Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
second or later child is less than half of that due to the first child. Food expenditure on parents appears to decrease substantially, especially during the first half of their child rearing period.

#### 4.2 Fuel, Light, and Water Charges (Figure 4.2 and Table 3)

Fuel, light, and water charges related to child rearing increase as a child grows older, although expenditure on such charges is smaller than such expenditure on parents. The increase in expenditure on charges due to a second or later child is approximately half of that due to the first child, again suggesting economies of scale in child rearing.

#### 4.3 Furniture and Household Utensils (Figure 4.3 and Table 3)

Increases in expenditure on furniture and household utensils due to having a child appear to be small, except in the short period immediately after the birth of the first child. Those due to a second or later child are almost negligible.

#### 4.4 Clothes and Footwear (Figure 4.4 and Table 3)

Clothing is the category in which the gender gap in consumption is the most prominent. In line with expectations, clothing expenditure on girls is significantly higher than that on boys. Households economize on clothing expenses for a second or later child, although it appears that they will invariably incur higher clothing expenditures for girls during their adolescence. The gender gap in clothing consumption also holds good for parental couples. Mothers typically spend more on clothes and footwear than their spouses, although they spend less than comparable childless wives.

#### 4.5 Medical Care (Figure 4.5 and Table 3)

Annual medical care expenditures are high in the year that a baby is born, $ ^{9} $ decrease rapidly during early childhood, and fall to nearly zero at the end of adolescence. While medical expenses in the birth year are essentially the same for first-born and later children and therefore look unavoidable,
medical expenses in subsequent years are lower for the second or later children. In line with expectations, medical care expenses on parents, especially females, increase gradually as they become older, especially from around the mid-50s, and generally continue to rise throughout.

#### 4.6 Transportation and Communication (Figure 4.6 and Table 3)

Transportation and communication expenditures on children, especially prior to adolescence, look small relative to such expenditures on the parents. There are neither economies of scale nor a gender gap for this consumption category.

#### 4.7 Education (Figure 4.7 and Table 3)

Annual household expenditure on education, which is assumed to be assignable only to children, appears to have two peaks, one around preschool years and one around high school years. $ ^{10} $ The latter peak, around high school years (for the first child), exceeds 500,000 yen, and is the largest item in child rearing expenditure. Contrary to expectation, educational expenses for boys and girls are not visibly different. While the expenses for the second or later child follow a similar age profile with two peaks, they are smaller than those for the first child, probably reflecting economies of scale or the fact that parents spend more on educating an only child.

#### 4.8 Culture and Recreation (Figure 4.8 and Table 3)

Culture and recreation expenditures have a single peak around the elementary school years, which is in contrast with expenditures for education. As a child reaches its teens and educational costs start to increase, parents probably save on culture and recreation expenses in order to provide their child with a satisfactory education. Increases in household expenditure on culture and recreation due to a second or later child are less than one-third of the increase due to the first child. Expenses on culture and recreation by parents on themselves decrease substantially during the first half of their child rearing period.
#### 4.9 Other Consumption (Figure 4.9 and Table 3)

The age-consumption profiles for other consumption expenditures (excluding remittances), which are assumed to be assignable only to parents, differ greatly between fathers and mothers. Other consumption expenditures for fathers look broadly constant, except for a fall after retirement age, whereas those for mothers continue increasing until they reach retirement age. In addition, “other expenditures” by men are noticeably reduced when they have at least one child, although those by women remain unchanged.

### 4.10 Total Consumption Expenditures (Figure 5 and Table 3)

Total consumption expenditure on a child can now be calculated as the sum of the estimates for the nine consumption categories above. First, irrespective of gender, the total expenditure on the first child cumulated over the period from birth through age 18 is about 16.5 million yen. While this estimate appears more or less comparable with that reported in Table 2.2 for total consumption excluding remittances, it should be noted that the corrected estimate here does not include housing expenses, so that the overall expenditure is actually greater than that reported in Table 2.2. On the other hand, the estimate of the cumulative expenditure on a second or later child of roughly 5.6 million yen is larger now than that in the preliminary estimate, suggesting that the economies of scale in child rearing appear to have been exaggerated in the preliminary estimates. Although expenditures on boys and girls turn out to be significantly different for most of the subcategories, the total expenditure appears to be approximately the same for both, thus supporting the finding in the preliminary regression.

