Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## I nduced Living Space Levels (excerpt from the Promotion of Basic Plan on Housing (Cabinet decision made on March 15, 2011))

Induced living space levels prescribe the levels of housing space that are deemed necessary to address various lifestyles as a prerequisite to realizing an affluent housing life. Induced living space levels consist of general induced living space levels, which are assumed for residence in detached houses in the outlying suburban areas of a city and in general non-urban areas, and urban-residence induced living space levels, which are assumed for residence in apartment houses in the center of a city and in its outlying areas.

The areas of the respective living spaces (dedicated living areas, wall-center to wall-center dimensions) are specified on the assumption of meeting the basic functionality of the housing performance level defined in Exhibit 1 $ ^{Note} $ , as follows:

(1) General induced living space levels

① Singles: $ 55 \, m^{2} $

② Households housing two or more people: $ 25 \, m^{2} \times $ Number of people per household $ + 25 \, m^{2} $

(2) Urban-residence induced living space levels

① Singles: $ 40 \, m^{2} $

② Households housing two or more people: $ 20 \, m^{2} \times $ Number of people per household + $ 15 \, m^{2} $

Note 1 The number of people per household in the formulas above shall be calculated by counting a person less than three years of age as 0.25, a person who is three years of age or more but less than six years of age as 0.5 and a person who is six years of age or more but less than 10 years of age as 0.75. If the number of people per household thus calculated is less than two, it shall be counted as two.

2 If the number of people per household (if the condition of Note 1 above applies, the number of people per household as adjusted accordingly) is larger than four, the area requirements above shall be reduced by 5%.

3 In any of the following situations, the area requirements above may be overridden:

① A living space that allows for a relative short period of residence by single students, business bachelors or the like is maintained.

② A shared kitchen and bathroom of appropriate dimensions are available, each private room is furnished with a dedicated mini-kitchen, a water closet and a lavatory and the areas excluding the shared functionalities or facilities are maintained in the private room portion.
## Part II

Trend in MLIT Policies
# Initiatives towards Recovery and Reconstruction from the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake

## Section 1 The Current Status and Measures towards Relief and Recovery

Accelerating the recovery from the Great East Japan Earthquake is currently the most important task the MLIT currently faces. Although the number of refugees has decreased from the initial 470 thousand individuals at the time of the earthquake, around 310 thousand people $ ^{Note 1} $ currently lead lives in evacuation in approximately 1,200 municipalities throughout 47 prefectures. $ ^{Note 2} $ The MLIT is striving to achieve comprehensive efforts for the disaster victims as they actually feel the recovery.

Attentive to voices from areas affected by disaster, the MLIT works as united body to swiftly respond to on-site needs in each of the respective field of the Regional Development Bureau, the District Transport Bureau, the Japan Coastguard, and the Meteorological Agency. In order to achieve this goal, in January 2013 every 3 parliamentary secretaries were assigned a prefecture and set up as an “Affected Area Assistance Team” to respond to demands from each area affected by disaster.

Excluding some section where buildings have been completely washed away or those within the nuclear hazard evacuation zones, the emergency repair of infrastructures such as roads and ports has been promptly completed and efforts towards full-scale recovery are steadily underway. However, the relocation of buildings to higher grounds, the construction of public housing for disaster victims, housing reconstruction and other city development initiatives require further

Graphic II-1-1-1 Status of progress towards full-scale recovery and repair of public infrastructures

(Note) 1 “Sewage treatment plants that have resumed normal operation” refers to the treatment plants that have recovered the ability to process sewage to water quality equal to levels before the earthquake. This includes some sewage treatment facilities and sludge treatment facilities that are still under construction towards full-scale recovery.

2 100% of airports have been restored.

3 The progress ratios are those up to the end of March, 2013.

Note 1 313,329 individuals up to March 15, 2013 from studies conducted by the Reconstruction Agency. Note 2 Up to March 16, 2013 from studies conducted by the Reconstruction Agency
In addition, measures for reconstruction progressed in the areas struck by disaster through the utilization of this law. This included city plans such as the “Building Tsunami-resistant Urban District Facilities” decided in city planning for 9 districts including the Shizugawa district in Minamisanriku Town (up to March of 2013).

