Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
wage labor, well-developed infrastructure, and industrial agglomeration much more importantly than large firms. Greater sensitivity of SMEs to local economic conditions in their decision making concerning FDI location can be explained by their limited availability of financial and human resources and high dependence on overseas production in their business.

Recognizing the need to develop SMEs in developing countries to promote economic growth, policy makers in developing countries should attract foreign SMEs to undertake FDI in their countries. Hosting foreign SMEs would promote the development of local SMEs, as foreign SMEs could be a role model for local SMEs. The demonstration effect emanated from dynamic foreign SMEs could enhance entrepreneurial spirit among local SMEs. Furthermore, foreign SMEs may transfer "appropriate" technologies suited to local SMEs, and they would provide job opportunities to local workers with limited education and working experiences, thereby contributing to the improvement of income distribution. In light of the findings in this paper that SMEs are very sensitive to local economic conditions in making their decision on FDI location, policy makers interested in hosting foreign SMEs have to provide a very attractive business environment.
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Figure 1 Foreign Direct Investment by Japanese SMEs
Table 1 Regional Distribution of FDI by Japanese SMEs

1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
Number of cases (#)
World	326	336	247	306	312	318	599	1063	1625	1401	994	619	574	698	684	783	673
Asia	98	107	87	96	119	145	258	474	693	600	384	300	374	533	569	613	450
Latin America	16	11	3	5	8	8	12	18	23	11	19	8	6	8	8	20	16
Middle East	0	3	2	5	1	0	4	1	1	0	0	2	3	2	0	2	4
Africa	0	1	0	0	4	0	1	0	0	2	4	0	0	1	0	0	1
North America	177	169	132	162	152	141	265	455	732	568	442	189	121	98	64	103	154
Europe	26	29	18	31	23	18	39	52	117	136	87	89	49	44	35	30	35
Oceania	9	16	5	7	5	6	20	63	59	84	58	31	21	12	8	15	13

Regional Composition (%)
World	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Asia	30.1	31.8	35.2	31.4	38.1	45.6	43.1	44.6	42.6	42.8	38.6	48.5	65.2	76.4	83.2	78.3	66.9
Latin America	4.9	3.3	1.2	1.6	2.6	2.5	2.0	1.7	1.4	0.8	1.9	1.3	1.0	1.1	1.2	2.6	2.4
Middle East	0.0	0.9	0.8	1.6	0.3	0.0	0.7	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.0	0.3	0.6
Africa	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.0	1.3	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1
North America	54.3	50.3	53.4	52.9	48.7	44.3	44.2	42.8	45.0	40.5	44.5	30.5	21.1	14.0	9.4	13.2	22.9
Europe	8.0	8.6	7.3	10.1	7.4	5.7	6.5	4.9	7.2	9.7	8.8	14.4	8.5	6.3	5.1	3.8	5.2
Oceania	2.8	4.8	2.0	2.3	1.6	1.9	3.3	5.9	3.6	6.0	5.8	5.0	3.7	1.7	1.2	1.9	1.9

Note: 1) Reported basis and only include those reporting the purchase of new securities (establishment of foreign affiliates or participation in new joint-ventures).

2) Small and medium firms are defined as follows: in wholesale sector SMEs are those with less than 30 million-yen paid-in capital or with less than 100 employees, in retail and service sectors they are those with less than 10 million-yen paid-in capital or with less than 50 employees; in manufacturing they are those with less than 100 million-yen paid-in capital or with less than 300 employees.

