growth in these European countries proved to be attributable to remittance from expatriates and tourist income.

In contrast, Asian NICs (thereafter they were renamed as newly industrialized economies = NIEs) continued to develop under reciprocal influences between these countries and Japan or ASEAN member countries. Then, in addition to Asian NIEs, remarkable economic growth of ASEAN member countries began to attract the world's attention. Before long, these Asian countries have been categorized as Asian Dynamic Economies (ADEs).

As I pointed out before, the economic development in the Asia-Pacific region was realized as a result of strengthened international economic relations. Economic growth of Asian NIEs and ASEAN member countries cannot be discussed without referring to the United States and Japan. Similarly, it is impossible to neglect the great contribution of capital and technology of Hong Kong and Taiwan to the economic development of coastal provinces of China. The experience of such development through economic interdependence is quite helpful in the Growth Triangle project which is now being carried out on Batam Island with the tripartite cooperation among Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. An international project to develop the Dumankang valley which includes territories of North Korea, China and Russia, is being worked out by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (See Chart 3.)

The on-going peace-making effort in Cambodia gathers attention as the first step toward new economic growth of Indochina, where an economic bloc under the influence of the Baht or the Hong Kong dollar is expected to be established. There is a great possibility of a rapid economic development of Viet Nam, if its long coastline, abundant natural resources such as crude oil, and skilled labor force are exploited for country's rehabilitation in the form of the market economy. A prospect of the ripple of economic growth from Southeast Asia to coastal provinces of China, and then to Indochina, the Dumankang valley, and Siberia reminds us Ohkita's X Zone plan, because both premise the expansion and intensification of economic interdependence among countries in the region in question.

Growth in line with the theory of flying wild geese development

The X Zone plan was formulated by grasping the Asia-Pacific region with a bird's eyes. It may be safe to say that the realization of the plan has come in sight as a result of a series of economic growth of Japan, NIEs and ASEAN member countries with some time lag. Such a series of economic growth is likened to flying wild geese and called “flying wild geese development.”

The theory of the flying wild geese development is based on the concept summarizing the dynamic process of industrial development in a country, which usually runs the following course: (1) the economy dependent on import, (2) gradual rise in industries for import substitution, (3) formation of export-oriented industries owing to increased production and improved productivity, and (4) decline in these industries after they contributed to a birth of new industries in other countries. This is to summarize the process of gradual economic growth from the introduction of various industries to the fostering of industries for import substitution, the encouragement of export-oriented industries, maturation of these industries, and dependence on imports from newly industrializing countries.