Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## vi）住宅資金の貸出

国内金融プロックの主要目的の一つは，住宅資金貸出の説明をすることである。この変数は，顕著な循環変動を示す支出変数である住宅投資を説明する際に中心的な役割を果たすことから，モデルの中で金融プロックと最終支出ブロックとをつなぐ重要な連結環の一つである。それゆえに，この変数は貨幣政策の効果を実物部門に伝える重要なチャンネルとなっている。この意味で，住宅資金貸出関数がとりわけ厄介なものであるとわかったことは，何とも不幸である。以下に示すスペシフィケーションでは，フローの住宅資金貸出が銀行貸出，建築協会預金および金利差によって説明される。金利差のうち最も満足できる結果が得られたのは，貯蓄銀行の担保貸出金利（これは，住宅資金の貸出に適用される金利を代表する）と2年もの国債金利との間の金利差であった。また，準備銀行が貯蓄銀行の住宅資金貸出を規制する目的で行う指導の効果を把えるために，NIFモデルのデータ・ベースからとられた加工ダミー変数DSBLGが用いられている。

住宅資金貸出関数のスペシフィケーションは次のとおりである。

$$ \begin{aligned}\varDelta lnLH=&f\left\langle ln\left(LB\right),\ ln\left(DBS\right),\right.\\&\left.\left(\overline{RMORSB}-RSEC2\right),\right.\\&\left.\overline{DSBLG},\ ln\left(LH\right)_{-1}\right\rangle\end{aligned} $$

推定結果は〔付4〕の6.12式に示されている。推定式は被説明変数の動きをよく追跡し，攪乱項に自己相関がみられない。住宅資金貸出について，他のいくつかの代替的スペシフィケーションを試みたが，いずれも標本期間内の動学的シミュレーションのパーフォーマンスは上記のものより劣っていた。

## vii）利子率

現行モデルでは全都で7種類の国内利子率が用いられている。このうち4種類は，厳しく管理された利子率であり，貨幣政策の追加的政策手段を表わしている。貯蓄銀行と建築協会の預金金利および両金融機関の担保貸出金利がそれであり，本モデルでは外生変数とされる。残りの3種類の国内利子率は，2年ものと10年ものの国債利回りおよび商業手形の利回りであり，これらは市況によって相当程度の影響を受ける。このため，本モデルにはこれら3種類の利子率の変動を説明する関数が組込まれている。

国債利子率の主要な決定要因は，対応する期間をもった海外金利，期待の代理変数および政府証券ストックに対する需給バランスの代理変数である。10年もの国債の利回りについては，アメリカの10年もの国債の利回りを海外金利として採用した。また，種々の期待項を試みたが，いずれも有意な結果が得られなかった。需給指標として用いられたのは，民間部門への流動資産と政府証券の総供給KLGPに対する非銀行部門引受けの政府証券SECPGの割合である。

10年もの国債利回りのスペシフィケーションは次のとおりである。

$$ \begin{aligned}\Delta ln\left(RSEC10\right)=&f\left\langle ln\left(\overline{RLCBUS}\right),\right.\\&\left.ln\left(SECPG/KLGP\right),\right.\\&\overline{DRSFT},\\&\left.ln\left(RSEC10\right)_{-1}\right]\end{aligned} $$

推定式は〔付4〕の6.13式に示されているが，そのパーフォーマンスは良好である。総ての係数はうまく決定されており，攪乱項の自己相関もみられない。標準誤差は3％内外で，利子率の変数としては十分受け容られる大きさである。

2年もの国債利回りの方程式で用いた海外金利は，ロンドン市場の3ヶ月ものユーロー・ダラー金利である。一方，対米ドル為替レートの購買力平価からの乖離を期待の代理変数として採用しているが，これは非銀行部門の政府証券保有高関数で効果的に用いられているものである。ここで採用した需給指標は，国内民間部門が保有する政府債務総額の代理変数に対する非銀行部門の政府証券保有高の比率である。したがって2年もの国債利回り関数のスペシフィケーションは，
次のようになる。

$$ \begin{aligned}\Delta ln\left(RSEC2\right)=f\left\langle ln\left(\overline{REUD}\right),\ ln\left(SECP\right.\right.\\\left.\left.\left.-G\mid KDGP\right),\ ln\left(\left(FXS\bullet\overline{PG}\right.\right.\right.\right.\\\left.\left.\left.-\overline{NPUS}\right)\mid PGDPNA\right),\ ln\left.\left(RSEC2\right)_{-1}\right]\right.\quad(62)\end{aligned} $$