Source: Small and medium enterprise agency, White Paper on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, various issues.
Table 2 Country Distribution of FDI by Japanese SMEs in Asia

Number of cases(#)

1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
Asia Total	98	107	87	96	119	145	258	474	693	600	384	300	374	533	569	613	450

NIEs	61	59	47	48	53	58	169	298	315	263	111	74	60	73	47	55	35
Hong Kong	27	18	18	12	14	15	36	64	82	86	26	20	29	35	21	19	4
Korea	6	7	16	12	23	31	65	115	109	56	32	23	9	12	6	10	4
Singapore	58	27	18	11	16	16	13	18
Taiwan	28	34	13	24	16	12	68	119	124	63	26	13	11	10	4	13	9

ASEAN4	240	177	133	63	75	103	109	115
Indonesia	25	27	55	18	22	20	40	24
Malaysia	51	60	26	17	20	20	14	20
Philippines	33	30	5	0	22	16	22	26
Thailand	131	60	47	28	11	47	33	45

China	56	51	49	88	86	69	87	232	372	431	434	262

Country Composition (%)
Asia Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

NIEs	62.2	55.1	54.0	50.0	44.5	40.0	65.5	62.9	45.5	43.8	28.9	24.7	16.0	13.7	8.3	9.0	7.8
Hong Kong	27.6	16.8	20.7	12.5	11.8	10.3	14.0	13.5	11.8	14.3	6.8	6.7	7.8	6.6	3.7	3.1	0.9
Korea	6.1	6.5	18.4	12.5	19.3	21.4	25.2	24.3	15.7	9.3	8.3	7.7	2.4	2.3	1.1	1.6	0.9
Singapore	9.7	7.0	6.0	2.9	3.0	2.8	2.1	4.0
Taiwan	28.6	31.8	14.9	25.0	13.4	8.3	26.4	25.1	17.9	10.5	6.8	4.3	2.9	1.9	0.7	2.1	2.0

ASEAN4	40.0	46.1	44.3	16.8	14.1	18.1	17.8	25.6
Indonesia	4.2	7.0	18.3	4.8	4.1	3.5	6.5	5.3
Malaysia	8.5	15.6	8.7	4.5	3.8	3.5	2.3	4.4
Philippines	5.5	7.8	1.7	0.0	4.1	2.8	3.6	5.8
Thailand	21.8	15.6	15.7	7.5	2.1	8.3	5.4	10.0

China	38.6	19.8	10.3	12.7	14.3	18.0	29.0	62.0	69.8	75.7	70.8	58.2

Note: See notes in Table 1. Empty cells indicate that the information is not available and thus do not necessarily mean that the number is zero.

Source: Small and medium enterprise agency, White Paper on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, various issues.
Table 3 Sectoral Distribution of FDI by Japanese SMEs: World

