Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Figure 1-2-11 Sales by telecommunications carriers (total sales in the domestic market and international market)

(Source) "Study Report on Structural Changes and Future Prospects for the Global ICT Industry," MIC (2015)

Figure 1-2-1-2 ICT industry's real domestic production value

(Source) "Study on Economic Analysis of ICT," MIC (2015)

## (2) Size of the ICT industry's market

We looked at how much the entire ICT industry has grown, including telecommunications services. The ICT industry's real domestic production value, which was approximately 40 trillion yen in 1985, expanded by about 2.4 times to approximately 98 trillion yen in 2013. These figures highlight that the entire ICT industry, and not just telecommunications services, has seen massive growth, driven by ICT infrastructure build-out and progress in ICT applications since the telecommunications liberalization (Figure 1-2-1-2).

### 2. Changes in communications charges

Finally, we looked at how the charges users pay to use communications services have changed over the 30 years since telecommunications liberalization. We graphed the transitions in primary communications charges from 1985 to 2014 with 1985 charges set as a baseline of 100, based on the Bank of Japan's corporate service price index (in constant 2005 values). These results show a tremendous decline in prices for mobile communications services (mobile phones and PHS handsets) in particular. Although the price decreases have started to level off in recent years, over the entire period, it is clear that competition among carriers has driven down communications charges (Figure 1-2-2-1).

Figure 1-2-1-3 ICT industry's contribution to the real GDP growth rate

(Source) "Study on Economic Analysis of ICT," MIC (2015)

## (3) ICT industry's contribution to economic growth

We next examined how much of a contribution the development of the ICT industry has made to our country's overall economic growth. To do this, we measured the ICT industry's contribution to the real GDP growth rate from 1985 to 2013. The results show that the ICT industry's contribution to economic growth has been consistently positive. Even during the 2007 to 2010 period when the real GDP plunged, the ICT industry continued to be a positive contributor (Figure 1-2-1-3). These figures substantiate the large contribution the ICT industry has made our country's overall economic growth.

We end with an international comparison of transitions in user fees, taking mobile phone charges as an example. We estimated the mobile phone charges in Tokyo, New York, Paris, and Dusseldorf in 2003 and in 2013 using the call model (with an average of 82 minutes in calls per month (the actual average number of calling minutes in 2012)) from MIC's "Survey on Domestic and Overseas Price Variances for Telecommunications Services" (2013). Figure 1-2-2-2 below illustrates the transitions in the four cities, where it is evident that the drop in mobile phone charges in Japan (Tokyo) is striking, even when compared to other countries (Figure 1-2-2-2).
Figure 1-2-2-1 Transitions in communications charges

(Source) Prepared by MIC based on "Corporate Service Price Index (constant 2005 values)," Bank of Japan

Figure 1-2-2 International comparison of mobile phone charges

(Source) Materials prepared by MIC

## Section 3 Structural Changes in the ICT Industry

### 1. Structural changes in the ICT industry

The structure of the ICT industry has changed, given various technological innovations and paradigm shifts. The transitions in the ICT industry since the telecommunications liberalization, looking at technological innovation, can be characterized into two roughly decade-long periods: the decade after 1995 when the Internet took off and the decade after 2005 when mobile went mainstream and cloud computing emerged (Figure 1-3-1-1).

Figure 1-3-1-1 Structural changes in the ICT industry (layers and players)

(Source) "Study Report on Structural Changes and Future Prospects for the Global ICT Industry," MIC (2015)

### 2. Responses by Japanese enterprises to structural changes in the ICT industry

## (1) Adaptive strategies by Japanese enterprises to handle structural changes

As the structure of the ICT industry moved away from vertical integration and toward horizontal integration, Japan’s communications companies embarked on diversification strategies that include not only communications equipment but also semiconductor and consumer device businesses. Below, we focus on some leading communication equipment corporations and provide a general overview of the history of how their business portfolios and organizations developed.

### a. NEC

NEC, Japan’s first joint venture, was established in 1899 by Kunihiko Iwadare with a 54 percent capital investment by Western Electric Company, a U.S. firm. The company laid the foundation to transfigure itself into a diversified information and communications electronics manufacturer when it adopted the slogan “C&C”—which stood for Computer & Communication—and advocated for the convergence of computer and communication technologies as its new corporate philosophy in 1977. Making use of its strengths in both fields, NEC held a global competitive advantage from the late 1980s.
# WHITE PAPER ON LAND, INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT AND TOURISM IN JAPAN, 2012

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
# Contents

## I ntroduction

Part I The Lives of Young People and MLIT Policies

Chapter 1 Characteristics of the Mentality & Behavior of Young People ..... 2
Section 1 Changes in the Socioeconomic Situation that Surround Young People ..... 2
(1) Changes in Population Structure ..... 2
(2) Long-term Economic Downturn ..... 7
(3) Internationalization ..... 9

Chapter 2 Changes in the Day-to-Day Life of Young People ..... 15
Section 1 Change in Working ..... 15
(1) Changes in the Employment Situation ..... 15
(2) Changes in Awareness Regarding Work ..... 23
(3) Changes in Work Environment for Women ..... 24
(4) Changes in the Employment Situation of Young People in Industries Related to Land, Infrastructure, and Transport ..... 27
Section 2 Changes in the Way of Living ..... 29
(1) Trend in Marriage / Raising Children ..... 29

Chapter 3 Efforts Directed at National Land and Transportation ..... 84
Section 1 Efforts Directed at the Way of Working ..... 84
(1) Supporting the working of young people ..... 84
(2) Support for female employment ..... 88
Section 2 Interdisciplinary Efforts Relating to the Ways of Living and Moving ..... 91
(1) Forming a compact city ..... 91
(2) Securing and maintaining transportation in rural regions ..... 96

Section 3 Efforts Directed at the Way of Living ..... 97
(1) Support for home ownership ..... 97
(2) Support for the supply of good-quality private rental housings, etc ..... 97
(3) Support for supply, etc. of public rental housings ..... 97
Section 4 Efforts Directed at the Way of Moving ..... 101

Reference Induced Living Space Levels
(excerpt from the Promotion of Basic Plan on Housing (Cabinet decision made on March 15, 2011)) ..... 103
## Part II Trend in MLIT Policies

Chapter 1 Initiatives towards Recovery and Reconstruction from the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake ..... 106
Section 1 The Current Status and Measures towards Relief and Recovery ..... 106
Section 2 The Steady Relief and Recovery of Infrastructures and Transportation ..... 107
Section 3 Promoting Reconstructive City Development and Securing the Stability in Residency ..... 109
Section 4 Securing Local Public Transportation and Promoting Tourism ..... 110

Chapter 2 Deploying Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Administration Tailored to Urges of the Times ..... 113
Section 1 Combating Aging Social Infrastructures ..... 113
Section 2 Forming a New Phase of Relationships between the Central and Local Governments and Private Sector ..... 116
1 New Phase of Relationships between the Central and Local Governments ..... 116
2 Driving Public-Private Partnership, etc ..... 117
Section 3 Driving the Implementation of National Land Policy ..... 117
Section 4 Driving the Implementation of Ocean Policy (Oceanic State) ..... 118
Section 5 Efficient and Prioritized Deployment of Measures ..... 118
1 Driving the Implementation of the Third Priority Plan for Social Infrastructure Development ..... 118

Chapter 3 Realizing a Tourism Nation and Forming a Beautiful Country ..... 122
Section 1 Trends in Tourism ..... 122
1 Significance of a Tourism Nation ..... 122
2 Current Picture of Tourism ..... 122
Section 2 Approaches to Realizing Tourism Nation ..... 123
1 Forming a Highly Competitive and Charming Tourism area ..... 123
2 Promoting Visits to Japan in an All-Japan Bid ..... 124
3 Fortifying International Competitiveness in the Fields of MICE, such as International Conventions and Conference ..... 124
4 Driving a Holiday Reform ..... 125

Chapter 4 Promoting Regional Revitalization ..... 129
Section 1 Approaches to Regional Revitalization ..... 129
Section 2 Promoting Measures Supporting Regional Revitalization ..... 130
1 Efforts Directed at Augment Regional and Private Autonomy and Discretion ..... 130
Section 5 Ensuring the Smooth Execution of Reconstruction Projects ..... 111
Section 6 Recovery, Reconstruction, and Etc. of Fukushima ..... 111
Section 7 Developing Tsunami-resistant Communities learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake ..... 111
1 Promoting Crime and Terrorism
Countermeasures 216
2 Establishing a Response System for Accident Disasters 220
3 Strengthening the Maritime Safety/Security System 220
4 Protecting Our Country's Interests in Maritime Rights 221
5 Security and Protecting Citizen's Lives and Assets 222
6 Infectious Disease Measures 223

Chapter 8 Creating and Preserving a Beautiful and Healthy Environment 224
Section 1 Promoting Countermeasures against Global Warming 224
1 Execution of the Kyoto Protocol Objective Achievement Plan 224
2 Measures in the Transportation Sector 225
3 Measures related to housing, buildings, sanitary drainage, urban greening, etc. 229
Section 2 Promoting the creation of a recycling society 231
1 Advancing recycling in construction 231
2 Establishing a logistics system of recyclable resources 233
3 Recycling vehicles and marine vessels 234
4 Promoting material procurement that contributes to reducing the environmental load 234
Section 3 National land development that revives and preserves the natural environment 235
1 Initiatives for preserving biodiversity 235
2 Creating rich and beautiful river environments 235
3 Preserving and improving coastal environments 237
4 Greening port and harbor administration 237
5 Greening roads and promoting environmental measures 238
Section 4 Building a healthy water circulation system 239

Chapter 9 Strategic International Development and Strengthening International Contributions 253
Section 1 Promoting the Export of Infrastructure Systems 253
1 Expanding Top Sales 253
2 Strengthening Public and Private Sector Information Gathering Through Various Councils 255
3 Active Promotion of Soft Infrastructure 256
4 Supporting the International Expansion of Japanese Companies Through Funding 256
5 Considering the Future of Infrastructure System Export Strategy 257

1 Measures in building a healthy water circulation system in cooperation with ministries and agencies involving water 239
2 Initiatives in improving the water environment 239
3 Cultivating water and using it efficiently 241
4 Realizing amenity by promoting improvements to sanitary drainage 242
Section 5 Protecting the marine environment 244
Section 6 Improving living environments by preventing atmospheric and noise pollution 245
1 Policies for environmental issues related to road traffic 245
2 Environmental measures for airports and surrounding areas 246
3 Control policies for railway noise 246
4 Countermeasures against urban heat islands 247
5 Countermeasures for sick building syndrome and soil contamination 248
6 Environmental measures in construction 248
Section 7 Observing, monitoring, and forecasting changes in the global environment 249
1 Observing and monitoring the global environment 249
2 Projection of future conditions of the global environment 252
3 Promoting the Global Mapping Project and the world geodetic network 252
# Introduction

In Japan there used to be a “prototypical” life course: take on a regular employment after graduating from school, get married in your twenties, and have children. For housing, you would leave your parent’s house, start by renting a place to stay, and then buy a house; changing residences in accordance with your life stage.

However, the lifestyle of contemporary people is increasingly diverse at every stage of their life’s course and vastly different from the lifestyle of previous generations. Although more people are advancing to higher education levels, unemployment rates and non-regular employment are on the rise; economic uncertainties lead more holding off from marriage or having and raising children. The number of people who remain single or married without children continues to rise. Also, instead of a house in the suburbs, more people are buying a condominium in a more convenient central area or living in a rented private property.

The world we live in has drastically changed in recent decades. The development of the transportation network made it possible to transport people and goods faster and cheaper than before. Also, the advancement of information technology made many things such as shopping, researching unknown countries, communicating with far away friends and family without leaving home possible, changing our traditional perception of “distance” and “time”. These environmental changes are also diversifying people’s lifestyles.

In the midst of these lifestyle changes, the lifestyle of “youth” who will assume a central role in society, as they continue to encounter milestones in their life course such as school, work, and marriage, will greatly influence the state of our country. As the youth explore new lifestyles land, infrastructure, and transport administration must accommodate these changes and support their lifestyle so that the people can lead a fruitful life from the present into the future.

Part I of the WHITE PAPER ON LAND, INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT AND TOURISM IN JAPAN, 2012 will cover the “lifestyle of youth and MLIT policies” and Chapter 1 will give an overview of socioeconomic changes surrounding contemporary youth and the changes in youth consciousness under these conditions. Chapter 2 will look at the specific changes in youth lifestyle analyzing various sectors from the perspective of “working”, “living”, and “moving” styles and reveal what is needed in the future for people to lead vibrant lives. Chapter 3 will cover the ideal direction and measures to be implemented in MLIT ploicies in the fields of “working”, “living”, and “moving”.

