Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Kambayashi, R., Kawaguchi, D. & Yokoyama, I. (2008). Wage distribution in Japan,

1989-2003. Canadian Journal of Economics, 41(4), 1329-1350.

Kane, T. (1998). Racial and ethnic preferences in college admission. In Jencks, C. & Phillips, M. (Eds.), The Black-White Test Score Gap. DC: The Brookings Institution

Lindahl, L. & Regner, H. (2005). College choice and subsequent earnings: results using

Swedish sibling data. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 107(3), 437-457.

Long, M. C. (2008). College quality and early adult outcomes. Economics of Education

Review, 27(5), 588-602.

Monk, J. (2000). The returns to individual and college characteristics: evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Economics of Education Review, 19(3), 279-289.

Nakamuro, M. & Inui, T. (2012). Estimating the returns to education using the sample of twins: the case of Japan. RIETI Discussion Paper Series, 12-E-076.

Nakamuro, M., Uzuki, Y. & Inui, T. (2013). The effect of birth weight: does fetal origin really matter for long-run outcomes? Economics Letters, 121(1), 53-58.

Spence, M. (1973). Job market signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355-374.
Smith, J. (2013). Ova and out: Using twins to estimate the educational returns to

attending a selective college. Economics of Education Review, 36(5), 166-180.

Rouse, C. (1999). Further estimates of the economic return to schooling from a new sample of twins. Economics of Education Review, 18(2), 149-157.
Figure 1: The college advancement rate in Japan

(Source) School Basic Survey, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

Table 1: The sample of twins in estimations

MZ Twins
All educational background	2,742 (1,371)
College graduates (Men + Women)	746 (373)
Similar high school quality (within 5 deviation values at high school)	510 (255)
Similar high school quality (within 3 deviation values at high school)	306 (153)
College graduates (Men)	546 (273)
College graduate (from low-income family)	88 (44)
Public college graduates	230 (115)

(Note) Figures in parentheses represent the numbers of twin-pairs.

(Source) Authors' calculations
Table 2: Descriptive statistics

Variables defined	Whole sample	MZ Twins
Mean	STDV	Max	Min	Mean	STDV	Max	Min
Rakuten Twin Survey
Dependent variable:	6.10	0.71	7.31	4.32	6.11	0.73	7.31	4.32
log(wage)
Independent variables:
Age	39.39	9.44	60	21	39.69	9.29	60	21
Age²	1,640	774	3,600	441	1,662	764	3,600	441
Gender (1=male)	0.54	0.50	1	0	0.56	0.50	1	0
Marital status (1=married)	0.66	0.47	1	0	0.68	0.47	1	0
Tenure	10.25	8.43	38	0	10.55	8.40	37	0
Working hours	8.15	3.90	16	1	8.32	3.84	24	1
Deviation value of the institution that a respondent attended	51.20	9.66	82	35	51.48	9.67	73	35
Major (1=Humanities, Social science, Arts and Music)	0.75	0.43	1	0	0.75	0.43	1	0
School Basic Survey
(1) A type of institution (1=private)	0.59	0.49	1	0	0.56	0.50	1	0
(2) Location (1=Tokyo and Osaka)	0.48	0.50	1	0	0.48	0.50	1	0
(3) Student body	15,177	15,953	70,062	1	15,783	16,191	70,062	3
(4) Ratio of Ph.D. students and total students	0.03	0.05	0.33	0	0.03	0.05	0.33	0
(5) Ratio of foreign and Japanese students	0.03	0.03	0.45	0	0.03	0.03	0.31	0
(6) Ratio of students and full-time faculty members	25.51	15.46	374.00	0	25.05	13.13	114.00	1.03
(7) Ratio of students and full-time administrative staff	37.15	24.07	128.34	0	36.92	24.59	128.34	0.36
(8) Ratio of full professors and the total teaching staff	0.49	0.14	0.79	0	0.49	0.14	0.79	0
(9) Ratio of full-time and part-time faculty members	2.02	9.43	179.00	0	1.98	9.44	179.00	0
(10) Ratio of foreign and Japanese faculty members	0.04	0.03	0.33	0	0.04	0.04	0.33	0
(11) Salary per faculty (1,000 JPY)	7,599	1,195	11,900	5,474	7,525	1,156	11,900	5,474
(12) Tuition per student (1,000 JPY)	451	81	514	0	451	82	514	0
(13) Subsidy received per student (1,000 JPY)	40	303	5,378	0	31	171	1,775	0

