Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
る女性労働力の割合がプラスの影響を及ぼしていることである。このことは、6次産業化事業の推進には女性労働力の利活用が力ギとなっているという通説を支持している。

本稿の分析で明らかになったように、6次産業化事業費の比率が大きくなるほど経営体の生産性の水準・変化の伸びは高くなることから、6次産業化の取り組みは経営体の生産性の向上に寄与すると考えられる。一方で、農地のまとまった利用集積が進んでいない現状を考慮すると、6次産業化の取り組みを生産性の向上につなげるためには、作付延べ面積に占める稲の割合を高めるとともに、女性労働力及び雇用労働力の利活用を軸にした土地節約・労働使用的な農業経営を推進してくことが必要であると考えられる。特に多くの農業経営体において更なる活躍が期待される女性家族労働者を支援できるような体制整備が必要となっていると考えられる。

今後は、6次産業化の促進策として、現在実施されている施設面や資金面での支援策だけでなく、それらの支援策を既存の様々な雇用労働力や女性労働力の利活用に対する施策（農村女性起業活性化モデル事業等）と有機的に連携させているような体制整備が望まれる。

最後に本研究に残された課題について触れたい。本稿で用いたDEA効率値及びマルムクイスト生産性指数の計測方法は、実データから決定論的に効率的フロンティアを求め、経営効率を評価している。このため、データの測定誤差など様々な統計的ノイズを排除できず、外れ値に大きな影響を受けることが指摘されている。したがって、本稿の分析結果の統計的正確性を向上させるためには、例えば、Simar and Wilson（1999）によって開発されたブートストラップ法を適用したマルムクイスト生産性指数を計測する必要がある。また、本稿の分析で用いたパネルデータセットは、平均観察年数が3年以下であったため、TFPの中長期的な時系列の変化は、分析対象としなかった。しかしながら、6次産業化による農業経営体のTFP向上の効果は、6次産業化取組開始時点からの時間経過に左右される可能性が高い。このため、TFPの時系列的变化を加味して分析するためには、観測年数の長いパネルデータを用いる必要がある。さらに、本稿の分析から、女性労働力の活用が、6次産業化取組農家の生産性向上の重要な要素であることが明らかになった。しかしながら、女性労働力の重要性を把握し、具体的対策を示すためには、女性労働力の活用手段に関して、農業の現場の実態との整合性を考慮しつつ、更なる詳細な分析が必要であろう。これらは今後の課題としたい。
Balcombe, K., S. Davidova, and L. Latruffe, “The Use of Bootstrapped Malmquist Indices to Reassess Productivity Change Findings: An Application to a Sample of Polish Farms,” Applied Economics, Vol. 40(16), 2008, pp. 2055–2061.

Caves, D. W., L. R. Christensen, and W. E. Diewert, "Multilateral Comparisons of Output, Input, and Productivity Using Superlative Index Numbers," The Economic Journal, Vol. 92(365), 1982, pp. 73–86.

Charnes, A., W. W. Cooper, and E. Rhodes, “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 2(6), 1978, pp. 429–444.

Coelli, T., An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

Färe, R., S. Grosskopf, M. Norris, and Z. Zhang, "Productivity Growth, Technical Progress and Efficiency Changes in Industrialized Countries," The American Economic Review, Vol. 84(1), 1994, pp. 66-83.

Grifell-Tatjé, E., and C. A. K. Lovell, “A Note on the Malmquist Productivity Index,” Economic Letters, Vol. 47(2), 1995, pp. 169–175.

黒田誼「日本農業における技術変化の研究：展望」泉田洋一編『近代経済学的農業・農村分析の50年』，農林統計協会，2005，pp.121～158.

Olson, K., and L. Vu, “Productivity Growth, Technical Efficiency and Technical Change on Minnesota Farms,” Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s 2009 AAEA & ACCI Joint Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, July 26-28, 2009.

Simar, L., and P. W. Wilson, “Estimating and Bootstrapping Malmquist Indices,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 115(3), 1999, pp. 459–471.

鈴木宣弘『寡占的フードシステムへの計量的接近』，農林統計協会，2002.

Umetsu, C., T. Lekprichakul, and U. Chakravorty, "Efficiency and Technical Change in the Philippine Rice Sector: A Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Analysis," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 85(4), 2003, pp. 943–963.