Also, Part II will report on the trends in various areas regarding MLIT ploicies by policy area.
Year	Era	Past Age of Each Generation as of 2012
70 Years	60 Years	50 Years	40 Years	30 Years	20 Years	10 Years
1942	Showa 17	0
1943	Showa 18	1
1944	Showa 19	2
1945	Showa 20	3
1946	Showa 21	4
1947	Showa 22	5
1948	Showa 23	6
1949	Showa 24	7
1950	Showa 25	8
1951	Showa 26	9
1952	Showa 27	10	0
1953	Showa 28	11	1
1954	Showa 29	12	2
1955	Showa 30	13	3
1956	Showa 31	14	4
1957	Showa 32	15	5
1958	Showa 33	16	6
1959	Showa 34	17	7
1960	Showa 35	18	8
1961	Showa 36	19	9
1962	Showa 37	20	10	0
1963	Showa 38	21	11	1
1964	Showa 39	22	12	2
1965	Showa 40	23	13	3
1966	Showa 41	24	14	4
1967	Showa 42	25	15	5
1968	Showa 43	26	16	6
1969	Showa 44	27	17	7
1970	Showa 45	28	18	8
1971	Showa 46	29	19	9
1972	Showa 47	30	20	10	0
1973	Showa 48	31	21	11	1
1974	Showa 49	32	22	12	2
1975	Showa 50	33	23	13	3
1976	Showa 51	34	24	14	4
1977	Showa 52	35	25	15	5
1978	Showa 53	36	26	16	6
1979	Showa 54	37	27	17	7
1980	Showa 55	38	28	18	8
1981	Showa 56	39	29	19	9
1982	Showa 57	40	30	20	10	0
1983	Showa 58	41	31	21	11	1
1984	Showa 59	42	32	22	12	2
1985	Showa 60	43	33	23	13	3
1986	Showa 61	44	34	24	14	4
1987	Showa 62	45	35	25	15	5
1988	Showa 63	46	36	26	16	6
1989	Heisei 1	47	37	27	17	7
1990	Heisei 2	48	38	28	18	8
1991	Heisei 3	49	39	29	19	9
1992	Heisei 4	50	40	30	20	10	0
1993	Heisei 5	51	41	31	21	11	1
1994	Heisei 6	52	42	32	22	12	2
1995	Heisei 7	53	43	33	23	13	3
1996	Heisei 8	54	44	34	24	14	4
1997	Heisei 9	55	45	35	25	15	5
1998	Heisei 10	56	46	36	26	16	6
1999	Heisei 11	57	47	37	27	17	7
2000	Heisei 12	58	48	38	28	18	8
2001	Heisei 13	59	49	39	29	19	9
2002	Heisei 14	60	50	40	30	20	10	0
2003	Heisei 15	61	51	41	31	21	11	1
2004	Heisei 16	62	52	42	32	22	12	2
2005	Heisei 17	63	53	43	33	23	13	3
2006	Heisei 18	64	54	44	34	24	14	4
2007	Heisei 19	65	55	45	35	25	15	5
2008	Heisei 20	66	56	46	36	26	16	6
2009	Heisei 21	67	57	47	37	27	17	7
2010	Heisei 22	68	58	48	38	28	18	8
2011	Heisei 23	69	59	49	39	29	19	9
2012	Heisei 24	70	60	50	40	30	20	10
Part I

The Lives of Young People and MLIT Policies
Graphic 1 Japan's Population Trend

(Note) 1. "Child Population" are people aged 0-14, "Productive-age Population" are people aged 15-64, "Aged Population" are people aged 65 and over.

2. Numbers within the () are the percentage data of child population, productive-age population, and aged population, each out of total population.