(Source) Authors' calculations; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Table 3-1: Empirical results (Model I-II)

Model I(Men + Women)	Model II(Men only)
OLS	FE	OLS	FE
Age	0.020(0.017)	0.038**(0.018)
Age2	0.000(0.000)	0.000(0.000)
Gender (1=male)	0.396***(0.050)
Marital status (1=married)	0.081*(0.043)	-0.008(0.061)	0.157***(0.046)	0.033(0.053)
Tenure	0.020***(0.003)	0.015***(0.004)	0.016***(0.003)	0.015***(0.004)
Working hours	0.067***(0.010)	0.052**(0.021)	0.043***(0.011)	0.042*(0.021)
College Selectivity:
Deviation value of the institution	0.017***(0.003)	0.006(0.005)	0.015***(0.003)	0.003(0.005)
College Characteristics and Resources:
Major (1=Humanities)	-0.044*(0.045)	-0.083(0.069)	-0.078(0.041)	-0.090(0.064)
A type of institution (1=private)	0.088(0.075)	-0.025(0.130)	0.113(0.082)	-0.115(0.129)
Location (1=Tokyo and Osaka)	0.027(0.050)	-0.015(0.045)	0.008(0.055)	-0.003(0.047)
Student body	0.002(0.001)	-0.003(0.003)	0.002(0.001)	0.000(0.001)
Ratio of Ph.D. students and total numbers of students	0.433(0.594)	0.349(0.961)	0.864(0.631)	0.828(1.165)
Ratio of foreign and Japanese students	-0.774(0.639)	0.749(1.065)	-1.236*(0.715)	1.799*(1.087)
Ratio of students and full-time faculty members	0.000(0.004)	-0.009*(0.006)	-0.006(0.004)	-0.007(0.006)
Ratio of students and full-time administrative staff	0.000(0.001)	0.000(0.001)	0.001(0.001)	-0.001(0.002)
Ratio of professors and teaching staff	-0.201(0.262)	0.681*(0.371)	-0.121(0.255)	0.816**(0.400)
Ratio of full-time and part-time faculty members	-0.010(0.040)	0.081*(0.045)	0.058(0.048)	0.118**(0.055)
Ratio of foreign and Japanese faculty members	-0.484(0.787)	0.142(0.722)	-0.939(0.845)	0.270(0.709)
Constant	3.702***(0.362)	5.151***(0.254)	3.992***(0.382)	5.327***(0.271)
R-squared	0.506	0.285	0.429	0.347
Numbers of observations	746	746	546	546
(373)	(373)	(273)	(273)
Table 3-2: Empirical results (Model III-IV)