山本康貴・近藤功庸・笹木潤「わが国稲作生産性の伸びはゼロとなるか？—総合生産性，技術変化およびキャッチ・アップ効果の計測を通じて—」『農業経済研究』第79巻，第3号，2007，pp.154～165.
# Infrastructure Development for Strengthening the Capacity of International Scholarly Communication

July 2012

Science Information Infrastructure Working Group

Research Environment Infrastructure Group

Subdivision on Science, Council for Science and Technology
## — Table of Contents —

Preface 1

1. Development of Scientific Information Infrastructure and Reinforcement of Japan's Scholarly Communication 4
a. Background 4
b. Current Status 5
c. Challenges 6

2. The Remodelling of the Section for the Grants-in-Aid for Publication of Scientific Research Results (Scientific Periodicals) 8
a. An overview of the subsidy for research by grants-in-aid 8
b. Challenges Facing Grants-in-Aid for Publication of Scientific Research Results (Scientific Periodicals) 8
c. A Course of Actions for Improving Grants-in-Aid for Publication of Scientific Research Results (Scientific Periodicals) 9

3. Establishment of Open Access to Results of Research Funded by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research and Other Competitive Funds 13
a. Necessity of Open Access 13
b. Ways of Establishing Open Access 13
c. Other General Improvements 15
4. Strengthening Information Dissemination Capacity through Utilisation of Institutional Repositories 17
a. Roles and Meanings of Institutional Repositories 17
b. Current Status of Institutional Repositories 18
c. Challenges and Considerations in Enhancing the Functions of Institutional Repositories 19
5. Reinforced Coordination and Cooperation among Institutions Engaged in the Implementation of Programs Designed to Strengthen the Capacity of Scholarly Communication (NII, JST, NDL, and JSPS) 23
a. Purposes and Programs of Related Institutions 23
b. Current Status of Coordination and Cooperation among Related Institutions 24
c. Programs to be Promoted through Coordination and Cooperation among Related Institutions 25
6. Other 27
Glossary 28
## Preface

Japan has achieved social and economic growth through its strengths in science and technology. However, in the face of globalisation, various factors, including the continued appreciation of the yen, the emerging economic powers, and a declining birth rate combined with an aging population have weakened Japan's competitiveness in the world and resulted in a prevalent sense of stagnation in society.

Intellectual assets are among such important resources for Japan, which is a country with limited material resources, that greater efforts on the promotion of science and technology, and the promotion of creative and forward-looking scientific research, in particular, have to be taken than ever in order to enhance Japan's international competitiveness.

To promote scientific research, it is essential that timely and wide access to information be guaranteed to those who need it. At the same time, it is important to promptly publish and distribute outstanding research results domestically and internationally, and to make use of them in society. Doing so will increase Japan's intellectual presence and attract excellent researchers from around the world, leading to further development of science in Japan and stimulation of society as a whole.

While Japan's scientific contribution plays a leading role in many fields worldwide, it does not necessarily contribute as much to scientific communication as it is expected. There are, for instance, few if any leading scholarly journals, which are effective means for publishing articles that report research results, resulting in approximately 80% of papers written in Japan being published in international journals. Outstanding research results may not have been widely available internationally because some of them are not digitised. In light of the above facts, we need to digitalise more research results and develop Japan-based publishing mechanisms that allow for better international information sharing.

The Fourth Science and Technology Basic Plan concurrently proposes the development of such infrastructure for scientific communication in terms of the following tasks: Digitalisation of research results and educational resources, open access, institutional repositories at universities and other research institutions, networked digital information resources, and integration of thus far fragmented infrastructures for scholarly communication into one knowledge infrastructure.
Furthermore, scholarship, science and technology after the Great East Japan Earthquake are expected to meet the needs and challenges of the society at large, to solicit experts themselves to provide information, and consequently to promote interdisciplinary studies with a view to solving real problems in society. All this leads to the necessity of the improvement of the infrastructure for scientific communication.

In the international trends, electronic, online journals have come to prevail so widely, published by commercial publishers as well as by established scholarly societies and licensed universities libraries, that access to information is generally improving dramatically. On the other hand, incessant increase in subscription and the newly introduced "big deal" contracts are drawing more and more criticism, resulting in the shift to the promotion of open access, which provide free and unconstrained access to research results including scholarly articles.

At universities and research institutions, where the core of Japan's research and education is carried out, institutional repositories are being started and promoted to serve as the system for collecting, preserving, and disseminating diverse scientific information (including results of research such as papers, research data, teaching materials, etc.) produced at the institutions and to utilise the information for future research and education. The effective deployment and the strategic positioning of institutional repositories are important tasks in order for universities to play a substantial role in the much needed establishment and further development of the nationwide "knowledge infrastructure."

In enhancing Japan's contribution to international scholarly communication as well as promoting open access and launching and maintaining institutional repositories, incentive projects and infrastructural arrangements are indispensable. It is essential for the National Institute of Informatics (NII), the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), the National Diet Library (NDL), and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), all of which have implemented various programs for the benefit of scientific information infrastructure, to work together to effectively and efficiently develop scientific information infrastructure, taking advantage of the needs and priorities for each institution.