1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
Number of cases
Total	326	336	247	306	312	318	599	1063	1625	1401	994	619	574	698	684	783	673
Food	14	16	8	12	13	17	27	35	65	29	24	16	11	25	16	20	21
Wood and pulp	5	2	2	4	1	5	5	12	21	18	11	9	11	12	11	16	21
Textiles	6	9	7	7	6	12	12	34	81	67	71	81	121	196	293	275	180
Chemicals	7	12	9	7	8	14	19	36	46	33	28	19	23	13	12	35	32
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals	7	5	6	4	10	16	13	45	91	42	51	21	22	32	22	46	26
Machinery	43	36	21	29	47	45	131	196	249	211	117	67	50	90	86	110	135
Miscellaneous	17	28	33	31	24	28	72	111	171	135	79	68	53	64	80	71	43
Manufacturing total	99	108	86	94	109	137	279	469	724	535	381	281	291	432	520	573	458
Agriculture, fishery	12	18	2	5	3	6	11	22	25	21	5	8	15	16	12	11	23
Mining	1	2	2	1	1	1	3	5	6	4	3	3	4	2	1	7	9
Construction	3	1	4	10	8	5	3	6	20	53	34	21	10	19	1	8	3
Commerce	152	152	107	150	119	93	139	187	309	304	146	134	107	110	37	59	34
Services	22	4	19	24	25	43	55	98	144	146	105	95	75	50	47	31	68
Others	37	51	27	22	47	33	109	276	397	338	320	77	72	69	66	94	78
Sectoral composition (%)
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Food	4.3	4.8	3.2	3.9	4.2	5.3	4.5	3.3	4.0	2.1	2.4	2.6	1.9	3.6	2.3	2.6	3.1
Wood and pulp	1.5	0.6	0.8	1.3	0.3	1.6	0.8	1.1	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.5	1.9	1.7	1.6	2.0	3.1
Textiles	1.8	2.7	2.8	2.3	1.9	3.8	2.0	3.2	5.0	4.8	7.1	13.1	21.1	28.1	42.8	35.1	26.7
Chemicals	2.1	3.6	3.6	2.3	2.6	4.4	3.2	3.4	2.8	2.4	2.8	3.1	4.0	1.9	1.8	4.5	4.8
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals	2.1	1.5	2.4	1.3	3.2	5.0	2.2	4.2	5.6	3.0	5.1	3.4	3.8	4.6	3.2	5.9	3.9
Machinery	13.2	10.7	8.5	9.5	15.1	14.2	21.9	18.4	15.3	15.1	11.8	10.8	8.7	12.9	12.6	14.0	20.1
Miscellaneous	5.2	8.3	13.4	10.1	7.7	8.8	12.0	10.4	10.5	9.6	7.9	11.0	9.2	9.2	11.7	9.1	6.4
Manufacturing total	30.4	32.1	34.8	30.7	34.9	43.1	46.6	44.1	44.6	38.2	38.3	45.4	50.7	61.9	76.0	73.2	68.1
Agriculture, fishery	3.7	5.4	0.8	1.6	1.0	1.9	1.8	2.1	1.5	1.5	0.5	1.3	2.6	2.3	1.8	1.4	3.4
Mining	0.3	0.6	0.8	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.7	0.3	0.1	0.9	1.3
Construction	0.9	0.3	1.6	3.3	2.6	1.6	0.5	0.6	1.2	3.8	3.4	3.4	1.7	2.7	0.1	1.0	0.4
Commerce	46.6	45.2	43.3	49.0	38.1	29.2	23.2	17.6	19.0	21.7	14.7	21.6	18.6	15.8	5.4	7.5	5.1
Services	6.7	1.2	7.7	7.8	8.0	13.5	9.2	9.2	8.9	10.4	10.6	15.3	13.1	7.2	6.9	4.0	10.1
Others	11.3	15.2	10.9	7.2	15.1	10.4	18.2	26.0	24.4	24.1	32.2	12.4	12.5	9.9	9.6	12.0	11.6

Note: See notes in Table 1

Source: Small and medium enterprise agency, White Paper on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, various issues.
Table 4 Sectoral Distribution of FDI by Japanese SMEs: Asia

1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
Number of cases
Total	98	107	87	96	119	145	258	474	693	600	384	300	374	533	569	613	450
Food	9	4	2	4	8	11	20	21	40	11	13	9	10	20	12	16	10
Wood and pulp	2	1	2	2	1	1	5	7	16	11	4	7	7	12	11	13	16
Textiles	3	5	3	3	5	11	9	26	66	53	52	71	117	194	290	273	172
Chemicals	2	8	7	2	3	10	13	26	24	22	17	10	17	9	10	31	22
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals	3	2	2	2	4	7	8	40	61	28	34	14	19	32	21	41	21
Machinery	27	19	13	13	22	27	80	138	153	125	67	40	31	72	66	86	96
Miscellaneous	11	17	16	14	17	20	46	83	115	96	49	41	41	51	76	65	30
Manufacturing total	57	56	45	40	60	87	181	341	475	346	236	192	242	390	486	525	367
Agriculture, fishery	1	5	1	0	3	2	5	8	12	2	4	2	2	7	6	6	7
Mining	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	2	2	1	2	0	1	0	0	1
Construction	1	1	2	8	5	5	1	4	8	14	7	8	7	15	0	2	2
Commerce	24	33	23	36	28	17	34	64	92	132	58	66	72	78	27	44	24
Services	6	1	8	8	12	24	21	31	38	37	27	20	29	24	25	7	26
Others	8	10	8	4	10	9	16	26	66	67	51	10	22	18	25	29	23

