international negotiations, but leaving it open to change according to developing countries' national circumstances in the future.

### 2.4 Data collection and best practices

There are two more stages in benchmarking: documenting current industry performance on agreed (simple) metrics or key performance indicators; and identifying, sharing and diffusing best practices, i.e. comparing the performance of equipment or plants with best practices.

## Data collection

Initially, the CSI focused on a data collection exercise called ‘Getting the Numbers Right’, including the development of a database for existing technologies in the sector and a benchmarking system. The CSI’s data collection covers all countries and regions in which members run clinker, cement and grinding operations to give an accurate indication of $ CO_{2} $ emission levels and energy efficiency in the sector. In the first cycle of data collection, member companies submitted data for the years 1990, 2000 and 2005. Data on $ CO_{2} $ emissions and energy performance were collected according to the pre-determined parameters. $ ^{6} $ The latest modelling exercise based on the data has recently been published, analysing the impact of climate policies on the sector (WBCSD, 2009).

The central pillar of the IAI’s approach is a database and analysis. The data cover 80% of world production and the coverage is being expanded. The industry will report regularly on its global recycling performance (IAI, 2009).

Worldsteel has had a data collection programme since 2008 and a climate-action recognition programme since 2009. Their $ CO_{2} $ data collection programme enables every steel-producing company to submit its $ CO_{2} $ emissions according to a standardised methodology. This measurement framework covers key factors influencing $ CO_{2} $ emissions and energy use. In the same year, more than 180 steel-producing sites contributed to this exercise. The database now holds $ CO_{2} $ and energy-intensity data for nearly 40% of global steel-production capacity. In addition, the climate-action recognition programme recognises steel producers that have met their commitment to participating in worldsteel's $ CO_{2} $ emissions data-collection programme. Two-thirds of the association's membership participated in the first round of data collection before early 2009 (worldsteel, 2009).

Given these current initiatives, the datasets collected at an installation level throughout multinational corporations could be integrated in each sector. This approach would allow governments to better assess targets, the technical potential for meeting them and the associated costs in each sector. In cooperation with industry and other sectors, the International Energy Agency (IEA) developed indicators to provide the latest data and analysis worldwide on energy use and efficiency improvements (IEA 2008).

Further work needs to focus on the measurement, monitoring and verification of data on emissions or energy use against the pre-determined baselines and associated costs. Only verified data can ensure that industry sectors' commitments, whether unilaterally set or negotiated with governments, would lead to real and measurable emission reductions beyond a business-as-usual