Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## Overview

## Current Status of Volunteer Activities

## [Number of active volunteers]

(As of April 2011, surveyed by Japan National Council of Social Welfare; number of persons/groups registered at or recognized by Social Welfare Conferences of prefecture/designated cities and Social Welfare Conference Volunteer Centers of municipalities)

(1) Number of persons: 8.68 million (approx. 5.4 times that for FY1980 of 1.60 million)

(2) Number of groups: 199,000 groups (approx. 12.4 times that for FY1980 of 16,000)

[Structure/details of active volunteers] (as of the end of September 2009)

$ ^{*} $ All of the followings were individually surveyed

(1) Gender

(%)

Males	Females	No answer
31.0	68.8	0.2

(2) Age

(%)

Age 10-19	Age 20-29	Age 30-39	Age 40-49	Age 50-59	Age 60-69	Age 70-79	80 or older
0.5	3.6	4.5	8.0	17.7	40.9	22.5	2.3

(3) By occupation

(%)

Enterprise (employees)	6.1	Persons retired at mandatory age	22.5
Public officers	2.9	Students	1.7
Organization staffs	6.5	Persons not working	5.1
NPO/NGO staffs	3.5	Others	7.5
Self-employed	8.1	No answer	0.5
Homemakers (not working)	35.6

(4) Fields of volunteer activities (multiple choices)

(%)

Welfare activities for the elderly	44.1	Activities on disaster prevention, crime prevention, or traffic safety, etc.	14.8
Welfare activities for person with disabilities	33.4	Activities on human rights protection	5.9
Activities on child rearing (infants)	17.8	Activities on international exchange/cooperation	7.6
Activities on sound upbringing of youth (children)	17.7	Activities on community development, etc.	22.5
Activities on health and medical care	10.0	Activities of neighborhood self-governing bodies, neighborhood associations, welfare volunteers, or regional social welfare councils, etc.	26.7
Education/culture/sports promotion	19.8	Others	11.1
Activities on community beautification/environment preservation	22.4
Volunteer activities in times of disaster	14.7	No answer	1.6

(5) Areas where activities are conducted

(%)

Within elementary school/junior high school districts	14.6	Mainly at home	2.4
Entire municipalities	56.9	No specific areas	12.8
Beyond municipalities (prefecture, overseas, etc.)	10.3	No answer	3.0
## Public Assistance System

## Overview Outline of Public Assistance System

## [Public assistance system]

The public assistance system is used to guarantee a minimum standard of living as well as to promote self-support for any citizens that are impoverished by providing the necessary public assistance according to their level of poverty.

The system consists of 8 types of assistance, namely livelihood assistance, education assistance, housing assistance, medical assistance, long-term care assistance, maternity assistance, occupational assistance, and funeral assistance, which can all be provided alone or in combination according to the needs of the person requiring the public assistance.

## Determining the Amount of Public Assistance

(Calculation of Minimum Living Expenses)

• In addition to the above items, a standard amount is added in the case of child birth, funeral, etc.

(Calculation of Income Appropriation Amount)

Average monthly income - (Actual necessary expenses + Basic deductions) = Income

(Calculation of Assistance Amount)

Minimum living expenses - Income appropriation amount = Assistance amount

## [Standards of public assistance]

The standards of public assistance system involve standards for livelihood assistance, the scope of which includes clothing, food or anything else considered necessary in their daily life, and which get revised using the level equilibrium method that takes into consideration the growth of the consumption level of the general public, etc.

Livelihood Assistance Standards by Type of Household (FY2014)

(Unit: ¥)

3-person household: male aged 33, female aged 29, child aged 4	Elderly single household: female aged 68	Elderly couple household: male aged 68, female aged 65	Female aged 30, children aged 4 and 2
1st class area - 1	165,840	81,760	122,380	192,650
1st class area - 2	159,050	78,200	117,050	186,430
2nd class area - 1	151,800	74,070	110,860	177,520
2nd class area - 2	146,570	71,680	107,290	173,310
3rd class area - 1	140,140	68,290	102,230	165,710
3rd class area - 2	134,060	65,120	97,480	160,160

(Note) The above figures include winter season additional amounts (Area VI x 5/12), child-rearing addition, and fatherless family addition.
Consumers' Cooperative Societies

Source: “Tabulated Results of FY2012 Survey on the actual status of consumers' cooperative societies (federations)”, Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau, MHLW

Changes in Number of Consumers' Cooperative Societies

Source: “Tabulated Results of FY2012 Survey on the actual status of consumers' cooperative societies (federations)”, Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau, MHLW
Overview

## Outline of Relief Measures for Japanese Remaining in China After the War

Support Measures for Japanese Remaining in China After the War, etc.