Sectoral composition (%)
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Food	9.2	3.7	2.3	4.2	6.7	7.6	7.8	4.4	5.8	1.8	3.4	3.0	2.7	3.8	2.1	2.6	2.2
Wood and pulp	2.0	0.9	2.3	2.1	0.8	0.7	1.9	1.5	2.3	1.8	1.0	2.3	1.9	2.3	1.9	2.1	3.6
Textiles	3.1	4.7	3.4	3.1	4.2	7.6	3.5	5.5	9.5	8.8	13.5	23.7	31.3	36.4	51.0	44.5	38.2
Chemicals	2.0	7.5	8.0	2.1	2.5	6.9	5.0	5.5	3.5	3.7	4.4	3.3	4.5	1.7	1.8	5.1	4.9
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals	3.1	1.9	2.3	2.1	3.4	4.8	3.1	8.4	8.8	4.7	8.9	4.7	5.1	6.0	3.7	6.7	4.7
Machinery	27.6	17.8	14.9	13.5	18.5	18.6	31.0	29.1	22.1	20.8	17.4	13.3	8.3	13.5	11.6	14.0	21.3
Miscellaneous	11.2	15.9	18.4	14.6	14.3	13.8	17.8	17.5	16.6	16.0	12.8	13.7	11.0	9.6	13.4	10.6	6.7
Manufacturing total	58.2	52.3	51.7	41.7	50.4	60.0	70.2	71.9	68.5	57.7	61.5	64.0	64.7	73.2	85.4	85.6	81.6
Agriculture, fishery	1.0	4.7	1.1	0.0	2.5	1.4	1.9	1.7	1.7	0.3	1.0	0.7	0.5	1.3	1.1	1.0	1.6
Mining	1.0	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.7	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.7	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2
Construction	1.0	0.9	2.3	8.3	4.2	3.4	0.4	0.8	1.2	2.3	1.8	2.7	1.9	2.8	0.0	0.3	0.4
Commerce	24.5	30.8	26.4	37.5	23.5	11.7	13.2	13.5	13.3	22.0	15.1	22.0	19.3	14.6	4.7	7.2	5.3
Services	6.1	0.9	9.2	8.3	10.1	16.6	8.1	6.5	5.5	6.2	7.0	6.7	7.8	4.5	4.4	1.1	5.8
Others	8.2	9.3	9.2	4.2	8.4	6.2	6.2	5.5	9.5	11.2	13.3	3.3	5.9	3.4	4.4	4.7	5.1

Note: See notes in Table 1

Source: Small and medium enterprise agency, White Paper on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, various issues.
Table 5 Motives Behind Japanese Manufacturing FDI: 1992

