Table 1: Key variable definitions and summary statistics

Variable	Definition	For-profit (n=2,823)	Nonprofit (n=22,144)
Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation
I. Employees' characteristics
loghw	natural log of daily wage	9.112	(0.338)	9.159	(0.332)
q5_021	=1 if male	0.174	(0.379)	0.195	(0.396)
age20	=1 if 20<=age<30	0.220	(0.414)	0.355	(0.479)
age30	=1 if 30<=age<40	0.187	(0.390)	0.188	(0.391)
age40	=1 if 40<=age<50	0.219	(0.413)	0.232	(0.422)
age50	=1 if 50<=age<60	0.211	(0.408)	0.163	(0.370)
age60	=1 if 60<=age<70	0.089	(0.284)	0.030	(0.171)
age70	=1 if 70<=age	0.004	(0.062)	0.005	(0.071)
q5_0411	=1 if full-time	0.573	(0.495)	0.804	(0.397)
q5_0412	=1 if part-time, but regular	0.123	(0.328)	0.148	(0.356)
q5_0415	=1 if registered helper	0.111	(0.314)	0.011	(0.105)
q5_0416	=1 if home helper	0.316	(0.465)	0.084	(0.277)
q5_0501	=1 if home helper (1st degree of skill)	0.064	(0.245)	0.058	(0.233)
q5_0502	=1 if home helper (2nd degree of skill)	0.504	(0.500)	0.133	(0.340)
q5_0503	=1 if home helper (3rd degree of skill)	0.013	(0.114)	0.015	(0.123)
q5_0504	=1 if care manager	0.096	(0.294)	0.088	(0.283)
q5_0505	=1 if physician	0.003	(0.056)	0.010	(0.098)
q5_0506	=1 if staff nurse	0.115	(0.320)	0.152	(0.359)
q5_0507	=1 if social worker	0.014	(0.118)	0.020	(0.139)
q5_0508	=1 if social care worker	0.131	(0.338)	0.302	(0.459)
q5_0509	=1 physical therapist	0.003	(0.053)	0.009	(0.093)
q5_0510	=1 if occupational therapist	0.004	(0.059)	0.005	(0.068)
q5_0511	=1 if service manager	0.086	(0.281)	0.026	(0.158)
II. Facility characteristics
profit	=1 if a proprietary nursing facility	-	-	-	-
q4_21	total number of employees <=29	0.203	(0.403)	0.033	(0.180)
q4_22	30<=total number of employees<=99	0.316	(0.465)	0.391	(0.488)
q4_23	100<=total number of employees<=299	0.117	(0.321)	0.235	(0.424)
q4_24	300<=total number of employees<=499	0.044	(0.205)	0.025	(0.157)
q4_25	500<=total number of employees	0.089	(0.284)	0.041	(0.198)
q7_011	=1 if employment insurance for full-time worker	0.749	(0.434)	0.515	(0.500)
q7_021	=1 if employment insurance for short-time worker	0.320	(0.467)	0.210	(0.407)
q7_031	=1 if employment insurance for part-time worker	0.175	(0.380)	0.091	(0.287)
q7_111	=1 if work-related accident compensation insurance for full-time worker	0.743	(0.437)	0.513	(0.500)
q7_121	=1 if work-related accident compensation insurance for short-time worker	0.453	(0.498)	0.286	(0.452)
q7_131	=1 if work-related accident compensation insurance for part-time worker	0.412	(0.492)	0.267	(0.442)
q7_211	=1 if health insurance for full-time worker	0.695	(0.460)	0.507	(0.500)
q7_221	=1 if health insurance for short-time worker	0.112	(0.315)	0.078	(0.268)
q7_231	=1 if health insurance for part-time worker	0.058	(0.235)	0.063	(0.244)
q7_311	=1 if public pension for full-time worker	0.683	(0.466)	0.505	(0.500)
q7_321	=1 if public pension for short-time worker	0.112	(0.315)	0.075	(0.263)
q7_331	=1 if public pension for part-time worker	0.041	(0.199)	0.061	(0.240)
q10_11	=1 if hiring full-time worker and stable	0.727	(0.445)	0.763	(0.425)
q10_12	=1 if hiring full-time worker, but unstable	0.132	(0.338)	0.075	(0.263)
q10_13	=1 difficult in hiring full-time worker	0.020	(0.141)	0.013	(0.115)
q10_14	=1 if no hiring full-time worker	0.042	(0.200)	0.052	(0.223)
q10_21	=1 if hiring part-time worker and stable	0.505	(0.500)	0.617	(0.486)
q10_22	=1 if hiring part-time worker, but unstable	0.211	(0.408)	0.146	(0.353)
q10_23	=1 if difficult in hiring part-time worker	0.059	(0.236)	0.023	(0.150)
q10_24	=1 if no hiring part-time worker	0.023	(0.149)	0.026	(0.160)
q12_1	=1 if professional training inside/outside the organization	0.704	(0.457)	0.869	(0.337)
q12_2	=1 if professional training inside the organization	0.165	(0.371)	0.028	(0.166)
q12_3	=1 if professional training outside the organization	0.111	(0.314)	0.092	(0.289)
q12_4	=1 if no professional training	0.013	(0.114)	0.005	(0.072)
q14_1	=1 if extra pay other than basic sarly	0.657	(0.475)	0.824	(0.380)
q14_2	=1 if health examination	0.542	(0.498)	0.571	(0.495)
q14_3	=1 if provision or subsidy for uniform or care equipment	0.773	(0.419)	0.884	(0.320)
q14_4	=1 if policy for preventing work-related back pain	0.279	(0.449)	0.468	(0.499)
q14_5	=1 if policy for preventing work-related accident	0.208	(0.406)	0.259	(0.438)
q14_6	=1 if professional training for manager in human resource division	0.222	(0.415)	0.332	(0.471)
q14_7	=1 if support for mental pressure on work	0.399	(0.490)	0.194	(0.396)

Note a-c describe significant difference between the for-profit and nonprofit sectors and mean at 5%, 10%, and 15% levels, respectively, based on F-statistics of ANOVA.