〔付4〕の6.14式に示されている推定式は，10年もの国債利回りの場合ほど追跡力は高くないけれども，全体としてのパーフォーマンスは満足できるものである。

商業手形利回りについては，方程式のスペシフィケーションはこの利回りを内外の金利と連結するだけの簡単なものである。ただし，需要面からの影響を示す代理変数として，稼動率が含められている。スペシフィケーションは次のとおりである。

$$ \begin{aligned}\varDelta ln\left(RCB\right)=&f\left\langle ln\left(\overline{REUD}\right),\ ln\left(RSEC2\right),\right.\\&\left.ln\left(CU\right),\ ln\left(RCB\right)^{-1}\right\rangle\quad(6)\end{aligned} $$

推定式は〔付4〕の6.15式に示すとおりで，結果は非常に良い。国内民間部門が保有する政府債務総額の代理変数を定義する〔付4〕の6.16式を追加すれば，国内金融ブロックは完結する。

## 〔付4〕国内金融プロックの方程式体系

6.1 民間部門の流動資産と政府証券（LGS資産）保有高

$$ \Delta KLGP=GBDD+FPN-\Delta RESRTB+FLGPR $$

6.2 非銀行部門の政府証券保有高

$$ \begin{aligned}\Delta ln\left(SECPG\right)=&-0.818188+0.147340+ln\left(KLGP\right)\\&\left(3.62\right)\quad\left(2.04\right)\\&+0.010878\left(RSEC10-\overline{RLCBUS}\right)\\&\left(2.93\right)\\&+0.218188ln\left(\left(FXS\bullet\overline{PGNPUS}\right)/PGDPNA\right)\\&\left(4.43\right)\\&+0.158670\overline{DASB}-0.076407ln\left(SECPG\right)^{-1}\\&\left(7.68\right)\quad\left(1.23\right)\\&\overline{R}^{2}=0.6950\quad S=0.018793\quad h=-0.734\\&1966:IV-1979:II\end{aligned} $$

6.3 非銀行部門の通貨保有高

$$ \begin{aligned}\Delta ln\left(CURP/PGDPNA\right)=&0.220834\ln\left(GDPNA+\overline{GDPA}\right)\\&-0.274128\ln\left(CURP/PGDPNA\right)_{-1}\\&\overline{R}^{2}=0.2000\quad S=0.011589\quad h=0.183\\&1966:IV-1979:II\end{aligned} $$

6.4 銀行部門の流動資産および政府証券（LGS資産）保有高

$$ \Delta KLGB=\Delta KLGP-\Delta SECPG-\Delta CURP $$

$$ \begin{aligned}6.\ 5\quad& 銀行貸出 ( ストック )\\\Delta ln\ (LB)&=0.286215\quad+0.032926\quad[ln\ (KLGB)\quad+0.505ln\ (1.0-\overline{RRLG})\ }\\&\quad(2.90)\quad(2.09)\\&-0.001669\quad(RSEC10-\overline{RLCBUS})\quad-0.130312\quad ln((FXS\bullet\overline{PGNPUS})\ }\\&/PGDPNA\quad)-0.039058\quad\overline{D743}-0.050339\quad ln\ (LB)\ _{-1}\\&\quad(4.71)\quad(6.71)\\&\quad\overline{R}^{2}=0.7311\quad S=0.007972\quad h=-\ 0.354\\&\quad1966:\ III-1979:\ II\end{aligned} $$
6.6 通貨供給量，M3

$$ M3=KLGP-SECPG+LB+M3R $$

6.7 貯蓄銀行預金

$$ \begin{aligned}\Delta ln\left(DSB/PGDPNA\right)&=0.487437+0.170702\ln\left(GDPNA+\overline{GDPA}\right)\\&+0.009524\left(\overline{RDSB}-RSEC\ 2\right)+0.005194\left(\overline{RDSB}-\overline{RDBS}\right)\\&-0.012339\left(\overline{RMORSB}-\overline{RMORBS}\right)+0.024321\overline{DASB}\\&-0.221102\ln\left(DSB_{-1}/PGDPNA_{-1}\right)\\&\overline{R}^{2}=0.5235\quad S=0.01283\quad h=1.549\end{aligned} $$