A. All Regions

# of firms	Use of local labor	Response to host country policy	Local sales	Exports to third countries	Exports to Japan	Information collection
Small-Medium Firms	247	68.0	22.3	46.2	19.8	32.4	12.6
1.Food	15	46.7	6.7	20.0	20.0	40.0	20.0
2.Textile	23	82.6	17.4	43.5	4.3	43.5	4.3
3.Wooden product	5	40.0	20.0	0.0	0.0	60.0	0.0
4.Furniture	2	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	50.0	0.0
5.Pulp&amp;Paper	1	0.0	0.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	100.0
6.Printing	3	100.0	0.0	100.0	33.3	0.0	66.7
7.Chemical	10	60.0	20.0	80.0	10.0	40.0	10.0
8.Petroleum	0
9.Rubber	6	100.0	16.7	16.7	50.0	66.7	0.0
10.Leather	3	100.0	66.7	0.0	33.3	66.7	0.0
11.Glass	11	63.6	45.5	27.3	9.1	27.3	18.2
12.Iron&amp;Steel	9	88.9	22.2	55.6	0.0	33.3	22.2
13.NonFerrous Metal	6	50.0	0.0	33.3	16.7	50.0	0.0
14.Metal Product	27	66.7	33.3	51.9	11.1	25.9	0.0
15.General Machinery	21	71.4	23.8	71.4	23.8	19.0	14.3
16.Electric Machinery	47	61.7	19.1	46.8	23.4	19.1	19.1
17.Transport Equipment	20	55.0	25.0	60.0	35.0	25.0	15.0
18.Precision Equipment	7	71.4	57.1	42.9	28.6	57.1	0.0
19.Others	31	77.4	16.1	38.7	29.0	38.7	12.9
Large Firms	2781	37.5	19.5	65.5	20.5	11.7	12.8
1.Food	142	24.6	4.9	47.9	20.4	21.8	20.4
2.Textile	150	65.3	16.7	54.0	33.3	28.7	6.7
3.Wooden product	17	47.1	5.9	11.8	5.9	29.4	5.9
4.Furniture	6	66.7	0.0	33.3	16.7	33.3	16.7
5.Pulp&amp;Paper	17	11.8	5.9	35.3	0.0	11.8	0.0
6.Printing	20	30.0	10.0	65.0	45.0	10.0	25.0
7.Chemical	406	24.4	13.8	65.3	17.0	7.9	16.0
8.Petroleum	13	15.4	0.0	30.8	7.7	15.4	0.0
9.Rubber	44	61.4	25.0	77.3	20.5	13.6	4.5
10.Leather	6	33.3	0.0	33.3	0.0	16.7	33.3
11.Glass	96	30.2	20.8	65.6	26.0	7.3	9.4
12.Iron&amp;Steel	97	30.9	4.1	74.2	9.3	1.0	9.3
13.NonFerrous Metal	89	44.9	29.2	77.5	15.7	12.4	11.2
14.Metal Product	74	36.5	25.7	74.3	39.2	24.3	8.1
15.General Machinery	233	33.9	19.3	69.1	18.5	2.6	13.7
16.Electric Machinery	773	39.5	22.1	67.5	23.5	12.5	13.7
17.Transport Equipment	351	38.2	28.2	70.1	13.1	11.1	8.8
18.Precision Equipment	81	23.5	4.9	58.0	24.7	8.6	14.8
19.Others	166	59.0	31.3	66.3	20.5	8.4	15.7

Note: 1) Small and medium firms are firms with paid-in capital being less than 100 million yen, while large firms are firms with paid-in capital being greater than 100 million yen.

2) Figures indicate the percentage share of the firms indicating the motive in total number of surveyed firms.

Source: MITI, Kaigai Toshi Tokei Soran [Comprehensive Statistics on Japanese Foreign Direct Investment], no.5, 1993.
Table 5 Motives Behind Japanese Manufacturing FDI: 1992 (continued)

