For port works, to ensure the transport of emergency supplies and evacuees when a large-scale earthquake occurs, development of primary wide area disaster prevention bases and earthquake resistant quays as well as the seismic strengthening of harbor roads that connect to emergency transport routes, developing greenery and other open spaces is being promoted.

For airport works, we make the most important facilities earthquake-proofing, to ensure the essential functions of air-traffic control and basic facilities. “The most important facilities” includes the airport which considered to be important for the maintenance of aviation network, and continuity securement of the business activity. Also, it will be the important base for emergency transportation in the time of disaster.

Regarding rail works, for the purpose of ensuring the safety of railway users when disasters occur, to prevent collapses due to large-scale earthquakes such as a direct hit earthquake of the Tokyo metropolitan area, elevated bridge pillars, central pillars of underground tunnels, bridges, main terminal stations where multiple lines connect are subject to seismic strengthening.

For sewage works, to ensure the functions required of sewers during earthquakes, “disaster prevention” such as strengthening the earthquake and tsunami resistance of pipes and water treatment facilities that connect disaster prevention bases with treatment plants and “disaster mitigation” which aims to minimize damages in anticipation of disasters striking are being combined for the promotion of integrated earthquake measures.

## ⑧ Sediment-related Disaster Countermeasures against Large-Scale Earthquakes

Based on the “Future Direction of Sediment-related Disaster Countermeasures” published in July 2011, in addition to responses to the Great East Japan Earthquake, for regions where great earthquakes along the Nankai Trough are highly likely to strike, fundamental measures to protect important traffic networks and community infrastructure, regional bases of disaster prevention, and evacuation areas essential to emergency and recovery activities from sediment-related disasters are being promoted.

## ⑨Japan Meteorological Agency Initiatives

To prevent and reduce disasters due to earthquakes, domestic seismic activities are under 24 hour observation to provide rapid and accurate Earthquake Early Warnings and earthquake information. For Earthquake Early Warnings, the experiences from the Great East Japan Earthquake are being reflected for more appropriate announcements by strengthening the power supply and communication facilities of earthquake observation sites and improving the software of the calculation systems. Additionally, to improve the accuracy of forecasts and accelerate the issuing of information, the data from seismometers placed by related organizations in the sea and underground is being prepared to be integrated into the calculation system.

Also, for the goal of providing effective information for the initial response immediately after an earthquake such as rapidly assessing the human and material damages caused by long-period ground motion, the practical details of such information was deliberated and observation information on long-period ground motion is being issued on a trial basis since March 2013.

## $ ^{10} $ Japan Coast Guard Initiatives

To contribute to earthquake research, observations of seafloor crustal movements are conducted on the landward slope of the major trenches around Japan, such as the Japan Trench and the Nankai Trough where the large earthquakes have repeatedly occurred. To monitor crustal movements GPS observations are also conducted in coastal areas and isolated islands in the south Kanto district.

## $ ^{11} $ Geospatial Information Authority of Japan Initiatives

## (a) Observing Crustal Movements and Strengthening Monitoring Frameworks

Monitoring of crustal movements using data of such as continuous GNSS observations of 1,240 permanent GNSS stations, on-site GNSS surveying and leveling is carried out all over Japan and especially boosted in some regions designated as possible danger areas in earthquake disaster prevention measures.

## (b) Research on Natural Disasters Caused by Earthquakes

From the results of geodetic observation such as GNSS and interference SAR, the mechanism of earthquake is elucidated. GSI has continuously conducted research and development to improve the precision of observations and analysis. Also, basic data of the national land's geographic information and past disaster history including seismic intensity are jointly analyzed in order to develop techniques of quick collecting and providing disaster information when disasters occur. Additionally, GSI operates both the Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction, which is for the