6.8 商業銀行預金

$ DTB=M3-CURP-DSB+\overline{DTBR} $

6.9 商業銀行法定準備預金

$$ \begin{array}{c}RESRTB=0.914321\ RRSRD\bullet DTB\ $ 172.18)\end{array} $$

$$ \begin{aligned}&\overline{R}^{^{2}}=09883\quad S=34.0678\quad h=1.3304\\&1966:III-1979:II\\ \end{aligned} $$

6.10 建築協会への預金

$$ \begin{aligned}\Delta ln\left(DBS/PGDPNA\right)=&-6.037956-0.002903\overline{TIME}\\\left(2.63\right)&\quad\left(1.88\right)\\+0.767889&\ln\left(GDPNA+\overline{GDPA}\right)\\\left(2.70\right)&\quad\left(2.70\right)\\+0.019594&\left(\overline{RDBS}-RSEC2\right)\\\left(3.65\right)&\quad\left(3.65\right)\\-0.010372&\left(\overline{RMORBS}-\overline{RMORSB}\right)\\\left(1.02\right)&\quad\left(1.02\right)\\-0.038758&\overline{DASB}+0.12955\overline{DBS74}\\&\left(1.46\right)\quad\left(4.84\right)\\+0.012687&\overline{DBS73}-0.112704\ln\left(DBS/PGDPNA\right)_{-1}\\&\left(1.05\right)\quad\left(2.97\right)\\&\quad\overline{R}^{2}=0.5839\quad S=0.025660\quad h=2.109\\&1966:IV-1979:II\end{aligned} $$

6.11 通貨供給量，M4

$ M4=M3+DBS $

6.12 住宅資金貸出

$$ \begin{array}{l}\Delta l n\left(L H\right)=-0.727348+0.154435l n\left(L B\right)+0.122832l n\left(D B S\right)\\ \quad\left(1.15\right)\quad\left(1.35\right)\quad\left(2.15\right)\\ \quad+0.074487\left(\overline{R M O R S B}-R S E C2\right)+0.077906\overline{D S B L G}\\ \quad\left(4.59\right)\quad\left(2.49\right)\\ \quad-0.268434l n\left(L H\right)^{-1}\\ \quad\left(3.32\right)\\ \quad\overline{R}^{2}=0.4662\quad S=0.089554\quad h=-0.481\\ \quad1966:IV-1979:II\end{array} $$
6.13 10年もの国債利回り

$$ \begin{array}{r}\Delta ln\left(RSEC10\right)=-0.240201+0.207715ln\left(RLCBUS\right)-0.243625ln\left(SECPG/KLGP\right)\ $ 3.60)\qquad(4.19)\qquad(3.39)\\+0.086365\overline{DRSFT}-0.168204ln\left(RSEC10\right)-1\ $ 5.34)\qquad(4.93)\\\overline{R}^{2}=0.6063\quad S=0.033196\quad h=0.595\\1966:IV-1979:II\end{array} $$

6.14 2年もの国債利回り

$$ \begin{array}{l}\Delta l n\left(R S E C2\right)=0.221928+0.051358l n\left(R E U D\right)-0.231229l n\left(S E C P G/K D G P\right)\\ \quad\left(1.46\right)\quad\left(1.27\right)\quad\left(2.11\right)\\ \quad-0.197220l n\left(\left(F X S\bullet\overline{P G N P U S}\right)/P G D P N A\right)+0.148716\overline{D R S F T}\\ \quad\left(2.07\right)\quad\left(4.19\right)\\ \quad-0.204641l n\left(R S E C2\right)_{-1}\\ \quad\left(2.99\right)\end{array} $$

