Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Trend in Real Wage Growth by Generation (Real Earnings at age 20-24 years old=100)

(Note) 1 Wages by age groups from years 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011 used, then calculated the rate of earnings growth from when each group was young.

2 Set real earnings level at age 20-24 years old (Base year) as 100 for each group according to when they were born, then graphed the movement in real earnings amount compared to base year for every 5 years.

3 Real earnings were calculated by using the consumer price index (2010 Standard; All items, less imputed rent).

Source) Developed by the MLIT from: MHLW "Basic Survey on Wage Structure"; MIC "Consumer Price Index"

Graphic 52 Employment Type / Wage Amount by Age Group

Source) Developed by MLIT from: MHLW "2012 Basic Survey on Wage Structure"

## ③ Trends in Income Disparity

With an increasing number of non-regular employees and decreasing income levels, there is a growing disparity of income levels between the generations. When looking at the trend in the Gini coefficient for annual income of employees by generation, though for women there is no significant change, for men, the younger the generation, the higher the Gini coefficient at each age point, showing that the disparity in income level is growing (Graphic 53).

Graphic 53 Trend in Gini Coefficient by Generation (Men and Women graphed separately)

(Note) 1 Estimate of total people employed include executives.

2 Since the groups separated by annual income will differ depending on when the survey was done, a linear complementary method was used for the annual income groups in 2007 (15 separate groups) to make uniform and do a time series comparison.

3 For the Gini coefficient, the median value of the annual income groups was used, and any value above JPY 15 million was put with average of JPY 20 million.

4 The • indicates the end point, and marks when each age attained by cohort group in 2007.

Source) Developed by the MLIT from: MHLW "2011 Analysis of Labour Economy"
## (2) Changes in Awareness Regarding Work

How has the awareness of young people regarding work changed in the difficult employment situation? When newly employed people were asked their opinion on changing jobs, the percentage of people who answered, “I want to work at this company forever” was higher than the percentage of people who answered, “If I got a chance or opportunity, I wouldn’t mind changing jobs,” and there seems to be a growing trend in recent years of people who would answer with the former opinion (Graphic 54).

Furthermore, when asked what makes an ideal job position, the percentage of people who chose the answer, “A job with a stable salary” was is growing higher among the younger generation compared to the overall population. The percentage of young people who chose the answer, “A job I find enjoyable” is also growing. It seems that while desiring a job with a stable income, young people are also looking for jobs that are “enjoyable,” and do not want to settle for just any job, but one that complements their values (Graphic 55).

In addition, new employees who were asked whether or not they would like to work abroad, the percentage of people who answered, “I do not want to work abroad” went from 29.2% in 2001 to 49% in 2010, showing a steady increase. The percentage of people who also answered, “I would work in any country/region” has also grown, and peaked in the last 10 years. Considering the fact that the percentage of people who take the middle road and answer, “Depending on the country/region, I would want to work abroad” is decreasing, it

Source) Developed by MLIT from: Cabinet Office "Public Opinion Survey of Life of Citizens"

Graphic 56 New Employees' Preference for Working Abroad

Source) Developed by MLIT from: The Sanno Institute of Management "Survey of Global Awareness of New Employees"

seems the people who do not want to go abroad and people who do is increasingly divided. This indicates that young people have clear opinions regarding what they value, and that they desire to act according to such values (Graphic 56).
## (3) Changes in Work Environment for Women

## (Development of the Social Advancement of Women)

About 30 years ago, in 1980, in Japan the norm was to have a single income household where only the husband worked. Since then, the number of double income households has continually increased, until by 1997 the numbers of double income households exceed the number of single income households. The number of double income households is continuing to increase and the difference in the numbers is expanding (Graphic 57).

Graphic 57 Trend in Double Income / Single Income Households

When analysing the employment rate of women by age groups, the rise in the number of women working is especially noticeable in late 20’s to early 30’s age group. In 1975 the percentage of women between the ages of 25-29 years old who were working was 41.4%, and the percentage for women between the ages of 30-34 years old was 43.0%. By 2011, the percentages were 72.8% and 64.2% respectively; a significant increase (Graphic 58).