## 5 Estimates for the Past Quarter of a Century

While the previous sections provide some indications of child rearing expenses in recent years, the estimates say little about trends in the (relative) cost of bringing up children in Japan. Therefore, the same methodology is applied to the other two five-year intervals mentioned at the outset, i.e., 1984–1988 and 1994–1998. In addition, the shares of the different consumption categories in the
total expenditure on children, as well as total family expenditure on children relative to the estimated consumption expenditure by parents (cumulated over the age interval from 23 to 64), are calculated.

Comparing the results for the three five-year intervals clearly illustrates an upward trend in the expenditure on children (Table 4). Cumulative expenditure (excluding housing and remittances) for the first child increased 1.8-fold in absolute terms, from 9.2 million yen in the mid-1980s to the current 16.6 million yen. When there is more than one child in a household, the increase in child expenditure is slightly more modest, 1.6-fold, suggesting that there may be a trend for parents to choose to have only one child on which they can concentrate household resources.

Focusing on the composition of expenditures, there has been relatively little change during the period, with education, food, and culture and recreation being the three major components of child rearing expenditures, accounting for more than 70% of the total. Although the share of education expenditure appears to have increased at the expense of expenditure on culture and recreation in recent years, the shares of expenditure categories – including those that make up only a small share – look relatively stable. Therefore, except for the sharp increase in education expenditure, the observed increase in overall expenditure on children appears to be the result not of an increase in a specific subcategory but of a general increase in all subcategories.

The increasing burden of expenditures on children looks even more serious when they are examined relative to the estimated expenditure by parents on themselves. In the case of households with one child, the ratio of child rearing expenditure to the parents' expenditure on themselves increased from 9% in 1984–1988 to 16% in 2004–2008. Meanwhile, for two children households, the ratio increased from 13% to 21%, and for three children households from 18% to 27%. These increases in the ratio mean that while expenditures on children increased drastically, parents were forced to curtail expenditure on themselves. Comparing consumption expenditure on themselves by adult couples with and without children (see the column labeled “(b)/(a)” in the row showing the consumption by an adult couple in Table 4) provides further indication that, in more recent years, parental couples have reduced expenditure on themselves relative to couples without a child. Although the results obtained here by themselves do not allow a definite conclusion, they suggest that
an important factor underlying Japan’s declining birthrate is the increasing cost of child rearing both in absolute terms and as a share in household expenditure.

## 6 Conclusion

This study attempted to estimate the average expenditure on children by families in Japan – an issue of considerable pertinence given the country’s declining birthrate. On the basis of rich information on household expenditure and demographics obtained from the FIES, several regressions were performed to assign household expenditures to a specific member of each household.

Calculating total child rearing expenditure as the sum of the estimates for individual consumption subcategories, it was found that, for the period 2004–2008, total expenditure on the first child (excluding housing expenses and remittances) cumulated from birth through age 18 came to about 16.5 million yen. When there are two or more children in a household, the expenditure increase due to a second or later child is much smaller than that due to the first child, suggesting economies of scale in child rearing. While expenditures on boys and girls differ significantly when examined on a subcategory basis, there is little gender-based difference in the total expenditure on a child. Estimates of the expenditure on children show a clear upward trend, not only in absolute terms, but also relative to the expenditure by parents on themselves. Parents, especially fathers, appear to have been forced to more and more curtail their own expenses (relative to childless adult males) in recent years, indicating that the burden of child rearing in Japan is increasing.

The findings obtained in this study have numerous policy implications. For example, the large and rapidly increase in child rearing costs suggest that there is a need for child rearing support, given Japan’s very low birthrate. The estimate of child rearing expenditures obtained here could be used to determine child allowances. Several of the findings regarding the items and timing of child rearing expenses, such as the heavy medical costs around childbirth and the costs of education during high school years, may be useful in locating problem areas on which child-support programs need to focus. $ ^{11} $ The observed economies of scale in child rearing suggest that the government
should design programs to target second and later children, rather than treating all children (including only children) equally, to make the programs more effective as a countermeasure to the falling birthrate. The estimates of expenditure on children in this study are experimental and several important items are not included, such as housing costs, costs related to childbirth, parental expenses on children after age 19, including college education costs, and the indirect costs involved in child rearing. This means that further studies on these and related issues in the context of evidence-based policy are all the more necessary.
## References

Bargain O. and Donni O. (2010), “The Measurement of Child Costs: A Rothbarth-Type Method Consistent with Scale Economies and Parents’ Bargaining,” CEPS/INSTEAD Working Papers No. 2010-30.