表 4 国内金融ブロック

被說明変数	同時內生変数
最終支出プロック	労 働プロック	賃金・物価プロック	所得分配プロック	政府財政プロック	国内金融プロック	国際収支プロック
KLGP	GBDD	RESRTB	FPN
SECPG	PGDPNA	KLGPRSEC10	FXS
CURP	GDPNA	PGDPNA
KLGB	KLGPSECPGCURP
LB	PGDPNA	KLGBRSEC10	FXS
M3	KLGPRSEC10LB
DSB	GDPNA	PGDPNA	RSEC2
DTB	M3CURPDSB
RESRTB	DTB
$$ \begin{aligned}&\overline{R}^{2}=0.4357\quad S=0.067345\quad h=0.107\\&1966:IV-1979:II\\ \end{aligned} $$

### 6.15 商業手形利回り

$$ \begin{array}{c}\varDelta ln\left(RCB\right)=-0.292392+0.061298ln\left(REUD\right)+0.879920ln\left(RSEC2\right)\ $ 2.50)\quad(1.12)\quad(6.92)\\+1.730432ln\left(CU\right)+0.280806\overline{DRCB}-0.726160ln\left(RCB\right)-1\ $ 2.72)\quad(4.04)\quad(7.00)\\\overline{R}^{2}=0.6967\quad S=0.087811\quad h=1.611\\1966:IV-1979:II\end{array} $$

### 6.16 国内民間部門の政府債務保有総額（代理変数）

KDGP=KLGP-KTCN-KBPC

## の構造分析表

先 决 内 生 变 数	外生变数	方程式番 号
最終支出 プロック	労 働 プロック	賃金・物価 プロック	所得分配 プロック	政府財政 プロック	国内金融 プロック	国際収支 プロック	国 内	海 外
KLGP RESRTB	FLGPR	6.1
SECPG	DASB	RLCBUS PGNPUS	6.2
PGDPNA	CURP	GDPA	6.3
KLGB KLGP SECPG CURP	6.4
LB	RRLGD743	RLCBUS PGNPUS	6.5
M3R	6.6
PGDPNA	DSB	GDPARDSBRDBSRMORSBRMORBS DASB	6.7
DTBR	6.8
RRSRD	6.9
被説明変数	同時内生変数
最終支出プロック	労働プロック	賃金・物価プロック	所得分配プロック	政府財政プロック	国内金融プロック	国際収支プロック
DBS	GDPNA	PGDPNA	RSEC2
M4	M3DBS
LH	LBDBSRSEC2
RSEC10	SECPGKLGP
RSEC2	PGDPNA	SECPGKDGP	FXS
RCB	CV	RSEC2
KDGP	KLGP	KTCNKBPC

## (5) 国際収支ブロック

国際収支ブロックでは，実質値および名目値の多くの貿易フロー変数が内生化され，ネットの資本移動，為替レートおよび一群のデフレータが説明される。また，主要な国際収支の定義式が含まれる。輸出諸項目と関連するデフレータ一についての議論は，追って明らかにする理由により最後で行うこととする。

## i) 内生的な財の輸入

国際収支ブロックの中で恐らく最も重要な方程式は“内生的”な財の輸入を説明する方程式である。三つの輸入品目が財の輸入から除かれる。それらは，民間航空機，政府輸入および石油であり，モデルの中ではこれらはすべて外生的に扱われる。政府輸入の取扱いは，モデルの中の他の政府支出の場合と同様である。民間航空機の輸入は，額は大きいが，不規則であり，多くの場合政府の規制に服している。石油の輸入は，国内油田の発見と石油価格変動により，標本期間中に劇的な変化を示してきた。モデルを将来改訂する際には，石油輸入を内生化するのが適切であろう（近年，石油消費税が政府収入の重要な源泉となりつつあるということだけを考慮しても）。しかしながら，さしあたっては石油輸入は外生的輸入カテゴリーに含められる。