One of the reasons for this rise in the number of employed women may be attributed to the heightening of women's motivation to work. A survey of women in 2010 asked women what would be their ideal course of life. The percentage of women who choose either the "Combination Course," (where she would get married and have children and

Graphic 58 Trend in Employment Rate of Women by Age Group

2 Due to the affects of Great East Japan Earthquake, the figures from 2011 for Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures are supplementary estimates.

Source) Developed by MLIT from: MIC "Labor Force Survey"

continue to work) or the “Return to Work Course” (resign from work to get married and/or have children, then re-enter the work force once the children are grown) were both over 30%. In particular, the percentage of women who choose the Combination Course has been steadily growing since the survey taken in 1992. This implies that desire to have both a career and a family among women is heightening (Graphic 59, 60).
temporary part-time employee”, “Dispatched employee/Trusted employee/Other”—the rise in employment rate is more due to increase in the number of women working a “Part-time or temporary part-time” or “Dispatched/Trusted/Other” type of employment, more than the increase in “Permanent” employment (Graphic 65, 66).

Source) Developed by the MLIT from: MIC "Employment Status Survey"

Source) Developed by the MLIT from: MIC "Employment Status Survey"

## (Percentage of Women in Management Positions at Low Levels)

The percentage of women in management positions has yet to reach sufficient levels. Looking at the percentages by Assistant Manager, Manager, and Department Head, the percentage of women promoted to each of these positions are seeing yearly growth. Still, the higher the position level, the lower the percentage of women in these positions (Graphic 67).

Source) Developed by the MLIT from: MHLW "Wage Structure Survey"

(4) Changes in the Employment Situation of Young People in Industries Related to Land, Infrastructure, and Transport

(Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Industry Indicates Decline in Construction Sector)

Industries related to land, infrastructure, and transport—such as construction, real estate, and transport industries—are industries that have an important role in ensuring the safety and security of daily life and creating diverse communities to support the development of Japan’s economy, and to enrich the day-to-day life of the populace. If we look at the position of industries related to land, infrastructure, and transport within the Japanese economy—setting the level at 100 for year 2000 for GDP by industry—while all industries show gradual decline, transport industries and real estate industries have

remained level. The GDP of the construction industry however, is in decline, having dropped to 71.2 in 2011; indicating the shrinking of the construction industry in Japan (Graphic 68).
## (Decline in Number of Employed Young People)

Furthermore, looking at the industries' conditions from the perspective of the number of young people employed, the fact that the number of young people employed in all sectors are in decline—including a decline in new hires of young people in industries related to land, infrastructure, and transport—also points to the shrinking of all these industries. If we sent the level at 100 for year 2000 to analyse the number of new hires of young people (under 35 years old) by industry, the real estate industry repeats an up and down movement, while the construction and transport industries both show a consistent decline. The construction industry in particular has seen a big drop in the last 10 years (Graphic 69).

If we look at the balance between the number of new hires and number of people who resign by industry, the number of new hires left after subtracting the people who resign has remained fairly level for the real estate industry, but for construction and transport industries the numbers have been in long-term decline. Even by checking on the internet, we can see that the number of young people entering these industries is decreasing (Graphic 70).

These results also show the changes evident in the demographic composition of people employed by industry. If we look at the percentage of employed people under 40 years old by industry, the percentage is in decline in all industries, decreasing from 42.4% in 2000 to 38.5% in 2012. In the construction and transport industries, the percentage of employees under 40 years old is in decline at lower levels compared to other sectors, and the magnitude of diminution is growing. For the real estate industry, in comparison with other industries, the percentage of employees under 40 years old has been at low levels, and has dropped even further (Graphic 71).

Trend in New Hires of People Under 35 Years Old by Industry (Year 2000=100)

(Note) 1 The industry classification for “Transportation industry” (from 1991 to 2008) has been revised to include “Postal industry” from 2009.

2 From 2009 the industry classification for “Real estate industry” has been revised to include goods leasing industry with real estate.

Source) Developed by the MLIT from: MHLW "Employment Survey"

Graphic 70

Trend in Number of Under 35 Years Old New Hires that Remain by Industry

(Note) 1 The industry classification for “Transportation industry” (from 1991 to 2008) has been revised to include “Postal industry” from 2009.

2 From 2009 the industry classification for “Real estate industry” has been revised to include goods leasing industry with real estate.

Source) Developed by the MLIT from: MHLW “Employment Survey”

Graphic 71 Percentages of Employees Under 40 Years Old by Industry

(Note) Figures for 2011 do not include Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures. Source) Developed by the MLIT from: MIC "Labor Force Survey"
## Section 2 Changes in the Way of Living

## (1) Trend in Marriage / Raising Children

## (Development of People Remaining Unmarried or Marrying Later in Life)

The percentage of people who remain unmarried has been rising since the latter half of the 1970's. In 2010, in the age group of men between 25-29 years old the percentage was at 71.8%, for men 30-34 years old at 47.3%, and men 35-39 years old at 35.6%. For women in the age group 25-29 years old the percentage was at 60.3%, women 30-34 years old at 34.5%, and women 35-39 years old at 23.1% (Graphic 72, 73). There is also a rising percentage of people aged 50 years old who have never married, which is indicative of the percentage of people who never marry. This percentage has seen a great leap since 1990, and by 2010, the percentage of people who never married was at 20.1% for men, and at 10.6% for women. We believe these percentages will continue to rise, and have estimated that by year 2030, the number of people who never marry will be approximately 27.6% (1 in 3.6 people) for men, and around 18.8% (1 in 5.3 people) for women (Graphic 74).

Graphic 72 Trend in Percentage of Unmarried People by Age Group (Men)

(Note) Figures for years 1960-1970 do not include numbers from Okinawa prefecture. Source) Developed by the MLIT from: MIC "Census"

Graphic 73 Trend in Percentage of Unmarried People by Age Group (Women)

(Note) Figures for years 1960-1970 do not include numbers from Okinawa prefecture. Source) Developed by MLIT from: MIC "Census"

Graphic 74 Trend in Percentage of People Who Never Marry

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 (Year)

(Note) "Percentage of People Who Never Marry" refers to the percentage of those who have never married by the time they are aged 50 years old. Averages for unmarried people 45-49 years old and 50-54 years old were used from the "Population Statistics (2012 version)" up to 2010, and for 2015 and beyond, calculated from "Projections for Japanese Households."

Source) Developed by MLIT from: IPSS “Population Statistics (2012 version)”, “Household Projections for Japan (Nation-wide estimate) (Estimate from March 2013)”
In addition to the rise in the number of unmarried people, there is also a growing number of people who become married later on in life. The average age of married women has been rising since the latter half of 1970's; from 24.7 years old in 1975 to 29.0 years old in 2011. Due to the rise in later marriages, the average age at which women have their first child is also getting older. In 1975 the average age of when a woman had her first child was 25.7 years old; in 2011 the average age had risen to 30.1 years old (Graphic 75).

Trend in Average Ages of People at their First Marriage and at the Birth of their First Child

Source) Developed by MLIT from: MHLW "Vital Statistics"

## (Desire to Marry Still at High Levels)

Though the number of unmarried/married later people is growing, the ratio of those who desire marriage is remain high. The percentage of people under 35 years old and unmarried but want to get married at some point has been over 85% for men and around 90% for women since 1982, and maintains similar levels. Even in 2010, 86.3% of men and 89.4% of women answered, “I plan to marry someday” when asked, showing that the desire to get married has not necessarily decreased (Graphic 76).

