## (When the nominal wage per person becomes higher, the number of voluntary job changes increases)

Looking at changes in the job change and hiring rate by wage variation classification together with changes in increase/decreased rate of workers' nominal wage per person in Figure 59, the number of job changes for higher wage increased in the periods between 1988 and 1992, and between 2005 and 2006, when the nominal wage per person increased. The number of job changes as a whole increased in light of this. The increase in the number of voluntary job separations can also be seen in these periods. This means that, when wages are increasing in society, the number of voluntary job changes for higher wage also increases.

As Japan exits from a deflationary economy and the nominal wage per person in general increases, it is considered that, if wage increase in growing industries surpasses that of matured industries, the smooth labour transfer to growing industries will be promoted.

## (There is a certain level of effect on controlling wage decrease to take part in public vocational training for those who involuntarily separated from their previous job)

People who involuntarily separated from their previous job have a relatively larger possibility of not being able to change jobs smoothly compared to those who voluntarily separated from their previous job. For this reason, it is important to provide better support for the re-employment of people who are forced to leave their company.

For example, looking at the variation in wage from job changes for people who involuntarily separated from the previous job by the presence or absence of public vocational training in Figure 60, the wage increase rate of those who have participated in vocational training is slightly higher than that of those who haven't participated.

## (For professional and engineering workers, those with experience in the same occupation receive the same personal treatment as that of employees who are in continuous employment)

In general, people who changed jobs gain a lower wage than that of those who are in continuous employment. For professional and engineering workers who changed jobs, however, at least males are more likely to receive a wage as much as that of workers in continuous employment if they have experience in the same occupation. It is expected that experiences in other companies are fully evaluated and reflected on wages for professional and engineering workers at the time of job change. In order to promote a smooth transfer of labour, it is considered necessary to create an environment where disadvantages in wage are generated from job change as little as possible. As seen in some of the occupations including professional and engineering as of today, it is deemed effective to provide workers with an environment in which their experiences in other companies are fully utilized and evaluated by standardizing occupational abilities and making them transparent.

## (Self-development is important to gain a high personal treatment)

Figure 61 shows the distribution of regular workers' annual income by the presence or absence of self-development in the past year. This shows that many workers who work on self-development gain a higher annual income. This implies that it is important to implement continuous self-development in order to gain a high personal treatment. Looking at the implementation rate of self-development by presence or absence of desire to change jobs, those with a relatively high annual income who wish to change jobs implement more self-development. This shows that it is necessary to put efforts on self-development if one wishes to change jobs while retaining a high personal treatment. On the other hand, people with lower income are likely to have fewer opportunities for necessary self-development due to insufficient finance.

If labour transfers become active, the incentive to develop human resources in companies may decrease. Therefore, it is considered more important for workers to develop their skills by themselves. It is also necessary to support workers so that they can implement adequate self-development for the promotion of smooth labour transfers.