Model III(Low income)	Model IV(Public college)
OLS	FE	OLS	FE
Age	0.048(0.090)	0.060*(0.032)
Age2	0.000(0.001)	-0.001(0.000)
Gender (1=male)	0.529*(0.302)	0.419***(0.097)
Marital status (1=married)	0.089(0.147)	0.406(0.301)	0.018(0.091)	-0.142(0.111)
Tenure	0.015**(0.007)	0.017(0.010)	0.013***(0.005)	0.007(0.008)
Working hours	0.072**(0.029)	0.141*(0.083)	0.051***(0.015)	0.019(0.053)
College Selectivity:
Deviation value of the institution	0.008(0.009)	-0.028(0.018)	0.011(0.011)	0.007(0.012)
College Characteristics and Resources:
Major (1=Humanities)	-0.195(0.193)	-0.113(0.109)	-0.007(0.088)	0.090(0.069)
A type of institution (1=private)	0.024(0.247)	-0.829**(0.353)
Location (1=Tokyo and Osaka)	-0.172(0.190)	0.278(0.197)	-0.036(0.138)	-0.237(0.239)
Student body	0.004(0.004)	0.010(0.013)	-0.008(0.018)	0.045**(0.022)
Ratio of Ph.D. students and total numbers of students	4.159(2.572)	4.796**(2.120)	2.994(2.240)	0.182(2.908)
Ratio of foreign and Japanese students	-2.123(2.344)	8.598***(2.697)	-0.611(3.632)	5.343*(2.921)
Ratio of students and full-time faculty members	-0.009(0.011)	-0.040*(0.022)	0.010(0.017)	0.045(0.050)
Ratio of students and full-time administrative staff	0.008*(0.004)	0.017**(0.007)	-0.003(0.006)	0.007(0.009)
Ratio of professors and teaching staff	0.773(0.822)	4.335***(1.412)	1.435(1.024)	-0.804(1.907)
Ratio of full-time and part-time faculty members	-0.101(0.084)	-0.020(0.092)	-0.094(0.099)	-0.161(0.124)
Ratio of foreign and Japanese faculty members	2.481(2.056)	12.840**(5.376)	1.282(3.940)	-4.918(8.488)
Salary per faculty (1,000,000 JPY)	0.010(0.073)	0.090(0.085)
Tuition per student (1,000,000 JPY)	1.292*(0.667)	0.657(0.715)
Subsidy received per student (1,000,000 JPY)	-0.057(0.273)	0.078(0.426)
Constant	2.747(1.747)	3.404***(0.722)	1.818(0.992)	4.036***(1.105)
R-squared	0.570	0.740	0.506	0.371
Numbers of observations	88	88	230	230
(44)	(44)	(115)	(115)

(Source) Authors' calculations
Table 3-3: Empirical results (Model V-VI)

Model V(Within 5 D.V.)	Model VI(Within 3 D.V.)
OLS	FE	OLS	FE
Age	0.012	0.003
(0.024)	(0.027)
Age2	0.000	0.000
(0.000)	0.000
Gender (1=male)	0.427***	0.443***
(0.074)	(0.095)
Marital status (1=married)	0.130**	-0.011	0.113	-0.078
(0.063)	(0.083)	(0.074)	(0.108)
Tenure	0.020***	0.011***	0.020***	0.013**
(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.004)
Working hours	0.084***	0.081***	0.099***	0.097**
(0.017)	(0.029)	(0.021)	(0.036)
College Selectivity
Deviation value of the institution	0.017***	0.009	0.020***	0.001
(0.004)	(0.009)	(0.005)	(0.006)
College Characteristics and Resources:
Major (1=Humanities)	0.029	0.016	0.046	0.077
(0.061)	(0.066)	(0.073)	(0.102)
A type of institution (1=private)	-0.114	-0.164	-0.076	-0.264**
(0.111)	(0.116)	(0.130)	(0.128)
Location (1=Tokyo and Osaka)	0.120	0.011	0.103	0.062
(0.073)	(0.068)	(0.088)	(0.087)
Student body	0.006***	-0.001	0.006**	0.002
(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Ratio of Ph.D. students and total numbers of students	1.804**	0.270	2.038**	-0.380
(0.770)	(0.889)	(0.843)	(1.777)
Ratio of foreign and Japanese students	-0.425	-0.461	-0.294	1.029
(0.944)	(1.289)	(0.996)	(1.381)
Ratio of students and full-time faculty members	0.000	-0.005	-0.001	0.001
(0.005)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)
Ratio of students and full-time administrative staff	0.001	0.001	0.003	0.001
(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Ratio of professors and teaching staff	-0.061	0.469	-0.423	0.091
(0.411)	(0.457)	(0.466)	(0.460)
Ratio of full-time and part-time faculty members	0.115	0.077	0.150	0.046
(0.073)	(0.062)	(0.096)	(0.071)
Ratio of foreign and Japanese faculty members	-0.525	-0.735	-0.542	-0.573
(1.269)	(0.865)	(1.495)	(0.930)
Constant	4.147***	5.257***	4.252***	5.097***
(0.489)	(0.369)	(0.569)	(0.456)
R-squared	0.513	0.305	0.489	0.354
Numbers of observations	388	388	306	306
(194)	(194)	(153)	(153)