Return

Placement in communities

Placement center for Persons Returning from China (Saitama)

☐ 6 months after returning

☐ Residential facilities

☐ Group guidance

• Japanese lessons

• Living guidance

• Consultations on employment, etc.

☐ After placement

• Correspondence courses, etc.

## Payment of

basic

pension, etc.

full old-age

## Supplemental

support

support payment and payment of spousal support benefits

## Establishment

by utilizing

networks

Support and Communications Centers for People Returning from China (established in 7 blocks nationwide)

(Hokkaido, Tohoku, Tokyo metropolitan area, Tokai/Hokuriku, Kinki, Chugoku/Shikoku, Kyushu)

○ Permanently-available for use

○ Commuting facilities

○ Content of services

• Support for Japanese language acquisition toward employment

• Living guidance and assistance with communication between returnees, etc.

• Independence training services to provide intensive Japanese language training, etc. after placement in communities (Hokkaido, capital region), etc.

• Late payment of public pension allowable for the period that returnees were unable to join the public pension due to being abroad as well as the period after returning

• Full old-age basic pension shall be paid as public funds shall be used to cover the amount required for late payments

• Full old-age basic pension shall be excluded from constructive receipts

• 30% of other incomes, such as employees' pensions, etc. shall be excluded from constructive receipts

• Financial support for housing, medical and nursing care, etc. shall be paid according to the situation of the individual households

• Assignment of support and consultation staff with Chinese language abilities

various regional

• Paid to specified spouses (those who were spouses before the return to Japan for permanent residence of the specified Japanese who remained behind in China and continued to be spouses thereafter) after the death of specified Japanese who remained behind in China, etc.

Regional network services for assisting Japanese remaining in China after the war, etc.

• Financial support for the necessary expenses of holding workshops to gain the understanding of residents in communities

• Financial support for activities of persons working to coordinate community residents and Japanese remaining in China after the war, etc. (support leaders), etc.

Japanese language study support in neighborhoods

• Aid for Japanese language classes held by regional volunteers

• Financial support for tuition at private Japanese language schools, etc.

○ Financial support for the expense of dispatching advisors on self-sufficiency, interpreters used in self-sufficiency support, etc.

○ Implementation of community life support programs for people returning from China
Detailed Data 2 Status of DNA Analysis of Remains of War Dead Abroad

(Unit: case)

FY	Identified	Negative	Total
FY2003	8	0	8
FY2004	47	24	71
FY2005	157	36	193
FY2006	168	245	413
FY2007	149	187	336
FY2008	145	71	216
FY2009	86	76	162
FY2010	46	60	106
FY2011	30	15	45
FY2012	32	65	97
FY2013	68	126	194
Total	936	905	1,841

Source: Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau, MHLW

(Unit: person)

FY	Region	Number of bereaved participated
2008	The former Soviet Union, China, Bismarck Archipelago/Solomon Islands, Indonesia, Palau Islands, Eastern New Guinea, the Philippines, Myanmar, Marshall/Gilbert Islands, Iwo Jima	351
2009	The former Soviet Union, China, Iwo Jima, the Philippines, Mariana Islands, Eastern New Guinea, North Borneo, Bismarck Archipelago/Solomon Islands	324
2010	The former Soviet Union, China, Iwo Jima, the Philippines, Mariana Islands, Indonesia, Eastern New Guinea, Myanmar, Truk Islands, Gilbert Islands	470
2011	The former Soviet Union, China, Iwo Jima, the Philippines, Mongolia, Palau, Indonesia, Bismarck Archipelago/Solomon Islands, Eastern New Guinea	356
2012	The former Soviet Union, China, the Philippines, Mariana Islands, Eastern New Guinea, North Borneo, Truk Islands, Marshall/Gilbert Islands	394
2013	The former Soviet Union, China, Iwo Jima, Mongolia, Indonesia, Bismarck Archipelago/Solomon Islands, Eastern New Guinea, Myanmar, and the Philippines	310

Source: Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau, MHLW
Detailed Data 4 Status with Erection of Monuments to War Dead