Desire to Get Married (Trend in Men and Women under 35 years old) Graphic 76

(Note) Results from a survey regarding marriage conducted with single men and women under 35 years old Source) Developed by the MLIT from: IPSS "Birth Trends Survey (Nation-wide survey regarding marriage and child birth) (Singles survey)"

The fact that there are growing numbers of unmarried/later married people, despite high levels of desire to get married, may be attributed to economic constraints. When unmarried people were asked what the obstacles were for getting married, over 40% of unmarried people listed the lack of a “marriage fund,” and another 19% of men and over 15% of women listed the lack of a married housing (Graphic 77).
What do you believe is the main obstacle(s) preventing marriage? (up to 2 answers)

(Note) Survey conducted with single men and women under 35 years old who want to get married but answered that they have an obstacle(s) preventing marriage. Source) Developed by MLIT from: IPSS "Birth Trends Survey (Nation-wide survey regarding marriage and child birth) (Singles survey)"

All the listed obstacles existed in previous eras as well, but for the present young generation, it seems the economic constraints may be more difficult due to the growing uncertainty in employment possibilities and subsequent decrease in income. When the marital status of young people is analyzed by their employment type, in 2010, 27.2% of men with regular employment were married, while only 6.7% of men with non-regular employment were married; a difference of over 20 percentage points. For women, 28.2% with regular employment were married, while 25.8% with non-regular employment were married, which means the difference between the two percentages is not as significant as the men. From this, we can infer that for men in particular, the rise in the number non-regular employees is related to the growing number of people who are unmarried/married later in life (Graphic 78).

Marital/Relationship Status by Employment Type (Age: 20's/30's)

| Married | Single (with lover) | Single (no lover) | Single (no relationship experience)
Regular employment | 27.2 | 27.3 | 30.8 | 14.8
Non-regular employment | 6.7 | 15.0 | 39.9 | 38.5
Self-employed | 12.9 | 24.9 | 41.8 | 20.5
Unemployed/Not working | 2.0 | 16.5 | 29.5 | 52.0
Regular employment | 28.2 | 36.1 | 27.8 | 7.9
Non-regular employment | 25.8 | 27.6 | 30.7 | 15.9
Self-employed | 12.3 | 33.1 | 41.5 | 13.1
Unemployed/Not working | 12.4 | 28.6 | 28.3 | 30.7

(Note) 1 "Married" refers to people who have been married for 3 years or less.

2 "Married" people have been categorized by the type of employment they had before marriage.

3 “Regular employment” is a total of all who are “Employed (Permanent position)” and “Employed (Full-time employees such as civil servants, public corporation workers, etc.)”; “Non-regular employment” is a total of all who are “Non-regular employees such as part-time/temporary workers”; “Self-employed” is a total of all “Self-employed in Agricultural/Forestry/Fishery” and “Self-employed in Commerce/Service industry” and includes freelancers and people working in family businesses.

4 “Unemployed/Not working” is a total of all who are “Unemployed (on leave)” and “Not working” and “Not working” does not include people who are a “Home-maker”, “Student”, or “Unemployed (on leave)”.

Source) Developed by MLIT from: Cabinet Office “2010 Marriage/Family Composition Related Survey Report”
Likewise, annual income amounts also seem to affect marital status. Men in the annual income of JPY 6 million range tend to have a higher percentage of married men, and the higher the income level, the higher the percentage. However the percentage of men with an annual income level of over JPY 10 million who are married seems to be in decline, showing that after hitting a certain income level, the marriage rate drops (the same phenomenon can be seen in women with annual income levels over JPY 6-8 million). This is thought to be due to the fact that people with high income levels are already independent, and may not feel any need for additional economic benefits that can be gained from marriage (Graphic 79).

## (Rising Percentage of Single-person Households and Unmarried Young People Living with Parents)

The increased numbers of people that are unmarried/married later is also reflected in household statistics. As analyzed in Chapter 1, due to the growing number of people who are unmarried/married later, the number of single-person households of young people has increased from 15.0% in 1985 of single-person households of people in their 30's, to 32.2% in 2010, and has continued to rise; current estimates show that by 2035 this percentage will rise to 35.3% (Graphic 12).

Furthermore, as the population that would have left

Marital/Relationship Status by Annual Income (Age: 20's-30's) Graphic 79

(Note) 1 “Married” refers to people married over 3 years.

2 For women, as only a few had such high income levels (only 11 women with JPY 8-10 million and 3 with over JPY 10 million), they have not been included in the graph.