Bargain O., Donni O., and Gbakou M. (2010), “The Measurement of Child Costs: Evidence from Ireland,” The Economic and Social Review 41(1): 1-20.

Bassi J. L. and Barnow S. B. (1993), “Expenditures on Children and Child Support Guidelines,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 12(3): 478-497.

Cabinet Office (2005), “The Cost and Time of Child Rearing,” chapter 3 of the White Paper on the National Lifestyle 2005 (in Japanese).

Lino M. (2001), “Expenditures on Children by Families: U.S. Department of Agriculture Estimates and Alternative Estimators,” Journal of Legal Economics 11(2): 31-48.

Lino M. (2010), Expenditures on Children by Families, 2009, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Miscellaneous Publication No. 1528-2009.

Lino M. and Carlson A. (2010), “Estimating Housing Expenses on Children: A Comparison of Methodologies,” Journal of Legal Economics 16(2), 61-79.

Mankiw G. N. and Weil D. N. (1989), “The Baby Boom, the Baby Bust, and the Housing Market,” Regional Science and Urban Economics, 19(2): 235-258.

Menon M. and Perali F. (2009), “Econometric Identification of the Cost of Maintaining a Child,” Department of Economics Working Paper Series No. 63, University of Verona.

Oyama M. (2006) “Measuring Cost of Children Using Equivalence Scale on Japanese Panel Data” (sic), Applied Economics Letters 13(7): 409-415.

Rosenbaum D. T. and Ruhm C. J. (2007), “Family Expenditures on Child Care,” The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 7(1), Topics, Article 34.

Suruga T. (1993), “Estimation of Equivalence Scale using Japanese Data” (sic), The Economic Studies Quarterly 4(2), 169-177.
Table 2: Cumulated Consumption Expenditure (Based on 2004-2008 FIES Observations)

Age	Son	Daughter	Husband (Father)	Wife (Mother)
1st Child	Others	1st Child	Others	Without Children	With at Least One Child	Without Children	With at Least One Child
7.2.1 Consumption Expenditure (Total)
0-18	18,856	3,315	19,012	3,605
(1,042)	(222)	(1,043)	(224)
19-23	4,300	1,174	4,608	1,397
(262)	(160)	(260)	(149)
23-43	36,989	23,896	30,606	23,674
(999)	(805)	(928)	(1,304)
44-64	39,207	29,676	42,133	42,292
(593)	(484)	(606)	(911)
Statistical Significance of the Differences
1st Child vs. Other Children	Son vs. Daughter	With vs. Without Children	Husband vs. Wife
(Son)	(Daughter)	(1st Child)	(Others)	(Husband)	(Wife)	(Without Ch.)	(With Ch.)
0-18	***	***
19-23	***	***	*
23-43	***	***	(***/**)	( / )
44-64	***	(***/ )	(***/***)
Number of Observations	471,463
Adjusted R-squared	0.601
7.2.2 Consumption Expenditure Excluding Remittances
0-18	16,878	4,690	17,049	4,936
(995)	(212)	(997)	(214)
19-23	3,937	1,880	3,989	2,062
(250)	(153)	(249)	(143)
23-43	37,107	23,011	30,274	24,931
(955)	(769)	(886)	(1246)
44-64	35,948	27,311	37,269	41,602
(567)	(463)	(579)	(871)
Statistical Significance of the Differences
1st Child vs. Other Children	Son vs. Daughter	With vs. Without Children	Husband vs. Wife
(Son)	(Daughter)	(1st Child)	(Others)	(Husband)	(Wife)	(Without Ch.)	(With Ch.)
0-18	***	***
19-23	***	***
23-43	***	***	(***/***)	( /***)
44-64	***	***	(/* )	(***/***)
Number of Observations	471,463
Adjusted R-squared	0.607

Note: Parameters are estimated by OLS.
Table 3: Cumulated Consumption Expenditure by Category (Based on 2004-2008 FIES Data)

Son	Daughter	Husband (Father)	Wife (Mother)	1st Child vs. Other Children	Statistical Significance of the Differences
1st child	Others	1st child	Others	Without Children	With at Least One Child	Without Children	With at Least One Child	(Son)	(Daughter)	Son vs. Daughter (1st child)	(Others)	With vs. Without a Child (Husband)	(Wife)	Husband vs. Wife (Without Ch. (With Ch.)
(1) Food	Number of Observations=	444,102	Adjusted R-squared=	0.859
0-18	4,887	1,882	4,526	1,556	***	***	***	***
19-23	992	694	872	519	***	***	***	***
23-43	7,962	4,849	5,314	3,815	***	***	(***/***)	(***/***)
44-64	8,758	6,865	7,395	7,860	***	***	(***/***)	(***/***)
(2) Fuel, Light, and Water	Number of Observations=	444,102	Adjusted R-squared=	0.784
0-18	979	495	949	475	***	***	*
19-23	296	251	267	214	***	***	***	***
23-43	2,270	1,165	1,486	2,285	***	***	(***/***)	(***/***)
44-64	2,622	1,670	2,149	2,928	***	***	(***/***)	(***/***)
(3) Furniture & Household Utensils	Number of Observations=	444,102	Adjusted R-squared=	0.124
0-18	415	91	318	88	***	**	*
19-23	30	-5	65	34	*	*
23-43	1,162	649	910	866	***	(** / )	( / *** )
44-64	965	895	1,529	1,493	(** / *** )	(***/***)
(4) Clothing & Footwear	Number of Observations=	444,102	Adjusted R-squared=	0.217
0-18	1,066	-3	1,342	256	***	***	***	***
19-23	124	-47	269	105	***	***	***	***
23-43	1,234	826	2,129	1,076	***	***	(** /***)	( / )
44-64	882	1,205	2,516	1,794	***	***	(***/***)	(***/***)
(5) Medical Care	Number of Observations=	444,102	Adjusted R-squared=	0.144
0-18	804	265	781	269	***	***	***
19-23	14	19	32	16
23-43	1,384	665	1,239	504	***	***	(** /** )	( / )
44-64	1,207	1,186	1,729	1,753	( / *** )	( * / *** )

Notes: Estimation is by OLS. The coefficient estimates give the predicted average consumption expenditures by age, sex, etc. Estimates reported in this table are calculated as sums of the estimated parameters over the respective age ranges.

***, **, and * denote that the null hypothesis is rejected at the 1, 5, and 10 percent significance level, respectively.
Table 3 (continued): Cumulated Consumption Expenditure by Category (based on 2004-2008 FIES data)

Son	Daughter	Husband (Father)	Wife (Mother)	Statistical Significance of the Differences
1st child	Others	1st child	Others	Without Children	With at Least One Child	Without Children	With at Least One Child	1st Child vs. Other Children (Son)	Son vs. Daughter (Daughter)	With vs. Without a Child (Others)	With (Husband)	Wife (Wife)	(Without Ch. (With Ch.)
(6) Transport. & Communication	Number of Observations=	444,102	Adjusted R-squared=	0.099
13-18	1,250	430	1,235	235	**
19-23	626	433	531	367
23-43	5,973	4,763	5,180	4,834	**	( / )	( / )
44-64	4,992	3,881	4,911	5,407	***	( / )	( ** / *** )
(7) Education	Number of Observations=	444,102	Adjusted R-squared=	0.197
0-18	4,622	2,043	4,586	2,105	***	***
19-23	1,576	907	1,449	668	***	***	***
(8) Culture & Recreation	Number of Observations=	444,102	Adjusted R-squared=	0.274
0-18	2,524	417	2,854	611	***	***	***
19-23	129	-70	235	110	***	**	***
23-43	3,969	2,507	3,834	1,028	***	( / )	( *** / *** )
44-64	3,354	3,220	4,231	3,884	( *** / ** )	( / *** )
(9) Other Consumption ex. Remitt.	Number of Observations=	444,102	Adjusted R-squared=	0.248
23-43	7,752	6,596	5,350	5,375	**	( *** / ** )	( ** / )
44-64	8,306	7,035	10,268	10,598	***	( / *** )	( *** / *** )
Total Consumption Expenditures (=1)+(2)+(3)+(4)+(5)+(6)+(7)+(8)+(9))
0-18	16,547	5,620	16,593	5,595
19-23	3,787	2,182	3,721	2,033
23-43	31,706	22,020	25,443	19,784
44-64	31,087	25,957	34,729	35,718

Notes. Estimation is by OLS. The coefficient estimates give the predicted average consumption expenditures by age, sex, etc. Estimates reported in this table are calculated as sums of the estimated parameters over the respective age ranges. $ ^{***} $ , $ ^{**} $ , and $ ^{*} $ denote that the null hypothesis is rejected at the 1, 5, and 10 percent significance level, respectively.