種々のスペシフィケーションとそれらの推定作業を通して，内生的な財の輸入関数の推定はとりわけ面倒なものであることがわかった。最近のNIF－10の手法〔Johnston and Murphy（1980年）とJohnston, Perrin and Perrazelli（1980年）参照〕を簡略化した式および在庫投資関数と連結した数種の式を含む多くの代替的スペシフィケーションが試みられた。下記のスペシフィケーションは，いくつかの点で完全には満足できるものではないが，これらの試みの結果得られたものである。

採用したスペシフィケーションは内生的な財の実質輸入を非農業部門における国内
## Annual Health, Labour and Welfare Report 2010-2011 (Summary)

Outlook and future prospects of the Japanese social security system

— Looking back over the fifty years with universal health insurance and universal pension systems —
Achievement of the ongoing social security reform discussion will require the understanding and cooperation of Japanese citizens and be based on a wide range of discussions involving various perspectives.

Japan has had "universal health insurance and universal pension systems" since April 1961, or a half century ago, which enable all Japanese citizens to access to medical insurance and a pension, and is one of the best systems in the world.

Part 1 of the Annual Health, Labour and Welfare Report 2010-2011 is therefore entitled '— Looking back over the fifty years with universal health insurance and universal pension systems —', and explains the roles Japan's social security systems have fulfilled, along with providing the background social and economic situations.

- In addition, and because of the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on March 11th, 2011, our response to the earthquake is featured at the beginning of Part 2 of the Annual Report.
## Part 1

Outlook and future prospects of the Japanese social security system

— Looking back over the fifty years with universal health insurance and universal pension systems —
## Chapter 1: Historical background

1945-1954

from 1955 to the Oil Shock

1975-1988

1989-98 response to the aging society w/ declining birth rate

1999-

toward the global economy

Economy

Resurgence from

devastation

High economic growth

Stable economic growth

Bubble economy and its collapse

Stagnation

Industry

Greatest importance on the first industry

Development of industrialization

Trend toward service economy

Employment

Japanese-style employment practices (lifetime employment, seniority-based wages, labor unions organized on a company basis) are being established

Companies reconsider labor costs, including welfare

Increase in the proportion of non-regular employees

Among the employed:

Employees: 55.1%

Self employed: 21.9%

Workers in family businesses: 23.0%

Proportion of the employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishery industries: 48.5% (1955)

Unemployment rate: 1.4%

(1961)

Increase in the number of female employees, as well as part-time workers

Proportion of the employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishery industries: 4.8% (2005)

Population being concentrated in large cities

Among the employed:

Employees: 86.9%

Self employed: 9.5%

Workers in family businesses: 3.2%

Unemployment rate: 5.1%

(2009)

Weakening ties in communities

Family (Household)

Average number of household members: 4.97 (1950)

Increasing trend toward nuclear families

Increasing number

of dual-income

households

Increasing number

of one-person

households

Average number of household members: 2.56 (2005)

Population

First baby boom

Second baby boom

The total population was steadily increasing

Aging society

with

declining

birth rate

Society with decreasing population

Most common causes of death in 1948: (1) TB; (2) stroke

1970: aging society: more than 7% of the population are 65 years old or older

1994: aged society: more than 14% of the population are 65 years old or older

Decreasing population of the working generation

Most common causes of death in 2010: (1) cancer; (2) heart diseases

Diseases

Average life expectancy was 50s for both males and females

Infectious diseases

Advances in modern medicine

Average life expectancy reaches around 80s for both males and females

lifestyle diseases
## Chapter 1, Section 1: Changes in the economic situation and work environment

—Whereas living standards have been improving uncertainty with employment has recently been significantly increased—(1)

Chart1-1-1 Real GDP growth rate, inflation rate, and changes in total cash wages (text p. 8)

Real GDP growth rate was 6-10+ % in the high economic growth period; the oil shock has resulted in a sharp increase in commodity prices.

Source: Calculated by Counselor Office for Policy Evaluations, MHLW, and based on "National Accounts of Japan", Cabinet Office, "Consumer Price Index", Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs, and "Monthly Labour Survey", Communications Statistics and Information Department, MHLW

Note: Figures for the rate of change in total cash wages are from the manufacturing industry and of businesses with 30+ employees until 1970, and the average of all industries and businesses with 30+ employees from 1971 and thereafter.