By maximum use of existing public and private facilities and relevant tsunami-resistant measures, the MLIT will actively put forward developing tsunami-resistant communities in order to protect the lives of citizens.
# Deploying Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Administration Tailored to Urges of the Times

## Section 1 Combating Aging Social Infrastructures

Rapidly aging infrastructures developed during and after the nation’s period of steep economic growth, such as Metropolitan Expressway No. 1 developed in 1964, project an accelerating proportion of those facilities that have been built for 50 years or longer over the 20 years to come. The ratio of the number of road bridges to the total number of bridges, for example, is predicted to rise sharply from about 16% in March in 2012 to around 40% in 10 years and about 65% in 20 years (Graphic. II-2-1-1, Graphic. II-2-1-2). A scheme of strategically maintaining, managing and renewing these aging infrastructures is now sought. To address this need, the Social Infrastructure Maintenance Strategy Subcommittee was formed under the Infrastructure Development Council and the Transport Policy Council in July 2012 to explore ways to maintain, manage and renew aging social infrastructures. At the same time, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism launched the Aging Social Infrastructure Countermeasures Council, headed by the Minister, in January 2013 in its full commitment to combat the issues of aging infrastructures and, after comprehensive and interdisciplinary discussions, worked out its general insight into a package of measures taken to combat the issues of aging infrastructures in the form of a progress schedule in March 2013 (Graphic. II-2-1-3).

The package begins by starting intensive checkups on aging infrastructures, for completion scheduled within one year, and Graphic II-2-1-1

Percentage Ratios of Social Infrastructures That Have Been Built for 50 Years or Longer

March 2012	March 2022	March 2032
Road bridges
(2 m or more in bridge length)	16%	40%	65%
Tunnels	18%	31%	47%
River management facilities (such as state-managed water gates)	24%	40%	62%
Sewer lines	2%	7%	23%
Harbor quays
(4.5 m or more water-deep)	7%	29%	56%

※ Values are round numbers.

Source) MLIT

Graphic II-2-1-2

Aging Facilities

Examples of aging river management facilities

Pump facility impeller

Gate facility

Kuretsubo Road Bridge (concrete bridge) on Route 7, Yamagata Prefecture

1980 (15 years since construction): Cracks and rust fluid on the bottom face of the main girder

Source) MLIT

1991 (26 years): Ruptures in the main girder PC steel stock

1991 (26 years): Two new columns erected to provide a load-bearing capacity

implementing necessary repairs, etc. promptly after soul-searching on the Chuo Expressway Sasago Tunnel Accident in December 2012. To identify the current status of the individual facilities by making appropriate checkups to suit their characteristics and to implement precise repairs based on findings of the probe, the Ministry is working on the betterment of the maintenance and management standard for FY2013 and also constructing a database of maintenance and management information, etc.
Process Schedule of the Measures to be Taken Immediately to Maintain, Manage and Renew Social Infrastructures, Decided on March 21, 2013

For more details, visit the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Website "Aging Social Infrastructure Countermeasures Council." (http://www.mlit.go.jp/sogoseisaku/point/sosei_point_mn_000003.html) Source) MLIT

The non-destructive inspection and other technologies owned by private enterprises have been introduced into the field on a trial basis to help augment the simplicity, etc. of field maintenance and management workflow. Further, IT and other cutting-edge technologies tailored to specific maintenance and management needs are being actively implemented in the infrastructures to verify their usefulness. The resultant enhancement of the maintenance, management and renewal system (integrated hardware and software implementation of a next-generation infrastructure system) should help augment the safety, reliability and efficiency of infrastructure management, opening a way to forge a new marketplace and expand packaged infrastructure exports.

Institutional measures that support local governments at maintenance and management work as they care for a greater proportion of the infrastructures include releasing documentation to them and sponsoring sessions of training, etc., and granting disaster-prevention and safety subsidies to them as more proactive incentives. In parallel, the existing institutions, etc. are being reviewed and analyzed by supporting the development and training of bearers in the construction industries, partnering with communities and driving the maintenance, management and renewal of infrastructures through the use of PFI/PPP.

In addition to making these efforts, a PDCA cycle will be built on its full scale to combat aging infrastructures in FY2014 and after through the formulation, etc. of an enhanced service life extension program. To get infrastructure maintenance work on track to success, aging infrastructure countermeasures will be pursued on a priority basis with FY2013 being designated the “first year of infrastructure maintenance.”
## Column

## Maintaining a Bridge Since the Edo Period

The five-span arc bridge, the Kintaikyo Bridge, erected in Iwakuni City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, was first built in 1673 by Hiroyoshi Kikkawa, the feudal lord of the Iwakuni Domain. Although it was washed away by a flood of the year following (1674), it was rebuilt within the same year. The bridge was never washed away for the following 276 years until it suffered damages from a typhoon in 1950.

Since the initial days of its reconstruction, the Kintaikyo Bridge has been rebuilt and periodically renovated; the girder bridges (two bridges at both ends of the Kintaikyo Bridge: the first and fifth spans of the bridge) have been rebuilt about every 40 years, the arch bridges (three spans in the middle: the second to fourth spans) about every 20 years, and the bridge plates and railings about every 15 years.

Chronological Table of Kintaikyo Bridge Reconstructions

Year (Year of completion)	Description of construction work	Master carpenter and deputy carpenter
Year	First span	Second span	Third span	Fourth span	Fifth span
1673	○	○	○	○	○	Kuroemon Kodama, Yasuemon Saeki
2	1674	○	○	○	○	○	Kuroemon Kodama, Yasuemon Saeki, Hachiroemon Saeki
3	1683	○	○	○	Kuroemon Kodama, Yasuemon Saeki
7	1694	○	○	Kazaemon Oya
12	1699	○	○	○	Kazaemon Oya
16	1703	○	○	Kazaemon Oya
4	1714	○	○	○	Kazaemon Oya
2	1737	○	○	Rokuroemon Saeki
5	1740	○	Rokuroemon Saeki, Shichiemon Hosoya, Heiemon Saeki
1741	○	○	Rokuroemon Saeki, Shichiemon Hosoya, Ikuemon Oya
1744	○	Juemon Hasegawa, Ichiemon Oya, Seizaemon Oya
6	1756	○	Juemon Hasegawa
10	1760	○	Juemon Hasegawa, Jinbei Hara, Ikuemon Oya
13	1763	○	Kyubei Saeki, Mataemon Oya
1764	○	Ichiemon Oya, Jinbei Hara
2	1765	○	Ichiemon Oya, Jinbei Hara
7	1778	○	○	Shirobe Oya, Ichizaemon Saeki, Bun'emon Hasegawa
8	1779	○	Genbei Hosoya, Seizaemon Oya, Bun'emon Hasegawa
2	1782	○	Ichiemon Oya, Seizaemon Oya
8	1796	○	Kyuemon Hara, Keinosuke Oya
1801	○	Kyuemon Hara, Keizo Oya, Ubei Kodama
3	1806	○	Kyuemon Hara
8	1811	○	○	Kyuemon Hara, Keizo Oya
9	1826	○	Shichiemon Hosoya, Gonzaemon Oya, Seizaburo Saeki
10	1827	○	Gonzaemon Oya, Seizaburo Saeki, Denbei Hasegawa
11	1828	○	Gonzaemon Oya, Seizaburo Saeki, Seihachiro Oya
12	1841	○	Gonzaemon Oya
2	1845	○	Gonzaemon Oya, Nabejiro Oya
1848	○	Nabejiro Oya, Shinaji Kodama
5	1858	○	Mataemon Oya, Shigeya Saeki
6	1859	○	Mataemon Oya
1868	○	Uheiji Kodama, Seitaro Hara
4	1871	○	Totaro Oya, Uheiji Kodama, Seitaro Hara
28	1895	○	Shinsuke Uehara, Chukichi Tominaga
30	1897	○	Shinsuke Uehara, Chukichi Tominaga
31	1898	○	○	Shinsuke Uehara, Chukichi Tominaga
4	1929	○	○	Takitsuchi Hoshide, Seiji Fujimoto, Kumejiro Ebizaki
9	1934	○	○	○	Takitsuchi Hoshide, Seiji Fujimoto, Kumejiro Ebizaki
27	1952	○	○	○	○	○	Torakichi Katakura, Keiichi Shinohara, Kumejiro Ebizaki
14	2002	○	Kumeji Ebizaki (55 yrs), Masaichi Nakamura (43 yrs), Mutsuo Nakagawa (66 yrs)
15	2003	○	○	Kumeji Ebizaki, Masaichi Nakamura, Toshio Fujikane (41 yrs)
16	2004	○	○	Kumeji Ebizaki, Masaichi Nakamura, Kimihiko Okikawa (29 yrs)
Total	12	15	16	18	11