Total consumption expenditure is the sum of the nine categories and therefore does not include housing expenditure and remittances.
Table 4: Families' Consumption Expenditure per Child (From Age 0 to 18): 2004-2008, 1994-1998, and 1984-1988

(Unit: 1,000 yen)

2004-2008	1994-1998	1984-1988
One Child (Male & Female Average)	Two Children (Male & Female Average)	Three Children (Male & Female Average)	One Child (Male & Female Average)	Two Children (Male & Female Average)	Three Children (Male & Female Average)	One Child (Male & Female Average)	Two Children (Male & Female Average)
Value	Share	Value	Share	Value	Share	Value	Share	Value	Share	Value	Share	Value	Share	Value
Per Child by Category
Food	4,707	28%	3,213	29%	2,715	29%	4,189	29%	3,100	31%	2,738	31%	2,689	29%	2,197
Fuel, Light, and Water	964	6%	725	7%	645	7%	921	6%	690	7%	613	7%	840	9%	587
Furniture, etc.	366	2%	228	2%	182	2%	4	0%	26	0%	33	0%	-110	-1%	-50
Clothing, etc.	1,204	7%	665	6%	486	5%	436	3%	278	3%	226	3%	559	6%	282
Medical Care	792	5%	530	5%	442	5%	669	5%	499	5%	443	5%	383	4%	292
Transp. & Commun.	1,242	7%	787	7%	636	7%	1,352	9%	720	7%	510	6%	605	7%	273
Education	4,604	28%	3,339	30%	2,917	32%	3,947	28%	3,115	31%	2,837	33%	2,189	24%	1,902
Culture & Recreation	2,689	16%	1,602	14%	1,239	13%	2,783	19%	1,692	17%	1,328	15%	2,040	22%	1,247
Per Child Total	16,570	100%	11,089	100%	9,262	100%	14,300	100%	10,121	100%	8,727	100%	9,195	100%	6,730
1.8	1.6	1.6
Family Total Exp. on Children (Relative to Parental Couple Exp.)	16,570	22,178	27,785	14,300	20,241	26,182	9,195	13,459
16%	21%	27%	12%	17%	22%	9%	13%
(Cf.)	Couple without Children (Sum of Hus. & Wife)	Parental Couple (Sum of Hus. & Wife)	Couple without Children (Sum of Hus. & Wife)	Parental Couple (Sum of Hus. & Wife)	Couple without Children (Sum of Hus. & Wife)	Parental Couple (Sum of Hus. & Wife)
Value (a)	Value (b)	(b)/(a)	Value (a)	Value (b)	(b)/(a)	Value (a)	Value (b)
Cons. by an Adult Couple (Aged 23 to 64)	122,965	103,480	84%	131,126	116,394	89%	107,548	100,685
Annual Income (Aged 23 to 64)	274,384	260,394	95%	285,311	277,274	97%	201,200	206,355
Household Head Wages (Aged 23 to 64)	188,659	207,449	110%	203,265	225,089	111%	159,105	173,216

Notes: Total consumption expenditure in this table is the sum of the eight categories above (from food to culture & recreation) and therefore does not include housing expenditure and remittances.
Figure 1: Number of Individual Observations in the FIES by Sex and Age
Figure 2: Annual Consumption by Sex, Age, Etc., Calculated from the Estimates

2.1 Consumption Expenditure (Total), 2004-2008

2.2 Consumption Exp. (excl. Remittances), 2004-2008

Note: Average consumption expenditures by age are calculated using OLS estimated parameters.
Figure 3: A Few Examples of Problematic Estimates
Figure 4: Annual Consumption by Category (2004-2008) Calculated from the OLS Estimates
Figure 5: Annual Consumption Calculated as the Sum of Individual Categories