Chart 1-1-2 Changes in total unemployment rate and active job openings-to-applicants ratio (text p. 9)

● The total unemployment rate was around one percent until the 1970s but it has sharply risen in recent years.

Source: "Labour Force Survey", Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, "Employment Security Services Statistics", Employment Security Bureau, MHLW

Note: The active job openings-to-applicants ratio is the annual average, and excludes new graduates but includes part-timers
## Chapter 1, Section 1: Changes in the economic situation and work environment

## —Whereas living standards have been improving uncertainty with employment has recently been significantly increased—(2)
## Chapter 1, Section2: Changes in family structure

## Large families have been overwhelmed by an increasing number of one-person households—(1)

Chart 1-2-2 Changes in household numbers by family type and average number of household members (text p. 16)

Source: 'Household Projections for Japan (March 2008)', National Institute of Population and Social Security Research

Note: The reference population, on which the statistics are based, was obtained from the 'Population Census' (2005), Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and adjusted.

Chart1-2-3 Changes in number of one-person (elderly one-person) and three-generation households (text p. 17)

Note: 1. The reference population, on which the statistics are based, was obtained from the 'Population Census' (2005), Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and adjusted.

2. Three-generation households denote both a 'husband and wife with their child(ren) and parents' and 'husband and wife with their child(ren) and one parent' households.

3. Elderly one-person households denotes one-person households of age 70 or older for the 1960 figures but aged 65 or older for 1965 and thereafter.
## Chapter 1, Section2: Changes in family structure

## Large families have been overwhelmed by an increasing number of one-person households—(2)

Chart1-2-5 Changes in average age of first marriage and the total fertility rate (text p. 18)

Source: 'Vital Statistics', Statistics and Information Department, MHLW

Note: 1. The age of a first marriage denotes their age when they held a wedding ceremony with figures for 1947-1967, and their age when they held a wedding ceremony or began living together, whichever comes first, with the figures for 1968 and thereafter.

2. Approximate figures for 2010.

Chart1-2-6 Changes in lifetime unmarried rate (text p. 19)

Source: 'Population Statistics' (2010) and 'Household Projections for Japan (March 2008)', National Institute of Population and Social Security Research

Note: The lifetime unmarried rate denotes the percentage of persons not yet married at the age of fifty, and was calculated by averaging the unmarried rates for the ages of 45-49 and 50-54 from data from 'Population Statistics' (2010) until 2005 and 'Household Projections for Japan (March 2008)' for 2010 and thereafter.
## Chapter 1, Section 3: Transition from increasing to decreasing population —Decreasing working age generation population— (1)

Chart 1-3-1 Changes in demographic structure (text p. 23)

Source: Calculated by Counselor Office for Policy Evaluations, MHLW, and based on the 'Population Census' (2005), Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications for 1960 and 2005, 'Population Projection for Japan: 2006-2055 (December 2006)', medium variant, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research for 2055.
## Chapter 1, Section 3: Transition from increasing to decreasing population —Decreasing working age generation population— (2)
## Chapter 2, Section 1: Social security systems before Japan had the universal health insurance and universal pension systems

With regard to medical insurance and pensions, mainly insurance for employees was institutionalized in response to labor problems in accordance with heavy industrialization, even prior to WWII.

○ Immediately after WWII livelihood support for needy persons and infectious disease control were focused upon.

The government was prescribed as being responsible for providing social security within the enactment of the Constitution of Japan, Social Security Council, having been influenced by the "Beveridge Report", with the recommendation being made that social security systems should be constructed with social insurance at the core in 'Recommendations on Social Security Systems' published in 1950.
## Chapter 2, Section 2: Establishment of universal health and universal pension systems

Japan's social security systems were developed against a background of high economic growth and with the focus shifted from "relief for the poor" to "prevention against being poor". So-called Japanese employment practices were established and grew popular during that period, with Japan's social security system being based on the "standard family", which was comprised of a white-collar husband and full-time homemaker wife with children.

