Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
### I II. Other Services

Savings accounts in fictitious names or another person’s name are often abused in crimes such as special fraud and money laundering. Recently, services such as post office boxes and telephone answering services are also being abused in crimes such as special fraud.

In addition to striving for crackdowns on actions such as selling/buying savings accounts, the police are taking measures against savings accounts, such as providing information to financial institutions so that accounts can be frozen. Also, based on the Act on Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds, the police are collaborating with relevant institutions and working on the proper confirmation during transactions by specific businesses, such as those offering post office boxes.

## 2 Initiatives for Securing Objective Evidence

(1) Collecting Objective Evidence in an Initial Investigation

I. Developing an Initial Investigation System and Comprehensive Identification Activities

To carry out investigation activities that utilize mobility, the police establish a Mobile Investigation Unit, and hurry to the scene and relevant locations when a crime occurs in order to apprehend the criminal. A Mobile Identification Unit and a Crime Scene Investigation Unit are put together to thoroughly carry out on-site identification activities, and promote R&D of relevant techniques and the development/maintenance of equipment.

### I I. Advancement in Work Handling Corpses

During 2013, the police handled approximately 170,000 corpses, which is approximately 1.2 times higher over the past 10 years.

The police are working to enhance the education and training of police officers to improve the ability to determine whether a death was caused by a crime. Even when a death investigator is unable to be on the scene, the police arrange devices that enable the death investigator to confirm the scene in real time through video and sound of the site.

## (2) Utilizing Technology

I. Digital Forensics

Electronic devices such as computers and

## Maintaining an initial investigation system and thorough identification activities
## 1 Looking Ahead

(1) Response to Changes in Social Situation

Recently, the acquisition of information from private businesses that are necessary to an investigation, such as transmission history and security camera images, and sophisticated analysis of crime environments and methodology, are becoming more and more important to conducting quick and accurate investigations.

Therefore, the National Police Agency established the Director for Criminal Intelligence Support in the Criminal Affairs Bureau in April 2014 to further reinforce such initiatives.

The Director for Criminal Intelligence Support will collaborate with relevant businesses and ministries and agencies to carry out initiatives that enable the opportune and smooth acquisition of information necessary to a criminal investigation. It will also promote efforts to prevent and eliminate the criminal abuse of new systems and services, such as mobile phones and savings accounts, that accompany advancements in technology. In addition, gathering and analyzing information related to crimes across division barriers will achieve further optimization of information analysis and destroy criminal networks.

(2) Response to Changes in the Method of Investigations

I. Examining the Approach to Audiovisual Recordings in Interrogations in Anticipation of Trial

Based on the fact that audiovisual recordings in interrogations are useful as proof of the reliability and voluntary nature of statements in trial, the police will examine the further active implementation of audiovisual recordings in interrogations for cases subject to trial by lay judges where there is risk of a dispute arising over the reliability and voluntary nature of a defendant's statements in the investigative stage.

However, when audiovisual recordings of interrogations are made, the suspect may not give a statement due to fear of reprisal, a sense of shame, or hatred. Thus, these possible adverse effects must be heeded in consideration of the trial-based audiovisual recordings.

II. Research and Development on New Methods for Collecting Objective Evidence

a. Test Methods for DNA Profiling of Degraded Materials

Because DNA is likely to be degraded and fragmented as time passes, the currently used DNA profiling method of STR typing is

The duties of the Director for Criminal Intelligence Support
Major changes in the Current Police Law

Development of new measures & reorganization of the National Police Agency
1962 The Traffic Bureau is established
1994 The Community Safety Bureau/Info-Communications Bureau, etc. are established
2000 The Police Station Council/provisions for filing complaints are developed
2004 The Organized Crime Department/Foreign Affairs and Intelligence Department are established
Reassessment of national and regional division of roles for maintaining national public safety
1980 Provisions are developed for mutual legal assistance
1996 Provisions are developed for coping with broad-based organized crime
2004 Provisions for national authority involving serious terrorism, etc.
Clarification of liaisons with foreign law enforcement agencies
Strengthening measures against broad-based crimes & coordination among prefectural police
1964 Exercise authority between neighboring police in boundary vicinities
1996 Exercise authority outside of jurisdictions in regard to broad-based organized crime

## (2) Future Developments

In regard to the climate of public security in Japan, the number of confirmed criminal offenses hovered around 1.4 million from the mid 1950s to mid 1960s, but continued to trend up from 1974. In 2002, there were approximately 2.85 million confirmed criminal offenses, the largest number since the war. To break away from this critical state, the Ministerial Meeting Concerning Measures Against Crime was held among all cabinet members, and the number of confirmed criminal offenses decreased from 2003 when initiatives were launched based on the Action Plan of the Realization of a Society Resistant to Crime. In 2012, the number had dropped to less than half that of 2002. However, in addition to the growing threat to public security because of the hazards of cyberspace and other menaces, the assurance of good public safety has become an important issue as Japan prepares to host the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics in Tokyo.