Source) Developed by MLIT based on Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) "Population Census of Japan (Population including proportionate division of unknown ages)", medium-variant assumptions from MIC "Population Estimate", National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (IPSS) "Population Projection for Japan (2012 January estimate)"

Source) Developed by MLIT from: years before 2010 from MlC “Population Census of Japan”, same source “2010 Basic Complete Tabulation on Population and Households”, National Land Agency (NLA) “Long-term sequential analysis of population distribution in the Japanese archipelago” (1974); years 2015 and beyond from IPSS “Population Projection for Japan (2012 January estimate)”

## Graphic 3 The Number of Infants Born and Total Fertility Rate Trends

(Ten thousand people)

(Note) Numbers from before 1972 do not include Okinawa Prefecture. Numbers up to 2011 are exact figures; number for 2012 is an estimate. Source) Developed by MLIT from: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) "Population Survey Report" (2012)
When changes in population are analyzed by regions, the rates of change for the population, including all ages from year 2010 to 2040 are estimated as follows: provincial regions -20.9%, Osaka area -16.5%, Nagoya area -11.7%, Tokyo area -9.3%. From this it is apparent that the sharp decline in population is far more prevalent in provincial regions, in comparison to the metropolitan areasNote (Graphic 4, 5). The same can be said for the population of people in their 20's, with the sharpest decline in the provincial regions, followed by the Osaka area, Tokyo area, then Nagoya area. Of the population of people in their 30's, there is a noticeable decrease in numbers in the Tokyo area. However, this is thought to be related to the fact that the Second Baby Boom generation (born between 1971-1974)—the largest population group in comparison to previous generations—are aged 36-39 years old by year 2010, and that a large portion of this generation had moved to the Tokyo area by 2010. (The trend in the residing area of each generation will be further discussed in Chapter 2 Section 2.) Nevertheless, in every region, the rates of decline for the population of people in their 20's and 30's are higher than the rate of decline in all ages. From this, we can discern that as the general population decline continues, the population of younger generations will decrease rapidly (Graphic 6, 7, 8, 9).

Graphic 4 Population Trend by Region (All Ages) (Year 2010=100)

Source) Developed by MLIT from: IPSS “Future Population Estimate of Japan by Region (2013 March estimate)”

Graphic 5 Rate of Change in Population by Region (All Ages) (Year 2010 → 2040)

Graphic 6 Population Trend by Region (Age: 20's) (Year 2010=100)

Graphic 8 Population Trend by Region (Age: 30's) (Year 2010=100)

Graphic 9 Rate of Change in Population by Region (Age: 30's) (Year 2010 → 2040)

Note Unless otherwise noted, in this white paper “Tokyo Area” includes Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, and Kanagawa prefectures, while “Nagoya Area” includes Gifu, Aichi, and Mie prefectures, and “Osaka Area” includes Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, and Nara prefectures. All three metropolitan areas combined shall be referred to as “three major metropolitan areas.” “Provincial Regions” refers to all areas outside the three major metropolitan areas.
## Graphic 11

Source) Developed by MLIT from: for before year 2010, from MIC "Census", for year 2015 and beyond, from IPSS "Household Projections for Japan (2013 January estimate)"

In particular, the total number of private households where the head of household is in his or her 30's decreased from 8.06 million households in 1985 to 6.4 million in 1995. However, due to the Second Baby Boom generation going into their 30's, combined with the rise of one-person households, this number rose to 7.71 million households in 2005. Since then the number has been falling again, and by 2035 the number is expected to fall to 5.09 million households.

The characteristic trend in the household composition of people in their 30's is the declining percentage of households with couple and child(ren), and the growing percentage of one-person households. The number of households with couple and children went from 4.7 million households in 1985, then decreased to 3.27 million households in 1995. Then, the number started to grow until there were 3.37 million households in 2005. Since then the number has gone into a decline.

phase, and expected to fall to 2 million households by 2035. As apparent, households with couple and child(ren) has been following a pattern of rise and fall, but the percentage of such households within the total number of private households has been falling consistently, from 58.3% in 1985, to 51.0% in 1995, to 43.7% in 2005, until by 2035 it is estimated to be around 39.3%. On the other hand, the number of one-person households has been anticipated to reach its peak in 2010 with 2.48 million households and then begin to decline. However, in the long-term, the percentage of one-person households within the total number of general households is expected to be on the rise, from 15.0% in 1985, to 32.2% in 2010, and expected to increase to 35.3% by 2035 (Graphic 12).

Graphic 12 Household Composition Trend (Head of Household Age: 30's)