The Working Group decided, in recognition of the situations described above, that it would meet for the current term to discuss the agenda and solutions that would be necessary for the development of infrastructure and the remodelling of system for the
purpose of strengthening Japan's contribution to international scholarly communication.

Since April 2011, the Working Group has held a total of 16 meetings, including interviews with interested parties, to understand the backgrounds and the current status as well as to discuss possible measures. The Group has concluded on the following four topics: (1) improvement of the Grants-in-Aid category for "Publication of Scientific Research Results (Scientific Periodicals)," (2) the steps toward the open access to results from competitively funded research, typically including JSPS's Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, (3) the role of institutional repositories in improving their functionality for scholarly communication, and (4) further coordination and cooperation among the institutions(NII, JST, NDL, and JSPS) involved in the infrastructural improvements for strengthening the basis of scholarly communication.

The Working Group hopes that Japan's universities, scholarly societies, and the related institutions will consolidate, make greater efforts to strengthen its contribution to scholarly and scientific communication and increase its intellectual competitiveness in the world.
1. Development of Scientific Information Infrastructure and Reinforcement of Japan's Scholarly Communication

### a. Background

☐ An improved infrastructure for scholarly communication is indispensable for the promotion of Japan's internationally competitive scholarship and science, in researchers' sharing their research results, increasing efficiency of research activities, disseminating research results in society, implementing educational programs to make use of research results, and passing research results to future generations.

○ Scholarly research and scholarly communication are global by nature, and nowadays it is particularly important to take a strategic approach toward the promotion of research activities and the enhanced presence, backed up by the recognition of international trends.

The current scholarly communication is centred in the publication of research results in journals published by commercial and society publishers. Since the quality of published articles is assured by way of some refereeing system of each journal, which appears serially under the same titles, journal publishing serves as a mechanism for evaluating research results.

With the rapid development of computer and network technology, scholarly communication has been generally digitalised. While, in Japan, electronic journals are already the mainstream in natural science where international publication is a normal practice, the transition to electronic journals is yet to come in the humanities and social sciences.

Open access, which makes necessary research materials freely available online in the advanced digital environment, is at the focus of immense international concern in response to the scholarly communication system that lacks flexibility as well as for the purpose of further improving scholarly communication. It must be clearly noted in particular that the idea of open access to the results of publicly funded research has come to be strongly supported.
Although Japan's research produces results that are ranked at the world top level in a large number of scientific fields, the number of the journals with high impact factors (IFs) that are known worldwide are small. That might be attributed to the fact society publishers are based on a large number of numerous small scholarly societies, resulting in their impoverished editorial and refereeing systems and insufficient marketing capacity as well as, to some extent, to the language barriers caused by the use of Japanese.

As a result, about 80% of papers written by researchers in Japan are published in journals published abroad, with some being concerned about possible unfavourable treatment in the process of refereeing as well as possible unintended leakage of research prior to publication. Linguistic and other hurdles may prevent outstanding research results from being fully conveyed to the research community and consequently from being discovered. Japan has failed to promote journals as a platform for its researchers to take the initiative in scholarly communication.

To make contributions to international scholarly communication of the level that is naturally expected from Japan's position in the research world, the creation of international journals that have their basis in Japanese scholarly communities is much in demand.

The promotion of the journals originating in Japan that will be internationally influential is essential in order to increase Japan's intellectual presence and to protect submitted papers from being treated unfairly. This is also to cope with the concerns strongly expressed by the Science Council of Japan.

International journals that are published from will encourage outstanding research results originating in Japan to be published there, followed by subsequent quality submissions from overseas, and leading to the country's status as the centre of excellence in the relevant research areas.

In developing a future-oriented infrastructure for scholarly communication, it is hoped to accelerate a variety of initiatives that include conversion to digital online communication and appreciation the ideal of open access, with a view to the construction of "knowledge infrastructure" proposed in the Fourth Science and Technology Basic Plan. The digitalisation of and open access to diverse scholarly information produced in Japan will naturally lead not only to the enhanced international scholarly communication of Japan's research results but the promotion
of research activities of an interdisciplinary and innovative nature by way of shared research results.

☐ Furthermore, the resulting knowledge infrastructure that takes digitalised, online open access for granted will inevitably facilitate the access to scholarly, scientific and technical information by the general public, let alone researchers, to an unprecedented extent.

### c. Challenges

Some of the journals of high academic quality published by scholarly societies have been subsidised through JSPS's Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research. As a result, the continuous publication and the constant information dissemination by such journals have, to a certain degree, been successfully ensured. However, the grants have been limited to covering the publishing expenditures of print-based journals. As we try to foster internationally influential Japanese journals, it is hoped that improvements will be made to help strengthen the capacity of international scholarly communication, including efforts to encourage online and open access publication of journals.

