Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Number of audiovisual recordings made during interrogations related to cases for trial by lay judges (2009–2013)

The trial-based audiovisual recordings of interrogations also lead to physical and human burdens placed on the police. For example, until the end of FY2013 the National Police Agency and the prefectural police put 1,116 pieces of audiovisual equipment into place, which required approximately 1.085 billion yen in expenditures. In addition, 3,315 cleared cases are reported as cases subject to trials by lay judges in FY2013. Of those, 3,105 cases utilized audiovisual recordings, generating new work such as watching and listening to DVDs, and transcribing recorded voices.

Implementing audiovisual recording during an interrogation (image)

(2) Increase in Work that Accompanies a Focus on Objective Evidence at Trial

In accordance with the introduction of trials by lay judges, an even greater emphasis is being placed on objective evidence that contributes to the lay judges' accurate formation of convictions at trial. With the serious succession of cases of innocence that question the investigative approach, the police are gathering objective evidence even more thoroughly.

The process of focusing on this kind of objective evidence contributes to effective proof of criminal offense, but also leads to an increase in work related to gathering objective evidence and expert testimony, and is putting constraints on investigations. For example, there is a growing number of instances where personnel involved in criminal identification appear at trials as witnesses. Often, testimony is sought as to whether the police properly gathered and identified objective evidence, including the gathering of objective evidence at a crime scene and the police procedure for DNA profiling for identification. This kind of work carried out for the purpose of handling activities related to proof at trials is increasing.

Witnesses at trial involved in criminal identification (2009–2013)

(3) Prolonging of the Investigative Period that Accompanies the Abolition/Extension of the Statute of Limitation on Prosecution

In April 2010, laws were announced and enforced that revised a portion of the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, abolishing and extending the statute of limitation on prosecution of serious felonious and violent cases.

The police maintain necessary systems for cases for which an investigation headquarters is established until the case is resolved. They re-examine investigative paths, gather new information, reassess various kinds of information, probe important information, and reappraise evidence. Even in cases for which an investigation headquarters is not established, the police proceed with investigations in conformance with cases that have established investigation headquarters. On the other hand, these initiatives possess aspects that force constraints on placing investigators in other cases.
## 3 Rapidly Advancing Alternation of Generations

(1) Rapidly Advancing Alternation of Generations

Police officers are retiring in large numbers. In the 10-year period from 2003, there was a change in over 40% of regional police officers. With the rapid advancement of an alternation of generations, many young investigators are being employed while many investigators in criminal divisions are retiring. Amid this change, the number of highly experienced investigators at police stations is decreasing, and passing on investigative techniques necessary to criminal investigation is becoming an issue.

becoming shorter. Also, young investigators are required to instruct newly hired investigators, even if they have only a few years of investigative experience.

Thus, as the tradition of passing on investigative techniques simply through OJT becomes difficult, the development of organizational initiatives is necessary so that investigative skills can be systematically handed down.

## Section 3: Police Initiatives

The following are police initiatives for handling changes in the environment surrounding police investigations.

Trends in the number of years of investigative experience possessed by police investigators (1993–2013)

(2) Issues with Passing down Investigative Techniques

Traditionally, investigative techniques have been passed down through on-the-job training (OJT) in which young investigators work with highly experienced investigators to learn from older investigators and supervisors, and gain actual hands-on experience on many occasions. At police stations in particular, the alternation of generations is fast moving forward and the number of highly experienced investigators is declining, while many young investigators are being employed. This means the period of instruction for each young investigator on investigative techniques through actual work is

## 1 Initiatives Subsequent to Changes in the Social Landscape

(1) Utilization of Security Camera Images

Since security camera images are effective as proof of criminal acts and in identifying suspects, they are utilized in various scenes of a police investigation, including when confirming the movements of persons involved in a case, and publicizing images when searching for someone. They have now become indispensable for police investigations.

The data on recording media such as hard discs on which security camera images are recorded is often erased after a certain period of time because it is written over. Since some are
erased within a few days, the police are developing a system that enables security camera footage to be quickly gathered and analyzed after an incident.

In addition, security camera images collected by the police are sometimes unclear due to the performance of the recording equipment and filming circumstances. That can impede analysis, so technical developments are being advanced that sharpen images.

Image sharpening technology

(2) Measures against Various Services that are Abused as Means for Making Offenses Untraceable

When services such as mobile phones, the Internet, and savings accounts are abused, they enable criminal offenses from being traced. Therefore, the police are promoting efforts in collaboration with private businesses for measures against the abuse of such services.

### I. Mobile Phones

Sometimes mobile phones are illegally obtained when identity verification is insufficient, or falsified identity records are utilized. Because these mobile phones are actually used by a person different from the subscriber (the name under contract), it is hard to identify the user when abused in a crime.

In addition to encouraging private corporations to thoroughly conduct identity checks, the police are advancing initiatives such as requesting mobile phone service providers to confirm the identity of subscribers, based on the Mobile Phone’s Improper Use Prevention Act.

### I I. Internet

Cyberspace is characterized by a high level of anonymity and leaving little trace of criminal offenses. The police encourage confirming identity through ID documents at Internet cafe businesses and retaining records of computer usage. Also, because there are no systems in place in Japan that require businesses such as Internet providers to regularly retain traffic data, and it can be difficult to trace a criminal offender when dealing with cyber crimes, the police and relevant ministries and agencies are discussing the way of retaining traffic data.

## Police requests for subscriber confirmation (2009–2013)

No. of phone lines subject to suspension of use because subscriber identity could not be confirmed No. of phone lines already cancelled when attempting to confirm subscriber identity

No. of phone lines with confirmed subscriber identity (including cases where rental mobile phone companies confirmed subscribers)

* The results of subscriber confirmation conducted upon request from a police chief are the total number of phone lines for which the NPA received information from mobile phone service providers.
### I II. Other Services

Savings accounts in fictitious names or another person’s name are often abused in crimes such as special fraud and money laundering. Recently, services such as post office boxes and telephone answering services are also being abused in crimes such as special fraud.

In addition to striving for crackdowns on actions such as selling/buying savings accounts, the police are taking measures against savings accounts, such as providing information to financial institutions so that accounts can be frozen. Also, based on the Act on Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds, the police are collaborating with relevant institutions and working on the proper confirmation during transactions by specific businesses, such as those offering post office boxes.

## 2 Initiatives for Securing Objective Evidence (1) Collecting Objective Evidence in an Initial Investigation

I. Developing an Initial Investigation System and Comprehensive Identification Activities

To carry out investigation activities that utilize mobility, the police establish a Mobile Investigation Unit, and hurry to the scene and relevant locations when a crime occurs in order to apprehend the criminal. A Mobile Identification Unit and a Crime Scene Investigation Unit are put together to thoroughly carry out on-site identification activities, and promote R&D of relevant techniques and the development/maintenance of equipment.

### I I. Advancement in Work Handling Corpses

During 2013, the police handled approximately 170,000 corpses, which is approximately 1.2 times higher over the past 10 years.

The police are working to enhance the education and training of police officers to improve the ability to determine whether a death was caused by a crime. Even when a death investigator is unable to be on the scene, the police arrange devices that enable the death investigator to confirm the scene in real time through video and sound of the site.

## (2) Utilizing Technology

### I. Digital Forensics

Electronic devices such as computers and

## Maintaining an initial investigation system and thorough identification activities
mobile phones are becoming popular in public and being abused in various crimes. Information preserved on electronic equipment used in a crime can be important objective evidence in a criminal investigation. Digital forensics, which analyzes and turns the information into evidence through proper procedures, is becoming important.

In April 2014, the National Police Agency reinforced the Digital Forensic Center to analyze electromagnetic records that particularly require advanced technology, and gather technical information owned by private corporations that contributes to digital forensics. The center employs persons who possess advanced, special knowledge and techniques, and maintains high-performance equipment for digital forensics to extract and analyze information recorded in damaged electronic equipment.

The Act on Wiretapping for Criminal Investigation recognizes the implementation of wiretapping for various offenses such as crimes involving drugs and firearms, organized murder, and collective stowaways.