☒ designates a bridge that was rebuilt.

$ ^{※} $ Old drawings have been left to date for the marked works.

Source) Iwakuni City, Yamaguchi Prefecture
## Section 4 Driving the Implementation of Ocean Policy (Oceanic State)

Surrounded on all four sides by the sea, Japan needs to grow into a true Oceanic State in recognition of the vast expanse of ocean as a frontier. Responsible for many fields of the nation’s maritime administration, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism inaugurated the “Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Ocean Policy Panel” to finalize the guiding principles and the directions of its ocean policy in March 2012, driving the implementation of the ocean policy in partnership with agencies concerned under the “Basic Plan on Ocean Policy” based on the “Basic Act on Ocean Policy.”

The Ministry is also working on the preservation of the low-tide lines that justify the nation’s economic exclusive economic zones, etc. and also on the development, etc. of working sites on remote islands pursuant to the “Act on the Preservation of Low-Water Line and the Development of Basic Infrastructure of Remote Islands for Maintaining and Promoting Utilization of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf,” which provides for the preservation and enhanced utilization of the exclusive economic zones, a key ground for developing such activities as exploiting and developing natural resources and preserving the marine environment, and associated basic plans.

The Ministry is also enhancing and reinforcing the system of maritime security to ensure safety and security at sea, promoting marine surveys from a viewpoint of preserving maritime interests in the seas under Japanese jurisdiction and developing an environment to encourage the full-scale utilization of the sea through integrated maritime information. It also promotes the popularity of power generation based on renewable ocean energies and strategic fostering of maritime industries in its continuing bid to drive the implementation of ocean policy.

Graphic II-2-4-1 Driving the Implementation of Ocean Policy

Source) MLIT

## Section 5 Efficient and Prioritized Deployment of Measures

# 1 Driving the Implementation of the Third Priority Plan for Social Infrastructure Development

Priority Plans for Social Infrastructure Development are formulated to drive the efficient and prioritized implementation
of social infrastructure development projects in accordance with the "Act on Priority Plan for Social Infrastructure Development."

The Third Priority Plan for Social Infrastructure Development was approved at a Cabinet meeting held in August 2012 to target the period from FY2012 to FY2016. The Plan presents a perspective of what Japan’s medium-to-long-term social infrastructure development should be to address various challenges, such as harsh financial conditions and proceeds to set forth four priority goals based on the standard of “selection and concentration” - mitigation of large-scale or broad-based disaster risks, reinforcement of the nation’s industrial and economic foundations and international competitiveness, realization of a sustainable and vital national land and regional development and precise maintenance, management and renewal of social infrastructures and suggests indices that demonstrate the benefits of social infrastructure development to the nation in an intelligible manner.

The Plan dictates thorough coordination not only between hardware measures but also between hardware and software measures, between various implementers and between projects and the hardware and software measures.