# of firms	Use of local labor	Response to host country policy	Local sales	Exports to third countries	Exports to Japan	Information collection
Small-Medium Firms	201	78.6	24.9	37.8	22.4	37.8	7.0
1.Food	10	70.0	10.0	10.0	20.0	50.0	10.0
2.Textile	23	82.6	17.4	43.5	4.3	43.5	4.3
3.Wooden product	5	40.0	20.0	0.0	0.0	60.0	0.0
4.Furniture	2	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	50.0	0.0
5.Pulp&amp;Paper	0
6.Printing	2	100.0	0.0	100.0	50.0	0.0	50.0
7.Chemical	8	75.0	25.0	75.0	12.5	37.5	0.0
8.Petroleum	0
9.Rubber	6	100.0	16.7	16.7	50.0	66.7	0.0
10.Leather	3	100.0	66.7	0.0	33.3	66.7	0.0
11.Glass	10	70.0	50.0	20.0	10.0	30.0	10.0
12.Iron&amp;Steel	7	100.0	14.3	42.9	0.0	42.9	14.3
13.NonFerrous Metal	6	50.0	0.0	33.3	16.7	50.0	0.0
14.Metal Product	20	80.0	45.0	35.0	15.0	35.0	0.0
15.General Machinery	17	82.4	23.5	64.7	29.4	23.5	5.9
16.Electric Machinery	36	75.0	22.2	36.1	27.8	25.0	11.1
17.Transport Equipment	14	71.4	28.6	50.0	50.0	28.6	14.3
18.Precision Equipment	6	83.3	66.7	33.3	33.3	66.7	0.0
19.Others	26	84.6	15.4	34.6	26.9	42.3	7.7
Large Firms	1903	46.1	23.2	64.0	24.7	13.1	10.1
1.Food	83	28.9	6.0	49.4	24.1	21.7	14.5
2.Textile	118	69.5	16.1	48.3	36.4	33.9	6.8
3.Wooden product	11	54.5	9.1	9.1	9.1	36.4	0.0
4.Furniture	4	75.0	0.0	25.0	0.0	50.0	0.0
5.Pulp&amp;Paper	5	20.0	0.0	40.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
6.Printing	15	40.0	13.3	53.3	53.3	6.7	20.0
7.Chemical	298	29.9	17.8	65.8	20.8	8.1	13.4
8.Petroleum	7	28.6	0.0	28.6	14.3	28.6	0.0
9.Rubber	33	69.7	33.3	72.7	18.2	15.2	3.0
10.Leather	6	33.3	0.0	33.3	0.0	16.7	33.3
11.Glass	71	36.6	26.8	66.2	33.8	7.0	11.3
12.Iron&amp;Steel	57	43.9	5.3	77.2	12.3	1.8	8.8
13.NonFerrous Metal	51	64.7	41.2	78.4	25.5	13.7	3.9
14.Metal Product	48	50.0	29.2	72.9	47.9	27.1	4.2
15.General Machinery	144	39.6	19.4	68.1	22.2	3.5	11.8
16.Electric Machinery	564	48.8	25.4	66.5	27.8	13.7	11.3
17.Transport Equipment	221	48.4	35.3	64.7	14.0	11.8	4.1
18.Precision Equipment	50	30.0	8.0	54.0	24.0	10.0	10.0
19.Others	117	66.7	35.0	63.2	25.6	11.1	12.0

Note: 1) Small and medium firms are firms with paid-in capital being less than 100 million yen, while large firms are firms with paid-in capital being greater than 100 million yen.

2) Figures indicate the percentage share of the firms indicating the motive in total number of surveyed firms. Source: MITI, Kaigai Toshi Tokei Soran [Comprehensive Statistics on Japanese Foreign Direct Investment], no.5, 1993.
Table 6 Problems Faced by Japanese Manufacturing Firms: 1992