Given this state of affairs and with an eye toward the coming seven years until 2020 when the country hosts the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics, in December 2013 the 21 $ ^{st} $ Ministerial Meeting Concerning Measures Against Crime drew up the Strategy to Make “Japan the Safest Country in the World,” which hinges on major initiatives such as building the world’s safest cyberspace.

21^{st} Ministerial Meeting Concerning

Measures Against Crime

(Source: Cabinet Public Relations Office)
Column: Launching a Babysitter Service through the Police Personnel Mutual Aid Association

To build a policy that models how to support a balance between parenting and work among police officers with an irregular work schedule, in April 2014 the Police Personnel Mutual Aid Association launched a system enabling National Police Agency personnel who are parents to engage a babysitter registered with the association in the event that they are suddenly called into work. The system can provide a babysitter even on the same evening that police officers are required to report to work.

Column: Aiming to always be a police officer that is strong, kind, and trustworthy

Superintendent Midori Watahiki,

Police Chief,

Ofuna Police Station, Kanagawa Prefecture

During my 30 years on the force, I have given my utmost efforts in working with my colleagues. Police work is profound and meaningful as it is directly related to the safety and security of local residents.

Though at times balancing work with parenting and caring for elderly family members was difficult, I have somehow been able to come through tough times thanks to the warm understanding and kindness of superiors, colleagues, school teachers, fellow parents, and neighbors, as well as help from family. I have been able to better understand and respond to the many that turn to the police with experiences and ideas I gained through these tough times.

Today, when female police officers can be active in various divisions and ranks, I hope to make the most of female qualities without overly relying on others so that I can continue to help the weak and fight the wrong, achieve a strong, kind police force trusted by many, and become a strong leader.
Based on the seriousness of the recent drug situation, the police are promoting initiatives with the aim of intercepting the drug supply and eradicating demands.

Not only do drugs adversely affect the mind and body of abusers, but abusers also can experience hallucinations and delusions that lead to heinous cases such as murder and arson, and serious traffic accidents. In addition, the illicit sales of drugs have become a source of funds for crime organizations, such as Boryokudan, making drug abuse a major offense that threatens the security of society. Given the recent characteristics of the drug situation, such as the diversification of places of origin and types of the drugs abused, the police are partnering with relevant ministries and agencies to promote initiatives for the eradication of drug offenses.

## (1) Characteristics of the Drug Situation

I. Diversification of the Places of Origin for Smuggled Stimulants

In Japan, the majority of drugs that are abused are smuggled from other countries, and in recent years stimulants have been originating from a variety of locations. The trend in places of origin for stimulants over the past 10 years shows that while they originated in 12 countries (regions) in 2004, in 2013 the places of origin had jumped to 32 countries (regions).

In addition, typically the majority of drugs were smuggled from Asian countries including China, Malaysia, and the Philippines, but lately smuggling from Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East has increased. Recently, there has been a particular increase in the proportion of stimulants smuggled from Mexico, which accounted for 16.1% of all smuggling cases in 2013, and there have been arrests for high-volume smuggling of stimulants by Mexican nationals. It seems that drug-related criminal organizations in that country are widely participating in the smuggling of stimulants.

Trends in the number of places of origin of stimulants smuggling and the number of arrests by region (2004–2013)

Note: The places of origin exclude unknown locations.
Case: In May 2013, a man (age 36) and others from Mexico concealed stimulants in fake iron ore and smuggled them into Japan on a shipping container from Mexico. In June of that same year, two Mexican nationals and one Japanese national were arrested for violation of the Stimulants Control Act (importing for the purpose of sale), and approximately 194kg of stimulants were seized. (Hyogo Prefecture)