Around 1955 many Japanese citizens were not covered by medical insurance and pension systems, particularly farmers and the self-employed. They started being covered in April 1961 by the National Health Insurance and National Pension systems, which have proved to have played such important roles in Japan's social security.

Throughout the high economic growth period both medical insurance payments and pension benefits were improved, and moreover, free medical care for the elderly and systems such as the institutionalization of major medical expenses and index-linked pensions introduced in 1973, or the "first welfare year".
## Chapter 2, Section 3: Institutional reconsideration period (1975–1988)

During this period, it was required to respond to "Financial Reconstruction without any Tax Increases" and changes in economic and social conditions resulted from the first and second oil shocks that heralded the end of high economic growth and the transition to steady economic growth. In addition, the overall social security systems required reconsideration in view of the need to anticipate the advent of a future aging society.

The rapid growth of the cost of health care for elderly persons had a severely impact on the financial condition of National Health Insurance. Free medical care for the elderly was subsequently abolished and elderly persons requested to share the burden via enactment of the Medical Care for Elderly Act, which requires equitable contributions from all Japanese citizens, as well as comprehensive medical care measures such as the prevention of diseases and promotion of good health practices commenced upon.

Everyone (white-collar workers) covered by medical insurance was requested to make a 10 percent co-payment, while a medical care system for the retired was created in an attempt to solve the problem of a reduced payment rate after white-collar workers had retired.

A 'Medical Plan' was institutionalized by which h prefectures can assign necessary numbers of hospital beds on a regional basis according to the respective situation in thereby addressing issues such as a regional imbalance of medical institutions.

○ Pension systems were reworked, including the introduction of a basic pension that covers all Japanese citizens, because there were disparities in the systems in terms of both the benefits and contributions due to the separation into seven systems of three kinds.
## Chapter 2, Section 4: Response to an aging society with declining birth rate

Japan's population structure changed in the 1990s where the working-age population started decreasing, with the working generation finding it rapidly and increasingly burdensome. In 1994 the population aged 65 or older exceeded 14.5 percent, foretelling the advent of an 'aged society'.

The '1.57 shock' of 1990 also raised concern over the declining birth rate.

In 1989 the 'gold plan' was formulated with the aim of enhancing the infrastructure of social welfare services for the elderly. Later, in 1994, it was totally reworked in the formulation of a 'new gold plan'. In addition, a long-term care insurance system was created, that ensuring a structure was in place that could provide services best suiting the self-support of the insured, and in response to the ever-increasing demand for long-term care.

The age at which old-age pensions would be paid from was raised in response to the increase in life expectancy, while measures were also taken to extend the retirement age in thus promoting employment of the elderly and compensating their incomes.

In 1994 the 'angel plan' was formulated around the position of social support for child rearing being a challenge for the whole of society, and with the aim to creating a child rearing supportive society.
### Chapter 2. Section 5: Economic structural reform and social security

The rapid aging of the society is resulting in a decrease in the overall population. Structural reforms such as regulatory reforms are being promoted, however, with widening resulting disparities and degraded safety net functions.

In addition, and due to national finances being in the critical condition where the amount of outstanding government bonds far exceeds GDP, budgets related to social security, which naturally increase more than one trillion yen every year, are being more severely restricted. Remuneration for medical treatment was reviewed with regard to a decrease, excluding drug prices, in both 2002 and 2006. In addition, the request for a reduction of 1.1 trillion yen in five years (220 billion yen per year) starting fiscal year 2007 was made as part of the 'integrated reform of revenue and expenditure'.

Because of these circumstances, and in order to ensure the sustainability of the social security systems, reconstruction of the systems is taking place that includes schemes for a fixed level of pension premiums, increased contribution to medical expenses, and the formation of a medical care system for persons aged 75 or older.

In an attempt to address issues that include 'working poor' and 'unfair termination of dispatch workers' unemployment insurance is being reconsidered for applicability to a wider range of workers, and comprehensive support commenced upon, including vocational training and reemployment for anyone not covered by unemployment insurance, such as the self-employed.