Table 3: Determinants of care expenditure

Variables	FY2002 coefficient S.E. Tobit model	FY2002 coefficient S.E. OLS	FY2003 coefficient S.E. Tobit model	FY2003 coefficient S.E. OLS
1. Portion of care receivers, care costs, duration from approval
Duration from approval (months)	0.188	(0.018)	a	0.012	(0.009)	0.031	(0.017)	b	0.004	(0.003)
2. Characteristics of Care Receiv
Sex (female=1)	0.045	(0.329)	-0.049	(0.143)	1.301	(0.598)	a	0.124	(0.125)
Age	0.0665	(0.022)	a	0.0127	(0.010)	0.0242	(0.042)	0.0039	(0.008)
Care level 1	2.990	(0.368)	a	-0.085	(0.170)	3.937	(0.869)	a	0.423	(0.202)
Care level 2	2.943	(0.328)	a	-0.008	(0.148)	6.049	(0.966)	a	0.841	(0.216)
Care level 3	3.287	(0.452)	a	0.126	(0.193)	7.802	(0.981)	a	1.200	(0.218)
Care level 4	2.035	(0.488)	a	0.198	(0.198)	7.041	(1.040)	a	1.489	(0.229)
Care level 5	2.922	(0.534)	a	0.146	(0.218)	7.410	(1.043)	a	1.673	(0.229)
Support required = > Care level 1	2.420	(1.404)	b	-1.469	(0.568)	a	1.921	(1.418)	0.280	(0.272)
Support required = > Care level 2	4.567	(0.780)	a	-0.334	(0.307)	3.281	(1.723)	b	0.238	(0.307)
Care level 1 = > Care level 2	0.822	(0.641)	0.046	(0.260)	-1.050	(1.267)	0.011	0.011	(0.254)
Disease caused care needs: brain vein disease	0.418	(0.341)	0.348	(0.148)	a	0.376	(0.638)	-0.260	(0.125)	a
Disease caused care needs: heart disease	0.045	(0.455)	0.417	(0.203)	a	-2.438	(1.005)	a	0.102	(0.215)
Disease caused care needs: cancer	-0.948	(0.720)	-0.176	(0.355)	a	0.746	(1.780)	-0.557	(0.383)	c
Disease caused care needs: respiratory organs	-1.698	(0.667)	a	-0.901	(0.312)	a	0.895	(1.492)	0.215	(0.312)
Disease caused care needs: joint disease	-0.035	(0.465)	0.009	(0.211)	a	-0.171	(1.082)	0.114	(0.220)
Disease caused care needs: dementia	0.816	(0.335)	a	0.419	(0.140)	a	-0.007	(0.610)	-0.056	(0.121)
Disease caused care needs: diabetes	-0.381	(0.449)	0.283	(0.196)	1.602	(0.946)	b	-0.274	(0.182)	c
Disease caused care needs: vision or auditory organs	-0.335	(0.509)	-0.262	(0.223)	-0.762	(0.967)	-0.017	(0.195)
Disease caused care needs: bone fracture	-0.235	(0.337)	-0.049	(0.147)	0.260	(0.720)	0.048	(0.141)
Disease caused care needs: spiral cord damage	1.069	(0.802)	0.006	(0.347)	-4.533	(1.952)	a	0.105	(0.505)
Disease caused care needs: frailty	0.086	(0.343)	0.224	(0.152)	1.319	(0.619)	a	0.065	(0.124)
3. Medical services
Days to go to hospitals or clinics per month	0.026	(0.026)	-0.007	(0.012)	-0.068	(0.097)	0.005	(0.021)
Medical expenditure per month (self-burden)	########	(0.04892)	b	0.019455	(0.01982)	0.000038	(0.00005)	########	(0.00001)	a
Hours for caregiver day when care was needed	0.081	(0.026)	a	0.034	(0.011)	a	0.082	b	0.018	b
4. Household demographics
Care receiver's Insurance (private medical insurance)	0.729	(0.336)	a	-0.141	(0.147)	0.496	(0.599)	0.029	(0.122)
Care receiver's Insurance (private life insurance)	-0.032	(0.476)	0.360	(0.219)	0.314	(0.842)	0.001	(0.172)
Care receiver's Insurance (private cancer insurance)	-1.048	(0.698)	-0.402	(0.321)	0.598	(1.129)	0.191	(0.238)
Care receiver's Insurance (private LTC insurance)	-0.740	(0.668)	-0.738	(0.318)	a	-0.668	(1.188)	0.239	(0.245)
Care receiver's Insurance (private pension)	2.906	(1.322)	a	1.355	(0.515)	a	-3.518	(1.882)	a	0.145
Household Annual Income (yen)	0.112	(0.268)	0.236	(0.116)	a	0.131	(0.056)	a	-0.005	(0.011)
Household assets (yen)	0.032	(0.156)	-0.056	(0.071)	-0.056	(0.051)	0.011	(0.010)
Share of the elderly's assets	0.244	(0.402)	-0.090	(0.176)	0.091	(0.094)	0.002	(0.019)
Number of family memners	0.034	(0.100)	-0.041	(0.043)	-0.147	(0.175)	0.031	(0.036)
Detached House (=1)	-0.998	(0.444)	a	0.322	(0.187)	b	1.351	(1.265)	0.387	(0.270)
5. Intensity (prefecture level
Number of providers per the approved	-92.060	(232.483)	-12.980	(86.558)	183.688	(640.668)	-22.943	(114.845)
Share of for-profits	-4.960	(12.452)	1.727	(4.830)	-1.361	(16.827)	1.716	(3.019)
Constant	-7.634	(4.970)	4.936	(2.098)	a	-3.986	(7.851)	8.685	(1.466)	a
Number of Observations	563	317	660	487
Log Likelihood	-1,078.061	-1,704.412	0.237
Adjusted R squared	0.222

(Note) All regressions include dummies for each prefecture. a, b, c refer to the significance level of 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively.