater freedom and convenience for a small number of people, would be higher than that of mass public transportation systems, such as railways and buses. The relationship between DID population density, private car use, and public transportation use in DID cities and regions shows that cities with higher DID population density use private cars less and public transportation more. Furthermore, $ CO_{2} $ emissions tend to be less.

The Relationship between DID Population Density and Private Car Usage

Source: Population Census, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

DID Population Density and the Amount of Automobile $ CO_{2} $ Emissions per Person

Sources: Population Census, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, "Combined Data for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Each Municipality," The Coalition of Local Governments for Environment Initiative

## ○ Characteristics of cities that emit less carbon dioxide from automobiles

Cities that have less $ CO_{2} $ emissions from automobiles have population groupings that are dispersed and have a city center. Alternatively, they have public transport that follows the population dispersion, limiting resident's dependence on cars for transportation.

"Population Distribution of Matsuyama and Nagasaki" and "The improvement of public transport."

Population (People)	Habitable Area (km²)	DID Population Density (People/km²)	Automobile CO₂ Emissions per Person (Tons)	Transport Used for Commute to Work/School (%)
Private Cars	Public Transportation (Train/Bus)	Bicycle / Walk
Regional Area Average	—	—	5,090	1.91	62.0	16.6	22.4
Matsuyama City	473,379	169	6,307	1.42	43.4	8.2	35.4
Nagasaki City	423,167	115	7,915	1.13	34.5	39.7	16.5

Matsuyama city and Nagasaki city, both regional cities have relatively high DID population densities and less $ CO_{2} $ emissions from automobiles. Matsuyama city centers around the city office while the Nagasaki city population lives in the long, narrow habitable areas, and public transportation, such as trams, travel through these areas. Both cities have low rates of private car use compared to other regional areas. Matsuyama city has a high rate of bicycle use and many people commute on foot, while Nagasaki city has a high rate of public transportation use.

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan
## (Active city center and people’s movements)

According to the previously mentioned survey on attitudes, people who answered that they live in “a city that has an active city center” had a lower rate of car use for commuting compared to people who answered that they live in “a city whose city center is fading away.” Furthermore, the two cities mentioned above had a lower rate of people going to the suburbs from the city center and a higher rate of people going to the city center from the suburbs. This indicates that there is a relationship between the activeness of city centers and people’s transportation methods.

Transportation Method for Commuting to Work/School and Shopping (on Holidays)

Note: Those who “do not commute,” “do not shop,” and are “not sure” are excluded Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan

## (Effect when cities are built around public transportation)

To estimate the effect on reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions in cities that are easily accessed by public transportation, the increase or decrease of $ CO_{2} $ emitted from automobiles now and in 2025 in the Sendai urban area were estimated under the following 3 scenarios: 1) Expansion of low density population at the current rate, 2) Urban areas built based on the current urban plan and 3) Building cities around public transportation. As a result, the amount of $ CO_{2} $ emitted from automobiles increased under scenario 1); stayed the same under scenario 2); and decreased under scenario 3). Furthermore, private trips to the cities were most frequent under scenario 3), indicating the contribution to the revitalization of city centers.

Distance Traveled in Kilometers by Automobiles in Each Scenario and Amount of $ CO_{2} $ Emissions

Note: Figures in parentheses indicate an increase compared to now. Source: The 4th Sendai Urban Area Person Trip Research Report, Recommendations Version (December 2007)

Concentration of Private Trips to Sendai City and Concentration Comparison

Source: The 4th Sendai Urban Area Persona Trip Research Report, Recommendations Version (December 2007)

## (Making compact cities and local regions)

With the population falling and aging, and to control the unregulated dispersion of cities, compact cities and local regions that have commercial, business and public facilities in their centers are favorable not only for environmental aspects but also for contribution to the revitalization of city centers, securing a convenient life for the elderly, and decreasing city management costs. To make attractive cities and local regions where the city functions are centered, it is important not only simply to increase the number of residents in the central parts of the cities but also to design cities compactly so that residents can take run their errands on foot, and create public transportation so that residents do not depend on driving for transport.
## ○ Conservation, revival and creation of green land and waterfronts

Green land contributes to easing global warming by absorbing $ CO_{2} $ . When we develop national land, the maintenance and conservation of forests and city afforestation needs to be promoted. In particular, comprehensive afforestation in city areas contributes to reducing the temperature and the heat island phenomenon that are caused by the increase of artificial heat generated from city activities and the increase of artificial land surface due to the building of structures and pavement. Therefore, it is necessary to plan to reduce the burden on the environment through the conservation, revival, and creation of green land and waterfronts.

As possible spaces to increase green land, roofs and walls of buildings are being examined. Afforestation of buildings is not only to increase the number of green areas, but also to contribute to conserve energy used for air conditioning during summer by reducing the amount of sunlight and controlling the heat coming into the building.

Long Term Temperature Change in Tokyo (1898–2007)

Note: The natural temperature fluctuation ranging from several years to several decades repeatedly is also considered as one of the causes of temperature rise, but the difference in the rise between Tokyo and Japan (17 stations throughout Japan) is basically “considered to be caused by urbanization” in Tokyo. However, Japan as a whole (17 stations of the above) is also influenced by urbanization to some degree. Thus, this influence also has to be taken into account if considerations are to be precise. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan

Decrease of Green Land in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (Tokyo and 3 prefectures)

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan

Enforced Areas of Roof Afforestation and Wall Afforestation in the Nation

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan

Road watering using treated sewage water

Combined with afforestation, it is also important to secure the water flow of rivers and channels. It is necessary to use not only water from rivers but also ground water, rain water and treated sewage water to revive the waterfront and for road watering.