## 2 Driving the Improvement of the Total Cost Structure of the Implementation of Public-Works Projects

The whole government is working to improve the total cost structure of the Implementation of public works in the present context of harsh financial conditions based on the “Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Public-Works Project Cost Structure Improvement Program” formulated in March 2008. In addition to following the course of action already taken, the Program values the maximization of VFM $ ^{Note1} $ and sets a total cost improvement factor to assess the following kinds of improvement:

① Improvement of the social cost structure, such as lightened environmental loads;

② Improvement of the life-cycle cost of longer-lived facilities; and

③ Improvement of the cost structure derived from technological innovations in the private sector.

Committed to boosting the total cost improvement factor by 15% in five years over its FY2007 level, the Program achieved a total cost improvement factor of 11.3% for the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and associated agencies, etc. in FY2011.

Graphic II-2-5-1 Progress of Cost Structure Improvement Efforts to Date

## 3 Ensuring the Quality of Public Works and Promoting Proper Tendering and Contracting for Public Works

Pursuant to the “Act for the Quality of Public Works,” the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism enforces the total evaluation bidding method $ ^{Note 2} $ in its implementation of all the public works to assure their better quality in principle and has also introduced the method on a full scale into construction consulting and similar fields. Measures, such as the total evaluation bidding method based on construction system confirmation and special priority surveys, are taken to prevent the taking of dumping orders, which are feared to interfere with quality assurance and cause a squeeze
Chapter 3

# Realizing a Tourism Nation and Forming a Beautiful Country

## Section 1 Trends in Tourism

## 1 Significance of a Tourism Nation

Tourism not only means much to national economic growth, such as stirring regional economies and creating more employment opportunities, but helps deepen mutual understanding globally. The realization of tourism nation, therefore, is one of the foremost issues of the nation’s growth strategy.

## 2 Current Picture of Tourism

## (1) Trends in national tourism

Japanese travelers who took domestic stay-over sightseeing tours in 2011 stayed 2.08 nights on the average, spending a total of about 15.1 trillion yen, inclusive of both homecoming and business trips, down from 2010 (staying 2.09 nights and spending about 15.8 trillion yen). Japanese spending for overseas travel in 2011, on the other hand, stood at about 4.5 trillion yen, moving essentially crabwise from its year earlier level (about 4.7 trillion yen).

The number of overseas travelers in 2012 advanced to about 18.49 million, up 8.8% (about 1.5 million) over its last-year level.

## (2) Trends in foreign tourists visiting Japan

The number of foreign tourists visiting Japan in 2012 rose to about 8.37 million (up 35% from a year earlier but down 3% from the year before), the second largest figure next to a record high of about 8.61 million attained in 2010, attesting to a virtual recovery of the market from the aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake, etc.

By market segment, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and India posted a record high each. By nationality and region, Korea ranked the first with about 2.04 million tourists (up 23% from a year earlier but down 16% from the year before), followed by Taiwan with about 1.47 million (up 48% from a year earlier and up 16% from the year before) and China with about 1.43 million (up 37% from a year earlier and up 1% from the year before).

Spending by foreign tourists visiting Japan rose to about 1,861 billion yen in 2012, an advance of about 35.5% (about 272.6 billion yen from its year earlier level).

## (3) Trends in the tourist industry

## ① Travel agencies

In FY2011, major 58 travel agencies posted a business volume of about 6,490 billion yen, down 0.5% from FY2010.

Overseas tours stood at about 2,234.5 billion yen, up 2% from their year earlier level, when compared with domestic tours at about 3,767 billion yen, down 1.4%. Inbound foreign tourists dropped 25.3% from their year earlier level to settle at about 47.3 billion yen.

## ② Hotels and inns

In FY2011, major registered hotels had a room occupancy rate of 67.8% (down 4.5% from its last-year level), against 57.8% for Japanese inns (down 2.1%). Of the total number of major registered hotels and inns, hotels in the positive figure are 47.9% (up 2.9% from the last-year level) and inns 43.3% (up 0.4% from the last-level level).