Name of monument	Location	Completion date
Iwo Jima Monument to the War Dead	Iwo Jima, Ogasawara village, Tokyo	Mar. 26, 1971
Philippine Monument to the War Dead	Kaliraya, Laguna state, the Philippines	Mar. 28, 1973
Mid-Pacific ocean Monument to the War Dead	Marpi, Saipan Island, Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Island, U.S.A. (self-governing domain)	Mar. 25, 1974
South Pacific ocean Monument to the War Dead	Rabaul City, Eastern New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea	Sep. 30, 1980
Myanmar Peace Monument	Yangon City, Myanmar	Mar. 28, 1981
New Guinea Monument to the War Dead	Wewak City, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea	Sep. 16, 1981
Borneo Monument to the War Dead	Labuan City Sabah State, Malaysia	Sep. 30, 1982
East Pacific ocean Monument to the War Dead	Majuro, Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands	Mar. 16, 1984
West Pacific ocean Monument to the War Dead	Peleliu Island, Peleliu State, Republic of Palau	Mar. 8, 1985
North Pacific ocean Monument to the War Dead	Attu Island, State of Alaska, U.S.A.	July 1, 1987
Monument to the War Dead in World War II	Parei, Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia	Mar. 24, 1994
India Peace Monument	Imphal, Manipur State, India	Mar. 25, 1994
Monument to the Japanese Dead	Khabarovsk City, Khabarovsk Province, Russia	July 31, 1995
Sakhalin and Chishima Monument to the War Dead	Smirnykh, Sakhalin Province, Russia	Nov. 1, 1996
Monument to the Japanese Dead	Ulan Bator, Mongolia	Oct. 15, 2001

Source: Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau, MHLW

Detailed Data 5 Status with the Erection of Small-Scale Monuments to the War Dead for the Deceased during their Detention in the Soviet Union

Region	Location of erection	Completion date
Republic of Tatarstan	Elabuga, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation	Sep. 2000
Krasnoyarsk Region	Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Region, Russian Federation	Sep. 2000
Republic of Khamasia	Chernogorsk, Republic of Khamasia, Russian Federation	Sep. 2001
Sverdlovsk State	Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk State, Russian Federation	Sep. 2001
Republic of Uzbekistan	Toshkent, Republic of Uzbekistan	Sep. 2003
Kemerovo State	Kemerovo, Kemerovo State, Russian Federation	Oct. 2006
Novosibirsk State	Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk State, Russian Federation	Dec. 2007
Altai Region	Bijsk, Altai Region, Russian Federation	Dec. 2007
Orenburg State	Orenburg, Orenburg State, Russian Federation	Sep. 2008
Republic of Georgia	Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia	Mar. 2010
Primorsky Region	Artyom, Primorsky Region, Russian Federation	Nov. 2010
Amur State	Vasilyevka Village, Belogorsk District, Amur State, Russian Federation	Nov. 2012
Zabaikal Region	Chita City, Zabaikal Region, Russian Federation	July 2013

Source: Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau, MHLW
## Relief for the Wounded/Sick Retired Soldiers and War Bereaved, etc

## Overview Relief for the Wounded/Sick Retired Soldiers and War Bereaved, etc

In connection with the injury, illness or death of military personnel, etc., the national government provides them (excluding those receiving benefits in accordance with the Public Officers Pension Act) or their bereaved survivors with pension benefits, etc. to assist them based on a spirit of state compensation.

Qualified persons	Military personnel (excluding those receiving benefits in accordance with the Public Officers Pension Act), military civilian employees, and paramilitary personnel, who were disabled in the line of duty, and the bereaved families
Disability benefits	Survivors' benefits
Contents of relief	Disability Pension: 1,428 personsInjury or sickness incurred in the line of duty (as of March 2014)¥9,729,100 (Special) to ¥961,000 (Class 5)Service-related injury or sickness¥7,417,100 (Special) to ¥743,000 (Class 5)Lump-sum disability grant: 676 persons (cumulative total) (when selected in place of pension)	Survivors' Pension: (Bereaved families of military personnel and army civilian employees)Higher priority: 5,818 personsLower priority: 17 personsSurvivors' grant: (Bereaved families of paramilitary personnel)Higher priority: 2,549 personsLower priority: 23 personsDeath in the line of official dutyHigher priority: ¥1,966,800Lower priority: ¥72,000Service-related deathHigher priority: ¥1,573,500Lower priority: ¥56,400Condolence grant (cumulative total): 2,085,134 personsGovernment bonds with a face value of ¥50,000 with 6% annual interest and redemption in 10 years

Source: Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau, MHLW

(Note) The number of beneficiaries is as of March 31, 2014.