(Source) Authors' calculations
# IMMIGRATION 2013 CONTROL

$ \leftarrow $ GATE 12

GATE 13 →

EW300 MILANO 18:00

DG852 TOKYO 18:20

HIL27 NEW YORK 19:00

LAQ20 PARIS 19:30

Immigration Bureau, Ministry of Justice, JAPAN
2013

# Immigration Control

Japan

Immigration Bureau, Ministry of Justice
# Introduction

# Publication of the 2013 Report on “Immigration Control”

Haneda Airport

(Photo credit,Tokyo International Air Terminal Corporation)

The immigration report entitled “Immigration Control”, first published in 1959, has now reached its 19th edition. Prior to the 2003 report, “Immigration Control” was a publication which merely summarized the trends in immigration control administration over a five-year period. However, given the accelerated pace of changes in the conditions affecting Japan’s immigration control policies, immigration control administration has had to incorporate various new measures so as to be able to respond properly. In line with the rapid changes, starting in 2004, the “Immigration Control” report has been published annually mainly summarizing the trends in immigration control administration over a twelve-month period.

The 2013 Immigration Control Report gives a brief description of the operations of the Immigration Bureau and, while looking back over the changes in the operations which took place over the past five years from 2008 to 2012, gives a summary focusing mainly on the actions taken in FY 2012 such as the introduction of a new residency management system in July 2012, the implementation of a points-based system offering preferential immigration treatment to highly-skilled foreign professionals in May 2012, the efforts toward the achievement of a tourism-oriented country intended to attract more foreign tourists to Japan, the reduction in the number of illegal and imposter foreign residents, and the measures taken for stringent prevention of the entry of
possible terrorists at the port of entry.

Part I, entitled “What is Immigration Control Administration? Equitable Control over the Entry into and Departure from Japan of All Persons,” introduces the role of the Immigration Bureau (Chapter 1) and gives an outline of Japan’s immigration control system (Chapter 2).

Part II, entitled “Immigration Control in Recent Years,” introduces, based on statistical data, such topics as foreign nationals entering and departing from Japan (Chapter 1), foreign nationals residing in Japan (Chapter 2), implementation of technical intern training programs (Chapter 3), Japanese nationals departing from and returning to Japan (Chapter 4), deportation procedures for foreign nationals (Chapter 5), recognition of refugee status (Chapter 6), and promotion of measures against trafficking in persons and proper protection of foreign victims of domestic violence (Chapter 7).

Part III, entitled “Major Policies Related to Immigration Control Administration in FY 2012,” describes such measures as the introduction of a new residency management system (Chapter 1), implementation of a points-based system offering preferential immigration treatment to highly-skilled foreign professionals (Chapter 2), smooth and strict implementation of immigration examinations at the port of entry (Chapter 3), measures against illegal or imposter foreign residents in Japan (Chapter 4), promotion of appropriate and prompt refugee protection (Chapter 5), international society and responses to international situations (Chapter 6), improvement of public relations activities and public services (Chapter 7), policy for the achievement of a symbiotic society together with foreign nationals (Chapter 8), and discussions on future immigration control administration (Chapter 9).

Furthermore, the data section features major developments relating to immigration control administration and related statistics for FY 2012.

Finally, we hope through this report that immigration control administration will prove to be beneficial and easy to understand.

12, 2013

Kazuo Sakakibara
# Points of the 2013 Immigration Control Report

## ■ Organization of the 2013 Immigration Control Report

This report consists of three parts: An Outline of Immigration Control Administration (Part I), Immigration Control in Recent Years (Part II), and Major Policies in FY 2012 (Part III), as well as a Data Section.

☐ Part I summarizes the operations of the Immigration Bureau.

☐ Part II describes the immigration operations conducted during 2012 based on statistics over the five-year period from 2008 to 2012.

☐ Part III describes the major immigration control policies implemented during FY 2012 (as well as some of the measures for FY 2013).

## Part I What Is Immigration Control Administration? Equitable Control over the Entry into and Departure from Japan of All Persons

○ The role of the Immigration Bureau

○ Japan’s immigration control system

## Part II Immigration Control in Recent Years

## Number of foreign nationals entering Japan in 2012

The number of foreign nationals who entered Japan in 2012 (including those who re-entered Japan with a re-entry permit) was 9,172,146, and the number of foreign nationals newly entering Japan, excluding those who had re-entered, was 7,549,998, which marked a substantial increase of 2,036,739 (28.5%) and 2,101,979 (38.6%), respectively. This substantial increase in the number of foreign nationals entering Japan in 2012 is thought to have been partly caused by an increase in the supply of airplane seats triggered by new flight services on low-cost carriers (LCCs) coupled with lower air fares, which encouraged a rebound in the number of tourists, which had previously seen a decline owing to the occurrence of the Great East Japan Earthquake.