A. All Regions

# of firms	Restrictions on imports of materials and parts	Export requirement of products	High inflation	Under-developed distribution system	Severe competition	Insufficient infrastructure	Under-developed supporting industries	Shortage of high skilled labor
Small-Medium Firms	247	11.3	10.1	18.6	12.6	21.5	17.8	23.9	30.4
1. Food	15	0.0	0.0	13.3	0.0	13.3	13.3	0.0	6.7
2. Textile	23	8.7	4.3	34.8	0.0	13.0	26.1	17.4	30.4
3. Wooden product	5	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0	60.0
4. Furniture	2	0.0	0.0	50.0	0.0	50.0	50.0	0.0	100.0
5. Pulp&Paper	1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
6. Printing	3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	66.7	0.0	0.0	0.0
7. Chemical	10	0.0	20.0	20.0	10.0	30.0	10.0	20.0	30.0
8. Petroleum	0
9. Rubber	6	16.7	16.7	16.7	16.7	16.7	50.0	50.0	66.7
10. Leather	3	33.3	33.3	33.3	33.3	0.0	33.3	33.3	0.0
11. Glass	11	18.2	9.1	9.1	9.1	45.5	36.4	0.0	36.4
12. Iron&Steel	9	0.0	0.0	11.1	0.0	22.2	0.0	0.0	11.1
13. NonFerrous Metal	6	0.0	33.3	16.7	33.3	0.0	33.3	50.0	33.3
14. Metal Product	27	3.7	11.1	14.8	14.8	25.9	25.9	37.0	29.6
15. General Machinery	21	14.3	4.8	9.5	0.0	28.6	0.0	33.3	33.3
16. Electric Machinery	47	14.9	8.5	21.3	25.5	17.0	12.8	21.3	36.2
17. Transport Equipment	20	20.0	15.0	25.0	15.0	30.0	10.0	25.0	10.0
18. Precision Equipment	7	14.3	14.3	28.6	28.6	28.6	28.6	71.4	42.9
19. Others	31	16.1	12.9	12.9	9.7	12.9	19.4	25.8	35.5
Large Firms	2781	4.5	5.4	13.6	6.1	33.8	12.2	14.7	23.9
1. Food	142	2.8	2.1	7.7	7.0	33.1	6.3	4.2	25.4
2. Textile	150	6.7	6.0	30.0	10.0	33.3	26.7	16.0	30.7
3. Wooden product	17	0.0	0.0	11.8	0.0	0.0	5.9	5.9	11.8
4. Furniture	6	0.0	16.7	50.0	0.0	50.0	16.7	66.7	33.3
5. Pulp&Paper	17	0.0	0.0	5.9	0.0	23.5	0.0	5.9	5.9
6. Printing	20	0.0	0.0	5.0	5.0	20.0	5.0	10.0	25.0
7. Chemical	406	1.5	3.2	12.3	5.9	39.7	11.3	6.9	20.0
8. Petroleum	13	0.0	0.0	30.8	7.7	23.1	15.4	7.7	7.7
9. Rubber	44	9.1	2.3	15.9	0.0	38.6	11.4	11.4	22.7
10. Leather	6	0.0	0.0	16.7	0.0	50.0	16.7	0.0	16.7
11. Glass	96	4.2	6.3	10.4	7.3	31.3	19.8	17.7	27.1
12. Iron&Steel	97	4.1	1.0	10.3	6.2	22.7	9.3	4.1	16.5
13. NonFerrous Metal	89	5.6	11.2	13.5	6.7	41.6	14.6	15.7	31.5
14. Metal Product	74	8.1	12.2	5.4	2.7	36.5	13.5	18.9	37.8
15. General Machinery	233	3.4	1.7	10.7	6.0	32.6	7.3	16.3	28.8
16. Electric Machinery	773	3.4	6.6	14.4	6.0	34.3	11.4	17.3	25.6
17. Transport Equipment	351	13.4	11.4	17.7	7.4	39.6	16.8	28.5	24.8
18. Precision Equipment	81	0.0	1.2	4.9	4.9	33.3	9.9	9.9	16.0
19. Others	166	1.2	0.6	9.6	4.2	15.7	6.6	4.8	10.2

Note: 1) Small and medium firms are firms with paid-in capital being less than 100 million yen, while large firms are firms with paid-in capital.

being greater than 100 million yen.

2) Figures indicate the percentage share of the firms indicating the problem in total number of surveyed firms.

Source: MITI, Kaigai Toshi Tokei Soran [Comprehensive Statistics on Japanese Foreign Direct Investment], no.5 1993.
Table 6 Problems Faced by Japanese Manufacturing Firms: 1992 (continued)

