## Figure 72: Distribution of involuntary non-regular workers by age group, industry and occupation (total of males and females)

By industry, the ratio of involuntary non-regular workers aged between 15 and 24 is high in "accommodation, eating and drinking services," "wholesale and retail trades," and "living-related and personal services and amusement services," and the ratio of those aged between 25 and 44 is high in other industries.

○ By occupation, the ratio of involuntary non-regular workers aged 15 and 24 is high in "sales workers" and "service workers, and the ratio of those aged 25 and 44 is high in other occupations.

Source: Compiled independently by the Office of Counselor for Labour Policy, MHLW, from questionnaire data of the “Basic Statistical Survey on Employment Structure” (2012) Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

(Note) 1) Industries and occupations with a 5% or more ratio of involuntary non-regular workers are listed.

2) The ratio of non-regular workers of unknown age was calculated as: ratio of involuntary non-regular workers of individual job type or industry (number of involuntary non-regular workers/total number of non-regular workers in each job type and industry).

### (Factors that increase the probability of successful shift to regular employment include younger age, the employment form of first job after graduation from university, experience in the previous work, learning and training with public subsidy, etc.)

Characteristics of non-regular workers who became a regular worker have been mentioned. Now, we will analyze in a more precise manner using statistic models (Figure 76). The younger the workers are, the higher the possibility of a shift to regular employment is. Looking at former non-regular workers by period of service, it is pointed out that workers whose period of work in the same workplace was between five years and 10 years have the highest probability of becoming a regular worker. However, the probability of those with a working experience of more than 10 years as a non-regular worker to become a regular worker is still high compared with those with less than a year of working experience. By occupation, the probability of shift to regular employment is higher in administrative and managerial workers, professional and engineering workers, construction and mining workers, and transport and machine operation workers compared to clerical workers and manufacturing process workers. As an industrial characteristic, the probability is high in medical and welfare services, real estate and leasing of goods. As for efforts in education and training, participation in seminars and workshops, self-learning as well as taking part in courses in university or graduate school using public subsidy in support of self-development have the most positive effect on the shift to regular employment. Besides, it is implied that a person who was a regular employee in the first job after graduation can obtain a regular employment again more easily even if he or she temporarily became a non-regular worker.

## (To increase the employability of people who wish to become a regular employee)

It is important to stabilize the new graduate's market through steady growth of a macro-economy. In addition, it is pointed out that helping new graduates to obtain regular employment through public employment support such as Hello Works even in a temporal economic stagnation is important to stabilize occupational careers throughout the life of workers. Promotion of workers' voluntary efforts toward the development of occupational skills and providing appropriate opportunities to develop potential abilities for those who require public support can stabilize employment throughout their life.

On top of this support to enable workers to work in a way they desire, interactive efforts by both labour supply and labour demand, such as expanding the employment opportunities including the promotion of "diversified regular worker" model, are expected to bring a synergistic effect.