## Relief in Accordance with the Act on Special Aid to the Wounded and Sick Retired Soldiers

In connection with the injury and illness of military personnel, etc. incurred in the line of duty, the national government provides them with medical benefits, etc. to assist them based on a spirit of state compensation.

Qualified persons	Military personnel, army civilian employees, and paramilitary personnel who were disabled in the line of duty and have been issued the war injury and sickness certification:	17,651 persons
Contents of relief	1. Medical care benefits: 403 persons2. Medical care allowance (¥29,400 per month): 1 person3. Funeral expenses (¥201,000): 15 cases4. Medical rehabilitation benefits: 0 cases	5. Supply and repair of prosthetic appliances: 195 cases6. Accommodation in national sanatoria: 0 persons7. Free passage on Japan Railways trains and ferry boats: 7,813 persons
Counselors for the war wounded and sick:	541 persons (as of October 1, 2013)

Source: Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau, MHLW

(Note) 1. The number of recipients, etc. are as of April 1, 2013 or FY2012.

2. The number of persons in item 7 of “contents of relief” indicates the number of persons issued with exchange certificates for transportation passes.

3. The amounts are as of March 31, 2014.
Detailed Data Special Benefits, etc.

Source: Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau, MHLW

(Note) The number of recipients is as of March 31, 2014.

The national government provides government bonds as special benefits to the wives of the war dead, etc. to console their mental pain and in recognition of the struggles they have undergone.

Additionally, the national government provides government bonds as special condolence to the bereaved families on the occasion of 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th and 60th anniversary of the end of the war to once again express its sympathy.
# ESRI Discussion Paper Series No.311

# 有配偶女性の生活環境と就労、出産、子育てに関する分析 ～「少子化と夫婦の就労状況・生活環境に関する意識調査」の個票を用いて～

佐藤 博樹、朝井 友紀子、高村 静高見 具広、麻田 千穂子、飯島 亜希

September 2014

内閣府経済社会総合研究所

Economic and Social Research Institute

Cabinet Office

Tokyo, Japan

論文は、すべて研究者個人の責任で執筆されており、内閣府経済社会総合研究所の見解を示すものではありません（問い合わせ先：https://form.cao.go.jp/esri/opinion-0002.html）。
有配偶女性の生活環境と就労、出産、子育てに関する分析 $ ^{1} $

～「少子化と夫婦の就労状況・生活環境に関する意識調査」の個票を用いて～

佐藤博樹、朝井友紀子、高村静、高見具広、麻田千穂子、飯島亜希 $ ^{2} $
## 【要旨】

日本では少子化が進展し、その要因として未婚化・晩婚化と夫婦出生力の低下が指摘されている。このうち夫婦の出生力には、妻の就業形態、子どもに期待する教育水準、妻の負担感、夫の関わり方など、夫婦の経済環境・生活環境が影響していると考えられる。

経済社会総合研究所では、少子化の動向を検討するための基礎的資料となる夫婦の出生力に関する分析を行うため、25歳から39歳までの有配偶女性で、子ども数0人又は末子が6歳未満の層を対象に、本人の就業形態及び現在子ども数別に、夫婦の就業状況、生活環境、出生意欲等についての意識調査を実施した。本稿の第1部では、この意識調査の趣旨、方法及び主な調査結果について紹介する。第2部では、意識調査の個票を用いて、有配偶女性の出生意欲に関係する要因について異なる角度から分析した結果を報告する。分析テーマと主な結論は次のとおりである。

1）正規雇用に比較して有期雇用の妻は第一子の出生意欲が低い理由と両者の規定要因：正規雇用の妻と有期雇用の妻の、(1)経済環境の差、(2)勤務先の両立支援の差、(3)保育利用可能性の差のうち、夫の低収入割合の差及び勤務先の両立支援の差は両者の第一子出生意欲の差をもたらしているが、家計の経済状況全般の差及び保育利用可能性の差は正規有期の第一子出生意欲の差には影響がなかった。正規雇用妻の第一子出生意欲には両立支援と保育は明確な正の効果がある一方で、有期雇用妻の第一子出生意欲には両立支援は弱い正の効果があり、保育は効果がみられなかった。