# of firms	Restrictions on imports of materials and parts	Export requirement of products	High inflation	Under-developed distribution system	Severe competition	Insufficient infrastructure	Under-developed supporting industries	Shortage of high skilled labor
Small-Medium Firms	201	12.4	11.9	21.9	13.9	18.9	21.9	25.9	33.3
1. Food	10	0.0	0.0	20.0	0.0	20.0	20.0	0.0	10.0
2. Textile	23	8.7	4.3	34.8	0.0	13.0	26.1	17.4	30.4
3. Wooden product	5	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0	60.0
4. Furniture	2	0.0	0.0	50.0	0.0	50.0	50.0	0.0	100.0
5. Pulp&Paper	0
6. Printing	2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	50.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
7. Chemical	8	0.0	25.0	25.0	0.0	25.0	12.5	12.5	25.0
8. Petroleum	0
9. Rubber	6	16.7	16.7	16.7	16.7	16.7	50.0	50.0	66.7
10. Leather	3	33.3	33.3	33.3	33.3	0.0	33.3	33.3	0.0
11. Glass	10	20.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	40.0	40.0	0.0	40.0
12. Iron&Steel	7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	14.3	0.0	0.0	0.0
13. NonFerrous Metal	6	0.0	33.3	16.7	33.3	0.0	33.3	50.0	33.3
14. Metal Product	20	5.0	10.0	20.0	20.0	25.0	35.0	45.0	30.0
15. General Machinery	17	11.8	5.9	11.8	0.0	23.5	0.0	35.3	35.3
16. Electric Machinery	36	16.7	11.1	25.0	27.8	13.9	16.7	19.4	38.9
17. Transport Equipment	14	28.6	21.4	35.7	21.4	21.4	14.3	28.6	14.3
18. Precision Equipment	6	16.7	16.7	33.3	33.3	33.3	33.3	83.3	50.0
19. Others	26	15.4	15.4	15.4	11.5	11.5	23.1	30.8	42.3
Large Firms	1903	4.9	6.9	15.0	8.0	31.8	15.4	16.3	25.6
1. Food	83	4.8	3.6	6.0	10.8	30.1	8.4	6.0	24.1
2. Textile	118	5.1	6.8	24.6	12.7	29.7	28.0	17.8	31.4
3. Wooden product	11	0.0	0.0	18.2	0.0	0.0	9.1	9.1	18.2
4. Furniture	4	0.0	25.0	25.0	0.0	25.0	25.0	75.0	25.0
5. Pulp&Paper	5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.0	0.0	20.0	20.0
6. Printing	15	0.0	0.0	6.7	6.7	20.0	6.7	13.3	26.7
7. Chemical	298	1.7	4.0	14.1	8.1	39.3	13.8	7.0	21.5
8. Petroleum	7	0.0	0.0	42.9	14.3	28.6	28.6	14.3	14.3
9. Rubber	33	6.1	3.0	18.2	0.0	30.3	9.1	9.1	15.2
10. Leather	6	0.0	0.0	16.7	0.0	50.0	16.7	0.0	16.7
11. Glass	71	5.6	7.0	9.9	8.5	26.8	23.9	21.1	32.4
12. Iron&Steel	57	3.5	1.8	10.5	8.8	22.8	15.8	3.5	14.0
13. NonFerrous Metal	51	5.9	17.6	17.6	9.8	39.2	23.5	15.7	39.2
14. Metal Product	48	10.4	14.6	4.2	2.1	25.0	16.7	22.9	45.8
15. General Machinery	144	2.8	2.8	10.4	5.6	29.9	8.3	16.0	25.0
16. Electric Machinery	564	4.1	8.7	17.0	7.4	34.0	13.1	19.7	29.1
17. Transport Equipment	221	15.4	13.6	20.4	11.3	37.1	24.4	30.8	25.8
18. Precision Equipment	50	0.0	2.0	6.0	8.0	28.0	14.0	16.0	18.0
19. Others	117	0.9	0.9	11.1	6.0	12.0	8.5	5.1	10.3

Note: 1) Small and medium firms are firms with paid-in capital being less than 100 million yen, while large firms are firms with paid-in capital

2) Figures indicate the percentage share of the firms indicating the problem in total number of surveyed firms.

Source: MITI, Kaigai Toshi Tokei Soran [Comprehensive Statistics on Japanese Foreign Direct Investment], no.5, 1993.