Stimulant hidden in fake iron ore

### I I. Diversification of the Drugs Abused

Lately, there have been a succession of cases where users of so-called law-circumventing drugs (NPS (New Psychoactive Substances)) have caused serious traffic accidents when driving a vehicle or been transported to hospitals by ambulance because of drug-induced physical and mental abnormalities. Also, the successive emergence of new law-circumventing drugs are becoming a new issue in the war on drugs.

law-circumventing drugs

(2) Formation of The Fourth Five-Year Drug Abuse Prevention Strategy by the Government

Drug abuse is a grave issue involving the foundation of public security in Japan. Since it requires measures conducted together with the government, relevant institutions are collaborating to promote measures under the Council for Promoting Measures to Prevent Drug Abuse, which is chaired by the Minister of State for Special Missions (drug abuse measures) and vice-chaired by ministers including the Chairperson of the National Public Safety Commission. In August 2013, The Fourth Five-Year Drug Abuse Prevention Strategy was drawn up and established five objectives, including the promotion of international cooperation to interdict drug smuggling.

## (3) Police Initiatives

### I. International Cooperation in Measures against Drugs

Illegal drug trafficking is carried out across borders by drug-related criminal organizations. It is not an issue that can be solved by one country alone. The police are developing international investigative cooperation for information exchange through dispatch of investigators and participation in international conferences, and promoting technological cooperation in guidance for drug investigations in relevant countries.

The National Police Agency has held discussions on the drug situation, investigative methods, and international cooperation in relevant countries centered in Asia and the Pacific region, and has hosted the Asia-Pacific Operational Drug Enforcement Conference with the aim of building mutually cooperative systems. In February 2014, the nineteenth conference was held in Tokyo with 28 countries/regions and two international organizations (including observers) participating.

19 $ ^{th} $ Asia-Pacific Operational Drug Enforcement Conference

In addition, with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) co-sponsoring, the
National Police Agency invited the senior executives of drug control agencies in countries and regions facing serious drug problems and held a Seminar on Control of Drug Offenses for the purpose of exchanging information on drug control and transferring Japanese investigative technologies.

### I I. Measures against so-called Law-circumventing Drugs

The police take measures such as issuing guidance and warnings to the retailers of so-called law-circumventing drugs, arresting malicious retailers for violations of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act and arresting users under charges such as dangerous driving causing death or injury. In 2013, there were 176 persons arrested for cases relating to so-called law-circumventing drugs, an increase of 64 (57.1%) arrests over the previous year.

Moreover, to cope with the emergence of new so-called law-circumventing drugs, a review conducted with relevant ministries and agencies of the tightening of regulations, such as additional designations as narcotics and designated substances under the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, resulted in revision of the Act, which in turn led to provisions such as the prohibition of the mere possession and use of designated substances from April 2014. The police are fully utilizing these various laws and regulations to make arrests. Furthermore, since the term “law-circumventing” could be misleading among the citizens, the police are working with relevant authorities to review the use of the term.

Case: Around July 2012, an unemployed man (age 35) and others sold liquid and dried plant leaves containing designated substances to a proprietor of a so-called law-circumventing drug shop. In February 2013, two of those persons were arrested for violation of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act (accordance of designated substances). (Saitama Prefecture)

Trends in arrests by applicable laws and regulations for so-called law-circumventing drugs (2009–2013)
## 2 Prefectural Public Safety Commissions (PPSC)

Prefectural Public Safety Commissions supervise the prefectural police by undertaking many administrative tasks in relation to citizens' lives such as issuing drivers' licenses, regulating traffic, awarding benefit payments to victims of crime, supervision of various types of business such as antique dealing, and by receiving reports from Chiefs of Police at regular meetings and other assemblies and giving guidance on incidents and accidents within the jurisdiction, incidence of disasters and subsequent efforts made by the police, organizational status, personnel management and other matters.

PPSCs generally convene three or four regular meetings a month and also strive to maintain an understanding of the state of public safety and police operations through participation in Police Station Councils, discussions with relevant organizations such as the board of education, and on-site inspections of police activities.

Case: In August 2013, members of the Kagoshima Prefecture Public Safety Commission members participated in publicity activities in the area where there was suspected abduction of a couple by North Korea (Kagoshima Prefecture), and together with persons such as the families of abduction victims, they handed out informational fliers and stickers to drivers of passing vehicles to appeal for information on the case.

A member of the Kagoshima Prefecture Public Safety Commission asking for information on suspected abduction case (left)

3 Handling Complaints and Giving Instructions for Inspections

A system for filing complaints has been stipulated in the Police Act. Any person who has a complaint about the duties executed by the personnel of the prefectural police may file the complaint in writing to the PPSC. The PPSC will generally notify the complainant of its decision in writing. In 2013, PPSCs nationwide received 1,034 complaints.