2）正規雇用としての就業継続と、学卒時の就業継続意欲や初期キャリア：

学卒時の就業継続意欲が高い者ほど、正規雇用として就業継続しており、また企業は、より人的資本からの収益率の高い者や、今後長く働くことが予測される者（就業意欲が高い者）に対して OJT の機会を提供している。入職時における OJT 体験が正規就業確率を高める効果は確認されなかったが、OJT 経験は、その後の賃金向上には一定程度貢献していた。

3）子どもに期待する教育水準と出生意欲：

第1に、理想子ども数と教育アスピレーションには、正規雇用の場合にマイナスの関係がみられる。第2に、教育アスピレーションは妻の学歴が高い場合に強い傾向があり、さらに妻の収入が高かったり、充実した仕事経験を持つ場合にも高い。第3に、子育ての経済的負担感は教育アスピレーションが高い場合に強いとの傾向はみられなかった。第4に、教育アスピレーションが予定子ども数とマイナスとなるのは有期雇用と無職の場合であった。第5に、予定子ども数が経済的負担感によってマイナスであるのは無職の場合であった。
## 4 ）育児期における妻の負担感及び配偶者との関係と出生意欲：

育児中の女性は、子育てを肯定的に捉える者が主だが、子どものない妻に比べ日常生活で「イライラしている」割合が高く、何らかの負担を感じている人が少なくない。子ども数1人の女性において、「イライラ」があると子育てを「楽しい」と感じられない場合があり、それが追加出生意欲を低下させている可能性がうかがえた。育児期の女性の負担感には、子どもの数や年齢、教育熱心であることに加え、配偶者のかかわり方が影響している。まず、配偶者の家事育児分担は、正規雇用女性にとって重要なサポートとなる。ただ、配偶者の仕事が忙しすぎる場合、妻へのサポートを行う以前に、家庭にいても配偶者の心理状態が仕事から解放されないことが、妻にも心理的負担をもたらしていた。
# Analysis of Employment, Childbirth, Childrearing and Living Conditions of Married Women: Empirical Evidence from Survey Data

Hiroki Sato

Professor, Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo

Yukiko Asai

Institute of Social Science, University of Tokyo Research Associate

Shizuka Takamura

Academic Support Specialist, Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo

Tomohiro Takami

Researcher, The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training

Chihoko Asada

Former Executive Research Fellow, Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office

Aki Iijima

Former Research Fellow, Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office

## Abstract

Less and late marriage and declining fertility of married couples are considered to be factors behind Japanese falling birth rate. The change in couple's reproductive behavior is possibly related to couples' economic and living situation including employment status of wives, educational aspiration, and stress of wives and husbands' involvement in family affairs.

With a view to examine married couples’ low fertility, Economic and Social Research Institute conducted a survey of married women of 25 to 39 years old with children under 6 years old or no child. Data was segmented in 8 groups by number of children and employment status. Questions included employment and living situation and desired number of children. Part 1 of the Discussion Paper is the explanation of purpose and
method of the survey with its main result. Part 2 presents the result of four different analysis using micro-data of the survey. Main findings are as follows;

1) Why is the intention to have first baby weaker in wives in fixed term employment than in wives in regular employment? What determines the first baby intention of wives in regular and non-regular employment?

To understand the difference in the intention to have first baby between regular employment wives and fixed-term employment wives, effects of regular and non-regular employment gaps in i) economic situation ii) family-friendly arrangements in workplace iii) child-care availability were examined. While regular and non-regular gaps in husband's low income incidence and workplace family-friendly arrangement contributed to widen the difference in first baby intention between the two groups, general household economic situation and child-care availability did not contribute the difference.

Family friendly workplace arrangement and child-care availability had clear positive effect to first baby intention of wives in regular employment. For wives in fixed-term employment, family-friendly workplace arrangement had weak positive effect to first baby intention, while no effect of child-care availability was observed.

2) Continuation of regular employment, motivation to continue working at the time of graduation and early career experience

Women who had stronger motivation at the time of graduation to continue working in their life course tend to continue regular employment longer. Employers provide OJT opportunities to female employees whose return to human capital investment is higher or to those who are expected to keep working longer. While effect of OJT experience in early career to raise the probability of regular employment continuation was not confirmed, early OJT experience contributed to higher wage in later career to some extent.