○ Objections and reservations are perceived about the initiative of making research results open access for reasons of its fundamental difference from the conventional system of scholarly communication in which users pay subscription fees to cover the publishing costs. Considering that research activities are only possible on the premise of free and active scholarly communication and that open access is a major international trend, however, we should make proactive efforts to make open access possible. Along with the publication of open access journals, it is also beneficial to utilise institutional repositories that are launched and operated at universities and other institutions.

○ Institutional repositories are started and operated for the purposes of collecting and preserving the results of education and research conducted at universities and research institutions, as well as of disseminating and distributing the results over the internet. Such repositories are expected to play a certain role not only in terms of open access in scholarly communication, but also in the construction of "knowledge infrastructure" in Japan. In order to accelerate the promotion of
repositories, it is necessary to further penetrate the recognition that development and strengthening of institutional repositories are important for the institutions which account for themselves in terms of their educational and research activities.

In strengthening Japan's scholarly communication infrastructure in consistence with the current international trends, direct grants to the publishing project by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), will be complemented for the improvements of the environment by the Japan Science And Technology Agency (JST), the National Institute Of Informatics (NII) and the National Diet Library (NDL), which supports various aspects of scholarly communication. Such initiatives include the development of electronic platforms for online scholarly communication, the standardisation and linking of digital object identifying information and metadata for improved international visibility and accessibility, the federated search and automated classification of diverse information, and the proposal of new functionalities that are based on the measurement of usage. To achieve these goals, all these institutions are expected to cooperate and share responsibilities.
2. The Remodelling of the Section for the Grants-in-Aid for Publication of Scientific Research Results (Scientific Periodicals)

a. An overview of the subsidy for research by grants-in-aid

Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI), which will be abbreviated as GiA, are a major part of the subsidy programs designed to provide support for outstanding scientific research in Japan. The extent of scholarly research is understandably not limited to conducting research, but also covers the activities of publishing results and making them available for use in society.

In view of this, GiA categories include a section which is separate from other grants for basic research. That is the Grants-in-Aid for Publication of Scientific Research Results, henceforth "GiA-PSRR", is designed to assist financially with expenditures related to the publication of research results.

Among the purposes of GiA-PSRR are to promote the public accessibility of outstanding research results, contributing to the enhanced international exchange of scholarship as well as to help the promotion and penetration of scholarship and science in Japan. To fulfil these purposes, the provision of subsidies under the section called "Scientific Periodicals," henceforth "GiA-PSRR-SP", has been under operation to support periodical scholarly journal publishing by societies, or society groups which run the publishing enterprise jointly for the purpose of facilitating international scholarly communication.

b. Challenges Facing Grants-in-Aid for Publication of Scientific Research Results (Scientific Periodicals)

The current screening and selection process of GiA-PSRR-SP has allowed good journals to stably receive support through GiA framework. This has led to the criticism, though, that, despite being one of the categories of GiA whose scheme is a type of competitive funding process, GiA-PSRR-SP apparently has come to lack sufficient competition.

While the GiA budget is generally increasing, the allocation for GiA-PSRR-SP has been diminishing every year since its peak in the fiscal year 2005 of about 910 million JPY. In the fiscal year 2011, it came down to about 350 million JPY, roughly a
third of that in 2005. Some academic societies have managed to receive long-term supports, but the drastic budget reduction has discouraged applicants, resulting in a reduced number of applications.

☐ In formulating the kinds of expense GiA-PSRR-SP covers, the assumption has been that journals are published in print so that the subsidy must be used for the direct publication costs, namely the costs for typesetting, printing and binding, to the result of failing to accommodate the growing trend of digital publishing. Other types of expense that are essential to journal publishing, such as those for refereeing and editorial assistance, cannot be covered by the grants, either.

The review criteria for GiA-PSRR-SP mainly concern the academic value of each application of publishing project. For reviewing the efforts of strengthening international outreach, only a limited range of criteria have been given, namely the number of paid copies distributed overseas, the percentage of foreign editors and referees, and the number of papers submitted from overseas.

The screening process for the GiA-PSRR-SP basically consists in reviews by peer researchers, as is the case with other grant categories. Because this system of the reviewing of academic value by experts has robustly continued, people who are actually engaged in journal publishing have not participated in the reviewing as peers. As a result, the screening system is not capable of adequately evaluating efforts to improve publishing practices.

c. A Course of Actions for Improving Grants-in-Aid for Publication of Scientific Research Results (Scientific Periodicals)

From the perspective of strengthening Japan's contribution to scholarly communication, we need to encourage the kind of journal publishing which ensures the diversity of research interests and thereby substantially advance scholarly and scientific research. To achieve these goals, it is important for GiA-PSRR-SP to give consideration such a way that the funding will enhance international competitiveness, taking into account the international trends of digital scholarly communication.

☐ The following is the Working Group's proposal for the course of actions which is