An illustration of wiretapping

### I I. DNA Profiling

The number of incidents of DNA profiling is growing each year.

The police are strengthening systems for DNA profiling and utilizing it for confirming unsentenced crimes and investigations into felonious cases, such as murders, and near-at-hand criminal offenses, such as larceny.

Trends in the number of cases implementing DNA profiling (2009–2013)

(3) Utilizing Various Investigative Methods I. Wiretapping

From 2000 when the act went into effect, until the end of 2013, wiretapping was executed for 88 cases, with a total of 412 people arrested in those cases.

### I I. Controlled Delivery

Controlled delivery is an investigative method for arresting suspects and is used in instances where, even when investigators discover contraband such as regulated drugs, rather than the police immediately making an arrest or seizure on the spot, the contraband is continued to be transported under careful observation until it is transported to relevant suspects. Utilizing this method allows law enforcement agencies to reach the core members of an organization keeping the contraband under surveillance.

The police actively utilize controlled delivery to make arrests in drug smuggling/illicit sales, and annihilate organizations committing drug offenses.
### I II. Investigative Method by Purchase

An investigative method by purchase is a method where the police make contact with illicit dealers and receive regulated drugs in criminal investigations related to contraband, such as regulated drugs.

When it is difficult to crack down on a case within a normal investigative method, the police utilize this investigation technique to make arrests in cases such as drug smuggling that are organized and carried out secretly.

## 3 Systematic Handing Down of Investigative Techniques

(1) Cultivating Criminal Investigators in Response to a New Age

To further boost the investigative skills of every investigator, the police gain experience through a variety of education and training in various investigative methods, including ways to collect objective evidence such as security camera images and DNA profiling materials, through investigative exercises in imaginary cases.

Education and training is conducted for investigation leaders at locations including the National Police Academy, Regional Police Bureaus, and Regional Police Schools. Through seminars using small-group discussion and lectures by retired police officers, improvement of knowledge and skills required for work as an investigation leader is being implemented, including establishing suitable investigative policies based on an understanding of the overall aspect of the case, developing a systematic investigation according to the nature of the case, proper interrogation methods according to a suspect's characteristics, and proper administration of the investigation that includes comprehensive supportive investigation.

An experienced investigator gives instruction (collecting footprints)

(2) Passing Down Interrogation Techniques and Sophistication of Interrogation

Based on the Program to Advance Investigation Methods and Interrogations that was drawn up in March 2012, in regard to the approach to techniques for appropriately and effectively obtaining truthful statements during interrogations and relevant methods for passing on the techniques, the National Police Agency is developing sophisticated interrogation by developing texts and educational methods that systematically organize interrogation techniques that incorporate psychological knowledge in order to make improvements that meet the times.

## Section 4: Investigative Methods in Other Countries

The police are developing initiatives to handle transformations in the investigative environment brought about by changes in the social climate and system reforms. The

A comparison of investigative methods in Japan and Europe/the United States (United Kingdom, United States, Germany, France, Italy, Australia)

Japan	United Kingdom	United States	Germany	France	Italy	Australia
Wiretapping	Restrictions	○	○	○	○	○	○	○
No. of warrants issued annually (per 100,000 population)	64 (approx. 0.05)	Approx. 3,400 (approx. 6)	Approx. 3,400 (approx. 1)	Approx. 24,000 (approx. 29)	Undisclosed	Approx. 127,000 (approx. 222)	Approx. 4,200 (approx. 21)
Conversation monitoring	✗	○	○	○	○	○	○
Undercover operations	✗	○	○	○	○	○	○
## 1 Looking Ahead

## (1) Response to Changes in Social Situation

Recently, the acquisition of information from private businesses that are necessary to an investigation, such as transmission history and security camera images, and sophisticated analysis of crime environments and methodology, are becoming more and more important to conducting quick and accurate investigations.

Therefore, the National Police Agency established the Director for Criminal Intelligence Support in the Criminal Affairs Bureau in April 2014 to further reinforce such initiatives.