Source) Developed by MLIT from: Cabinet Office "2010 Marriage/Family Composition Related Survey Report"

home to get married in previous eras continue to live with their parents as they are unmarried/married later, the population that would have left home to pursue higher education or employment opportunities are also continuing to live with their parents, as more young people find it difficult to gain enough economic independence to leave home. An analysis of young people’s marital status and the percentage of young people living with parents shows that the percentage of single people who live with their parents are rising in age groups of 20’s, 30-34 years old, 35-39 years old. In 2010, 53.1% of people in their 20’s (over half), 27.6% of people aged 30-34 years old (1 in 3.6 people), and 20.1% of people aged 35-39 years old (1 in 5 people) continued to live with their parents. In particular, the age group of 35-39 years old has seen a significant rise, from 10.9% (0.85 million people) in 1995 to 20.1% (1.93 million people) in 2010 (Graphic 80, 81, 82).
(Note) 1 “Single” refers to total of people who are “Not married”, “Widowed”, “Divorced”.

2 The percentages do not include people with unknown marital statuses and people that cannot determine whether they are living with parents or not. Source) Developed by the MLIT from: MIC "Census"

Graphic 81 Marital Status / People Living with Parents aged 30-34 years old

(Note) 1 “Single” refers to total of people who are “Not married”, “Widowed”, “Divorced”.

2 The percentages do not include people with unknown marital statuses and people that cannot determine whether they are living with parents or not. Source) Developed by the MLIT from: MIC "Census"

Graphic 82 Marital Status / People Living with Parents aged 35-39 years old

(Note) 1 “Single” refers to total of people who are “Not married”, “Widowed”, “Divorced”.

When the percentage of unmarried people who live with their parents is separated by employment status, for men, those who are regular employees that live with their parents are under 70%, while over 80% of those who work in part-time jobs live with their parents. The same trend can be seen with women as well, showing that the more unstable an individual’s employment situation is, the more likely he or she is to live with parents (Graphic 83).
Graphic 83 Percentage of Unmarried People Living with Parents by Employment Status (Age: 18-34 years old)

Full-time Employee

Self-employed/Employed in family business

Part-time or temporary part-time employee

Student

(Note) Target population: unmarried 18-34 year olds. Category of Dispatched worker from temporary labour agency or entrusted employee added to survey after 2002, and category of Contract employee added after 2005.

Source) Developed by MLIT from: IPSS "Birth Trends Survey (Nation-wide survey regarding marriage and child birth) (Singles survey)"

## (Both Total Fertility Rate and Total Family Fertility Rate in Decline)

The total fertility rate significantly declined after WWII, since the 1950's to the 1960's, from 3.26 in 1951 to 2.00 in 1960. After 1975 the level dropped below 2.0, and reached an all time low of 1.26 in 2005. Recently the number seems to be recovering, with 1.39 in 2011.

On the other hand, the total family fertility rate—which indicates the total number of children a married couple ends up having—has been in a long-term decline, from 3.61 in 1951 to 1.79 in 1995. Since then the number has been below 2.0, but compared to the decline in total fertility rate the decreasing margin is not as steep. Like the total fertility rate, the total family fertility rate has seen higher numbers in recent years, with 1.86 in 2009 (Graphic 84).

Graphic 84 Trend in Total Family Fertility Rate and Total Fertility Rate

3 Total family fertility rate is the index that annually tracks how many children are born to a married couple, and derived from the married couple's fertility rate within a certain time period of the couple being married. This value is the number of live births to a couple (the number of children a couple have by a point in duration of marriage when the couple no longer have more children) during the fertile marriage period if the couple have children.

Source) Developed by the MLIT from: IPSS "Birth Trends Survey (Nation-wide survey regarding marriage and child birth) (Couples survey)"

Looking at the average number of children born by the parents’ age groups, for women married around age 20-24 years old (15-19 years of fertile marriage years. Same below), the average number of children birthed is 2.08 children, while the average number of children for women married at 25-29 is 1.92 children; and 1.50 children for women married at 30-34 years old. This shows that the number of children birthed decreases with older age at time of marriage (Graphic 85).