## ☐ Number of foreign residents as of the end of 2012

The number of foreign residents combining the number of mid to long-term residents with the number of special permanent residents was 2,033,656 as of the end of 2012, down by 0.7% when compared to the number of foreign nationals with alien registrations (excluding temporary visitors) at the end of 2011.

The percentage of foreign residents to the total population of Japan was 1.59%, down by 0.04 point compared to the number at the end of 2011.

## ☐ Number of foreign nationals illegally staying beyond their authorized period of stay

The number of foreign nationals illegally staying beyond their authorized period of stay as of January 1, 2013 was 62,009. This marks a consistent decline from the 298,646 recorded on May 1, 1993 when the number reached the highest record ever.
## 2013 Immigration Control Report

## Introduction - Publication of the 2013 Immigration Control Report Points of the 2013 Immigration Control Report Contents

### Part I. What Is Immigration Control Administration? Equitable Control over the Entry into and Departure from Japan of All Persons

Chapter 1. The Role of the Immigration Bureau 2

Chapter 2. Japan’s Immigration Control System 3

Section 1. Purpose and Legal Basis 3

Section 2. Immigration Procedures for All Persons 4

① Procedures for the Entry and Departure of Foreign Nationals 4

② Procedures for Entry (Landing) Examinations of Foreign Nationals 5

(1) Entry (Landing) Examinations 5

(2) Hearing 5

(3) Filing of an Objection 5

③ Pre-entry Examination 7

(1) Advance Consultation for Issuance of Visas 7

(2) Certificate of Eligibility 7

④ Special Landing Permission 9

(1) Permission for Landing at a Port of Call 9

(2) Permission for Landing in Transit 9

(3) Landing Permission for Crew Members 9

(4) Permission for Emergency Landing 10

(5) Landing Permission Due to Distress 10

⑤ Procedures for the Departure and Return of Japanese Nationals 10

Section 3. Examination of Statuses of Residence of Foreign Nationals 10

① Status of Residence System 10

② Examination of the Status of Residence 14
(1) Permission for Change of Status of Residence 14
(2) Permission for Extension of the Period of Stay 15
(3) Permission for Permanent Residence 15
(4) Permission for Acquisition of a Status of Residence 15
(5) Re-entry Permission 15
(6) Permission to Engage in an Activity Other Than Those Permitted by the Status of Residence Previously Granted 16

③ System of Revocation of Statuses of Residence 16
Section 4. New Residency Management System 17

① Residence Card 18

② Applications and Notifications Relating to Residence Cards 19
(1) Notification of the Place of Residence 19
A. Notification of the Place of Residence after Newly Landing in Japan 19
B. Notification of the Place of Residence in Connection with a Change in the Status of Residence and Other Related Matters 19
C. Notification of a Change of Place of Residence 19
(2) Notification of a Change of an Item on the Residence Card Other than the Place of Residence 19
(3) Application to Extend the Valid Period of the Residence Card 20
(4) Application for Reissuance of a Residence Card Due to Loss or Other Causes 20
(5) Application for Reissuance of a Residence Card Due to Damage or Soiling 20

③ Notification Concerning the Organization of Affiliation or Concerning the Spouse 21
(1) Notification from a Mid to Long-term Resident Concerning the Organization of Affiliation 21
A. Notification Concerning the Organization Where the Foreign National Is Engaging in Activities 21
B. Notification Concerning the Contracting Organization 21
C. Notification Concerning the Spouse of the Foreign National 21
(2) Notification Concerning the Mid to Long-term Resident by the Organization of Affiliation 22
Section 5. Deportation Procedures for Foreign Nationals 23

① Investigation into Violations by an Immigration Control Officer 25

② Examination of Violations by an Immigration Inspector/Hearing by a Special Inquiry Officer 25