## 3 ) Educational aspiration for children and intention to have children

Firstly, negative relation was found between ideal number of children and educational aspiration for children in the group of wives in regular employment. Secondly, educational aspiration tends to be high in wives with high education. It is even higher when wife income is high or the wife had good career experience. Thirdly, there was no significant evidence to suggest positive relation between perception of economic burden of childrearing as heavy and high educational aspiration. Fourthly, educational
aspiration had negative relation with intended number of children only in groups of wives in fixed-term employment and wives without occupation. Fifthly, intended number of children had negative relation with perceived economic burden of childrearing only in group of wives without occupation

4) Burden of wives in childcare period, relationship with husband and intention to have more children

Most women in childcare period take childcare positively. However, their incidence of “being irritated” in everyday life is higher than wives with no children. Quite a lot of mothers feel some sort of burden. Among mothers with one child, “being irritated” is related to neutral or negative perception of childrearing, which can possibly weaken the intention to have additional children. Along with number and age of children and mother’s education-mind, husbands’ involvement in family affairs has impact on the burden of childcare perceived by mothers. Husbands’ shouldering housework and childcare is an important support to wives in regular employment. However, lack of support is not the only problem to mothers. If husbands are too busy at work, they are not set free from work strain even at home. Husbands’ such mental conditions increase the burden of wives.
## 佐藤 博樹

## (調査研究の背景と課題設定)

日本では少子化が進展し、超少子化国とも言われる。少子化をもたらしている主要な要因として、先行研究の多くは、未婚化・晩婚化と夫婦出生率の低下を指摘している。晩婚化は、結婚時期の年齢が高くなることで、出生率の低下をもたらすことになる。

「第14回出生動向基本調査（2010年、独身者調査）」で未婚者の中で結婚する意思を持つ者（「いずれの結婚するつもり」）の比率は、近年は若干低下傾向にあるものの、9割弱の水準にある（男性86.3%、女性89.4%）。もちろん「一生結婚するつもりはない」とする未婚者がわずかに増え、男性9.4%、女性6.8%となっている点には注意が必要となる。

未婚者の多くが結婚を希望していることを前提とすると、結婚を希望してもその希望の実現を阻害する要因があることが示唆される。それらの要因を例示すると、結婚の対象となりうる異性と出会う機会が少ないこと（男性ばかりの職場、長時間労働で職場外での出会いの時間ないことなど）、異性と出会う機会があっても両者の価値観が異なり恋愛までにいたらないこと（女性の就業継続に関する価値観の相違など）、結婚を希望する相手がいても雇用機会が不安定で結婚に踏み切ることが難しいなどを上げることができよう。ちなみに、同調査で、25～34歳の年齢層が独身でいる理由（複数回答）を見ると、「適当な相手にめぐり会わない」が男女とも第1位となる。

同じく「第14回出生動向基本調査（2010年、夫婦調査）」によると、夫婦の理想的な子どもの数(平均理想子ども数)と夫婦が実際に持つつもりの子どもの数(平均予定子ども数)の両者とも低下傾向にあるが、前者は2.42人、後者は2.07人となる。理想子ども数よりも予定子ども数が下回ることから、理想の子ども数を実現しにくい阻害要因があることが示唆される。同調査で、予定子ども数が、理想子ども数を下回る理由（複数回答）を見ると、最も多いのは「子育てや教育にお金がかかりすぎるから」（60.4%）で、とりわけ30歳未満の若い世代ではこうした経済的理由を選択する比率（83.3%）が高い。さらに、今後子どもを持つ予定がある夫婦に、予定子ども数を実現できない時に考えられる理由（複数回答）を尋ねた結果では、妻が30歳未満の夫婦では「収入が不安定なこと」（43.6%）が多く、妻が35歳以上の夫婦では「年齢や健康上の理由で子どもができないこと」（65.3%）が指摘されている。子育てにお金がかかるという経済的理由と収入が不安定なことは相互に関係し、背景には有期雇用の増加など雇用機会の不安定化や正規雇用であっても賃金上昇の見通しが持ちにくいことなどがあろう。

今回の調査研究では、未婚化や夫婦出生率の低下の背景要因に関する先行研究を踏まえた上で、夫婦出生率の低下に焦点を絞り、調査を設計し分析を行った。

取り上げたテーマは、第1に、結婚している夫婦（事実婚を含む、以下同じ）を取り上げ、正規雇用に比較して有期雇用の妻で、第一子の出生意欲が低い理由を明らかにすること、第2に、正規雇用として継続就業できることが、女性の出生意欲を高めることに貢献