In addition, in accordance with provisions in the Police Act, the NPSC and PPSCs may give specific instruction for inspection to the NPA and prefectural police respectively.

## 4 Mutual Communications between Public Safety Commissions

The NPSC and all PPSCs hold various liaison conferences in order to maintain constant close communications. During 2013, two liaison meetings between the NSPC and all PPSCs nationwide were held, in which views were exchanged concerning the status of police supervision by the PPSCs and other matters.

Additionally, during 2013, in each Regional Police Bureau and in Hokkaido, a total of twelve liaison meetings were held between jurisdictional public safety commissions, and between the Hokkaido Public Safety Commission and the Area Public Safety Commission in Hokkaido. Members of the NPSC also attended these meetings which involved reports concerning the state of public safety and the efforts of each prefecture, and exchange of views.

Furthermore, exchange of views between PPSCs and liaison meetings between the PPSCs of the designated prefectures including Tokyo, Hokkaido, Kyoto, and Osaka were also held.
Case: In October 2013, members of the Fukuoka PPSC visited Shizuoka Prefecture and observed disaster prevention practices at the Shizuoka Prefectural Earthquake Preparedness Education Center and at the Shizuoka Prefectural Police. In addition, Fukuoka and Shizuoka public safety commissions took that opportunity to share their views on how to respond to emergencies such as a large-scale earthquake.

Members of Public Safety Commissions from Fukuoka and Shizuoka share views
Section 1 Initiatives for Protecting Women and Children from Crimes

1 Handling Violent Cases Arising from the Entanglement of Emotions Related to Romantic Attachment

## (1) Current Circumstances

There were 21,089 confirmed stalking cases in 2013, and 49,533 confirmed spousal violence cases in 2013. These are the most cases since the enforcement of the Anti-Stalking Act and the Act on the Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims.

necessary, such as violent cases arising from the entanglement of emotions related to romantic attachment, the police have built an integrated system in prefectural police headquarters (PPH) that provides guidance, advice, and support for police stations from the time the case is confirmed until it is handled, and police stations have also constructed a system combining the Community Safety Department and the Criminal Affairs Department in police stations. Furthermore, to assess matters such as risk at the point an incident is perceived, when supplying

Trends in the number of confirmed cases of stalking and spousal violence (2004–2013)

Note: Stalking cases include those of continual shadowing, silent phone calls, etc. that do not infringe on the Anti-Stalking Act and other Penal Laws and regulations. Spousal violence cases indicate the number of cases where victims have sought counsel after being subject to physical violence from a spouse, threats to their life, etc.

## (2) Measures

To appropriately cope with cases where immediately securing personal safety is deemed counsel to victims and other individuals, the police systematically carry out appropriate responses with comprehensiveness through actions that include joint hearings by a person in charge from the Community Safety Department and an investigator from the Criminal Affairs Department.

Under such a system, the police systematically promote prompt and appropriate responses, by making arrests of perpetrators and by taking protective measures of victims, while making the safety of victims the top priority.

## 2 Initiatives for Protecting the Safety of Children

## (1) Initiatives for Protecting Children from Crimes

The number of confirmed criminal offenses where children under age 13 were victims has been trending down since 2004, but there were 26,939 such cases in 2013, which is 1,327 more than the previous year. The police are promoting safety measures for schools and school routes, and activities by the Juvenile and Women Aegis Team (JWAT).
## Section 1 Threats in Cyberspace

The Internet has become established as a social infrastructure essential to citizens’ lives and socioeconomic activities. Today, while cyberspace has become a part of citizens’ daily lives, cyber crimes such as unlawful money transfers related to Internet banking are frequently committed, and cyber attacks including cyber terrorism and cyber intelligence (cyber espionage) are often carried out on a global scale. Thus, threats in cyberspace are becoming serious.

## 1 Cyber Crimes

8,113 cases were sent to the Public Prosecutor’s Office by the police regarding cyber crimes in 2013, which were 779 more than the previous year and the highest on record to date.

## 2 Cyber Attacks

In recent years, cyber attacks have been occurring in Japan against entities such as government agencies and private companies, and the techniques used are becoming more and more ingenious. In particular, threats of cyber terrorism,

Modus operandi compromising computers with unauthorized programs