Table 3: Estimates of two-phase model: Tobit estimates of physician-initiated expenditures and Probit estimates of patient-initiated choice for high-tech treatments on first admission

Explanatory variables	Equation (1) Physician-initiated expenditures for high-tech treatments (Tobit)	Equation (2) Patient-initiated choice for high-tech treatments (Probit)
CATH Coefficient (Std err.)	Marginal effect	Coefficient (Std err.)	PTCA Marginal effect	Coefficient (Std err.)	Marginal effect	CATH Coefficient (Std err.)	Marginal effect	Coefficient (Std err.)	PTCA Marginal effect	Coefficient (Std err.)	Marginal effect
1. Density at municipal level
Number of hospital beds per 100,000 population	-0.002 (0.001)	-0.002	c	-0.004 (0.002)	-0.003	c	-0.001 (0.0005)	-0.0001	b	-0.001 (0.0004)	-0.0002	b
Number of high-tech hospitals (PTCA available) per 100,000 population	1.286 (0.379)	1.256	a	1.420 (0.651)	1.089	a	0.462 (0.135)	0.081	a	0.194 (0.099)	0.072	a
Number of low-tech hospitals (no PTCA available) per 100,000 population	-0.204 (0.072)	-0.199	a	-0.207 (0.124)	-0.159	b	-0.077 (0.026)	-0.014	a	-0.027 (0.019)	-0.010	c
Number of high volume hospitals with more than 100 beds per 100,000 population	0.734 (0.462)	0.716	c	1.127 (0.783)	0.864	c	0.314 (0.172)	0.055	b	0.221 (0.124)	0.082	b
Number of physicians per 100,000 populat	0.026 (0.010)	0.026	a	0.051 (0.016)	0.039	a	0.012 (0.005)	0.002	a	0.010 (0.003)	0.004	a
Population density (per squared kilometer)	-0.001 (0.0002)	-0.001	a	-0.001 (0.0004)	-0.0004	c	-0.0003 (0.0001)	-0.00005	a	-0.0001 (0.0001)	-0.00004	b
2. Patient outcomes
1st hospitalization-total hospital days	-6.273 (8.798)	0.035	0.018 (0.015)	0.014	0.014	0.014	0.002	a	0.001 (0.002)	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003
3. Patient characteristics
Female	0.411 (0.204)	-5.949	a	-9.813 (14.778)	-6.594	0.5828 (4.515)	-0.996	-7.596 (3.769)	-0.989	a	0.989	a
Age	-0.005 (0.002)	0.402	a	0.484 (0.347)	0.371	0.034 (0.075)	0.006	0.044 (0.053)	0.016	0.016	0.016	0.016
Age_squared	0.216 (0.278)	-0.004	-0.006 (0.003)	-0.005	a	-0.001 (0.001)	-0.0001	-0.001 (0.000)	-0.0002	c	0.0002	c
Female*Age	-0.002 (0.002)	0.210	0.186 (0.468)	0.142	0.175 (0.137)	0.031	0.031	0.215 (0.115)	0.080	b	0.080	b
Female*Age_squared	-0.008 (0.154)	-0.002	0.000 (0.004)	0.000	0.000	-0.001 (0.001)	-0.0002	-0.001 (0.001)	-0.001	b	0.001	b
Number of family members living with a pat	0.732 (0.585)	-0.008	-0.035 (0.262)	-0.026	0.003	-0.001 (0.050)	-0.001	-0.001 (0.039)	-0.0005	0.0005	0.0005	0.0005
Presence of spouse	-0.684 (0.808)	0.713	2.591 (1.002)	1.927	a	0.225 (0.188)	0.042	0.350 (0.147)	0.133	a	0.133	a
Employees' health insurance	-1.029 (0.773)	-0.668	-1.990 (1.355)	-1.515	c	-0.239 (0.280)	-0.043	-0.313 (0.209)	-0.116	c	0.116	c
National health insurance	0.379 (0.856)	-1.004	-1.937 (1.297)	-1.481	c	-0.366 (0.262)	-0.065	-0.283 (0.199)	-0.105	0.105	0.105	0.105
Health insurance for the elderly	0.308 (0.462)	0.370	2.295 (1.451)	1.784	c	0.110 (0.272)	0.019	0.339 (0.216)	0.122	c	0.122	c
4. Cormorbidity variables
Continence: occasionally incontinent	-37.041	-11.114	-53.097	-7.872	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
.	.	.	.	.	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Continence: no urine output	-3.946 (4.346)	-3.729	0.373 (7.250)	0.288	0.882 (0.952)	-0.243	-0.060 (0.948)	-0.060 (0.948)	-0.022	0.022	0.022	0.022
Continence: Unknown Urinary Continence	2.642 (1.533)	2.604	b	6.952 (2.600)	5.936	a	0.721 (0.491)	0.081	c	0.916 (0.422)	0.260	a
Mobility: Walks Independently	-2.250 (2.176)	-2.165	-3.207 (3.788)	-2.276	0.116	-0.330	-0.330	b	-0.425	-0.165	0.165	0.165
Mobility: Walks with assistance	-8.610 (3.805)	-7.454	a	-11.711 (6.396)	-6.228	b	-1.083 (1.008)	-0.319	-1.377 (0.887)	-0.491	0.165	0.165
Mobility: Unable to walk	-0.361 (1.886)	-0.352	-4.218 (3.255)	-2.919	0.055	0.009	0.009	0.009	-0.563 (0.510)	-0.220	0.009	0.009
Hypertension	-0.108 (0.453)	-0.105	0.024 (0.766)	0.019	0.047 (0.150)	0.008	0.008	0.033 (0.116)	0.012	0.012	0.012	0.012
Hyperlipemia	-0.334 (0.611)	-0.325	0.218 (1.036)	0.168	0.123 (0.212)	-0.023	0.023	0.108 (0.157)	0.039	0.039	0.039	0.039
Diabetes (any type)	-1.054 (0.541)	-1.027	b	-0.853 (0.913)	-0.648	-0.354 (0.177)	-0.069	b	-0.145 (0.138)	-0.054	0.054	0.054
Diabetes treated by insulin	2.194 (1.090)	2.160	a	0.858 (1.851)	0.669	0.804 (0.405)	0.086	b	0.077 (0.283)	0.028	0.028	0.028
Angina	-1.389 (0.651)	-1.349	a	-0.143 (1.096)	-0.109	-0.321 (0.221)	-0.064	c	-0.045 (0.165)	-0.017	0.017	0.017
Cardiac heart failure or pulmonary edema	-3.727 (0.986)	-3.549	a	-3.324 (1.749)	-2.377	b	-0.855 (0.282)	-0.223	a	-0.401 (0.244)	-0.155	c
Old myocardial infarction	0.647 (0.850)	0.633	0.180 (1.435)	0.138	0.152 (0.282)	0.024	0.024	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Current cigarette smoker	0.888 (0.496)	0.867	b	1.700 (0.838)	1.302	a	0.254 (0.165)	0.045	c	0.275 (0.127)	0.102	a
Arrhythmia	0.700 (0.717)	0.685	-2.072 (1.243)	-1.533	b	0.268 (0.237)	0.041	-0.305 (0.175)	-0.116	0.009	0.009	0.009
Family medical history of schemic heart dis	-0.177	-0.173	-0.750	-0.569	-0.036	-0.006	-0.006	-0.070	-0.026	0.009	0.009	0.009