newly under an existing faculty, graduate school or junior college, which is a parent organization, to secure suitable specialty (major) of the JD programs.

The ICC Scheme prescribes that the maximum number of student enrollment per academic year at an IC-D/M is up to 20% of the total admission capacity of its parent faculty/school so as not to interfere with the smooth educational and research activities' processes of the faculty/school.

The scheme also prescribes that JD programs may use academic staffs, facilities, equipment and other resources of their parent faculties/schools on the condition that JD programs will not interfere with its educational and research activities

Accordingly, the scheme does not assume that any existing parent faculties and graduate schools themselves serve as IC-D/M. It is possible to establish a new faculty or graduate school concurrently when establishing an IC-D/M, but essentially the scheme assumes that MEXT approves establishment of such IC-D/M on the basis of existing faculties/schools to take advantage of the existing academic staff, facilities, equipment and other resources because, in fact, a number of international cooperative programs worldwide targets a small number of students.

## (3) International Cooperative Curricula (ICC)

○ Paragraph (1), Article 19, of the Standards for the Establishment of Universities and other relevant laws and regulations prescribe that “a university shall establish the courses necessary to achieve its educational purpose.” With respect to the curriculum design of JD programs, however, the standards prescribe special provisions, whereby Japanese universities may exceptionally organize single curricula jointly with one or more universities in foreign countries (ICC) in the same manner as DCC Scheme. On the other hand, it is indispensable that Japanese universities that establish ICC take responsibility for organizing systematic educational curricula and not assign its responsibility in whole or in part to foreign partner universities. To this end, Japanese universities shall consult with partner universities in foreign countries and conclude inter-university agreements as the Items to Consult on with Partner Universities in Foreign Countries to Organize and Implement International Cooperative Curricula (Public Notice No. 168 of 2014, MEXT) on the organization of international cooperative curricula stipulates the curriculum design as an item for consultation.

(Note) Paragraph (1), Article 19 of the Standards for the Establishment of Universities requires Japanese universities to have a certain amount of educational resources (necessary faculty organizations, facilities and equipment) and to establish their own courses (courses for credits that are specified as graduation requirements by each university) necessary to achieve their educational purposes in accordance with their own supervisory plans. In connection with this, the educational system of Japan provides a mechanism whereby universities may allow their undergraduate students to acquire a maximum of 60 credits at foreign universities or elsewhere other than at their own universities. But this arrangement simply treats credits obtained by students at foreign universities as if they were obtained at