③ Determinations by the Minister of Justice 25

④ Granting or Denial of Permission for Residence 25
(1) Denial of Permission for Residence (Deportation) 25
(2) Special Cases of Determinations by the Minister of Justice (Special Permission to Stay in Japan) 26
⑤ Departure Order System 26
Section 6. Refugee Recognition Procedures 26
① Signing of the Refugee Convention 26
② Refugee Recognition Procedures 27
(1) Definitions 27
(2) Permission for Provisional Stay 27
(3) Inquiry into the Facts 27
(4) Recognition of Refugee Status by the Minister of Justice and Effects of Refugee Status 27
③ Filing of an Objection 28
④ Landing Permission for Temporary Refuge 29
Section 7. Basic Plan for Immigration Control 29
Article: The History of Immigration Control Administration 30
### Part II. Immigration Control in Recent Years

Chapter 1. Foreign Nationals Entering and Departing from Japan
Section 1. Changes in the Number of Foreign Nationals Entering and Departing from Japan
1 Foreign Nationals Entering Japan
(1) The Number of Foreign Nationals Entering Japan
(2) The Number of Foreign Nationals Entering Japan by Nationality/Region
(3) The Number of Foreign Nationals Entering Japan by Gender and Age
(4) The Number of Foreign Nationals Entering Japan by Purpose of Entry (Status of Residence)
A. "Temporary Visitors"
B. Foreign Nationals Entering Japan for the Purpose of Employment in Professional or Technical Fields
C. "Student"
D. "Trainee" and "Technical Intern Trainee (1)"
E. Foreign Nationals Entering Japan with a Status of Residence for Resident Activities Based on Personal Status or Position
2 Special Landing Permission
(1) Permission for Landing at a Port of Call
(2) Permission for Landing in Transit
(3) Landing Permission for Crew Members
(4) Permission for Emergency Landing
(5) Landing Permission Due to Distress
(6) Landing Permission for Temporary Refuge
3 Foreign Nationals Leaving Japan
Article: At the front line of immigration control administration (voice of an immigration inspector in charge of immigration examinations)
Section 2. Judgment for Landing
1 Receipt and Processing of Hearings for Landing and Filing of Objections
2 Foreign Nationals Falling Under Any of the Grounds for Denial of Landing
3 Special Permission for Landing
Section 3. Pre-entry Examination
1 Advance Consultation for Visa Issuance ..... 52
2 Certificate of Eligibility ..... 52
Chapter 2. Foreign Nationals Residing in Japan
Section 1. The Number of Foreign Residents in Japan ..... 53
1 The Number of Foreign Residents in Japan ..... 53
2 The Number of Foreign Residents by Nationality/Region ..... 54
3 The Number of Foreign Residents by Purpose (Status of Residence) ..... 54
(1) “Permanent Resident” and “Special Permanent Resident” ..... 54
(2) Foreign Nationals Residing in Japan for the Purpose of Employment in Professional or Technical Fields ..... 56
(3) “Student” ..... 58
(4) “Technical Intern Training (1) and (2)” ..... 59
(5) “Trainee” ..... 59
(6) “Designated Activities” ..... 59
(7) Foreign Nationals Residing in Japan with a Status of Residence for Resident Activities Based on Personal Status or Position ..... 59
4 Total Number of Foreign Residents ..... 60
Section 2. Examination of Statuses of Residence ..... 63
1 Permission for Change in the Status of Residence ..... 63
(1) Change of Status of Residence from the Status of Residence of “Student” to a Status for Employment Purposes ..... 63
(2) Permission to Change Status of Residence in Order to Participate in “Technical Intern Training (2)” ..... 65
2 Permission for Extension of Period of Stay ..... 67
3 Permission for Permanent Residence ..... 67
4 Permission for Acquisition of a Status of Residence ..... 67
5 Re-entry Permission ..... 67
6 Permission to Engage in an Activity Other Than Those Permitted by the Status of Residence Previously Granted ..... 67
Section 3. Number of Issuances of Residence Cards and Special Permanent Resident Certificates ..... 68
1 Number of Issuance of Residence Cards ..... 68
2 Number of Issuances of Special Permanent Resident Certificates ..... 68
Article: At the front line of immigration control administration (voice of an immigration inspector in charge of residence examinations) ..... 69