The Director for Criminal Intelligence Support will collaborate with relevant businesses and ministries and agencies to carry out initiatives that enable the opportune and smooth acquisition of information necessary to a criminal investigation. It will also promote efforts to prevent and eliminate the criminal abuse of new systems and services, such as mobile phones and savings accounts, that accompany advancements in technology. In addition, gathering and analyzing information related to crimes across division barriers will achieve further optimization of information analysis and destroy criminal networks.

(2) Response to Changes in the Method of Investigations

I. Examining the Approach to Audiovisual Recordings in Interrogations in Anticipation of Trial

Based on the fact that audiovisual recordings in interrogations are useful as proof of the reliability and voluntary nature of statements in trial, the police will examine the further active implementation of audiovisual recordings in interrogations for cases subject to trial by lay judges where there is risk of a dispute arising over the reliability and voluntary nature of a defendant's statements in the investigative stage.

However, when audiovisual recordings of interrogations are made, the suspect may not give a statement due to fear of reprisal, a sense of shame, or hatred. Thus, these possible adverse effects must be heeded in consideration of the trial-based audiovisual recordings.

### I I. Research and Development on New Methods for Collecting Objective Evidence

a. Test Methods for DNA Profiling of Degraded Materials

Because DNA is likely to be degraded and fragmented as time passes, the currently used DNA profiling method of STR typing is

The duties of the Director for Criminal Intelligence Support
sometimes unable to provide DNA profile from aged samples.

Therefore, a new test method has been developed to enable the identification even from fragmented DNA, and at present its verification and research are being performed to introduce this method toward an actual casework testing.

DNA test equipment

b. Discrimination Method for Biologically Derived Evidence Utilizing DNA

With the aim of identifying evidence using DNA analysis, examination methods are being developed for discrimination of minute evidence derived from organisms other than humans, such as pollen and wood that are collected at a crime scene.

c. New Identification Methods Based on Security Camera Images

When a face captured in a security camera image is not clear or hidden by sunglasses or a mask, it can be difficult to make an identification.

Therefore, technologies are being developed that enable identification by combining features such as height, body type, and gait (physical movements when walking, such as stride, posture, arm swing, etc.).

An example of gait analysis

On the left are the characteristics of body shape and posture gained from footage of an individual walking. The images in the middle and on the right indicate characteristic movements when walking.

### d. Advancements in the Polygraph Test

The polygraph test is an investigative technique that utilizes changes in the
physical response (physiological responses such as heart rate, blood vessel constriction, etc.) of the person taking the test to determine whether he/she recognizes criminal facts.

Today, an individual with expert knowledge visually observes the test records and judges whether the person subjected to the polygraph test recognizes facts, but efforts are being made to establish methods for quantitatively evaluating physiological responses based on statistics and improvements to the polygraph equipment.

## (3) Reviewing the Adoption of New Investigative Methods

Given the changes in the investigative environment, the National Police Agency is collaborating with agencies, such as the Ministry of Justice, and considering broadening the range of permissible wiretapping. It is also moving ahead with research on conversation monitoring and undercover operations, which are two kinds of investigative methods already being utilized in other countries whose adoption could be effective in police investigations in Japan.

## 2 Conclusion

The regional community in Japan was once vital to solving cases as a foundation for understanding and cooperating within police investigations. However, human relations have weakened recently, making it difficult to conduct people-based investigations, such as the acquisition of eyewitness reports through canvassing. In addition, although various systems and services have made the lives of citizens more convenient, they are constantly being abused as a means to commit offenses without leaving behind traces of the crimes. Furthermore, amid a trend of focusing on objective evidence in a series of judicial system reforms, the work of gathering and assessing objective evidence is growing.

In this way, the approach to police investigations is being forced to adjust due to changes in the investigative environment. To fulfill responsibilities and duties of protecting the life, physical body, and property of an individual, and maintain public safety and order, the police will strive to develop an environment that enables the smooth acquisition of information necessary to investigations, and constantly examine approaches to police investigations in response to changing times, including new measures for gathering objective evidence and the adoption of investigative methods.
市区町村名

市区町村	旧市区町村	農業集落	調査区	経営体

## 2005 年農林業センサス

## 農林業経営体調査票

沖縄県用

平成16年12月1日現在

記入する前に、必ず「調査票の記入の仕方」をご覧ください。

この調査票は、統計以外の目的には使用しませんので、ありのままを記入してください。

經營主の氏名又は農林業経営体の名称・代表者名
住所 又は所在地
電話番号

## 最初にすべての方が記入してください。

1 家族による経営(農家又は林家)ですか。

(該当する番号を必ず一つで囲みます)

2 経営の法人化の状況等について記入してください。

家族による 経営である	家族による 経営でない
101	1	2

(該当する番号を必ず一つ〇で囲みます)

法 人 化 し で い る	地方公共団体・財産区	法人化していない
農事組合法人	会 株式会社	有限会社	合名・合資会社	相互会社	各種団体	その他の法人
農協	森林組合	その他の各種団体
102	01	02	03	04	05	06	07	08	09	10	11

3 本社・支社の別について記入してください。

(該当に○印を記入します)

単独

本社・本店

支社・支店

本社·本店

1 で「家族による経営である」と答えた方

支社・支店の場合は、本社・本店の名称、所在地、電話番号を記入してください。

名 称

所在地

電話番号 — —

2ページの【1】世帯に進んでください。

「家族による経営でない」と答えた方

林業のみを行っている方

それ以外の方

10ページの【11】山林に進んでください。

4ページの【2】農業経営の特徴に進んでください。
## 表紙の設問で「家族による経営である」と答えた方のみ記入してください。

## [1]世带

1 世帯員は何人ですか。……

2 満14歳以下の世帯員（平成元年12月……1日以降に生まれた人）は何人ですか。

3 満15歳以上の世帯員（平成元年11月30日までに生まれた人）について記入してください。

## 記入上の注意

・世帯員とは、一緒に生活している人のことです。現在、出稼ぎなどのために家にいなくても、生計を一緒にしている人は世帯員とします。

1 年間（平成15年12月～平成16年11月）の（日数の数え方は、1日は8時間とし、例えば

なまえ	満年齢(平成16年12月1日現在の年齢)	男女別(男 女)	世帯主との統柄(下表当の中から選び入)	自营農業に従事した日数(経営している農業への従事日数と委託を受けて行った農作業の日数を合わせたもの)	自营農業以外の仕事に従事した日数(経営している農業への従事日数と委託を受けて行った農作業の日数を合わせたもの)	自营農業以外の仕事に従事した日数(経営している農業への従事日数と委託を受けて行った農作業の日数を合わせたもの)
①	②(蔵)	③	④	⑤	⑥
一つを必ず○	該当番号	一つを必ず○で囲みます	一つを必ず○で囲みます
(世帯主)	01	1 2	0 1	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
02	1 2	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
03	1 2	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
04	1 2	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
05	1 2	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
06	1 2	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
07	1 2	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
08	1 2	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

世帯主	世帯主の配偶者	子	子の配偶者	世帯主の父母	世帯主の配偶者の父母	兄弟姊妹	祖父母	孫	孫の配偶者	その父母の配偶者	姪姪等
↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓
01	02	03	04	05	06	07	08	09	10	11

⑧、⑨のいずれかに〇印がある場合のみ記入してください。

4 世帯としての所得は自营農業と自营農業以外のどちらが主ですか。

5 お宅では、次のような農業生産組織に構成員として参加していますか。

(該当するものすべてを〇で囲みます)

機械・施設の共同利用組織	要託を受けて誤作業を行う組織	協業経営体	オベレーターとして使うした場合は0年
107	1	1	1	1
## 用語の説明

・経営主とは、男女を問わず、農業経営又は林業経営の責任を負っている者とします。

・農業経営（林業経営）の後継者とは、満15歳以上の者で、経営主から次の代に農業経営（林業経営）を継承することが確認されている者とします。

状況について記入してください。 半日ずつ2日働いたら1日とします)

以外の仕事状況