Consumption (excl. Housing Expenditure and Remittances), 2004-2008

Note: Average consumption (by age, sex, ...) is calculated as the sum of the eight estimated consumption categories.
# 福島県会津若松市

# 福島県立会津学鳳中学校・高等学校

■学科等／中高一貫·総合学科

■クラス数／中学校9クラス、高等学校18クラス

☑生徒数／中学校270人、高等学校711人

■建築主／福島県

所在地／福島県会津若松市一箕町大字八幡字八幡1-1

☑工事種別／新築

■敷地面積／86,835m²

■延床面積／21,954m²

■竣工／2007年8月

# 大小の教室と自習スペースの 効果的な配置で生徒の主体性を引き出す

履修人数と授業内容に合わせた教室の構成展開と、生徒の活動の場を一体的に整備した。

計画に見られる

指針改訂のポイント

1. 主体性を養う空間の充実

2. 学習・生活空間の質の維持・向上

3. 効果的・効率的な施設整備

中学棟と高等学校棟を結ぶブリッジから見た中庭

☑配置図

■2階平面図
# 1. 主体性を養う空間の充実 └ 生徒の目標達成や自己向上を実現するための空間を効果的に配置

1 生徒の多様なニーズに対応できる蔵書を完備。昼休みや放課後は生徒が積極的に利用している。

3 読書室。図書室と直接行き来ができるが、雑音等が伝わらないよう隔てられている。落ち着いた雰囲気で自習ができる。

2 職員室とは別に各学群ごとに設けられたステーションには教員が詰めており、いつでも生徒の相談を受けることができる。

4 2階図書室平面図。

53 階図書室平面図。

## 校長の視点

## 生徒の目的に応じて 柔軟な対応ができる

設計者には、本校の目指す生徒像「夢の実現に向けて主体的に学ぶ生徒」のとおり一人ひとりの生徒が個性を伸ばせる空間を学校全体につくってほしいと依頼しました。その結果、校内のさまざまな箇所に生徒が進んで学ぶための空間が整備されました。

本校には選択科目が多数あり、大学や企業から講師を招いて講義を行うことも頻繁に実施しているので、それに対応した教室を整えています。また生徒の自学のために、図書室や自習スペースはもちろん、生徒の動線のいたるところにテーブルやいすを配置しており、進学用の資料や教材を置くなどいつでも誰でも利用できるようにしています。そしてその生徒たちをフォローする教員の居場所にも気を配りより生徒に近い場所に待機できるスペースを用意しました。生徒自身も有効にこのような場所を使っており、自律性を高めています。ごく自然な形で生徒間や生徒と教員のコミュニケーションが行われています。(写真1～3、6～10)
# 2. 学習・生活空間の質の維持・向上 講義室とラウンジとが適切な距離を保ちながら一体的に配置されている

6 生徒や教員が往来し、各部分の出来事が自然に認識できるオープンなつくりになっている。

7 教室の前後のドアはラウンジの脇の通路につながっている。

## 8 3階平面図。

9 生徒ラウンジは、自習や着替え、昼食をとるなどいろいろな目的で利用されている。生徒の自発的な掲示場所もある。

10 ラウンジにつくられた中学校棟が望めるカウンター。採光豊かで明るい自習スペースとなっている。

## 教職員の視点

## 大小の教室それぞれの工夫が生きている

校内の施設で最も効率的に使われているのが大講義室です。生徒・保護者・教員・外部から招いた講師や地域の人々すべてに利用される空間であり、使われ方も多種にわたっています。200～250人規模の行事が行えるので、学年会や説明会、外部講師による講義にも使用しています。

一方、ホームルーム兼講義室や小講義室はそれぞれ目的に応じた設計がされており、授業内容に対応しています。生徒はその部屋に入ることで頭の切り替えができ、授業に集中できているようです。また、それぞれの教室が自然な動線でつながっているため、授業間の移動もスムースにできています。

小講義室での設備面での配慮としては、採光の工夫をしています。

ホームルームは廊下側にも大きな窓が設けられていますが、小講義室は廊下側の窓はドアの一部のみとなっています。そこで室内に大きい窓を設置して光をたくさん入れることで閉塞感を取り払っています。これにより、小規模な空間にいながらも開放的な気分で生徒は授業を受けることができています。(写真11、14、図15)